Yale University Library 39002008661929 YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3F ALLEGHENY COUN! ¦#- ^pf(B/b(r&# ,& 1233. -tr QFFieiALl^ROGWiriE. r ----- ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ^OKiTEl m o opi3-CDPi o CO r-t- o CD o o Cor. Wood & Diamond Sts. ASSETS. Jan. ist, i CAPITAL STOCK, SURPLUS FUND, $1,534,170.21 150,000.00 40,000.00 CHAS. MEYRfiN, JOS. ABEL, CHAS. SE1BERT, President. Vice President. Secretary and Treasurer. H. W. WILKER, Teller. LOUIS H. MOECKEL, Book-keeper. DIRECTORS. CHAS MEYRAN, CHRISTIAN SIEBERT, JNO. M. KENNEDY, IFHAV'EKOTTE, JOSEPH ABEL, , CHAS. F. SCHWARZ, J WM NEEB, A. GROETZINGER, PETER K.JEIL. D. W. Bell, Martin Lappe, A. Holstein, L. Brehm, Bank open daily except Sundays and Holidays, from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m., and on Saturdays con tinuously from 9 a. m. to (i p. m. MA.NA.Q-ERS. W. G. Taylor, Geo. W. Guthrie, John Jahn, John Daub. Wm. Carr, H H. Niemann, Geo. Reineman, Edw. Groetzinger, I. L. Koethen Joseph Walton J. G. Siebeneck, Wm. Mazet, Ck IB 103 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. A. GROETZINGER, No. 757. JOS. LAURENT, / President. Cask ier . THE GERMAN NATIONAL BANK OK PITTSBURGH, Cor. Wood Street and Sixth Avenue, PITTSBURGH, PA. CAPITAL $250,000.00. AUTHORIZED CAPITAL, . 500,000.00. SURPLUS, .... 390,000.00. DI RECTORS : A. GROETZINGER, MARTIN LAPPE, E. H. MYERS, CHRISTIAN SIEBERT, H. H. NIEMAN, JOHN P. HAVEKOTTE, P. HABERMAN, JOS. VOGEL, Sr., E. FRUENHEIM. Foreign Exchange Sold On all Principal Cities of Europe. BBRBRJIli BflFfcKrFfcB AGGSUFpiZg S01HGIJPES. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK OF COMMERCE, Sixth Avenue and Wood Street. CAPITAL, $500,000 SURPLUS, - - - 400,000 OFFICERS: President— JOSEPH T. COLVIN, Seventh Avenue Hotel. Cashier— CHAS. I. WADE, Edgewood Station, P. R. R. Teller— JAS. H. ORR, Edgewood Station, P. R. R. Assistant Teller— ROBT. M. DAIN, 158 Buena Vista Street, Allegheny. Gen'l Book-keeper— WOODS T. WILSON, Penn Ave., near Denniston Ave., E. E. Individual Book-keeper— JOS. D. SIMPSON, 66 Montgomery Ave., Allegheny. Correspondent— HARRY G. EAKINS, 45 Frankstown Ave., E. E. Ass't Book-keeper— DAVID P. LITTLE, Wilkinsburg, P. R. R. Ass't Book-keeper — W. T. McCANCE, Penn and Dallas Avenues, E. E. Messenger— HARRY C. McELDOWNEY, Bedford Ave. and Morgan. Watchman— JOHN A. PRALL, 6th Avenue and Wood Street. Janitor— ISAAC C. DORSEY, 6th Avenue aud Wood Street. DIRECTORS : J. T. Colvin, J. N. Anderson, Sam'l S. Brown. H. C. Frick, A. W. Mellon, J. W. Arrott, Chas. Lockhart, Wm. Pickersgill, Jr., P. C. Knox. Discounts Daily at 12 M. MASONIC BANK, 135 SMITHFIELD STREET. Capital, $200,000 Surplus and Undivided Earnings, . 50,000 G. C. Shidle, C. B. McLean, W. R. Cheistian, President, Cashier. Asst. Cashier. DIRECTORS : Getee C. Shidle, John J. Lawrence, William McCullough, John Caldwell, Haeet P. Dilworth, James A. Sholes, William C. King, Geo. W. Simonds, Joseph Eichbaum, William F. Wilson, Jmn M. Kennedy, John F. Scott, Ohas. B. McLean. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. CITIZENS National Bank, Cor. Wood & Diamond Sts. CAPITAL, - $800,000 OFFICERS. Geo. A. Berry-, President. S. M. McElroy, Teller. R. K. Wilson, Cashier. J. H. Bugham, Ass'i Teller. DIRFCTORS. GEO. A. BERRY, WM. McCREF.RY, WM. B. NEGLEY, JNO. C. risher, GEO. W. D1LW0RTH, ROBERT PITCAIRN. A. C. McCALLUM, H. C. BUGHAM, FRANK RAHM. Organized 1868. State Charter, 1876. Jas. Callery, W. J. Burns, John W. Taylor, Preside it. Vice President. Cas/iier. Capital, $100,000, with Privilege of $500,000 Surplus, $17,000. Sixth Ave. & Smithfield St., PITTSBURGH, PA. Transacts a General Banking Business. INTEREST ALLOWED ON TIME DEPOSITS. Accounts Solicited. Collections a Specialty. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ANDREW MILLER, F. E. MOORE, GEO. W. RANKIN, President. Cashier. Vice President. CAPITAL, $120,000. ODD FELLOWS SAVINGS BANK, 63 Kourth Avenue, PITTS BURGH. Bank of Discount and Deposit. A General Banking Business Transacted. INTEREST ALLOWED ON TIME DEPOSITS. TRADESMENS NATIONAL BANK United States Depository. Capital, $460,000. Surplus, $400,000. ALEXANDER BRADLEY, ROSS W. DRUM, President. Cashier. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. First National Bank OF PITTSBURGH, Cor. Wood Street and Fifth Avenue. CAPITAL, $750,000 SURPLUS, . 150,000 PRESIDENT, ALEXANDER NIMICK. CASHIER, J. D. SCULLY. ASS'T CASHIER, CHAS. E. SPEER. FIRST TELLER, - B. S. CRUMPTON. SECOND TELLER, ROB'T D. BOOK. ASS'T TELLER, - ROB'T C. JOHNSTON. (i d THOS. S. GREGGS. DIRECTORS. Alex, Nimlck, Thos. Wightman, Rob't S. Hays, Jas. S. McCord, J. H. McKelvy, J. H. Lindsay, John Wilson, Harry Brown, Jas. Laughlin, Jr. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. WM. REA, President. THOS. WIGHTMAN, Vice-Prest. THE PEOPLES SAVINGS BANK, OF PITTSBURGH. Capital, $300,000. Surplus, $105,000. INCORPORATED 1866. No. 81 FOURTH AVENUE. TRITSTEES. E. P. Jones, Edward Gregg, W. J. Moorhead, Geo. Wilson, Wm. Rea, Thomas Wightman, Hon, Edwin H. Stowe, John A. Caughey, David McK. Lloyd. Secretary and Treasurer, N. G. Von Bonnhorst. Edward E. Duef, Book-keeper and Teller. E. P. Jones, Solicitor. James K. Duff, Clerk. Interest not exceeding four per cent, allowed on time deposits. Investments made in Government and Real Estate Securities. Bank open dally, except Sundays and Holidays, from g"a. m to 3 p. m., and on Satur days continuously from 9 a. m. to 6_p. m. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. CAPITAL, $500,000. SURPLUS, 160,000. HLLEGHENY DTIIJIL Ml OF PITTSBURGH. No. -45 Fifth Avenue. W. McCandless, President. Joshua Rhodes, Vice-Prest. F. C. Hutchinson, Cashier. DIRECTORS. W. McCandless, B. H. Rubie, James McGregor. Joshua Rhodes, William Stewart, J. McM. King, John Caldwell, Jr., Thos. Evans, Walter Chess. Discounts Daily at J2 o'clock. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. No. TOB. UNION NATIONAL BANK, Of Pittsburgh. CAPITAL, $250,000 SURPLUS, $500,000. DIBECTOBS : JOSEPH HORNE. A. G. CUBBAGE. CHAS. ATWELL. WM. BARKER, Jb. ADDISON LYSLE. T. M. ARMSTRONG. SAM'L WILSON. J. C. LAPPE. R. S. SMITH. R. S. Smith, President. - Chas. F. Dean, Cashier. Geo. M. Paden, Assistant Cashier. ESTABLISHED, 1823. ¦>-^__S»^i«^ N. Holmes & Sons, BANKEES, No. 309 Market Street. BUY AND SELL STERLING EXCHANGE. Make Cable Transfers of Money to Europe. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 1849. IB BS. JogE[)H HOp \ CO.? PENN AVE. STORES, Oldest, Largest and Most Progressive Dry Goods Establishment in Pittsburg. DIRECT IMPORTERS jVKTD RETAILEBS Silks, Dress Goods, Laces, Embroideries, Hosiery, Gloves, Ladies and Children's Suits and Wraps, Dress Trimmings and Notions, Underwear and Furnishings, Table Linens, Lace Curtains, Upholsterings. Finest Alaska Seal Garments and Small Furs. Men's& Boys' Fine Furnishing Goods. Our Mail Order Department sends Samples, Prices and Goods to all Parts of the Pacific Coast. Our Stock is Complete and Large the Whole Year Round. Joseph Horne & Co.'s PENN AVENUE STORES, Pittsburgh, Pa, ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. -VISIT- E. K. HARRISON'S TOY STORE, And see the most complete line of Toys # Fancy Goods In the City. Flags, Japanese Lanterns, FIRE WORKS, &c, Plain and Fancy Stationery, E. K. HARRISON, 123 Federal Stteet. ALLEGHENY. NEXT DOOR TO BOGGS & BUHLS. —HOTEL— DUQUESNE, On European Plan. Smithfield St., Pittsburgh, Opposite City Hall. Special attention given to Dinner, Wedding and Outside Parties. Jno. B. Schlosser & Co. Rooms, $1.50 per day and upward. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ARBUCKLES & CO., Limited, WHOLESALE GROCERS. IMPORTERS, COFFEE ROASTERS. PITTSBURGH, PA. Roasters of the following well known Brands of Coffee: AR/OSA, • . RIO, . ¦ . COM PON O, FRAGAR. ,' . -^-""ARIOSA" not only out-sells any other brand of Roasted Coffee, but its sales aggregate more than all other brands combined. ("MINNEHAHA,"} M. . D . . We are agents for \ Minnesota Patent {"PERSIAN," j Flour. Diamond Dust, Winter Patent. " Onondaga" Ginned Corn. Wilkinson' s " Paradise " Tomatoes. Bell's ' ' Buffalo ' ' Soap. Higgin's " Eureka" Salt, Imported. Oneida County, {N. V.) Canned Corn. McGozvan's " Keystone" Salmon. " Old Tune " Lye and Potash. We are Proprietors of ARBUCKLES' ROLLED WHITE OATS. ARBUCKLES' STEEL CUT OATMEAL. ARBUCKLES' "BRILLIANT GLOSS" STARCH. ARBUCKLES' "SNOW WHITE" CORN STARCH. A RB UCKLES' ABSOL UTEL Y P URE SPICES. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ^DlLWORTH BR0S.>o PROPRIETORS OF WHOLESALE GR06ERS, WAREHOUSE AND OFFICES, 957, 959 and 961 Penn Avenue. ROASTING establishment, (Most Bomptete in toe United States), and 34 Tenth Street, frwsBaRSB. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ESTABLISHED 1827. *-J"__pw^5tf-» I TOBACCO FACTORY 624 to 634 Duquesne Way. Office; 409 SMITHFIELD ST., Pittsburgh. Eastern Office; 18 BROADWAY, New York. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Established 1836. Haworth & DEWHURST, LIMITED, Wholesaler Grocers, ROASTERS OF THE FAMOUS BRANDS " (Challenge "and" (©oi^doba " 701 and 703 Liberty fktoti. 47 and 49 fSeVeqish fleets. PITTSBURGH, PA. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Aijchor Founds aqd Machine Woi^. wharton Mcknight, Manufacturer of Steel Works, Rolling Mill and Heavy MACHINERY, ENGINES, MARINE AND STATIONERY. STABLE FURNISHINGS, AND General Castings. Office, 44 Penn Avenue, Works, ioo to 108 Penn Ave. Foundry, Cor. Fort & Duquesne Way, PITTSBURGH, PA. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. lhe lafe Deposit iompany, OF PITTSBURGH, No. 83 Fourth Avenue. Capital Stock, $500,000. Charter Perpetual. Incorporated January 24, 1867. For the Safe-keeping of Valuables and as a General Fiduciary Agent. FIRE-PROOF BUILDINGS, BURGLAR-PROOF VAULTS, GUARDED DAY AND NIGHT. Safes in Main Vault for rent at rates from $10 to $100 per annum, according to size and location. Wills constituting this Company Executor, Trustees, Guardian, &c, taken care of free of charge. Silver, Jewelry, &c, kept under Guarantee in its Kire and Burglar- proof Vaults. FIDUCIARY BUSINESS. Acts' as Receiver, Assignee, Executor, Administrator, Trustee,. Agent, Guardian, &c. ADVANTAGES OFFERED BY THIS COMPANY. No speculative features in its management. More than twenty years' experience. Charter perpetual. Capital Stock held as security. OFFICERS. President, .... Abraham Garrison. Vice-President, - Edward Gregg. Secretary and Treasurer, - - William T. Howe. Asst. Secretary and Treasurer. Robert C. Moore. Counsel, - - - Andrew P. Morrison. DIBECTOK8. Abraham Garrison, William Rea, Edward Gregg, Charles J. Clarke, William M. Lyon, Thomas Wightman, A. E. W. Painter, Felix R. Brunot, Andrew P. Morrison. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ley stone lank of Pittsburgh, PITTSBURGH, PA. Office, Petroleum Exchange Building, Fourth Ave., bet. Wood and Smithfield Sts. CAPITAL • $300,000 Incorporated April 28th, 1884. J. J. Vanderorift, President. C. W. Batchelor, Vice President. A. B. Davitt, Cashier. DIREOTOES. J. XVandergrift, R. C. Gray, J. W. Craig, C. W. Batchelor, Henry Fisher, W. H. Nimick, Geo. McLaughlin, C. F. Klopfer, J. I. Buchanan. Kstablislied 18e0. T. MELLON & SONS, BANKERS, CONDUCT a. General Commercial Banking Business. Deposits Received. Commercial Paper Discounted. Issue Letters of Credit for Travelers, avail able in all parts of the World. No. 512 Smithfield Street, Pittsburgh. Pa. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAI ESTABLISHED 1863. BANKERS AND BROKERS, 415 Wood Street, Pittsburgh, DEALERS IN Investment Securities. Equitable Mortgage Company Debenture Bonds, Farm Mortgages, Water Works Bonds, Western State Municipal and School Bonds Always on Hand. , DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULARS SENT ON APPLICATION. Local Stocks and Bonds. Interest Allowed on Time Deposits. EBA, BEOS. & CO., BANKERSIBROKERS, No. 435 ~Wc>o& Street, Pittsburg.]!.. ( New York and Philadelphia Stock Exchanges. MEMBERS \ Pittsburgh Petroleum, Stock and ( Metal Exchange. PRIVATE TELEGRAPH WIRES. Execute Orders on Commission for Stocks, Bonds, Petroleum, Grain and Provisions, and Issue Drafts on All Parts of the World. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Diamond National Bank. CAPITAL STOCK, . . $200,000: SURPLUS, 70,000. Cor. Fifth Ave., Liberty Ave. and Union Ave. President, A. GARRISON, 218 Ridge Avenue, Allegheny. Vice-President, WM. M. HERSH, 1 Stockton Avenue, Allegheny. Cashier, JOHN S. SCULLY, Ingram Station, P., C. & St. L. Ry. DI^EGTO^S. A. GARRISON, J. W. PORTER, CHAS. DONNELLY, WM. M. HERSH, JNO. A. ECKERT, JOS. ALBREE, J'AY W. CARNAHAN, W. A. NIMICK, A. L. ROBINSON, Discount Monday, 'Wednesday and Friday. ESTABLISHED 1868. Geo. B. Hill. W. I. Mustin. John D. Nicholson. Geo. B. Hill & Co. DEALERS IN STOCKS* BONDS /// Foi^rth Avenue, Rooms 3, 4 and 5. PITTSBURGH, PA. Telephone 146. Post Office Box 593. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. B. B. CAMPBELL, Chairman. R. P. CRAWFORD, Treasurer (LIMITED, -REFINERS OF THE BEST ILLUMINATING OILS MADE. Gasolines and Deodorized Benzines OF EXCELLENT QUALITIES AND ALL GRAVITIES. nnfflinrt t Ursoleum : Strictly Water White, 480 gravity or bet- UU II Ij II V ter, fire test, 150°. lll|l III] Railroad: Water White, 470 gravity, fire test 1500 ¦***1*^M1#W • Bear Creek: Standard White, 460 gravity, fire test 120°. REFINERY, COLEMAN STATION, A. V R. R. Branoh Office, Cor. Twelfth arid Pike Streete, PITTSBURGH, PA. KIvAINK, The Family Safeguard Oil. High Fire Test and Light Specific Gravity. Cannot be exploded. Never varies in quality. Can be burned in any petroleum lamp. Gold Medal awarded at Pittsburgh Exposition, 1875. First Premium Awarded over all Competitors at Cen tennial Exposition in Philadelphia, 1876. WARDEN & OXNARD, Pittsburgh, Pa. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. State Organization, 1857. National Bank, 1865. Iron. Gftj National M\, OP PITTSBURQH, PA. CAPITAL, ...... $400,000. SURPLUS, 250,000 OFFICERS. Alex. M. Byeks, President. James Hebdman, Vice-President. Oliver Lemon, Cashier. DIRECTORS. Alex. MByers, A. Lindsay, Jr. Jno. B. McGinley, James Herdman, W. W. Speer, J. D. Layng, E. M. Hyers, J. B. D. Meeds, Chas. L. Cole, Lewis Irwin, J. Kidd Fleming, Wm. N. Frew, Jas. H. Reed. Discounts Daily at 12.15 P- M. Crescent Steel Works, ESTABLISHED 1865. Miller, Metcalf & Parkin, PITTSBURGH, PA. X> _E _E? O T S : 480 Pearl Street, 64 & 66 S. Clinton St. NEW YORK CHICAGO, ILL. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Established in 1848. •^Ts. »1Si ./IN. SINGER, NIMICK & CO., eimitjeix Manufacturers of All. Kinds of Hammered and Rolled STEEL; ¦Warranted Equal to Any Produced. FINE TOOL CAST STEEL, "SPECIAL," "SINGER'S EXTRA," "ANNEALED COMPOSITE;' FOR DIES. TOOL CAST STEEL, Best Refined,for Edge and Turning Tools, Taps, Dies, Drills, Punches, Shear- Knives , Cold Chisels and Machinists' Tools. SAW PLATES, For Circular, Mulay, Mill, Gang, Drag, Pit and Cross- Cut Saws. SHEET STEEL, Hot and Cold Rolled, For Springs, Billet, Web and Hand Sawst Shovels, Cotton Gin Saws, Stamping Cold, Clock Springs, Sewing Machine Parts, &*c. SIEMENS-MARTIN, (HgJg?H) PLATE STEEL, For Boilers, Fire-Boxes, Smoke Stacks, Tanks, &~-c. All our Plate and Sheet Steel t being rolled by a Patented Improvement, is unequalled/or surface finish and exactness ofi gauge. ROUND MACHINERY CAST STEEL, For Shafting, Spindles, Rollers, &r-c. File, Fork, Hoe, Rake, R. R. Frog, Toe-Calk, Sleigh Shoes and Tire Steel ', &*c '. Cast and German Spring and I low Steel, " Iron- Center " Cast Plow Steel. ' ' Soft Steel Center," "Soft Steel Back" Cast Plow Steel , " Solid Soft Center" Cast Plow Steel, Finished Rolling Plow Coulters with Patent Screw Hubs attached. Agricultur al Steel Cut to any pattern desired. Steel Forgings to order. Represented at 243 PEARL AND 18 CLIFF STS., NEW YORK, By HOGAN & SON, General Ag-ts. tor Eastern and. ]Ve-w England. States. GEORGE M. HOGAN, 417 Commerce Street, Philadelphia. FULLER, DANA & FITZ, no North Street, Boston. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. D. A. Stewart, Prest. Wilson Miller, Sec. and Treas. D. A. Wightman, Superintendent. Locomotive Witts, PITTSBURGH, PA. Office and Works, - - 430 Beaver Avenue, ALLEGHENY CITY, PA. MANUFACTURERS OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES, For Broad or Narrow Gauge Roads, From Standard Designs, or according to Specifications, to suit purchasers. Tanks, Locomotive, Stationary or Portable Boilers, FURNISHED AT SHORT.NOTICE. gTATIOjttlff EHQl| AjlD Mi\CHIJlER i . Of all descriptions, built to Specifications. BRANCH OFFICE, 115 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Post Office Address, Pittsburgh, Pa. CAPACITY, SOO A YEAR. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Pittsburgh, Pa. BUILDERS OF light locomotives, WIDE OR NARROW GAUGE, For Passenger or Freight Service, Shift ing, Contractors' Work, Furnaces, Mines, Mineral Roads, Steel Mills, Logging, Railroads, Plantations, etc. Also, Noiseless Motors For Street Railways, Dummy Lines, and Suburban Roads. ALL WORK STEEL-FITTED And made to duplicate system. Extra Parts and completed Locomo tives kept on hand. ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. J. R. HUTCHINSON, Machinist and Engine Builder1, anufaoturer of latent lop Bates, For Steam, Water and Gas. See Corner of Park Way and Sandusky Street, ALLEGHENY GUFY, PA. '.LEADING MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS." ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Sable Iron Works. ZTJG & CO. LIMITED, " SABLE" Brands of Refined Iron. Merchant Bar, Horse Shoe Bar, Extra Refined, Stay Bolt, &c. Special Sizes made on Universal Rolls FOE Locomotive and Machine Work. l_?IiprnSBUI^GH, l2?A. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE, Jr., President. JOHN CALDWELL, Treasurer. T W. WELSH, Superintendent. H. H. WESTINGHOUSE, General Manager. W. W. CARD, Secretary. THE Westpoiise h Brpke .Pittsburgh, Pa., XJ. S. _A_., MANUFACTURERS OF THE The WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC BRAKE is now in use on 15,000 engines and 125,000 cars in all parts of the world. This in cludes 45,000 freight cars. The WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC BRAKE is the only con tinuous brake that has been successfully used on freight trains. THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE will, in consequence of its quick application, stop a train in the least possible distance. THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE on freight trains, as in passenger service, applies itself instantly to all parts of the train in the event of the train breaking in two or more parts, a feature of great importance in view ofthe statistics published in the Railroad Gazette, which show conclusively that a majority of the collisions are caused by the breaking in two of trains. (See Railroad Ga- zette, Feb. 12, 1886, page 118.) THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE also applies itself to every car in the train in the event of any accident to the brake apparatus of such a nature that it would render any non-automatic continuous brake inoperative. THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE can be applied from the rear or from any portion of the train if desired. THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE will effect an increase of at least twenty-five percent, m the efficient value of freight rolling stock, owing to the quicker time that can be made on the road, and the avoiding of delay at stations and sidings. Freight trains carrying perishable goods are being daily run on passenger schedules. THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE will save employes from the danger and exposure to which they are now subjected, having to ride on the tops of cars in cold and stormy weather, and often sacrificing their lives in the discharge of their duties. THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE is simple in construction and operation and cheaply main tained, the working parts being combined in one piece of mechanism. THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE is not an experiment, but is the result of many years of practi cal experience, and its capabilities are well known to railway managers. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Alexander Nimick, President. Arthur Brittan, Glendy S. Graham, Secretary. and Treasurer. BUILDERS' FINE HARDWARE, Door Locks, PADLOCKS AND SCALES, OFFICE, No. 411 Wood Street, PITTSBURGH. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. oo o ui I tfi j ID< r- U) UI PI -I >wrU)Ino co01 KIER BROS. (Successors toS. M. KIER & CO.) Manufacturers of Superior Quality of FIRE BRICK, "Salina" and "S. C." Brands, for Rolling Mills, Steel Holes and Siemen's Gas Furnace. Also, Linings, Boshes and Hearths for Furnaces. Tiles and Fire Clay prepared to order. — OinriCE: — 1019 Liberty Avenue, PITTSBURGH, PA. Medals and Diplomas awarded by Centennial Commission, International Exhibition, Philadelphia, for "Good Reputation and Standard Value." JAS. H. MURDOCK. C. C. MURDOCK. T7EDOOE £z OO- A&ENTS ount Savage Fire Brick, j\.ivr> LOCOMOTIVE TILE, Chicago Steel Locomotive Tires, Locomotive and. Car Springs. Brokers : Iron Ore, Pig: Iron, Spiegeleisen, Iron and Steel Rails, Old Rails and Car Wheels, Bissell Block, Seventh Ave. and Smithfield St., PITTSBURGH, PA. Established 1818. MARSHALL BROS. Iron City Elevator and Machine Works, 69 to 75 DIAMOND ST., PITTSBURGH. Passenger and Kreight Elevators. THE MARSHALL PATENT FIRE ESCAPE. Ornamental Iron "Work, &o., «fco. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Etna Iron Works. Spang, Chalfant & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF IRON -ALSO- WROUGHT IRON TUBES, For Boilers, Gas, Steam, Water, &c. C. B. Hereon, Chairman. Jno. C. Porter, Sec. and Treas. THE Ipang Iteel and Iron Bo. * -T^ T ^T T T E T> , MANUFACTURERS OF STEEL By the Open Hearth and the Clapp- Grijfjith Process. OFFICE, 66, 68 and 70 SANDUSKY STREET, ALLEGHENY, F\A. POST OFFICE ADDRESS, PITTSBURGH, PA. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. McCLURE COKE CO., Manufacturers and Shippers of G©HRGll3triI_G Q@\e. CAPACITY OK OVENS, 3,000 TONS DAILY! All Mines Situate in the heart of the Famous Con- nellsville Coke Rep-ion. "A ' CONNECTIONS WITH ALL RlllLROflDS ENTERING THE REGION. . ZFreigrlrt _E3a,tes Sec\iied.. PROMPT SHIPMENTS MADE. okkice: lewis' block, PITTSBURGH, PA. Allegheny County . ITS Early History and Subsequent Development. From the Earliest Period till 1790, BY REV. A. A. LAMBING, LL. D. From 1790 till the Present Time, By Hon. J. W. F. WHITE. Published Under the Auspices of the ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE. Pittsburgh, Pa. : Snowden & Peterson, Publishers, 80 Diamond Street. 1888. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888, by SNOWDEN & PETERSON. All Rights Reserved. INDEX.^ FIRST FART. History of Allegheny County (Rev. A. A. Lambing) 7-69 History of Allegheny County (Judge J.W. F. White) 69-94 The Judiciary of Allegheny County 94 Allegheny County Industries 120 Churches of Pittsburgh and Allegheny 130 ADVERTISEMENTS PRECEDING SECOND PART. Germania Savings Bank, Hotel Duquesne, Iron City National Bank, German National Bank, Arbuckles & Co., Limited, Miller, Metcalf & Parkin, Pitts. Nat. Bank of Commerce, Dil worth Bros., Singer, Nimick&Co., Masonic Bank, Weyman & Bro., Pittsburgh Locomotive Works Citizens National Bank, Haworth & Dewhurst, II. K. Porter & Co., City Savings Bank, Wharton McKnight, J. R. Hutchinson, Odd Fellows Savings Bank, The Safe Deposit Company, Zug & Co., Tradesmen's National Bank, Keystone Bank of Pittsburgh, Westinghouse Air Brake Co., First Nat. Bank of Pittsburgh, T. Mellon & Sons, Nimick & Brittain Mfg. Co., Peoples Savings Bank, Robinson Bros., Kier Bros., AIleg'yNat. Bank of Pittsburgh, Rea, Bros. & Co., Murdock & Co., Union National Bank, Diamond National Bank, Marshall Bros., N. Holmes & Sons, Geo. B. Hill & Co., Spang, Chalfant & Co., Joseph Home & Co. . Bear Creek Refining Co., Spang, Steel & Iron Co., Ltd., E. K. Harrison, Warden & Oxnard, McClure Coke Company. SECOND PART. Leading Merchants and Manufacturers 1 Address of Centennial Committee 100 Rules 104 General Committee 104 Standing Sub-Committees 106 Programme, First Day 110, 112, 114 Programme, Second Day 116, 118 Programme, Third Day 120, 122 Places of Interest 124, 126, 128, 130, 132 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ADVERTISEMENTS IN SECOND PART. Logan, Gregg & Co Bank of Pittsburgh Fidelity Title & Trust Co Merchants & Mfg Nat Bank. Pittsburgh Bank for Savings. Dollar Savings Bank Lawrence Bank Penn'a Female College, Speer White Sand Co Penn'a Mfg., Mining & Sup ply Co L. H. Harris Drug Co Morrison, Cass & Co B. F. Rynd Ernst Axthelm Star Encaustic Tile Co , Lim. Empire Drill Co W. E Ross, Artesian Wells.. Phoenix Fire Brick Works... Reineke, Wilson & Co Jarccki Manufacturing Co Reed & Krebs J. F. Schroeder Harbison & Walker Woodland Fire Brick Co Johnsons, Eagye & Earl Jas. W. Houston & Co Wm. Haslage & Son Demmlcr Bros Western University WillH. Watson E. W. Histed Oil Well Supply Co., Lim Edward Rice, Tailor W. T. Bown Mutual Life Insurance Co...... Geo. W. Biggs & Cc Geo. K. Stevenson 8: Co Longfellow, Alden & Harlow John A. McConncll & Co Thos. Fox, Coal Phcenix Galvanizing Co., Ltd D. Lutz & Sons, Lion Brew'y Iron City Bridge Works Tibby Brothers J. C. Bragdon Dauler, Close & Johns 3 Hartley & Marshall 5 vEtna Life Insurance Co 7 J. C. Butlum & Co 9 Barnes Safe and Lock Co ii Pittsburgh Safe and Lock Co. 13 A. J. Logan & Co 13 Moorhead, Brother & Co 13 Klein, Logan & Co 15 Pittsburgh Steel Casting Co... Dilworth, Porter & Co 17 C. G. Hussey& Co 19 A. Garrison Foundry Co 21 Curry University 23 Jas. Collord 23 A. G. Campbell & Sons 25 F. & J. Heinz 25 Shcpley, Rutan & Coolidgc... 25 A. Lctzkus 27 Evans, Cunningham & Jones. 27 John Boyd 29 L. W. Dalzell & Co 29 Jos. Fleming 29 Burns &Jahn 31 Fischer Foundry &Machn Co 31 M. Lanz & Sons, 33 The J. O. Schimmel Prs. Co. 35 Shoenberger & Co 37 Shoenberger Speer & Co 39 Boggs & Buhl 41 Mellor & Hoene 43 Amer. Tube & Iron Co 43 Union Planing Mill Co 45 N. A-lt&Son 47 Thos. Evans Co 47 Robert F. Mayer 49 Chas. H. Humbert 49 M. Winter & Bro 51 National Brewery 51 C. Baeuerlein Brewing Co 53 South Side Brewery 53 Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R.R. 53 E. C.Fralich 55 Schluederberg & Perrot 55 Excelsior Ex. & Standard 57 Cab Co 57 Boyd & Beatty 59 Frank J. Guckert Keystone Brewing Co., Ltd... 59 Eberhardt & Ober Brn'g Co.. 97 &l Rosenbaum & Co 98 61 Reinecke & Co 98 61 Emil Loos 101 63 Frauenheim & Vilsack 101 65 Wolff Lane & Co 103 67 J. R. Reed & Co 103 67 Monongahela House 105 69 Henrick's Temple of Music. ..105 71 E. G. Hays & Co 105 71 H. Kleber & Bio 108 71 Fred. Sauer 107 73 Allegheny Transfer Co 107 73 Kennedy's Dining and Lunch 75 Rooms 108 75 Brush Electric Co 109 77 Moorhead -McCleane Co in 77 Pennsylvania Tube Works. ...in 79 Bindley Hardware Co 113 7P L. H. Smith WoodenWareCo, 113 81 West Point Boiler Works 115 81 Chas. Reizenstein 115 82 P. C. Schoeneck 117 83 Fairbanks & Co 117 85 Jos. Eichbaum & Co 119 85 F. G. Reineman 119 87 Garfitld, Fertig & Co 121 87 Dr. Sadler 121 89 The Beymer-Bauman L'dCo.121 90 D. & F. S. Welty 123 91 Thos. Wightman & Co 123 91 Stevens Chair Co 125 91 Wm. Semple 125 91 J. S. Ramsey & Co 125 92 Holy Ghost College 127 92 Dimling's Confc. & Rc;tnit. 129 93 McKain & Son, Hatters 131 93 Mutual Benefit Life Ins. Co. ..131 93 Atlas Bronze & Tuyere Co.. ..133 93 Prentice & Hackett 137 94 MCKEESPORT 9\ National Tube Works 139 y Bank of McKeesport 138 __ First National Bank 138 H Hotel White 138 ¦ e Wernke Bros 140 96 ADVERTISEMENTS FOLLOWING SECOND PART. Carnegie, Phipps & Co. The A. French Spring Co., Li Jumbo Coal & Coke Co. McCullough, Dalzell & Co. H. G. Dravo. Pittsburgh Forge & Iron Co. Martin Lappe& Sons. Armstrong, Brother & Co. F. J. Albrecht. Westinghouse Electric Co. Geo. A. Macbeth & Co. Wm. Ross Proctor. Danziger's Stores. Leader Publishing Co. H. E. Collins & Co. The McConway & Torley Co. Alfred E. Windsor & Co. Z. Wainwright & Co. C. W. G. Ferris & Co. The Robert W. Hunt Bureau of Inspection, etc. S. Hamilton. Thos. P. Hershberger & Son. G. A. Cochrane. Thompson & Co. J. L. Forsaith &Co. Metcalf, Paul & Co. Republic Iron Works, Lim. F. J. Kress. Alex. Patterson. D. L. Patterson. A. H. Childs. Booth & Flinn. John Logan. J. P. &R. H.Knox. Ardary Brothers. E. B. Renouf. Seventh Avenue Hotel. Allegheny Express Co. S. Stutz. Lutz Bros. Ajax Manufacturing Co. Chester B. Albree. Fred. Gwinner, W. F. Trimble. W. S. Pendleberry, Son & Co. M. Oppenheimer & Co. John L. Staub. J. A. McCormick. C- John Reiling. James Hay. A. R. Speer. Dain & Daschbach. Enterprise Drilling Co. Eclipse Machine Co. J. H. Rottkay. F. L. Voegtly & Co. John Hart. Specialty Manufacturing Co. Chas. Pfeifer. Allegheny Wagon Works. Rawsthorne Bros. Geo. McFerron & Co. W. W. Renkin. Chas. Louder, S. S Marshall & Bros. Wm. Grusch & Co. Hagmaier & Albrecht. Craft & Fisher. Young & Smith. Wm. Peoples. Western Hotel, Allegheny. James Lowrie. J. & H. Phillips. PREFACE. Believing that the Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the organization of Allegheny County would not be complete without a sketch of the territory embraced within the original lines of the county, and of that part of Western Pennsylvania from which the same was taken — virtually including the early his tory of Western Pennsylvania, such a history of the early settle ment of Allegheny County, of the midnight raids by the Indians, of the bloody battles, of the hardships and privations endured by the pioneers, and, later on, by the wonderful development and growth of the same during the past century — cannot but be inter esting to every citizen of the county. The following historical sketch is presented to the citizens of Allegheny County by the Centennial Committee with the be lief that no country nor age ever presented a more interesting and thrilling story of conquest, of settlement and development, than does the history of the settlement of Allegheny County, and of its subsequent marvellous growth and prosperity. As written in the felicitous style of the gifted authors, it can scarcely be improved upon by the touch of the romancer. C. S. F. Allegheny County: EARLY HISTORY AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT. CHAPTER I. PROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TILL THE YEAR 1754. Introductory Remarks — A Centennial Celebration Fitting — The Name "Allegheny" — Aborigines — Indian Villages — Trails — Roynl Patents and Charters — Early Explorers, Traders and Adven turers — Land Companies — Negotiations with the Indians — Claims and Operations of the French — Explorations for the Ohio Land Company — French Forts — Frontier Cabins. • The growth and development of our country, especially west of the Allegheny mountains, has been something phenomenal. Where a cen tury ago or less nothing was to be seen but vast primeval forests or boundless prairies, inhabited by wild animals and savages only a little less ferocious, all has been changed by the rapid march of civilization. The few villages that dared to spring up at that early day have become populous cities, the solitary cabins of the hardy adventurers have given place to thriving towns and villages, the forests and prairies have been transformed into rich agricultural districts, and in every direction lines of railroad are seen threading their course to carry the fruits of industry to a ready market. Telegraph lines facilitate communication, and over all, religion spreads her peaceful mantle, education sheds her cheering light, and a popular government secures for all equal rights. The peo ples of the Old World, confined to traditional grooves, contemplate with astonishment the gigantic strides of the Great Republic of the West, and speculate on what the end is to be, or whether there will be an end to this onward march of national prosperity and domestic hap piness. Nowhere, perhaps, is this extraordinary growth more marked than in Western Pennsylvania, nearly all of whieh was once included within the limits of Allegheny county. From the date of the arrival of the first white man at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, the natural advantages of that section of country was recog nized as a future center of population and industry. But as time went on, and the various and inexhaustible mineral resources of the sur- 8 CENTENNIAL HISTORY rounding country were gradually developed, it was seen with what sin gular generosity Nature had lavished her choicest gifts upon that favored spot. Cities sprang up that first emulated the great industrial centers of the world, then rivaled, and now threaten to surpass them. Our cities, proud of the distinction they had won, excited the admira tion of the world, when lo ! Dame Fortune, as if to show that Alle gheny County was her favorite haunt, opened to the astonished gaze of her children and the world a new, and till then unheard of source of wealth and pre-eminence, in the vast supply of natural gas, that leaves this locality without a peer on earth, and brings an amount of capital, industry and population to her, that even the most sanguine cannot but regard with astonishment. The importance of this section of country from an historical point of view, is not less deserving of attention. Circumstances seemed from an early day to prepare it for the distinction it was afterward to enjoy. Few places have been so distinguished by the vicissitudes that marked the various periods of their history as Allegheny county, from the days when it was alternately the battle field and the hunting ground of conflicting tribes of red men, to the time in which it was finally settled, after having passed successively under the yoke of three nations of the pale faces — the French, the English and the Americans. Fitting then it is that a country so distinguished for its favorable location, its inexhaustible mineral wealth, its boundless industries, its restless aud rapidly increasing population, and its interesting history should celebrate the centenary of its erection, and that in a style in keeping with its importance. The past, the present and the future de mand it. The past that it may not be forgotten; the present that its ad vantages may be made known and appreciated, and the future that it may recall with becoming pride the scenes of the days of other years, and may bless the memory of those who have gone to their final rest, after having nobly performed their part in these busy scenes. And first of the name "Allegheny." It is derived, as all authori ties are agreed, from the designation of an aboriginal tribe, the "Talli- gewi," or ''Alligewi," that inhabited the valley of the Allegheny river prior to the corning of the tribes found there by the first white adven turers. We shall not, however, pause to inquire into what little is known from tradition of this pre-historic nation; suffice it to say that it has left its name in a modified form so indelibly engraven, that it will be remembered so long as a river flows or a range of mountains rears its summit toward heaven. In process of time the Lenni Lenape, better known as the Delaware Indians, one ofthe most powerful tribes, or family of tribes, in North America, succeeded in gaining the mas tery. But before the advent of the whites the vicissitudes of savage warfare had wrestled the supremacy from them, and bestowed it upon the indomitable Iroquois, or Six Nations, the "Romans of America." That powerful confederation occupied the territory south of Lake Ontario, but claimed much more; and the dread of them reached from the shores of the Atlantic to the valley of the Mississippi, and from the headwaters of the Ottawa to the Carolinas. They laid claim to all OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. Western Pennsylvania, and their claim was readily acknowledged by the remnants of other tribes that occupied it, especially the Delawares, their former rivals, whom they had conquered, and, in the language of the rude sons of the forest, "made women of." The Shawanese, who had been conquered by the Iroquois about the year 1672, were allowed to make their homes in the valley of the upper Ohio and in other parts of the State of the same name. Members of a few other tribes were also found scattered throughout the territory of Western Pennsylvania, but not in considerable numbers. Such, in brief, was the disposition of the aboriginal tribes in the territory now engaging our attention at the opening of the period of authentic history. It would be impossible to form anything like an accurate estimate of the number of Indians of the seveial tribes living iu Western Pennsylvania when the first white adventurers made their appearance upon the scene, both because no census was ever attempted, and because their residence was not perma nent. Suffice it to say, that, considering the extensive territory, the population was very small. The character of the Indians naturally gave rise to numerous towns and villages, or what were popularly designated as such, composed sometimes of the members of one tribe, at other times of the members of several tribes living together in harmony. These villages were usually quite small, consisting at times of not more than a few cabins, were for the most part located along streams, and were frequently moved from one place to another, as necessity or caprice dictated. Only a few of them will be mentioned in this place, on account of the part they played in the country's history. One of the principal of these was Kittanning, which was known to the French as Attique, situated where the town of the same name now stands, and which figured con spicuously in the French war prior to its destruction in September, 1756. ¦Another was Shannopinstown, located on the east bank of the Alle gheny, about two miles above its confluence with the Monongahela. Celoron, in the journal of his expedition, to be referred to later, says it was the most beautiful place he saw on his journey. But it was of little or no historical importance, though it was the only one within the limits of the present city of Pittsburg. Eighteen or twenty miles further down, on the north side of the Ohio, stood Logstown, the most important of all the Indian towns, as will appear in the sequel. It was the point on the upper Ohio for trading and conferring with the whites. A mile below the mouth of the Beaver river was Sakunk, seldom men tioned in pioneer annals; and about four miles below the present New Castle was situated Kiskakunk, a name variously spelled, which, though of considerable size, was rather a place of meeting for the Indians them selves, than of importance to them in their relation to the whites. Be sides these there were other villages, but so insignificant as not to be deserving of mention. The nomadic life of the Indians and the fact that there were cer tain points at which they were accustomed to assemble from time to time, naturally led to the formation of paths or trails, which traversed the country in various directions. While forming means of easy com- A2 10 CENTENNIAL HISTORY munication for the natives, they were hardly less advantageous to the early traders and adventurers; and they were particularly useful in pointing out the best routes for military and national roads, more es pecially in the mountain districts. The most noted, and perhaps the most ancient of these was the Old Catawba or Cherokee trail, leading from the Carolinas through Virginia, Western Pennsylvaniaand West ern New York to Canada. It was intersected by the Warrior Branch, which, coming up from Tennessee through Kentucky and Southern Ohio, entered Pennsylvania, and united with it somewhere in Fayette county. These were the only important trails that traversed the coun try north and south. Of greater importance, both to the Indians and whites, were the numerous trails that lead east and west. The most noted of these was the Ki Maiming path, which, coming up the Juniata and crossing the mountains at Kittanning Point, passed westward to the Allegheny river at the village of the same name, and after crossing the river continued its course to Detroit. Another of importance was Nemacholin's path, opened by a friendly Delaware of that name for the trader Co). Michael Cresap, in 1751. Starting from the vicinity of Cumberland, Maryland, it crossed the mountains to the forks of the Ohio, with a branch from the top of the Chestnut Ridge to the mouth of Nemacholin's Creek, at the present Brownsville. But as Braddock adopted this path and robbed ic of its Indian name, so did Dunlap give his name to Ihe creek, and the red man is forgotten. A trail extended down the north bank of the Ohio to the mouth of the Beaver, and con tinued on into Ohio; and another from Logstown north to Lake Erie and the Iroquois country. There were other trails of minor import ance, but it is not necessary to speak of them. The better to understand the gradual development of the county from a forest wilderness to its present advanced condition, it will be necessary for us to go back to the time when the territory first came into the possession of the white man. Naturally enough errors were committed in the portioning out of the NewWorld among their favorites by the powers of Europe, who claimed it by the right of discovery. The ignorance of the geography of the recently discovered continent, the thirst for dominion, and the fabulous mineral wealth which was be lieved to lie hid beneath the surface of the New World, were elements of confusion that can hardly be appreciated at their proper value at the present advanced state of civilization and knowledge. Add to this that the revival of learning was then only beginning to dawn, thanks to the invention of printing, and men were not as yet fully released from the influence of the strange notions that had long prevailed regarding what lay beyond the "Gloomy Ocean." Evidences of this are found in abundance in the early accounts of the newly discovered continents and in rhe grotesque figures that adorn some of the earlier maps. While the thoughtless may smile at this display of ignorance, the phil anthropist rejoice at the amelioration of man's condition, and the phil osopher marks with pleasure the development of the human mind- the student of our history will discover in it a source both of pleasure and perplexity: pleasure that some record, however imperfect, has eome OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 11 down to us, of the notions entertained by the early explorers; and per plexity to solve the historical and geographical problems upon which, unfortunately, they shed so little light. What a variety in the early maps; what conflicts in the early claims! Yet we must address our selves to the task of unravelling them as well as circumstances and the information obtainable will permit. As early as March, 1564, Queen Elizabeth granted to her favorite, Sir Walter Raleigh, a patent for a vast tract of country extending along the Atlantic seaboard of the New World, and back from it to an indefi. nite distance; but whether it could be so construed as to include the territory now embraced in Allegheny county or not, it would be diffi cult to determine, owing to the imperfect knowledge then had of the geography of this continent, and the consequent indefinite terms of the patent. Be that as it may, it is not a matter of importance, inasmuch as no permanent settlement was ever made under the patent, which soon lapsed, while he in whose favor it was granted, fell from the royal favor. Permanent possession dates from the charter granted by James I, May 23, 1609, to a company at the head of which appeared the name of the successful rival and inevitable enemy of Raleigh, Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury. That the territory now included within the limits of Allegheny county was embraced in the scope of that charter, there can be no question, for the territory granted to the company extended two hundred miles north and as many south of Old Point Comfort, "up into the land throughout from sea to sea, west and northwest," as the charter expressed it. Thus was the claim of Virginia first estab lished to the soil of southwestern Pennsylvania. But owing to the still indefinite knowledge of America, the rapacity of adventurers, and the desire of crowned heads to please their favorites at little cost to themselves, it need not be a matter of surprise that charters were grant ed which conflicted with each other, and that the same lands were be stowed upon two or more persons or companies. A notable instance of this is the territory around the headwaters of the Ohio; for while, as we have seen, it was granted to Virginia in 1609, it was afterward included in the charter granted to William Penn by Charles II, dated March 4, 1681. By this instrument he was constituted sole proprietary of certain tracts of land which, in the terms of the charter, were to extend west ward five degrees from the Delaware river, and to include all the territory from the beginning of. the fortieth to the beginning of the forty-third degree of north latitude. Whether it was the royal pleasure to take from Virginia part of her territory and bestow it upon Penn, or that the king was ignorant of the exact terms of the former charter, it matters little; both colonies claimed the territory of southwestern Pennsylvania in virtue of a grant from the crown, and a long and bit ter contest arose which will form one of the most interesting chapters of this history. Although the English adventurers did not push into the forest with the same intrepidity as the French, they were early in the field in the country west of the "Allegheny Hills," as the range of mountains was at first called. Col. Henry Ward, who lived at the falls of the 12 CENTENNIAL HISTORY James river, sent one Mr. Needham, in 1654, on an exploring expedition; who, crossing the mountains, entered the valley of the Ohio, and in ten years' time is said to have discovered several of the tributaries, not only of the Ohio, but also of the Mississippi. Thomas Woods and Robert Pallam were commissioned by Major General Wood, of Virginia, "for ye findeing of the ebbing and flowing of ye waters behinde the moun tains in order to the discovery of the South Sea." These men, with an Appomatox Indian and one servant and five horses, started from the Appomatox town in Virginia on Friday, Septemb3r 1, 1671, crossed the mountains and descended to what is known as the Falls of Kanawha, where they marked some trees with marking-irons on September 17th. They returned to the Appomatox town on Sunday morning, October 1st. In 1674 Captain Botts made another tour through the same coun try. As early as 1715 Father Marmet, of Kankaskia, wrote to the gov ernor of Canada that "the encroaching English were building forts on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers," and, though this is incorrect, it shows the presence of the English in the vicinity at that time. Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, made an effort as early as 17~11, to resist the French encroachments, by attempting to establish the line of Virginia settlements far enough to the west to interrupt the contemplated chain of communication between Canada and the Gulf of Mexico." In 1719 Governor Keith urged upon the lords of trade the erection of a fort on Lake Erie. No settlement, however, had as yet been made in the ter ritory embraced within the limits of Allegheny county, and little pre cise knowledge was had of that section of country. But a short time before the middle of the last century greater activity began to be mani fested; land companies were formed, and adventurers began to look wistfully to the country immediately west of the mountains. But the mountains themselves presented a barrier to the progress of settlement. Though not elevated, the land on their summit was not so well suited for agricultural purposes as that on the hills and in the valleys beyond; yet, unless the consent of the Indians could first be obtained and torts erected for the protection of the pioneers against the inconstant sav ages, it would be impossible to occupy the land, even granting that the formality of an extinction of the Indian claim had been effected, both on account of the rapacity of the whites and the reluctance with which the Indians saw their hunting grounds pass into the hands of the pale faces. Companies might be formed and lands located, but no perma nent settlement could be effected without protection. The savages naturally enough tolerated the traders, from the need they had of them, and they were not slow on their part in perceiving the profit they could derive from trade with the simple, unsophisticated natives. They were, in fact, an early and natural outgrowth of the eastern colonies, and they penetrated the wilderness far in advance of the foremost settlements. Though paying little heed to the laws of either God or man, they did not wholly forget their allegiance to the nation that had fostered them, and they generally prepared the way for the more permanent settlers. The more adventurous of this class had already reached the lakes on the north and the Miami on the west. Ob' ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 13 The gradual occupation of the country east of the mountains seemed to have brought the time for the settlement of the territory west of them, and a number of land companies were formed about this date, the most important of which was the Ohio Company, organized in 1748 by Thomas Lee, President of the Virginia Assembly, Laurance and Arthur Washington, and ten other Virginians, who, with a Mr. Han bury, of London, joined in a petition to the crown for the grant of an extensive tract of land in the Ohio valley. Their petition was favor ably received, and they were granted five hundred thousand acres south of the Ohio, and between the Monongahela and Great Kanawha, with the further privilege of taking up lands also north of the Ohio. The company was not required to pay any quit rent for ten years, but was to select two-thirds of its territory at once, and at its own cost construct and garrison a fort. This was the first, and it may be said, the only company to take up lands in sovithwestern Pennsylvania. Negotiations had already been commenced with the Indians for the two-fold purpose of preserving friendly relations and of obtaining per mission to erect one or more forts on the Ohio for the protection of the traders and the pioneers who might settle there. They would also serve as a check to the threatened encroachments of the French, till permanent possession could be gradually taken of the country. Ulti mate possession, however, was the object in view, and the Indians were not slow to perceive it, and complain and threaten. These threats and complaints were frequent; and as the colonies were still weak while the power of the Indians was not as yet broken, it was of the utmost im portance to preserve friendly relations. A number of treaties were held. which can only be briefly referred to in a sketch like the present. The principal treaty was that held at Lancaster, the preliminaries of which were arranged by Conrad Weiser, the colonial interpreter of Pennsyl vania, and who afterwards met the delegates of the Six Nations with the commissioners of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, June 22, 1744. The conference lasted twelve days; did little credit to the com missioners, who studied to keep the Indians constantly under the influ ence of intoxicating drinks, and the result was that, while they gained their point, they gave occasion for just and bitter complaints for years to come. But the occupation of the Ohio valley was still the desired object, and on the strength of the peace concluded at Lancaster, nego tiations were carried on both by Pennsylvania and Virginia looking to that end. The first person to meet the Indians on the Ohio as the representa tive of the colony of Pennsylvania was Conrad Weiser, who was com missioned by the president of the Executive Council, in August, 1748, to treat with the Indians at Logstown. He was made the bearer of valuable presents, which had been previously promised them, and was instructed to ascertain most carefully the number aud feeling of the several tribes towards the English and French, and all such other in formation as would be valuable to the colonial authorities. Having made all necessary preparations he set out, crossed the Susquehanna, passed up the Juniata, and followed the Kittanning path till he came 14 (J-EJNTKJNNIAL JAJSTUKY near the Allegheny, when he turned southwest and came to that river some twenty miles above its confluence with the Monongahela. On the 27th he arrived at the terminus of his journey, where he immedi ately set about the fulfillment of the task entrusted to him. His efforts were successful in strengthening the bonds of friendship between the tribes and the colony, and winning the former from their leaning toward the French. He set out on his return September 20th, and made a report of what he had accomplished. From that time communication with the Indians on the Ohio became frequent. The French were not all this time idle spectators of the actions of the English. Claiming by right of discovery all the lands drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries, they fixed the limits of their posses sions at the summit ofthe Allegheny mountains, and prepared to make good their claim by the erection of a line of fortifications that should extend from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mississippi. It is not the intention in this place to discuss the claim made by some writ ers in favor of La Salle's discovery of the Allegheny and Ohio rivers in the winter of 1669-70; it is highly improbable, and the best authorities reject it. The better to become acquainted with the geography of the country, drive out the English traders, secure the attachment of the Indians and prepare the way for the erection of the contemplated line of fortifications, the governor of Canada despatched Louis de Celoron, a captain of infantry, in the summer of 1749, with a detachment of sol diers and friendly Indians to make an excursion down the Allegheny and Ohio. His mission, as he acknowledges in the journal which he kept, was but partially successful; everywhere he found a strong feeling in favor of the English, and he was on more than one occasion in dan ger of being attacked, notwithstanding the strength of the attachment under his command. The first symptoms of the struggle between the French and the English now began to manifest themselves, but the treatment of this part of our subject will be reserved for a future chapter. George Croghan, with the interpreter Andrew Montour, was with the tribes at Logstown in December, 1749, where he learned that the French had been endeavoring, but without success, to win the natives to their cause. The Indians were at that time in favor of the English erecting a fort for the protection of their traders somewhere on the headwaters of the Ohio. ' Croghan was again with them as the bearer of presents from the Governor of Pennsylvania, in the early part of the following year. The half-breed Joncaire, the agent ofthe French, was there at the same time, but his overtures were contemptuously rejected by the Six Nations. But, though the Indians signified their desire to trade with the colonists, they gave it clearly to be understood that they were not disposed to part with their lands. Measures having for their object the settling of families south of the Ohio were now inaugurated by the Ohio Company; as a prelimi nary to which they sent Christopher Gist, a noted adventurer, to explore the country. On the last day of October, 1750, he left the frontier of civilization, crossed the mountains by the Juniata and Kiskiminetas OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 15 route, and came to Shannopinstown; from which he proceeded to Logs- town. But it is remarkable that, in doing so, he passed down the north side of the Allegheny and Ohio rivers behind what is now known as Monument Hill, in Allegheny City, and thus remained ignorant of the existence of the Monongahela river, which forms its junction with the Allegheny at that point. From Logstown he passed southwest, and after spending the winter in his explorations, returned to the represen tatives of the company in the early part of the following year. In the next November he was again on an exploring expedition, but this time south of the Ohio and between the Monongahela and the Great Ka nawha, in what was properly the land granted to the company in whose employ he then was. In April, 1751, Croghan was once more at Logstown, where he ob tained formal permission for the erection of a fort at or near the mouth of the Monongahela. This, from motives of economy, the Pennsyl vania Assembly refused to undertake. In fact, each of the colonies sought to evade the burden of securing the valley of the Ohio, though all recognized the imperative necessity of doing so. The initiative at length devolved upon Virginia, whose charter claims placed the forks, which was the key to the Ohio valley, within her jurisdiction. In the meantime the French were steadily pushing their claims, and the dexterity with which they were generally able to manage the In dians, as well as the important fact that they did not want to occupy the land, but only to hold dominion over it and monopolize the trade, enabled them to win the natives and do much toward turning them against the English, whom they never really loved, but whom they found it advantageous to trade with. The spring of 1753 saw the French busily engaged in carrying out their purpose of erecting a chain of forts through the West. Those at Presqu' Isle and Le Boeuf, in northwest ern Pennsylvania, were built in the early part of the summer of this year. But before entering upon the important history of the struggle between the French and English for the possession of the rich valley of the Ohio, and the key to it, the site of the present City of Pittsburg, a hasty glance will be taken at the progress thus far made in planting set tlements west of the mountains. Prior to the occupation of the forks by the French, the territory west of the Alleghenies had become familiar to the colonists, thanks to the land-grabbers, traders and other adven turers, and a small number of frontier cabins sent their curling smoke towards the sky through the forest trees. Celoron informs us in the journal of his expedition, that he found an English trading house on the Allegheny some distance above the mouth of Oil Creek, and that of John Fraser, the gunsmith, at the mouth of French Creek. There were also several cabins in the vicinity of the forks, one standing at the pres ent Sharpsburg, another at Emsworth, below Allegheny City, one ill the neighborhood of Sewickley, besides others. The most important settlement, however, was that of Christopher Gist at the spot on the Chestnut Ridge now known as Dunbar's Camp, which consisted of about a dozen families. Such was the condition of the country em- 16 CENTENNIAL HISTORY braced within the original limits of Allegheny county at the commence ment of the French war, a contest of vast importance not only to the colonies but to the world. CHAPTER II. CONTEST FOR THE POSSESSION OF THE OHIO VALLEY. War Clouds Appearing — French and English Claims — The Scene of Conflict Centering at the Forks of the Ohio — Threatening Attitude of the French — Washington Virginia's Messenger to the French — A Fort Undertaken at the Forks — Operations of the French — The Contest Begun — Washington as Leader — The First Battle — A Sad Fourth of July — Diplomacy in the Old World — General Braddock on the Scene — Who Commanded at Fort Duquesne ? — The Battle of the Monongahela and Death of Braddock — The Frontier Unprotected — Destruction of Kittan- ning — Forbes in Command — Conciliating the Indians — Fall of Fort Duquesne. The rising mists of war alluded to at the close of the last chapter soon became threatening clouds which grew more dark at every mo ment. It is not the intention to enter into any lengthy account of the complications of European politics, or the circumstances that led to a declaration of war between France and England, so disastrous to the former in the loss of her possessions on this side of the waters, and scarcely less so for the latter in schooling her colonies to the art of war, removing by the destruction of the French power the only check she had on their dependence, and training a leader for them whose name is written on the brightest page of the world's history, the illustrious Washington. By the treaty of Utrecht, signed April 11, 1713, England acquired large tracts of territory from the French in America; but by far the most important of these was that lying south of Lake Ontario, upon which the Six Nations lived, which also included a recognition of that famous confederation as English subjects. This grant not only curtailed the ter ritory of the French, but also cut off all hope of a direct line of commu nication with the valley of the Mississippi, and left the route by way of the lakes open to attack. This concession made the Enghsh heirs of the Iroquois conquests in the West, an advantage of the first importance. As yet, however, the English seemed indifferent to the possession ofthe interior. Their charters of the seaboard colonies granted the territory "from sea to sea," but separate in organization, and jealous of each other, as well as of the crown, their policy was narrowed and their strength lessened. Living by agriculture and trade, their expansion, though certain, was necessarily slow. A powerful incentive for the ac quisition of territory for settlement in the present was thus lacking dur ing the early period of English colonial history; and for more than a century their western boundary was the mountains. The French on OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 17 the contrary, were greedy of dominion, but not for purposes of settle ment. Both nations eyed each other with jealousy as they gazed on the wide expanse of country between the Alleghenies and the great river of the West. The treaty of Utrecht had effected no permanent peace be tween the two nations, but only a truce which each was profiting hy to prepare for whatever further developments the future might have in store. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, concluded October, 1748, as far as it referred to America, left the possessions of the respective powers "the same as before the war." This was but another evasion of the point at issue, which sooner or later must demand adjudication, and a peaceful settlement was plainly out of question. It is difficult to describe accurately the geographical scope of the early French and English claims in America. Generally stated the for mer included the entire basin of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi with the extensive region around the great lakes. But the details of this broad claim were as ill-defined in the minds of the claimants themselves as they were in those of the English. In Western Pennsylvania the Allegheny mountains formed a natural boundary which was fixed upon by the French as the western limits of their rival in that section. The terms of the several charters were more or less vague, as has been stated, and while the colonies were united in disputing the pretensions of the French, they had disputes, sometimes very bitter, among themselves. Indeed might was the only recognized basis of right everywhere in the New World; and each nation was eager to anticipate the other in estab lishing its power within the coveted limits before debating the question of right. Many circumstances united in transferring the inevitable strug gle for the mastery in the West to the forks of the Ohio; and there it is that we shall briefly review the operations of the two nations. Taking up the history of this section of country at the point where it was dropped at the close of the last chapter, it will be seen that at the beginning of 1754, a few pioneers had reared their cabins west ofthe mountains, and principally along the course of the rivers, which gave evidence of awakening activity in extending the border settlements. Negotiations were also being actively carried on with the natives with the odds apparently in favor of the English. Permission had been ob tained to erect a fort at the headwaters of the Ohio; a matter of the first importance. But the agents of the French were also on the scene, and to their superior tack in managing the Indians, they added an argument which the conduct of their rivals only tended to confirm, that the Eng lish were after the hunting grounds of the Indians, and were determined to force the natives back little by little as they had done east of the mountains. Add to this that the French had already built two forts in the northwestern part of Pennsylvania, with a view of connecting Lake Erie with the Allegheny by means of Le Boeuf river, or French Creek, as it has since been called; and that they were negotiating with the In dians for the site of another fort at the mouth of French Creek, thus aim ing at securing communication by water from the mouth of the St. Lawrence and that of the Mississippi, as well as from the lakes, with the coveted strategic point, the forks of the Ohio, and it will be seen 18 CENTENNIAL HISTORY that their prospects were about as favorable as those of the English. Quietly they were preparing a fleet of bateaux and canoes to carry their forces down the Beautiful River, and with a favorable stage of water, such as was naturally to be expected in the spring, they could reach the forks in less than two days, the distance being only a hundred and twenty-four miles, and before word of their approach could be sent across the mountains. Once in possession it would be difficult, if not impossible, to dislodge them; for before troops could be brought from the east of the mountains, over which a road would have to be opened for their passage, a strong fortification could be built at the forks, forces could be concentrated from Detroit and the Illinois country, as well as from the forts in the North, and in the meantime the enemy could be harrassed on the march. The colonies were not insensible to the dangers to which they were exposed, but apathy and a lack of harmony prevented concerted action. In Pennsylvania a chronic struggle existed between the proprietaries and the Assembly, in which the object seemed to be, first beat the governor and then fight the French. At length Virginia took the initiative. She claimed the country as contained in the terms of her charter, and Gov ernor Dinwiddie, acting on instructions received from the mother coun try, prepared to examine into the movements and purposes of the enemy. For this purpose he sent Major George Washington with in" struetions to proceed to the French posts on the north, and present let ters demanding an explanation of the intentions of the French in en croaching on territory which he claimed as belonging to the Old Dominion. Having received his instructions on the 30th of October, 1753, Washington set out for Logstown. Coming to the settlement of Christopher Gist he took that fearless pioneer with him, and came to the forks, which he carefully examined and thought better fitted for a fort than the place two miles further down on the south side of the Ohio, which the Indians had recommended to the Ohio Company. He arrived at Logstown on the 23d of November, but it was not until the 30th that he was able to persuade a small number of Indians to accompany him to the French post. The party arrived at Venango, at the mouth of French Creek, December 4th, where, after wine had been drunk freely, the French began to boast of their determination and ability to take possession of the forks in the spring. Making careful notes of what he heard and saw, Washington set out for Fort le Boeuf, where he should meet the commander of the French and deliver his message. But he en countered no little difficulty in keeping the Indians sober and prevent ing the wily Joncaire from influencing them in favor of the French. Arriving at La Boeuf he remained until the 23d of December before he succeeded in transacting the business entrusted to him. But he was not idle; he carefully noted all he heard and saw, and, in doing so came to the conclusion that, unless the colonies were very active, the French would be able without much difficulty to carry out their threats of tak ing the Ohio valley. With no little difficulty he got his party on the road to return, and arrived at the forks on the 29th. Continuing his journey he reached Williamsburg on the 16th of January, 1854. Al- OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 19 though conscious of the danger that threatened them, the colonies were not disposed to take active means to prevent it, and the matter was left entirely in the hands of Virginia. The governor appointed Captaiu WilUam Trent to lead out a detachment of soldiers and workmen to erect a fort with all haste at the forks. Washington met, on his return, the vanguard of these forces, consisting of a train of pack-horses with materials for the fort, but it was doubtful whether it would arrive in time to throw up a fortification, as the movements of the enemy de pended on the opening of the river, which might take place at any time. Trent reached the forks on the 17th of February, 1754, a memorable day, as it marks the date of the first permanent occupation by the whites of the spot upon which the City of Pittsburg now stands. Work was immediately commenced on a fort at the confluence of the two rivers, but the small number of men engaged, together with the severity of the season, retarded its progress, and the spring opened to find it only par tially completed, and with no garrison to make a successful defense against such a force as that which the French had at their command. The French had been active on the upper waters of the Allegheny during the winter. Finding the Indians too much opposed to the erec tion of a fort at the mouth of French Creek, in the autumn of 1753, the greater part of the soldiers were sent back to pass the winter in Canada, leaving the two forts already built garrisoned by a small force, while the shrewd Joncaire was left with the Indians at the village of Gana- gara'hare, where the town of Franklin now stands, to spend the winter, and, if possible, obtain the consent of the natives for the erection of a fort at that place. His efforts were successful; the fortification was undertaken without opposition early in the spring, and was pushed forward with so much energy that it was completed before the middle of April. The object of these forts was not so much to form centers of aggressive or defensive warfare, as depots for the stores landed from the lake for transportation to the lower waters of the Allegheny, where the seat of war was soon to be located; and for that reason they were not remarkable for either strength or engineering skill. Their occupants, with the exception of a small garrison, were generally workingmen; but this was especially true of Le Boeuf, at the head of canoe naviga tion on French Creek, where the canoes and bateaux were prepared for the transportation of tioops, provisions and munition of war down the river. With the opening of spring the French marshalled their forces to the number of about one thousand, consisting of French, Canadians, and friendly Indians of various tiibes, with eighteen pieces of cannon, under command of Captain Conlrecoeurjand embarking in a flotilla of about sixty bateaux and three hundred canoes, descended the Alle gheny. Arriving at the forks in the evening of April 16th, they sum moned Ensign Edward Ward, whocommanded the little Colonial force in the absence of Trent, to an immediate surrender; who, having only thirty-three men with him, was reluctantly compelled to obey. The 17th has frequently been given as the date of the surrender, but this is an error, as is proven by the summons itself, which is dated on the 16th. 20 CENTENNIAL HISTORY It is said that Contrecceur invited Ward to tea that evening, but we may well believe that the scenes which immediately preceded did not tend to improve his appetite, whether he accepted the invitation or not. On the morning of the 17th, the Colonial troops were permitted to retire; and they went up the Monongahela to the mouth of Redstone Creek, the site of the present Brownsville, where the Ohio Company had a trading post. The die was now cast, and the two nations were actually at war, although it had not been formally declared. The French followed up with alacrity the advantages they had gained. The fort begun by the English was completed early in June, and named Duquesne in honor of the governor of Canada. Troops from the Illinois country were has tily brought up the Ohio to increase its garrison; envoys were sent among the neighboring Indian tribes to inform them of the French triumph, and win them back to the French cause; and a close watch was kept on the movements of the Colonial forces. Washiugton was at Will's Creek, pushing forward the preparations to reinforce the frontier fort, when the news of its capture was brought to him. Scouts continued to bring in further information of the enemy's movements, but the tedious preparations for the march were not allowed to slacken. The line of Washington's march lay over a broken moun tainous country, leading to the north of Redstone Creek, and thence through the country to the mouth of the Monongahela. Roads had to be cut for the artillery and provision trains, and progress was made at the slow rate of from two to four miles a day. On May 27th, the Colonial troops had reached a place known as the Great Meadows, when the scouts brought in word that the French were in the vicinity. Washing ton, fearing a surprise, started out the following morning to ascertain the strength of the enemy, when an engagement took place, in which the French lost their commander, M. de Jumon ville, and nine men; the Americans losing but one. This was the first act of open hostility between the regularly arrayed forces of the two nations in the valley of the Ohio, and it was held by the French as the commencement of the war. The march of the Colonial forces was continued without further incident until the latter part of June, when the report came that the enemy were approaching in full force. A council of war was held and it was resolved to retreat to a more defencible point. The Great Meadows were reached oa the 1st of July, and here the exhausted con dition of the provincials determined Washington to take a stand. Pro fiting by the natural advantages of the place he hastily threw up a fortification, to which, owing to the circumstances, he gave the name of Fort Necessity. The enemy approached on the 3d, and opened the attack. For nine hours an ineffectual resistance was made against over whelming odds, when a capitulation was agreed to; the provincials be ing permitted to retire with everything save the artillery, only one piece of which they were permitted to take with them. This action was one of the causes assigned by King George II. for the declaration of war; but for Washington it was, perhaps, the most humiliating scene in his entire career. How differently he celebrated the Fourth of July OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 21 forty years later ! But reverses serve better than successes to bring out what is in a man. With this victory the whole frontier became exposed to inroads; the Indians, who till then had faltered, were won over to the French; the settlements were in the utmost consternation; and a series of mur derous incursions begun and continued for four years, checked but for a brief interval by the march of General Braddock, only to burst forth with renewed violence after his disastrous defeat. The settlements be gun west of the mountains had to be abandoned, the massacre ofthe pioneers begun, the smoldering ruins of their cabins and the large num ber of prisoners taken, some to be tortured with the utmost refinement of savage cruelty, others to live in degradation worse than slavery till rescued by a Bouquet or till death relieved them, tell the tale of the re lentless fury of the natives. How far the French are to be held re sponsible for the blood that was shed and the barbarities inflicted it were hard to determine; but the scenes described by such prisoners as James Smith seem to attach a certain measure of blame to them. The colonists were powerless to dislodge the French from their stronghold at the forks, or to hold them in check on the frontier so long as they held it; and the season was now too far advanced to expect assistance from the mother country. Besides, England and France, though both were actively pre paring for war, still professed to be at peace. Thus matters stood at the close of this disastrous year, only to be followed, could the future have been penetrated, by another yet more disastrous. Negotiations contin ued between the two nations in Europe, but amounted to simply noth ing, and need not occupy our attention here. Suffice it to say that the insincerity of their mutually expressed desire for the preservation of peace is seen in the fact, that, though no conclusion was arrived at be tween them till the latter part of March, 1755, yet in February of that year General Edward Braddock, commander-in-chief of the English armies in North America, had landed in Virginia in command of a strong force, with additional authority to compel the colonists in the name of the crown to join the expedition for the reduction of the French posts on the frontier. French fleets, too, with munitions and men, were on the ocean, crowding every sail to come to the rescue. Braddock planned a three-fold campaign: agaiust Nova Scotia, Crown Point and Niagara; the latter by way of Fort Duquesne. He did not, indeed, meditate the conquest of Canada, but was only resisting encroachments of the enemy on English territory. The scope of the present history does not include an account of these several expeditions; we are concerned only with what transpired in Western Pennsylvania. General Braddock was everywhere beset with difficulties that re tarded his progress, ruffled his by no means placid temper, and increased his contempt for everything Colonial, which he made no effort to con ceal! This antipathy was not without its effects on the provincial troops, who, besides being trained to Indian warfare, thought it the best, and felt that a leader trained according to other methods must find himself at sea among the redskins. This iguorance of Braddock, coupled with his peculiar disposition, led him into numerous blunders, 22 CENTENNIAL HISTORY none of which escaped the attention of the self:reliant frontiersmen; and while they had to bear with him they did so with a bad grace. In time the general began to feel keenly the effect of his constant dispar agement of the provincial officers and militia; but he made no effort to correct his mistake, and it is much to the credit of the Colonial officers and men that they did not utterly abandon a leader who was so little able to conceal the contempt in whieh he held them. To exasperate them still more, he had orders from England that all officers, of what ever rank, bearing royal commissions, should take precedence of those holding commissions under the provincial governments. Such arbi trary folly so exasperated evenWashington, whose self-possession never forsook him, that he threw up his commission, but without abandoning the expedition. While no one at all acquainted with the character of General Braddock has ever doubted his bravery, all agree that a worse choice could hardly have been made of a leader. Among the forces under the immediate command of the general, were two regiments commanded respectively by Sir Peter Halket and Col. Thomas Dunbar, which were attended by a suitable train of artil lery. The landing in Virginia instead of Pennsylvania was the first of a series of blunders of the commander, as neither adequate forage, pro vision nor transportation could be readily procured; and it is said that if the latter province had been selected as the point of debarkation a saving of forty thousand pounds would have been effected, and the march shortened by six weeks. And it is well known that when the army was detained at Will's Creek, for lack of means of transportation, the general was only relieved by resources drawn from Pennsylvania. Braddock established his headquarters at Alexandria, and spent the time from February 20th to the middle of April in elaborating his plans, and preparing his forces to move to the rendezvous at Will's Creek. The army reached that point after a tedious march of four weeks, and there received such forces from New York and Virginia as raised the number in the command to two thousaud men. Here it was that he encountered the most exasperating difficulties. Instead of the one hundred and fifty wagons and three hundred horses promised him, with ample supplies of forage and provision, he found only fifteen wagons, hardly a third of the horses expected, and a scanty supply of damaged provisions. It was only by the tact and address of Dr. Franklin, who, bringing his influence to bear upon the farmers east of the mountains, secured the necessary means of transportation, that the general was finally rescued from his embarrassing position. Another, aud, if possible, a greater mistake of the General, was his contempt for the enemy he was sent to conquer. While space cannot be given for a full account of this important expedition, it is necessary to know the leader of it, if we want to arrive at a correct estimate of the causes that led to its failure. But it is cheering to notice the superiority of Washington's judgment; and had his advice been followed, the re sult of the expedition would have been far different. Accustomed to the ways of the backwoods, he advised a rapid march by such trails as could be made practicable for an army with a pack train; but Braddock OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 23 unable or unwilling to accommodate himself to circumstances, deter mined to proceed upon the plan to which his European campaigns had accustomed him. Five hundred men were sent forward to Little Meadows to open a wagon road, and store provisions, following closely Nemacholin's path; Sir Peter Halket followed with the first division of the army ; but some delays intervened before the general was in mo tion with the second. The balance of the army under Col. Dunbar, .was left behind to follow by slower marches. The army moved slowly, and it was not until the 30th of June that it forded the Youghiogheny at Stewart's Crossing, about half a mile be low the present Connellsville. Here a council of war was held to deter mine upon future movements. It was resolved not to await the arrival of Dunbar, but to push forward with the forces composing the first de tachments. The route of the army led to the head waters of Turtle Creek and down that stream to near its mouth, when, with a view of escaping the hills, a detour was made, and the army came to the Mo nongahela a little below the mouth of the Youghiogheny. They reached this point on the morning of the 9th of July. The river was crossed, and the army moved down the west side to opposite the mouth of Turtle Creek, about three miles, where the second fording was to be made. The general, not doubting that French spies were watching his move ments, made this fording in such a manner as to display his command to the best advantage, and Washington declared in after years that it was the grandest spectacle he had ever witnessed. It was about noon, and the last of the forces reached the eastern bank of the river before one- o'clock. The soldiers were in the best of spirits, and the playing of the July sun upon their polished weapons seemed but a reflection of the cheerfulness and hope that animated them. Only ten miles more and victory, with rest and the spoils, were theirs. But there is many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip. The French had kept themselves accurately informed of the move ments of the English; but what to do under the circumstances was a question to which no satisfactory answer was forthcoming. And here an important question arises with regard to who was in command at Fort Duquesne at that time. Some authorities.affirm that it was Contre- coeur, who built ;the fort, others that it was Beaujeu. But the register of baptisms and interments kept at the fort settles this question. There the interment of "M. Lionel Daniel, Esquire, Sieur de Beaujeu, Cap tain of Infantry, Commander of Fort Duquesne and of the army, aged about forty-five years," is found under date of July 9th, who "was killed in the battle fought with the English." The conflicting state ments may perhaps be reconciled in one of two ways: Either Beaujeu had not yet assumed command, as he had arrived but a very short time before, and then he is spoken of as commander by anticipation, as one who held the commission but had not yet entered upon the ex ercise of the duties of his office; or else he was actually in command, but being now dead, Contrecoeur could, without fear of contradiction, take the credit of the victory to himself and claim recognition from the home government for his eminent services. Persons at all acquainted 24 CENTENNIAL HISTORY with the conduct of affairs in the New World will see nothing improb able in conduct such as this. The reader is at liberty to choose for him self which of these theories he prefers to accept; but whatever may be said of the commander at the time of the battle, it is certain that Con- trecoeur resumed command from that time. M. Dumas was the first subordinate officer under Beaujeu at the battle, and for his gallant con duct he was promoted to succeed Contrecoeur in command of the fort and the army, some time before the middle of the following September. But we are anticipating. For the French to abandon the fort without a struggle was to aban don the valley of the Ohio without hope of recovering it, yet the prob abilities were against them; and the Indians were beginning to waver in .their allegiance, and could not be relied on. Under the circum stances it appeared rash in the extreme to attack the trained armies of Great Britain with the handful of men at the fort. Beaujeu with diffi culty prevailed on the Indians to join him; two days were spent in preparations ; and it was not until the morning of the 9th that he, at the head of about two hundred and fifty French and Canadians and some six hundred Indians, set out to meet the enemy. They had been so long delayed that the Enghsh were crossing the river the second time, as they reached two ravines on the side of the hill that sloped toward the stream. Abandoning the idea of contesting the passage, Beaujeu disposed of his command in these ravines where the men were entirely concealed from view. The place was admirably adapted to an ambus cade. Down the inclined surface which the English were ascending the ravines extended, beginning near each other at about one hundred and fifty yards from the foot of the hill, and diverging as they neared the valley below. In these the French and Indians were concealed and protected, they being eight or ten feet deep, and sufficiently large.' The signal of attack was the approach of the English to the place of con cealment. The onslaught was made on the front, but was repelled by so heavy a return that the Indians wavered, and the French comman der in rallying them was killed at the first fire. Dumas then assumed command, and fought in the front while the Indians attacked the enemy on the flank. The vanguard was thrown back upon the main body of the army, and the soldiers were panic stricken, contending against an enemy they could nowhere see. The combat continued for two hours; the regulars terrified at the findish war-whoop of the Indians, and dispirited with a style of warfare the like of which they had never imagined, gathered together in a body and fired at random. The officers did all in their power, but were a ready mark for the unerring aim of the Indians, and out of eighty-six, twenty-six were killed, among whom was Sir Peter Halket, and thirty-seven wounded, includ ing Gage and the field officers. The Virginia troops showed great valor, and of three companies scarcely thirty men were left. The regulars hav ing wasted their ammunition, broke and ran, leaving the artillery, pro visions, baggage, and even the General's private papers a prey to the enemy. All attempts to rally them were vain. Seven hundred and fourteen privates were killed or wounded, together with the army chap- OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 25 lain, who was among the latter; while of the French aud Indians only three officers and thirty men fell, and but as many were wounded. After having five horses shot under him, and unharmed tempting fate by his heroic valor, a ball entered his side, and Braddock was borne from the field mortally wounded. With the remnant of his army he was carried across the river, and the flight to Dunbar's camp on the Chestnut ridge was continued with all possible speed. On the 11th they reached the camp, which the news ofthe disaster had converted into a scene of con fusion. On the following day the remaining artillery, stores and heavy baggage were destroyed, and the retreat began — Dunbar, who assumed command, having determined to retire to Philadelphia for the winter. Braddock died on the 13th and was buried not far from the Great Mead ows, where his grave may still be seen. The French did not pursue the retreating army across the river; the plunder of the battle-field and the scalps proved too great an attraction for their savage allies, and, with the exception of a visit to Dunbar's camp, they made no immediate effort to reap the full advantages ofthe victory. The effect of Braddock's defeat was widespread and disastrous to the colonies of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and nothing could exceed the terror with which the news filled the frontier, and reached even to Philadelphia, where some too sanguine persons were actually engaged in collecting money to celebrate the victory they felt confident would soon be gained over the French. But where victory had been expected consternation alone appeared, and the tomahawk and scalping knife were already seen in imagination to glitter at every cabin door. From that day there was no security for human life west of the Susquehanna. All that was ferocious in the breasts of the savages was roused to new life; the Canadians, not a fewjof whom were only a little less cruel, were ready to join them in the general devastation, and even the French sol diers felt afresh impulse added to the race and national hatred with which they had for centuries regarded the English. Whence was relief to be expected? All the forces of the colonies, supposing that harmony reigned between their respective governors and assemblies, would not be sufficient to check the elated victors, and as sistance could not be expected from the mother country before the mid dle of another year. Besides, England had sufficient to engage her at tention at home. In May, 1756, George II. declared war against France, and both as a protection of the colonies and as a means of dividing the forces of the enemy, he planned an American campaign. But its man agement was a pitiable manifestation of military incompetence. The commander-in-chief, the Earl of Loudon, did not reach America before the latter part of July. The one single ray of hope shed on the frontier emanated from the colonial militia. The path of the hostile Indians led from a rendezvous on the Alle gheny, as well as from Fort Duquesne; and it was felt that no security could be expected till this base of supplies was destroyed. This was Kittanning, an important Indian town on the east bank of the Alle gheny, forty-five miles above Fort Duquesne, where the town of the A 3 CENTENNIAL HISTORY same name now stands. Lying on the path from the east to the west, it was of great importance to the natives, and beiug on the route of the French from the lakes to the fort, it was no less so for them. It was known to the latter as Attique, and is mentioned in Celoron's journalas a considerable town. Col. John Armstrong, who commanded the colonials garrisoning the forts in the Juniata valley, determined to strike a blow at this center, and the more so as it was the home of the noted Delaware chief, Captain Jacobs, one of the most ferocious of the savage leaders. Hopes were also entertained of rescuing a large num ber of prisoners detained there. All necessary preparations having been made, Col. Armstrong set out for Fort Shirly, a frontier post sit uated on Aughwick Creek, a short distance southeast of the present Huntingdon, on the 30th of August, 1758, with a force of about three hundred men. The route of the expedition led up the Juniata, and west by the well-known trail to the town. A march of four days brought the little army unobserved co the immediate vicinity of the place, when they discovered a party of savages stopping for the night on the path. Turning aside they were enabled to come, without further difficulty, to the river. We cannot pause to enter into the details of this important engagement; suffice it to say that the town was destroyed, with its vast stores of ammunition, Captain Jacobs was killed — though this is denied by some authorities — a large number of prisoners were rescued, and the enemy was frustrated in the execution of a well-planned attack on the frontier forts, especially Fort Shirly, which was to have been under taken the next day. Col. Armstrong received a slight wound, but was able to lead off his forces with the most gratifying success. Altogether it must be regarded as the most successful expedition ever led against the enemy, and well did Col. Armstrong deserve to have the county in which it took place named after him, that future generations might revere his memory. In the account of the affair, which the officer at Fort Duquesne despatched the next day to Canada, the credit of commanding the colonial troops is given to "Le General Wachinton," whose name was already a tower of strength in the back woods. The results of this skillfully planned and admirably executed attack were not of lasting importance; for, though it broke up the greatest In dian stronghold in Western Pennsylvania, it counted for little in the struggle between the two most powerful nations of Europe for the pos session of the valley of the Ohio. Its effects were only temporary, and could not be followed up. The blow sustained by the savages gave the frontier only a moment's repose. The English forces in North America were at that time under the command of an incompetent general, and as a consequence, the year 1757 but added to the disasters which had at tended the British army since the opening of the war. In the valley of the Ohio the French and Indians had it all their own way, for the territory of Western Pennsylvania received comparatively little atten tion, the efforts of the commander-in-chief being directed toward the French posts on the head of Lake Champlain. OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 27 At the end of the year the cause of the enemy seemed everywhere triumphant, and had it not been that hopes were revived by the restor ation of Pitt to the British ministry, the situation of the colonies would have been truly deplorable. But with the opening of the spring of 1758, the presence of that eminent statesman began to be felt in the councils of the British, and signs of healthy activity commenced to show them selves in America. Loudon was recalled, and Abercrombie, seconded by Lord Howe, succeeded him; and while Amherst and Wolfe were sent to join the fleet in the northeast, and the commander directed his movements against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, General John Forbes was placed in command of the army that was to operate west of the mountains. With his campaign only are we concerned here, and considerable space must be given to its details, for with it ended the as cendency of the French, not only in the Ohio valley, but also in the whole of North America. After considerable delay Forbes saw twelve hundred and fifty Scotch Highlanders arrive from South Carolina, who were joined by three hundred and fifty Royal Americans. Pennsylvania raised twenty- seven hundred men, and Virginia nineteen hundred. Yet vast as were the preparations, Forbes would never have reached the Ohio but for Washington. "The Virginia chief, who was at first stationed at Fort Cumberland, clothed a part of his forces in the hunting shirt and blan ket,, which least impeded the progress of the soldiers through the for ests; and he entreated that the army might advance promptly along Braddock's road. But the expedition was not merely a military enter prise; it was also the march of civilization towards the West, and was made memorable by the construction of a better avenue to the Ohio. This required long continued labor. September had come before Forbes, whose life was slowly ebbing, was borne on a litter as far as Raystown. But he preserved a clear head and a fine will, or, as he hi in- self expressed it, was actuated by the spirit of William Pitt; and he de cided to keep up the direct communication with Philadelphia as essen tial to present success and future security." — Bancroft. The influence of the Quakers, as well as the success of the campaign against Kittanning, induced the Indians east of the mountains to con fer with the whites at Easton in November, 1756, the contracting par ties being Governor Denny on the part of the whites, and Tedyuscung, the noted Delaware chief, on the part of the red men, each party being attended by a considerable retinue. The chief spoke with no little bold ness of the manner in which the aborigines had been deprived of their lands. But after conferring nine days the various points in dispute were amicably adjusted, and they parted on terms of friendship. Another council was held in July of the following year. These confer ences did not include the Indians on the headwaters of the Ohio, whom it was desired to withdraw from their attachment to the French, the better to succeed in overcoming that people. Tedyuscung promised, however, to use his influence in trying to win them to the English, but he did not succeed. But when Forbes was about to march, the provin cial authorities determined to make one more effort to alienate the 28 CENTENNIAL HISTORY western Indians from the French. Accordingly, Christian Frederic Post, a Moravian missionary, who was held in high esteem by the In dians in the East, was sent out in July. Accompanied by a small num ber of Indians, he proceeded by way of the west branch of the Susque hanna, and Venango, to Kiskakunk, on the Beaver river, about four miles below the present New Castle. He was well received, though the Indians refused to hear of Tedyuscung or the Easton treaty. During the week that he remained he made a favorable impression, but just then a French officer arrived with a delegation of Indians from Fort Duquesne, which caused the Indians to waver. An effort was also made to bring him near the fort with a view of capturing him, but he escaped through the influence of his friends. After securing a promise from the natives to join the eastern Indians in a treaty of peace, he set out on his return September 8th, and reached his home some two weeks later. A severe blow was thus struck at the confidence of the Indians in the ultimate success of the French, which was soon to be deeply f. It by the latter. A grand council was accordingly held at Easton in the fall of the same year for the settlement of the whole question of Indian griev ances, in which all points were amicably adjusted, though not without considerable difficulty. When the Indians dispersed it was thought advisable to send a messenger with the delegation from the West, to negotiate with the wavering tribes on the upper Ohio, and claim the fulfillment of their promise. No one being so well suited as Post, he was again sent out. The army under Forbes had been making slow progress, and did not reach Raystown, the present Bedford, before September. Here Bouquet was awaiting the arrival of the general. But this very tardiness was not without a good effect. It gave Post an opportunity of perfecting his negotiations with the wavering Indians; it exhausted their patience at the inactivity of the French, and caused many of them to leave the fort and retire to their homes; and it resulted in the consumption ofthe provisions and munition of the French, and made it expedient for them to reduce their forces. In this way the capture of the fort was more certain and less difficult. Washington joined the army with his com mand at Bedford, and Bouquet was sent forward from there to the Loy- alhanna, to a place afterward known as Fort Ligonier, with a force of two thousand men. Every day sealed more certainly the fate of Fort Duquesne; the French began to be disheartened at the success ofthe British army on the lakes; their distance from the base of supplies was another difficulty they had to contend with, and the mutual jealousies of the rulers of Canada rendered the position of the garrison of the fort very unenviable. General Montcalm, writing at this time to his friend Chevalier de Bourlamaque, gives the following picture of the condition of affairs at the fort: "Mutiny among the Canadians, who want to go home; the officers busy with making money, and stealing like mandarins. Their com mander sets the example, and will come back with three or four hun dred francs; the pettiest ensign who does not gamble, will have ten OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 29 twelve or fifteen hundred francs The Indians do not like Ligneris, who is drunk every day." — Parkman. Insignificant successes served in a measure to keep up the spirits of the French, but the entire policy of that nation in the New World was erroneous, and the fall of its power was only a question of time. The defeat of Major Grant, September 5th, within a mile of the fort, to which he had been sent with eight hundred men to reconnoiter, was due rather to his imprudence than to the valor or vigilance of the enemy; while the attack of the French and Indians on the English near Fort Ligonier, a short time after, produced no permanent result. The fall of Fort Frontenac, at the outlet of Lake Ontario, August 27th, by cutting off supplies, made it impossible long to hold Fort Duquesne. All hope being lost, on the 24th of November, 1758, when the English were within ten miles of the fort, it was blown up, and the buildings around it, about thirty in number, burnt. The French, who counted about four hundred, besides a large force of Indians of various tribes, withdrew. Some of the former went down the Ohio to the Illinois country, some across the country to Presqu' Isle, and part with the com mander, De Ligneris, up the Allegheny to the fort at the mouth of French Creek. CHAPTER III. PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS BEGUN. Taking Possession of the Forks.— A Visit to Braddock's Field.— Death of General Forbes.— The French on the Upper Allegheny.— Obstacles to Settlement.— Fort Pitt Built.— The Beginnings of Pittsburg. — The Indians Unite Under Pontiac— The War that Followed.— Bouquet's Expedition.— Settlements Begun West of the Mountains.— Efforts to Remove the Settlers.— Treaty of Fort Stanwix.— First Sale of Land in Allegheny County.— Pittsburg.— Education and Religion. — Abandonment of Fort Pitt. — Virginia Takes Possession. Ou Saturday, November 25th, 1758, the English moved in a body, and at evening the youthful Washington could point out to officers and men the meeting of the waters. The hand of the veteran Armstrong raised the British flag over the ruins of the fort; and as the banner floated to the breeze, the place, at the suggestion of Forbes, was named Pittsburg. The first recorded use of the name Pittsburg is in a letter from General Forbes to Goveruor Denny, dated the day after taking possession, from "Fort D.uquesne, now Pittsburg, the 26th of November, 1758." The minutes of a conference held by Col. Bouquet with the chiefs ofthe Delaware Indians, "at Pitts-Bourgh, December 4th, 1758," is a different early form of the name. The next day after the arrival of the English being Sunday, Rev. Mr, Beatty, the chaplain, was ordered to preach a sermon in thanksgiving for the superiority of the British arms. He was a Presbyterian. And here it may not be out of place to 30 CENTENNIAL HISTORY pause a moment to remark on the first religious services held in the ter ritory now engaging our attention. The earliest was by the Jesuit, Father Bonnecamp, who accompanied Celoron's expedition, which passed here in August, 1749. Braddock's army was attended by a chaplain, whose name is not given, and who was wounded at the battle of the Monongahela. It may safely be assumed that he was an Episcopalian minister; but whether he performed any religious ser vices within the limits of Allegheny county or not, is not known. The French at Fort Duquesne, as at all their posts and in all their expedi tions, were attended by an army chaplain, that at this post being Rev. Denys Baron, a member of the Recollect branch of the Franciscan Order. His register of baptisms and interments kept at the fort is still extant, and has been translated from the original French into English by the writer of these pages. Soon after taking possession of the forks, a visit was paid to the scene of Braddock's defeat for the purpose of burying the remains that might still be found, as that work of piety had never been done. This work performed, General Forbes, with all his command but about two hundred men, retired to Philadelphia, where the conqueror of the French, whose life was all but gone when he reached the forks, expired on the 11th of March, 1759. Fort Duquesne, which, though compara tively small, was yet a work of great strength, was situated close in the point of land at the confluence of the two rivers. The ruins were occu pied by the small garrison until they had built the first Fort Pitt, a small fortification of no great strength, on the bank of the Mononga hela, about two hundred yards from the site of the French fort. This was made their quarters during the winter of 1758-59, until the build ing of the larger fort, of which mention will presently be made. But all danger from the French was not removed by the capture of Fort Duquesne. That part of the French garrison which retreated up the Allegheny, halted, as we have said, at Fort Machault. That forti fication was strengthened, and it was the intention to remain there dur ing the winter, defend the place in case of an attack, and come down the river in the spring with a view of retaking Fort Duquesne. Under favorable circumstances this would not have been difficult, for in case the river opened a sudden attack could be made and the little garrison of Fort Pitt overpowered even before word could be sent to the east of the mountains, much less reinforcements sent out. It is true, indeed, that it would have been difficult to win back the Indians around the forks, for they had seen the defeat of their former allies; but still their attachment to the English was not strong, because they saw them return, not to build a fort for the protection of traders, who were a benefit to the natives, but for the occupation of the coun try, to which the Indians always strenuously objected. Having col lected a force of about seven hundred French and Canadians and a thousand Indians, with batteaux and canoes for their transportation, toward the end of June, 1759, they were about to embark for the forks, when word was received that Fort Niagara was besieged. The import ance of holding that point induced them to abandon Fort Machault, OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 31 and hasten to concentrate all their available forces there. They saw their route to the Mississippi cut off by way of the Ohio, and if Niagara should fall into the hands of the enemy, all communication with the West would be broken off. The stores and munitions prepared for the expedition were hastily destroyed or distributed among the Indians, and the large fleet of batteaux and canoes was burnt. Forts Le Boeuf and Prequ' Isle, having served as relays during the occupation of Fort Duquesne, now lost their importance, and were evacuated; and the French power in Pennsylvania was extinguished -forever. A word on the subsequent history of the French in North America. Fort Niagara was taken on the 5th of August, 1759, and with it the French were cut off from all communication with the West. Quebec fell with the death of Montcalm on the 14th of September of the same year; and with the capitulation of Montreal, September 8th. 1760, all the possessions of the French east of the Mississippi fell into the hands of the English. But as the star of the French sank to its eternal rest behind the western horizon, the sun of American independence rose glorious in the East. The presence of the French was a constant menace to the colonies, and made them conscious of their dependence on the mother country, while it retarded their development. But with the removal of that menace the colonies began to feel their independence, were seized with a new impulse, and with their sons trained to war in the late protracted struggle, and with a leader in whom all had the most implicit confi dence, it is not to be wondered at that thoughtful minds on both sides of the Atlantic foresaw the struggle for independence. It was not long coming, yet we must not anticipate, but rather trace the gradual devel opment of the territory around the head of the Ohio. The expulsion of the French did not remove every obstacle to the set tlement of the country around the forks. Two hindrances yet remained: the claim of Virginia to the territory, aud the Indian title, which had not yet been extinguished to any of the country west of the mountains. Having gained a footing at the forks the next thing for the English was to conciliate the Indians; and in order to do this successfully it was nec essary to try to convince them that the English had not come to take possession of the territory, but only to trade. A strong fortification once thrown up, and they would be in a position to maintain their hold by force. A conference was accordingly held with the chiefs of the Dela- wares oy Col. Bouquet on the 4th of December, 1758, for the purpose of establishing more amicable relations, in which the colonel stated, with what sincerity the sequel will show, that "we have not come here to take possession of your country in a hostile manner, as the French did when they came among you, but to open a large and extensive trade with you and all other nations of Indians to the westward," etc. The first Fort Pitt was finished most probably about the beginning of the year 1759, and placed in command of Col. Hugh Mercer, who wrote, under date of January 8th: "This garrison now consists of two hun dred and eighty men, and is capable of some defense, though huddled up in a very hasty manner, the weather being extremely severe." 32 CENTENNIAL HISTORY Mercer was succeeded about July of the same year by General Stan- wix, who built the larger Fort Pitt, which stood on the neck of land be tween the two rivers at their confluence, a short distance back from their shores. It was a large, strongly built fortification, intended for a gar rison of one thousand men, and it is said to have cost sixty thousand pounds sterling. A Philadelphia paper of that time says: "The In dians are carrying on a vast trade with the merchants of Pittsburg, and instead of desolating the frontiers of these colonies, are entirely em ployed in increasing the trade and wealth thereof. The happy effects of our military operations are also felt by about four thousand of our poor inhabitants, who are now in quiet possession of the lauds they were driven from on the frontiers of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Vir ginia." Unless a very large tract of country is embraced this estimate of the inhabitants must bsjregarded as exaggerated. 4M General Stanwix went to Philadelphia early in the year 1760, leav ing Major Tulikens in command of tlie fort, the garrison of which con sisted of one hundred and fifty Virginians, as many Pennsylvanians and four hundred of the first battalion of Royal Americans. The protection of the garrison naturally brought persons, especially traders, to the forks, and Pittsburg began to assume the appearance of a town. The French, during their occupation, had cleared a considera ble tract of land, and thus an important part of the work was done for the new occupants. From a carefully prepared list of houses and in habitants outside of the fort, made for Col. Bouquet by William Clap ham, and headed "A return of the number of houses, of the names of owners, and number of men, women aud children in each house, April 14th, 1761," which is the first description of the incipient town that we OK ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 33 possess, the number of souls is 233, with the addition of 99 officers, sol diers and their families residing in the town, makingthe whole number 332; the number of houses was 104. The lower town is said to have stood nearest the fort, the upper on the high ground along the Monon gahela, extending as far as the present Market street. The friendship of the Indians was not to be depeuded on, especially when the colonists began to show that their purpose was not merely to trade with them, but to take possession of their lands. Conferences of greater or less importance were held from time to time with a view of preserving amicable relations, the better to promote trade and settle ment; but in proportion as the colonists took a firmer hold on the terri tory, the Indians grew suspicious and fretful, and it only required a leader capable of uniting them to precipitate a struggle which was in evitable, and which, if properly conducted, might endanger the very existence of the settlements. Unfortunately such a leader was found, who not only saw the sole way to rid their hunting grounds of the in truding pale faces, but who possessed the influence and ability to infuse his spirit into the whole body of the aborigines, and unite them against the aggressors. This was Pontiac, the renowned Ottawa chief, perhaps the greatest diplomatist the American Indians have ever produced. But before entering upon the history of this dread struggle, it will be necessary to cast a glance at the operations of the military in other parts of the original territory of Allegheny county. Possession was taken of the fort at Presqu' Isle in July, 1760. by a large force, in part from Fort Pitt and in part from other points; and garrisons were also placed on the other evacuated French posts, with a view of holdiug possession of the country, and preventing the Six Nations joining the tribes to the west in case of an outbreak. The opening of Braddock's and Forbes' roads prepared the way for emigrants from the east, not only to Western Pennsylvania, but also to Kentucky and other points and down the Ohio; the Indians saw the French driven out, not for the benefit of the natives, but that the English might take possession. Assisted by Kiyasuta, the chief of the Senecas, Pontiac united all the tribes of the West, and fixed a certain day for making the gen eral assault, while the scheme was kept a profound secret, that they might find their victims wholly unprepared. All the forts were to be attacked simultaneously, as well as the settlements and all individuals whom they could fall upon; and with one bold sweep, as it were, they resolved to raze to the ground everything bearing the mark of their detested enemies. But when the attack was made it was found not to be simultaneous. That on Fort Pitt and the vicinity was made two or three days before the time agreed upon, although it was thought at the time by those who made it that the day had arrived. The cause of this, while showing a novel method of computation among the Indians, will explain the reason of the anticipation. At the grand council held by the tribes for arranging the attack, a bundle of little rods had been given to every tribe, each bundle containing as many rods as there were days till the date when the attack was to be made. One rod was to be 34 CENTENNIAL HISTORY drawn from the bundle every morning, and when only a single one re mained, itwas to be the signal for the outbreak. But a Delaware squaw, who was desirous that their plans might be deranged, had for that pur pose stealthily taken out two or three of the rods, thus precipitating the outbreak in Western Pennsylvania. The Delawares and Shawan- ese, who were the most effected by the encroachments of the settlers, seem to have been the most active in promoting the attack, and they hailed the day when it was to deluge the settlements with blood, and bring them revenge with a rich harvest- of scalps, so prized by the In dian brave. So carefully arranged and admirably executed were the plans of these Napoleons of the western wilderness, that of all the frontier posts only three were able to resist: Detroit, Niagara and Pitt. The shock was the most terrible ever felt by the settlers, so used to Indian out breaks. Fort Pitt, the main reliance of the West, was placed in a most critical position, and serious fears were entertained of its ability to hold out until reinforcements could arrive. To make matters worse, all com munication was cut off. The attack on the fort, of which Simon Ecuyer was in command, was made on the afternoon of June 22d, 1763. Fort Ligonier, though a post of no importance in itself, was yet an interven ing post on the route to Pitt, and its preservation for that reason was •very necessary. Besides, a large quantity of provisions and ammunition were stored in it at this time, which must be kept out of the reach of the Indians. Characteristic apathy marked the proceedings of the Penn sylvania Assembly; but the commander at Bedford sent forward a small force of picked men to reinforce the garrison. It was the most perilous period in the history of Western Pennsylvania, and, though a century and a quarter have since elapsed, it makes the blood run cold to read of the trials of our grandfathers of that day. Recognizing the importance of holding Fort Pitt at every sacrifice, General Amherst sent forward Col. Bouquet to its relief. With the scattered remnants of the Forty- second and Seventy-second regiments, lately returned from the West Indies, comprising in all scarcely five hundred men, he set out on his long and tedious march. Not a few of the men were invalids who had to be conveyed in wagons, but these he hoped to leave as garrisons at some of the posts on the way. To these were added six companies of rangers, amounting to two hundred men. The little army pressed for ward with all speed, the fate of the fort being all the while uncertain. Following Forbes' road the army passed Ligonier, and came to the head waters of Turtle Creek, a tributary of which, named Bushy Run, was reached on the 5th of August. Here Bouquet was attacked by a large force of Indians, who were determined either to overpower him or retard his progress; and here was fought one of the bloodiest battles recorded on the pages of Ameri can history. The fate of Fort Pitt and of the West depended on its issue. The battle was begun in the evening of the 5th of August, aud lasted till night closed in upon the scene. But scarcely had the morning dawned when it was renewed with redoubled fury, and kept up with the result very uncertain, till Bouquet resorted to a stratagem by which OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 35 victory was secured to him and the savages were put to flight. Bou quet lost about fifty men, and had sixty wounded; the Indians had some sixty of their best warriors killed, with many of their most distin guished chiefs. But, though a few scattered shots were fired by the sav ages during the remainder of the march to Fort Pitt, it amounted to little; the Indians, it appears, were thoroughly disheartened, and no general attack was ever after planned against the settlements. It must not, however, be imagined that the frontier enjoyed an interrupted peace. The power of the natives was broken, but attacks of greater or less importance continued to be made from time to time on the settle ments. But the foothold of the whites was becoming more firm and the day of their final triumph was drawing on apace. Still the road to Fort Pitt was a favorite scene of sudden attacks by the savages, and communication was at times almost cut off. Settle ments would have flourished better had it not been for the supineness of the Assembly of Pennsylvania and the blindness of tho Quakers, who controlled the government, and who seemed more solicitous for the wel fare of the Indians than for that of the whites. Exasperated at this, General Amherst wrote: "The conduct of the Pennsylvania Quakers is altogether so infatuated and stupidly obstinate, that I find no Words to express my indignation." Says Mr. Parkman: "The Quakers seemed resolved that they would neither defend the people of the fion- tier nor allow them to defend themselves, vehemently enveighed against all expeditions to cut off the Indian marauders." But the pioneers had long since learned not to place too much confidence in the pacific dispositions of the Indians, whose treachery, vindictive spirit, and consciousness that the whites were gradually driving them back off their ancestral domain, rendered the settlements liable to be attacked at any time or place. The utmost vigilance was necessary to insure safety, and this vigilance had become a second nature to the hardy backwoodsman. Still it was not probable that the Indians would attack any place in considerable numbers; only a small party was likely to fall upon any of the settlements. They were growing restless, how ever, at the encroachments of the whites, for now settlements were multiplying, and the Indians saw with dismay that they must ere long bid an eternal farewell to their former possessions. Their attitude became at length so threatening, and their attacks on the settlements so frequent that, in 1764, Governor John Penn proposed by proclamation the following rewards for the scalps or capture of In dians. For every male above ten years, captured, $150; or for his scalp, being killed, f 134. For every female, or male under ten years old cap- ured, $130; or for the scalp of such female killed, $50. The only safety for the settlements was the striking of such a blow against the tribes to the west of Pittsburg as would not only stun them for the moment, but would inflicta permanent injury, and teach them to re spect the power of the whites. No person could be found better fitted for this task than Col. Bouquet, to whom the colony already owed so much, and who had shown himself so capable of grappling with the Indians un der the most unfavorable circumstances. To no man does Western Penn- 36 CENTENNIAL HISTORY sylvania owe so much as to him. To chastise the Indians for their per fidy General Gage resolved to attack them from two different points and force them from the frontier. With this in view he sent a corps under Col. Bradstreet, in the north, to act against the tribes south of Lake Erie, and at the same time prevent the Six Nations from coming to their assistance, while a corps under Bouquet should attack the tribes further to the south, in central and southern Ohio. The two armies were to act in concert, but owing to the facility with which troops could be transported by way of the lakes, and the distressing delays which Bouquet experienced, Bradstreet reached Presqu' Isle before Bouquet arrived at Fort Pitt. Having at length, with great difficulty, collected his forces, formed his magazines and provided for the safety of the posts he was to leave behind him on his march, Bouquet was ready on Wednesday, October 3d, 1764, to advance with about fifteen hundred men, including drivers and other necessary followers of the army. He proceeded with the greatest caution down the north bank of the Ohio, omitting nothing that could contribute to the safety of his men and stores and the success ofthe expedition, familiar as he was with Indian modes of attack. When some distance below the mouth of the Beaver he struck out toward central Ohio, where some of the principal Indian villages were located, which it was his determination to visit, and, if necessary, destroy. An important part of his programme was the lib eration of a large number of prisoners taken by the savages in their numerous raids on the frontier. He was soon in the heart of the ene my's country, and his firmness struck terror into the hearts of the sav ages, who could neither meet him on the field of battle, deceive him with promises, nor intimidate him with threats. Holding on in his course, he persisted in refusing to treat with them till he had reached the term of his journey, and not then till they had delivered up the prisoners they held in custody. After some delay he succeeded without striking a blow; yet it was the most crushing defeat the Indians had ever experienced. Having made a salutary impression on the minds of the savages of both the courage and the determination of the whites, and having obtained a promise from them of preserving the peace, a promise which for once they were only too glad to make, he set out on his return on the 18th of November, and reached Fort Pitt on the 28th. The frontier was now permitted lo enjoy a season of comparative se curity. The settlers continued to take up lands west of the mountains, and the Indians complained to the king, who, as early as 1764, sent instruc tions to John Penn, informing him that several persons from his pro vince and also from the back parts ot Virginia had crossed the moun tains and located on lands lying not far from the Ohio, in express dis obedience to a proclamation issued on the 7th of the previous October, prohibiting all governors from granting warrants for lands to the west ward of the source of the rivers which run into the Atlantic, and for bidding all persons purchasing such lands or settling on them without special licence from the crown. Tlie governor was enjoined to use all the means in his power to prevent this emigration, and to cause such OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. persons as had actually settled in trans-Allegheny country to be re moved. In compliance with this order, General Gage, commander-in- chief of the British forces in North America, instructed Alex. Mackey, who commanded a detachment at Redstone, to require the settlers to withdraw from the lands they occupied; and the latter issued an order dated June 22d, 1766, to all those who had settled west of the moun tains, as he tells them: "To collect you together and inform you of the lawless and licentious manner in which you behave, and to order you all to return to your several provinces without delay, which I am to do in the presence of some Indian chiefs now along with me." He fur ther informs them that, in case they refuse to comply with his demand they should be driven back and their goods confiscated. The general himself wrote to John Penn on the same subject on the 2d of July, and the latter opened a correspondence with Governor Fauquier, of Vir ginia, on the 23d of September. Penn wrote to the Earl of Shelbourne, January 21st, 1767, and, after recounting what had been done by him, the governor of Virginia and General Gage, concludes: . "I am at a loss to know what more cau be done by the civil power." But the evil was not easily cured, and Gage wrote on the 7th of December of the same year: "You are witness how little attention has been paid to the pro clamations thpt have been published, and that even the removing these people from the lauds last summer by the garrison of Fort Pitt, has been only a temporary expedient; as they met with no punishment, we learn they are again returned to Redstone," etc. More stringent measures were now adopted, and on the 3d of February, 1768, an act was passed inflicting death, without benefit of clergy, upon any person settled upon lauds not purchased of the Indiaus, who shall refuse after — days' no tice to quit the same, or having removed, shall return to the same or other unpurchased lands. But it was all to no purpose; for those who were removed by force returned again as soon as" the troops were with drawn. The Indians continued to complain, and a conference was held at Pittsburg in April and May, of this year, with the Six Nations, the Delawares, Shawanese, Munsies and Mohickons, at which eleven hun dred and three Indians were present, besides women and children; but nothing effectual was done to remedy the evil. To complicate matters still more, the old Ohio Company sought a perfection of their grant; the Virginia volunteers of 1754, who had en listed under a proclamation offering liberal bounties of lands, were also clamorous; individual grants were urged; even Sir William Johnson was ambitious of becoming governor of an armed colony south of the Ohio river, upon a model proposed by Franklin in 1754; and the plan of another company led by Thomas Walpole, was submitted to the Eng lish ministry. Under these circumstances there was but one thing to do; the title to the country must be purchased from the Indians. Ac cordingly, on the 24th of October, 1768, a council was held at Fort Stanwix, now Rome, New York, with the Six Nations and their con federates, also with some independent tribes, although, as a matter of fact, it was a conference with the Iroquois exclusively, as none others signed the articles Anally agreed upon. The general government was 38 CENTENNIAL HISTORY represented by Sir WilLiam Johnson; and there were commissioners presen t from New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia. The result of the treaty was, that the Indian claim was extinguished to all the country of the Six Nations lying to the eastward of the Allegheny river, as far north as what is now Kittanning, and all lying to the southward and eastward of the Ohio from Pittsburg down to the mouth of the Tennes see river, "and extending eastward from every part of the said line as far as the lands between the said line and the purchased lands or settle ments," except such tracts in Pennsylvania as had been sold by those Indians. The lands in that province east of that line were at the same time purchased by the province. These embraced, among others, the first land lying within the limits of Allegheny County, the Indian title to which had been extinguished. The way was now clear for the march of civilization to the Ohio, from its headwaters to the mouth of the Tennessee. "The title being thus acquired, measures were immediately taken to prepare the new purchased lands for sale. On the 23d of February, 1769, an advertisement was published for general information that the Laud Office would be opened on the 3d day of the ensuing April, at 10 o'clock, a. M., to receive applications from all persons inclined to take up lands in the new purchase upon the terms of five pounds sterling per hundred acres, and one penny per acre, per annum, quit rent. This quit rent was afterward abolished by the act vesting in the Common wealth the title of the Penns, commonly called the Divesting Act, passed on the 27th of November, 1779. In Washington county, and in portions of Allegheny, west of the Monongahela river, many settle ments were also made under Virginia titles, so that there was a rapid increase of the population from 1770 to 1775. Much of the very best land in that quarter is held by titles based on Virginia entries; which by the Compromise of -1779 are recognized as equally good as Pennsyl vania warrants. A large portion of the land along Chartiers Creek is thus held by entries made between 1769 and 1779." — History of Pitts burg. But it is evident from the journal of George Washington's tour down the Ohio in 1770 that no settlements had been made up to that time on the south side of that stream below a point but three miles west of Pittsburg. Another difficulty, however, now arose, which was found more difficult to adjust than that with the Indians— the claim of both Pennsylvania and Virginia to the territory in southwestern Pennsyl vania, and its effect upon titles to land. But this point was finally ad justed, as we have seen. In the meantime we shall cast a hasty glance at Pittsburg, which was the center of population and trade in this vast territory. The presence of the fort with its garrison, and the trade with the Indians which it brought to the incipient town tended to increase the population. The first plan of a town was laid out by Col. John Camp bell in 1764, which embraced only the squares bounded by Water, Mar ket and Ferry streets and Second avenue. The same year Col. Bouquet built a redoubt just outside the fort, which is yet standing, and is the OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 39 COL. BOUQUET'S REDOUBT, AS SEEN IN 1764. "last relic of British rule." It is two stories high, the first of stone, which is now half-buried beneath the surface, the second of brick, and is about sixteen feet square; and logs, with loop-holes cut in them, are placed in the walls a short distance below the ceiling in each story. It is the oldest building in the city, a veritable relic of by-gone days. On the 8th of January, 1769, a warrant was issued for the survey of the "Manor of Pittsburg," which was found to contain 5,766 acres, lying on both sides of the Monongahela, but principally on the east. Washing ton visited the town in October, 1770, of which he has left the following description in his journal: "The houses, which are built of logs, and ranged in streets, are on the Monongahela, and I suppose maybe about twenty in number, and inhabited by Indian traders." The important subject of education had not as yet begun to engage the attention of the people, but the cause of religion was not forgotten. The greater part of the people, who looked beyond the present life, were members of the Presbyterian denomination, and the authorities of that body, to which the matter pertained, early took care that proper min- 40 CENTENNIAL HISTORY istrations should, as far as circumstances permitted, be provided for them. A brief account of this noted event will be read with interest; and the secular history it contains will add to the interest. Says Mr. Craig, in his History of Pittsburg: "In the summer of 1766, the Rev. Charles Beatty was appointed by the synod of New York and Philadelphia to visit the frontier inhabitants, in order that a better judgment might be formed, what assistance might be necessary to afford them, in their present low circumstances, in order to promote the gospel among them; and also to visit the Indians, in case it could be done safely. On Friday, the 5th of September, late in the evening, he arrived at Fort Pitt. He immediately waited on Captain Murray, the commandant, who received him and his companion, Mr. Duffield, politely, and introduced them to the Rev. Mr. McLagan, the chaplain of the Forty-second regiment. * * * On Sabbath, 7th of September, Mr. McLagan invited him to preach in the garrison, whicli he did; while Mr. Duffield preached to those who live in 'some kind of a town, without the fort,' to- whom Mr. Beatty also preached in the afternoon." Mr. Beatty, with a party, visited the surroundings of the town, on Monday, of which he leaves the following note: "Ia the afternoon we crossed the Mocconghehela river, accompanied by two gentlemen, and went up the hill opposite the fort, by a very difficult ascent, in order to take a view of that part of it more particularly from which the garrison is supplied with coals, which is not far from the top. A fire being made by the workmen not far from the place where they dug the coal, and left burning when they went away, by the small dust communicated it self to the body of the coals and set it on fire, and has now been burning almost a twelve month entirely underground, for the space of twenty yards or more along the face of the hill or rock, the way the vein of coal extends, the smoke ascending up through the chinks of the rocks. The earth in some places is so warm that we could hardly bear to stand upon it. * * * The fire has already undermined some part of the mountain, so that great fragments of it, and trees with their roots are falling down its face." "Messrs. Beatty and Duffield were the first Presbyterian ministers," says Mr. Craig, "so far as we have any testimony, who ever preached at the head of the Ohio." In October, 1772, Major Edmonson, who commanded the garrison of Fort Pitt, received orders from General Gage to abandon the fort; and, though he did not destroy it, yet he sold for fifty pounds New York cur rency, all that was salable in a stronghold that had cost the British crown 60,000 pounds sterling. Scarcely had he withdrawn when Lord Dunmore, governor of Virginia, renewed the claim of that colony, and sent his pliant tool, the notorious Dr. John Connolly, to take possession of the fort. This usurpation and the disturbances which attended it, were the most important events of the next three years; though the dis affection resulting from them continued much longer. The protracted struggle Tegarding the boundary lines of Pennsylvania and Virginia will form the subject of the next chapter. OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 41 CHAPTER IV. THE BOUNDARY DISPUTE BETWEEN PENNSYLVANIA AND VIRGINIA. The Boundary Dispute Begins to Attract Attention — Lord Dunmore's Rapacity — Sub-Division of the Territory Made by Pennsylvania and Virginia — Dr. John Connolly at Pittsburg — Attempt to Settle the Boundary Dispute — Its Failure — Dunmore and Connolly Retire from the Scene — Settlement of the Boundary Question. It was stated in a previous chapter that James I., in 1609, granted to a company, by royal charter, a large tract of country in the new world , including the territory now embraced in southwestern Pennsylvania; and that Charles II. included the same territory in his charter to Wil liam Penn in 1681. Hence arose a boundary dispute, which became more interesting and bitter as the country began to be settled and its value better appreciated. The purpose of the present chapter will be to trace the history of that dispute from its inception to its final settlement, with such references as may be necessary to questions of less impor tance connected with it. The boundary question began to loom into prominence when it be came necessary for the colonies to take active measures to secure the valley of the Ohio against the encroachments of the French, in the middle of the last century ; and Virginia took the initiative, as we have seen, although the charter ofthe company to which the territory had been granted was dissolved, and the land had reverted to the crown. So long as the French war continued, the colonies were too busily engaged in striving to repel the common enemy to consume much time in disputing among themselves, though even then they were not in perfect harmony. And when the French were finally expelled, troubles with the Indians engaged no little of their attention for some years. At length the way was clear for settlements east of the Ohio; Pittsburg became the center of the Indian trade, and of those who came out, many began to take up lands, especially along the military routes, in the valleys of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny, and in the vicinity of Pittsburg. The Ohio Company, too, revived its claim, and settlers moved on to the territory embraced within its grant. In general, it may be said that the settlers were, for the most part, Vir ginians, while the Indian traders were Pennsylvanians; and that, while it was to the interest of the former to drive the natives back — ex terminate them, or get rid of them in any way — the latter wished on the contrary to cultivate friendly relations with them. Hence there was already a conflict of interests; and though the Virginians seemed to have the better of it in the possession of the lands, the Pennsyl vanians held the center of trade and population , with its celebrated fort and with it the command of the water courses. But in the nature of things the Indian trade must diminish, as the natives retired before the march of civilization, the settlers must multiply, and every day 42 CENTENNIAL HISTORY must bring nearer the inevitable conflict between the colonies regarding their dividing line. The conflict, however, was precipitated by a cir cumstance which was of itself an evidence of peace and security. Major Edmonson, who commanded the little garrison at Fort Pitt, was, as we have seen, ordered by the commander-in-chief, in October, 1772, to dismantle the fort and withdraw. He did not destroy it, but only sold whatever was movable. Unfortunately for the peace of the colony, Virginia possessed a governor at that time who was more re markable for his avarice than for his patriotism. Lord Dunmore was appointed governor ofthe colony in July, 1771 , and no sooner was he in possession of authority than he began to use it in taking up lands for himself. He may be regarded as the prince of land-grabbers in North America. Says Mr. Bancroft: "No royal governor showed more rapacity in the use of official power than Lord Dunmore. He reluctantly left New York, where, during his short career " — of less than a year and a half — " he had acquired fifty thousand acres, and, himself acting as chancellor, was preparing to decide in his own Court, in his own favor, a large and unfounded claim which he had preferred against the lieu tenant-governor. Upon entering on the government of Virginia, his passion for land and fees outweighing the proclamation of the king and the reiterated and most positive instructions from the secretary of state, he advocated the claims of the colony to the west, and was himself a partner in two immense purchases of land from the Indians in southern Illinois. In 1773 his agents, the Bullets, made surveys at the Falls of the Ohio, and a part of Louisville and of the towns opposite Cincinnati are now held under his warrant. The area of the ancient dominion ex panded with his cupidity. " So great was the antipathy of the Virgin ians to him, that in a very few years he thought himself only too happy to escape their fury with his life; and Washington, who was not given to the utterance of ultra opinions, said, in December, 1775 : " Nothing less than depriving him of life or liberty will secure peace to Virginia." Such was the man whose machinations, seconded by an unprincipled tool, were to bring upon Pittsburg and the territory around the head of the Ohio the last serious disturbance to which it has been subjected. At the same time he involved all northwestern Vir ginia and southwestern Pennsylvania in an Indian war, which is indeed only indirectly connected with this history, but which forced the settlers, who wej.-e so fortunate as to escape with their lives, to retire to the east of the mountains from the valley of the upper Monongahela and the adjacent country, and which seriously interfered with the trade of Pittsburg. We have traced the general outline of the territories claimed re spectively by Pennsylvania and Virginia. It will be necessary, before entering on the narrative of the events which precipitated the adjust ment ofthe difficulty, to glance at the sub-divisions of the territory made prior to that time by the two contestants, irrespective of the rights or pretensions of each other. It is difficult to determine the exact boundaries of the sub-divisions of the disputed territory claimed by Virginia; but it would appear to OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 43 uThe Old Redoubt, as it Appears To-day. From a Photograph by E. W. Histed. have been included in Spottsylvania county, which was erected May 1st, 1721. In 1734 this county was divided, and the western portion of it be came Orange county. Four years later this county was sub-divided, and all that part of it west of -the Blue Ridge was erected into Augusta county. The western part of it, however, soon came to be known as the District of West Augusta; but when, or for what reason, is not as certained; only that it was prior to September, 1776. In October of that year the Legislature of Virginia passed an act to ascertain the boundary between Augusta county and the District of West Augusta; in the pre- 44 CENTENNIAL HISTORY amble of which it is declared that, among other tracts, " all the territory lying to the westward of the States of Maryland and Pennsylvania shall be deemed, and is hereby declared to be, within the district of West Augusta." The name Pennsylvania is here taken, of course, as Virginia then understood it. But by an act to take effect November 8th, of the same year, 1776, the district was sub-divided into three counties, namely: Youghioghenia, Ohio and Monongalia, to the first of which the terri tory around the site of Pittsburg belonged. This division remained un changed until the boundary dispute was finally settled. But after that time Virginia retained the name of Ohio and Monongalia for two of her western counties, and the name Youghioghania was dropped, which has for that reason been called "the lost county." Other authorities maintain that when it was determined to erect the county buildings of Allegheny county in Pittsburg, instead of west of the Allegheny river, in the present Allegheny City, the territory on that side of the river was called " the lost county." This is a mistake; for all of it was once in the same county as Pittsburg, and part of it is there still. As to the sub-divisions made of this territory by Pennsylvania, as early as January 27th, 1750, Cumberland county, the sixth county of the colony, was erected, which embraced "all and singular the lands lying within the Province of Pennsylvania, to the westward of the Susque hanna, and northward and westward of the county of York," to which the claim of the Indians had been extinguished. To this was added the purchase of 1758. That purchase did not, however, include any part of the territory of Allegheny county, all of which was still in possession of the aborigines. By the treaty of Fort Stanwix, already referred to, the Six Nations ceded a large tract of country including all that part of Allegheny county east and south of the Allegheny and Ohio rivers, from Kittanning down, which became for the time being a part of Cum berland county. I may be pardoned for pausing to remark, paran- thetically, that in the study of our early history it is necessary to re member that almost all of the earlier ¦ counties have been divided and sub-divided until they are but the merest fraction of what they were originally. Cumberland was divided by the erection of Bedford county March 9th, 1771, which includes all the western and southwestern parts of the province up to that time purchased from the Indians; and, conse quently, the part of Allegheny county secured by the treaty of 1768. A further division of this vast territory was made by the erection of Westmoreland county, February 26th, 1773, which took in all the western part of the province, east and south of the rivers. In the division of Westmoreland county into townships, the territory now en gaging our attention was included in Hempfield and Pitt townships, but principally in the latter, which included Pittsburg. Hempfield took in only that part of Allegheny county on the east side of the Youghiogheny river from its mouth to the county line. The boundaries of Pitt township are thus described: "Beginning at the mouth of Kis- kiminetas and running down the Allegheny river to its junction with the Monongahela, then down the Ohio to the western limits of the province, thence up the western boundary (». e. south) to the line of OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 45 Springhill township (which was a line drawn due west from the mouth of Redstone Creek to the western limits of the province), thence with that line to the mouth of Redstone Creek, thence down the Mononga hela to the mouth of the Youghiogheny, thence with the line of Hemp field to the mouth of Brush Run, thence with the line of said township to the beginning," which was a straight line from that point to the mouth of the Kiskiminetas. It has already been stated that soon after the evacuation of Fort Pitt it was occupied by the Virginians, by order of Lord Dunmore, the governor of that colony. Says Mr. Craig, in his History of Pittsburg, from which much of what follows has been taken: "Early in 1774 Dr. John Connolly, a Pennsylvanian by birth, but a partisan and friend of Lord Dunmore, came here from Virginia, with authority from that nobleman to take possession of the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore, and issued a proclamation calling the militia together on the 25th of Janu ary, 1774; for so doing Arthur St. Clair, a magistrate of Westmoreland county, Pa., issued a warrant against him, and had him committed to jail at Hanna's Town, which was then the seat of justice for all this country. Connolly was soon released, by entering bail for his appear ance. He then went to Staunton, and was sworn in as a justice of the peace of Augusta county, Virginia, in which, it was alleged, the coun try around Pittsburg was embraced. Toward the latter part of March he returned to this place, with both civil and military authority, to put the laws of Virginia in force. About the 5th of April, the Court assem bled at Hanna's Town. * * * Soon after Connolly, with about one hundred and fifty men, all armed and with colors flying, appeared there; placed sentinels at the door of the court house, who refused to admit the magistrates, unless with the consent of their commander. A meeting then took place between Connolly and the magistrates, in which the former stated that he had come there in fulfillment of his promise to the sheriff; but denied the authority of the Court, and declared that the magistrates had no right to hold a court. He added, however, that to prevent confusion, he agreed that the magistrates might act as acourt in all matters which might be submitted to them by the acquiescence of the people, until he should receive instructions to the contrary." The compromise, however, was of short duration, for, on the 8th of April, the justices returned to Pittsburg, where most of them resided, and were the next day arrested by order of Connolly. They were soon re leased, however, but "on the 19th of April intelligence of the arrest of the justices reached the governor of Pennsylvania; and on the 21st, at a meeting of the council, it was determined to send two commissioners to Virginia to represent to the government there of the ill consequences which may ensue if an immediate stop be not putto the disorders which then existed in the West, and to consult upon the most proper means for'establishing peace and good order in that quarter. James Tilghman and Andrew Allen were appointed, with instructions, first, to request the governor of Virginia to unite with the proprietaries of Pennsylva nia to petition His Majesty, in council, to appoint commissioners to run the boundary line; the expense to be equally borne by the two colonies; 46 CENTENNIAL HISTORY second, to use every exertion to induce the governor to agree to some temporary line; but on no event to assent to any line which would give Virginia jurisdiction of the country on the east side of the. Mononga hela river. The commissioners arrived at Williamsburg on the 19th of May, and on the 21st had an oral conference with the governor, in which he expressed his willingness to join in an application to the king to ap point commissioners to settle the boundary; but also declared that Vir ginia would defray no part of the expenses. As to the temporary line, he desired the commissioners to make their proposition in writing. In compliance with this request, they, on the 23d, addressed him a letter containing the following proposition: — "That a survey be taken by sur veyors, to be appointed by the two governments, with as much accuracy as may serve the present purpose, of the course of the Delaware, from the mouth of Christiana Creek, or near it, where Mason and Dixon's line intersects the Delaware, to that part of said river which is in the latitude of Fort Pitt, and as much farther as may be needed for the present purpose. That the line of Mason and Dixon be extended to the distance of five degrees of latitude from the Delaware; and that from the end of said five degrees, a line or lines, corresponding to the courses of the Delaware, be run to the river Ohio, as nearly as may be at the distance of five degrees from said river in every part." And that the extension of Mason and Dixon's line, and the line or lines correspond ing to the courses of the Delaware, be taken as the line of jurisdiction until the boundary can be run and settled by royal authority. Lord Dunmore, in his reply, dated May 24th, contended that the western boundary could not be of "such an inconvenient and difficult to be as certained shape," as it would be if made to correspond to the courses of the Delaware. He thought it should be a meridian line, at the distance of five degrees from the Delaware, in the forty-second degree of lati tude." He stated, further, that, unless the commissioners proposed some line that favored the Virginians as much as the Pennsylvanians, "he saw that no accommodation could be entered into previous to the king's decision." The commissioners, in their reply of the 26th, say, that for the purpose of producing harmony and peace, "we shall be willing to recede from our charter bounds so far as to make the river Monongahela, from the line of Mason and Dixon, the western boundary of jurisdiction, which would at once settle our present dispute, without the great trouble and expense of running lines, or the incon venience of keeping the jurisdiction in suspense." On the same day Lord Dunmore replied in a very characteristic and haughty manner, remarking, among other things, "Your resolution with respect to Fort Pitt puts an entire stop to further treaty;" and they, in their turn, replied on the 27th, that "the determination of his lordship not to relinquish Fort Pitt puts a period to the treaty." Says the historian, from whose accurate narrative the above has been taken: "After a careful perusal of this correspondence, and an attentive consid eration of Lord Dunmore's conduct in 1774 and 1775, the conclusion is forced upon the mind, that he was a very weak and arbitrary man, or else that the suspicion, then entertained, that he wished to promote' ill- OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. will and hostility between Pennsylvanians and Virginians, as well as between the Indians and whites, was well founded." This negotiation having fai\ed, Connolly continued to domineer with a high hand at Fort Pitt; so much so that iEneas Mackay, a prominent person in the western part of the province, wrote to Governor Penn : ' 'The deplorable state of affairs in this part of your government is truly distressing. We are robbed, insulted and dragooned by Connolly and his militia in this place and its environs." The people were driven to the last extremity, and, though accus tomed to take their own part, they had no court to which an appeal could be made, and were too weak to resort to arms. The traders, upon whom the town of Pittsburg depended, contemplated a number of plans for their relief. One was to raise a stockade around the town, a second was to build another town a short distance below the present Kittanning, about where Manorville stands, on the manor which the proprietaries owned there, and whicli it was proposed to call Appleby; for the manor of Kittanning did not include the site of the present town of that name, but extended along the eastern bank of the Allegheny from the mouth of Crooked Creek to a little above the middle of the present Manorville, almost two miles below the present Kittanning. The town was never built, but active measures were taken looking to the building of it in the summer of 1774. The distressing state of affairs continued, and Dunmore, who was in Pittsburg in the middle of Sep tember of this year, issued a proclamation reasserting the claim of Vir ginia to the territory; to which Governor Penn replied in another, re minding the settlers of their duty of allegiance to him, and chargingthe magistrates to see to the enforcement of the laws. In November, 1774, and in the following February, Connolly went to Hanna's Town with an armed force and released certain prisoners de tained there; and about the same time William Crawford, the president judge of Westmoreland county, gave up his allegiance to Pennsylvania and joined the Virginians. But Dunmore was becoming so odious to the Virginians that his power was fast drawing to a close; so much so that on the 8th of June he was obliged to take refuge on a man-of-war, where he was soon joined by Connolly. " Patriotic citizens of both colonies lamented the continual disturb ance, and on the 25th of July, 1775, the delegates in Congress, including Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry and Benjamin Franklin, united in a circular urging the people to mutual forbearance. Yet on the 7th of August the Virginia Provincial Convention resolved that "Captain John Neville be directed to march with his company of one hundred men, and take possession of Fort Pitt." This action was wholly unex pected by the Pennsylvanians and created considerable confusion, ex asperating all parties, and preventing the delegates from congress who were here to hold a treaty with Indians from doing so. In the mean time the first clouds of a war between the colonies and Great Britain began to appear, and Connolly was planning a scheme by which Fort Pitt would become an important point from which British troops could 48 CENTENNIAL HISTORY operate under him. But the authorities could no longer permit so tur bulent a spirit to be at liberty, and accordingly, on the 22d of Novem ber, he and two of his associates were arrested at Frederick, Maryland. His machinations were discovered and exposed, and by order of Congress he was taken to Philadelphia for greater security, and there kept in prison. After the Revolution he resided in Canada, where he enjoyed the confidence and liberality of the English government; and there we shall bid him an eternal farewell. The boundary dispute was still a vexed question that was daily de manding adjustment; and both colonies were anxious to have it settled, the only difficulty in the way being the unwillingness of the contestants to make concession. The running of the well known Mason and Dixon's line settled the long and bitter dispute between the colonies of Pennsylvania and Maryland; but though it exercised an influence on the Pennsylvania and Virginia boundary question, it decided nothing. The latitude of this line is 39° 43' 26" north; but neither party was will ing to accept it as the dividing line. The proprietaries claimed under the royal grant a territory three degrees of latitude in width — that is, "from the beginning of the fortieth degree of north latitude to the be ginning of the three-and-fortieth degree of north latitude." They con tended that the beginning of the first degree of north latitude is the equator, and the beginning of the second degree is at the end of the first, therefore, that the beginning of the fortieth is at the ending of the thirty-ninth, or 39° north latitude. They, therefore, claimed this par allel as the southern limit of the colony, which would have given Penn sylvania a strip of land 43' 26" in width south of Mason and Dixon's line, in that part of the state west of the western boundary of Mary land. But Virginia, on the contrary, claimed that the boundary between the two states should be the parallel of 40° north latitude. This would have given to Virginia a strip 16' 34" north of the present State line as far east as the western limits of Maryland. From the position of this line it will be seen that the claim of Virginia did not include Pittsburg, which is situated at 40° 26' 34" north latitude, although that state con tinued to claim jurisdiction over the territory around the head of the Ohio. The first practical step toward a definite settlement was taken in 1779, by the appointment of George Bryan, John Ewing and David Rittenhouse, on the part of Pennsylvania, and Dr. James Madison and Robert Andrews, on the part of Virginia, as commissioners to meet in conference and determine the boundary. They met at Baltimore, August 31st, 1779, where they made and subscribed to the following agreement: " We (naming the commissioners), do hereby mutually, in behalf of our respective states, ratify and confirm the following agreement, viz: To extendMason andDixon's line due w:est five degrees of latitude, to be computed from the Delaware, for the southern boun dary of Pennsylvania, and that a meridian drawn Irom the western ex tremity thereof to the northern limit of said state be the western boun dary of said state forever." This agreement of the commissioners, was ratified— upon certain conditions as to land titles— by the Virginia III 111 iiii 1! ^"fe ll Pi Pi ii III ¦Riii l 'li;:: i::-l ;: u i ¦li wnmKsm !:i"n .anNM i i SI .iSplMS '"ft1 ¦¦;..¦-¦--- ¦¦¦MWS'gXm Mf "lV | HUg iii * ¦> 50 CENTENNIAL HISTORY Legislature June 23d, 1780, and by the General Assembly of Pennsyl vania on the 23d of September of the same year. All that now re mained was to draw the boundary lines in accordance with the decision of the commission, and thus give the settlers an opportunity of know ing to which State their allegiance was henceforth due. A joint com mission was accordingly appointed by the two States, that performed its duty in the summer and fall of 1784, as far as regarded the southern line. The southern boundary being thus extended to its western ex tremity, it only remained to run a meridian line from that point to the Ohio river to close the controversy with Virginia. This task was en trusted to a commission that entered on its duty in May, 1785, and on the 23d of August united in the following report: "We, the subscrib ers, commissioners appointed by the States of Pennsylvania and Vir ginia, to ascertain the boundary between said States, do certify, that we have carried a meridian line from the southwest corner of Pennsylvania northward to the river Ohio, and marked it by cutting a wide vista over all the principal hills, intersected by said line, and by falling or deaden ing trees, generally, through all the lower grounds. And we have like wise placed stones, marked on the east side P and on the west side V, on most of the principal hills, and where" the line strikes the Ohio; which stones are accurately placed in the true meridian, bounding the States aforesaid." Thus ended this protracted dispute, although it still required some time to adjust the details, especially upon the part of Virginia, CHAPTER V. WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. Extent of Settlements — Revolution Foreshadowed — Detroit a Source of Trouble to the Frontier — Affairs at Fort Pitt — General Hand at the Fort — Traitor* West of the Mountains — Broadhead's Expedition up the Allegheny — Lack of Supplies and Discontent — General William Irvine in Command — Aggressiveness of the Indians — Surrender of Cornwallis — Growth of Population- Religion. Settlements continued to multiply in Western Pennsylvania, not withstanding the disturbances through which it was passing. "Probably . not less than fifty houses constituted the town at the commencement of 1774. From Fort Pitt far up the Monongahela, and along many of its branches, were settlements. Upon eastern tributaries of the Ohio, and down that stream for more than a hundred miles were to be seen cabins of frontier men; but not a single settler had yet ventured across that river. Small cultivated fields broke in upon the monotony of the wilderness for a short distance up the east side of the Allegheny from Pittsburg, while toward the mountains, Forbes' road was, in general, the northern limit of civilized habitations." OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 51 But there was to be no monotony in the life of the backwoodsmen while Fort Pitt must remain for a few years more, not only the place of embarkation for the West, but a center of military operations. "The day of the Revolution now began to dawn . Quickly after the battle of Lexing, ton were the fires of patriotism lighted west of the mountains. The hearts of many of the backwoodsmen were soon aglow with enthusiasm for the cause ,of liberty. On the 16th of May, 1775, conventions were held at Pittsburg and Hanna's Town for citizens to give expression to their views and sentiments regarding the acts of the mother country, and to take initiatory steps toward providing for the common defense. The boundary troubles for the time were forgotten. In the fall a number of frontiermen enlisted for the Virginia service. The commencement of 1776 fou nd the trans- Allegheny settlements not greatly behind the sea board in their determination to repel, by force of arms, aggressions of parliament and the king." The meeting held at Pittsburg passed a resolution in which they say that "this committee have the highest sense of the spirited behaviour of their brethren in New England, and do most cordially approve of their opposing the invaders of American rights and privileges to the utmost extreme, and that each member of this committee, respectively, will animate and encourage their neigh borhood to follow the brave example." At the commencement of the struggle of the colonies for indepen dence, the scattered settlements to the west of the mountains had little " to fear from invading armies of Great Britain. Their dread was of a more merciless foe. Nor were their apprehensions groundless ; for, although the noted chief Kiyasuta declared on the part of the Six Nations and their allies at a conference held at Pittsburg, July 8th, 1776, that his people would not permit either the Americans or the English to lead an army through their country, still the influence of British gold and British traders and emissaries was not long in arraying the tribes of the north and west against the Americans. Treaties and explana tions on the part of the United States were to little purpose. Painted and plumed warriors soon carried destruction and death to the dis mayed frontiers— the direct result of a most ferocious policy, adopted by England in opposition to the advice of some of her best and ablest statesmen— "letting loose," in the language of Chatham, "the horrible hell-hounds of savage war" upon the exposed settlements. The deadly strife thus begun, was made up on the side of the Indians largely of predatory incursions of scalping parties; the tomahawk and scalping knife sparing neither age nor sex, while the torch laid waste the homes of the unfortunate bordermen. It is difficult fully to appreciate the ap palling dangers which beset the frontiers; for, to the natural ferocity of the savages, there was added the powerful support of Great Britain, lavish in her resources, whose western agents, especially at the com mencement of the war, were noted for their zeal in obeying the behests of their government. The principal point of British power and influence in the northwest was Detroit, where Lieutenant Governor Henry Hamilton, who paid a bounty for scalps, but withheld it for prisoners, was in command. He was 52 CENTENNIAL HISTORY captured by the Virginians early in 1779, and Major A. S. De Peyster, a man zealous in carrying out the policy of his government, but of a more humane disposition, succeeded to the command of the post. The Indian depredations on the frontier drew their inspiration to a great extent from that post. The important post, however, of Fort Pitt was in possession of the Americans, and it continued the center of government authority and interest west of the Alleghenies during the revolutionary contest. In this district the military operations were almost wholly directed to the protection of the settlements. Expeditions, too, were made into the enemy's country, but were not always crowned with success. Captain John Neville, who was in command of Fort Pitt, tried to observe a strict neutrality with the Indians, but he had little influence with any except the Delawares. Hamilton, of Detroit, on the other hand, had as early as September, 1776, organized small parties of the savages against the scattered settlers on the Ohio and its branches, though the war on the western border was not fully inaugurated for nearly a year after. With a view of securing the friendship of the Indians, or at least their neutrality, Congress appointed commissioners to hold treaties with them at different agencies. Those appointed for Pittsburg met there in July, 1776, but were not able to get the tribes together until October. In September they thought a general Indian war inevitable, and ac cordingly issued an order for the assembly of all the militia at Fort Pitt that could he spared for its defense. But the cloud blew over, and on the 8th of November Col. Morgan, the Indian agent for the Middle De partment, wrote to John Hancock, president of Congress: "I have the happiness to inform you that the cloud which threatened to break over us is likely to disperse. The Six Nations with the Munsies, Delawares, Shawanese and Mohicons, who have been assembled here with their principal chiefs and warriors, to the number of six hundred and forty- .four, have given the strongest assurance of their determination to pre serve inviolate the peace and neutrality with the United States." But how long could they be trusted, especially while the western tribes were in the interests of the English? The winter of 1776-7 was spent in comparative quiet, in Fort Pitt, where Major Neville was still in command with his company of one hundred men. On the 23d of February, 1777, fourteen boat carpenters and sawyers arrived at the fort from Philadelphia, and were set to work on the Monongahela, fourteen miles above, where they built thirty large batteaux, forty feet long, nine feet wide and thirty-two inches deep, which were intended to transport troops in case it became necessary to invade the Indian country. A bitter feeling of hostility against the Indians existed in the minds of the whites, especially the Virginians; nor were they very careful to distinguish between friendly and un friendly savages. On- their part the Indians, especially the Mingoes, continued in small parties to harass the settlements. On the 1st of June, 1777, Brigadier General Edward Hand, of the Continental army, arrived at Fort Pitt and assumed command. Not long after his arrival he resolved on an expedition against the savages— OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 53 seemingly a timely movement, for upon the last of July there had been sent out from Detroit to devastate the western settlements, flfteen parties of Indians, consisting of two hundred and eighty-nine braves, with thirty white officers and rangers. The extreme frontier line needing protection, on the north reached from the Allegheny mountains to Kit' tanning, thence on the west down the Allegheny river and the Ohio to the Great Kanawha. The only posts of importance below Fort Pitt at that time were Fort Henry, at Wheeling, and Fort Randolph, at Point Pleasant. Rude stockades and block-houses were multiplied in the in tervening distances and in the most exposed settlements, which were defended by small detachments from a Virginia regiment, also at least one independent company of Pennsylvanians, and by squads of militia on short tours of duty. Scouts likewise patrolled the country where danger seemed most imminent. But the wily savages frequently eluded their vigilance and fell with remorseless cruelty upon the homes of the borderers. The suffering from this mode of warfare was terrible. General Hand was of opinion that nothing but carrying the war into the enemy's country and destroying their towns could prevent the depopulation of the frontier. The Wyandots and Mingoes were the most troublesome. For the purposes of this expedition he demanded two thousand men from the western counties of Pennsylvania and Vir ginia; but the requisition was not responded to with any degree of alacrity, although he succeeded in raising an army of eight hundred men, including the regulars at Forts Pitt and Randolph. Late in the fall having been deceived both as to the strength and spirit of the men, he was reluctantly forced to abandon the expedition. There was a lack of both men and supplies. One reason for the failure was a want of con cert between the general and lieutenants and militia officers of the border counties. The boundary controversy also exercised a sinister in fluence. The most he could do under such circumstances was to act on the defensive; and he wrote, about this time: "If I can assist the inhab itants to stand their ground, I shall deem myself doing a good deal." The Indians became very bold down the Ohio in the fall of 1777, and the successes they met with placed the settlements in still greater dan ger than they had been. Kittanning had been occupied by troops from the spring of that year, but Hand wrote to the commanding officer, Captain Samuel Moorhead, in the 14th of September: "Being convinced that, in your present condition, your are not able to defend yourself, much less to render the continent any service, you will withdraw from Kittanning, bringing everything away, leaving the houses and barracks standing." This evacuation caused the greatest alarm, and it was feared that the settlers would again be forced back till the mountains would become their western boundary. Strong suspicions were entertained of some persons in the vicinity of Fort Pitt being in sympathy with the English, and some arrests were made; but most of those arrested were paroled. One of these, Alexan der M'Kee, obtained a captain's commission from the British, and on the 28th of March, 1778, left Fort Pitt in company with Matthew Eiliot and the Indian interpreter, Simon Girty, and joined the enemy. 54 CENTENNIAL HISTORY They exerted' all their influence among the Indians to stir them up against the settlements, which caused the Americans no little anxiety and trouble. Hand undertook several expeditions against the savages, but was not able to accomplish anything. In the spring of 1778, the commissioners for Indian affairs ordered the building of six large boats for the defense of the navigation between the military posts on the Ohio. On the 2d of May of this year Congress resolved to raise two regiments in Virginia and Pennsylvania to serve for one year, for the defense of the frontier. Aware that Detroit was the center from which all the trouble came, an expedition was planned against it, which was led by General Lachlan Mcintosh. He built a fort at the mouth of the Beaver river, which was named after himself, and leaving it, set out into the West, following Bouquet's route pretty closely. But the expedition did not meet with the success anticipated. On the 11th of August, 1779, Colonel Broadhead, who had been in command of the fort since the previous March, set out with six hundred men on an expedition against the Indians up the Allegheny. He went almost as far north as the State fine, burned a number of towns and corn fields, and returned without the loss of a single man, reaching Fort Pitt on the 14th day of September. During the summer Fort Armstrong was built about two miles below Kittanning. On the 23d of June Broadhead wrote to Archibald Lochry, Lieutenant of Westmoreland county: "Lieut. Col. Bayard is at Kittanning, and will cover the frontier effectually;" and on the 31st of July, he wrote to Washington: "A complete stockade fort is erected at the Kittanning, and now called Fort Armstrong." It was the intention of Washington to have erected a fort at Kittan ning much sooner, and also at Venango, as is seen from one of his letters to Col. Broadhead, dated March 22, 1779, in which the following passage occurs: "I have directed Col. Rawlings' corps, consisting of three com panies, to march from Frederick to Fort Pitt, as soon as he is relieved by a guard of militia. Upon his arrival, you are to detach him with his corps and as many as will make up one hundred, should his company be short of that number, to take post at Kittanning, and immediately throw up a stockade fort for the security of the convoys. When this is accomplished, a small garrison is to be left there, and the remainder are to proceed to Venango and establish another post of the same kind for the same purpose. The party is to go provided with proper tools from Fort Pitt, and Col. Rawlings is to be directed to make choice of good pieces of ground, and by all means to use every precaution against a surprise at either post." The fort at Venango was not, however, built till the year 1787, as we learn from Heart's Journal, in which it is stated that 'in April, 1787, Captain Heart was ordered by Col. Harmer to the Ve nango country, Pennsylvania, for the purpose of building a fort on French creek, near its mouth, about 150 miles above Pittsburg," (the distance is 124 miles.) "Heart arrived at his destination on the 11th oi May, and immediately commenced the erection of an earthwork. This was completed in December, 1787, and named Fort Franklin, in honor oi tlie illustrious patriot, philosopher and statesman, Benjamin Franklin," OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 55 But the frontier, as well as the rest of the country, had more enemies than the British and the Indians. Money is the sinews of war; and the depreciation of paper currency, or continental money, had by this time become a very serious burden on the people, and all over the country great ingenuity was exercised to discover a remedy. Among others the prices of things were fixed, and the traders especially came in, and with good reason, for a large share of the public odium, who "are now commonly known," as a meeting of the officers of the line and staff in the western department, held in Pittsburg in October, 1779, states "by the disgraceful epithet of speculators." It was also resolved at the meeting, "that a select committee be appointed to collect all papers, and get what information they can possibly obtain, relative to the regu lations which may have taken place down the country, and by them endeavor to ascertain the price of goods as they ought to sell at this place, and lay them, with whatever matters they may conceive necessary, before the committee at the next meeting." The committee having been appointed, met on the 6th of October and declared, "that at the present enormous prices, unless dire and absolute necessity compels, to buy shall be deemed as criminal as to sell; and should the traders refuse to sell at the regulated prices agreed on and fixed by this committee," they further "Resolved, that the commandant of the western depart ment be waited upon by a committee, and earnestly requested for the good of the community, as well as the army, that said traders be imme diately ordered to withdraw themselves and property from this post, being fully determined to have a reasonable trade or no trade, and live upon our rations and what our country can afford us; and should it be necessary, clothe ourselves with the produce of the forests, rather than live upon the virtuous part ofthe community to gratify our sanguinary enemies, and enrich rapacity; and as it is the unanimous opinion of this committee that the specious designing speculator is a monster of a deeper dye, and more malignant nature, than the savage Mingo in the wilder ness, whose mischiefs are partial, while those occasioned by .the e pecula tors have become universal." Much more followed in the same strain, but the portions given are sufficient to show the depth and extent of the evil, and the feelings of utter abhorrence in which the traders were held. Mr. Craig remarks that "from the time of the meeting above referred to, we have no account of transactions here for several months. ' ' Col. Broad head was still in command of Fort Pitt; an efficient officer and anxious to distinguish himself in the service of his country. But he found great difficulty in securing supplies for the garrison, as several of his letters to Washington and others about this time will amply prove. At a time when it was of great importance to keep on as good terms as possible with the Indians, who were still friends or neutrals, he could not but contrast the poverty of his resources with the plenty of the British. He says in one of his letters: "The Indian captains appointed by the British commandant at Detroit are clothed in the most elegant manner, and have many valuable presents made them. The captains I have ap pointed by authority of Congress, are naked and receive nothing but a little whiskey, for which they are reviled by the Indians in general, so 56 CENTENNIAL ' HISTORY that unless some kind of a system is introduced, I must expect to see all the Indians in favor of the British, despite of every address in my power." Early in 1781, Col. George Rodgers Clarke arrived at Fort Pitt on his way down the Ohio, in command of an expedition against the enemy in the West; and Broadhead, whose force then consisted of not more than two hundred men, was instructed by Washington to detach his field pieces, howitzers and train to join him. Fears were soon enter tained that the Delawares, who were the most favorable to the Ameri can cause, had declared in favor of the British and were marching against Fort Mcintosh: Fort Pitt was little better than a heap of ruins, while the garrison, ill fed and equipped, was in a sorry condition to repel an enemy, should the Indians take the fort below, and attack it. The militia of the department was without proper organization, and, when called into service, destitute, to a great extent, of military knowl edge and discipline. "The civil government of the country was even in a worse state than the military, on account ofthe excitement regarding the boundary between Pennsylvania and Virginia. Both states before the war had asserted their claims to, and exercised an organized jurisdiction over, the disputed territory. As between the two commonwealths, the quarrel was brought to an end, virtually, in 1779; but bitter feelings still existed among the people — the line was not yet run. As a consequence of having long contemned the authority of a neighboring state, many had come into open disrespect of their own. Hence there was a restlessness pre vailing in the country, and a desire on the part of some to emigrate into the wilderness beyond the Ohio to form a new state." On the 29th of August, 1781, Broadhead wrote Washington: "The Maryland corps was stationed at a post on the frontier of Westmoreland county, and have in a body deserted and crossed the mountains. Indeed, I am afraid the other corps will soon follow, if their sufferings are not attended to." On the 6th of September he again wrote the commander- in-chief: "Col. Gibson still continues to counteract me, and the officers who favor his claim reject my orders, others refuse his, and things are in the utmost confusion." These unfortunate circumstances rendered it necessary to send some one else to take command; and after mature deliberation Washington wrote to General William Irvine, under date of May 8th, to proceed from Carlisle, where he then was, with all con venient despatch to Fort Pitt, and assume command. He arrived on the 25th, and found the country people in a frenzy of excitement because of Indian raids. The garrisons of Forts Pitt and Mcintosh were in a state of mutiny, and Irvine had to exercise great firmness in restoring order. Soon the result was that two persons suffered the death pen alty, while a number of others got "one hundred lashes well laid on," and a better state of affairs was the result. But brighter days were dawning; the surrender of Cornwallis broke the power of the British, although Detroit, the instigator of Pittsburg' trouble, was for some time longer in their possession. Upon the recep. tion of this intelligence, the following order was issued: OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 57 Fort Pitt, November 6th, 1781. "Paiole— General. Countersign— Joy. " General Irvine has the pleasure to congratulate the troops upon the great and glorious news. Lord Cornwallis, with the troops under his command, surrendered, prisoners of war, on the 19th of October last, to the allied armies of America and France, under the immediate com mand of his excellency General Washington. The prisoners amount to upwards of five thousand regular troops, near two thousand tories, and as many negroes, besides a number of merchants and other fol lowers. "Thirteen pieces of artillery will be fired this day at 10 o'clock, in the fort, at which time the troops will be under arms, with their colors displayed. The commissaries will issue a gill of whiskey, extraordinary, to the non-commissioned officers aud privates, upon this joyful occa sion." During the period embraced in this chapter the country around the head of the Ohio, east of that and the Allegheny river, began to be well settled, although it would be difficult to state with any degree of ac curacy what the population was. Pittsburg, too, began more and more to assume the appearance of a town, though the population, exclusive of the garrison, would not probably exceed four hundred souls. No account has come down to us, beyond what was given in the last chapter, of the manner in which the spiritual necessities of the people were ministered to; and it can hardly be said that any congre gations were as yet organized. Nor were the people sufficiently settled to devote attention to the education of their children in schools, although, doubtless, the subject of mental training was not wholly ne glected.* CHAPTER VI. THE ERECTION AND ORGANIZATION OP ALLEGHENY COUNTY. State of Affairs at Fort Pitt— Laying Out Pittsburg— Last Purchase from the Indians— Erection of Allegheny County— Location of County Seat— First Mewspaper, Market, School— Courts- Formation o fTownships— Boroughs— Allegheny, Elizabeth, McKeesport— Religion— Conclusion We cannot enter upon the history of the organization of Allegheny county, whose centenary is now the one theme on the tongues of half a million of her people, without a further glance at the state of affairs at Fort Pitt after the arrival of General Irvine, and the cessation of hostili- *Much of the information contained in this chapter has been taken from Craig's History of Pittsburg and Butterfield's Washingtott-Irvine' s Correspondence. A5 58 CENTENNIAL HISTORY ties between the English and Americans; for that cessation itself was hardly known to be permanent until considerable time had passed. Col. Broadhead had been superceded by his rival, Col. Gibson, a short time before the arrival of Gen. Irvine, and was now undergoing a trial, mainly, it would appear, for his extravagance in the use or waste of the public stores. Irvine wrote to General Washington in December, 1781: "The consumption of public stores, in my opinion, has been enormous, particularly military stores, and I fear the reason for it will not be justi fiable, viz: that the militia would all fly if they had not powder and lead given them, not only when in service, but to keep at their homes. * * * * I find that near 2,000 lbs. of lead and 4,000 lbs. of powder have been issued to the militia since the dispute between Cols. Broad head and Gibson, chiefly by orders of the former, besides arms, accoutre ments, etc., and not a man called into active service." He spoke, at the same time, of the manner in which he had re-formed the companies of soldiers at the fort, and also of the failure of General Clarke's expedition, reference to which was made in the last chapter. He noted further the encouragement the savages would feel at this failure, and the probability of an attack heing made on the frontier, seconded by the British, who were still in possession of Detroit. In view of this he thought that the site of Pittsburg was not the best for a fort, but that it should be at the mouth of Chartiers Creek. He writes Washington: " I have been viewing the country in this vicinity, and find no place equal for a post to the mouth of Chartiers Creek, about four miles down the river. Capt. Hutchins pointed that place out to me before I left Philadelphia, and says there is no place equal to it anywhere within forty miles of Fort Pitt. I think it best calculated on many accounts. First, the ground is such that works may be constructed to contain any number of men from 50 to 1,000. It is by nature almost inaccessible on three sides, and on the fourth no commanding ground within 3,000 yards. Secondly, as it would effectually cover the settlements on Chartiers Creek, the necessity for keeping a post at Fort Mcintosh would, of course, cease. In case of making that the main post, Foft Pitt should be demolished, except the north bastion, on which a strong block-house should be erected. A small party on it would as effectually keep up communica tion with the settlements on the Monongahela as the whole garrison now does, for the necessary detachments to Mcintosh, Wheeling, etc., so divide the troops that no one place can be held without a large body of troops, indeed. I do not like Fort Mcintosh being kept a post in the present situation of things. If the enemy from Detroit should under take to make us a visit, it would be an excellent place for them to take by surprise, from whence they could send out Indians aud other par- tizans, and lay the whole country waste before we could dislodge them." Few passages in the early correspondence regarding Western Pennsyl vania contain more practical wisdom than this; and the reader of our early annals will not fail to remember that the mouth of Chartiers Creek was the very spot upon which the Indians wanted the traders to erect a fort for their protection, before the breaking out ofthe French war, though Washington thought, at the end of 1753, that it was not so OF^'ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 59 well suited as the forks; but then he had in view to protect the mouth of the Monongahela from the French coming down the Allegheny. Still a fort at the forks could easily have been bombarded from any of the surrounding hills, without its being able to make an effectual de fence. And when Fort Duquesne was finally taken there were not want ing those who favored the erection of a fort on Boyd's Hill, overlook ing the Monongahela, which, from the name of the principal advocate of the plan, was long known as Ayres' Hill; with a smaller fortification on the hill overlooking the Allegheny. Could an enemy have ap proached with artillery, Fort Pitt could have made no defence at all. Indian depredations, insubordination to a greater or less extent among the soldiers, and the remaining shadows of the boundary dis pute, left Western Pennsylvania in a very unsettled state for several years, aud made the post of the commander at Fort Pitt one of no little responsibility. The dispute between Cols. Broadhoad and Gibson was by no means quieted, and their partisans entertained bitter feelings. The Indians from Canada and New York still threatened to return and take possession of the forks; it may he truly said that it was a time when "there was no king in Israel." Major Ward, presumably the one who surrendered to Contrecceur in 1754, laid claim to a place known as "the King's Orchard," which lay in immediate contact with the fort on the bank of the Allegheny; and in the assertion of the claim created no little disturbance. But it would have been difficult to have found an officer better fitted for the trying position he occupied than Gen. Irvine. The recording of these troubles, however, becomes monotonous to the reader, and will not be further pursued. The adherence of the Penns to the British cause not only justified, but necessitated depriving them of the lands which, though they had received them from the crown, they had disposed of to a great extent to those who were engaged in an effort, justified by all laws human and divine, in throwing off allegiance to the crown; and it was not fitting that persons whose interests it was to frustrate their laudable efforts should hold jurisdiction over them as governors, or have disposal of lands. Hence the charter was annulled by an Act of Assembly, dated November 27th, 1779, and, as compensation for the rights and posses sions of which they were deprived, the Penns were to receive one hun dred and thirty thousand pounds sterling, aud were permitted to retain their manors. These "manors" were extensive tracts of land which had been surveyed at different times previously in various parts of the pro vince, and were forty-four in number, aggregating 421,015 acres. In the fall of 1783 the proprietaries, John Penn, Jr., and John Penn, concluded to sell the lands within the Manor of Pittsburg. The first sale was made in January of the following year, to Isaac Craig and Stephen Bayard, of all the ground between Fort Pitt and the Allegheny river, "Supposed to contain about three acres." Subsequently, to the date of that agreement, the proprietaries concluded to lay out a town at the junction of the rivers. This undertaking was completed by Thos. Vickroy, of Bedford county, in June, and approved by Tench Francis, the attorney of the proprietaries, on the 30th of September, 1784. The 60 CENTENNIAL HISTORY boundary lines, were the two rivers and Grant and Eleventh streets, and the plan which appears to have been made by George Woods under the direction of Vickroy, is commonly called "the Woods' Plan, or "the Old Military Plan;" and, curiously enough, the chain by which it was measured was one-eighth of an inch to the foot too short, as sur veyors at the present time are aware. Sales immediately commenced and many applications for lots were made as soon as the survey was completed and before it had been traced on paper. General Irvine left Fort Pitt on the 1st of October, 1783, when he turned over his command to a small continental force, his garrison having previously been furloughed, except a small detachment, and Major Marbury assumed command. MajorCraig, one of the most public- spirited citizens of the town, made an effort, in connection with some others, to build a distillery near the fort, to be run by a windmill in stead of by water, which should serve to do the grinding for it as well as for the inhabitants. He also tried to raise a subscription for a post rider, but the sums offered were not sufficient to insure success, and it was abandoned for the present. The conclusion of the war between the United States and Great Britain gave a new stimulus to settlement, weakened the confidence of the Indians, and left a large body of trained warriors ready at any time to march against them in case of an outbreak; and though the natives were still restless on the frontier, and occasional depredations were com mitted, the settlements enjoyed greater quiet than they had done before. One of the boldest of these depredations on the frontier was the burning of Hannastown, the seat of justice of Westmoreland county, on the 13th of July, 1782. But the time had arrived for the extinction of the Indian title to all the territory of Pennsylvania. From the formation of Westmoreland county, February 26th, 1783, all Western Pennsylvania north of Washington county, and east and south of the rivers, belonged to Westmoreland. Its extent was to be still further increased. The last treaty held at Fort Stanwix, and the last in which Pennsylvania was interested, was in October, 1784, at which the commissioners of Penn sylvania purchased the residue in the Indian lands within the limits of our state, the deed for which was signed by the chiefs of the Six Nations on the 23d of that month. This purchase was confirmed by the Wyan dot and Delaware Indians at Fort Mcintosh, by a deed executed by those Nations, dated January 21st, 1785. This last accession to lands was called by the whites the "New Purchase," and was added to Westmore land county. Having gradually traced the territory embraced in this part of the state from the claim of the Indians, who were not, however, the first occupants, through those of France and Virginia to its present gov ernment, and through the counties of Cumberland, Bedford, West- moreland and Washington,we are now prepared to treat intelligently of the erection and organization of Allegheny county, and the changes through which it was destined to pass till it was finally reduced to its present limits. The steady increase of population consequent on the conclusion of the Revolutionary War and the weakening of the power of the OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 61 Indians, as well as the inconvenience of having the courts of law at so great a distance as Greensburg was from Pittsburg, the center of population for this district, impressed the people with the necessity of having a new county formed for the benefit of the people around the head of the Ohio. A petition was accordingly prepared and presented to the General Assembly, which was favorably received; and that body passed "An Act for the erection of certain parts ofthe counties of West moreland and Washington into a separate county." Section I. of the Act states that "whereas the inhabitants of those parts of the counties of Westmoreland and Washington which lie most convenient to the town of Pittsburg, have by petition set forth that they have been long subject to many inconveniences, from their being situ ated at so great a distance from the seat of judicature in their respective counties, and that they conceive their interests and happiness would be greatly promoted by being erected into a separate county, comprehend ing the town of Pittsburg; and as it appears just that they should be relieved in the premises, and gratified in their reasonable request; "Section II. Be it enacted, and it is hereby enacted hy the Repre sentatives of the Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same, that all those parts of the counties of Westmoreland and Washington lying within the limits and bounds hereinafter described, shall be, ahd hereby are erected into a separate county: that is to say, beginning at the mouth of Flaherty's Run, on the south side of the Ohio river, from thence by a straight line to the plantation on which Joseph Scott, Esq. , now lives, on Montoure's Run, to include the same; from thence by a straight line to the mouth of Miller's Run on Chartiers Creek; thence by a straight line to the mouth of Perry's Mill Run, on the east side of the Monon gahela river; thence up the said river to the mouth of Beckets Run; thence by a straight hue to the mouth of Sewickley Creek, on the Youghio gheny river; thence down the said river to the mouth of Brush Run, on Turtle Creek; thence up Turtle Creek to the main fork thereof; thence bya northerly line untilit strikes Poketos Creek; thence down thesaid creek to the mouth of the Allegheny river; thence up the Allegheny river to the northern boundary of the State, thence along the same to the river Ohio; and thence up the same to the place of beginning * * * * to be thenceforth known and called by the name of Allegheny county." The other sections of the act relate to the offices, privileges, duties, etc., of the inhabitants of the newly formed county. From these boundaries it will be seen that Allegheny county at that time embraced all the ter ritory north and west of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers, with a large tract east and south of those streams. Benjamin Franklin was at that time President of the Supreme Executive Council, as the chief executive of the State was at that time called; but owing to his advanced age and infirmities, the greater part of the business devolved upon the Vice President, Peter Muhlenberger. The boundaries of the county were still further extended by the an nexation of a considerable tract from the northern part of Washington couuty, which was authorized by an act bearing date September 17th, 62 CENTENNIAL HISTORY 1789, the first section of which declares that, " whereas the inhabit ants of that part of the couuty of Washington which is included in the boundaries hereinafter mentioned, have by their petition repre sented to this House their remote situation from the seat of justice, and prayed to be annexed to the county of Allegheny; and the prayer of the petitioners appearing just and reasonable," it is enacted by section second that the territory bounded by the following lines shall be in cluded in Allegheny county, namely: "Beginning at the Ohio river, where the boundary line of the state crosses the said river; from thence in a straight line to White's mill, on Raccoon Creek ; from thence by a straight line to Armstrong's mill, on Miller's run, and from thence bya straight line to the Monongahela river, opposite the mouth of Perry's run." The fourth section of the act authorizes and directs Peter Kidd and John Beaver to survey and mark the line of the tract; for which they are to receive twenty-five shillings per day, " and no more," to be paid by Allegheny county. The triangular piece of land bordering on Lake Erie, and consisting of 202,181 acres, was purchased from the United States by Pennsylvania, for the sum of $151,640.25, or 75 cents per acre, March 3d, 1792, and added to Allegheny county. With this addition the county reached its maximum area. The county having been erected, the next step was the location of the county seat, and the erection of the necessary buildings. While Pittsburg would appear, on account of its population and growing im portance, to have been the proper place for the seat of justice, the oppo site side of the Allegheny was preferred, from the fact that the state owned a large tract of land there, and the ground was not so hilly as Pittsburg was at that time. And here it will be necessary for us to pause and retrace our steps a few years to inquire how the state came into possession of that tract. It was a part of the purchase of 1784 by which the claim of the Indians to the soil of -our state was extinguished. Says Judge Agnew: "The Commonwealth having become the sovereign proprietor of all the lands within the state^ and intending and antici pating the purchase of the Indian title, provided by an act of the 25th of March, 1783, for the appropriation of all that portion of the purchase of 1784 and 1785, north of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny river and the Conewango creek, by dividing the same into two large and separate sections. These were: 1st. For the redemption of the Certificates of Depreciation given to the officers and soldiers of the Pennsylvania line, in pursuance of an act of the 18th of December, 1780, providing that the certificates should be equal to gold or silver, in payment of unlocated lands, if the owners should think proper to purchase such. 2d. In fulfillment of the promise of the state, in a resolution of March 7th, 1780, to the officers and soldiers ofthe Pennsylvania line, to make them cer tain donations in lands according to their rank in the service. " The act of the 12th of March, 1783, therefore, divided this territory by a due.west line, running from Mogulbughtiton creek,* on the Alle gheny river above Kittanning, (probably Pine creek), to the western h!fhr'bfUShtit°" 1S Mah°ninS "eek -*"V* *»«"* J""rnal. (pp. „_, _.7), who calls it Mohelboteetam OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 63 boundary of the state. The course of the line runs between seven and eight miles south of the present city of New Castle." The line was run no further than the Beaver river, as the western boundary of the state had not at that time been marked. " The land south of this boundary was appropriated to the redemption of the Depreciation Certificates, and became known as the ' Depreciation Lands.' Out of this section were reserved to the state two tracts of 3000 acres each; one at the mouth of the Allegheny, where the city of Allegheny now stands, the other at the mouth of Big Beaver creek on both sides, including Fort Mcintosh (now Beaver). The land north of the line above described was appro priated to the donations to the soldiers of the Pennsylvania line for their services in the Revolutionary war, and became known as the 1 Donation Lands.' " The opinion of Gen. William Irvine, the agent appointed by the state to explore and examine the Donation Lands, will be curious and interesting to the people living on those lands to-day. He reports that he found the land north of the line of the Depreciation Lands, and east ward from the path from Fort Pitt to the mouth of French Creek, begin ning about forty miles above Fort Pitt, is pretty good for about five or six miles; thence to the Allegheny river, about twenty-five miles due east, no land was fit for cultivation. In consequence of this report the Supreme Executive Council of the State left out of the wheels by which the lots were disposed of the lots within that section. The section was for that reason called the "Struck District." Yet much ofthe land is as good for agricultural purposes as the rest, while for oil and natural gas it is one of the richest territories in the world. The tract of three thousand acres reserved by the state, opposite Fort Pitt, was to be surveyed in an oblong of not less than one mile in depth from the Allegheny and Ohio rivers, and extending up and down the said rivers from opposite Fort Pitt so far as may be necessary to include the requisite number of acres. The survey was made by Alexander McClean, in April, 1785, in pursuance of an order to make the survey before the other lands were surveyed. The northern boundary began on the right bank of the Ohio river, nearly opposite the mouth of Char tiers' creek, and ran east, nine hundred and seventy-two perches to a hickory tree, north eighty perches to a sassafras, east two hundred and twenty-nine and a half perches to a mulberry, north six perches to a post and a stone on the bank of Girty's run, thence down Girty's run's several courses — in all one hundred and twenty-two perches— to the Allegheny river. The two rivers constituted the remaining boundaries. The subjoined remarks of David Redick, who was then a man of mark in Western Pennsylvania, will strike the inhabitants of the fair and flourishing sister city as somewhat amusing, to say the least. Writing to President Franklin under date of February 19th, 1787, he says in his peculiar style and orthography: " On Tuesday last I went with several gentlemen to fix on the spot for laying out the town opposite Pittsburg, and at the same time took a general review of the track, and find it far inferior to expectations, although I thought I had been no stranger to it. There is some pretty good low ground on the rivers Ohio and Alle- 64 CENTENNIAL ' HISTORY ghania, but there is a small proportion of dry land which appears any way valuable, either for timber or soil, but especially for soil, it abounds with high hills, deep hollows, almost inaccessible to a surveyor. I am of the opinion that if the inhabitants of the moon are capable of receiv ing the same advantages from the earth which we do from their world, I say, if it be so, this same far-famed track of land would afford a variety of beautiful lunar spots, not unworthy the eye of a philosopher. I cannot think that ten acre lots on such pitts and hills will profitably meet with purchasers, unless, like a pig in a poke, it be kept out of view." When, by an Act dated September 11th, 1787, the lands of this reser vation were ordered to be put up for sale, it was decreed that " the President or Vice-President in Council shall reserve out of the lots of the said town, for the use of the state, so much land as they shall deem necessary for a court-house, for places of public worship and burying the dead; and within the said town one hundred acres for a common of pasture." The VIII. Section of the Act for the erection of Allegheny county directed the trustees of the county to choose lots on the reserved tract, opposite Pittsburg, for a court-house and prison. But the country beyond the Allegheny being then uninhabited and subject to Indian in cursions, a Supplement to this Act was passed April 13th, 1791,'repeal- ing so much of it as authorized the trustees therein named to erect a court-house and prison on any part of the reserved tract opposite the town of Pittsburg. Section II. authorized and required ' 'George Wallace, Devereux Smith, William Elliott, Jacob Bousman and John Wilkins, or any three of them, to purchase and take assurance in the name of the Commonwealth, for the use and benefit of the county of Allegheny, of some convenient piece of ground in the town of Pittsburg, and there upon to erect a court-house and prison, sufficient for the public purposes of the said county." And the same Act authorizes them to draw on the county commissioners for the necessary funds. Such were the pro. visions made for the location ofthe public buildings of the new county. And it will be proper for us to pause and inquire into the growth at that time of the town that was to contain the infant court-house and prison of which at the present day we are privileged to witness the full-grown successors. At the close of 1784 Arthur Lee visited Pittsburg and left an account, by no means flattering, of its condition and prospects. He says: "Pitts burg is in habited almost entirely by Scots an d Irish , who live in paltry log houses, a nd are as dirty as in the porth of Ireland , or even Scotland. There is a great deal of small trade carried on , the goods being brought at the vast expenses of forty-five shillings per cwt. from Philadelphia and Balti more. They take in the shops money, wheat flour and skins. There are in the town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuation, nor church, nor chapel; so that they are likely to be damned, without the benefit of clergy. The rivers encroach fast on the town, and to such a degree, that, as a gentleman told me, the Allegheny had in thirty years of his memory carried away one hundred yards. The place, I believe, will never be very considerable." OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 65 A description of Pittsburg and vicinity was written for the first number of the Gazette, by H. H. Breckenridge, in July, 1786, but it is considerably overdrawn. Among other things he says: "The town of Pittsburg, as at present built, stands chiefly on what is called the third bank; that is, the third rising of the ground above the Allegheny water. For there is the first bank, which confines the river at the present time; and about three hundred feet removed is a second, like the falling of a garden; then a third at the distance of about three hundred yards; and, lastly, a fourth bank, all of easy inclination, and parallel with the Allegheny river. * * * * The town consists at present of about a hundred dwelling houses, with buildings appurtenant. More are daily added, and for some time past it has improved with au equal but continual pace. The inhabitants, children, men and women, are about fifteen hundred; this number doubling almost every year, from the accessions of people from abroad, and from those born in the town." Another estimate, which, on account of the particulars it gives, appears more deserving of credit, says: "Pittsburg, in 1786, contained thirty- six log houses, one stone and one frame house, and five small stores." Dr. Hildredth, of Marietta, who passed through the town in 1788, writes: " Pittsburg then contained foUr or five hundred inhabitants, several retail stores, and a small garrison of troops was kept in old Fort Pitt. * * * * The houses were chiefly built of logs, but now and then one had assumed the appearance of neatness and comfort." The first newspaper west of the mountains, the Gazette, was estab lished on the 29th of July, 1786. A mail route to Philadelphia was established in the fall of the same year, and the reader will no doubt be pleased to learn that the receipts for the year ending October 1, 1790, netted $110.99. A market house was built in 1787, at the corner of Market street and Second avenue, and regular market days appointed. On the 29th of September, of the same year, an Act was passed by the Legisla ture for the establishment of an academy, or public school, and the im portant work of education was begun. Such may be taken to repre sent as fair a picture of Pittsburg's position and population as it is possi ble to draw at the time of the erection of the county. It now remains to speak of its organization. Before the settlement of the boundary dispute the Earl of Dun more, governor of that colony, organized the first courts of the West Augusta District, to which Pittsburg belonged, in December, 1774, at Fort Pitt. According to the extant records, the. first court held there convened February 21st, 1775, and the next day a ducking-stool for the district was erected at the confluence of the two rivers. The last court held at the fort was on November 20th of the year following. In the meantime a primitive court-house had been built for Augusta county at "Augusta Town," a prospective village about two miles west of the site of the present Washington. After the formation of Youghioghania county, November 8th, 1776, the seat of justice was restored to Fort Pitt, where the first court was held December 23d, 1776. Justice continued to be administered there until August 25th, of the next year, when the blind goddess removed her home to the house of Andrew Heath, on the 66 CENTENNIAL HISTORY west side of the Monongahela river, a short distance above the present town of Elizabeth. At the end of two months the courts began to be convened "at the new court-house on the plantation of Andrew Heath," as the records informs us. Here they were held till 1781. The selection of this site affords an interesting picture of the manner in which our forefathers transacted business. Says the historian of Washington county: "The electors were required to meet on the 8th of December, 1776, at the house of Andrew Heath, on the Monongahela river, to choose the most convenient place for holding courts, for the county of Youghioghania. Notices of the election were to be given by the sheriff, ministers and rectors. * * * * The electors met at the appointed time and selected the farm of Andrew Heath as the most convenient place. * * * * The court directed Thomas Smallman, John Canon and John Gibson, or any two of them, to provide a house at the public expense for the use of holding the court, and that the sheriff contract with the workmen to put the same in repair. * * * * On the 24th of June, 1778, the court ordered Col. William Crawford and David Shepherd to lay out the prison bounds, and make a report. * * * * On the 24th of November Messrs. Kuykendall and Newall were author ized to contract with some persons to junk and daub the court-house and provide locks and bars for the doors of the jail, and to build an ad dition to the eastern end of the court-house and jail sixteen feet square, and one story high, with good, sufficient logs, a good cobber roof, a good outside chimney, with convenient seats for the court and the bar, with a sheriff's box, a good iron-pipe stove for the jail room, and that they have a pair of stocks, a whipping-post and pillory erected in the court yard." The settlement of the boundary dispute, soon after, put an end to the jurisdiction of Virginia in the territory of Allegheny county; and we shall accordingly turn our attention to the courts of Pennsylvania. The first court held under the authority of Pennsylvania in which the inhabitants of the western part of the state were interested was convened at Bedford before the erection of Westmoreland county, on the 16th of April, 1771. The pioneers were represented by George Wilson, William Crawford, Thomas Gist and Dorsey Pentecost, who were Justices of the Peace and Judges of the Court. The court divided the county into townships, and Pitt township, as we have seen, em braced nearly the whole of Allegheny county. There were at that time fifty-two land owners; twenty tenants and thirteen single freemen. With the erection of Westmoreland county, two years later, jurisdiction over all the western part of the state was transferred to it. The county seat was Hannastown, on the old Forbes' road, about three miles north east of Greensburg, although some of the trustees at the time of the se lection preferred Pittsburg. Justice was first administered there on the 6th— or, as some authorities will have it, on the 13th of April, 1773, by William Crawford as president judge. Poor Crawford! After giving up his allegiance to Pennsylvania, as has already been stated, and taking an active part in Virginia's side of the boundary controversy, he led an expedition against the Wyandot and Delaware Indians in June, OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 67 1782, was defeated, taken prisoner, and, after cruel torture, burnt at the stake. At the burning of Hannastown by the Indians the house in which court was held escaped, and court was held there until October, 1786, when the county seat was transferred to Greensburg, where the first court convened in January, 1787. But with the erection of Alle gheny county a new seat of justice was established. The first officer named for the new county was the prothonotary, James Bryson, who was chosen September 25th, 1788, the day after the erection of the county. On the 29th Samuel Jones was commissioned registrar for the probate of wills, and granting letters of administration and recording of deeds. He was at the same time commissioned a Jus tice of the Court of Common Pleas. The next day General Richard Butler was chosen Lieutenant. October 8th George Wallace was ap pointed President of the Court of Common Pleas and quarter session of the peace, of jail delivery and of the Orphan's Court. With him were associated John Metzgar, Michael Hillman and Robert Ritchie, who were Judges until the reorganization under the state constitution of 1790. On the 21st of November of the same year, 1788, John Johnston and Abraham Kirkpatrick were appointed and commissioned Justices of the Peace and of the Court of Common Pleas ; and at the same time Richard Butler and William Tilton were named Justices of the Court of Common Pleas. The division of the county into townships for the better govern ment of the increasing population was a matter of the first importance, and early engaged the attention of the court. On the 18th of December, 1788, the court, consisting of George Wallace, President, and Joseph Scott, John Johnston and John Williams, Justices, divided the county into the following seven townships, namely: Moon, St. Clair, Mifflin, Elizabeth, Versailles, Plumb and Pitt. But the boundaries of these townships have been so changed by sub-division and the formation of new townships that a description of them would not be of interest to the reader at the present day ; suffice it to say, that the action of the court was confirmed by the General Assembly under Thomas Mifflin, President, September 4th, 1789. Of equal importance to the division of the county into townships, was its division into election districts. There having been only one, at Pittsburg, a second and third were established by an act of September 29th, 1789. John Griffin was appointed Collector of Excise for the counties of Allegheny and Westmoreland ; but he declined to serve, and Robert Hunter was named in his stead September 16th, 1789. James Morrison was appointed Sheriff, and David Watson Coroner October 30th, of the same year. The first court for the new county was held December 16th, 1788, the particulars of which will be found in another part of this history ; and the county was fairly launched into the stormy sea of the world. The Whisky Insurrection of 1791 disturbed its tranquility for a time, but the great source of uneasiness, the Indians, was put to its final rest by the signal defeat of the western tribes under General Wayne in August, 1794. At the date of the erection of Allegheny county the county was fairly well settled, and here and there villages began to spring up, a few 68 CENTENNIAL HISTORY of which are deserving of a passing notice. Principal among these was Allegheny, which was laid out under an Act of General Assembly, approved September 11th, 1787, and it was surveyed most probably early in the following year. It was exactly square, contaiued one hundred lots, each sixty by two hundred and forty feet, with out-lots and commons ; but during the period included in this part of our his tory, it could hardly be said to have sprung at all into life. The lots were sold by the state in the fall of 1788 and purchased largely by Revolu tionary soldiers. Elizabeth or Elizabethtown, as it was originally called, is the oldest town in the county, except Pittsburg. The original owner of the ground upon which the town is built was Thomas Monroe, who obtained a patent' for it in 1769. In 1784 Colonel Stephen Bayard purchased the land and laid out the town, naming it Elizabeth, in honor of his wife. In its early history it obtained a measure of notoriety for boat building. No town in the county, however, has a more interesting history than McKeesport. Before the Indians had yielded possession to the whites, they had a village there, the home of the noted Queen Aliquippa. Her royal highness took offence at George Washington for not calling to see her when on his way to the French posts in the northern part of the state in December, 1753. But on his return he made amends, as he says in his journal : "I made her a present- of a watch-coat and a bottle of rum, which latter was thought much the better present of the two." Soon after the expulsion of the French from the valley of the Ohio David McKee, a Scotch Presbyterian, settled there, started a skiff ferry, for which he obtained a charter in' 1769, and the place which had long been known as "the forks of the Yough" was named McKee's Ferry. In 1794 John McKee, a son of the original proprietor, had the plan of a town, which consisted of about two hundred lots, regularly laid out. The price of lots was twenty dol lars, and the deeds were made by lottery for choice of position. Each person was to pay ten dollars when he purchased his ticket, and the remainder when his purchase was located and his deed secured. On the 26th of March, 1795, he sold one hundred and eighty lots, but had as yet given no name to the town, and it was not till November of the same year that the name McKee's Port was finally settled upon, a name which ere long assumed its present form. As an incentive for parties to locate in the town, it was told them that the place was "twelve miles nearer to Philadelphia than Pittsburg." Religious services were held at distant intervals at several places in the county ; but details are so meager as to be almost entirely wanting. As regards Pittsburg— and its condition may safely be taken as a criterion by which to judge the rest— we have the following sorry pic ture by John Wilkins, who came to the town in 1783. "When I first came here," he writes, "I found the place filled with old officers and soldiers, followers of the army, mixed with a few families of credit All sorts of wickedness were carried on to excess, and there was no appear ance of morality or regular order." It is stated in the Gazette, of August 19th and 26th, 1786, that there was one clergyman of the Calvardstic OP ALLEGHENY COUNTY. faith in the city ; that a German Lutheran occasionally preached there, and that a church of squared timber and moderate dimensions is on the way to be built. On the 26th of September, 1787, an Act was passed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, incorporating the Presbyterian congregation of the town of Pittsburg, among the trustees of which was Rey. Samuel Barr, the first resident minister. The German Re formed congregation claims to have been organized in 1782. Some, at least, of the other religious denominations were doubtless represented, but not in sufficient numbers to justify an independent organization. With the signal defeat of the Indians, by General Wayne, their power was forever broken in Western Pennsylvania and beyond, and the country west of the Allegheny river began to be rapidly settled. The necessity of further sub-division of the vast territory of Allegheny county became daily more apparent, and an Act was accordingly passed March 12th, 1800, dividing it, and forming from it Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Mercer, Venango and Warren counties. With this division Allegheny was reduced to its present limits and area of 750 square miles. It would be difficult to estimate the population of the county after this reduction of its extent; but the official returns place the number of taxables in the year 1800 at 4,024, which would represent a population of about 20,000 souls. Such was Allegheny county at the beginning of the last decade of the past century; unimportant, indeed, yet already giving unmistakable signs of future industry, wealth and greatness. PART II. From the Year 1790 Tilx the Present Time. BY JUDGE J. W. P. WHITE. In continuing the history of the county from its organization to the present in the limited space allowed, nothing more can be expected than the briefest reference to the leading events, and a glance at the growth and development of industries. The statistical department of the work has been committed to another hand and will be found elsewhere in this volume. ORGANIZATION AND TERRITORY. The county was organized by Act of the General Assembly of Sep tember 24th, 1788, from the counties of Westmoreland and Washington. An additional strip from Washington county was added by Act of Sep tember 17th, 1789. The boundaries as thus fixed were as follows: Be ginning on the Ohio river, where the boundary of the state crosses the river ; thence in a straight line to White's Mill on Racoon Creek ; thence by a straight line to Armstrong's Mill, on Miller's Run ; thence 70 CENTENNIAL HISTORY by a straight line to the Monongahela river, opposite the mouth of Perry's Run ; thence up said river to the mouth of Becket's Run ; thence by a straight line to the mouth of Sewickley Creek, on the Youghiogheny river ; thence down said river to the mouth of Craw ford's Run ; thence by a straight line to the mouth of Brush Creek, on Turtle Creek ; thence up Turtle Creek to the main fork thereof ; thence by a northerly line until it strikes Puckety's Creek ; thence down said' creek to the Allegheny river ; thence up said river to the northern boundary of the state; thence along the same to the western line of the state ; thence along the same to the Ohio river. Originally Pennsylvania had no harbor on Lake Erie, the north west corner of the state merely touching the lake. To obtain a harbor, the state purchased in 1789 the Erie triangle, having a base of about forty miles along the northern boundary, and about twenty miles along the New York line, including the town and harbor of Erie. This triangle, by act of April 3d, 1792, was added to Allegheny county. The county of Allegheny, as thus constituted, embraced the por tions taken from Westmoreland and Washington, south of the Ohio and east of the Allegheny, and all the vast region lying between the Ohio river and Lake Erie, and from the Allegheny river to the state of Ohio. At that time this region was mainly a wilderness. There were four forts— at Beaver, Franklin, Erie and the head of French Creek— and trading posts at these and other points had been established, but there were very few settlements. The Indian title was not extinguished until 1784, and none of the lands opened for settlement or purchase until 1785. When the county was organized there was but one voting place for the whole territory— in the town of Pittsburg. In 1789, by act of Sep tember 29th, a second election district was formed of the territory be tween the Monongahela and Youghiogheny river, to vote at house of David Robinson ; a third, by act of September 29th, 1789, of Plum and Versailles townships, to vote at house of Matthew Simpson ; a fourth, by act of September 30, 1791, at house of Col. Samuel Wilson, of the territory of Flaugherty's Run (south of the Ohio river) to state line ; a fifth, by act of March 22d, 1793, of Mifflin and part of St. Clair town ships, at John Reed's house ; a sixth, by act of April 13th, 1795, from Chartiers Creek down to Miller's Run, at Henry Noble's house, in "Noblesburgh ;" the seventh, by act of March 21st, 1797, of Irwin and Mead townships (the first in the new territory), to vote at the block house, in "Mead-borough;" the eighth, by act of April 4th, 1799, of Erie township, at James Baird's house, in town of Erie. By two acts of April 8th, 1799, eight other election districts were formed— of Middlesex township, at Andrew McClure's house ; part of Erie triangle, at Timothy Tu tie's house ; tract adjoining "Little Coniott Lake," at John McGunnigle's house ; along Lake Erie at northwest corner, at Thomas Hamilton's, in town of Lexington ; one at the south of the southeast corner of the triangle ; one at the east of the southeast corner of the triangle, at Wm. Miles' house ; another south of the above at James Buchanan's house, and another on the Ohio state line at David Sample's house. OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 71 By act of March 12th, 1800, the territory was divided, forming eight new counties, although all were not immediately organized as in dependent counties— Beaver, Butler, Mercer, Crawford, Erie, Warren, Venango and Armstrong. A part of Washington county was included in Beaver, a part of Westmoreland and Lycoming in Armstrong, and a part of Lycoming in Warren and Venango, leaving Allegheny county with its present boundaries, except a small portion included in Indiana county by act of March 12th, 1803. In the original act of September 24th, 1788, trustees were appointed to lay off ground in the reserve tract opposite Pittsburg (now Allegheny) and select lots for public buildings, court house and jail. That part was repealed by act of April 13th, 1791, and five trustees were appointed- George Wallace, Devereux Smith, William Elliott, Jacob Bousman, and John Wilkins— to purchase a lot in the "town of Pittsburg," and "erect a court house and prison sufficient for the public purposes of said county." At the first term of court after the act of September 24th, 1788, the county was divided into seven townships; Moon, St. Clair and Mifflin em braced the territory on the south of the Ohio river and west ofthe Monon gahela, that is, all between those rivers and Washington county ; Eliza beth township embraced all between the Monongahela and Youghio gheny rivers ; Versailles and Plum embraced the upper portion along the Westmoreland line from the Youghiogheny to the Allegheny river; Pitt township included the town and extended some distance up both rivers, and embraced all the region lying north and west of the Ohio and Allegheny. Before 1800 seven other townships were formed ; two on the south-side, Fayette, in 1790, and Robinson, in 1799 ; and five, north of the rivers— Deer, Indiana, Ohio, Boss and Pine— formed about 1796. Pittsburg was incorporated a borough in 1794, and a city in 1816, with the same boundary, to wit. Beginning at the confluence of the two rivers, thence up the Monongahela 295 perches to the mouth of "Sook's" Run ; thence north, 30 degrees east, 150 perches to a post in Andrew Watson's field ; thence north, 19 degrees west, 150 perches to the Allegheny river; thence down the river 315 perches to the place of be ginning. The city was extended under various acts of Assembly, ab sorbing the boroughs of Birmingham, Northern Liberties, Lawrence ville, South Pittsburg, East Birmingham, West Pittsburg, Mononga hela, Temperance ville, Mt. Washington, Ormsby, Union, Allentown and St. Clair, and the townships of Pitt (or what was left of it), Peebles, Oakland, Collins and Liberty. Allegheny was incorporated a borough in 1828 and a city in 1840. Its boundaries were extended at different times, absorbing the boroughs of Manchester and Duquesne, and the township of McClure and part of RiCS £* I* VG Other boroughs were incorporated and townships formed, as follows: Boroughs.— Belle vue in 1867, Beltzhoover in 1875, Braddock in 1867, Chartiers in 1872, Coraopolis in 1886, Elizabeth in 1834, Etna in 1868, Glenfield in 1875, Green Tree in 1885, Homestead in 1880, Knoxville in 1877 Mansfield in 1872, Millvale in 1868, McKeesportin 1842, Osborn in 72 CENTENNIAL HISTORY 1881, Reynoldton in 1886, Sewickley in 1853, Sharpsburg in 1841, Spring Garden in 1883, Tarentum in 1842, Verona in 1871, West Bellevue in 1874, West Elizabeth in 1848, West Liberty in 1876, and Wilkinsburg in 887. Townships. — Aleppo in 1876, Baldwin in 1844, Bethel in 1886, Char tiers in 1851, Collier in 1875, Crescent in 1855, East Deer in 1836, Fawn in 1857, Findley in 1820, Forward in 1869, Franklin in 1823, Hampton in 1861, Harmar in 1875, Harrison in 1863, Jefferson in 1828, Killbuck in 1869, Leet in 1869, Lincoln in 1869, Lower St. Clair in 183- Marshall in 1863, McCandless in 1851, Neville in 1854, North Fayette in 1846, North Versailles in 1869, O'Hara in 1875, Ohio in 1796, Patton in 1849, Penn in 1850, Richland in 1860, Sewickley in 1854, Scott in 1861, Shaler in 1847, Snowden in 1845, Springdale in 1875, Stowe in 1869, South Fayette in 1846, South Versailles in 1869, Sterrett in 188-, Union in 1860, Upper St. Clair in 183-, West Deer in 1836, and Wilkins in 1821. INDIAN WARS. The settlement of the region north of the rivers was retarded from various causes, but mainly because of the Indian troubles During the Revolutionary war the state paid her troops in certifi cates, or "script," promising to provide for their redemption out of the public lands. Acts of Assembly looking to this end were passed in 1780 and 1781. By Act of March 12, 1783, the region north of the rivers was divided into two sections by a line starting at the mouth of Mogulbugh- tition Creek, (Pine Creek, above Kittanning), and running due west to the Ohio State line, passing a little south of New. Castle. All south of that line were called "depreciation" lands, and all north "donation" lands. The "script" had greatly depreciated, but it was received by the State at par value in payment of land in the Depreciation District. Donations were also made to the soldiers of lands in the Donation District. At that time the lands were not surveyed nor the Indian title ex tinguished. Thattitle was extinguished by the treaty of 1784; but delays occurred in the surveys by Indian hostilities. The Indians of the Northwest, along the lakes from Buffalo to Detroit, and down to the Ohio river, as a general rule, took side with the English in our Revolutionary struggle, and, aided and encouraged by renegade whites, committed frightful barbarities upon the frontier settlements. These outrages were continued after the peace with Eng land in 1783, and increased in extent and violence from 1790 to 1794. Three notorious Tories, Alexander McKee, Matthew Elliott and Simon Girty, who had lived at Fort Pitt and were familiar with the whole country, instigated and led on the Indians. To check the Indian raids and chastise the savages, the United States government organized two expeditions, one under Gen. Josiah Harmar and the other under Gen. Charles Scott. The former, in the fall of 1790, with 1,400 men, regulars and militia, marched to the Mau- mee, and the latter, with 750 men, in the summer of 1791, marched to the Wabash. These expeditions ravaged the Indian country, destroy- OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 73 Ing the crops and burning villages, but did not succeed in suppressing Indian raids; rather provoked them to greater outrages. A more formidable expedition was then sent out under Gen. Arthur St. Clair. In April, 1791, troops, munitions, etc., were gathered at Pittsburg and sent down the river to Cincinnati, from which place St. Clair marched, in September, with 2,300 men for the headwaters of the Wabash. The troops were mainly militia, unaccustomed to discipline, insubordinate and demoralized, so that by desertions, etc., his army was reduced to about 1,400 when he reached the headwaters of the Wabash, on November 3, 1791. On the morning of the next day, November 4, the Indians attacked his camp and a bloody battle ensued, resulting in a loss, killed and wounded, of eight hundred and ninety-six men and sixty-eight officers — the most disastrous battle with the Indians since Braddock's defeat. The remnant of the army had to retreat, exposing the whole frontier of near a thousand miles to the merciless raids of the savages. Great alarm was felt at Pittsburg. Gen. Knox, the Secretary of War, ordered Major Craig in December, 1791, to erect new fortifications for the protection of the town and property. This was done on property of the Penns, on the Allegheny, in the neighborhood of Ninth and Tenth streets and Penn avenue. A new fort was erected with bastions, block-houses, barracks, &c, and named Fort Lafayette. Gen. Anthony Wayne was then selected to command another ex pedition. He arrived in Pittsburg in June, 1792. In December he went into winter quarters with his "legion" in a camp below Economy, on the Ohio river, known as "Legion ville." Wayne was a strict and rather severe disciplinarian. He knew the value of discipline in an army, and that the want of it caused St. Clair's defeat. The troops remained in camp, undergoing thorough drill and instruction, until the first of May, 1793, when, embarking on floating boats, they started down the river for Cincinnati. The summer was spent at Cincinnati in collecting stores, troops, &c, and drilling the army. In the fall and winter of '93-'94 he sent out detachments to cut roads, construct forte, &c. In July, 1794, the army moved forward, and reached the junction of the Anglaize and Maumee rivers early in August, where he constructed Fort "Defiance," right in the midst of the Indian country. Passing down the river to near its mouth, at "Fallen Timbers" he met the Indians in force, and on August 20th, 1794, in a hard fought battle, completely crushed the power and spirit of the savage foes. He re turned up the river and built Fort Wayne. This battle aud the forts constructed by Wayne secured safety to the frontiers, and led to a lasting peace with the Indians, ratified by a treaty made at Greenville in August, 1795. After this there were no further Indian troubles about Pittsburg, or Indian raids into Allegheny county, and the tide of emigration began to flow with constantly increasing volume into the rich valleys north of the rivers. As a little episode of these troublous times, the trial of Capt. Sam Brady may be mentioned. Sam was a noted character of the early A6 74 CENTENNIAL HISTORY days, and famous for the number of Indian scalps he had taken. In 1791 he killed some Indians at the mouth of Beaver Creek, and was tried for their murder at the May term of the Court in 1793. His defense was that they had been on a raid on the south side of the river and he was justified in killing them. It would have been difficult under any cir cumstances at that time to get a jury of Allegheny county to convict a white man of murder for killing a roving Indian. But in this case the friendly Indian chief, Guyasutha, gave very strong testimony for Sam, and the jury acquitted him without leaving the box. Afterthe trial he was jokingly twitted for his marvellous testimony. The old chief was rather surprised and replied, "Me big friend of Capt. Brady." WHISKEY INSURRECTION. To assist in paying the debt incurred in the war of the Revolution, Congress, in the early part of 1791, passed an excise law, imposing a tax upon distilled spirits of from nine to twenty-five cents per gallon, ac cording to strength. The Monongahela valley was noted then, as now, for the quantity and quality of its whiskey. There were distilleries on nearly every stream emptying into the Monongahela in the counties of Allegheny, Washington and Westmoreland, besides others in Fayette and Bedford. A direct tax upon manufactured products is always un popular, more so with consumers than manufacturers, because they know in the end they have to pay it. But the time and circumstances made this tax particularly odious. It was close on the heels of the Revolution, and in the midst of Indian troubles, when money was scarce and hard to obtain. It seemed like a special tax upon this dis trict, and levied by foreign power, the United States government. It was likened to the tax upon tea before the Revolution. The opposition to the law embraced nearly all the citizens of the three counties, so that very few distillers would agree to pay the tax, and those that did were violently threatened and maltreated by the opposition. Their distilleries were daniaged, their property destroyed, and in some cases their persons tarred and feathered. Collection offices were demolished, and collection officers whipped, stripped naked, covered with tar and feathers and tied to trees in the forest. Persons who gave information or testimony in Court against the rioters were treated in the same manner, and their barns or houses burnt. The first public demonstration was a meeting at Redstone (Browns ville) in July, 1791, A convention met at Pittsburg in September, which not only denounced the obnoxious law, but violently assailed the administration of Washington, and by its inflammatory speeches en couraged the lawless to reckless deeds. Whenever reputable men en courage disobedience to one law, disreputable characters proceed to violate all law. The presence of Gallatin, Brackenridge and other prominent men at the meetings of the insurgents, while the avowed ob ject was to prevent violent measures, gave encouragement to the lawless, as their presence indicated their opposition to the law. Congress amended the law in 1792, removing some objectionable features, but this did not satisfy the malcontents. The government pro ceeded slowly and forebearingly to enforce collections during 1792 and OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 75 Old Pittsburgh Court House and Market. Taken Down 1852. 1793. Some distillers paid the tax and others were yielding; but the smouldering fire was fanned into a conflagration by the spirit of the French Revolution, brought over to this country in 1793 by "citizen" Genet, the French minister. The French Revolution, brought about by the Jacobin clubs of Paris, burst forth in August, 1792, overthrew the gov ernment, instituted the reign of terror, and consummated its work by cutting off the head of Louis XVI. in January, 1793. Genet was ap pointed the first minister of the French Republic to our government. France had declared war against England, and when Genet landed in this country Washington had issued his proclamation of neutrality. Americans generally sympathized with France, as she had aided us in our struggle against England, and many severely denounced Washing- 76 CENTENNIAL HISTORY ton for taking neutral grounds. Genet was received with open arms, feted wherever he went, greeted by crowds and lauded by newspapers. He immediately went to work to embroil us with England by violent attacks upon our government and disseminating among our people French ideas. He started secret organizations similar to the Jacobin clubs, that took the name of "Democratic societies." Such were organized in Allegheny and Washington counties. Another source of complaint was, that, as the United States Court was held in Philadelphia, all parties and witnesses in cases of prosecution had to go east of the mountains to attend trial. These various causes conspired to embolden the insurgents to greater resistance and more violent measures. Following the example of the French revolutionists, they gave way to a spirit of utter lawlessness, and indulged in dreams of revolution, spoils and plunder. They branded the body, inhumanly beat and tarred and feathered a poor crazy fellow by name of Wilson, who imagined he was a collector ; they burnt the barn and grain of William Richmond for giving information; tarred and feathered a man by the name of Roseberry for saying the government would put them down; burnt the barn of Robert Shawhan, a distiller, for paying the tax ; destroyed the distillery and saw mill of William Cochran, and distillery and grist mill of James Kiddoo for the same reason, and burnt the house and all out-buildings of Gen. John Ne ville, the inspector, and sought to kill him. Immediately after the burning of Gen. Neville's house, in July, 1794, they held a great convention on Mingo Creek, at which Bradford, who assumed the leadership, advocated robbing the mails, stealing guns and ammunition from the arsenal at Pittsburg, and the forcible expul sion from the county of all who favored the law. He issued a circular, calling upon his followers to meet at Braddock Fields, fully armed and prepared to inarch upon Pittsburg to carry out his programme. Several thousand met at Braddock Fields, and, after a grand review by Bradford, they marched to the city. The citizens received them with dread, and granted whatever they demanded in the -way of food and clothing. Bradford carried out his plan of seizing the mails to find out his enemies, but was deterred from attempting to take guns by the firm attitude of the garrison. By this time the government was thoroughly aroused to the danger ous character of the insurrection. On the 25th of September, 1794, Washington called out the militia of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Mary land and Virginia, and placed them under command of Gov. Lee, of Virginia. Washington himself came as far as Bedford with the army. About 15,000 were under arms. The larger portion crossed the moun tains; meeting at Uniontown, they marched to Parkinson's Ferry (Monongahela City), where Gov. Lee encamped and issued a proclama tion of amnesty to all who would submit and take the oath of allegiance to the United States. The army continued its march to Pittsburg; but the insurrection was suppressed. The strong force under Gov. Lee showed the folly of further resistance. Bradford and a few other lead ing spirits fled the country ; most of the others quietly submitted. Some OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 77 were indicted for treason, but pardoned by Washington. Leaving some 2,500 men, under command of Gen. Daniel Morgan, for the winter at Pittsburg, the remainder of the army returned to their homes. If the whiskey insurrection had been successful in defeating the execution of the excise law, the insurgents would, most likely, have gone on to other excesses, aud, the contagion spreading, most serious consequences might have followed. It was happily suppressed without the shedding of blood by the wisdom of Washington; first, in prudent forbearance, and, second, when a resort to force became necessary, call ing out an army of such numbers that resistance was utterly hopeless. It cost the government over six hundred thousand dollars; but the money was well expended. It demonstrated the strength of the Federal government; Genet had to leave the country, and his "Democratic so cieties" died out. growth and development. Allegheny county is the gateway from east of the mountains to the great West. Emigration always moves along the streams of water. It moved from the Atlantic coast up the Susquehanna and Potomac rivers and their eastern tributaries to the crest of the Alleghenies. From the head-waters of the Susquehanna the emigrants crossed over to the head-waters of the Allegheny, near the northern lakes; from the Frankstown branch of the Juniata they crossed to the Conemaugh; from the Raystown branch to Stony and Pine creeks and the Loyal- hanna; from the North branch of the Potomac, up Wills Creek and over to Castleman and Youghiogheny rivers; and from the head-waters of the South branch to the head-waters of the Cheat and Tigart valley rivers, in the heart of Virginia — all these streams on the western slope of the Allegheny mouutains flowed into the Allegheny and Mononga hela rivers. Thus these various streams of emigration, from the western part of New York to the eastern shore of Virginia, were caught by these two rivers and floated down to Pittsburg to go westward on the Ohio. The first colony of New England emigrants for the West (Mus kingum) came by the Youghiogheny. Taking boats at Robb's Town (West Newton) they floated down to Pittsburg, arriving here April 3d, 1788. This county was very inviting to emigrants. The soil was rich and deep, the hills covered with magnificent trees— oaks, walnut, hick ory, chestnut, etc.— and the valleys with sugar trees. Game of all kinds abounded— deer, bear, raccoons, wild turkeys, pheasants, etc. Deer and wild turkeys were killed in some parts of the country as late as 1830. In the peninsula between the Monongahela and Youghiogheny vast droves of wild hogs roamed through the forests in early days (perhaps the descendants of some that strayed from the first settlers) and often furnished farmers with pork as late as 1800. This region was a favorite hunting ground of the Indians, where many of them lingered years after the county was organized. Indian ri-mains, such as mounds, graves, war-paths, trails, etc., have been found in nearly every section of the county. Some of the graves on the 78 CENTENNIAL HISTORY peninsula would indicate a previous race of Indians to those the whites found here. The graves were enclosed with stones and covered with stone slabs, and regarded by the later tribes with great veneration. In 1788 nearly all dwellings were log houses, and in every country settlement was a block-house for retreat and safety from marauding Indians. These were constructed of logs, with small openings for tho use of fire-arms, and generally the upper story projecting so as to guurd against the enemy setting fire to the buildings. In cases of alarm the settlers and their families fled to the block-house. Remains of the old block- houses were to be seen until recently in the townships of Moon, North Fayette, Forward, Versailles, Wilkins and Penn. The early settlers, and those after 1788, were great marksmen and hunters, for the meat of the family larder was mostly supplied from the chase. It required courage and daring to settle in these forests, ex posed day and night to attacks from merciless savages. And the women were as courageous and daring as the men. It is said that Mrs. Neel, of Mifflin township, who was driven out by a raid about 1780, rode on horse back to Lancaster county, her former home, carrying one child in her arms and her boy of four years of age riding on behind her. Mrs. Martha Means, a widow, who came to that township about 1799, drove a four-horse team from Harrisburg, with her goods and six children. Until 1798 the only mail brought to Pittsburg was on horseback. The first stage line was established in 1805, running to Chambersbury. and brought the mail only twice a week. The turn-pike to Harrisburg was commenced in 1806. In 1788 Pittsburg contained about 500 inhabitants, besides the garri son, and had several small retail stores. In 1790 the entire population of the county was 10,309. In 1800 it was 15,087. In 1807 Pittsburg had one cotton factory, two glass works, two breweries, one air furnace, four nail factories, seven coppersmiths, one wire-weaving and riddle factory, one brass foundry, six saddlers and harness makers, two gunsmiths, two tobacconists, one bell maker, three tallow chandlers, one brush maker, one trunk maker, five coopers, thirteen weavers, ten blue dyers, one comb maker, seven cabinet makers, one turner, six bakers, three butchers, two barbers, six hatters, four physicians, two earthen-ware potteries, three straw bonnet makers, four plane makers, six milliners, twelve mantua makers, one stocking weaver, two book binders, four house ard sign painters, two portrait painters, one mattress maker, three wheel wrights, five watch and clock makers, five bricklayers, five plasterers, three stone cutters, eight boat and barge and ship builders, one pump maker, one looking-glass maker, one lock maker, seven tan yards, two rope walks, one spinning-wheel maker, seventeen blacksmiths, one ma chinist and whitesmith, one cutler and tool maker, thirty-two house carpenters and joiners, twenty-one boot and shoe makers, five Windsor chair makers, thirteen tailors, one breeches maker and skin dresser, twelve school masters, four school mistresses, thirty-three taverns, fifty- one mercantile stores, four printing offices, six brick yards, five stone masons, two book stores, four lumber yards, one maker of cotton and wooden machinery, one clay pipe factory, one copper-plate printing press. OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 79 Saw mills and grist mills were the first manufacturing establish ments in the county. In the old townships on the south-side, Moon, St. Clair and Mifflin, also in the townships of EUzabeth, Versailles, Plum and Pitt mills were established on all of the principal runs before 1794, and, as soon as the north-side was secure from Indian raid, in the new townships north of the rivers. Before 1800 flour was shipped down the Ohio in keel boats. One of the first to take down a boat of flour was Mike Fink. Mike was a notoriously bad character and a remark ably good shot. He delighted to exhibit his skill by shooting off the tails of pigs. He brought down a load of flour from Col. Noble's mill, on Robinson's Run (North Fayette township), in canoes to the mouth of Chartiers Creek, where he put it aboard a keel boat and took it to New Orleans. The first rope walk this side the mountains was erected on ground now occupied by the Monongahela House, in 1794, by Col. John Irwin and wife. At these works was manufactured the entire rigging for Commodore Perry's fleet in 1812, which was fitted out at Erie for his attack upon the British fleet on the lake, and in which he won a signal victory. The. first glass works were established by Gen. James O'Hara and Maj. Isaac Craig in 1797, located on the south-side, at the base of Coal hill, directly opposite the point, or the junction ofthe two rivers, on land pur chased from Ephraim Jones and Ephraim Blaine. The second glass works were erected by Beelen & Denny in 1800, on the north-side, opposite the head of Aliquippa island (Brunot's), which gave the name to glass-house riffle. In 1798-99 several war vessels were built at Pittsburg, and floated down to the Mississippi, in view of a possible war with France, One was named the "President Adams," and another "Senator Ross." In 1800 Louis Anastasius Tarascon, a Frenchman, established a boat yard in Pittsburg for the building of sea-going vessels. He lived in Philadelphia, but started the business here, with associates, under the name of " Tarascon Bros. & Co." They established a wholesale and re tail warehouse, ship-yard, sail-loft, anchor and smith shop, etc, every thing necessary for completely fitting out a sea-going vessel. In 1801 they built a schooner, "Amity," of 120 tons, and a ship, "Pittsburg," of 250 tons; in 1802 a brig, " Nanina," of 250 tons; in 1803 a ship, "Louis iana," of 300 tons, and in 1804 a ship, "Western Trader," of 400 tons. The "Amity " sailed with a cargo of flour for the West Indies, and the "Pittsburg" to Philadelphia. The "Nanina" was ballasted with coal, taken to Philadelphia, and held there. The "Louisiana " sailed to Marseilles, in France, where the captain had great difficulty in sav ing his boat from confiscation. The authorities never heard of Pitts burg, and were slow to believe he was an honest seaman and had actually sailed from a port two thousand miles from any sea. Joshua Walker started a boat yard at Elizabeth in 1800, and built a sailing vessel, the " Monongahela Farmer," that year. It went to New York with a cargo of flour, whiskey, deer skins, etc. In 1803 he built another, the "Ann Jane," of 450 tons, whichsailed with a similar cargo, 80 CENTENNIAL HISTORY via New Orleans, to New York. But his main business was building keel boats, until 1824, when the first steamboat was built at that yard. The first steamboat was built in Pittsburg in 1811, called the " New Orleans," and did a good business on the .Mississippi until 1814, when she was snagged, near Baton Rouge, and sunk to the bottom. This was followed by the "Comet," in 1813; the "Enterprise," Vesuvius'' and " Etna," in 1814; the " Franklin," " Oliver Evans " and " Harriet" in 1816. The most of these were small vessels, the largest being only 350 tons. The "Enterprise" was loaded with stores for Gen. Jackson. In the fall of 1814, Major Wm. B. Foster, who was Commissary of the U. S. Army, at Pittsburg, received orders to purchase a large amount of army supplies and ship them with all possible dispatch to Gen. Jack son, at New Orleans. But as the government furnished him with no money he had to rely upon his own resources. From his own private means, and money borrowed from the banks on his own personal credit, he paid for the needed supplies, arms, munition, etc., and chartered the "Enterprise" to take them to New Orleans. It left Pittsburg Dec. 15th, 1814, under the command of Captain Henry M. Shreve, of Brownsville, and arrived at New Orleans Jan. 5th, 1815, just in time to aid Gen. Jackson in winning his victory on the 8th. Capt. Shreve took part in the battle, serving at the sixth gun in the American batteries. He afterwards brought the "Enterprise" back to Pittsburg— the first steamboat, it is said, that made the round trip to New Orleans and back. In 1802 the father of Wm. B. Scaife came to Pittsburg and started a shop for tin and sheet iron work. It grew and enlarged with the demands for other work, and after steam vessels came in use, was largely devoted to furnishing and fitting steam vessels. The Pittsburg' Iron Foundry, established by Joseph McClurg, Joseph Smith and John Gormly, in 1802-3, was the first iron foundry this side the mountains. It occupied the ground on the corner of Smithfield street and Fifth avenue, where the postoffice is. Smith and Gormly soon retired from the business, when Joseph McClurg took in a partner, his son Alexander. During the war of 1812 they manu factured field and siege guns for the U. S. government, cannon, how itzers, shells and balls. Commodore Perry's fleet was supplied from this foundry, and also Gen. Jackson with the cannon balls used at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8th, 1815. In 1816 the Juniata Wire and Rivet Mills were established by Robert Townsend. In 1824, the first rolling mill, the Juniata Iron Works, by Dr. Peter Shoenberger, and in 1826 the Shgo Iron Works, by John Lyon and R. T. Stewart. In 1830 the first regular stove foundry, by Arthurs & Nicholson, and in 1836 another by Alexander Bradley. For several years after the county was organized all the salt had to be brought over the mountains on pack horses or in wagons. Some accounts state that salt was manufactured here before 1800, but that is doubtful. The first salt spring discovered this side of the mountains was at Saltsburg, in Indiana county, in 1813, where its manufacture was carried on extensively. Salt brought over the mountains by pack- OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 81 horses sold at eight dollars per bushel. About 1800 Gen. O'Hara brought salt from the Onondaga district, N. Y., by boats on Lakes On tario and Erie to the town of Erie, thence by land to the head of French creek, thence floated down to Pittsburg, and sold at four dollars per bushel. The first banking institution was a branch of the Bank of Pennsyl vania, started Jan. 1st, 1804. The Bank of Pittsburg was incorporated in 1814. It had been doing business for two years as the Pittsburg Manufacturing Company. The Merchants and Manufacturers Bank was incorporated the same year. The oldest settled district in the county was, probably, in the neigh borhood of Wilkinsburg, and the oldest village outside of Pittsburg, McKeesport. David McKee, a Presbyterian, was driven out by perse cution, first from Scotland and then from the north of Ireland, and came to America in 1755. Crossing the Alleghenies he settled and built a cabin at the mouth of the Youghiogheny, under protection of the Indian queen, Aliquippa, who resided there. He started a ferry to con nect with the settlements across the river, and obtained acharter in 1769. He died in 1795, and his son, John, who inherited the homestead, laid out the town of McKee's Port in the same year, and sold 187 lots. It assumed to be a rival of Pittsburg, and a strong argument used in its favor was that it was twelve miles nearer Philadelphia. It is said that John Cavin came to Pittsburg in 1807 with a cow, for which he was offered an acre of ground on Wood street, but refused it, preferring Mc Keesport, because it was twelve miles nearer Philadelphia. The "Nanina" and "Louisiana," in 1802-3. were the first vessels that carried Pittsburg coal down the Ohio. But they took it simply as ballast. It was not until 1817 when flat boats came into use and the trade assumed some magnitude. Steam tugs for towing the boats and barges were introduced in 1845. Three notable institutions of the past, the pride of our forefathers, have passed away, never again to be seen on the earth in the glory they possessed fifty years ago. Railroads have made them "things that were" — Conestoga wagons, stage coaches and turnpike taverns. What memories these words stir up in the minds of those now living who saw them in their noon-day splendor ! After the turnpike was constructed over the mountains, all goods from the east was hauled in great canvas- covered wagons, drawn by six horses, and often a string of tinkling bells on the hames of each horse, and one or two big dogs walking under the wagon— the night-watchmen for the journey. Hundreds of these wagons were necessary for the trade, and sometimes ten, fifteen, twenty or more could be seen at one time on the road, or in the streets of the city, delivering their loads. The four-horse stage coaches, nine passengers inside, two with the driver, and three or four on top, with the great "boot" bulging out with trunks, was a sight never to be forgotten. Often, too, a dozen or twenty of these could be seen, closely following each other, dashing down hill at a fearful rate, the drivers cracking their whips and the horses panting and covered with dripping foam. 82 CENTENNfAL HISTORY The drivers of these wagons and coaches were generally merry characters, fond of a joke, full of doubtful information for inquisitive passengers, good eaters, great drinkers, and always knew the best tav erns. The passengers, also, generally had a merry time of it. Cooped up in the coach for several days and nights on the trip, they whiled away the hours with- jokes and lively chat, walking up hill occasionally to stretch their limbs, and huddling together under cloaks and wraps in winter-time to keep warm. Besides the coaches, there were many private carriages on the road, for it was a common thing for those who had the leisure to " go over the mountains," to Harrisburg or Philadelphia, in their own vehicles. To accommodate the teams and travelers with meals and lodging required numerous and large taverns. The stage coaches had their reg ular stopping places, but accidents and delays occurred, when the pas sengers wanted a meal at some other tavern, and if the regular stopping place was not first-class, a fee to the driver would cause some reported accident to the coach or a horse and secure abetter meal at another tav ern. The drivers of the Conestoga teams always got good treatment from "mine host," for they gave information to travelers, and it became well known that where the wagons stopped there was the best tavern. "Mine host" was a character, also — usually fat, red-faced, good-natured, jolly — could crack a joke with any one, and laugh till his sides shook. He always had, so he said, the best liquor, the best table and cleanest beds of any tavern on the road; his stable was roomy, full of hay and oats, and he had a most attentive hostler. The present generation, alas ! knows nothing of the pleasure — and no future generation will — of riding 300 miles in such a stage coach, or of spending a night at such an inn. Another famous character of the olden time, that disappeared with the establishment of the public school system, deserves a passing notice : the country pedagogue. The schools in the rural districts were gener ally small, and the patrons, to save expense in salary, agreed to board the teacher. The "master" boarded around, itinerating among the fam ilies. The children clamored for the master to go home with them, for the more frequent his visits the less frequent the application of the birch. The parents, too, were glad to see him — he was such a nice man and so wise. His opinion was asked on all sorts of questions, and his advice on all important matters. He felt the dignity of his calling and the necessity of sustaining it. It would not do to admit his ignorance on any subject. He always looked very wise, made the best possible use of the little knowledge he had, and used a few big words or a snatch of Latin now and then to indicate how much more he knew. The par ents were delighted, the children filled with admiration, "And still they gazed, and still the wonder grew That one small head could carry all he knew." churches and schools. Catholic.— The first minister of the gospel that pleached or admin istered the ordinances of the church in this county was a Catholic OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 83 gw___ . -J__H1.-=JS_I H.I Sm 1_HJP J!!B. Old Western University, Corner Third Avenue and Cherry Alley. Destroyed in the Great Fire op 1845. priest, who came with the French troops under Capt. Contrecoeur, to the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, in April, 1754, when Contrecoeur stopped Ensign Ward in the construction of a nEng- lish fort, and built Fort Duquesne, a French fort. After the French were expelled by Gen. Forbes, in 1758, the Protestants took possession of the field simultaneously with the English troops, and retained ex clusive possession for many years. Rev. Charles Beatty, a Presbyterian minister, came with Forbes' army as chaplain, preached here in 1758, and again visited the place in 1766 and preached to the settlers. Some Catholics, no doubt, were among the early settlers, but, like the Protest ants, they had no church organization or regular church services for many years. The Protestants took the lead. From 1758 to 1808 priests from other localities occasionally visited Pittsburg and administered the rites of the church. The first resident priest was Rev. W. F. X. O'Brien, who came here in 1808. Rt. Rev. Michael Eagin was the first bishop who paid a visit, in 1811. The see of Pittsburg was erected in 1843, and the first bishop Rt. Rev. Michael O'Connor. The first Catholic Church in Pittsburg was erected in 1811, on lot donated by Col. James O'Hara, corner of Liberty and Washington streets. The building was aboiit 50x30 feet, built of brick. It was erected under the auspices of Father O'Brien. Father C. B. Maguire came here in March, 1820. Baptist. — The oldest church in the county, and the first organized, is the Baptist Church at Library, Snowden township, organized in 1773, as the "Peter's Creek Baptist Church." I have not been able to 84 CENTENNIAL HISTORY find out the name of the first pastor; but Rev. David Phillips was among the first, if not the first. He was succeeded by Dr. Wm. Shad- rach, a man of wonderful eloquence and power. After a long and use ful pastorate he passed to his reward, and was succeeded by Dr. James Estep, also a man of eloquence and power, of liberal views and great usefulness. The first Baptist Church in Pittsburgh (now the Fourth Avenue Church) was organized in 1812. Rev. Samuel Williams was pastor until 1837. The Second, or Welsh, Baptist Church was organized in 1827, and the Sandusky Street Church, Allegheny City, in 1835. Presbyterian. — Western Pennsylvania was settled mainly by immi grants from Scotland and the north of Ireland, of the Presbyterian faith. One of the first, if not the first, minister who came over the mountains was Rev. John McMillan, in 1773. He located in Washing ton county, and organized the churches of Chartiers, Mingo and Peter's Creek, which he served for many years. He also preached in other settlements and laid the foundations of several other churches. In Washington, Westmoreland and Fayette counties Presbyterian churches were organized before 1780. The following are the oldest Presbyterian Churches in Allegheny county, and the date of organization: Bethel, in Snowden township, and Lebanon, in Mifflin township, are the old est. They were settled in 1777 and supplied by Dr. McMillan until 1781, when Rev. John Black became pastor of Bethel, and Rev. John Clark of Lebanon. In 1796 the two were under one pastorate, Rev. Wm. Woods, until 1820, when Rev. Thos. D. Baird became pastor of Leb anon, Mr. Woods continuing pastor of Bethel tillhis death, in 1831, and was succeeded by Rev. George Marshall. Round Hill Church, in " Forks," Elizabeth township, was started by Rev. James Finley, in 1772, organized in 1788, supplied by him until 1784, when he settled in the neighborhood and continued pastor till 1795. Rev. David Smith was pastor from 1797 to 1817. Mon tours' Church was organized before 1789. In that year Rev. Joseph Patterson became pastor ot this, in con nection with Raccoon Church . He was succeeded by Rev. John McLane, and he by Rev. Michael Law. Plum Creek Church, formerly called "Ebenezer," then "Puckety," in Plum township, had preaching from 1791 to 1800, when Rev. Francis Laird became pastor, and continued till 1831 . Bull Creek Church, in Fawn township, had preaching from 1793 till 1802, when Abraham Boyd became pastor, and continued till 1833. Beulflh Church, in Pitt township, was supplied from 1795 to 1804, when Rev. James Graham became pastor, and continued till 1845. Hiland Church, Perrysville, supplied from 1800 to 1807, when Rev. Robert Patterson became pastor, and continued till 1833. Pine Creek Church, Sharpsburg, had supplies from 1800 to 1814, when Rev. James Stockton became pastor, and continued till 1832. Sewickley Church, borough of Sewickley, had preaching from 1800 to 1812, when Rev. Andrew McDonald became pastor of this, in connection with White Oak Flats and Mt. Carmel, until 1817. Rev. John Andrews had pas toral charge of this, in connection with Duff's, from 1822 to 1831. Mc- Keesport Church was connected with Beulah in 1802, but was vacant lb.- some years. A lottery was gotten up to raise money to build u OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 85 church. It had no regular pastor for many years. Rev. Boyd Mercer preached occasionally from 1802 to 1823. Plains and Mt. Nebo Churches had preaching from an early day, but no regular pastor till 1808, when Rev. Reed Bracken became pastor. Bethany, near Bridgeville, was organized in 1814, Rev. Alex. Cook pastor until 1820. Hopewell, South Fayette township, was organized in 1814, aud supplied until 1825, when Rev. Wm. J, Frazier became regular pastor of this, in connection with White Oak Flats. Sharon Church, Moon township, was organized in 1817. Rev. Andrew McDonald was pastor for a few years; then Rev. Robert Rutherford supplied. In 1829 Rev. Samuel C. Jennings com menced his pastorate, which continued for more than half a century. Theirs*! Presbyterian church in Pittsburg was organized in 1785, with Rev. Samuel Barr pastor, although Drs. McMillan, Finley, Smith and other pioneer Presbyterians had preached here before that date. The church was incorporated by Act of the Legislature in 1787. In that year the heirs of Wm. Penn deeded lots to three denominations for churches and burial grounds — the Presbyterian, Protestant Episcopal and German Evangelical. The deed to the Presbyterian conveyed the lot where the First Church now stands. The first church building was of squared logs, small and plain in its accommodations. Mr. Barr re signed the pastorate in 1789, giving as a reason that the trustees com pelled him to collect his own salary — evidence that they cared but little for the church. The church had only supplies from 1789 to 1799, when Rev. Robert Steele was chosen pastor. He died in 1810. Rev. Joseph Stockton was supply until 1811, when Frances Herron was chosen pas tor. With the beginning of his pastorate, which lasted forty years, began a new era of Presbyterianism in Pittsburg. The First Church was in a deplorable condition most of the time prior to his pastorate. It was in debt, and in 1807 a lottery was started to redeem it. It failed, and the building was sold by the sheriff. The second church originated in a split from the first, because of some dissatisfaction with the pastor, in 1803, and was formally recognized in 1805, with Rev. Nathaniel Snowden as pastor, who, however, retired in less than a year. Rev. John Boggs was chosen pastor in 1807, but retired after five months. In 1809 Rev. Thomas Hunt was chosen pastor. In 1819 Rev. Elisha P. P. Swift became pastor. German Church. — The German Evangelical Protestant Church of Pittsburg was organized in 1787, Rev. Wilhelm Weber, pastor. This is the oldest church organization in the city. The first meetings of the congregation were held in a log building on the corner of Wood street and Diamond alley. The first building on the lot deeded by the Penns was also of logs. The second was of brick, which was taken down in 1833 and a larger brick building erected, and that finally taken down and the present magnificent structure of stone put up. The brick building of 1833 had a cupola and bell, the first church bell in Pitts burg. In that year some dissatisfaction occurred which caused a split and led to the organization of the Second German Church. At the beginning of the century three other branches of the Pres byterian family came to Pittsburg and settled down very near neighbors 86 CENTENNIAL HISTORY — the Associate, the Reformed and the Associate-Reformed Presbyterian churches. The Associate church was on the corner of Seventh avenue and Cherry alley; the Reformed immediately in the rear of it, on the corner of Cherry alley and Plum alley (now Oak alley) ; and the Asso ciate Reformed, only half a square distant, on the corner of Sixth avenue and Cherry alley — all three on Cherry alley. The "Associate Congregation of Pittsburg" (now the First U. P.) was organized in 1801, and was united in pastorate with Turtle Creek and Bethel, Rev. Ebenezer Henderson pastor. They worshipped at first in the Court House. The first church was erected on the present lot in 1813. It was a brick building, without plastering or paint, no vestibule, a gallery on three sides and high pulpit on posts. Mr. Henderson died in 1804. In 1808 Pittsburg and Peter's Creek were made one pastoral charge, Rev. Robert Bruce pastor. After he was installed the congre gation worshiped in the German church until their own was built, in 1813. At that date the connection with Peter's Creek was dissolved and Dr. Bruce continued pastor of the Pittsburg church until his death' in 1846. Rev. John Black came to the city in 1799 and became pastor of the Reformed Presbyterian church. He continued pastor until his death, in 1849. Dr. J. W. Douglass succeeded him in 1850. In 1833 a split took place in Dr. Black's church. Prior to that date the members of the Re formed church (commonly called Covenanters) did not vote or take part in elections. Dr. Black and those who remained with him considered it their duty and privilege to vote at the general elections. Those who went out took the opposite view, and organized a new church (but still claiming to be the true Reformed Church) with Rev. Sproul as pastor. The Associate Reformed Church (now the second U. P. Church) had preaching in Pittsburg as early as 1794, and at regular intervals there after, by Revs. McKnight, Riddell, Kerr, Henderson, Proudfit, Gallo way, Findlay and McElroy. But the congregation had no regular pas tor until 1816, when Rev. Jos. McElroy was installed. They purchased a lot in 1815, and while their church was being built their services were held in Dr. Black's church. Mr. McElroy resigned as pastor in 1824. Dr. Jos. Kerr and his two sons— Dr. Jos. R. Kerr and Dr. David R. Kerr— were successively pastors from 1825 to 1845. Protestant Episcopal Church— Lt is probable that the first church of this denomination in Allegheny county was erected on the property of Gen. Neville, on Chartiers creek, at a very early day, for there was a church standing there when the whiskey insurgents burnt his house in 1794. Notwithstanding the deed of the Penns in 1787 to certain trustees for this denomination, it seems that no church was erected until 1805, and not then on the lot conveyed by the Penns. They purchased the tri angular lot bounded by Sixth avenuP, Wood and Liberty streets, and put a building on that, commonly known as the "Round Church " In 1797 some churchmen induced John Taylor, then a layman and' not a member of the church, to take orders and become their pastor He continued pastor till 1818. At first the services were held in the Court OP ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 87 House and in private families. "Father" Taylor, as he is affectionately called, had rather a hard time of it. The members of Trinity church were not very wealthy then, or else not very willing to pay a good sal ary. For twelve years before he resigned he was struggli ng with poverty and had to support himself by teaching school. Rev. Wm. Thompson was pastor from 1821 to 1823. In 1824 John Henry Hopkins, Esq., left the bar, entered the ministry and became pastor, continuing till 1830, when he was succeeded by Dr. Upfold. Although Pittsburg was well supplied with preaching from an early date, by ministers of various denominations, Catholic and Prot estant, the people were not noted for their piety. When Arthur Lee, of Virginia, visited this place in 1784, he wrote of it in this wise : "There are, in the town, four attorneys, two doctors and not a priest of any persuasion, nor church, nor chapel ; so that they are likely to be damned without the benefit of clergy." From 1784 to 1810 the town was filled with travelers — emigrants going farther west, soldiers, traders, Indians, speculators, boatmen, wagon-drivers aud roughs of all kinds. Sunday was only a day for fun and amusement. Whisky was abundant and poured down in big and frequent potations. The families of the better class were gay, fond of parties and fashionable display, devoted to amusements especially cards and dancing ; the lower classes given up to the coarsest amusements, vulgar jokes and tricks, boxing, fighting, horse-racing, etc. The plain, or level ground, between Grant's hill and the Allegheny river, was the race course. In Mr. H. W. Brackenridge's "Recollections" he thus describes the people and the races : '' The plain was entirely unencumbered by buildings or enclosures, excepting the Dutch church, which stood aloof from the haunts of man, unless at those times when it was forced to become the centre of the hippodrome. The races were an affair of all-engrossing interest, and every business or pursuit was neglected during their continuance. The whole town was daily poured forth to witness the Olympian games, many of all ages and sexes as spectators, and many more, directly or indirectly, interested in a hun dred ways. The plain, within the course and near it, was filled with booths, as at a fair, where everything was said and done aud sold and eaten or drank ; where every fifteen or twenty minutes there was a rush to some part to witness a fisticuff, where dogs barked and bit and horses trod on men's toes, and booths fell down on people's heads ! There was Crowder with his fiddle and his votaries, making the dust fly with a four-handed (or rather four-footed) reel ; and a little further on was Dennis Loughy, the blind poet, like Homer casting his pearls before swine, chanting his master-piece in a tone part nasal and part gutteral." The Presbyterian congregations were frequently disturbed and sometimes broken up by the rowdies. Many members of the church cared but little about it. The congregations were small, the pay of preachers very inadequate. Religion was at a low ebb. Dr. Herron and the pastor of the Second Presbyterian church started a prayer-meeting in 1811, to meet alternately in the two churches. It was strenuously op- centennial History posed by leading members of the churches and stigmatized as a crazy " Methodist " idea. For some months only one man and half a dozen women attended the meetings. Methodists. — The first Methodists that settled in Pittsburg were em igrants from England or Ireland about the year 1800 — perhaps two or three families. They brought over a little of the Methodist fire and en thusiasm of the old country, held prayer-meetings and experience- meetings and sang joyful hymns. They were regarded as fanatics or re ligious enthusiasts, were ridiculed and despised and the preachers de nounced as ignoramuses. John Wrenshall, a local preacher, and Thomas Cooper, a class leader, both emigrants from England, were among the first, if not the very first Methodists, who settled in Pittsburg. Thomas Cooper came over in 1803, John Wrenshall perhaps earlier. Prior to that date some Methodist itinerants, as well as locals, had preached in Pittsburg, but no society had been formed. The first Methodist sermon in America was preached by a local preacher, Philip Emburg, in a small room in New York, to an audience of five persons, who, like himself, were emigrants from Ireland, and had been Methodists, and these he formed into a class, the nucleus of the Methodist Episcopal Church. When the church was formally or ganized, in December, 1784, the total membership in the United States was about 15,000 and 104 itinerant preachers. At that time Redstone circuit embraced all the country west of the Allegheny mountains, and John Cooper and Solomon Breeze were the circuit-riders. They preached in some parts of Western Virginia and in Fayette county, this state. In 1788 the Pittsburg circuit was formed, including Westmore land and Allegheny counties, and parts of Fayette and Washington. Rev. Charles Conway was appointed the preacher. His mission was to go into the wilderness where there were no Methodist societies, preach the gospel and form societies. He rode the circuit from 1788 to 1790, preaching occasionally in Pittsburg. In 1790 the total membership of the entire circuit was 97. He again appeared in this field in 1792-3 with Valentine Cook and David Hitt as his colleagues. Bishop Asbury made two visits here, in 1789 and 1803, and preached several times, on each occasion to very small audiences. In 1803 Thomas Cooper organized the first class, which numbered thirteen, including himself and John Marshall, and that constituted the whole number of Methodists in Pittsburg at that date. For three years they had no stated place of worship, meeting at private houses, and having preaching sometimes under the shade of trees or in a room of old Fort Pitt, and occasionally in the court house. In 1806 Mr. Cooper rented a house on Front street as a residence and chapel, where the religious services wereheld until 1810, when a lot was purchased on Second street and a small stone church edifice erected, while Rev. Wm. Knox was the preacher. The bad, vicious and rowdy elements of society always float with the currents of population to cities or trading centres, and corrupt the atmosphere. In the rural or farming districts we find the best society, OFJALLEGHENY COUNTY. 89 the highest morality and purest religion. Some of these bad eleinenu found their way to Pittsburg at an early date. The Presbyterian churches had to struggle with them, and suffered many annoyances, as we have stated, down to 1810. Of course the Methodists could not escape, especially as they were branded fanatics by the better class. In the year 1810, before the little stone church was erected, while the Rev. Jacob Gruber was holding a meeting in the private house of Mr. Cooper, and engaged in prayer with the penitents, a young sprout of the law fired off a squib in the room. The eccentric preacher commenced singing: " Shout, shout, we're gaining ground, And the power of the Lord is coming down ! " The young fellow got alarmed and fled. The next day he was brought before a justice of the peace, lied to escape punishment, but was found guilty, and at the request of a number of the members was let off with a light fine, but severe lecture from the magistrate. That little stone chapel was the home of Methodism in Pittsburg until 1817, when the Smithfield Street M. E. Church was formed and their first plain, unpretentious church erected on the corner of Smith- field street and Seventh avenue. The Methodist Church was the youngest of the Christian de nominations and the last to enter Allegheny county. When the first itinerants came they [found a church, or church organization, of the Calvanistic faith, in nearly every settlement. These itinerants hunted up every Methodist family they could hear of, traveled into every set tlement, stopping wherever they could obtain hospitality, and preaching wherever they could get au audience, in private houses, school houses, in the woods or on the streets, and organizing "classes" whenever they could get half a dozen names. In this way Methodist "classes" — incipient Methodist societies — were formed in various sections of the county about the same time as the churches in Pittsburg, perhaps some of them earlier; but from the imperfect records kept of these societies it is impossible to tell what year they were formed. Schools. — The ministers of the Presbyterian denominations were generally well educated, some of them fine classical scholars, and the members of those churches who emigrated from the old country or moved westward from east of the mountains appreciated the value of an education. Hence, whenever a few families were located near enough for the purpose, a school house was erected and school teachers employed. The ministers took an active part in the building of school houses aud the educaiton of the children. In all the old section of the county, that is, south of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers, school houses were erected, as early as 1776, within a few miles of each other, so that the children of all the settlers could get a common education. The first school houses were built of logs, with openings for windows by cutting out a log, with a sash frame, but no glass, greased paper being used as a substitute. The curriculum, of course, was quite limited- reading, writing, cyphering. As books were scarce, the little ones learn ing the alphabet were supplied with a paddle, on which the letters were A7 90 CENTENNIAL HISTORY printed. As soon as the pupils could read they were put in the New Testament, and after that the Old, The Bible was the only "reader." The Catechism was taught in every school, and weekly the scholars were drilled on the questions and answers. We have made great progress in our system of education; we have magnificent school buildings, an elaborate curriculum aud very com petent teachers. But we have committed an egregious mistake in banishing the Bible and all religious instruction from our public schools. The old divines also provided for a higher and classical education. The " Pittsburg Academy " was chartered in 1787, and ran an honora ble career until merged in the " Western University of Pennsylvania " in 1819. Among its professors were Rev. Mr. Stockton and Drs. Swift and McElroy, and later Drs. Robert Bruce and John Black. The Uni versity started with a very strong faculty : Dr. Robert Bruce, Principal; Rev. John Black, Professor of Ancient Languages ; Rev. E. P. Swift, Professor of Moral Science ; Rev. Joseph McElroy, Professor of Rhetoric ; and Rev. C. B. Maguire, Professor of Modern Languages. It was a happy blending of religious denominations : Dr. Bruce, Asso ciate ; Dr. Black, Reformed ; Prof. Swift, Presbyterian ; Prof. McElroy, Associate Reformed; and Prof. Maguire, Catholic. In 1880 the institutions in Pittsburg for the higher instruction of youth were : one classical academy, one academy for young ladies, four privateschools, four sewing schools, one singing school and one music school. COURT HOUSE AND JAIL. Four attorneys had located in Pittsburg before the organization of the county — H. H. Brackinridge, John Woods, James Ross and George Thompson ; and at the first court, held Dec. 16th, 1788, these and seven others were formally admitted and sworn in as members of the Alle gheny county bar, namely, Alexander Addison, David Bradford, James Carson, Robert Gailbraith (Deputy Attorney General), David St. Clair, David Reddick and Michael Huffhagle. The commissioners appointed by the Act of April 13, 1791, erected the first Court House. It was in the Public Square, or Diamond, on the west side of Market street ;.a square building, built of brick, two stories high, with hipped roof, cupola and bell ; the first story for the county offices, the court room in the second. It stood until after the second Court House was built. The first jail was on the corner of Fourth street (now Fourth avenue) and Market street. Tradition says it was a log building. By Act of February 26, 1817, the County Commissioners were authorized to sell the old jail, purchase another lot and erect a new jail. They pur chased a lot half a square back of the Court House, bounded by Fourth street (now Fourth avenue), Ferry street, Diamond alley and Jail alley (now Decatur street), on which the jail was erected, fronting on Jail alley. The second Court House was erected on Grant's hill, on a lot em bracing the square where the present building stands, purchased from OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 91 Allegheny County Court House. Destroyed by Fiee, May, 1882. James Ross for $20,000. The corner-stone was laid October 13th, 1836. Ou the same lot, in rear of tbe Court House, but not adjoining it, was erected the third jail of the county. Some twenty-five or thirty years later the connecting building was erected, with the Criminal Court room upstairs. TheCourtHouseandjailcostabout$200,000. The Court House was so much damaged by a fire, on Sunday, May 7th, 1882, that it became necessary to take it down and rebuild. The whole square is devoted to the present Court House, and a lot in the rear, across Ross street, pur chased for the new jail. The greatest loss by the fire was the burning of many ancient records of the courts. fire of 1845. The most disastrous conflagration in the history of the county was that in Pittsburg, April 10th, 1845. It commenced about noon of that day on the southeast corner of Ferry street, in some frame buildings. The weather had been dry for a week or two, water was low, and a scarcity of supply in the water pipes. High winds prevailed at the time, and increased, as is always the case, as the fire spread. In a few minutes the buildings in the square where the fire originated were all aflame, and the sparks flying set fire to other buildings, widening and spreading before the fierce winds, until one-third of the city was envel oped in a tempest of fire. In the appeal of the citizens to the Legisla ture for relief for the sufferers, prepared by Messrs. C. Darrah and W. 92 CENTENNIAL HISTORY McCandle'ss, it is said: "The fire extended along Ferry street south to First street, consuming the whole square; it crossed from the south side of Third street to the north side, and burned that block, with the excep tion of one or two houses; it passed east on Market street and consumed more than one-half the block between Third and Fourth streets; it passed up Third street to Diamond alley, and destroyed the larger part of the block between Fourth street and Diamond alley to the base of Grant's Hill, and consumed all the buildings between Diamond alley and the Monongahela river. Its eastern course was only arrested when every house or building, with few exceptions, was destroyed. It passed from the city into Kensington and destroyed that town. * * * The burnt district comprised most of the large business houses and many of the most valuable factories. Intelligent citizens estimated the extent of the fire as covering at least one-third of the geographical extent of the city, and two-thirds its value. * * * Tbe loss cannot fall short of six or eight million dollars. The bridge over the Monongahela river was entirely consumed. The magnificent hotel, erected at a vast expense, known as the 'Monongahela House,' is a ruin; cotton factories, iron works, hotels, glass-works, and several churches are prostrated in the general desolation. It is estimated that not less than eleven hundred houses were destroyed, the greater number of which were buildings of a large and superior kind." The Legislature passed an Act appropriating $50,000 for the relief of the sufferers, authorizing the return of certain taxes, and exemption for two years to persons who had suffered in the burnt districts. From adjoining counties relief also came, in clothing, provisions and money, for the sufferers. The donations in money amounted to $198,873.40. The number of applicants for relief was 1,011. Four insur ance companies were swamped by their heavy losses, and could pay only a small percentage. The burning embers were carried on the winds a distance of twenty miles, and in some cases farther. war record. During the war of 1812 Allegheny county furnished two companies, one under command of Jas. R. Butler, the "Pittsburg Blues," and the other commanded by Capt, Jeremiah Ferree. The Blues went in boats to Cincinnati, thence to Gen. Harrison's army on the Maumee. They were in the battle of Mississinewa, and also the siege of Fort Meigs, and had four men killed and ten wounded. The rigging and cordage for Commodore Peny's fleet were manufactured in Pittsburg and taken up the Allegheny river to French Creek, thence up the creek to near its head, and then by land to Erie. In the Mexican war of 1846 the county furnished four full companies, besides recruits in other companies to nearly another company. The Jackson "Blues" were commanded by Wm. Carlton and Alex. Hays, the "Duquesne Grays" by Capt. John Herron. The other companies were under Capt. Wm. F. Small and Capt. Robert Porter. The first popular outburst of feeling against the secession move ment and the treason of Secretary of War John B. Floyd, of Virginia, OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 93 was here in Pittsburg. In the latter part of December, about the 21st or 22d, 1860, while „the cotton states were all preparing to secede, and South Carolina had passed her ordinance (December 20th), Floyd, in pursuance of the secret council of the traitors still holding seats in the United States Senate, ordered one hundred and fifty cannons from the arsenal in this city to be sent to New Orleans and had the steam boat "Silver Wave" at the wharf to receive them. The pretext was that they were needed for mounting at Ship Island, in the Gulf. It is likely the President and most of cabinet knew nothing of the order, for Mr. Stanton was astonished when he heard of it. As soon as the existence of such an order was known here public excitement became intense. The newspapers of the 25th gave the alarm. A public meeting was held on the 26th; telegrams were sent to Mr. Stanton. On the 30th some of the cannons were being hauled through the streets to the wharf, guarded by United States soldiers. The excited populace filled the streets and stopped the wagons. A telegram from Mr. Stanton gave ass'uranee that the guns should not be shipped, which allayed the excitement, and shortly afterwards the order was rescinded by President Buchanan and Floyd dismissed from the cabinet. From this time to the close of the war Allegheny county was thoroughly loyal. A company of forty Pittsburgers under command of Capt. Robert McDowell marched across the country from Harrisburg to Washington, and reported to Secretary Stanton, ready for duty, only six days after the firing upon Sumter. On the 10th of May, 1861, a com pany raised in Allegheny City went by boat to Wheeling and joined the regiment of Col. Kelly. Advancing towards Grafton along the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, the company was detatched to guard Glover's Gap. On the 27th of May they got into a skirmish with a com pany of rebels Capt. C. Roberts was organizing, when Capt. Roberts was killed— perhaps the first rebel killed in the war. Col. Kelly's regi ment was supplied with ammunition from Pittsburg, and with that fought the battle of Philippi, the first Union victory of the war. During the war one hundred and sixty-four companies were re cruited in Allegheny county, composed, with few exceptions, of citizens ofthe county, and some thirty more companies were recruited largely from this county. Besides these there were five independent batteries recruited here, mostly from this county. In the official records at Harrisburg the county is credited with nearly twenty-three thousand soldiers. Making a reasonable deduction from other counties, it is safe to say that Allegheny jounty put into the field during the war twenty thousand of her citizens to assist in suppressing the slave-holders' re bellion and maintaining the integrity of the union. Four thousand perished in the struggle. Some were brought home, and now sweetly sleep in our beautiful cemeteries. Others fell on the bloody field and were hastily buried, or left where they fell, when their comrades were compelled to retreat, with no monument or tablet to tell their resting place. These figures, however, do not tell the whole story. The patriotic spirit of our citizens was manifested in the numerous organizations for 94 CENTENNIAL HISTORY ministering to the needs and comforts of the soldiers in the camp or on the march, to the suffering on battle fields, the sick and wounded in hospitals. The contributions of food and clothing flowed in perpetual streams. Physicians, nurses and Christian comforters responded to every call. But the patriotic and benevolent spirit of our citizens was not con fined to our own soldiers. Pittsburg was the principal station on the main line of transportation between the East and West, where the troops, going or coming, stopped for refreshments. The Subsistance Committee, a voluntary association of our citizens, was organized in July, 1861, and continued in existence until the war was over and the last soldiers had returned to their homes, the 1st of January, 1866. During that time they had furnished a most comfortable meal to 409,745 soldiers, besides 79,460 sick and wounded in the Soldiers' Home. In June, 1864, a Sanitary Fair was held, which realized $361,516. A part of this sum was devoted to the endowment of the Western Pennsylvania Hospital, and after defraying all expenses, the balance, $203,119.57, was handed over to the manageers of the Pittsburg Sanitary Soldiers' Home. THE JUDICIARY OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. BY J. W. F. WHITE. Published in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , in 1883, Vol. VII., No. 2. The English system of Jurisprudence prevailed in Pennsylvania during the Proprietary Government. It was slightly modified by the Constitution of 1776, and radically changed by the Constitution of 1790. To understand our early courts, we must have some knowledge of the Provincial system. The Act of May 22, 1722, which continued in force, with slight amend ments and some interruptions, until after the Revolution, established and regulated the courts. Each county had a court of "General Quarter Ses sions of the Peace and Gaol Delivery," for criminal offenses, and a court of "Common Pleas," for the trial of civil causes, each court required to hold four terms in a year. The Governor was authorized to appoint and com mission "a competent number of Justices of the Peace" for each county; and they, or any three of them, could hold the Court of Quarter Sessions. He was also authorized to appoint and commission " a competent number of persons" to hold the Common Pleas. At first the same persons were appointed and commissioned for both courts. But the Act of Sept. 9, 1759, prohibited the Justices of the Quarter Sessions from holding commissions as Judges of the Common Pleas. That Act required "five persons of the best discretion, capacity, judgment, and integrity" to be commissioned for the Common Pleas, any three of whom could hold the court. These justi ces and judges were appointed for life or during good behavior. The Con stitution of 1776 limited them to a term of seven years, but the Constitution of 1790 restored the old rule of appointment for life or good behavior. OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 95 The Orphans' Court was established by Act of March 29, 1713, to be held by the Justices of the Quarter Sessions. But the Act of 1759 changed this, and made the Judges of the Common Pleas the Judges of the Orphans' Court. The Act of 1722 established a Supreme Court of three Judges, after wards increased to four, who reviewed, on writs of error, the proceedings in the county courts, and were also Judges of the Court of Oyer and Ter miner, for the trial of all capital felonies, for which purpose they visited each county twice a year. The Act of May 31, 1718, made the following offences punishable with death: treason, misprision of treason, murder, manslaughter, sodomy, rape, robbery, mayhem, arson, burglary, witchcraft, and concealing the birth of a bastard child. On the night of Nov. 24, 1758, the French blew up, destroyed, and de serted Fort Duquesne; the next day General Forbes took possession of the ruins, and commenced Fort Pitt. Ten years thereafter, by the treaty of Fort Stanwix (Nov. 5, 1768), the Indian title to all lands south of the Ohio and Monongahela, and up the Allegheny as far as Kittanning, was ceded to the Penns, and four months later (March 27, 1769), the "Manor of Pitts burgh" was surveyed. At that time all north of the Ohio and Allegheny was Indian territory. In October, 1770, George Washington visited Pitts burgh and estimated the number of houses at about twenty, which, count ing six persons to a house, would give a total population of one hundred and twenty, of men, women and children. All this region of the State was then in Cumberland County. Bedford County was erected by Act of 9 March, 1771, and all west of the mountains was included in it. Our courts were then held in Bedford. The first court held there was April 1, 1771. The scattered settlers of the West were repre sented by George Wilson, Wm. Crawford, Thomas Gist, and Dorsey Pen tecost, who were Justices of the Peace and Judges of the Court. The court divided the county into townships. Pitt Township (including Pitts burgh) embraced the greater part of the present county of Allegheny, and portions of Beaver, Washington, and Westmoreland, and had fifty-two land owners, twentv tenants, and thirteen single freemen. Westmoreland County was formed out of Bedford, by Act of Feb. 26, 1773, and embraced all of the Province west of the mountains. The Act directed the courts to be held at the house of Robert Hanna, until a court house should be built. Robert Hauna lived in a log house about three miles north east of where Greensburg now stands. Five trustees were named in the act to locate the county seat and erect the public buildings. Robert Hanna and Joseph Erwin were two of them; Hanna rented his house to Erwin to be kept as a tavern, and got the ma jority of the trustees to recommend his place— where a few other cabins were speedily erected, and the place named Hannastown— for the county seat. Gen. Arthur St. Clair and a minority o£ the trustees recommended Pittsburgh This difference of opinion, and the unsettled condition of af fairs during the Revolution, delayed the matter until 1787, when the county seat was fixed at Greensburg. In 1775 Hannastown had twenty-five or thirty cabins, having about as many houses and inhabitants as Pittsburgh. Now its site is scarcely known. The town was burnt by the Indians in July, 1782, but the houses of Hanna, being adjacent to the fort, escaped, and the courts continued to be held at his house until October, 1786; the first at Greensburg was in January, 1787. The Hannastown Courts. During all the time the courts were held at Hannastown, Pittsburgh was in Westmoreland County. The first court was held April 6, 1773. William Crawford was the first presiding justice. He resided on the Yough iogheny, opposite where Connellsville now stands. He had been a Justice of the Peace while the territory was in Cumberland County, and afterwards when it was in Bedford County. In 1775 he took sides with Virginia in the border contest, and was removed. He was the Col. Crawford who con ducted the unfortunate expedition against the Indians on the Sandusky, aud suffered such a cruel death at their hands. Col. Wm. Crawford was a CENTENNIAL HISTORY gentleman of the old school-intelligent, accomplished brave, patriotic. He was the personal friend of Washington, and served with him under Gen. Braddock. His death cast a cloud of sorrow and gloom over all the settlements west of the mountains. . Under the Provincial system the Justices elected their own president. Bv Act of Jan. 28, 1777, the President and Executive Council (under the Constitution of 1776) appointed and commissioned one as presiding justice. Among the first, thus regularly appointed and commissioned, was John TWoftr John Moob was born in Lancaster County in 1738. His father died when he was a small boy, and about the year 1757 his mother, with her familv moved west of the mountains. At the breaking out of the devolu tion in 1775 he lived on a farm of 400 acres, on Crabtree Run, in West moreland County, which he was clearing, and on which he had erected a stone house for his residence, indicating that he was one of the most intel ligent and enterprising farmers of his day. He was a member of the Con vention that met in Philadelphia, July 15, 1776, to frame the Constitution for the State; took an active part in the Convention, and was appointed one of the "Council of Safety" in the early part of the war. In 1777 he was commissioned a Justice of the Peace for Westmoreland County; in 1779 a Judge of the Common Pleas; and in 1785 President Judge. Not being a lawver he could not hold that position after the adoption of the Constitu tion of' 1790. In 1792 he was elected to the State Senate from the district composed of Allegheny and Westmoreland counties. He died in 1812, leaving two sons and four daughters. One son was county surveyor of Westmoreland County; the other was a civil engineer, and died in Ken tucky The daughters were respectively married to Major John Kirkpat- rick, a merchant of Greensburg; John M. Snowden, afterwards Associate Judge of Allegheny County, Rev. Francis Laird, D. D.; and James McJun- kin, a farmer of Westmoreland County. At the first court held at Hannastown, the "Rates for Tavern Keepers in Westmoreland County" were fixed, and among the rates were these:— Whiskey, per gill -.d. West India Rum, per gill od. Toddy, pergill Is. A howl of West India Rum Toddy, containing one-half pint, with loaf sugar. Is. 6d. Cider, per quart Is. Strong Beer, per quart 8d. At the same session a jail was ordered to be erected. It was made of round, unhewn logs, one story high, and had but one small room, where men and women, whites, blacks, and Indians were confined together. The jail was mainly to confine the prisoners until trial, for imprisonment was not generally a part of the sentence after conviction. Punishments were fines, whipping, standing in the pillory or stocks, cropping the ears, and branding. The whipping-post, which stood in front of the jail, was stout sapling, placed firmly in the ground, with a crosspiece above the head, to which the hands of the culprit were tied, while the lashes were inflicted by the sheriff on his bare back. The pillory consisted of a low platform, on which the culprit stood, with uprights supporting a frame with openings in it, through which his head and hands projected. At common law every passer-by might cast one stone '.'at the projecting head. The stocks were also a rude framework, on" which the culprit sat, his legs projecting through openings in front. When no regular stocks were at hand, the custom was to lift the corner of a rail fence and thrust the legs between the two lower rails. At the October sessions of 1773, James Brigland was convicted on two indictments for larceny; on the first, sentenced to pav a fine of twenty shillings, and receive ten lashes at the whipping-post; and on the second, twenty lashes. QLuke Picket, for larceny, twenty-one lashes, and Patrick J. Masterson, for the some offence, fifteen lashes. At the January session, 1774, Wm. Howard, for a felony, was sentenced to receive thirty lashes on OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 97 the bare back, well laid on, and afterward stand one hour in the pillory' This was the first sentence to the pillory. At every succeeding term of court numerous parties received punishments by whipping, standing in the pillory, branding, etc. At the October sessions, 1775, Elizabeth Smith ad mitted she had stolen some small articles from James Kincaid, to whom she was indentured. She was sentenced to pay a fine, and receive fifteen lashes on the bare back. But Mr. Kincaid complained that he had lost her ser vices for the four days she was in jail, and had been at some expense in prosecuting; whereupon the court ordered her to make up said loss, and to serve her said master and his assigns two years after the expiration of her indentures. At the April sessions, 1782, James McGill was sentenced to be whipped, stand in the pillory, have his right ear cropped, and be branded in the forehead. At the April sessions, 1783, John Smith, for a felony, was sentenced to pay a fine of twenty pounds, receive thirty-nine lashes on his back, well laid on; stand in the pillory one hour, and have his ears cut off and nailed to the pillory. At the July sessions, 1788, Jane Adamson, a ser vant of Samuel Sample, had one year added to her indenture for having a bastard child. The first person convicted of murder, and hung, west of the mountains, was an Indian of the Delaware tribe, by the name of Mamachtaga. In 1785, in a drunken spree at Pittsburgh, he crossed the river to the Allegheny side, nearly opposite Killbuck Island, and killed a white man by the name of Smith. He was tried at Hannastown in the fall of that year, before Chief- Justice McKean. Hugh H. Brackenridge was his counsel. When brought into court he refused, at first, to plead "not guilty:" for that, he said, would be a lie; he did kill Smith, but said he was drunk at the time, and did not know what he was doing. The Chief Justice, however, held that drunkenness was no excuse for murder. After his conviction and sentence to death, a little daughter of the jailor fell dangerously ill. He said if they would let him go to the woods he could get some roots that would cure her. He went, got the roots, and they cured her. The day before his execution he asked permission to go to the woods to get some roots to paint his face red, that he might die like a warrior. The jailer went with him, he got the roots, returned to the jail, and the next day was executed, painted as a brave warrior. The gallows was a rude structure, with a ladder leading up to the cross-beam, from which a rope was suspended. The sheriff and pris oner ascended the ladder, the rope was tied about his neck, and then the sheriff shoved him off the ladder. The first time the rope broke. The poor Indian, strangled and bewildered, supposed that that was all, and he would then be let go. But the sheriff procured another rope, and he was again compelled to ascend the ladder. This time the majesty of the white man's law was vindicated by the death of the red man, for a crime com mitted in a frenzy fit, occasioned by whisky the white man had given him. During the trial the Chief Justice and his associate Judge were arrayed in scarlet robes, as was the custom in those days. The grave demeanor and glittering robes of the Judges deeply impressed the poor unlettered son of the forest. He could not believe they were mortals, but regarded them as some divine personages. As there was no court-house at Hannastown, the courts were always held in the house of Robert Hanna. Parties, jurors, witnesses and lawyers were crowded together in a small room, nearly all standing. The Judges occu pied common hickory chairs, raised on a clapboard bench at one side. During the Revolutionary War, while the courts met regularly, but little business was transacted, and the laws were not rigidly enforced. At the October sessions, 1781, only one constable attended, and he was from Pittsburgh. Virginia Courts in Pittsburgh. The first courts held in Pittsburgh were Virginia Courts, administering the laws of Virginia. They were held under authority of Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia. The first court was held Feb. 21, 1775. As soon as the country west of the mountains began to be settled, a controversy sprang up between Pennsylvania and Virginia as to which owned the territory. The charter of Charles II. to Wm. Penn, was dated 98 CENTENNIAL HISTORY March 4, 1681, and created the Province of Pennsylvania. Virginia, was an older colony. A royal charter had been granted to a company in lb09, with very indefinite boundaries for their territory. But the charter was dissolved in 1624 and thereafter Virginia became a crown colony— that is, under the con trol and government of the King of England, and not under a proprietary government, like that of Pennsylvania under Wm. Penn, or Maryland under Lord Baltimore. These were called provinces, not colonies. The controversy between Wm. Penn and Lord Baltimore, as to the line between their prov inces, was settled in 1767 by two surveyors chosen for the purpose— Chas. Mason and Jeremiah Dixon— and the line was thereafter known as Mason and Dixon's line. But that line extended only as far as Maryland, and did not fix the boundary between Pennsylvania and Virginia. Virginia claimed, in a general way, all west of the mountains, but more especially all lying between the Monongahela and Ohio rivers. She surveyed, sold, and granted patents to numerous tracts of land lying within the present counties of Allegheny and Washington. The organization of Westmoreland Coun ty 1773, roused Virginia to an active assertion of her claim. Lord Dun more appointed Dr. John Connolly, then residing at Pittsburgh, as his agent and representative, to enforce the claims of Virginia. On the .first of Jan., 1774, he published a manifesto, as "Captain and commandant of the Militia of Pittsburgh and its Dependencies," assuring the settlers "on the Western Waters" of his protection, and commanding them to meet him for confer ence, on the 25th of the same month, at Pittsburgh. Arthur St. Clair, a Justice of the Peace of Westmoreland County, issued a warrant against Connolly, on which he was arrested and imprisoned for a short time. After he got out of jail he obtained from Lord Dun more a commission as a Justice of the Peace for Augusta County, Va., this being then considered a part of that couuty. Connolly then issued war rants on which Justices of the Peace of Westmoreland County were ar rested and imprisoned. The controversy between the two State jurisdictions continued in this irregular way for a year. The settlers generally sided with Virginia, for the price of lands under the Virginia laws was considerably less than under the Pennsylvania laws. The Governor of Virginia and his agent, Connolly, enforced their pre tensions by holding regular courts in Pittsburgh. The first court was held Feb. 21, 1775. The Justices of the Peace of Augusta County, who held this court, were Geo. Croghan, John Campbell, John Connolly, Dorsey Pentecost, Thomas Smallman, and John Gibson. John Gibson was an uncle of Chief Justice Gibson. The court continued in session four days, and then adjourned to Staunton, Va. Courts were also held in May and September of that year. Connolly attended the court in May, but soon after that the Revolutionary War broke out, when he and Lord Dunmore fled to the British Camp, never to return. The regular Virginia Courts continued to be held at Pittsburgh, for West Augusta County, as it was then called, until Nov. 30, 1776. The ter ritory was then divided into three counties, called Ohio, Yohogania, and Monongalia. Pittsburgh was in Yohogania County, which embraced .the greater portions of the' present counties of Allegheny and Washington. The courts of this county were held regularly until the 28th of August, 1780. They were sometimes held in Pittsburgh, sometimes in or near the present town of Washington, but the greater portion of the time on the farm of Andrew Heath, on the Monongahela River, near the present line between Allegheny and Washington County, where a log court-house and jail were erected. , At the October session of 1773, of the court of Westmoreland County, at Hannastown, a true bill for a misdemeanor was found by the grand jury, against the notorious Simon Girty. Process was issued for his arrest, but he escaped. On the second day of the Virginia Court, at Pittsburgh, Feb. 22, 1775, he took the oath of allegiance to Virginia, nnd had a commis sion as lieutenant of the militia of Pittsburgh. On the same day Robert Hanna was brought into court, and, refusing to take the oath, was bound, with two sureties, in a thousand pounds, to keep the peace for a year towards Virginia. On the same day the sheriff was ordered to emplcy OK ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 99 workmen to build a ducking-stool at the confluence of the Ohio with the Monongahela River. The ducking-stool was the favorite old English meth od of punishing scolding wives. It was constructed on the "see-saw " prin ciple. On one end of the plank was a chair firmly fastened, in which the scolding dame was tied, and her fiery temper cooled by repeated dips in the cold water. Atthe May court, 1775, Wm. Crawford, who presided at the first court at Hannastown, took the oath of allegiance to Virginia. At the April court, 1776, Daniel Leet took the oath of allegiance. And so at every term of the court, numerous persons gave in their allegiance to Virginia. On the 27th of June, 1777, the sheriff was ordered to have erected a pair of stocks and a whipping-post in the court-house yard. This, no doubt, was at the court house on Andrew Heath's farm, for no court-house was erected at Pitts burgh during the Virginia regime. On the same day (June 27, 1777,) James Johnson was thrice fined for profanity. The record reads: "Upon infor mation of Zachariah Connell," he was convicted of " two profane oaths, and two profane curses " — fined twenty shillings. Upon information of Isaac Cox, he was convicted "of three profane oaths, and one profane curse" — fined twenty shillings. And upon information of James Campbell he was convicted "of four profane oaths," and fined one pound. On Dec. 22, 1777, it was ordered by the court " that the ordinary keep ers (tavern-keepers) within this county be allowed to sell at the following rates," viz : — One-half pint Whisky Is. The same made into Toddy. Is. 6d. Beer per quart Is. For hot Breakfast Is. 6d. " cold " Is. " Dinner 2s. " Supper Is. 6d. " Lodging, with clean sheets, per night 6d. April 20, 1779, it was "ordered that a pair of stocks, whipping-post, and pillory be erected in the court-house yard by next term." June 26, 1780, " ordered that Paul Matthews be allowed $2000 for erecting whipping post, stocks, and pillory." This is among the last records of the Virginia Courts. The whipping post, stocks, and pillory were, no doubt, very rude, inexpensive structures, and the amount allowed for them seems extrava gant. But that was during the Revolutionary War, when the only cur rency was Continental money, not worth two cents on the dollar. For five years, from 1775 to 1780, the jurisdiction of Virginia over Pittsburgh and all the territory across the Monongahela and Ohio, was su preme, and almost undisturbed. Taxes were levied and collected, and all county offices filled by Virginia authority. Courts for the trial of all civil causes, and criminal offenses; for laying out roads, granting chartered privileges, settling the estates of decedents, etc., etc., were regularly held. Negotiations had been eoing on for several years between the two States, for settling the boundary question. Terms were finally agreed upon, Sept. 23, 1780. Commissioners were appointed to extend Mason and Dixon's line, which thus became the southern boundary of Pennsylvania, and to fix the western corner, according to the terms agreed upon. The jurisdic tion of Virginia was withdrawn, and that, of Pennsylvania extended over the territory. Allegheny County C uhts. Washington County was erected by Act of March 28th, 1781. It em braced all that part of the State lying west of the Monongahela and south of the Ohio. But Pittsburgh remained in Westmoreland County. Fayette County was formed Feb. 17, 1784. Allegheny County was established by Act of Sept. 24, 1788. It em braced portions of Westmoreland and Washington counties, and all the ter ritory north of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny, from which were after wards formed the counties of Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Lawrence, Mercer, Venango, and Warren, and parts of Indiana and Clarion. 100 CENTENNIAL HISTORY Old Town Hall, Allegheny City, Torn Down in 1863. From a Photograph in the Possession of Mr. Chas. E. Wolfendale, of Allegheny City. The Act appointed trustees to select lots in the reserved tract opposite to Pittsburgh, on which to erect a court-house. But that was changed by the Act of April 13, 1791, which directed the public buildings to be erected in Pittsburgh. The first court— Quarter Sessions— was held Dec. 16, 1788, by George Wallace, President, and Joseph Scott, John Wilkins, and John Johnson, Associates. A letter was read from Mr. Bradford, Attorney-General, ap pointing Robert Galbraith, Esq., his deputy, who was sworn in; and on his motion the following persons were admitted as members ol the bar, viz: Hugh H. Brackenridge, John Woods, James Ross, George Thompson, Al exander Addison, David Bradley, James Carson, David St. Clair, and Michael Huffnagle, Esqs. The first term of the Common Pleas was held March 14, 1789. The Ap pearance Docket contained fifty-six cases. The brief minute says the court was held "before George Wallace and his Associates," without naming Ihem. The same minute is made for the June and September Terms of that year. After that no name is given. The old minutes of the court and other records and papers of the early courts were in an upper room of the court-house, and were destroyed in the fire of May, 1882. The Constitution of Sept. 2, 1790, and the Act of Assembly following it, April 13, 1791, made radical changes in the judicial system of the State. Justices of the Peace were no longer Judges of the courts. The State was divided into Circuits or Judicial Districts, composed of not less than three nor more than six counties. A President Judge was appointed by the Gov ernor for each district, and Associate Judges, not less than three nor more than four, for each county. The Associate Judges could hold the Quarter Scs OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 101 sions and Common Pleas. All Judges were commissioned for life or during good behavior. The Constitution did not require any of the Judges to be "learned in the law," but, no doubt, it was understood that the Judges of the Supreme Court, and the President Judges of the Districts, were to be experienced lawyers. By the Act of Feb. 24, 1806, the Associate Judges of each county were reduced to two. The State was divided into five Circuits or Districts. The counties of Westmoreland. Fayette, Washington, and Allegheny composed the fifth District. The new judicial system went into operation Sept. 1, 1791. The first Judges commissioned for Allegheny County, their commission bearing date Oct. 9, 1788, were George Wallace, President, and John Metz- gar, Michael Hillman, and Robert Ritchie, Associates. They were the Judges until the re-organization under the Constitution of 1790. George Wallace was not a lawyer, but had been a Justice of the Peace since 1784, and was a man of good education. He owned the tract of land known as "Braddock's Fields," where he lived in comfortable circumstan ces, and where he died. Upon there-organization of the courts under the Constitution of 1790, Alex. Addison was appointed President Judge of the fifth District, his com mission bearing date Aug. 17, 1791. His Associates for Allegheny County, commissioned the same day, were George Wallace, John Wilkins, Jr., John McDowell, and John Gibson. Alexander Addison was the first Law Judge of Allegheny County. He was born in Scotland in 1759, educated at Edinburg, and licenced to preach by the Presbytery of Aberlowe. He emigrated to Pennsylvania in early life, and on the 20th of Dec, 1785, applied to the Presbytery of Red stone (Brownsville) to be admitted. He was not regularly received into the Presbytery, but was authorized to preach within its bounds. He preached for a short time at Washington, but read law and was admitted to the bar of that county in 1787. "He was a man of culture, erudition, correct principles, and thor oughly imbued with love for the good of society. These characteristics are seen in his letters, essays, charges to grand juries, and reports of his judicial decisions. They embrace a scope of thought and strength of logic, marking a fine intellect and extensive knowledge; and they exhibit a patri otism of the purest lustre, set in a bright constellation of virtues. "Judge Addison lived and executed his functions among a sturdy people, amid the troubles, excitements, dangers, and factions, which fol lowed the adoption of the Federal Constitution of 1787, and attended the enforcement of the excise law of the United States, which culminated in the Whiskey Insurrection of 1794. His patriotic instincts and love of the public welfare led him, by means of charges to the grand juries, to discuss, frequently, the underlying principles of government, the supremacy of the laws, and the necessity of due subordination to rightful authority — a duty which he felt urgently incumbent upon him in the disturbed condition of affairs. Though, at the time, controverted by partisanship and hatred of authority, owing to the peculiar hardships of the early settlers, these efforts are this day among the best expositions of the principles of free govern ment, the necessity of order and obedience to law. No one can read his charge to the grand jury of Allegheny County, Sept. 1, 1794, without feel ing himself in the presence of and listening, with uncovered head, to a great man, whose virtues of heart equaled his qualities of head." — Address of Hon. D. Agnew at Centennial Celebration Washington County. Judge Addison was a Federalist in politics; a warm supporter of the administrations of Washington and John Adams. During Washington's administration the French Revolution broke out. As France had assisted us in our revolutionary struggle against England, there was in this country a strong feeling of "sympathy with France, and some leading men and newspapers clamorously demanded that our governmeut should aid France in her war with England. But Washington maintained a position of strict neutrality; so did John Adams. The country was filled with French emis saries, and secret political societies were formed, similar to the Jacobin Clubs of France. The Alien and Sedition laws, passed by Congress during 102 CENTENNIAL HISTORY Adams's administration, to counteract the efforts of these emissaries and secret clubs, served only to increase the excitement, and culminated in a political revolution. Jefferson was elected President over Adams, in 1800, and the same party carried Pennsylvania, electing Thomas McKean Gov ernor in 1799. Judge Addison's bold, manly, and patriotic stand Jin favor of the Fed eral Government during the Whiskey Insurrection, and his equally bold, manly, and patriotic stand against French emissaries and secret political societies, caused him many enemies. H. H. Brackenridge was bitter and unrelenting in his hostility. As soon as the new political party got into power, Judge Addison was a doomed man. John B. C. Lucas was ap pointed Associate Judge of Allegheny County, July 17, 1800. He was a Frenchman and intensely hostile to Judge Addison. As soon as he took his seat on the bench, he commenced to annoy aud provoke Judge Addison. Although a layman, he would frequently differ with the Judge on points of law, and actually charged petit juries in opposition to the views of the President Judge. He also insisted on reading a written harangue to a grand jury, in opposition to some views expressed by Judge Addison to a previous grand jury. Judge Addison and Judge McDowell, who consti tuted a majority of the court on that occasion, remonstrated against such conduct on the part of Lucas, and stopped him. That gave a pretext for legal proceedings against Judge Addison. The first movement was an application to the Supreme Court to file an informa tion, in the nature of an indictment, against him for a misdemeanor in office. The Supreme Court dismissed it, saying that the papers did not show an indictable offence (4 Dallas, R. 225.) The next step was to have him impeached by the Legislature. The House ordered the impeachment, and the Senate tried and convicted him. The articles of impeachment con tained nothing but the two charges: (1) That when Lucas charged the petit jury, Judge Addison told them they should not regard what he said, be cause it had nothing to do with the case; and (2) Preventing him from charging the grand jury, as above stated. No person can read the report of the trial without feeling that it was a legal farce; that gross injustice was done Judge Addison from the begin ning to the end, and that the whole proceeding was a disgrace to the State. The trial took place at Lancaster, where the Legislature sat. The House and Senate refused to give him copies of certain papers, or to give assist ance in procuring witnesses from Pittsburgh for his defence. The speeches of counsel against him, and the rulings of the Senate on questions raised in the progress of the trial, were characterized by intense partisan feeling. It was not a judicial trial, but a partisan scheme to turn out a political oppo nent. It resulted in deposing one of the purest, best, and ablest Judges that ever sat on the bench in Pennsylvania. The sentence was pronounced by the Senate, Jan. 27, 1803, removing him as President Judge from the fifth District, and declaring him forever disqualified from holding a judicial office in the State. Judge Addison presided in our courts for twelve years. The volume of reports he published in 1800 shows his legal ability, and the great variety and number of new, intricate, and important causes tried by him. He died at Pittsburgh Nov. 27, 1807, leaving a widow, three sons, and four daughters. Samuel Roberts succeeded Judge Addison, was commissioned April 30, 1803, and held the office until his death, in 1820. Judge Roberts was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 8, 1763; was educated and studied law in that city, and was admitted to the bar in 1793. He was married the same year to Miss Maria Heath, of .York, Pa. After his marriage he moved to Lancaster, and commenced the practice of law, but soon moved to Sunbury, where he was practicing at the time he was appointed Judge of this district. Judge Roberts was a good lawyer, and a very worthy, upright man. He had the respect and confidence of the bar, but it is said he was so indul gent to the lawyers, that the business of the court was rather retarded. He built for himself a fine residence, a mile or so out of town at that time, but OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 103 now in the compact part of the city, near the present Roberts Street, in the 11th Ward, where he died, Dec. 13, 1820. He left eight children — five sons and three daughters. While Judge Roberts was on the bench he published a Digest of the British Statutes in force, in whole or in part, in Pennsylvania, with notes and illustrations, which has been the standard work on the subject ever since. This volume, and the Supreme Court reports of cases he tried, prove that he was a most industrious and conscientious Judge. The first person convicted of murder aud executed in this county, was Thomas Dunning. He was tried before Judge Addison, and hung on Boyd's Hill, Jan. 23, 1793. James Ewalt was then the Sheriff. The next was John Tiernan, convicted of the murder of Patrick Camp bell, Dec. 7, 1817. He was tried Jan. 12, 1818, before Judge Roberts, with Francis McClure, Associate. Campbell was a contractor on the Pittsburgh and Greensburg Turnpike. Tiernan was a laborer on the turnpike, living in a cabin on the hill this side of Turtle Creek, and Campbell boarded with him. At night, when asleep in his bed, Tiernan killed him with an axe, robbed his body! and fled, riding off on Campbell's horse. A few days after he ap peared on the streets of Pittsburgh with the horse, and was arrested. Wm. Wilkins and Richard Biddle appeared for the Commonwealth, and Walter Forward, Chas. Shaler, and Samuel Kingston for the prisoner. He was hung at the foot of Boyd's Hill. The event became an epoch in our his tory, from which witnesses in court, and others, would fix the date of oc currences, being so many years before or after the hanging of Tiernan. William Wilkins succeeded Judge Roberts. Judge Roberts had been sick for some time, and, in anticipation of his death, the friends of Mr. Wilkins had arranged for his appointment. Wilkins had been a warm sup porter of Gov. Wm. Findlay, who was beaten by Jos. Hiester, in the hotly contested election in the fall of 1820. Findlay's term would expire Dec. 18th. Roberts died on the night of Dec. 13th. There were no railroads or telegraphs then. Simon Small, an old stage driver, was dispatched as a special messenger to Harrisburg, with letters for Wilkins' s appointment. He rode on horseback, and by relays at the stage offices, succeeded in reach ing Harrisburg late at night, the last night of Gov. Findlay's term. The Governor was aroused from sleep, and, between 11 and 12 o'clock, the commission of Wilkins was signed. An hour or two's delay in the ride would have resulted in another Judge, for the next day Gov. Hiester was inaugurated. Wm. Wilkins was born Dec. 20, 1779. His father moved to Pittsburgh in 1786. He was educated at Dickinson College, and read law with Judge Watt, at Carlisle. He was admitted to the bar in Pittsburgh, 1801. He was appointed President Judge of the fifth District, Dec. 18, 1820; resigned May 25, 1824, when appointed Judge of'the District Court of the United States, for Western Pennsylvania. In 1828, when on the bench of the United States District Court, he was elected a member of Congress, but, before taking his seat, resigned, giving as a reason that his pecuniary circum stances were such, he could not give up the Judgeship to accept a. seat in Congress. But in 1831 he was elected to the Senate of the United States for the full term of six years, and resigned the Judgeship. He was an ar dent friend and supporter of General Jackson in opposition to John C. Cal houn and his nullification doctrines. As chairman of the Senate Com mittee he reported the bill, which passed Congress, authorizing the Presi dent to use she army and navy to enforce the collection of revenue, and suppress the nullification movement. In 1834 he was appointed Minister to Russia, and remained one year at the Court of St. Petersburg. When a member of the Senate, and just before leaving for Russia, it is said, he was in very straitened pecuniary circum stances. His property was covered with mortgages to its full value, and some of his creditors were so clamorous that he had to exercise great circumspec tion, as imprisonment for debt had not then been abolished. When he return ed from Russia he was a wealthy man. The great and sudden boom in the price of real estate enabled him to sell his homestead, where the Mononga hela House now stands, for ten times its value three years before, which, 104 CENTENNIAL HISTORY with what he managed to get and save while abroad, gave him the means' to pay all his debts, and have considerable left. ..¦_,_„. rw In 1842 he was again elected to the House of Representatives ot Con gress. After the explosion of the monster gun on the Princeton, b eb JH, 1844 which killed Mr. Upshur, Secretary of State, and Mr Gilmer, Secretary of War, Mr. Wilkins was appointed, by President Tyler, Secretary of War, which office he held until March, 1845. In 1855 he was elected to the State Senate from this county, tor one Although over 80 years of age when the war of the Rebellion broke out, andastaunch Democrat the greater part of his life, Mr. Wilkinstookan active part in support of the government and rousing the patriotic spirit of the country. As Major-General of the Home Guards, he appeared, mounted and in full uniform, at the grand review on West Common. His dress, age, and venerable form added greatly to the interest and eclat of the occasion. Judge Wilkins was one 'of Pittsburgh's most enterprising men of the olden times. It was through his efforts, mainly, that the first bridge over the Monongahela was erected, the Pittsburgh and Greensburg Turnpike, and the Pittsburgh and Steubenville Turnpike built, and the charter for the old Bank of Pittsburgh obtained. He was president of the first company organized to foster and encourage our home manufactures, the "Pittsburgh Manufacturing Co." It was in 1811, when money was exceedingly scarce. The company was organized to aid mechanics and manufacturers, by re ceiving their products, such as hoes, shovels, sickles, etc., for which certifi cates were issued, payable when the articles were sold, and these certificates circulated like paper money. This manufacturing company was changed into the Bank of Pittsburgh in 1814, the stockholders being nearly the same, and Wm. Wilkins the first president. Judge Wilkins had fine natural abilities, and great aptitude for the dis patch of business, which made him popular as a man and Judge. But his quick, impulsive nature, his disinclination to close and continued study, and his lack of patience in the mastery of details, unfitted him for a high de gree of eminence on the bench. Judge Wilkins was twice married. His first wife died within a year, leaving no children. His second wife was Miss Matilda Dallas, sister of Trevanion B. Dallas, afterwards Judge in this county, and of Geo. M. Dal las, Vice-President during President Polk's administration. By her he had three sons and four daughters. His son Charles was a brilliant young law yer of California, but died early; Dallas died when a boy; Richard Biddle died shortly after his father. One daughter married Capt. John Sanders, of the U. S. Army; one Mr. Overton Carr, of the U. S. Navy; one Mr. Jas. A. Hutchinson, and one never married. None of his descendants now live in this county, except one grandson. Judge Wilkins died at his residence,«at Homewood, June 23, 1865, in his 86th year. Charles Shaler succeeded Wm. Wilkins as Judge of the county courts. He was born in Connecticut in 1788, and educated at Yale. His father was one of the commissioners to lay off the Western Reserve in Ohio, and pur chased alarge tract of land, known as Shalersville, near Ravenna, Ohio. His son, Charles Shaler, went to Ravenna in 1809 to attend to the lands, and was admitted to the bar there. He moved to Pittsburgh, and was admitted to the bar here in 1813. He was Recorder of the Mayor's Court of Pitts burgh from 1818 to 1821. June 5, 1824, he was commissioned Judge of Com mon Pleas; occupied the bench eleven years, resigning May 4, 1835. He was appointed Associate Judge of the District Court of the county May 6, 1841, and held that office three years, resigning May 20, 1844. In 1853, he was appointed by President Pierce U. S. District Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania. In early life Judge Shaler was a Federalist, but for the last fifty years of his life was a staunch Democrat, taking an active part in politics, always willing to enter the contest, and be the standard bearer of his party, not withstanding the prospect was certain defeat. He was never elected to a political office, and perhaps never desired one. Politics were to him merely as an excitement and relaxation from the laborious duties of his profession. OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 105 He had fine legal abilities, was an able advocate, close student, and most industrious lawyer. He was an early riser, and nearly every morning could he seen on the streets, taking his morning walk, long before the shops and stores were open. He had a quick, fiery temper, which frequently flashed forth in sudden outbursts of passion; but, like the outbursts in all men of impulsive natures, they soon passed away. Within that impassioned breast was one of the warmest, tenderest, and most generous hearts that ever beat in sympathy with human frailties or misfortunes. And Charles Shaler was the very soul of honor. r~~~~) The sense of honor is absolutely essential to true manhood. Without it man is a brute or hypocrite. It is quite distinct from the moral or relig ious sense. Many a man leads a moral life from selfish considerations, the fear of the law, or public opinion. Many a church member is exemplary in all his religious duties, but at heart excessively mean. He does not hesitate to prevaricate, or do a mean act, to escape from a hard bargain. The man of a high sense of honor scorns to do a mean act or indulge a mean thought; he knows no prevarication; his word shall stand, though the heavens fall. Such a man was Charles Shaler. He never attempted to de ceive the Court. His plighted word to a brother of the bar was as sacred and inviolable as the decree of Olympic Jove. As an illustration of his sense of honor, two incidents may be mention ed. He applied for a cadetship for his son at West Point, but, learning that a friend desired the appointment for his son, he withdrew his application. In 1846 he went to Washington City, to urge the appointment of Robert C. Grier to the U. S. Supreme Court. He was offered the appointment him self, but refused it because he had gone on as the friend of Judge Grier. Although Judge Shaler for many years had perhaps the most extensive and lucrative practice at the Pittsburgh bar, his generous habits were such that the acquired but little property, and he died comparatively poor. He died at the residence of his son-in-law, Rev.D. H. Hodges, at Newark, N. J., March 5, 1869, in the 81st year of his age. He was twice married. His first wife was a daughter of Major Kirkpat- rick, by whom he had two sons and three daughters. One of his daughters, a beautiful and accomplished young lady, while out riding with Samuel W. Black, was thrown fromjher horse and killed. His second wife was a daugh ter of James Riddle, Associate Judge of the county from 1818 to 1838, by whom he had several children. Trevanion Barlow Dallas succeeded Judge Shaler on the Common Pleas bench. He was commissioned May 15, 1835. Mr. Dallas was of Scotch descent. His great-grandfather was George Dallas, an eminent lawyer and author of Scotland. His grandfather was Robert Dallas, M. D., of Dallas Castle, Jamaica, whither he had emi grated in early life. His father, Alexander James Dallas, was born in Ja maica, and educated in England, admitted to the bar in Jamaica, but came to Philadelphia in 1783; he was an eminent American statesman and author, and honorably filled several high official stations. His eldest son was Com modore in the U. S. Navy; his second, George M. Dallas, was Vice-Presi dent; and the youngest, the subject of this sketch. Trevanion Barlow Dallas was born in Philadelphia, Feb. 23, 1801, and cduoated at Princeton. He commenced reading law with his brother Geo. M., but came to Pittsburgh about 1820, and finished his studies with his broth er-in-law, Wm. Wilkins. He was admitted to the bar in 1822. Previous to his appointment as Judge, he had been Deputy Attorney-General for the county. He remained on the Common Pleas bench from 1835 to June 24, 1839, when he resigned to accept the position of Associate Judge with Judge Grier, in the District Court of the county, which position he held until his death, April 7, 1841. , „ Judge Dallas was a comparatively young man when he died, only 40 years old. But, as Prosecuting Attorney, member of the bar, and Judge in the Common Pleas and District Court, he won an enviable reputation. He was regarded as one of the best lawyers at the bar, and, during his seven years on the bench, gave promise of becoming one of the ablest jurists of the State. His pleasing manners and gentlemanly bearing, on and off the A8 106 CENTENNIAL HISTORY bench, made him very popular with the people and bar. The members of the bar erected a monument to his memory in Trinity Churchyard of this city, which is still standing. Judge Dallas, in 1822y married Jane S., a daughter of Gen. John Wil kins, a brother of William Wilkins, both sons of John Wilkins, who was an Associate Judge of the county in 1791. By her he had four sons and five daughters. His widow survives still, at a good old age, resid ing in Philadelphia. Only one of his sons survives, George M. Dallas, Esq., a leading member of the Philadelphia bar. One of his daughters married James O'Hara Denny, two are still living. Benjamin Patton succeeded Judge Dallas. He was commissioned July 1, 1839, and resigned in January, 1850. He was born in Bellefonte, Pa., July 21, 1810. His ancestors were among the first settlers on the Juniata and in Huntingdon County. His maternal grandfather was a lieutenant under Washington at Braddock's defeat, and a grand-uncle, Benjamin Patton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1829, and commenced the study of law with Andrew Carothers, at Carlisle. Shortly thereafter he became Secretary to Com modore Elliott, and sailed with the Commodore and his naval squadron to the Gulf of Mexico. At Vera Cruz the American Consul had been in sulted; American citizens had been imprisoned, and their property confis cated by the Mexican authorities. After repeated demands for their re lease, the fiery Commodore was about to resort to force, when his young secretary gave cooler advice, which resulted in the release of the prison ers, and saved us from a war with Mexico. After being absent a year with the Commodore — pursuing his studies, however, all the time — he returned to Carlisle, completed the course of study, and was admitted to the bar in 1831. He went to Nashville, Tenn., and opened an office, but within a year returned to Pennsylvania. While in Nashville, he formed the acquaintance of James K. Polk and other prominent southerners, which riped into close friendship in after years. On his return he commenced practice in Mifflin County, and was appointed District Attorney for the county. Shortly thereafter, when only twenty- two years old, he was appointed, by President Jackson, U. S. District Attor ney for the Western District of Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh bar, at that time, embraced such men as Wm. Wilkins, Thos. H. Baird, John Galbraith, John H. Walker, Charles Shaler, Walter Forward, Richard Biddle, etc.,. giants of the olden times; yet the young District attorney bravely took his stand among them, and maintained it with great credit until he was pro moted to the Common Pleas bench of the county, when only twenty-eight years of age — the youngest Judge that ever sat on the bench in this State. Young Patton was an ardent Democrat and active politician, He was present at the inauguration of Gen. Jackson as President, in 1829, when he was only nineteen years old, and from that time on was a warm admirer and personal friend of "Old Hickory." But while on the bench he took no part in politics or political controversies. During the ten and a half years Judge Patton was on the bench, he had to transact all the business of the Orphans' Court, of the Quarter Sessions and Oyer and Terminer, and a large amount of Common Pleas business. It was rather a stormy period in the history of our country, and some very important cases were tried by him. One was an indictment for con spiracy against some of the leading men of the city, engaged in shipping on the canal. They had formed an association for regulating the rates of transportation, binding each other by oaths and penalties to maintain cer tain prices. They had money and powerful friends. They were convicted; the Judge fined and imprisoned them, and thus broke down the conspiracy, to the great rejoicing of shippers and the public generally. Another case arose out of the "Factory Riots." Some trouble had arisen between the owners of the cotton mills and the factory girls, about wages and the hours of labor. Some of the girls, aided by a mob, broke into the factories, drove out the girls at work, and destroyed property and machinery. They were indicted for not and convicted. These two cases illustrated the firmness and impartiality of the Judge. Another case was the indictment against Joe OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 107 Barker. He was in the habit of gathering crowds of the lower classes at the market-house and on the streets, and haranguing them in vulgar and abusive language against the Catholic Church and its institutions. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to jail. While in jail, the rabble set him up as a candidate for Mayor of the city, in opposition to the regular Whig and Democratic candidates. He got the votes of the lower classes, of some Whigs, for fear a Democrat would be elected, and some respectable people, through mistaken sympathy. He was elected by a plurality vote. But all classes soon had occasion to regret their folly. Judge Patton also had the misfortune to try several libel suits between editors of city papers. As usual, in such cases, he incurred the enmity of both parties, who kept up a running fire on him for years. But he main tained his dignity as a Judge by never condescending to notice them, and waited his time for a a full and complete vindication, which came. He had it in the public esteem when he left the bench, confirmed years afterwards when he visited the city. In 1871, on a casual visit, he was invited by the entire bench, and nearly the entire bar, to a social entertainment. In the let ter of invitation this language was used: "On retiring from the bench you carried with you an untarnished reputation, and the respect of the whole community, who remember you as one who had ably vindicated the su premacy of the laws, and maintained the cause of law and order," On his retirement from the bench, Judge Patton moved to Northum berland County, where he was engaged in business for a few years. In 1858 he was appointed by Judge Grier Clerk of the U. S. Circuit Court, and U. S. Commissioner at Philadelphia, which position he retained until Judge Grier retired from the bench in 1870, when he resigned and moved to Hicks- ville, Defiance Co., O., where he is now residing. In 1880 and 1881 he was a member of the Legislature of Ohio, and gained considerably celebrity by his speeches, especially one on "The Reserved Rights of the States." Judge Patton possesses fine social 'qualities, is good company and fond of company, and has always been noted for his kindness of heart and gen erous hospitality. He is a devout disciple of Izaak Walton. With his friend Judge Grier he spent the summer vacations, for more than a quarter of a century, on the trout streams of Pennsylvania; and now, when over three score years and ten, he spends a portion of each summer trouting in Michigan. Judge Patton was married in 1834 to Matilda Helfenstein, then of Day ton, Ohio, formerly of Carlisle, Pa., by whom he has surviving two sons and two daughters. His wife died in 1880. William B. McClure succeeded Judge Patton. He was appointed and commissioned by the Governor, Jan. 31, 1850. That year a constitutional amendment was adopted, making the judiciary elective. The first election under it was in October of 1851. Judge McClure was elected, and commis sioned Nov. 6, 1851, for ten years, from Dec. 1, 1851, the first Judge elected in this county. He was re-elected in 1861, and commissioned for another period of ten years, but died Dec. 27, 1861, and was succeeded by J. P. Sterrett. Judge McClure was born in April, 1807, at Willow Grove, near Carlisle, Pa. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1827. He read law in Pittsburgh with John Kenne.iy, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to the bar in 1829. He was married in 1833 to Lydia S. Collins, by whom he had three daughters, Sarah O, Valeria, married to J. Q. A. Sulli van, of Butler, Pa., and Rebecca B., married to C. E. Flandran, of St. Paul, Minn. His widow is still living. For many years preceding his elevation to the bench, he was in partner ship, in the practice of law, with his brother-in-law, Wilson McCandless, Esq., and the firm of McCandless and McClure was widely known through out the western part of the State, and had a most extensive practice. From 1850 to 1859 Judge McClure was the only law Judge in the Com mon Pleas, Orphans' Court, Quarter Sessions, and Oyer and Terminer of the county. The amount of business was enormous for one man. He had scarcely a day's rest or vacation. He was a most laborious Judge, frequently sitting on the bench from eight to ten hours a day. No man ever presided 108 CENTENNIAL HISTORY in a court more thoroughly in earnest or conscientious in the performance of his duties. The close confinement in the impure air of the criminal court-room, and the excessive labors of his office, gradually exhausted the vital energies of a naturally vigorous constitution, and carried him to the grave when only fifty-four years of age. During the twelve years Judge McClure sat on the bench he tried more criminal cases, and more homicides than any other Judge in the State. His fame as a criminal jurist became almost national. Spotlessly pure in his own character, intensely anxious for the public welfare, and profoundly impressed with the responsibilities of his office, he bent all his energies to the suppression of crime, and the just punishment of criminals. Naturally kind-hearted, he sympathized with the poor and unfortunate; conscientious in the highest degree, he was carefully watchful that no innocent man should suffer; but woe to the hardened criminal that came before him! He was justly a terror to evil doers. The great increase of business in the Criminal Court of the county led to the Act of May 26, 1859, adding an Assistant Law Judge to the court. It also enlarged the jurisdiction of the Common Pleas to all cases where the sum in controversy did not exceed the sum of three hundred dollars. This was followed by the Act of April 11, 1862, adding a second Associate Law Judge, abolishing the office of Associate Lay Judge, and extending the ju risdiction, making it concurrent with the District Court, without reference to the amount in controversy. This Act wiped out of existence, so far as Allegheny County is con cerned, an institution that had existed in England for many centuries, and was brought over by our ancestors at the settlement of this country. On bidding farewell to our Associate Lay Judges, justice requires a passing tribute to their memories. Associate Lay Judges. Until the constitutional amendment of 1850, all Judges were appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate, and held their commission for life or during good behavior. The history of our county and State Ju diciary does not prove that the election of Judges by a popular vote was a wise change. It has not secured better or abler Judges, while all must ad mit it tends to destroy the independence of the Judiciary, so essential to an impartial administration of the laws. Short terms mean frequent changes, and popular elections the selection of politicians. While this remark applies to all judges, it is more strikingly illustrated in the Associate Lay Judges, whose terms, by the amendment, were limited to five years. The earlier Lay Judges were among the most prominent men of tbe county, and their long experience on the bench added greatly to their use fulness. George Wallace was on the bench from 1788 to 1814; John Mc Dowell from 1791 to 1812; Francis McClure from 1812 to 1838; James Riddle from 1818 to 1838. These were all men of mark and distinction. So also were Samuel Jones, Richard Butler, John Wilkins, John Gibson, George Thompson, and Hugh Davis. Among the latter Judges should be men tiened Thomas L. McMillan, Gabriel Adams, and John E. Parke. Let one, of whom we have fuller information than of the others, stand as a fitting representative of the class. John M. Snowden was of Welsh extraction, and his paternal ancestors came to the neighborhood of Philadelphia previous to the arrival of Wm. Penn. He was born in Philadelphia in 1776. His father was a sea captain, entered the service of the Continental Congress at the beginning the Revo lution was captured by the. British, and died in the "Sugar House " prison, New York. His mother was a woman of marked character great intelli gence and energy, and devotedly attached to the American cause She was the trusted friend of General Washington, and through her he received, from time to time important information respecting the British forces while they held Philadelphia. ' In early life John M. Snowden was apprenticed to the celebrated Mat thew Carey to learn the art and mystery of printing." His first venture on his own account was the establishment of a newspaper in Chambers- OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 109 burg, Pa., in company with his brother-in-law, Mr. McCorkle. But 1798 he removed to Greensburg, Westmoreland County, and established the Far mers' Register, the first newspaper in the West, after the Pittsburgh Gazette. Here he united with the Presbyterian Church, of which Rev. Wm. Speer, father of Dr. James R. Speer, was pastor, and married Elizabeth Moor, daughter of Judge John Moor. In 1811 he moved to Pittsburgh, purchased the Commonwealth from Ephraim Pentland, and changed its name to The Mercury, the office of which was at first on Market Street, between Third and Fourth, and after wards on Liberty Street, near the head of Wood. He also published a num ber of valuable works, and had a large bookstore. By means of the press, his bookstore, his energy, and social position, he became widely known as one of the leading citizens of the State. He was an elder in the Presbyte rian Church, Mayor of the city in 1825, '26, and '27, a Director of the Bank of Pittsburgh, Recorder of Deeds, etc. In 1840 he was appointed Associate Judge, with Hon. Benj. Patton, which position he held for six years. His intelligence, business habits, va ried experience, and broad common sense, eminently fitted him for the position. He exhibited, also, remarkable knowledge of the law. On more than one occasion he differed with the President Judge as to the law, and so expressed himself to the jury, as he had an undoubted right to do. He had the entire respect and confidence of the bar. The counsel concerned in one of the most difficult and important cases ever tried in the county agreed that it should be tried before him as Associate Judge. During the progress of the trial a member of the bar remarked to Mr. Walter Forward: "Strange sight to see an Associate Judge trying such an important case!" "Ah!" replied Mr. Forward, "that layman knows twice as much law, and has three times as much sense, as some President Law Judges." Mr. Snowden was in high favor with Gen. Jackson when President. He had recommended to the President an applicant for appointment to an important oflice. Another applicant for the office said to the President that the person Mr. Snowdent had recommended was entirely unfit for it. This roused Old Hickory, and with eyes flashing fire, he thundered out, "How dare you say that! Do you think John M. Snowden would recommend a man unfit for the position? No! never, by the Eternal!" Mr. Snowden's man got the office. Mr. Snowden died suddenly, April 2, 1845, at his residence, Elm Cot tage, South Avenue, Allegheny City. Associate Law Judges. John Wesley Maynard was the first Assistant Law Judge of the Com mon Pleas; appointed hy the Governor, April 16, 1859, and commissioned until the first Monday of December following. He was of Puritan stock, his grandfather, Lemuel Maynard, born in Massachusetts, in 1739; his fath er, Lemuel Maynard, 1773. His mother's maiden name was Hepzibah Wright, a relative of Hon. Silas Wright, of New York. Their son, John W»sley, was born in Springfield, Vermont, May 18, 1806. His father was a prominent Methodist preacher, and his mother a gifted and devoted Chris tian woman. The boyhood of John Wesley was spent on a farm; heat- tended Hamilton Academy in New York one year, but never had a colle giate education. He was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, in 1831, and practiced his profession in that and the adjoining counties, until 1840, when he removed to Williamsport, in Lycoming County, where he has resided ever since, except six years at Easton. In 1862 he was elected President Judge of the Third Judicial District, composed of Northampton and Lehigh Counties. In 1867 he resigned, in consequence of ill health, and returned to Williamsport. When leaving the Third District, the bar complimented him in this language: "In point of executive talent, and the correct dispatch of business, he is second to none in the State; for strict in tegrity and impartiality in the administration of justice, he has no superior; while his judicial decisions, for clearness, legal accuracy, and logical force, entitle him to first honors as a jurist. His courteous dignity, urbane bear ing, and generous sympathies, moreover, characterize him as a gentleman HO CENTENNIAL HISTORY of great moral worth." Although only nine months on the bench in Alle gheny County, he made many friends, and won the respect and confidence of all, both as man and judge. Judge Maynard was married in 1830 to Miss Sarah Ann Mather, a descendant of Cotton Mather, of Massachusetts, who died in 1832, leaving one daughter. His second wife was a Miss De Pui, by whom he had four sons and three daughters; one of the daughters married Peter Herdic, Esq. David Ritchie was the first Associate Law Judge appointed under the Act of April 11, 1862. He was appointed by Governor Curtin, May 22, 1862, and commissioned until the first Monday of December following, when he was succeeded by E. H. Stowe, who was elected for ten years. Judge Ritchie was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, August 19, 1812; graduated at Jefferson College in 1829; came to Pittsburgh about 1833- read law with Walter Forward, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. Immediately after his admission he went to Europe and entered the Uni versity at Heidelberg, where he remained some two years, and received the degree of Doctor of Laws. Returning to the United -States in the fall of 1836, he commenced the practice of law in Pittsburgh, and soon rose to dis tinction in a lucrative and successful practice, In 1852 he was elected to Congress, and twice re-elected, serving in 33d, 34th, and 35th Congresses, during President Pierce's administration, and half of President Buchanan's. He died January 24, 1867, unmarried. Judge Ritchie was a marked character. Besides being learned in his profession, he was an accomplished scholar. He was a brilliant conversa tionalist, witty, entertaining, and instructive. He was honest to the core, and entirely fearless in the discharge of duty. Although but a few months on the bench, he was there, long enough to exhibit excellent qualifications for the position. District Court oe Allegheny County. The District Court of the county was established by Act of April 8, 1833, with one Judge, having the same jurisdiction as the Common Pleas, except limited to cases where the sum exceeded one hundred dollars. It was limited to a period of seven years. But by Act of June 12, 1839, it was continued until abolished by law, and an Associate Judge was added. By this act the jurisdiction of the Common Pleas was limited to cases where the sum in controversy did not exceed one hundred dollars. Robert Cooper Grier was the first Judge of the District Court. He was appointed by the Governor, and commissioned May 2, 1833. He re signed Aug. 8, 1846, when appointed by President Polk an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Judge Grier was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, March 5, 1794. His father was the Rev. Isaac Grier, who moved to Lycoming County when Robert was a small boy, preached and taught a grammar school there, and afterwards moved to Northumberland County, where he taught an acad emy, and died in 1815. Robert was the oldest of the family, and, after his fath er's death, supported his mother and educated his ten brothers and sisters. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1812, taught one year in the college, then was principal of his father's academy for three or four years, was ad mitted to the bar in 1817, and commenced practice in Bloomsburg, but soon moved to Danville, where he was residing when appointed Judge. He moved to Allegheny City in 1833, where he resided till 1848, and then moved to Phil adelphia. He resigned as Judge of Supreme Court, January 31, 1870, and died September 25, of the same year. Judge Grier was a fine classical scholar and most able jurist, but rather abrupt and brusque in his manners. He was a man of quick perceptions, decided convictions, and positive opinions, and, like all men of that cast. inclined to be arbitrary and dictatorial. In the trial of a cause, when he believed injustice was attempted, he was most emphatic in his charge, not unfrequently arguing the cause to the jury as an advocate. His contempt for hypocrisy and cant; his love of the right and hatred of the wrong, with his stern, decided character, made him sometimes appear on the Dis trict bench despotic. But he was seldom wrong in his convictions or opin- OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. Ill ions. Men of great intellectual abilities are generally headstrong and de termined; weak mer> are the trimmers and seekers after popular favor. On one occasion, on the trial of an ejectment suit, when the jury brought in a verdict contrary to his charge! he remarked to them that it took thirteen men to steal a man's farm, and immediately set aside the ver dict. Wm. M. Darlington, Esq., has furnished me the following anecdote: One Saturday morning, 1840, he was present in Judge Grier's court, when there came up for argument a case in which the great showman, P. T. Barnum, was a party. Barnum and one Lindsay had been partners in the show business, but quarreled and separated. Lindsay had got a negro boy, which he called " Master Diamond," and represented him as a perfect pro digy in dancing and singing. He had posted up flaming hand-bills through the country, describing his prodigy and announcing the evenings for his performances. Barnum got a smart white boy, blacked him, and went along Lindsay's route a few days in advance, exhibiting the "genuine" Master Diamond, thus reaping the fruits of Lindsay's labors, without any expense for advertising. Lindsay met him in Pittsburgh, sued him for ten thousand dollars damages, and had him arrested on a capias, and thrown into jail. The argument before Judge Grier was on the rule for his discharge from prison on common bail. John D. Mahon was attorney for Lindsay, and George F. Gilmore for Barnum. After Gilmore had read the plaintiff's affidavit, and ' was proceeding to read that of the defendant, the Judge exclaimed, " Stop, I've heard enough! such a case! What does it amount to? One vagabond gets alive bear" (drawling out the word), "goes about the country gathering all the idlers and gaping idiots to pay their money to see a bear dance. Another vagabond procures a bear's skin, stuffs it with straw, and tramps about exhibiting it. Vagabond No. 1 says to vagabond No. 2, 'you have no right to do that; the harvest is mine for I was first in the field to gather all the fools' money!' And because vagabond No. 3 got the money, vaga bond No. 1 sues him for ten thousand dollars damages! Rule absolute; prisoner discharged; cryer, adjourn the Court!" And as the judge walked down the steps, he remarked to Mr. Darlington, "Did you ever hear of such a case? " I'll teach Mahon not to bring such a suit in my Court." Hopewell Hepburn succeeded Charles Shaler as Associate Judge, and R. C. Grier as President Judge, of the District Court. He was born in Northumberland County, Pa., Oct, 28, 1799 In his youth he attended the Academy taught by Mr. Grier, where their acquaintance began, which prob ably led to his appointment as Judge Grier's Associate. He graduated at Princeton College; read law with his brother, Samuel Hepburn, at Milton, Pa., and was admitted to the bar in 1822 or 1823. He practiced law at Eas ton until appointed Associate Judge of the District Court, Sept. 17, 1844. When Judge Grier was advanced to the Supreme Court of the United States, he was commissioned as President Judge, August 13, 1846. He held that po sition until November 3, 1851, when he resigned. The first election of Judges in this State was in October, 1851, under the amended Constitution of 1850. Judge Hepburn had been on the bench of the District Court for seven years. He had given entire satisfac tion to the people and bar by his promptness in the dispatch of business, his fidelity to duty, his integrity, learning, and legal ability. His qualifica tions and fitness for the position were acknowledged by all, But he was a Democrat. The office had become elective. Party leaders immediately drew party lines. The Democrats nominated Hepburn, the Whigs Walter Forward; and the Whigs, having a majority, elected Forward. The inev itable tendencv to carry politics into an elective judiciary was seen also in the case of Chief Justice Gibson. He had been thirty-seven years on the bench of the Supreme Court— eleven years as Associate Justice, and twenty- six years as Chief Justice— and was universally acknowledged to be a jurist of transcendent ability. Yet he could not get the nomination of the Whig party of the State. After Judge Hepburn retired from the bench, he practiced law at Pitts burgh for a few years, then withdrew from the practice, accepting the Pres idency of the Allegheny Bank, which he held for three years; but his health failing, he removed to Philadelphia, and died there February 14, 1863. 112 CENTENNIAL HISTORY Walter Forward succeeded Judge Hepburn, and was the first Presi dent Judge of the District Court elected by the people. He was commis sioned November 7, 1851, and held the office till his death, Nov. 24, 1852. Walter Forward was born in Connecticut, in 1786. When he was four teen years of age his father moved to the then far West, located on a tract of land in Ohio, and began to clear the forest and erect a log cabin. He worked with his father three years on the farm, the last year teaching a night school, by which he got the means to purchase a few books, among them an old copy of Blackstone, that started in his mind the notion of be ing a lawyer. In the spring of 1803, at the age of seventeen, he told his father he was going to Pittsburgh to read law. He started on foot with a small bundle of clothes hung on a stick over his shoulder, and only a dollar or so in his pocket. On the road he picked up a horseshoe and put it in his bundle. When he arrived in Allegheny he had no money to pay his ferri age across the river, but the ferryman took the horseshoe in payment. He knew no person or lawyer in Pittsburgh, but had heard of Henry Baldwin. Walking along Market Street, reading the signs to find Mr. Baldwin's office,' a man, in the act of mounting a horse, inquired what he was looking for. On being informed of his object and purpose, the man— it was Henry Bald win just starting to attend Court at Kittanning — gave him the key to his office, and told him to occupy it and read Blackstone till his return. Such was the introduction of the future Secretary of the Treasury to the future Judge of the Supreme Court. While the young, uncouth stranger was thus sitting and reading in the office alone, a well-dressed, well-educated, and talented young man entered and tackled the rustic stranger in argument, but was soon worsted, as he afterwards candidly admitted. It was H. M. Brackenridge. The acquaint ance thus formed ripened into a life-long intimacy. As a further illustra tion of young Forward's straitened circumstances at that time, Mr. Brack , enridge says: " We took a walk one Saturday afternoon, and descended. into the deep, romantic glens east of Grant's Hill. We took a shower bath under my favorite cascade, after which my companion washed the garment ; unknown to the luxury of Greeks and Romans (his shirt) and laid it in a . sunny spot to dry; while seated on a rock we 'reasoned high of fate, fore knowledge.' " — Brackenridge s Recollections of tlie West, p. 82. Mr. Baldwin, at that time, was interested in a Republican newspaper called the Tree of Liberty, of which Mr. Forward became the editor in 1806, when nineteen years of age. What he received for his services as contrib utor and editor of that paper, supported him till he was admitted to the bar in 1808. He soon rose to distinction at the bar as a man of rare intel lectual endowments and an eloquent advocate. In 1822 he was elected to Congress, and again in 1824. In 1824 and 1828 he supported John Quincy Adams for President in opposition to General Jackson. In 1837 he was a member of the State Constitutional Convention, and bore a conspicuous part in its deliberations; in 1841 was appointed by President Harrison first Controller of the Treasury; in September of that year was appointed by President Tyler Secretary of the Treasury, retiring from that office in March, 1845, he resumed the practice of law in Pittsburgh; in 1849 was ap pointed by President Tyler Charge d' Affairs to the Court of Denmark; and resigned in 1851 when elected President Judge of the District Court. Judge Forward came to the bar when such men as James Ross, Henry Baldwin, Wm. Wilkins, John Woods, Steele Sample, Sidney Mountain, were the leaders; yet in a few years he stood their peer in all respects, and was employed in every important cause. His arguments to the court or jury were never long or tedious; always brief, but directly to the point, and masterly in their clear logic and forcible presentation, in a celebrated case, where the opposite counsel had occupied days in their argument, Mr. Forward spoke less than two hours, and at the conclusion of his argument Chief Justice Gibson adjourned the court, with the remark that "the law was not devoid of luxuries when the Judges had an opportunity of listen ing to such an argument as that." Yet the heads of that argument were written in the kitchen, while his wife was preparing their meal— an incident illustrating the strong social affections of the heart/as well as the greatness of intellect. OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 113 Judge Forward was a great man intellectually, morally, and socially. And, like all truly great men, he was modest and unassuming, candid and sincere, not envious or jealous, rejoicing at the success of others, and al ways ready to give a kind word or a helping hand to those starting in life. The. religious element was strong in his character, resulting in a life re markably exemplary, pure, and spotless. He was exceptionally domestic in his habits, devotedly attached to his home, and delighted in social enjoy ments. His conversational powers were of the highest order. Like Chief Justice Marshall and Chief Justice Gibson, he was passionately fond of music, and was a good performer on the violin. His " bump " of order, however, was not largely developed. His office was filled with books and papers, lying about on tables and chairs, mingled with letters, essays, music, and musical instruments, while the corners of the room were stacked with guns, hunting accoutrements, and farming implements, covered with dust; for he would scarcely allow a servant to " put things to rights," for fear he could not lay his hand on what he wanted. Judge Forward was on the bench only one year. Like Lord Eldon, he was sometimes called the "doubter," because he was slow in deciding an impor tant question. Weak men jump to a conclusion, for their vision cannot reach beyond the case in hand. A great man looks beyond, to see how the princi ple will apply to other cases. He is careful that a hasty decision shall not establish a precedent to work injustice in the future. The last case Judge Forward tried was an important will case, which took several days. He walked in from his country home to the court-house, Monday, Nov. 24, 1852. It was a cold, damp day. The court-room was very uncomfortable, and he had a chill just before charging the jury. The jury retired in the afternoon, and he went to his lodgings. Before the jury had agreed upon their ver dict, Walter Forward was dead. Perhaps no man ever died in the county more sincerely lamented, or more beloved and esteemed by the people. He was admired for his great intellectual abilities, and loved for his great , moral excellence. And Walter Forword loved the people; not as a dema gogue or office seeker, but as a man and patriot. His highest ambition was to be a useful man. Peter C. Shannon succeeded Judge Forward. He was appointed by Governor Bigler, Nov. 27, 1852, until the first Monday of December, 1853. Mr. Shannon was born in Ireland, came to this country when quite young, read law, and was admitted to the bar in Pittsburgh in 1846. He was quite young when appointed Judge, but during the year he was on the bench ac quitted himself very creditably. He was the Democratic candidate for Judge in the fall of 1853, but was defeated by Moses Hampton. After re tiring from the bench he practiced law in Pittsburgh until 1869, when he was appointed Judge of the United States Court in Dakota, and moved to that Territory, where he has continued to reside. Judge Shannon was a man Of fine literary taste, of good social qualities, and personally quite popular. He was a most effective campaign speaker, and on two occasiqns the Democratic candidate for Congress. During the war of the Rebellion he took a decided stand and active part in supporting the Government. Moses Hampton succeeded P. C. Shannon. He was elected in October, 1853; commissioned November 19, 1853, for ten years from first Monday of December, 1853; was re-elected, for a second term of ten years, in October, 1863; served the full term, and died June 24, 1878. Judge Hampton was born in Beaver County, Pa., October 28, 1803. In 1812 his father moved to Trumbull County, Ohio, and commenced farming, ¦ living in a log cabin, and carrying on his trade of a blacksmith. In his boy hood, the Judge helped his father on the farm and also in the blacksmith shop. At the age of seventeen he entered an academy in Burton, Ohio, where he spent a year, acquiring a knowledge of the English branches, and commencing the study of Greek and Latin, supporting himself by his own labor. He then started for Washington College, traveling on foot from his home in Ohio to Washington, Pa., and prosecuted his studies under the direc tion of Rev. Dr. Wylie, graduating in 1826. He then accepted the situation as Principal of La Fayette Academy, Uniontown, Pa., where he remained two 114 CENTENNIAL HISTORY years, in the mean time reading law with John M. Austin, and was admitted to the bar in 1829. He went from Uniontown to Somerset, where he com menced practising law. He was appointed Prothonotary of the county by Governor Ritner, and held the office one year, but resigned the office, and, in 1838, moved to Pittsburgh. He at once entered the front rank of the profession, and very soon acquired a large practice. In 1846 he was elected to Congress, and was re-elected in 1848. During his terms in Congress he maintained a high standing, and was placed on two of the most important committees. It was through his efforts that a marine hospital was establish ed at Pittsburgh, and an appropriation obtained for a new post-office. And after his election to the bench it was through his infiuence and efforts that the county workhouse was established. In his younger days Judge Hampton was an ardent Whig, taking an active part in the election of Governor Ritner in 1835; of President Harri son in 1840, and in the Presidential campaigns of 1844 and 1848. As a campaign speaker he was immensely popular, having few equals in the State. As a Judge he was distinguished for his propriety and dignity on the bench, for close attention to business of the court, for eminent fairness to suitors and counsel, for a high sense of honor and justice, for quick and clear perceptions, calmness of judgment, an extensive knowledge of the law, and the clearness and logical force of his opinions. Quiet, reserved, and gentlemanly in his manners; tender in his feelings; kind and benevol ent in all the impulses of his heart; and an exemplary Christian in public and private life. He joined the Presbyterian Church when seventeen years of age, lived nearly three score years in her communion, and at the time of his decease was one of the oldest ruling Elders of the denomination. Associate Judges of the District Court. Trevanion B. Dallas was appointed June 22, 1839; died 1841. Charles Shaler, May 6, 1841; resigned May 20, 1844. Hopewell Hepburn, September 17, 1844; appointed President Judge in 1846. Walter H. Lowrie was appointed Associate Judce August 20, 1846, and held the office until the fall of 1851, when he was elected one of tbe Judges of the Supreme Court. The five Judges elected at that time were required, by the law putting in operation the elective judiciary, to cast lots for their terms, to serve, respectfully, three, six, nine, twelve, and fifteen years. Judge Lowrie drew the twelve-year term, which expired in 1863. After, retiring from the Supreme Bench he practiced in Pittsburgh for a few years, and then moved to Philadelphia. White living there, in 1870, he was elected President Judge of Crawford County, and moved to Meadville. He died suddenly of heart disease, November 14, 1876, was brought to Pitts burgh, and interred in Allegheny Cemetery. Judge Lowrie was the son of Matthew B. Lowrie, Esq., of Pittsburgh; was born in 1806, educated at the Western University, and admitted to the bar Aug. 4, 1829. Before his elevation to the bench he had acquired quite an extensive practice. He never took an active part in politics, but devoted himself to his profession and literary pursuits. He was a good Greek, Latin, and Hebrew scholar. His reading was extensive, especially in the fields of theology and metaphysics. He became a member of the Presbyterian Church in early life, and in 1835 was ordained an elder of the Second Pres byterian Church of Pittsburgh. Nearly all his life he was a teacher in the Sabbath-school, teaching Bible classes, generally of adults. He was devot ed to that work, always preparing his lessons most thoroughly. He was also quite a voluminous writer of moral essays, " Sunday Readings," and "Lay Sermons " for the daily and weekly newspapers, and more elaborate articles for the quarterlies, the Princeton Review, and others. Judge Lowrie was married in 1829 to Rachel Thompson, by whom he had tlree children, two sons and one daughter. His widow is still living residing with her son, Rev. Samuel T. Lowrie, D. D., of Trenton N.J. The other son, Jas. A. Lowrie, Esq., is practising law in Denver, Colorado. Henry W. Williams was elected Assistant Judge of the District Court in October, 1851, and commissioned November 7, 1851, for ten years, re- OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 115 elected in 1861, and resigned October 28, 1868, when elected to the Supreme Court. He died February 19, 1877. Judge Williams was born in New. London County, Conn., January 21, 1816. He was of the old New England stock, being a lineal descendant of Robert Williams, who came from England and. settled in Roxbury, Mass., in 1632. After the usual common school and academic courses, he entered Amherst College in the fall of 1833, and graduated in 1837. In his college days he took high rank as a scholar and debater. After graduation he was Principal of Southwick Academy for two years; then started West, intend ing to make St. Louis his home. In February, 1839, he arrived in Pitts burgh, and meeting his classmate, the late C. B. M. Smith, Esq., who was then conducting a select school, he was induced to stay here. He taught the classics in the school, and also read law with Walter H. Lowrie. He was admitted to the bar in 1841, and his preceptor immediately took him in to partnership, as the law firm of Lowrie & Williams. When Mr. Lowrie was appointed Judge, in 1845, he formed a partnership with Wm. M. Shinn, as Williams & Shinn, which continued until the fall of 1851, when Mr. Wil liams was elected Associate Judge of the District Court. In 1867 he was the Republican candidate for the Supreme Bench, and was defeated by Judge Sharswood, but the next year was appointed to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Judge Strong, and was elected, in 1869, for a term of fifteen years, running several thousand votes ahead of his ticket. Judge Williams united with the Third Presbyterian Church of Pitts burgh in 1840; was ordained an elder in 1858; was a member of the General Assembly in 1859, 1865, 1866, 1867; was elected a corporate member of the Board for Foreign Missions in 1869, and was a member of the Committee for the union of the Old and New Schools in 1870 In 1852 Amherst College conferred upon him the degree of A. M., and in 1866 the degree of LL. D. He was married in 1846 to Lucy J. Stone, of Salem, N. J., and at his de cease left her surviving, with five children, three sons and two daughters. Judge Williams had a clear, logical mind, a breadth and grasp of intel lect that could seize and master the most complicated case in all its details. As a lawyer he always prepared his cases most thoroughly, and hence, at the trial, was never surprised by any sudden move of his adversary. He was remarkably careful and accurate. He would spend half a day going over an intricate calculation, or a long, complicated account, to correct an error of two cents. As a Judge, his strong, vigorous intellect grappled at once with the main features of the case and principles of law involved. Wisely cautious in forming a judgment, when the conclusion was reached he expressed it in plain, direct language, sustained by a force of logic and authority which seldom left any doubt of its correctness. United States District Court. The United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsyl vania was established by Act of Congress of 20th May, 1818, and Jonathan Hoge Walker was appointed Judge by President Monroe. He held the first Court at Pittburgh, December 7, 1818. Judge Walker was born in East Pennsboro' Township, Cumberland County, Pa., in 1756. He was of English descent. His grandfather, Wil liam Walker, was a Captain under the Duke of Marlborough in Queen Anne's wars. His mother was a daughter of John Hoge, of Hogestown, in Cumberland County. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1787, read law with Stephen Duncan, whose daughter he married, and moved to Northum berland County. March 1, 1806, he was appointed President Judge of the Fourth Judicial District, composed of Centre, Huntingdon, Mifflin, and Bed ford counties, and presided in those courts for twelve years. In 1810 he moved to Bedford; in 1819 to Pittsburgh. He died in January, 1824, in Natchez, Mississippi, while on a visit to his oldest son, Duncan S. Walker, who was residing there. While Judge Walker was on the Bench of the United States District Court, his second son read law, and commenced practice in Pittsburgh in 1821. After his father's death, in 1826 he moved to Natchez. This was 116 CENTENNIAL HISTORY Robert J. Walker, who subsequently became a distinguished statesman and politician. . , Judge Walker was a very large man, considerably over six feet high; a good scholar and able Judge. On his leaving the Fourth Judicial District m 1818, he published a farewell address to the people of the district, abound ing with the kindliest feelings and with excellent thoughts on the duties and responsibilities of a Judge. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and in several expeditions against the Indians in Western Pennsyl vania and west of the Ohio. This was one reason he gave for desiring to move west of the mountains. Judge Walker was succeeded by William Wilkins, who held the office until 1831, when he resigned, being elected to the United States Senate. Thomas Irwin succeeded Judge Wilkins. He was appointed in 1831, by President Jackson, and held the office until 1859, when he resigned and retired to private life. He was born in Philadelphia, February 22, 1784. His father, Col. Matthew Irwin, was a distinguished soldier of the Revolu tionary War, and one of the Philadelphia patriots of that trying period, who brought relief to the famishing army at Valley Forge, subscribing, him self, $5000 for that purpose. His mother was a daughter of Benjamin Miff lin, whose ancestors came to Pennsylvania at an early period. Thomas Mifflin, the first elected Governor of Pennsylvania, was a relative of Judge Irwin, after whom he was named. The Mifflins were known as the " Fight ing Quakers," from the active part they took in the Revolutionary War. Judge Irwin received a fair education at Franklin College, Lancaster, but, in consequence of his father becoming deeply involved by indorse ments for friends, he was compelled to quit college, at the age of nineteen, to aid in supporting his mother, who was left without means, a widow, with si x children. In 1808 he moved to Louisiana, and commenced the practice of law, but ill-health caused him to return to Pennsylvania in 1811 . He then located in Uniontown, Fayette County, and devoted himself to the practice of his profession. He was elected to the State Legislature from that county in 1824 and 1826, and was elected to Congress in 1828. He was the Jackson candidate for re-election in 1830, but was defeated. When Judge Wilkins resigned the judgeship in 1831, President Jackson appointed him as Wil- kins's successor. Judge Irwin was married in 1812 to Miss Walker, of Uniontown, by whom he had twelve children; only four, however, lived to their majority. His eldest daughter was married to Col. Samuel W. Black. He died at his residecce, in Allegheny City, May 14, 1870, in his eighty-seventh year. His widow survived him eight years. Both now sleep, side by side, in Allegheny Cemetery. Judge Irwin was an active Democrat, but, after his elevation to the bench, took no part in politics. During his long period on the bench, twenty-eight years, he discharged his official duties with promptness and fidelity. His numerous written opinions exhibit ability and great industry. One of his opinions, on a ques tion arising under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, excited wide-spread in terest, and gave him a national reputation. Wilson McCandless succeeded Judge Irwin; appointed by President Buchanan, February 8, 1859. He resigned, and retired to private life, July 24, 1876, and died at his residence, in Pittsburgh, June 30, 1882. Judge McCandless was born at Noblestown, in Allegheny County, July 10, 1810; was educated at the Western University; read law with George Selden, Esq., and was admitted to the bar June 19, 1831. He was in part nership in the practice of law, for some time, with W. W. Fetterman, and afterwards, for many years, with his brother-in-law, Wm. B. McClure. He was married, in 1834, to Sarah Collins, and had three children — one son and two daughters; one daughter, Margaret D., was married to R. H. Emerson, and died in 1872; his son, Stephen C., is Clerk of the United States District Court. Judge McCandless was a remarkable man. He was a natural orator; with a robust form and commanding personnel, he had a clear, musical OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 117 voice, and fine flow of language, quick, brilliant, witty, and admirable in repartee. He was often called on by his fellow citizens as the speaker for great public occasions, and on such occasions his addresses sparkled with the rarest gems of oratory. Few man equaled him in power before a jury in a criminal case. As the champion of the Democracy of Western Penn sylvania, his voice was always heard in the thickest of the fight, cheering his comrades on to victory, or rallying them in defeat for another battle. He never held a political office, but was frequently in State and National Conventions, helping to choose the standard bearers of his party, and then entering the campaign with all his energies to secure their election. In private life he was genial, sympathetic, sprightly, witty, and humorous. On the bench he maintained the dignity of his station with such unaffected urbanity that all the bar respected and loved him. Winthrop W. Ketcham succeded Judge McCandless. He was born in Wilkesbarre, Pa., June 29, 1820. His father was a painter and cabinet-ma ker, and in his boyhood young Ketcham assisted his father in these occu pations, but generally carried a book in his pocket, and spent most of the dinner-hour reading. His evenings were devoted to improving his educa tion, reciting to a friend, who took a lively interest in him. When Wyom ing Seminary was started in 1843, he became a teacher in it, and continued there until 1847. In 1848 and 1849 he was a teacher in Girard College, Phil adelphia. Jan. 8, 1850, he was admitted to the bar in Wilkesbarre. In 1855 elected Prothonotary of Luzerne County for three years. In 1858 elected to the Legislature, and in 1859 elected State Senator for three years. In 1864 appointed by President Lincoln Solicitor of the U. S. Court of Claims, and resigned in 1866. Was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Chicago in 1860, at Baltimore in 1864, and a Presidential Elector in 1868. Elected to Congress in 1874, and in July, 1876, appointed Judge to succeed Judge McCandless. On Saturday, Dec. 6, 1870, he held court in this city, in his usual good health and returned to his room in the St. Charles hotel. At 5 p. m. he was stricken with apoplexy, and died at 11.50 p. m., his wife and only son at his bedside, with the physicians and friends who had been hastily summoned. He died universally lamented and respected. Judge Ketcham was a man of far more than ordinary ability. He worked his own way up from the common walks of life to a most honora ble position, by his own efforts, unaided by wealth or influential friends. He was a self-made man. At every step in his upward career he multiplied his friends without ever losing one. In every station he proved himself a true, honest, upright man, and acquitted himself with honor, Judge Ketcham was succeeded by Marcus W. Acheson, the present in cumbent. Mayor's Court op Pittsburgh. The borough of Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city, by Act of 18th March, 1816. The Act created a Mayor's Court, composed of the Mayor, a Recorder, and twelve Aldermen. The Recorder and Aldermen were ap pointed by the Governor during good behavior, and the Mayor to be elected annuaily by the City Councils from the Aldermen. The Mayor's Court had jurisdiction to try forgeries, perjuries, larcenies, assaults and batteries, riots, routs, and unlawful assemblies, and generally all offences committed in the city, cognizable in a Court of Quarter Sessions; besides all violations of city ordinances. The causes were regulariy tried before a jury. The Mayor presided in the court, but the Recorder was the law judge or legal officer of the court. The Mayor or Recorder and any three of the Aldermen could hold the court. The Recorder was also vested with civil jurisdiction, the same as the Aldermen. He was to receive a salary to be paid by the city, Charles Wilkins, son of Gen. John Wilkins, was the first Recorder. He was admitted to the bar in 1807, appointed Recorder in 1816, and died in 1818. Charles Shaler was Recorder from 1818 to 1821. He was succeeded by Ephraim Pentland, who was Prothonotary of the county from 1807 to 1821. Pentland came to Pittsburgh in 1801 or 1802; he had been a printer and editor; he was a short, heavy-set man, very fond of jokes, and a noted 118 CENTENNIAL HISTORY character. He died in 1839. He was succeeded by H. H. Van Amnnge, who was admitted to the bar in 1837, and appointed Recorder in 1839. He held the office only a few months, for the Mayor's Court was abolished byAct of 12 June, 1839. Van Amringe came here from Chester Couuty. He was an excellent lawyer, and courteous gentleman, but erratic in his religious notions. LIST OF JUDGES. Judges of the Common Pleas, Quarter Sessions and Orphans' Court Prior to the Constitution of 1790. When appointed. 1788, Oct. 9. GEO. WALLACE, President. " 9, JOHN METZGAR, Associate. MICHAEL HILLMAN, Associate. ROBERT RITCHIE, Associate. These were the Judges until August 17, 1791, when the Courts were re-organi2ed under the Con stitution of 1790. The following were the Justices of the Peace, entitled to sit in the Quarter Sessions, but not in the Common Pleas or Orphans' Court. When appointed. 1788, Sept. 26. JAMES BRYSON. '• 27. SAMUEL JONES. " Nov. 21. JOHN JOHNSON, " 21. ABRAHAM KIRKPATRICK. •• 21. RICHARD BUTLER. " 21. WILLIAM TILTON. " 25. JOHN WILKINS, father of John, Jr., and William. 1789, May 21. HENRY NESBY. Associate Judges, under the Constitution c/1790. Laymen appointed during good behavior, until 1851, and then elected for a term of five years . When appointed. 1791, Aug. 17. GEO. WALLACE. Resigned in 1798, and re-appointed. JOHN WILKINS, Jr. Resigned Feb. 26. 1796. JOHN McDOWELL. Died in 1812. JOHN GIBSON. Died in 1800. GEO. THOMPSON. In place of John Wilkins, Jr. JOHN C. B. LUCAS. In place of Gen. John Gibson. FRANCIS McCLURE. Resigned Dec. 22, 1838. GEO. ROBINSON. Died in 1818. JAMES RIDDLE. Resigned Dec. 25, 1838. WILLIAM HAYS. Resigned April 11, 1840. HUGH DAVIS. Resigned in 1840. WM. PORTER. Commission annulled by decision of S. Ct., and re-appainted Feb. 17, 1843. JOHN M. SNOWDEN. Re-commissioned March 31, 1841. JOHN ANDERSON. Declined. WM. G. HAWKINS. Declined. WM. KERR. Re-commissioned Match 14, 1846. SAMUEL JONES. Resigned May 12, 1851. WM. HOGGS. Re-commissioned Nov. 10, 1851. THOMAS L. McMILLAN. Re-commissioned Nov. 10, 1851. Died 1852, PATRICK McKENNA. Until Dec. 1, 1852. GABRIEL ADAMS. Commissioned for five years. JOHN E. PARKE. GABRIEL ADAMS. JOHN BROWN. John Brown was the last layman commissioned as Judge. The law was changed, requiring two Associate Law Judges to be elected " " 17. " '¦ 17. " " 17. 1796. Feb. 26. 1800, July 17. 1812, July 24. 1814, June 8. 1818, Sept. 2. 1838, Dec. 27. " " 31. 1840, Mch.20, ¦" April 16. 1845. April 9. " April 17. " May 8. 1848, Feb. 28. 1851, Mch. 18 " June 10. 1852, April 27. " Nov. 29. 1856, Nov. 12. 1857, Nov. 17. 1861, Nov 13. OP ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 119 President Judges Court of the Common Pleas, etc. Appointed by the Governor, during good behavior, until after the Constitutional Amendment of 1850 ; then elected for a term of ten years. When appointed. 1791, Aug. 17. ALEXANDER ADDISON, Impeached and removed 1803. 1803, April 30. SAMUEL ROBERTS. Died Dec. 13,1820. 1820, Dec. 18. WILLIAM WILKINS. Resigned May 25, 1824. 1824, June 5. CHARLES SHALER. Resigned May 4, 1835. 1835, May 15. TREV ANION B. DALLAS. Resigned June 24, 1839. 1839, July 1. BENJAMIN PATTON, Jk. Resigned in 1850. 1850, Jan. 31. WM. B. McCLURE. Elected in 1851, and commissioned for ten years Re-elected in 1861, and commissioned for ten years. Died in 1861. 1862, Jan. 4. JAMES P. STERRETT. Appointed in place of W. E. McClure, deceased. Elected in 1862, and commissioned Nov. 4, 1862, for ten years. Re-elected in 1872, and commissioned Nov. 10, 1872, for ten years. Resigned in 1877, when appointed to the Supreme Court. E. H. Stowe then became President Judge, and was relected in 1882 for ten years. Associate Law Judges of the Common Pleas, When appointed. 1859, April 16. JOHN W. MAYNARD. Until first Monday of December, 1859. 1859, Nov. 8. THOS. MELLON. Elected and commissioned for ten years. 1862, May 22. DAVID RITCHIE. Commissioned until first Monday in December, 1862. 1862, Nov. 4. EDWIN H. STOWE. Elected and commissioned for ten years. 1869, Nov. 26. FREDERICK H.COLLIER. Elected and commissioned for ten years. 1872, Nov. 6. E. H. STOWE. Re-elected and commissioned for ten years. 1877,' Mch. CHARLES S. FETTERMAN. Appointed until first Monday in Dec. 1877. 1877, Nov. JOHN H.BAILEY. Elected and commissioned for ten years. 1879, Nov. FRED. H. COLLIER. Re-elected and commissioned for ten years. 1887, Nov. J. F. SLAGLE. Elected for ten years. President Judges of the District Court. When appointed. 1833, May 2. ROBERT C. GRIER. Resigned Aug. 8, 1846. , 1846, Aug. 13. HOPEWELL HEPBURN. Re-commissioned Feb. 17, 1847. Resigned Nov. 3, 1851. 1851, Nov. 3. WALTER FORWARD. Elected and commissioned for ten years. Died in 1852. 1852, Nov. 27. P. C. SHANNON. Appointed till first Monday in December, 1853. 1853, Nov. 19. MOSES HAMPTON. Elected and commissioned for ten years. 1863, Nov. 3. MOSES HAMPTON. Re-elected 1873. Nov. THOMAS EWING. Elected and commissioned for ten years. 1883, Nov. THOMAS EWING. Re-elected Associate Law Judges of the District Court. When appointed. 1839, June 22. TREV ANION B. DALLAS. Died 1841. 1841, May 6. CHARLES SHALER. Resigned May 20, 1844. 1844, Sept. 17. HOPEWELL 'HEPBURN. Appointed President in 1846. 1846, Aug. 20. WALTER H. LOWRIE. Re-commissioned April 17, 1847. Elected to the Su preme Court in 1851. 1851, Nov. 7. HENRY W. WILLIAMS. Re-elected in 1861. Elected no Supreme Court in 1868. Died 1877. 1868, Nov. 10. JOHN M. KIRKPATRICK. Appointed till first Monday of December, 1869, and elected and commissioned Nov. 23, 1869, for ten years. Re-elected in 1879, and commissioned for ten years. 1873, Nov. J. W. F. WHITE. Elected and commissioned for ten years. By the Constitution of 1873 the District Court was abolished, and became. Common Pleas No. 2. 1883, Nov. J.W. F.WHITE. Re-elected for ten years , ISfee, CHRISTOPHER MAGEE. Appointed in place of John M. Kirkpatrick, re signed, and in November elected for ten years. 120 _CENTENNIAL HISTORY Orphans' Court. The Judges of the Common Pleas were Judges of the Orphans' Court until the Act of 19th May, 1874, which erected a separate Orphans' Court for Allegheny County, with one Judge. 1874, Nov. WM. G. HAWKINS. Elected for term of ten years By Act of 5th May, 1881, an Associate Judge for said Court was added. 1881, Nov. JAMES W. OVER. Elected for term of ten years. 1884, Nov. WM. G. HAWKINS. Re elected as President Judge for term often years. ALLEGHENY COUNTY INDUSTRIES. COMPILED BY DAVID LOWRY, ESQ. AREA AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. The territory of Allegheny county embraces 757 square miles. The annual report of the Secretary of Internal Affairs for the year ending December 31st, 1887, shows that the total number of taxables is 98;773. There is 333,428 acres cleared and 51,151 acres of timber land. The real estate in Allegheny county is valued at $235,880,005. The value of the real estate taxable is $205,820,034, and the real estate exempt from taxa tion is valued at $30,026,971. The number of horses, mares, geldings and mules returned was 23,226, valued at $1,665,065. The neat cattle numbered 19,044, valued at $470,173; Swine, 25,000. There are 5,530 farms in the county, valued at $40,412,000. The value of the annual products of these farms in 1887 was$3,989,000. They produced 889,000 bushels of corn, 936,000 bushels of oats, 408,000 bushels of wheat, 808,500 bushels of potatoes, 67,000 tons of hay, 280,000 pounds of wool, 350,000 dozens eggs, and the orchards and gardens yielded to the value of $800,000. POPULATION OP PITTSBURG. Pittsburg was incorporated as a borough on the 22d of April, 1794, with less than 1,000 inhabitants. In 1810 the inhabitants numbered 4,768; in 1820, 7,248; in 1830, 16,988; in 1840,38,931; in 1850, 79,873; in 1860, 124,844; in 1870 the population of Pittsburg and Allegheny numbered 199,130. From this time the census reports covering both cities have been added together, as they are practically one community. In 1880 the population of the two cities was 290,000. The population of Alle gheny county in 1880, was given by the census at 355,869. Pittsburg proper has for a number of years been sub-divided into three districts, namely, the Old City, (first twelve wards), East End and South Side. Pittsburg has, as estimated by the Health Bureau July 1st, 1888, a population of 237,000, Allegheny 96,000, while the boroughs in the vicin ity 75,000, and the townships of the county 122,000, making a total population of 530,000. From the same source we get the following in- OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 121 formation: In 1887 there were 5,954 births, 2,033 marriages and 4,713 deaths in Pittsburg, while for the first half of the year 1888, to July 1st, there has been 3,127 births, 1,135 marriages and 2,084 deaths. IRON AND STEEL. There are nineteen blast furnaces in Pittsburg, and five in the vicin ity. These, with our thirty-six iron and twenty steel mills, constitute our leading industries. The industrial development of Allegheny county is so rapid that it arrests the attention of the world. Some idea of the enormous increase in the (capacity of Pittsburg and Allegheny county iron and steel mills may be obtained from the statement that since January 1, 1885, the steel furnace capacity in twelve iron and steel mills has been increased 1,164 tons per day, or at the rate of 349,200 tons per year. In several mills the furnace or smelting capacity has been in creased upwards of 100 per cent., in some 200 per cent., and in one nearly 300 per cent. Swank's Directory corrected to November, 1887, in which the capacity of the iron and steel mills of the country is given, furnishes proof of the correctness of these figures: A certain concern erected Oetober, 1886, four 35-ton converters; another, in the same year, erected two 15-ton Siemens-Martin open hearth furnaces; another has just completed two 6-ton converters; andther erected one 35-ton Siemens-Martin furnace in 1886; another erected one 15-ton open hearth furnace in 1886 and one in 1887; another erected in 1886-7 two 3-ton Clapp Griffith plants, with 3-ton converters each; another completed May, 1885, two 20-ton open hearth furnaces; another erected one 7- ton Bessemer converter, March, 1886; another completed one 20-ton open hearth steel furnace in June, 1886, and another one 18-ton furnace in the same year. To this summary must be added another one 18-ton furnace and five 30-ton open hearth steel furnaces erected by another concern, which will bring the total increase in the furnace capacity of Pittsburg steel mills since January, 1885, up to 1,164 tons per day, or 349,200 tons per year. The increase in the finish. ing departments has not quite kept pace with the producing capacity. There are thirty-five iron mills in Pittsburg, exclusive of the steel and rail mills, the capacity of which exceeds 780,000 tons per year. The output of these mills has been estimated at 580,000 tons per year. The capital invested is about $18,000,000. They furnish employment to 18,000 men. The value of the products of our iron aud steel mills is not easily determined. It can only be approximated. The best informed have estimated the value of the product of the rolling mills at about $36,000,- 000 and the amount distributed to the workmen employed in them at $13,000,000. In 1884, it was estimated that in Allegheny County the amount of capital invested in Blast Furnaces was $5,240,000 ; in Iron Manufacturing, $22,000,000, and in Steel, $12,000,000, making a total in vestment of $39,240,000. The rail mills of Pittsburg have increased their capacity 100 per cent, since 1885, while their furnace capacity has been increased 500 tons per day. The total output of rails in 1887 was about 360,000 tons. One of the most important branches of iron manufacture is the A9 122 CENTENNIAL HISTORY making of pipe. Pipes are made in our pipe mills from one-eighth of an inch to twenty-four inches in diameter. Allegheny county has led the world in the manufacture of iron pipe. In 1884 the capacity of the local pipe mills was about 174,000 tons per annum. A single establish ment now possesses a capacity of 300 tons per day; another has almost equal capacity; others made from 135 to 180 tons per day in 1887. The capacity of the wrought iron pipe mills to-day is about 1,200 tons per day, or 360,000 tons a year. The product of one establishment in 1886 and 1887 exceeded the total output for 1884. The product of Pittsburg's pipe mills in 1887 was about 320,000 tons. The increase in the capacity and output of iron and steel wire mills is as remarkable as the increase in the manufacture of wrought iron pipes. The capacity of one mill is 10,000 tons per annum. Another concern makes 250 kegs of wire nails per day, and 10,000 miles of No. 12 wire a month. This concern has perfected arrangements to increase their capacity to 750 kegs of nails per. day and their wire capacity 30 per cent. A third concern surpasses either of the concerns referred to. It has a capacity of 35,000 net tons of wire per annum, which will soon be increased 20 per cent. Two of these establishments are of recent growth ; one was erected in 1886. The aggregate capacity of these three wire mills is 85,000 tons annually. The capacity will be increased in a few months to 108,000 tons per annum. The output of structural iron made in Pittsburg and vicinity in 1887 approximated 165,000 tons. One concern produced about 118,000 tons. The railway supplies made in 1887 are estimated at 132,000 tons. The capacity of the blast furnaces in Pittsburg in 1861 was 75,000 tons per annum. From 1861 to 1865 the increase was about 65 per cent. From 1865 to 1872 the increase in the capacity was 214 per cent. From 1872 to 1879 the capacity increased 60 per cent, The most remark able increase was noted in 1887, however. The increase in the capacity of Pittsburg's blast furnaces since 1885 is 850 tons per day, or 245,000 tons per annum. Four furnaces — Laughlins, 200 tons per day; the Edith, 150 tons per day, and two at the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, each 250 tons per day — make a total of 850 tons. The output for 1887 was 801,651 gross tons. Here we have an increase in the capacity of 1887 over that of 1861 of more than 1,000 per cent. There are nineteen blast furnaces in Pittsburg and five in the vicinity. The capacity of the last men tioned is 97,000 tons per annum. The value of the plants is not easily determined. The value of the output, on the other hand, is easily ar rived at. The lowest estimate would make it $13,000,000. The progress in the manufacture of steel has been as great as in any other field of industry. The steel mills of Pittsburg have a capacity of more than 150,000 tons crucible steel. Before the capacity was increased, in 1887, the largest annual output was estimated at 48,000 tons in round numbers. The American Iron and Steel Association estimated the out put for 1885 at 42,139 tons. The value of the product is not as easily de termined as pig iron; it maybe said that the value of the output of crucible steel for 1887 approximated $8,000,000. Ok" ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 123 In estimating the value of the Bessemer steel made in Pittsburg, we are guided by the report of the Iron and Steel Association, which gives the output of '85 at 364,405. Say that the output of 1887 was nearly the same, the value of the products of all the steel made in Pittsburg, in- eluding rails, would approximate $22,000,000. GLASS. The next important industry is the manufacture of glass. The same ratios of product are noted in the various branches of the glass trade as have been pointed out in the manufacture of iron and steel. In 1850 the glass product of Pittsburg was valued at $1,000,000, and in 1860 $1,800,- 000. In 1875the window and green glass made in Pittsburg was valued at $3,750,000. There are now fifteen window glass factories, nine bottle facto ries, four factories engaged in the manufacture of fine blown (fancy) ware sixteen table ware, one factory engaged exclusively on mold ware, and seven factories making chimneys. The capacity of these factories as is follows: Bottle factories, 169 pots; chimney factories, 107 pots; mold ware, 20 pots; fancy blown ware, 57 pots; table ware, 339 pots; window ware, 292 pots. The increase in the capacity of the glass factories since natural gas was introduced in 1885 is estimated in two ways — by noting the increase in the pots and the advantages derived from the use of natural gas. The latter is about 10 per cent., the difference in the num ber of pots about 7 per cent. The growth of the Pittsburg plate glass industry illustrates the growth of this branch in a remarkable manner. Established a few years ago, with a capacity of 50,000 square feet a month, it has in creased its capacity until it is now 250,000 square feet per month. The greater portion of the increase in this, as in the majority of instances of extraordinary increase, was made in 1886 and 1887. Another factory, erected in 1887 by Pittsburg capitalists at Butler, will make the total capacity of our plate glass works nearly 350,000 square feet per month. In the manufacture of plate glass Pittsburg is fully abreast with the world; her products in every respect equal, and in some surpass those of France. Pittsburg glassworkers rival the Venetian and excel the Bohemian workmen in the manufacture of ornamental glass. A single firm makes 12,000,000 chimneys in a year. The fifteen window glass factories employ about 1,800 hands, who receive about $1,400,000 in a year. The plants are estimated at $2,0u0,000; value of products $4,850,000. The sixteen table ware factories give em ployment to 3,000 hands, who receive $1,300,000. The value of the plants is said to be $1,600,000; the annual product is worth $3,000,000. The seven chimney factories furnish employment to 1,500 hands, who earn about $600,000 a year. They produce 30,000,000 chimneys a year, besides an enormous quantity and great variety of globes, domes, reflectors, etc. The cost of the plants exceeds a million; the value of their annual pro duct is about $1,200,000. The nine bottle factories employ 900 hands, who receive $500,000. The capital invested is about $750,000; value of product $900,000. The factories engaged upon fine blown ware employ 124 CENTENNIAL HISTORY about 600 hands, who receive about $400,000 a year. The plants are esti mated at $300,000; product at $450,000. In addition to these there are four glass mold factories, employing 70 hands; product $150,000. There isan establishment engaged in thesilver- ing of glass, which silvers glass made in Pittsburg factories, and several establishments are engaged in staining glass made in this city. MISCELLANEOUS . In miscellaneous manufactures the progress made keeps pace with the development of the leading industries. There are three large shops in which heavy and light locomotives are made. The pioneer shop was established in 1875. The capacity of the works is 200 locomotives per annum. They have made upwards of 1,000 locomotives and a large number of stationary engines. In the manufacture of light locomotives, the average output has steadily increased in the last ten years from 50 to 100 per cent. About 250 men are employed by the concern engaged in making light locomo tives. The capacity of the shop is twelve per month. Upwards of 700 locomotives have been made in it. The builders of stationary steam engines have increased their capacity from 40 to 50 per cent, since 1880. The boiler makers have also increased their capacity in equal ratio. In the manufacture of fire-proof safes the capacity has increased upwards of 30 per cent, since 1885. One concern can make 300 safes per month. The manufacture of pig lead was established in Pittsburg in 1875. The lead is produced from ores and base bullion brought from Colorado, Utah, Montana and Idaho. The factory employs 120 hands, whose wages amounts to $100,000 a year. The product is estimated at from 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 ounces of silver a year, also 22,000 tons of pig lead, worth $2,000,000. The plant cost about $150,000. The total value of the products, it will be seen, is between $5,000,000 and $6,000,000. Thereare nine factories in which what is termed "white lead" is made. These con cerns increased their capacity 30 per cent, since 1885. The output of the white lead factories in 1887 was about 900,000 kegs of 25 pounds each. The output for 1888 will approximate 1,200,000 kegs. The total capital invested amounts to $1,700,000. There are two copper mills in which metal is rolled. These employ upwards of 100 hands, who receive about $75,000 year. The value of the product is about $650, 0U0. The plants cost about $300,000. The increase in the business of buUding blast furnaces and steel mills is extraordinary. The chief concern engaged in constructing and erecting blast furnaces and steel mills all over the country reports an increase which, compared with other branches, simply dwarfs them. For obvious reasons, however, the figures are withheld. A single concern employs 400 hands in the shops, and 250 hands outside, who earn about $600,000 a year. This concern has done a net business exceeding $1,000,- 000 in a year. mmP ^33®s sHBBHHm ¦HVHHHV mm 126 CENTENNIAL HISTORY Pittsburg is now regarded as the best market for fine brass ware in the country. Three years ago one of the largest and most successful fac tories devoted to the manufacture of elegant and light brass ware was established in Pittsburg. The range of articles made here embraces everything in use. It gives employment to 150 men; the value of the products exceeds $300,000. There are fifteen brass foundries in Pitts burg, which employ about 400 hands. The plants are valued at $200,000; products at $650,000. Three concerns engaged in the manufacture of pressed tin and Japaned ware .goods employ 400 hands, who earn about $180,000 a year; value of products, $500,000. A single factory devoted to the manufacture of Brittania ware gave work to 75 hands, who receive $40,000. The product is valued at $90,000. The iron foundries of Pittsburg devoted to the manufacture of mill machinery have increased their capacity 20 per cent, within three years. They furnish employment to about 500 bands. The cost of the plants is estimated at $350,000; wages, about $280,000; products, $560,000. The total capacity of the iron foundries of Pittsburg approximates 850,000 tons annually. A single concern engaged in bridge building employs 600 hands at their works, which has an annual capacity of 18,000 tons finished work. About $400,000 is paid the hands a year. Six concerns engaged in the manufacture of nuts and bolts employ 500 hands, who receive $325,000 a year; value of plants, about 400,000; products, $1,400,000. Three establishments devoted to chain making employ about 100 hands; cost of plants, $100,000; capacity, 2,000 tons a year; product, about $120,000. The manufacture of bronzes shows a great increase. Some of the concerns engaged in this business have a melting capacity of 5,000 pounds per day. There are four concerns almost exclusively engaged in the manufacture of bronzes, with an aggregate melting capacity of 10,200 pounds per day. One of these makes 50,000 a month, and it is estimated that the total product of the four leading concerns exceeds 192,000 pounds of bronze per month. There are a number of other establishments which make bronzes, which will make the aggregate upwards of 200,000 pounds. The growth of the leading concerns dates since 1884. There are two shot towers in Pittsburg. The cost of plants, number hands and value of product are withheld. The capacity of the towers, the owners state, has been increased 50 per cent, within a year. The growth of the manufacture of fire brick has been steady. The history of one concern will illustrate the increase. In 1865 the Star Fire Brick Company made about 4,000 brick per day. In 1879 the capacity was increased to 15,000, and to-day its capacity is 36,000 a day. The in crease in other establishments is almost as great. Upwards of 60,000,000 brick were made in Pittsburg in 1887. The report of the Internal Revenue Collector for this district for the six months ending December, 1887, shows an increase on beer of $54,861.35; on spirits, $174,106.20; on cigars, $24,325, on tobacco, $5,698. OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 127 Pittsburg made 90 per cent, more tobies in 1887, 1886 and 1887 than were made in 1884. The tanneries report a uniformly good business and steady increase. They employ about 900 men and the output was estimated at $4,800,000. They turn out from 7,200 to 7,500 sides of harness leather per week. A single concern, devoted exclusively to the manufacture of belting, reports that the business increased 400 per cent, since 1885. The capacity of the concerns engaged in the manufacture of shoes and uppers has increased about 28 per cent, since 1885. One concern in creased its capacity 35 per cent, in 1887. The trade has been very pros perous in Pittsburg, which now leads Cleveland and Cincinnati. The manufacture of carbon points is a new industry in Pittsburg. There are two establishments, one of which, the Faraday Carbon Co., reports that it has increased its capacity since 1885 from 20,000 carbons per month to 600,000 per month. Six of the eight concerns which roast coffee have increased their roasting capacity 45 per cent. Fifteen years ago there were only ten coffee-roasting cylinders in Pittsburg. Now there are 78, which roast 150,000 pounds per day, or 42,000,000 pounds a year. A concern engaged in the manufacture of paper sacks has a capacity of 25,000,000 sacks per year; output 1,500,000 flour sacks per month; in crease in capacity since 1885 about 22 per cent. The lumber trade centering in Pittsburg has made rapid strides since 1882, but the most remarkable increase was in 1886 and 1887. The in crease in two years exceeded 80 per cent. Upwards of 2,000,000 feet were handled in 1887. The largest cork factory in the world is loeated in Pittsburg. The concern sells corks and bungs to the amountof from $800,000 to $1,000,000 a year. The increase in output in 1887 was upwards of 18 per cent. The increase in pork packing since 1885 is put at about 120 per cent. There was upward of 108,000,000 pounds of hogs handled by Pittsburg packers in 1887. The daily receipts of green meat averaged 15 cars. COAL AND COKE. Chas. A. Ashburner's report of the mineral resources of the United States for the year 1886 shows: "The total product of all kinds of com mercial coal in 1886, exclusive of that consumed at the mines, known as colliery consumption, was 107,682,209 short tons; the spot value, or price at which it was sold at the mines, was $147,112,755. Of this amount 32,764,710 long tons (2,240 pounds), or 36,696,475 short tons, were Penn sylvania anthracite, the spot value of whieh was $71,558,126. All other coals, including bituminous, brown coal, lignite and small lots of an thracite, produced in Arkansas and Colorado, aggregated a total produc tion of 70,985,734 short tons, the spot value being $75,554,629. The same authority states the total production of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania for 1886 was 26,160,735 short tons, not including colliery consumption. This was valued at $21,016,235. Allegheny county contained the greatest number of mines, eighty-five, yielding 4,202,086 tons of coal, valued at $3,886,930. 128 CENTENNIAL HISTORY The eokeries in what is known as the Connellsville basin now num ber nearly 12,000 ovens. The annual products of these is from 4,000,000 to 5,000,000 tons of coke, consuming 180,000,000 bushels of coal, or 7,500,000 tons. The number of employes who are under wages in the 77 eokeries in the Connellsville region, in all the various departments of labor therewith connected, is about 8,000; the wages disbursed about $4,000,000. The output of coke of the Connellsville region runs, under the present production, from $5,000,000 to $7,000,000 a year. One authority, summing up the coal trade of Allegheny county in all the divisions thereof, including the eokeries, which are practically collieries, as they mine the coal used from their own works, 204 collieries, which employ 27,680 hands, whose wages amount to $11,150,000, values the improvements, exclusive of the cost of the coal, at $12,600,000, and estimates the sales value from $22,000,000 to $25,000,000, according to the ruling market rates of about 430,000,000 bushels, or 17,200,000 tons, mined annually. BOAT BUILDING. We include boat building among the early industries of Pittsburg. The first steam boat built in this city, the New Orleans, left Pittsburg on her trial trip October 11, 1811. From the date of the construction of the New Orleans to the present time the building of steam boats, with the exception of a few intervals, has been a leading industry. The re port of the supervising inspector for 1857 shows that out of four hundred and seventy steamers which navigated western waters at that time two hundred and fourteen were built in this city. These averaged 331 tons burden, making an aggregate of 7,834 tons. The report of the inspector for 1870 shows one hundred and fifty-six steamers of all classes, having an aggregate tonnage of 40,104 tons, were inspected at this port. The report for 1887 shows the one hundred and fifty-two vessels belonging to this port made a total tonnage of 33,- 240.20. The total amount of capital invested in steamers, tugs, coal barges and boats is about $8,000,000. A practical illustration of the value of our river and coal interests will be found in the following account of the service the tow boat "O'Neill" performed. The account is taken from the Pittsburg Times.' "The O'Neill proved a success from the outset. In her first season she took a tow of thirty^eight pieces from Louisville to New Orleans, landed it, hitched to twenty-eight pieces and had them back at Louisville within twenty-nine days from the time of starting. E. W. McDonald, City Coal Gauger at New Orleans, furnishes the following figures of her cargo. Her tow consisted of twenty-seven coal Iboats, six barges, one French Creek and four small barges, carrying 26,700 tons, or 700,294 bushels of coals. The tow was 710 feet long and 238 feet wide, covering a space in the river of five acres, and carrying as much coal as could be mined from seven acres of the Pittsburg vein. Supposing a locomotive to haul twenty-five cars in a train, and each car to contain 300 bushels, it would take eighty-nine locomotives and two thousand two hundred OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 129 and twenty-five cars to haul the O'Neill's cargo of 25,000 tons, making a continuous procession of trains about ten miles long." RAILROAD SYSTEM OP PITTSBURG. The railway system of Pittsburg contributes as much to her growth and success as the fact that she commands unrivaled water high ways. Her railway lines reach the East, Northeast, Southeast, North, Northwest, South and Southwest; her railway system is direct, un interrupted, comprehensive. Geographically, Pittsburg is situated in such a manner as to enjoy all the advantages which accrue from re ciprocities of trade. The Pennsylvania railroad to Philadelphia brings Pittsburg in close and direct communication with New York, and the Northeast by the New Jersey railroads; with Baltimore and the South, by the Northern Central, which connects with the Pennsylvania at Harrisburg. The Allegheny Valley railroad stretches to the Northeast, connect ing us with the great trunk lines ofthe lake routes. The Pittsburg division of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad secures us in the southwesterly direc tion communication through Baltimore. The Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago railroad opens up to us the vast net-work of roads covering the West. By the Pittsburg, Cin- pinnati & St. Louis railroad not only is a second avenue to Chicago and the Northwest secured, but a direct route to St. Louis, one hundred and forty miles shorter from the East than that by way of Buffalo and Cleveland. By this road a second and different connection is formed with the net of roads which gives us direct communication with the heart of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The Cleveland & Pittsburg railroad gives us free communication with the lakes and the railway systems extending northwardly and to the West from the lakes. Another direct northern route is found in the Erie & Pittsburg railroad, and by the Pittsburg & Lake Erie railroad we have another route to the North, Northwest, West and East. Thus we have four lines to the great lakes. The Pittsburg, Virginia & Charleston railroad gives easy access to the south, or left bank of the Monongahela, while the Western Penn sylvania railroad gives us equal facilities on the north bank of the Alle gheny, and connection East by way of the Pennsylvania railroad. The Pittsburg & Western also adds to the facilities for transportation on the north bank of the Allegheny, and the Pittsburg, McKeesport & Youghiogheny gives us access to the heart of the Connellsville coke region. Here we have twelve distinct railroads, of which six are classed as trunk lines. It is unnecessary to refer to the position the Pennsylvania railroad occupies among trunk lines. The Baltimore & Ohio is the second eastern trunk line; the Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago is the oldest western trunk line. The second western trunk line is the Pitts burg, Cincinnati & St. Louis railroad, which crosses six states. The third trunk line is the Cleveland & Pittsburg railroad, and the Erie & Pittsburg railroad makes the fourth. 130 CENTENNIAL HISTORY It requires but a single glance at the map to see how Pittsburg grasps river, lake and railway transportation easily, and by virtue of her geo graphical position compels each to serve her in the future as the western water-ways have served her in the past. BANKS. The twenty-six National banks of Pittsburg aggregate a capital of $10,620,000. The total surplus foot up $4,282,825. The total dividends since their organization aggregates $20,987,626. The capital of five individual banks foots up s>700,000; surplus, $101,900; dividends, $488,375. The capital of the seven State banks is $1,815,300; surplus, $451,237; dividends since organization, $5,547,445. The capital in the fourteen saving banks makes a total of $11 ,964,850; surplus, $447,331. CHURCHES OF PITTSBURG AND ALLEGHENY. BAPTIST. Antioch (colored), Liberty avenue and Twenty- eighth street, Rev John Robinson. Ebenezer (colored), Colwell and Milton streets, Rev J H Pryor. First German, South Nineteenth, between Car son and Sarah, Rev L H Downer. Fifth Avenue, New Market House, Fifthavenun, Rev Alfred Turner. Fourth Avenue, Ross street, near Fourth avenue, Rev E T Fox, associate pastor. Green Street (colored), Lacock street, near Anderson, Allegheny, Rev J Jones. Mt. Washington, Sycamore street, near Shiloh street, Thirty-second ward, no pastor. Nixon Street, Nixon street, near Manhattan, Allegheny, Rev John •¦'rooks. Sandusky Street, Sandusky and North alley, Allegheny, Rev B F Woodburn, DD. Shady Avenue, Shady avenue, East End, Rev E D Hammond. Sharpsburg, North Main street, Sharpsburg, Rev Alex McArthur. Tabernacle (colored), Howard street, near North avenue, Allegheny, Rev J W Taylor. Thirty-seventh Street, on Thirty-seventh street, below Butler. Union, South Nineteenth street, near Carson, Rev J W Riddle. Welsh, Chatham streei, between Wylie and Fifth avenues, Rev D R Davies. Siloam (colored), Liberty Hall, East End, Rev W M H Duvall. CATHOLIC. PITTSBURG. St. Paul's Cathedral, Fifth avenue and Grant street, Rt Rev J Tuigg, DD; Rev D Kearney, Rev Wm Graham, Rev A A Wertenbach, Rev John N Denny, assistants. St. Patrick's, Seventeenth and and Liberty, Rev S Wall, rector. St. Philomena, German, Fourteenth and Liberty, Rev Lawrence Werner, C SS R; Rev Leon Schwabel, C SS R; Rev Frederick Brandstaetter, C SS R; Rev Louis Zinnen, C SS R; Rev Fran cis E Klauder. St. Bridget's, Enoch street, Rev Jerome Kear ney, Rev Michael Ward. Holy Trinity (German), Fulton street and Centre avenue, Camelite Fathers Very Rev Pius R Mayer, Prior. St. Mary's Convent Chapel, Webster avenue, attended from Cathedral. Mercy Hospital Chapel, Stevenson street, Rev John Ward. St. Paul's R. C. Orphan Asylum, Tannehill street, Rev Martin Murphy, Rev J F Regis Canavan. Ursuline Convent, Fifth avenue, near Craft avenue, attended from Holy Trinity. Our Lady of Mercy, Third avenue and Ferry, Rev M Sheedy. St. Agnes', Fifth avenue, Fourteenth ward, Rev Thos Corcoran; Rev Thos Rosensteel, assistant. St Mary's, Forty-fifth street, Rev Wm Pollard; Rev Thos F Briley^ assistant. St. Augustine's (German) Butler and Thirty- seventh streets, Rev Father Mauritius Greek, O M Cap and Capuchin Fathers. Franciscan Hospital, Forty-fourth street, at tended from St. Augustine's. St. Joseph's, Bloomfield, Sixteenth ward, Rev George P Allman, Rev Clemens Krogman. St. Stephen's, Second avenue, Twenty-third ward, Rev D J Devlin. Sacred Heart (English), East End, Twentieth ward, Rev F Kean. St. Ann Convent, attended from St. Peter's. Convent of the Sacred Heart (Sisters of Charity), East End. SS. Peter and Paul's (German), East End, 1 wentieth ward, Rev Jos Suhr. St. James, Wilkinsburg, Rev A A Lambing St. John the Baptist, Thir Liberty avenue, Re Balda'uf. rty-second street and C V Neeson; Rev Benedict Convent Sisters of Charity, Penn avenue, near Thirtieth, attended from St. John the Baptist Church. St. Angela's Convent, East End, attended from SS; Peter and Paul's. St. Patrick's Convent of Mercy, Liberty avenue, attended from St. Patrick's Churrh. OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 131 St. Philomena's Convent, Liberty avenue, at tended from St. Philomena's Church. St. Mary's Convent of Mercy, Forty-fifth, at tended from St. Mary's. St. Stanislaus (Polish), Penn avenue, between Fifteenth a nd Sixteenth streets , Holy Ghost Fathers. St Keigan's, Eighteenth ward, Rev Thomas F Briley. SOUTH SIDE. St John Evangelists, South Fourteenth, Rev O P Gallagher. St Malachy's, Thirty-third ward, Rev James J McTighe. Convent Sisters of Charity, South Fourteenth street St Michael's (German), Pius street, Rev Father Bernard, pastor, and Rev Fathers George , Christo pher and William, passionists. St Peter's (German), South Twenty-eighth and Sarah, Rev John B Duffner and Rev John Heine. St Paul of the Cross, Rev F Guido and Passion- ist Fathers. St Joseph's (German), Mt Oliver, Rev A Fischer. Franciscan Convent, attended from St Michael's. St Martin's, Thirty-sixth ward, Rev H Gobel. St James', Thirty-sixth ward, Revs F Tobin, J Martin. St Mary's of the Mount, Kearsarge and Belouda, Rev James Tobin. St Wendelin, Mt. Oliver, Rev A Rosswog. Holy Cross, Carson and South Thirty-second streets, Rev Thos Devlin. St Adelbert (Polish), South Twelfth and Manor, Rev Miskiewicz. St George's (German), Climax street, ihirty- first ward, Rev S I Schraum. ALLEGHENY. St Peter's, Sherman avenue and Ohio, Right Rev R Phelan, rector; Rev J O'Connell, Rev L McEvoy St Mary's (German), Washington and North streets, Rev Leander Schnerr, O S B, rector. St Mary's Convent, Benedictine Nuns, Fulton and Franklin streets, Pittsburg, and 20 North Canal street, Allegheny. St Bonifacius Royal, near East street, Rev Wilbert, O S B. St Wenceslaus (Bohemian), Main street, Rev Francis Xavier, O S B. House of Industry, Washington street, attended from St Peter's. House of the Little Sisters of the Poor, 30 Wash ington street, attended from St Mary's. Mortuary Chapel (German Cemetery), attended from St Mary's. St Joseph's Orphan Asylum (German), Troy Hill, attended from St Augustine's. Most Holy Name of Jesus (German), Troy Hill, Rev S J Mollinger. St Andrews, Beaver avenue, Rev M Carroll; B Kenna, assistant. St Joseph's (German), Fulton and Franklin streets, Rev Peter Kaufman, Jos Eger. St Anne's, Millvale borough, Rev John Quinn. St Anthony's, Rev John Wilkins. St Joseph's, Sharpsburg, Rev Geo S Grace. St Mary's, Sharpsburg, Rev Francis Schwab, Rev Theophile Meyer. CONGREGATIONALIST. Welsh, Fifth avenue, near Chestnut street, Rev H E Thomas, DD. Welsh, Sidney, between South Nineteenth and South Twentieth, Rev D M George. The First Congregational Church of Allegheny, Manhattan and Franklin streets, Allegheny, Rev A M Hills. First Independent, 6 Sixth street. DISCIPLES. First Christian, Allegheny, Arch street and Montgomery avenue. Rev Wm F Cowden. Hazelwood, Hazelwood avenue, Twenty-third ward, Rev H K Pendleton. Emerson Street, East Liberty, Rev Thomas D Butler. EPISCOPAL. Episcopal Church Rooms, 36 Sixth, room 14; Rt Rev Cortlandt Whitehead, DD, Bishop ofthe diocese of Pittsburg, Shady Side, Pittsburg. Trinity, Sixth avenue, between Wood and Smithfield, Rev Samuel Maxwell. St Peters, Grant and Diamond, Rev W R Mackay. St Andrew's, Ninth, between Penn avenue and Duquesne way, Rev John Crockar White, DD. St Tames', Penn avenue and Sixteenth, Rev Wm Thompson. St Paul's, Roberts, Eighth ward, Rev Thomas Crumpton, DD. St Cyprian's, Old avenue, Rev W H Wilson. Emmanuel, North and Allegheny avenues, Rev Morison Byllesby. St Luke's, Pearl street, near Penn avenue. Rev L McLure. St Mark's, South Eighteenth, below Carson, Rev Jas G Cameron. St Johns, Butler and Main streets, Rev S M Wren. Christ, North Diamond street and Union ave nue, Allegheny, Rev Robert Meech. Good Shepherd, Hazelwood, Rev H D Waller. Grace, Mt Washington, Sycamore and Bertha streets, Rev R J Coster. Calvary, East Liberty, Rev Boyd Vincent, Rev Geo Hodges, assistant rector. St Philip's Mission, Wilkinsburg, Rev Wm Heakes . EVANGELICAN LUTHERAN, First English, Grant street and Strawberry alley, Rev E Belfour. Grace, Carson and S Seventh streets, Rev J K Melhorn. Christ, Sheridan avenue, East End, Rev W A Passavant, Jr. English Lutheran, Manhattan street and Western avenue, Allegheny, Rev T Q Waters. St Paul's (English), Middle and Second streets, Allegheny, Rev G W Loos. First German, Sixth avenue, near Fifth avenue, Rev F A Ahner. Second German Pride and Ann streets, Rev N Soergel. St Peter's (German), Station and Collins avenue, East End, Rev H Schmidt. German, S Eighteenth, below Carson, Rev P Brand. Trinity, Stockton avenue and Arch, Allegheny, Rev J G Goettman, pastor, 13 Stockton avenue. German, Madison avenue and Liberty, Alle gheny, Rev H J Schuh. German, North avenue and Middle street, Alle gheny, no pastor. Mt Zion, Perrysville road, Allegheny, Rev J Fink. Zion (German), Grandview avenue, Rev A Ebert. St Paul's (German), Chartiers and Adams streets Allegheny, Rev A R Kuldel. Zion's, Thirty-seventh and Bank street. Rev M Hein. St John's (German), Fortieth street, near Butler Rev P M Keidenbach. Bethany English Lutheran, Hiland and Centre avenues, East End. Rev Geo L Hamm. 132 CENTENNIAL HISTORY METHODIST EPISCOPAL. Christ, Penn avenue and Eighth street, Rev O J Cowles, D D Liberty Street, Liberty avenue and Fourth street. Rev W D Lichliter. Smithfield Street, Smithfield street and Seventh avenue. Rev C B Mitchell. Fifth Avenue, Fifth avenue, between Elm and Logan, Rev J T Riley. Trinity, Smallman and Twenty-fifth streets, Rev J W Kessler. Centenary, Kirkpatrick, near Centre avenue, Rev O A Emerson. Butler Street, Butler and Fortieth stieets, Rev W H Pierce. Emory, Penn avenue, East End, Rev C V Wilson. Denny, Thirty-fourth street, near Penn avenue, Rev R Cartwright. Hazelwood, Rev J A Ballantyne. St Paul's, Rev J G Gogley. Oakland, KevBF Beazell. Homewood, Rev J B Risk. Wilkinsburg, Rev J F Core. Squirrel Hill, Rev W Medley. Buena Vista Street, Buena Vista and Jackson streets, Allegheny, Rev J J Mcllyar. Arch Street, Arch, above Ohio, Allegheny, Rev W F Conner. North Avenue, North avenue and Arch, Rev T J Leak, D D. Union, Pennsylvania avenue and Manhattan, Allegheny, Rev C A Holmes, D D. Simpson Chapel, Duquesne borough, Rev J E Williams. Union Centenary, Sharpsburg, Rev L McGuire. Bingham Street, S Fourteenth and Bingham, Rev R T Miller. Walton, S Twenty-fifth and Sarah streets, Rev B R Wilburn. South Pittsburgh, West Carson, "Rev M D Lichliter. Main Street, Thirty-fifth ward, Rev H C Beacon, D D. Mt Washington, Rev J A Danks. South Street, Excelsior and Allen streets.Thirty- first ward, Rev R L Miller, D D. Allegheny (German), Ohio street and Union ave nue, Rev L Allinger and Rev D Bau. Pittsburgh First German Church, Fourtieth street and Allentown avenue, Rev P J Graessle. Pittsburgh German City Mission, Rev C Golder. Pittsburgh Second German, Church and East Liberty, D Graessle and B Briel. Wood's Run, Rev Wm Johnson. Hudson Chapel. Bennett station, W P R R, Rev L R Beacom. Wesley Chapel, 1726 Penn avenue, Rev Geo S Holmes. Warren, Rev J H Watson AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL. Bethel, Wylie avenue and Elm street, Rev D S Bently. Brown's Chapel, Hemlock and Boyle, Alle gheny, Rev W S Lowrie. St James, Mary and Heberton, East End Rev J N Morris. Brownsville, Rev Geo K Skinner. Zion, Avery and North, Allegheny, Rev John A Mulligan. John Wesley Chapel, Arthur street, near Centre avenue, Rev Jokn HoUiday. South Side, S Fourteenth street, Rev W H Palmer. ME f HODIST PROTESTANT. First, Fifth avenue, between Smithfield and Grant, Rev David Jones. Second, Fifth avenue and Marion, Rev. Geo Shaffer. p Sharpsburg, Supplies. Birmingham, S Eighteenth street, near Carson, Rev M L Jennings. Mt Oliver, Rev G W Morris. First, Union avenue, Allegheny, Rev W R Cowl. Fourth, Park avenue, East End, Rev G G Westfall. Third, Seeond avenue, above Brady, supplies, PRESBYTERIAN. First, Wood, between Sixth avenue and Virgin alley, Rev George T Purves. Second, Penn avenue and Seventh street, ReY Wm McKibbin. Third, Sixth avenue and Cherry alley, Rev E P Cowan, D D. Sixth, Franklin and Tc wnsend streets, Rev John F Patterson. Bellefield, Fourteenth ward, Rev W J Holland, Ph D. Fourth, Evelyn and Liberty avenue, Rev Wm P Shrom, D D. East Liberty, Penn and Hiland avenues, Rev J PEKumler, D D. First, East Birmingham, Sarah and S Twentieth streets, Rev Alex Jackson. Grace Memorial (colored), Arthur street, Rev , W F Brooks. Hazelwood, Rev John S Plumer. Lawrenceville, Thirty-ninth, between Penn ave nue and Butler street. Forty- third street, Rev R Lea, Ph D. Mt Washington, Grant avenue, near Kirkpat rick. Seventh, Minersville, Rev R A Hill. Shady Side, Anderson avenue, East End, Rev John M Richmond. Mt Oliver, no pastor. Eighth, West Pittsburg, Rev E R Donehoo. Park avenue, Rev G W Chalfant. Central, Forbes, near Seneca, Rev W P Brad dock. Welsh, Second avenue and Cherry alley, Rev L C Davis. ALLEGHENY. First, Arch, between Park Way and Ohio street. Second, Franklin and Market, Rev T L Fulton.. D D. Central, Lacock and Anderson, Rev I N Havs, D D. German, Juniata and Chartiers, Rev John Lau- nitz. North, Lincoln and Grant avenue, Rev Tohn . Fox. Providence Mission, Liberty, near Chestnut,'. Rev Wm M Robinson. McClure Avenue, Rev W C Burchard. School Street Mission, Rev Clarence M Junkins. Bethel, Gallagher and Charles, Rev Wilson E , Donaldson. Millvale, Rev Albert D Light. UNITED PRESBYTERIAN. First, Seventh avenue and Cherry alley, Rev Wm J Reid, D D. Second, Sixth avenue, between Smithfield and Grant streets, Rev D S Littell. Third, Diamond, between Grant and Ross, Rev J T McCrory. Fourth, Seventeenth and Penn, Rev J D Turner. Fifth, Washington and Webster, Rev T W Har- sha. J Sixth, Station and Collins, East End, Rev R, B Ewing, D D. Seventh, Forty-fourth and Butler, Rev J. D Sands. J OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY. 133 Eighth, Locust and Van Braam, Rev John M Wallace. Ninth, S Fourteenth and Bingham. Tenth, Wylie and Devilliers, Rev W H Knox. Eleventh, S Main, near Wabash avenue. Mt Washington, Rev M J Smalley. ALLEGHENY. First, Union avenue. Rev W J Robinson, D D, Second, Sandusky and Stockton, Rev W H Mc- Millin, D D. Third, Ridge avenue, Rev E J McKitrick. Fourth, Arch and Montgomery, Rev J M Fulton, D D. Fifth, Irwin and Franklin, Rev J W Wither- spoon, D D. Sixth, Franklin and Chartiers, Rev David F Mc Gill. Seventh, Island avenue, Rev GeoW McDonald. Union Mission, East and First streets, John White, Superintendent. Fourth Ward Mission, J D Fraser, Superinten dent. Fifth Ward Mission, Western avenue and Man hattan street, J B Van Fossen, Superintendent. Lombard Street Mission, Rev R J Miller. Fourth Church Mission, Montgomery avenue. Third Church Mission, Ridge avenue. REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN. First Reformed Presbyterian Church, Grant, near Sixth, Rev Nevin Woodside. First, N S Oak alley, near Liberty avenue, vacant. Reformed Presbyterian, O S, Eighth street, near Duquesne Way, Rev D McAllister, D D. Allegheny Reformed Presbyterian, Sandusky and North Diamond street, J R J MiUigan. Central, Allegheny, Sandusky street, between Ohio and South Diamond, Rev J W Sproull. Reformed Presbyterian Church, Station and Frankstown, Rev J M Finley. EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. ENGLISH. Mt Olivet, Fulton street near Wylie avenue. Emanuel, Third street and Madison avenue, Allegheny. BidweH and Pennsylvania avenues, Allegheny. Zion, Sixth avenue, near Wylie. CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN. First, Allegheny, Grant and North avenues, Rev J H Barnett. REFORMED CHURCH OF THE U. S. Grace, Grant and Webster avenues Rev John H Prugh. Trinity .Wilkmsburg, Hamilton and Coal streets, Rev Jas S Freeman. Zion, East End, Hiland avenue, near Penn, Rev J W Miller. St Paul's, Forty-fourth street, near Butler, Rev J Herold. UNITED EVANGELICAL PROTESTANT GERMAN. First German United Evg. Protestant, Church alley and Ohio street, Allegheny, Rev B Pick, D D. United Evangelical Protestant, Sixth avenue and Smithfield street Rev Fred Ruoff. First German United Evangelical Protestant, Jane, between S Seventeenth and S Eighteenth, Rev Gustave Lorch. German United Evangelical Protestant, "Baum's," Bloomfield, RevC Weil. St Paul's United Evangelical, S Canal, near R R bridge, Allegheny, Rev C Koerner. United Evangelical Protestant, Juniata street, near Chartiers, Allegheny, Rev H Weber United Evangelical Protestant, Temperanceville, Thirty-sixth ward, Rev C A Hermann. MISCELLANEOUS. Primitive Methodist, Forty-seventh and Butler streets. First Wesleyan Methodist, Wylie avenue, near Tunnel street. Jewish Synagogue, Eighthstreet, between Penn and Duquesne Way, Dr L Mayer. Jewish Synagogue, Fourth and Ross streets. Rev H Bernstein. Jewish Synagogue, Third and Grant. Jewish Synagogue, Wylie, near Fulton. Church of God, 35 Townsend street, Rev Sherman Yahn. New Jerusalem, Sandusky and Isabelle streets, Alleghey, Rev John Whitehead. Re-organized Church of Latter Day Saints, Hall, 67 Fourth avenue. Austrian -Hungarian Congregation, 104 Grant street. Gospel Temperance Tabernacle, 54 Wylie ave nue. Swedish Church, Plumer street, between Forty- fifth and Forty-sixth streets. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. CHESS, COOK & CO. 116 Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. MANUFACTURERS OF STEEL NAILS, TA6KS, &c. AND (UNDER STYLE OF) Central Expanded Metal Co. Steel Plastering Lath ^FENGING^ Netting, Window Guards, &c. A Substitute for Wire that is ZfcTesttez, Stronger, Clieapei. gar ^SmbST ^MiilT This Cut f%^ ^*C^ ^HC Represents WETHL SB__TI3 FOE C-£>-T.A-IjOGr"CrE. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. PPM iH P STEEL WOWS. Jones & Laughlins, Limited, PITTSBURGH, PA. MAKERS OP IRON and STEEL Of Excellent Quality and Finish. FLATS, .... y% x l/&, 12 x \yi inch ROUNDS, . » to 6 inch.. | SQUARES, % to 4 inch. Hoops, Bands, Plates, Sheet, Ovals, Half Ovals and Half Rounds. I Beams, . 3 to 15 inch. Angles, ^ x ^to 6x6 inch. Channels, y% to 15 inch. Tees, 1 x 1 to 4 x 5 inch. LIGHT T RAILS, 8, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 lbs. per yard. Fish Joints for all weights of Rails, and STEEL STREET RAILS, 26, 32^, 40 and 47 lbs. per yard. PATENT COLD ROLLED STEEL and IRON SHAFTING ] Inch to 4£ Inches Diameter. COUPLINGS, PULLEYS, HANGERS, Mule Pulley Stands, Binder Frames, Guide Pulleys, Jib Cranes, &c. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. SPECIALTIES : BLAST FURNACE COKE, FOUNDRY COKE, FURNACE COKE, 0. C3 a: 3 03 CO o o <3o o o o is: o li. 4,104 OVENS. DAILY PRODUCTION, 500 CARS-8,000 TONS. Direct Connection with ALL Railroads Entering Connellsville Region. Descriptive Pamphlets, Quotations, Freight Rates, Etc., furnished on application, Our Leading Merchants and Manufacturers AND THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF Prominent Business Enterprises. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE. Pittsburgh, Pa.: SNOWDEN A PETERSON, PUBLISHERS, 80 DIAMOND STREET, 1888. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. OUR LEADING Merchants and Manufacturers. LOGAN, GREGG & CO. The firm of Logan, Gregg & Co. was established by John T. Logan and Robert T. Kennedy in 1831, under the style of Logan & Kennedy. Mr. Logan came to Pittsburgh in 1829, in his 21st year, having just completed his apprenticeship to the hardware business with George Mayer, in Lancaster, Pa. After two years work as salesman with a Mr. Hoag, Mr. Logan induced his cousin, Robert T. Kennedy, to join hhn in the hardware business on their own account. Both were energetic and industrious and succeeded from the start. They continued together until 1848. In that year Edward Gregg, the present senior partner, and Philip Wilson, since deceased, were admit ted, under the style of Logan, Wilson & Co. Mr. Edward Gregg's connection with the house dates from 1836, when he came in as a boy and worked his way up to a partnership. Mr. Geo. B. Logan and Thos. A. Parke, the present active partners, date their connection with the house from 1862, being received as boys and working up through all the grades. The firm has shared the growth of the city during the last 57 years and is now doing a larger business than at any time in its history. They enlarged their store room to double its former capacity January 1, 1887, and are fitted for doing a very large business. They have added a specialty in supplies and equipments for coal and coke works, under charge of J. N. Shallenberger, long connected with thislineof business. Mine owners and superintendents can find a full line to supply their wants at most favorable market prices. They give special attention to merchants' orders, received either through travelers or by mail and all business is under the personal care of members of the firm. Mill and machine shop tools and supplies is another department to which special attention is given. All the best makes of tools are kept in large variety and prompt attention given to orders. This house celebrated its semi-centennial in 1881 and have a custom, established from the beginning, of an annual supper given after "stock taking" at the end of the year. The record of the house stands as follows: Logan & Kennedy 1831 to 1848, Logan, Wilson & ,Co., 1848. to 1857, Logan & Gre_r_r 1857 to 1867, Logan, Gregg & Co., 1867 to 1888. John T. Logan died 1871, Robert T. Kennedy died 1875, Philip Wilson died 1877. Edward Gregg is the present senior partner and George B. Logan and Thomas B. Parke the present active partners. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ESTABLISHED 1831. *-»»»_X?*_f-«. LOGAN, GREGG & CO. 306 & 308 Wood Street, and Cull.!. SPECIALTIES : Barbed Fence Wire, Plain Fence Wire, Wl ro R/"H"\a /Agents for Washburn & Moen ire nupt?, \ Mfg. Co/s Make OUFITTING if SUPPLIES 1, FOB ' Coal and Coke Mines, T Rail Cars, Ferries, Scales, Tools, &c. MILL, MAGHINE SHOP AND TRADESMEN'S TOOLS, Kearney & Foot Co.'s Files and Rasps, Morse and Standard Twist Drills, Best Oak Tanned Leather Belting, Jackson Mfg. Co.'s Steel Barrows. CAREFUL PERSONAL ATTENTION TO ALL MAIL ORDERS. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. The Pittsburgh Clearing House. JOHN HARPER, President. JOHN M. CHAPLIN, Manager. Exchanges. Balances. 1866.—$ 83,731,242.17 $20,850,179.68 1867.— 97,157,556.03... 21,029,633.34 1868.— 115,296,621.33 23,558,130.74 1869.— 156,880,910.90 29,832,017.41 1870.— 178,409,905.51 31,067,296.99 1871.— 215,201,413.59 34,344,435.19 1872.— 284,859,477.08 42,494,596.94 1873.— 295,754,858.83 41,605,069.84 1874.— 257,548,600.75 39,774,303.85 1875— 233,160,448.36 „ 41,168,203.05 1876.— 224,758,910.43 44,617,207.14 1877.— 223,569,252.09 42,772,655.16 1878.— 189,771,695.27 37,128,770.30 1879.— 217.982,649.43 44,009,316.73 1880.— 297,804,747.21 62,214,180.37 1881.— 389,170,379.10 78,578,625.87 1882.— 483,519,704.53 : 84,352,505.66 1883.— 497,653,962.43 91,807,082.38 1884.— 469,316,009.68 96,345,356.88 1885.— 356,171,592.53 '. 73,717,695.74 1886.— 409,155,367.10 74,753,005.24 1887.— 511,010,701.38 83,685,375.25 1888.— 578,082,588.20 (estimated.) 98,487,098.32 Total Exchanges $6,765,968,593.93 Total Balances 1,238,192,742.07 Total Business $8,004,161,336.00 There are nineteen Banks in the Association. There are thirty-three National Banks in Allegheny County. There are foity-eight Banks and Bankers not members of the Clearing House Association. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THE BANK OF PITTSBURGH. The Bank of Pittsburgh, John Harper, Esq., President ; William Roseburg, Esq., Cashier, and Jno. A. Harper, Assistant Cashier; No. 72 Fourth Avenue.— The history of the development of Pittsburgh as a great metropolis and industrial centre has no more interesting chapter than that descriptive of the rise and progress of her financial and bank ing interests. The great central feature of the early financial history of this city is the old-established and honored Bank of Pittsburgh. After seventy-five years of existence this powerful corporation stands to-day more vigorous than ever— the exponent of the results attending the honorable observance of the great cardinal laws of banking and finance, and an illustration of the perennial youth and vigor of rectitude and . integrity. The Bank of Pittsburgh was the outcome of the legitimate wants of the first merchants of this city for banking facilities, and for the accurate facts (now given) as to its inception we are indebted to the speech of John Harper, Esq., the president, delivered upon that mem- oraole anniversary in 1882, when he had completed fifty years of con tinuous service in this institution. As he aptly remarked: " I am a link between the past and present, obtaining my information of its past events from contemporaries, and being a participant in the occurrences of its history for the last fifty years." The Bank of Pittsburgh had its inception in 1810, at a critical period indeed in American history, and when the manufacturers of this city (then in embryo) felt the need of a bank to afford them financial facilities. An organization was formed, with William Wilkins as president, which endeavored to secure a char ter from the legislature, but unsuccessfully at first. As an alternative, ' those interested determined to unite and jointly carry on the business of banking, and to do so formed themselves into a corporate association known as "The Pittsburgh Manufacturing Company." This associa tion began in business in 1812, at a time when the war with Great Britain cast a shadow of gloom and uncertainty over everything. Nothing daunted, the company began operations and was eminently successful, being of immense benefit to the business men of this frontier town and community. Besides the function of banking, it did a little in insurance, issuing its first policy on July 28, 1812, to protect a new mansion erected by William Wilkins, on the present site of the Monon gahela House. At last, in 1814, the legislature granted the desired charter for the Bank of Pittsburgh, and it was duly organized by the election of the following board of directors and officers, the majority having held similar positions in the previous company. The names, and it is an honored roll, areas follows: president, Mr. William Wilkins; cashier, Mr. Alexander Johnson, Jr.; directors, Messrs. George Anshutz, Thomas Cromwell, Nicholas Cunningham, John Darragh, William Hays, William McCandless* James Morrison, John M. Snowden, Craig Ritchie, George Allison, James Brown and J. P. Skelton. The Manu facturing Company's books and assests were duly transferred to the bank, forming the nucleus of its capital and its business, and it began operations under the most favorable auspices. The capital was nomi nally $600,000, but owing to the scarcity of money during the war and from the subsequent financial stringency, the whole of the capital was not called in till 1834. An important event as regarded the future of this noble institution occurred on September 19, 1832, when Mr. Harper entered its service, then lacking three months of being of &ge. The cashier, Mr. Johnston, died that year, and Mr. John Snyder was elected to the responsible post, being ably assisted in the discharge of its duties by Mr. Harper. Mr. Snyder was, as had been his predecessor, a man of unblemished character and ability, and under his guidance and advice Mr. Harper was indebted for his education in finance. During the "three score and ten years" of the bank's existence Mr. Harper was preceeded by but the two cashiers above named, and by five presi dents, to wit: William Wilkins, John Darragh, John McDonald, William 6 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. H. Denny and John Graham, and it is a memorable fact that not one bank officer or director who was in the bank when he entered office is alive to-day. In 1834 the capital stock was increased to $1,200,000, trade revived, and the present building of mnssive masonry was erected, and though damaged by the great fire of 1845, which swept away over 1000 houses, it is to-day the most convenient building of the kind in the city, and a veritable landmark. The bank successfully passed through all the financial crises of 1837, 1839, 1857, 1861 and 1873, always paying its liabilities in gold and silver. The bank has never failed to pay a semi annual dividend during its three quarters of a century of existence, aud its stock has ever been in request among the widows, the trustees of estates, and the guardians of the orphan and the friendless. Two-thirds of its capital stock is held by women, widows, orphans and estates, and as President Harper feelingly remarked in 1882, "it is our duty to con sider ourselves as trustees of a beneficiary fund of the most sacred char acter. Those we represent have confided in our integrity, and it is our duty to administer the trust with fidelity, doing all that our judgment and conscience may prompt in the performance of the obligations which we have assumed." These ringing words best characterize thi policy rigidly adhered to by the executive officers of this noble fiscal institu tion. The bank has influential correspondents in all the great mone tary centres. Its surplus fund, June 26, 1888, amounted to $399,422.45, and its capital stock, May 1, 1888, amounted to $1,163,650.00. The Board of Directors is as follows : John Harper, Reuben Miller, Robert M. Tindle, William A. Caldwell, Felix R. Brunot, William Thaw, Jr., David Macferron, Daniel Agnew, Andrew D. Smith, John Porterfield, all of whieh are names of representative wealthy citizens, who to the fullest extent endorse and support the time-honored policy of the bank as enunciated by President Harper. Mr. William Roseburg, the re spected cashier, was born in Pittsburgh, and has been actively con nected with the bank since 1846. He is a recognized leading authority upon all questions of finance, and is a vigorous exponent of these sound conservative principles which alone secure permanent enduring success and equal justice to all, both customers and stockholders. Mr. Rose burg is deservedly popular in this community, and has thrown his influence in favor of all measures calculated to advance the city's wel fare. He is a gentleman of marked business ability, and is noted for his strictly methodical business habits. It would not be necessary to make additional reference in this connection to President Harper, beyond adding that, though the oldest bank president, having been also president of the Clearing House Association since its organization, he possesses the energy of many men of half his years, and is disting uished in national financial circles for his thorough knowledge of the principles of banking, while his mora: worth and sterling honor is most forcibly exemplified in a public career of usefulness in this city, extending back for fifty-five years, forming a more imperishable monu. ment than any reared by the hand of man ; a priceless heritage for him and all who have In association with him placed the Bank of Pittsburgh upon its r resent impregnable basis of honorable success. WEYMAN & BROTHER. The fian of Weyman & Brother, Pittsburgh, manufacturers of smoking tobacco and black snuff, are well known to the trade through out the country and their goods are in large demand as far West as Denver and San Francisco. This firm was established in 1827, and their history has been one of steady growth and popularity until they now occupy the immense building shown among our illustrations. This building is six full stories in height and covers a ground surface of 110 by 150 feet. It is strongly built, especially adapted to their wants, and is occupied from basement to attic for the manufacture and stora e of their constantly large products. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. INSURANCE OF TITLES. EXECUTION OF TRUSTS. fidelity title and trust So. PITTSBURGH, PA. CHARTER PERPETUAL. CAPITAL, $500,000. b » ¦ 6» ,_:•!> tc s P G o s o , " B : ° S ! 3 3 ' 0 M H o q1 Po : ¦< 0 5 = Nos. 131 and. 133 FOURTH A-VEIVTTE. TEMPORARY OFFICES: NO. 100 DIAMOND STREET, PITTSBURGH, PA. Tn\.tS 10 KSAV. tSTML l\U0 MORTGAGES \HSURtO. Acts as Executor, Administrator, Guardian, Receiver, and in all Fidu ciary capacities, Registrar of Stocks and Loans, and as Mort gage Trustee for Railroad and other Corporation Bonds. Large and Commodious Safe Deposit Vault, With separate parlors and coupon rooms for ladies and gentlemen. 8 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. WILL H. WATSON. One of the most active, enterprising and successful of Pittsburgh's leading merchant tailors is Mr. Will H. Watson, whose handsome store is located at No. 18 Sixth street. He has been established since 1873, and by strict attention to customers' wishes, artistic work and honorable dealing he has built up a large and permanent trade among the best class of citizens. The premises occupied at the above address are spacious and commodious, admirably arranged and fitted up in the neatest and most attractive manner. A large and well selected stock is carried, embracing a full assortment of the finest imported and domes tic fabrics, in all the latest and most fashionable shades and patterns. Mr. Watson employs only the best and most experienced hands, and all work is executed under his immediate personal supervision. The garments turned out are unrivaled for beauty and originality of design, superiority of fit, finish and workmanship. ' Among his customers are many of our leading mercantile and professional men. The growth and prosperity of this business is only commensurate with the energy and enterprise displayed in its management, and there can be no better evidence of the superior quality and artistic elegance of Mr. Watson's work than is shown by the large and influential patronage he enjoys. Personally, he is a genial, courteous and clear-headed young business man, honorable, liberal and fair in all transactions, and well deserving of the success he is achieving, DILWORTH BROTHERS. The name of Dilworth Brothers has been associated with the whole sale grocery trade, as well as the iron trade of Pittsburgh, ever since these lines became prominent in the business of the city. Established away back in the sixties, under the name of Dilworth, Harper & Co., this firm immediately took rank among the foremost houses in the trade, doing a business in its first year largely in excess of expectation. Year after year its trade grew and broadened until the warehouse on Liberty street, although greatly enlarged, became toe narrow for its accommodation, and the firm, in 1881, purchased the ex tensive building, corner Penn avenue and Tenth street, which it now occupies. This building, although one of the largest in the city, soon proved too small to contain its ample stock of groceries and afford room for its growing business in roasted coffee, aud the firm, therefore, erected another large building in the rear of its warehouse, which is de voted exclusively to the storing and roasting of coffee, and is the most complete establishment of its kind in the country, having track con nections with the Pennsylvania railroad and all western lines of the Pennsylvania Company. From its portals Dilworth's Coffee finds its way to nearly every corner of the United States, carrying with it, in the name, a guarantee of sterling quality, which is everywhere undis puted. This eminence in trade, at home and abroad, has been reached without any resort to the cheap-John clap-trap methods so often used to promote business. Honest effort, fair dealing, truthful advertising, thorough organization and progressive ideas have been the chief factors in the successful career of this house. Its employes in every depart ment hold their places on account of peculiar fitness for them. Its salesmen are known to the dealers they visit as most capable and relia ble gentlemen, who worthily represent the house by devotion to fair and honorable business methods. Regarding the present volume of their business the members of the firm modestly decline to speak, but the business returns furnished to the press by the City Assessors' office shows that in the centennial year of Pittsburgh's history the business of Dilworth Brothers is not ex ceeded by any other house in the grocery trade. E. M. FERGUSON, Prest. GEO. A. KELLY, Vice Prest. W. A. SHAW, Cashier. Miuti and maaulacturers national BanK, No. 61 FOURTH AVENUE, PITTSBURGH. CAPITAL, . . $800,000" SURPLUS, . . $85,000. DIRECTORS. „,„„.,„, r of H. C. FnckCoke Co. of Geo. A. Kelly & Co., Wholesale Drugs. of Linden Steel Co., Limited, . of McKee & Bros. , Glass Mfs. of Penn" a Salt Mfg Co. of R P. Wallace & Co , Wholesale Glassware. of Wcstinghouse Air Brake Co. of A. & D. H. Chambers, Glass Mfs. . Third Vice-Prest. and Comptroller of Penna. Co. E. M. FERGUSON, GEO. A. KELLY, HENRY LLOYD, H. SELLERS McKEE, JNO E. HURFORD, R. P. WALLACE, JOHN CALDWELL, JAMES A. CHAMBERS. THOS. D. MESSLER, Accounts of Merchants, Banks, and.Others Solicited. Issue Letters of Credit for Travelers, available in all the Principal Cities of the World. 10 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. H. K. PORTER & CO. In 1866 the firm of Smith & Porter began the manufacture of small locomotives and had built about fifty locomotives when their works on Bingham street, South Side, were destroyed by fire, in 1871. The firm of Porter, Bell & Co. then succeeded to the business and built new works at the present location, between Forty-ninth and Fiftieth streets, on the Allegheny Valley R. R. The first few locomotives were built before the roof was on the new shops. In 1878 Mr. Bell died, and the firm name became H. K. Porter & Co. The shops have been enlarged sev eral times and are now very completely equipped and fitted with special tools and machinery. The capacity is 125 locomotives annually. These light locomotives range in size from five inches to fourteen inches diameter of cylinders and in weight from three to thirty tons and are built to all gauges of track. The narrowest gauge of track up to the present time is twenty inches and the widest gauge is six feet. Many designs are made, suitable for railroad contractors' tramways, steel mills, blast furnaces, logging railroads, coal and ore mines, plantations, shifting, and also for light freight and passenger work and for street railways and dummy motor lines. H. K. Porter & Co.'s locomotives haul away every year the logs from about 400 square miles of territory. They also handle something like three million tons of material yearly at blast furnaces and iron and steel mills, and probably get out about as many tons of coal at coal mines. The locomotives built by the firm are at work in almost every State and Territory of the United States. They haul coal in Japan, sugar cane in Cuba, Porto Rico, San Domingo and the Sandwich Islands, hemp in Yucatan, coffee and other freight and also passengers in many places In the United States of Columbia, silver ore in Mexico, phosphate and agricultural products in Venezuela, dirt along the Panama Canal and salt and custom house goods in Ecuador. The motors made by H. K. Porter & Co. for street and suburban railways are noiseless and smokeless and look almost -exactly like horse cars, and are far less expensive than the cable and electricj3ystems and free from the defects and dangers of cable and electric roafls. All these light locomotives and motors are built to n duplicate sys tem by which the same parts of engines of the same class are exactly alike. These duplicate parts are made in quantity ahead of orders on stock, so that when an order is received for a locomotive the pieces re quired are taken from the racks to the erecting floor, and the quality of tne work is uniform. It has often happened that locomotives have been under construction at the same time for widely separated destina tions. Recently locomotives were shipped on the same day for Maine and Washington Territory, and a day or two before for Florida and a few days after for Lower California. H. K. Porter & Co. have published a little work entitled ''Light Lo comotives," which has run through five editions, with the sixth edition in preparation. This book contains, in addition to a catalogue of about fifty pages, about forty pages of working reports, and also a great deal of useful information not found elsewhere, and will be mailed free on application. L. H. HARRIS DRUG CO. In describing this house we cannot do better than appropriate the following, which appeared in the New York Graphic, of May 29th: L. H. Harris Drug Co. — A prominent house in Western Pennsyl vania is that of the L. H. Harris Drug Co., whose premises are situated at 913 and 915 Liberty street, and consists of a substantial structure, comprising a basement and four floors. The laboratory is under the care of a most competent chemist, with a corps of assistants. Here are produced the various pharamceutical preparations, tinctures, fluid ex- ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 11 Pittsburgh Bank; foi< pavings, CHARTERED 1862. No. 60 FOURTH AVENUE, PITTSBURGH, PA. ASSETS, JULY 1, 1888, CAPITAL STOCK PAID IN, SURPLUS FUND,' . UNDIVIDED PROFITS, . Blanks for opening accounts and depositing without coming to the Bank furnished on application. F o o o~ -*- in o o CD "O JO CO c £ o F -C o (J T3 CD CD < o O _c a UT +-. c o CD c o CO 1_ (/> D_ — c CD©O CD<3 T3 CD $1,795,162.50 75,000.00 75,000.00 25,169.97 jto the Bank DO 9) 3 •p TT O 3 "O CD - 3 B) 3 Q_ Q. W O ¦-<" 3 " go CC r-t-c o CD "O 3. r+- t» ^< CO C/l c oo 3 3Q_ *-< w 3 o £B en zsQ_ ¦< ~~Z -* o_ o 3 Q_ ID ¦-< B> _+i 3 O3 .-+• o ID en ? ¦p 5 3 r+ O OJ OFFICERS. ALEX. BRADLEY and R. C. SCHMERTZ, Vice Prests. L. M. PLUMER, Solicitor. WM. JONES, Ass't Teller. GEO. A. BERRY, Prest. CHAS. G. MILNOR, Sec'y and Treas. DAVID W. JONES, Teller and Book-keeper. BOARD OIT MANAGERS. GEO. A. BERRY, ALEX. BRADLEY, R. C. SCHMERTZ, JAS. L.' GRAHAM, H. C. BUGHMAN, CHAS. F. WELLS, JAS. LAUGHLIN, Jr. J. K. DORRINGTON, T C LAZEAR, FRANK RAHM, JACOB PAINTER, Jr. C. G. MILNOR, GEO A KELLY, L. M. PLUMER, JOHN SCOTT. 12 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. tracts, etc., the flrm having in this line obtained an enviable reputation. Here also are manufactured Dr. Harris' Cramp Cure, and also his Sum mer Cordial, which are household words in Pennsylvania. The trade is growing to such proportions that the present premises, spacious as they are, with additional warehouse facilities, are wholly inadequate, and accommodations twice as extensive will soon be required to carry on the business as the flrm desire. In patent medicines the firm carry a large stock of all those for which there is the slightest demand. In paints, oils, glass and varnishes, the stock is equally complete. The wines and liquors are warranted to be of the very finest qualities, none being sold to others than dealers in medicine. No firm is better or mere favorably known throughout the territory covered. In connec tion with the business of this firm one fact has been conspicuous throughout the whole of its career. While its trade has steadily ex panded and its prosperity has been continuous and sure, no attempt has been made to make a dazzling or superficial show, or to resort to or permit on its behalf any exaggeration or distortion of facts. The un solicited orders amount to fully seventy-five per cent, of the business, which shows the substantial footing of the firm. THE SAFE DEPOSIT COMPANY OF PITTSBURGH. The Safe Deposit Company, 83 Fourth Ave.— This institution was incorporated January 24, 1867, for the safe keeping of valuables and as a general fiduciary agent. In the construction of its building the greatest care was taken to make it fire-proof and perfect in all its ap pointments. The main vault on its first floor, constructed of alternate plates of steel and iron, is one of the largest, strongest and most secure that has ever been built. The building "is guarded day and night, and every care is taken to afford absolute security from fire and burglars. Persons holding valuables and securities of any kind caDnot afford to run any risk when they can get entire protection in the vaults of this Company. The leading feature of this company is, however, its fiduciary busi ness. It acts as receiver, assignee, executor, administrator, trustee, agent, guardian or committee of persons or estates; also as agent for States or corporations, and will invest or manage the funds thereof, or any sinking fund. The advantages of an impersonal administration of an estate or trust are generally admitted and the management of such estates and trusts by a corporation circumstanced like The Safe Deposit Company of Pittsburgh meets a common want. In the case of a personal admin istration there is often great difficulty experienced in getting a proper party to act, and then there is the contingency of death or incapacity incident to sickness. The obvious remedy for all these possibilities is to be found in an impersonal administration by an institution like this company, expressly devoted to such business, having an ample capital ($500,000), a perpetual charter and a facility in management derived from an experience of more than twenty years, and having its entire business free from all speculative transactions. SPEER WHITE SAND COMPANY. Travelers over the Pennsylvania Railroad may observe, about nine miles east of Huntingdon, near Mapleton Depot, 'lying in a north-east erly direction from the railroad, a ridge of grayish white, weather-beaten rocks, varying in height from 100 to 300 feet or more, and extending for considerably more than a mile in length. They rise precipitously from the very edge of the old Pennsylvania canal, which again follows closely ft ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 13 DOLLAR SAVINGS BANK 124 Fourth Avenue. CHARTERED IN 1855. ASSETS, - _ - - $12,455,731.23. Open daily (except Sundays and Legal Holidays) from 9 to 3 o'clock, and on Saturdays from 9 o'clock a. m. to 6 o'clock p. m. Deposits received in all sums from $1 to $1,000 and dividend ot the pi-ofits declared twice a year, in June and December. Interest has been declared semi-annually, in June and December, since t lie Bank was organized. Interest, if not drawn out, is placed to the credit of the depositors as principal, and bears the same interest from the first days of June and December; all depositors who have not made a deposit within two years and whose dividends amount to at least five dollars, which have not been entered on their books, published annually in accordance with the charter. Books containing the Charter, By-Laws, Rules and Regulations furnished gratis on application at the office. OFFICERS. President— JAMES HKRDMAN, 30 Arch Street, Allegheny. Treasurer— JAMES B. D. MEEDS, Verona Borough. Secretary— J. WALKER FLENNIKEN, 264 Western Avenue Allegheny. LAWRENCE BANK, I?eiin and. Butler Streets. Organized, 1866. Capital, $80,000. Surplus, $45,000. UNDIVIDED PROFITS, $1 0,294.33. RATE LAST DIVIDEND, 3 PER CENT. SEMI-ANNUAL. W. W. YOUNG, President. SAM'L McMAHON, Vice-Prest. JOHN HOERR, Cashier. DIRECTORS. W. W. Young, Sam'l McMahon, A. H. Ahalborn, Jno. C. Kirkpatrick, Wm. Flaccus, Geo. McKee, Thos. B. Stewart, James B. Young, John Hoerr. Discounts Daily. New York Correspondent, First Nat. Bank. Telephone, 1026-4. FIFTH AVENUE, NEAR HILAND AVENUE. MISS HELEN E. PELLETREAU, - Principal. Situated in a Beautiful Park, on a Commanding Plateau, in the East End of the City of Pittsburgh, three and one-half miles from Court House. The College is reached by Fifth Avenue Street Railway, or the Pennsylvania R. R. from near the East Liberty Depot, of which the street cars run past the College grounds. For Catalogues, address Principal of College. 14 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. at this place the course of the Juniata river, so that there is onlv room for the railroad siding in some places between the foot of the elms and the canal, while at other parts there is a little level space between. These rocks are almost entirely bare of earth or other matter, either on the sides or top, except where a little vegetable mould has insinuated itself in the numerous crevices and interstices, in which grow numerous stunted trees and shrubs, which cover the face of the mountain with verdure at this season. These cliffs form part of what is locally known as Rocky Ridge, which is mainly composed of sand rock and limestone, the latter of which underlies the former and crops to the surface at either end bf the ridge. The entire length of this range, or at least the part of it in which the sand rock is on top, is exclusively controlled by the Speer White Sand Co., of Pittsburgh, who are now operating sand works there on a large scale. The Speer White Sand Co. have two washing and drying establish ments at their Mapleton sand quarries. The oue nearest to the village was established two years ago and has been steadily in operation. It is known as the Juniata Sand Works. It is located on a narrow strip of land between the base of the mountain and the canal, there being just ml pv-«»^— JUNIATA WORKS. room enough for the buildings and the railroad siding, (which runs all along here and connects with the main line of the Pennsylvania rail road), between the face of the rocks and the canal. The buildings are 380 feet long and as wide as the peculiar conformation of the ground allows. They are well and solidly built and arranged conveniently for their intended use. The Company are operating the quarry at present with what is known as a " running " face, that is from the surface, and with no un dermining, and as rocks tumble down many of them are crushed up fine by the concussion. Fifty years ago, Mr. L. M. Speer, father of Mr. Noah Q. Speer, senior member of the Speer White Sand Co., originated the business of mining and preparing glass sa^d in a regular and methodical manner, at Bellevernon, Fayette Co., this state. Previous to this time glass sand was got from a number of places and in a desultory manner, and then, and for many years after, it was prepared and washed by hand in a very imperfect manner. The Messrs. Speer were the first who origi nated the plan of washing sand by machinery. Mr. N. Q. Speer was the originator of the screw method of conveying the sand in the wash ing boxes and was also the inventor of many other useful devices used in washing and preparing sand, of which crude imitations have been and are in use elsewhere. In fact this gentleman took the business in its infancy and brought it up. and to him more than any other man is due the present abundance, cheapness and accessibility of glass sand. -i. funidtta. Works j Gamjdbville Works, B. & 0. R. R. Peru/a Vorte, P. McK.&Y. R.R Qty Office, 604 ®/@>-®/@-' 9) 5f(? .Av^ue, PlT-f^BL/POH.*©^© e 16 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Formerly it took two men a whole day to wash five tons of sand and that after a poor fashion, now, with the machinery devised, the same number of men can attend to the washing and grinding of 100 tons a day. The business of this flrm has increased from 400 tons a year to 40,000 tons, last years' output, and with their present increased facil ities, this year's product will be largely in excess of the last. The other new works of the Company, known as the Empire Sand' Works, are about a mile away from the Juniata works and are upon the same railroad siding. They have put up new buildings and machinery, identical in plan and operation with those at the other works and with an equally large producing capacity. In clearing away the brush and debris from the face of the rock here, a cave was discovered in it low down, near the ground, which seems to have been at some time or other a water course. The flrm intend to open and extend this natural cavity, so as to get rock from it in the winter season. Sand rock freezes hard in winter, when exposed to the weather, in consequence of its por osity and the water that enters it, and cannot be worked while in that condition, though otherwise the mills coultt be kept sufficiently warm to keep up operations. The benefit of haviDg an underground mine is that the rock there will not get frozen and work can be continued all the year round. At the Empire mill they have built a large elevator somewhat like a grain elevator, to take up the sand and load it on. the cars. The rock at this end is of excellent quality, and they get a No. 1 sand from it all through, fit for tableware and the finer kinds of glass. They have a large drier here to dry all the product. PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURING, MINING AND SUPPLY CO. The Pennsylvania Manufacturing, Mining and Supply Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., manufacturers and dealers in Connellsville coke, sewer pipe and terra cotta ware, mill and paving fire brick, selected calcined plaster, white lime, white sand and builders' materials generally; head quarters for best quality of goods in their line; manufacturing some thirty car loads daily. The trade can readily see the advantage of plac ing their orders with a house so situated that they can guarantee ample protection. This company was organized and chartered July 1, 1885, for the purpose of manufacturing and selling merchandise. Shortly after its organization they bought the sewer pipe works of Car lisle, Connelly & Co. at Toronto, O., and the coke works of Laing & Davison, at Dunbar, Pa. They also built two large Are brick works, one at Freedom, Pa., and the other at Cochrans, Pa., placing them at once among the list of manufacturers, as well as large dealers in cement, plaster and builders' materials. By close application to business they now stand at the head of the business in this line in Pittsburgh. They manufacture a fire brick for street paving which is unsurpassed, being thoroughly vitrified. They withstand the action of the weather and are superior to any other in the market. They have several large con tracts in Pittsburgh, McKeesport, Pa., Fremont, O., and several other places, their brick having taken precedence on account of their superior quality. They keep a full assortment of the best brands of imported and American cement, having control in this market of the Giant Portland, improved and Valley Rosendales and Union brands, which are the best in use. They are now filling several large orders, amount ing to over fifty thousand barrels. These cements are used extensively for street paving purposes in all the large cities; also on the railroads with excellent results. They are agents for the celebrated Wigton Are brick, made especially for street and rolling mill furnaces, and are equal to any brick in the market, where resistance to great heat is required For anything in their line the trade will be best served by patronizing ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 17 Pei'a pif g, lUiig anil Sugg Co. -MANUFACTURERS OF- Sewer Pipe and Terra Cotta, FIRE BRICK AND CLAY, AND ^Connellsville Coke^" ALSO, DEALERS IN IMPORTED AND AMERICAN CEMENTS, Calcined Plaster, White Lime, White Sand, Plaster ers' Hair, Granite Roofing, Roofing Supplies, Asbestos Cement, Boiler and Steam Pipe Covering. Also, GENERAL AGENTS FOR R. B. WIGTON & SON'S Steel, Crown and R. M. Fire Brick. 1004, 1006 & 1008 PENN AVE, Sewer Pipe Works, Brick works, TORONTO, OHIO. LAYTONS 4. FREEDOM, PA. COKE WORKS, DUNBAR, PA. B2 18 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. J. R. HUTCHINSON. J. R. Hutchinson, corner Park Way and Sandusky Street, Alle gheny, Pa. — The building of engines and machinery constitutes a very important branch of industry. Although the march of progress has effected the most remarkable improvements, it is only witliin the past few years that something akin to perfection has been attained in this field of industry. Among the leading men engaged in this business we must mention Mr. J. R. Hutchinson, the sole owner of the above men tioned works, This flourishing enterprise was originally started in 1868 by Messrs. Armstrong, Hutchinson & Co., which firm in course of time was succeeded by the present owner. The works are located in the most desirable business part of Allegheny, but one square from Federal street, and are fully equipped with all the latest improved machinery and appliances necessary for the successful prosecution of the business, giving constant employment to a large number of men. Mr. Hutchinson makes a specialty of his patent stop gates (an illus tration of which can be found on another page) and fire hydrants, with single and double nozzles. The stop valves are not experimental, but have been in use all over the country for the past twenty years, and wherever introduced have given perfect satisfaction. They have a direct passage of the full size of pipe, and are what is known as a dou ble disk parallel valve or gate. The disks when used for water or steam are lined with a composition of brass, the screw, stem and nut are of the same composition. The chambers of the different sizes are bored and accurately chased out— duplicates of each other, and brass seats screwed in, so that in case of accident to a seat from any cause, it may be unscrewed and replaced with a new one without removing the chamber from the line of pipe. The disks are fitted so that they fill the space between two parellel rings or seats, and are opened and closed by means of the screw stem, care being taken to see that the disks never raise high enough to get off the upper end of seats, and always leave a clear water passage the full size of pipe. The disks, therefore, being never entirely off the seats, will shear any sediment or other matter off the faces of disks and seats, as it opens and closes. The disks are closed tight to seats, by means of inclines on the back of disks or valves; these inclines in closing come in contact with a pin or wedge that is fast in the side of chamber, thus closing the valve. The quality of material used in the construction of the valves is of the very best, and particular care and attention is paid to the workmanship. All valves are guaranteed to stand a pressure of 300 lbs., and all sizes above twenty inches are geared and indexed. Mr. Hutchinson also makes a specialty of fire hydrants, and his product in that direction is everywhere considered safe, sure and relia ble, and that this is so is further more demonstrated by the fact that the Water Department is constantly placing large orders with Mr. Hutchinson. In the construction of fire hydrants the greatest care has been taken to have the water-way ample large, preventing undue fric tion in the passage of the water through the hydrant. The lower chamber is spherical in shape and large, allowing the valve to descend into the same without decreasing the area of water-way, which causes a steady flow of water to the stand pipe of hydrant. On this spherical chamber is cast lugs through which bolts are passed, securing the ends of holding-down bolts, and also forming a hinge-joint to the same. The holding-down bolts are made long, reaching slotted lugs cast on stand-pipe at or near the level of pavement, making the unscrewing of nuts on bolts, to loosen stand-pipe, easy of access. To remove the hydrant it is only necessary to loosen nuts, on bolts, and then pulling bolts clear of slots the hydrant barrel can be pulled up without disturb ing the pavement, reducing the cost of repairs to a minimum. It is such work as this that are the recognized exponents of Alle gheny county's manufacturing enterprise and capacity, and Mr, ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 13 o O 05 •rH ti Oh o CO b tn coso c •rH CC ft «> 5 <3 ¦s 5> Ph 3 X -1 -© 05 3in P Hco>< 2 I — I On CO i— i On DR. HARRIS' Sttmmer Cordial, WARRANTED TO CURE DIARRHCEA, DYSENTERY, Cholera Morbus, &c. DR. HARRIS' Cramp Cure, A Specific for CHOLERA, And a Speedy Cure for Every ACHE and PAIN. 20 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Hutchinson well deserves the high name and influential business posi tion he has attained. Those entering into business with him will find advantages difficult to obtain elsewhere, He well deserves the sub stantial success he is achieving. ¦ MORRISON, CASS & CO. Morrison, Cass & Co., Paper Makers, No. 128 Second Avenue. — Among the various industries of Pittsburgh, there are few that have 'made greater progress or attained such a degree of perfection as the manufacture and sale of paper. A representative house in this line and one that has always maintained an excellent reputation for the superi ority of its productions is that of Messrs. Morrison, Cass & Co., paper makers, No. 128 Second avenue. This business was established in 1865 by Messrs. Morrison, liare & Co., and was conducted under that style and title till 1875, when Morrison, Bare & Cass succeeded to the man agement. Eventually, on the retirement of Mr. Bare, on January 1st, 1886, the present firm was organized, the co-partners beiDg Messrs. J. S. Morrison, J. K. Cass and J. W. Cooper, all possessing an intimate knowledge ofthe details ofthe business. Messrs. Morrison, Cass & Co., in addition to doing a large general paper business, take the entire pro duction of the Tyroue Mills, owned and operated by Messrs. Morrison & Cass. The mills of Messrs. Morrison & Cass consist of a splendid series of buildings and cover an area of about six acres. They are equipped with all the latest improved machinery and appliances, including two 88-inch and one 76-inch Fourdrinier machine, and pro duce daily about twenty tons of paper. About 200 experienced operatives are employed in the works, which are considered among the finest and best conducted in this country. The warehouse in Pittsburgh is very commodious and comprises a spacious three-story brick building 30 x 100 feet in dimensions, admirably arranged for the accommodation of the large and valuable stock of paper, which is unsurpassed for quality and variety by that of any other contemporary first-class house in the trade. The characteristics which regulate the business policy of this house are such as to entitle it to every consideration, while the ex tent of its trade has made it a prominent one in Pittsburgh, and the inducements offered to customers are of the most favorable character. Mr. Morrison is a native of Pennsylvania; Mr. Cass was born in Ohio; Mr. Cooper is also a native of Pennsylvania. They are highly esteemed in commercial circles for their executive ability and integrity, and have attained a prominence as paper makers accorded only to those whose operations are conducted on the enduring principles of equity. Messrs. Morrison, Cass & Co. have brought to bear on their enterprise, sound judgment, tact and energy, which traits have enabled them to meet the demands of trade and draw around them the large patronage they at present enjoy. The firm handle largely of other papers made by mills in other lines of goods, and aggregate sales amounting to over a million pounds per month. EMPIRE DRILL CO. The Empire Drill Co.. of Shortsville, N. Y., who were organized in 1854, founded their central branch house in this city in 1883. The merits of their goods, under the management of their present man ager, H. E. Cole, has grown into the hearts and hands of many patrons throughout Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio, and a large trade has accrued to them. The Empire Drill has a wide reputation and with its increasing trade bids fair to continue to be one of our leading con jerns. Any further information will be cheerfully given by calling on or addressing, Empire Drill Co., 144 and 146 Webster street, Alle gheny City, Pa. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 21 PAPER. »^>__><^«f^ t Manufacturers and General Paper Dealers, No. 128 SECOND AVENUE, PITTSBURQH, PA. We manufacture and keep in stock everything in the line of Paper, > Nos. i and 2 Book, News, Manila Writing, Nos. 1 and 2 MANILA WRAPPING, Rne-uiRXPPine hod hidomre paper, Paper for Wrapping Glassware, Paper Bags and Straw Wrapping, Rope Manila for Express Packages, Carpet and Roofing Felts, Twines, Etc., Etc. ¦"CvTrite for Sa,:m.ples stxicL Prices. 22 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. REINEKE, WILSON & CO. Reineke, Wilson & Co., Plumbers, Gas and Steam Fitters, No. 200 Smithfield street, Pittsburgh.— This firm was established in 1870. Henry Reineke, the senior member of the firm, is recognized as one of the veterans of the plumbing trade in Pittsburgh. R. S. Wilson at tends to the oflice duties and financial part of the business, while Wm. Holste, a brother-in-law of Mr. Reineke, superintends the shop and outside work of the business. This firm stands at the head of the pump business in Pittsburgh, they being agents for two of the largest pump manufacturers in the world. Their trade extends over Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland aud other States. Their increasing business made it necessary for them to open a branch warehouse at No. 19 Wood street, corner of First avenue. The second floor of this build ing they use as a workshop. With their increased facilities they are able to fill their orders promptly, while their location at Pittsburgh affords them great advantages, being situated in one of the greatest manufacturing centers in the world, and as a distributing point has but few equals. B. F. RYND. B. F. Rynd, Manufacturer of and dealer in Lumber, Dressed Lum ber, Building Timber, Shingles, Lath; Office and Yard, No. 200 North avenue, Allegheny, Telephone A. 3223. — A complete aud thorough re view and record of the manufacturing and commercial industries of this city must of necessity include the very large establishment of Mr. B. F. Rynd, manufacturer of and dealer in lumber, office and yard No. 200 North avenue, whose premises are very large and commodious and thoroughly equipped with every appliance and convenience for the transaction of the heavy and rapidly increasing business. The stock is very large and complete, aggregating at times fully one million of feet of rough and dressed lumber, building timber, shingles, lath, mak ing a specialty of pine and hemlock varieties. He is also prepared to furnish to order at all times full requisitions for bill lumber at the short est notice and at most reasonable prices. All kinds of oak, bridge, car and railroad timber shipped to any point upon receipt of order. A force of twenty assistants are employed, and his office has telephone connec tions; all orders sent by that means receive personal attention, and no delays in delivering of goods is liable to occur. The business was first established over a quarter of a century ago, but has been in its present location only since 1880. It has always enjoyed a liberal and substan tial patronage from this city and the surrounding country, and possesses excellent facilities for shipping to any point desired. Mr. Benjamin F. Rynd is a native of Pittsburgh, is full of energy and enterprise, and possesses excellent business qualifications. He is highly esteemed in social and business circles, and enjoys the confidence of the entire com munity for his probity and strict integrity. Mr. Rynd has served for many years in Allegheny City Councils and lately served his district in the Legislature, and has held other similar high offices, always dis charging his official duties with the highest credit to himself and sub stantial benefit to his constituents. That he is a man of foresight and untiring energy, as also a thorough master of his business, is amply at tested by the large measure of public favor and prosperity he now de servedly enjoys. STAR ENCAUSTIC TILE CO., LIMITED. Star Encaustic Tile Company, Limited; Office No. 70 Fourth Ave nue, Pittsburgh.— The Star Encaustic Tile Co., limited, which is now one of the recognized industries of Pittsburgh, and one in which many ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 23 Manufacturer and Dealer in o^LUM BER.|>o "-^*_><^fe^- g^ HI: "lllfe^ DRESSED JM iSfifiBifilSPIIlifj j j " LUMBER |H Si=;V-— Ti-..-^1";"- :' :^:^:^:-":^;S;|l:^.:i---l^§;^^^^^^j l S^-__::Z; ;r*~:^; :7-:=:.=,:,_: ~vi_yp88--H". =s5_~:_=_::__^ _—•-¦-—_ ¦ -¦¦-- ^njgi-JSK^^r^- - '"¦ Lath. « ^«- __^j--'--;-~__j™- I -*7 ¦—¦¦3rry^'W-#.S_l._ii.^-L ~ ^ 8§B] - lJ. ---Tp^Effl^^.-s;^*^*^'^- *-i(Sg^a_S^_______± • ffi^^ .^rlSl^i—S-^M1 ^IsssggL-T ~-_»i_S«i^isf-<. IfiiS =p"rTi'ip.^i!'^u''*"rJij]"i i Ti |^ffyyi^^_^!iw_i?^^\ •>-J»_^>^*^-<. BUILDING TIMBER $hingleg. ¦>-^»__&»<^s^-.- OFFICES AND YARDS: Nos. 200 North Ave. and 304 Pennsylvania Ave., Allegheny, Pa. TELEPHONE A. 3SS3. Ernst Axthelm, ^MACHINISTO Mechanical and Electrical Bell Hanger, AXTHELM' S SELF-CLOSING ANNUNCIATOR. AGENT FOB AND Repairer of all kinds of Sewing Machines LOCKS, SPEAKING TUBES, &c. No. 103 THIRD AVENUE, NEAR WOOD STREET. PITTSBURGH, PA. Telephone 851. 24 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. of her citizens feel a. just pride, was started in a very small way early in 1876, under the name of the Pittsburgh Encaustic Tile Co., limited. The institution from its very outset produced a very fine tile, but lack of capital prevented the business from being pushed successfully. In 1882 the business was re-organized under its present name and with added capital and business energy has gone steadily forward and to-day enjoys a reputation which many older concerns might well feel proud of. At the time of the re-organization above referred to, the company started out with the determination not to try to do too many things at once, but what it did do to do well. This policy has been rigidly adhered to and we now find the company not experimenting with glazed, enamelled and art tile, which are very well in their way, but giving their entire attention to producing what is acknowledged on all sides to be the finest quality of unglazed tile now in the market. These goods are ex tensively used for hearths and mantel facings, but their great consump tion is for floors in public buildings, depots, hotels, restaurants, drug stores and offices, as well as for vestibules, halls, kitchens, bath rooms, and laundries in residences. In the spring of 1887 the entire factory and warehouse were de stroyed by fire, causing a very considerable loss in stock and machinery, but nothing daunted, re-building was at once began and in three months was again in full operation. The company during last winter laid tile floors in the new Allegheny County Court House to the extent of about 42,000 square feet, this being probably the largest piece of tile work ever laid in Pennsylvania. We hope that our citizens will extend a liberal patronage to this most worthy enterprise. ERNST AXTHELM. fco Ernst Axthelm, Machinist, Mechan ical and Electrical Bell-Hanger, No. 103 Third Avenue.— The industries of this busy city are many in number, and cover every branch of skilled ac tivity, and yet it is doubtful if there is one requiring a higher trained ex- perience'and ^ability than that of the Iji HllSSD^CO I HfflBjB machinist ;and bell-hanger. In this liffill lllri! — iPTI) — tl 11 HH ,ine jt is generally recognized through- ¦Wli! — 'Srx— Vs^lii! illlllfnlout the city that Mr. Ernst Axthehn, No. 103 Third Avenue, is the leading representative, and one who is fully qualified to promptly fill any and all orders. He has been established since 1858, and by strict 'attention coupled with a straightforward system of honorable dealing, he has built up a large and ipermanent patronage. He is an expert practical mechanic," and ; gives steady employment to four skilled machinists. He makes a specialty of electrical and mechan ical bell-hanging, and is prepared .to supply and erect electrical burglar alarms, annunciators, call bells, speaking tubes, etc. He is agent for and repairer of, all kinds of sewing machines, locks, speaking tubes, etc., and with the superior facilities at his command is enabled to fill all orders in the promptest and most satisfactory manner. Mr. Axthelm makes a sp cialty of furnishing Public Buildings, Hotels, Depots, &c, with complete electrical appliances, and many of these, as well as numerous private residences, will bear witness to his skill. Personally Mr Axthelm is a genial, courteous gentleman, honorable, liberal and fair in all transactions, and is highly esteemed by all who know him ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 25 John C. Alrich, Chairman. Wm. R, Thompson, Sec'y. Samuel Keys, Manager. Star Encaustic Tile Co., Limited, Manufacturers of Best Qualities of FLOORING TILE For Hearths and Floors, Vestibules, Porches, Banks, Dining Rooms, Kitchens, Hotels, Halls, Bath Rooms, Laundries, Depots, &c. All Tile burned by the use of Natural Gas, and pronounced the finest in the World. Also, Dealers in Glazed and Art Tile, For Mantels, Walls, Dadoes, &c. Works, Bluff St, near Gist, ) . w OrP,CE AND SALESROOM. V PITTSBURGH, DA. No. 706 PENN AVEN0E.J r r TELEPHONE 779. THE CENTRAL BRANCH HOUSE OF EMPIRE DRILL CO. MANUFACTURERS OF Grain and F^ertilLzer Drills, SULKEY HAY RAKES and EXCELSIOR HORSE RAKES, 144 and 146 Webster Street, H. E COLE, Manager. ^.JLjXjECS-EIElsr-S". "W. E3. BOSS, DEALER IN irtesian leep Hell iteani lumps, And Pumps for Wells of any Depth for Hand Use. Wind Engines, Iron and Lead Pipe and Fi.ttings, Sewer Pipe, Grates and Fronts, Sinks, Pipe Cutters, Pipe Tongs, Stocks and Dies, Cordage, Plastering 'Hair, &c. SEND FOR CATALOGUE AND PRICES. 144 and 146 Webster St , . . ALLEGHENY, PA. TELEPHONE No. 3083. 26 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. PHCENIX FIRE BRICK WORKS. As a great centre of industrial activity Pittsburgh, of course, contains many concerns that have developed into immense proportions within the last quarter of a century. An important branch of commercial activity, and one deserving of special mention in a review of leading business inter ests of Allegheny county, is the manufacture of fire brick; and none of those great manufacturing and mercantile corporations which have, and are, contributing so materially to Pittsburgh's prosperity, deserves a more prominent place than that of the Phoenix Fire Brick Works, of Manorville, Armstrong county, Pa., owned and managed by Mr. Isaac Reese. By hard work, constant improvements and close personal attention this gentleman has succeeded in producing a brick which af fords his numerous customers entire satisfaction. His "Silica" brick is now considered the best brick made in this or any other country, and is fast taking the place of all imported brick, it being preferred, even at a higher price per thousand, to that made in foreign countries. Mr. Reese's "Silica" works are located at Manorville, Armstrong county and, his process being patented, he is, as a matter of course, the sole manufacturer of this brand. To give a description of the superiority of this brick over any other brand would occupy more space than can pos sibly be spared in a review of this kind; let one instance suffice. In one of our large manufacturing establishments over 7,000 tons of steel has been taken out of an open-hearth furnace without necessitating any re pairs. Another advantage possessed by this brick will easily be seen. By using the old fire brick in the cap or arch of a glass furnace the slack or drippings would run into the glass, while caps made of Reese's Silica brick will make the output of the furnace perfectly clean. Starting in the fire brick business on a small scale, in 1863, Mr. Reese has since then been connected with a number of leading works, prominent among whieh are the Apollo Fire Brick Works and the Bolivar Union Fire Brick Works, Westmoreland county; the Woodland Fire Brick Works, Woodland, Clearfield county, and the Empire Fire Brick Works, Ellerslie, Allegheny county. In 1879 Mr. Reese withdrew from other interests and centered all his energy in the Phcenix Fire Brick Works. Since that time he has met with phenomenal success. Manufacturing "Silica" exclusively at Manorville, and' Phcenix fire brick at Cowanshannock, both in Arm strong county, he gives constant employment to nearly 100 men, reach ing a yearly production of about 7,000,000 brick. His Pittsburgh busi ness is attended to at his residence, No. 4414 Butler street. Without a short biography of this gentleman our sketch would not be complete. Isaac Reese was born in South Wales in Great Britain in 1821. His parents emigrated with their children to this country in 1832. They first settled at Phcenixville, Chester county, where Isaac attended school. From thence they removed in the following year to Hunting don county, and again, in 1834, to Bellefonte, Center county. At the last place they resided for two years and then removed to Pittsburgh. Isaac was now old enough to go to a trade, and he served an apprentice ship to learn the business of 'Tiammer-man" in one ofthe iron mills at Pittsburgh. For over twenty years he followed his trade, more than half of which time he was employed in the extensive mills of John H. Shoenberger. He saw an opening to engage in fire brick making in 1863, and although not having much capital and but little knowledge of the process of manufacture, he entered into it with great energy and a determination to succeed. He possessed natural business qualifica tions, and a physique well able to sustain the wear and tear of his active business life. From boyhood he has been familiar with hard labor and to-day the mental strain of business is commensurate with the physical taxation of his earlier years. He has been a very successful manufac turer, and produces the bestsilica brick made in the world to-day while his fire brick is without a peer. He has thoroughly mastered the pro cess, aud although he has almost reached the allotted time to retire— ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 27 p. o. address, general office, 4414 Butler St., Pittsburgh. Manorville, Armstrong Co., Pa f Manorville, Pa. Works, - icowanshannock, pa. Phoenix Fire Brick Works ISAAC REESE, Proprietor, Manufacturers of the Celebrated "REESE" SILICA BRICK, Per Chntage of Silica, 97.52. SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR Open Hearth Steel, Copper and Glass Furnaces. ALSO Phoenix and. Globe Kire Brick:, For Rolling Mills, Blast Furnaces and Foundry Purposes. Capacity, 6,000.000 per annum. Correspondence Solicited. PUMPS. ^einel^e, UJilson § Go., 200 SMITHFIELD STREET, PITTSBURGH. PLUMBING, GAS AND STEAM FITTING. GAS FIXTURES, Chandeliers, Brackets, Globes, &c. RUBBER HOSE, Hose Reels, Lawn Sprinklers. PIPE, Wrought Iron, Lead, Sewer Pipe, Well Casing. PUMPS, Metal, Wood. SUPPLIES, Water, Gas, Steam. ( The Goulds Manufacturing Co. AGENTo | Tllc xraheru Pump Co. Wind Mills, Hydraulic Rams, Novelties. 28 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. "three score and ten" — is to-day one of our most energetic business men. He has served a term in Pittsburgh Councils, is a member ofthe Fourth Baptist Church, and is a widely known and much respected citizen of our city.Mr. Reese everywhere is recognized to be a thoroughly enterprising and public-spirited citizen, whose successful efforts in mercantile life are in keeping with his cordial support to all measures best calculated to advance the permanent welfare and prosperity of Allegheny county. HAWORTH & DEWHURST. Haworth & Dewhurst, Wholesale Grocers and Coffee Roasters, Nos. 701 and 703 Liberty Street, and Nos. 47 and 49 Seventh Street. — Repre sentative among the largest establishments of Pittsburgh is that of Messrs. Haworth & Dewhurst, the oldest grocery concern here, and the leader in such important lines as teas, coffees and other staples. The immense business conducted here was founded in 1848, by Mr. Jehu Haworth and Mr. J. B. Dewhurst, gentlemen now in the prime of life, and who bring to bear the widest range of practical experience coupled with an intimate knowledge of the wants of the trade. The growth of their trade has been steady and permanent, and to accommodate which the flrm has been repeatedly obliged to enlarge and refit their premises. At Nos. 701 and 703 Liberty Street they occupy as their wholesale grocery house, offices and salesrooms, three four story brick buildings, 25x100 feet each, furnished throughout in a handsome and complete manner, and having elevators and all modern improvements. The firm here carry an immense stock of staple and fancy groceries. Dealing direct as they do with producers, packers and importers, they handle in large quantities the choicest and freshest goods, in every case challeng ing comparison both as to price and quality. The vast and varied stock so handsomely arranged here includes sugars, syrups and molasses ; the choicest fresh crop Oolong. Japan, gunpowder, young Hyson, English Breakfast and other favorite teas. In coffees, also, the house has achieved an enviable reputation. As coffee roasters they do business upon the most extensive scale. Their teas and coffees are all strictly pure and un adulterated, and hold the front rank in this section. Here is head quarters for pure and fresh spices, whole and ground; mustard, pickles, sauces and condiments, foreign and domestic dried fruits; nuts and olive oils, starch, candles and soaps, etc. In canned goods the firm has achieved an enviable reputation. They take special pains to select only those goods that have been packed with special care by leading respon sible houses, and always carry a full assortment of fruits, vegetables, fish, sardines, etc. ; cocoa, chocolate, and farinaceous goods, with the thousand and one sundries that go to make up the finest stock in the city, from which the trade can select. They also occupy warehouses at Nos. 47 and 49 Seventh Street, two three-story brick buildings, 25 x 100 feet in size each, and where they carry their heavy reserve stock so as to be able to meet all requirements. The eminent reputation of this enterprising firm is known far and wide; they cater to Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio, West Virginia and Maryland, and transact a most ex tensive business, employing fifty hands, and having a staff of travellers constantly on the road. Mr. Haworth was born in England, and came to this country in early boyhood, and has here in Pittsburgh developed an honored commercial success, being one of her oldest established wholesale grocers. Mr. Dewhurst is a native of Pennsylvania, and an energetic, efficient business man. He is a member of the Centennial Committee. The firm of Haworth & Dewhurst is universally popular and re spected, while, as citizens, they have always given a heaity support to all measures best calculated to advance the permanent welfare and prosperity of Allegheny County. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 29 .toreoki Manufacturing Go., " *¦ LIMITED. MAIN OFFICE and FACTORY, ERIE, PA. Manufacturers of a full line ot Brass goods, malleable and gray |ron Fittings FOR STEAM, GAS, WATER AHD OIL, Especially adapted to the Oil Region Trade. Together w.ith a Pull Line of GENERAL OIL WELL SUPPLIES. JARECKI SCREW PLATE AND PIPE CUTTER. WRITE FOR DISCOUNT AND DESCRIPTION. Branch Stores at 953 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh, Bradford, Washington, Warren, Butler and Clarendon, Pa. Bolivar and Allentown, H. Y., and Lima, Ohio. J W. KREPS. 1. A. REED. J. E. KREPS MANUFACTURERS OF STEAMBOAT BARROWS, RAILROAD BARROWS, GARDEN BARROWS, BRICK BARROWS, STONE BARROWS. STORE BARROWS, COKE BARROWS, COAL BARROWS, FOOT OF MULBERRY STREET, ALLEGHENY, PA. FIT GUARANTEED. GOOD QUALITY. J. F. SCHROEDER, Merchant Tailor, 4-04. Smithfield St. , PITTSBURGH. MO DER A TE PRICES. CO UR TES Y. 30 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. JOHNSONS, EAGYE & EARL. Johnsons, Eagye & Earl, Wholesale Grocers, No. 120 Second Ave nue and No. 149 First Avenue. — This immense business, now centered here, was founded in 1844 by the late John Irvine and Mahlon Martin, under the flrm name of Irvine & Martin; two years later, Mr. Irvine disposed of his interest to William H. Smith, the style becoming Martin & Smith. In 1847 Mr. William M. Sinclair purchased Mr. Martin's in terest, thus changing the flrm name to that of Smith & Sinclair. It thus continued up to 1855, when Mr. Sinclair retired, and the dissolu tion was followed by the formation of a new firm known as that of Smith, Mair & Hunter, composed of Mr. W. H. Smith, Mr. W. W. Mair and Mr. Joseph R. Hunter. In 1857 Mr. Mair retired, the remain ing partners continuing the business as William H. Smith & Co., until 1866, when Mr. Hunter retired, and Messrs. Sullivan Johnson and Joseph T. Colvin were admitted, under the style of Smith, Johnson & Colvin. Mr. Smith finally retired in 1869, after a long and honorable career; the firm then becoming known, first as Johnson & Colvin, and afterwards as Johnson, Colvin & Go. Eventually, in 1876, it was suc ceeded by the present house of Messrs. Johnson, Eagye & Earl, the ad mission of Mr. J. F. Johnson in 1884, rendering the style of the first name plural, otherwise leaving the title of this popular and influential house unchanged — a veritable trademark as regards the quality and re liability of all goods handled and sold by it. Their establishment is of immense proportions, in keeping with the extent and character of their stock. It is centrally located at No. 120 Second Avenue, having a front age of twenty-five feet and extending entirely through the block to First Avenue, a distance of two hundred and forty feet. It is a hand some three-story brick structure, and fully fitted up throughout for the display, storage, repacking and shipment of stock. On the first floor are the main oflice, 20x30 feet, private offices and a fine sample room. The stock carried is essentially representative of the choicest food pro ducts, staple aud fancy groceries, and sundries from every quarter of the globe, and no adequate description could be attempted within the limits of this article. Here are the choicest coffees grown; the firm has long been justly celebrated for its popular "Johnsons' Keystone Brand of Coffee," noticeable for its excellence, while the firm's "Climax Brand" is certainly suitably named. It is judiciously blended from choicest growths, to secure every feature that endears the fragrant bev erage to the best judges thereof. "Climax" coffee is incomparable in flavor and high standard of excellence to any other coffee sold in the United States, and is so recognized by the trade and the best classes of consumers. In teas, Oolongs, Hyson, Gunpowder, Assam, English Breakfast, etc., the firm handle large lots of "fresh crop" direct, and guarantee quality and flavor in every instance. Their popular teas can not be duplicated elsewhere, either as regards price or quality. In fresh and pure spices, the best selected foreign fruits, condiments, sauces, pickles, etc., and full lines of fancy groceries this stock challenges com parison. The flrm has ever been celebrated for its canned goods The greatest care is exercised to handle only those brands that experience and critical test demonstrate to be properly packed, full weight, of the selected, prime fruits and vegetables, and the trade can select from the firm's long list with perfect confidence of having a saleable and appre ciated lot. In such staples as flour, cereals, farinaceous goods, sugars syrups, soaps, etc., the flrm is prepared to offer substantial inducements to the trade, while their department devoted to cigars and tobaccos con tains a much larger and better assorted stock than that of the average wholesale tobacconist— in fact, the general merchant and retail grocer can here replenish his stock to the best advantage, and the volume of the trade may be gathered when we state that Messrs. Johnsons Eagve & Earl do a business reaching up towards $900,000 to $1,000,000 per an num their trade extending through Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland and West Virginia. J ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 31 Star Fire Brick "Works. HARBISONS WALKER Cor. Twenty-Second & Railroad Sts., Pittsburgh, Pa, MANUFACTURERS OF "BEITEZET" -n.-a.-3. "CL^-EIOIT" Brands of FIRE BRICK ANU "Star Silica" Brick. SPECIALTIES: Blast Furnace Linings, Open-Hearth and other Steel Furnace and Glass Furnace Work. ANNUAL CAPACITY, 12,000,000 BRICK. HEPBURN WALKER, Chairman. S. P. HARBISON, Treasurer. H. A. KENNEDY, Secretary. Woodland Fire BriGk 60., LIMITED, WOODLAND, CLEARFIELD CO., PA. Branch Office, Corner 22d and Railroad Sts., Pittsburgh, Pa. MANUFACTURERS OF "Woodland," "Bradford" and "Tyrone" Brands ot Fire Brick. SPECIALTIES : Blast Furnace Linings, Steel and Malleable Iron Furnace Brick and Glass Furnace Work. ANNUAL CAPACITY, . 10,000,000 BRICK. 32 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Mr. Sullivan Johnson was born in Somerset county, Pa., in 1830. He was for fourteen years engaged in active business at Adison, Somer set county, as member of the firm of Ross & Johnson. He finally re moved to Pittsburgh in 1866, and has since been prominently identified with the wholesale grocery trade here. He is a public-spirited, enter prising member of the community, whose equitable and honorable pol icy has left a marked impress upon the tone and aims of the trade. Mr. George W. Eagye was born in Washington county in 1843, and was for several years engaged in mercantile pursuits at Upper Middletown, Pa. He came to Pittsburgh in 1867, ami has become prominent in business circles here. No one is a better authority in the grocery trade than he, and he is fully imbued with the true spirit of industry and enterprise. Mr. Edwin P. Earl is a native of Somerset county, and is a very widely and favorably-known merchant. He was for nineteen years engaged in business at Jen er-i- Roads, Pa., for eight years of that period having been a member of the flrm of Kiernan & Earl. He has been a permanent resident of Pittsburgh since 1876, and is an appreciated and pushing business man. Mr. J. F. Johnson is likewise a native of Somerset, and possesses fine executive abilities, and is universally respected and popu lar as a rising young merchant. _ He was formerly of the wholesale dry goods firm of Joseph Home & Co., and had been connected with that house for twenty years when he entered the present firm. Such, in brief, is a review of the rise and progress of this old-established busi ness, and ofthe honored house now guiding its course. Its commercial relations are widespread, its facilities unequalled, its connections the best possible, while its wise guidance has ever been noteworthy, and the establishment reared by Messrs. Johnsons, Eagye & Earl is a last ing source of credit to the city, and a monument to their own industry and enterprise. J. & H. PHILLIPS. J. & H. Phillips, Dealers in Leather Belting, India-Rubber Belting, Hose, Packing and Rubber Goods, also Oil Cloths, Window Shades, etc., Nos. 26 and 28 Sixth Street. — One of those great mercantile establish ments which date back to the early period of Pittsburgh's growing im portance as a great commercial centre, is that of which the firm of J. & H. Phillips are the esteemed proprietors. The extensive business conducted by it was founded in 1840, by Messrs. J. & H. Phillips. The lamented decease of Mr. H. Phillips occurred in 1864, since whicli date Mr. J. Phillips has actively and permanentlv carried on the business under the original and widely known name and style, equivilent to a trade mark as regards standard quality of all goods sold. Mr. Phillips carries the largest and best selected stock of belting, rubber goods, etc., in the city. He occupies the entire four-storv and basement brick build ing, centrally situated at Nos. 26 and 28 Sixth Street, and which is 36x 110 feet in dimensions. The establishment is handsomely fitted up throughout, and is the centre of a very large and active wholesale and retail trade. Mr. Phillips represents the leading manufacturers in his line, such as the Boston Beltina Company and the American Rub ber Company. The stock includes the choicest qualities of rubber cloth ing in all sizes, also rubber boots and overshoes. This house has long controlled the largest and best class of trade in Pittsburgh and Alle gheny, and is likewise represented by its travellers all through Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio, West Virginia, etc., to manufacturers and merchants, and no concern has achieved a more enviable reputation. Mr. Phillips was born in Washington County, Pa., and has all his life been actively identified with the leading commercial circles of Pitts burgh. He has made hosts of friends in consequence of his strict integrity and equitable business policy, and justly merits the success attending his well directed enterprise. Operating at low expense, the public and the trade realize the advantages derived by giving their custom to this well known and popular establishment. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 33 SULLIVAN JOHNSON, EDWIN F. EARL, GEORGE W. EAGYE. J. F. JOHNSON. "Climax C©ffee— JOHpNft EAQYE \ EA^L, ^00. 120 Second and 149 Fii^t Avenue, SPECIALTIES: TEAS, CANNED GOODS, TOBACCOS, Syrups and Molasses. B3 KEYSTONE GOFFEE. 34 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. JAMES W. HOUSTON & CO. Energy, pluck and perseverance ! A remarkable illustration ofthe triple combination indicated by these few words is found in the history of the wholesale grocery house of James W. Houston & Co., located at No. 21 Seventh ave., and whose card appears on opposite page. As the personal characteristics of successful men are always interesting, a brief sketch of the members of this firm is herewith subjoined. James W. Houston, the senior member of the firm, has not yet reached his prime, being but thirty-nine years of age. Born in the little town of Garoagh, in the north of Ireland, his parents emigrated to this country when he was but a year old. Mr. Houston is emphat ically a Pittsburgher, having spent his entire life in this city, with the exception of three years (1866-69), during which he was employed in Venango county, Pa. In 869, when Mr. Houston was but twenty, he obtained the position of head book-keeper for J. S. Dilworth &Co., then the oldest and largest grocery house in Pittsburgh. His worth was speedily recognized and he became an invaluable man to the concern. His faithfulness, energy and untiring industry secured his steady ad vancement until, in 1878, he was admitted as a partner. On January 1, 1881, Mr. Houston having withdrawn from the firm of J. S. Dilworth & Co., associated with him Mr. Leo Reed, under the firm name of James W. Houston & Co. Among the marked traits of character pos sessed by Mr. Houston are the courage of his convictions, an abiding faith in the right, and unfailing perseverance. He was facetiously de scribed by a local paper, in connection with a great moral contest, as a 'Sticker from Stickerville." Mr. Houston is emphatically a self-made man. Thrown upon his own resources at an early age, he has hewn his own way through life, unaided by wealth or influence. Leo Reed, the junior member ofthe firm, is of German descent. He was born in Allegheny City in 1852. While he was yet a boy his parents removed to Westmoreland county, where Mr. Reed's life was spent on a farm and as an ordinary laborer until he was eighteen. Animated by a desire to obtain an education he came to Pittsburgh and took a com mercial course. After some time he obtained a position as bill clerk with the firm of J. S. Dilworth & Co. The firm soon discovered that they had secured no ordinary clerk. His merits gained his promotion, first to the position of book-keeper, then to that of salesman, which position he resigned at the close of 1880 to embark in business with Mr. Houston. Mr. Reed is also a self-made man. He has surmounted dif ficulties which by ordinary men are considered insurmountable. His education is largely the result of the diligent improvement of spare hours in the evening after a hard day's work. In addition to being a thorough business man, Mr. Reed possesses considerable literary taste. He wields a facile pen, and has contributed articles to the press on some of the leading topics of the day which have attracted wide attention. He is a strong advocate of the public school system. Both men are possessed of strong wills and great decision of charac ter, and are animated by the spirit of true American independence in thought and action. The growth of this firm has been sure and steady. Early in 1887 they were obliged to leave the original stand on Second avenue and seek larger quarters. They now occupy a warehouse which in point of convenience and facilities ranks fourth in the grocery trade. Their aim has been to build their business not for the present alone, but also for the future. When they once secure trade it becomes permanent It is said that the advice given by this firm to their salesmen is: "Re member that there is a future in business; don't resort to questionable means to secure success for one trip. Say all the good you can for your goods, but don't misrepresent. Fulfill all promises to the letter. In this way you will secure the confidence of your customers and retain their trade." It is needless to say that a firm that does business on this basis is bound to succeed. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 35 James W. Houston & Co. COFFEE ROASTERS OtJR BRANDS COFFEE : " Ye Olden Time," " Farmers and Miners," "Good Cheer.' HEADQUARTERS FOR STRICTLY PURE N.O. MOLASSES AND FINE SYRUPS, No. 21 SEVENTH AVENUE, ; PITTSBURGH, PA. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. WILLIAM HASLAGE & SON, Select Fancy Grocers and Importers of Japanese Curios, Novelties, etc., No. 18 Diamond Square. — The metropolitan character of Pittsburgh is well illustrated by the vast emporiums which are here established in nearly every line of business. A notable illustration of this is afforded in the fancy grocery trade by the prominent house of Messrs. William Haslage & Son, situated ou the Diamond Market Square. This exten sive business is both the largest and oldest established in its line. It was founded in 1845 by the late Mr. William Haslage, who afterward formed the firm of William Haslage & Co. This style continued for a lengthy period, Mr. Haslage eventually again becoming sole proprietor, and in 1880 forming a co-partnership with his son, Mr. William C. Haslage, under the existing name and style of William Haslage & Son. The lamented decease of the senior partner occurred in December, 1881, his death being deeply regretted by hosts of friends and customers who had appreciated his sterling qualities of mind and heart, and his laudable ambition to maintain the lead in his branch of trade. His son carries on the immense business upon the old time basis of honor, en terprise and equity, and the "Old Country Tea House" is to-day as popular with the good people of Pittsburgh and Allegheny City as it was forty years ago, while its trade has steadily enlarged to proportions of the greatest magnitude. Here is the largest retail store in the city, the establishment occupying the entire four-story brick building, No. 18 Diamond, on the Market Square, a location unsurpassed both as re gards centrality and prominence. It is handsomely and richly fitted up throughout, the main salesroom, 30 x 160 feet in dimensions, having fine marble counters, hard wood fixtures, and a display of goods at once comprehensive and attractive. The firm are direct importers of and dealers in the choicest teas, coffees and fancy groceries, with an entire department devoted to specially imported Japanese curios, bric-a-brac, etc. Mr. Haslage is an expert judge of teas, and always carries the most desirable stock in town of fresh crop Oolongs, black and English breakfast, Formosa, Assam and Gunpowder teas, quoted at prices which cannot be duplicated elsewhere. He buys in the largest quantities direct from foreign hands, and this is the re cognized headquarters for pure teas. The same remark applies to cof fees. Much difficulty has been experienced in procuring coffee of the highest grade, pure and unadulterated, and thus it is reassuring to the public to know that they can always rely on Haslage's coffees as being pure, fresh and fragrant. He buys in cargo lots, does his own roasting and grinding, and has achieved a record for teas and coffees that is ab solutely unrivalled. The same remark applies to his spices, condiments, sugars, canned goods of the famous brands, Crosse & Blackwell's pickles, etc. Another equally important department is devoted to the finest stock in town of pure Cognac brandies, imported and domestic wines, Bass' and Philadelphia ales, porter and stout, highly recom mended and largely consumed for medical purposes. On the second floor is the firm's fancy goods department. It is a veritable exhibition of the rare, curious and fanciful. No visitor to Pittsburgh should fail to visit this unique display. Here is the largest and most desirable line of Japanese curios to be found in the State, also novelties and decorative goods. The sales are very large, and the homes of the people are in debted to Mr. Haslage's enterprise for their decorations. The great store is always a scene of busy trade. It is beautifully lit from a ro tunda in the center, and among other improvements has the new travelling change system, saving annoyance and delay. Twenty-three experienced hands are employed here, and there is a constant rush of trade that is the most convincing indication of the superior character of stock aud the honorable policy of the house. Mr. Haslage was born in Pittsburgh, and has here been closely identified all his life with this im portant business. He has annually enlarged his circle of connections ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 37 >-CC UJ J o < ° S CD ftH 5 CO _ ft . < U" 4 Q H Z £ < < LU H0 H 00 +> 111V oen k 0 C w -» flfl U B o QM ESTABLISHED 1845 WM. HASLAGE & SON, Select Familg Grocers. IMPORTERS OF ALL GRADES OF Old Country Teas and Fancy Groceries, Fine Canned Fruits and Vegetables, Evaporated and Standard Dried Fruits. ALSO, MANUFACTURERS OF Old Country Baking Powder. IS ZDI^H^OHSTID, Mfii^ET square. PITTSBURGH, PA. 38 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. and finds a market for his goods, both at wholesale and retail, all round, within a radius of 100 miles; while here in Pittsburgh his is the repre sentative establishment in its line, and a worthy outcome of the firm s energy and integrity. DEMMLER BROS., Jobbers of Stamped and Japanned Ware, Bird Cages, Sheet Iron, Tin ners' Trimmings, etc., 526and528 Smithfield street.— The establishment conducted by the firm of Demmler Bros., has been in existence since 1860, when it was established upon a moderate scale. By industry and careful attention to business, however, the proprietors have yearly added to the volume of their trade, and their house now contains the largest and most complete stock of its kind in the city. Their facilities for the transaction of their flourishing business are of the best charac ter, and they occupy a commodious four-story building at Nos. 526 and 528 Smithfield street, with an extensive annex on Virgin alley, where they carry constantly on hand a very large stock of stamped and Ja panned ware, bird cages, sheet iron, tinners' trimmings, etc. They have a large jobbing trade throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Vir ginia, Maryland, and nearly every section of the country; and make a specialty of all the latest and best novelties in the house furnishing line, among which we will mention only a few, such as the "Boss One Minute Coffee Pot," "Anthony Wayne Washing Machine," "Imperial" and "St. John" Milk Shakes, "Polar Ice Shaver," Indurated Wood Fibre Ware, all varieties of Air Moisteners for natural gas fires, the Alaska Refrigerators, Filters. Ice Cream Freezers, etc., while they make a special effort to carry all the best kinds of miners' lamps. The Demm ler Bros, are experienced business men, and are well and favorably known in business circles. EDWARD RICE. A prominent merchant tailoring house in Allegheny is that of Mr. Edward Rice, No. 19 Federal Street. This business was established in 1879 by Messrs. Gardiner & Rice, being conducted under that name un til January, 1886, when Mr. Gardiner withdrew. Mr. Rice has earned an enviable reputation, which has heen the direct result of the superi ority, artistic style and cut of the various garments made at his estab lishment. The stock carried is without exception the largest and most complete assortment in Western Pennsylvania, and the most fastidious and critical customers cannot fail to be suited at his place. All trim mings, satins and silks used in the production of the garments are of the very best. The growth and prosperity of this establishment are only commensurate with the energy and enterprise of the proprietor, who is sedulously engaged in maintaining the character of his goods, and there by meet the most exacting demands of his patrons. Mr. Rice is a practi cal tailor and cutter, and all garments are made under his personal super vision, which render them unsurpassed for style, finish and superior workmanship. Mr. Rice was born in Ireland and came to this country when quite young, settling down at once in Pittsburgh. He has grown up with the city and is in every sense of the word a " self-made man." He is widely known as an honorable and conscientous business man, and the success he is achieving is as well merited as it is substantial. Mr. Rice is ably assisted by Mr. Wm. Ladley, a gentleman whose life long experience in cutting and fitting is a sufficient guarantee of the excellency of the work produced at this establishment. To all interested in securing first-class clothing at reasonable rates we suggest a call on Mr. Rice. They can there see for themselves the superior character of his skill as a merchant tailor. .\r,r,BGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 39 ESTABLISHED I860. DEMMLER BROTHERS, j&ed and Japanned Ware, Tinners' Supplies, Bird Cages, Miners' Lamps, Sheet Iron, House-Fur nishing Goods, &c. 526 and 528 Smitrifield Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. GOUJ >OHCO J O KifW^i 1$3^W8HB_§» Sifts18 Isg^m o> 00 00 H O < 00 ¦mi Headquarters of all the Latest Novelties in litGhen and louse furnishing foods. BRASS GOODS, WASHING MACHINES, CURTAIN STRETCHERS, INDURATED WOOD FIBRE WARE, COPPER KETTLES, BRASS KETTLES, AGATE AND GRANITE WARE, REFRIGERATORS, FILTERS, ICE CREAM FREEZERS, PERFECTION HOLLOW WARE, Air Moisteners for Natural Gas Fires, 40 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THE WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Was chartered in 1819. Its first President inaugurated in 1822. Its first location was Cherry alley, from which place it moved to a build ing "erected on Third street, extending from the corner of Cherry alley to near Smithfield street — for the time one of the most imposing public buildings in the city, or anywhere in the west." "From this home it was driven by the great fire of 1845." Its next home, on the corner of Duquesne way and Fifth street, was also destroyed by fire in 1849. In '54 and '55, on the corner of Ross and Diamond streets, was erected a new building, which was dedicated in January, 1856. This last was the home of the University till the year 1882, when, after the burning of the Court House, it was sold to Allegheny county. Since that time the University has occupied the greater portion of two large buildings, 133 and 204 North avenue, Allegheny. It possesses, by bequest, the valuable private library of the late Robert Watson, Esq., together with its former library and collection of works of reference pertaining to the departments of physics, chemistry and engineering; has also a reading room supplied with the most valuable of the current literature ofthe day; and besides owning many rare minerals, Ward's casts, etc., is supplied with appa ratus for the study of chemistry, physics and engineering. It is also the owner of the "Allegheny Observatory," whose Director, Dr. Lang ley, is also Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington. Through all its vicissitudes the University has maintained a high standing — as might be expected from the character of the members of its Board of Trustees and Faculty, among whom are found the names of the ablest and most honored of the past two generations. During this Centennial occasion, the present Board has (see opposite page), been devising liberal things, and it is believed that another year will see the University in a condition to offer its patrons as great advantages as can be found in the best institutions of our land. The roll of Alumni (which can be had on application to the College authorities), is one of which any institution may well be proud, embracing as it does an array of the names of men eminent in every department of life. The friends of the University have nobly sustained it; supplying its many wants, ministering to its necessities, until now it stands a monument of their benifieence. Among these friends, one has stood pre-eminent, not only by his munificent gifts, but by his exceeding modesty, which has impelled him to refuse all offers oif attaching his name as part of the name of the institution, or even giving his name to the endowment of a chair. We refer to Mr. William Thaw. This gentleman has been ably seconded by others well known to the citizens of this and other sections, among whom we find the names of Curtis G. Hussey, Henry Lloyd, Charles J. Clarke, James Irwin, Thomas M. Howe, Thomas S. Clarke, Charles Knap, Isaac Jones, A. & W. K. Nimick, James Park, Jr., S. M. Kier, J. K. Moorhead, N. Holmes, Alex. Bradley, Wm. Frew, Mrs. H. Denny, Jos. Home. John B. Jackson, Alex. Nimick, James I. Kuhn, Rev. W. D. Howard, John W. Chalfant, John Harper, John Dunlap, M. W. Watson, Wm. Bakewell, John Shipton, C. L. Magee, Josiah King, Joseph McKnight, Thomas Fawcett, Chris. Zug, James B. Lyon, llostetter & Smith, G. W. Cass, Augustus Hartje, C. Reiter, George Bateman, Wm. Phillips, Jas. B. Lyon & Co. Among the names of the Presidents of the Board are Geo. Stevenson, Esq., Bishop Geo Upfold, D. D., LL. D., Rev. David H. Riddle, D. D., Rev. E M Van Deusen, D. D., Rev. D. R. Kerr, D. D., LL. D., and the present incumbent, James B. Scott, Esq. The names of the Presidents of the Faculty are: Robert Bruce, D. D., 1819-35; Rev. Gilbert Morgan, 1835-30; Herman Dyer, D. D., 1843-49; D. H. Riddle, D. D., 1849-55; John F. McLaren, D. D., 1855-58; George Woods, LL. D., 1858-80; Milton B. Goff, A. M., pro tem., 1880-81; Henry M. McCracken, D. D., 1881-84; and the present incumbent, Milton B. Goff, LL. D., since 1884 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 41 THE Western University OF PENNSYLVANIA. James B. Scott, President. James R. Speer, M. D. William BakeweU, Esq. Robert B. Mowry, M. D. John Harper, Rev. John G. Brown, D. D. William Thaw, Alexander Nimick, Alexander Bradley, Curtis G. Hu^ey, M. D. Charles J. Clarke, TRUSTEES. Hon. F. H. Collier, Hon. R. B. Carnahan, Hon. John C. Newmyer, James P. Hanna, Wm. J. Sawyer, Hon. Felix R. Krunot, Wm. M. Darlington, Rt. ReY. Cortlandt Whitehead, D.D. Rev. John Crocker White, D.D. Rev. Thos. N. Boyle, D. D. Rev. Edward P. Cowan, D. D. Reuben Miller, Rev.W. J. Robinson, D. P. Wm. Thaw, Jr. Robert M. Tindle, M. D. Henry Holdship, Rev. John W. Sproull, Thomas C. Jenkins, M. B. Goff, LD. D., Chancellor. Hon. Wm. McCallin, Mayor. Hon, R. T. Pearson, Mayor. FACULTY. Milton B. Goff, A. M., LL. D., Chancellor, Mental and Moral Science. Jos. F. Griggs, A. M., Emeritus Greek, Libra rian. Alphonse M. Danse, French, Samuel P. Langley, LL. D., Director of Ob servatory. Levi Ludden, A. M., Preparatory, Theodore M. Barber, A. M,, Latin and English. Charles R. Coffin. A. M., Latin. Francis C. Phillips, A. M., Chemistry and Min eralogy. Oscar M. Tucker, English. Henry Gibbons, A. B., Greek. R. C. Wrenshall, Drawing and Biology. Paul F. Rohrbacher, German and History. Frank W. Very, B. S., Assis't in Observatory. Daniel Carhart, C. E., Engineering and Mathe matics Reid T. Stewart, Ph. M., C. E., Mathematics and Engineering. J. P. Stephen, Elocution. William D. Rowan, Commercial Branches. Albert E. Frost, A. M., Physics. At present the University offers courses leading to the degrees of A. B., Ph. B., and C. E. It is expected, however, that the new buildings now in contemplation by the Board will be completed, and that the TECHNICAL SCHOOL of the University will be fully established by the opening of the Fall Term of 1889. But students desiring to take advantage of the facilities of the Technical School, need not wait until that date before beginning their studies, as the pres ent Scientific and Civil Engineering Course are, for the first two years, nearly tbe same as those of Mechanical Engineering, &c. For full information, catalogues, &c, address the Chancellor, or JOS. F. GRIGGS, Sec'y and Treas. of the Boa,rd, 133 North Ave., Allegheny, Pa 42 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. GEO. W. BIGGS & CO. Geo. W. Biggs & Co., Fine Watches, Jewelry, etc., Lewis Building, corner Smithfield Street and Sixth Avenue.— No historical review of the rise and progress of the representative houses in each branch of mercan tile activity in Pittsburgh would be complete without suitable reference to the reliable firm of Messrs. Geo. W. Biggs & Co., jewelers and diamond merchants, Lewis Building, corner Smithfield Street and Sixth Avenue. This business was established in 1870 by Mr. Geo. W. Biggs, and was conducted by him till July, 1883, when Mr. Edwin J. Biggs was admit ted into partnership, the firm being known by the style and title of Geo. W. Biggs & Co. The premises occupied are elegantly equipped and comprise a splendid salesroom, 90 x 25 feet in area, which is fitted with three fine show windows, the plate of each of which is 12 x 14 feet in dimensions, the largest sheets ever manufactured in this country. These magnificant sheets of plate glass, which are without a flaw, were made by the plate manufacturing company whose works are situated at Height's Station, near Pittsburgh, and are the most expensive produced at any period in America. The stock of jewelry, diamonds, etc., is the largest and choicest in the city, and is set off and displayed in the show rooms in a manner which reflects the greatest credit upon the good taste and sound judgment of the proprietors. The firm is also foremost in exhibiting seasonable styles and novelties in solid gold jewelry, and their business is rapidly increasing. Their line of fine watches is unex celled, and in this department as in all others absolute satisfaction is guaranteed both as to quality and price. Messrs. Geo. W. and Edwin J. Biggs were both born in Pittsburgh, and are held in the highest estima tion in social and commercial life for their excellent business qualities. E. HISTED. There is no branch of art which requires such a thorough knowledge of its every detail, coupled with natural talent and skill, as that of pho tographing, and it is but proper that in a work of this description attention should be called to those who, in their particular line, occupy the most prominent positions. No one in the two cities is more entitled to such a destinction than the gentlemen whose name heads this article. Mr. Histed was born in London, England, where he served an apprentice ship with Mr. Mayall, Court Photographer to Her Majesty Queen Victoria. Being apt and quick to learn he soon mastered the business; but this did not satisfy his artistic taste ; he entered the Government School of Science and Art, from which institution, in course of time, he graduated with honors, taking the first prize, when about 21 years of age he made up his mind to seek a larger field for his skill, and came to the United States, where he at once settled in Pittsburgh. From that moment his name became a household word. Nobody passing his place of business on Fifth avenue has failed to notice his show cases, filled with the choicest specimens of his artistic productions, while his views of Pittsburgh, Allegheny, and surrounding scenery have receiv ed a welcome from our citizens of which he feels justly proud. Located on our most prominent thoroughfare, Mr. Histed has built up a business second to none in Western Pennsylvania, constantly giving employ ment to about ten assistants, while he gives personal attention to even the smallest details. Mr. Histed makes a specialty of taking scenery along railroad lines, having lately taken some elegant views along the B. & O. Those taking an interest in this branch of his business should call at his studio and examine his views of scenery along the West Vir ginia Central— the railroad in which Mr. Jas. G. Blaine and Stephen B. Elkins are the principal stockholders. Mr. Histed is a man in the very vigor and prime of life, and no man in his line of business maintains a higher standard for the uniform satisfaction rendered to his patrons. Elsewhere in the book will be found engraving taken from photographs, kindly furnished the publishers by Mr. Histed. His studio is at No. 41 Fifth avenue. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 43 WILL H. WATSON, Importer and Tailor, A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF FINE IMPORTED SUITINGS CONSTANTLY ON HAND. No. 18 SIXTH STREET, OPP. BIJOU THEATRE, PITTSBURGH, PA. E. W. HINTED, hotographic Jlrtist, -41 Fifth Avenue, PITTSBURGH. The Most Fashionable Photographic Establishment IN THE TWO CITIES. Views of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, and surrounding scenery, Photographed and Published by E. W. HISTED, 41 FIFTH AVENUE. 44 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. OIL WELL SUPPLY COMPANY, LIMITED. Dr. Holmes once remarked that if this world were burned up, in a few years there would be a new race of millionaires from the trade in potash. ; Every new industry gives force to the remark, for out of every one there arises a race of manufacturers, some of whom, by superior energy, attain to prominence and success. The petroleum industry in Pennsyl vania developed a demand for machinery and supplies for sinking arte sian wells, and to meet the wants of this trade tne Oil "Well Supply Company, Limitrd, was organized. This enterprising company now has three general offices: one at Pittsburgh, in charge of John Eaton President; another at Oil City, in charge of K. Chickering, Secretary, and the third at Bradford, in charge of E. T. Howes, Treasurer, and K. Saulnier, Assistant Treasurer; and it has now five large factories and thirteen stores in various parts of the oil and gas regions of Pennsyl vania and Ohio, employing in all over 1300 persons. E. H. Cole, of 82 and 84 Fulton street, New York, and E. G. Burnham, of Bridge port, Connecticut, are also managers of the company. This com pany, although distinct in many respects, is in some others united with the Eaton, Cole & Burnham Co., of New York City, the princi pal stockholders in the Wo companies being the same, and the lead ing officers of the New York company being managers of the Pennsyl vania company. Every article needed to sink or equip an artesian well for either oil, water, salt or natural gas, and a large stock of pipe, fittings, and brass and iron goods can De found in the stores of these companies. The illustrated catalogues of these companies are magnificent works, and are freely distributed to all in the trade. The Pittsburgh store of this company is at 91 and 92 Water street, (between Wood and Market streete), extending through to 114 and 116 First avenue. Its extensive warehouse is at the corner of Railroad avenue and Twenty-first street. JAMES HAY. James Hay, Sanitary Engineer and Plumber. — The leading plumber and sanitary engineer of Allegheny City is James Hay, whose establish ment is located at No. 11 Ohio street, (immediatelyjadioining St. Peter's Pro-Cathedral), and many of the largest jobs in Allegheny and vicinity testify to his skill. He has had over thirty-three years' practical ex perience, six of which was spent in London, England, eight in Edin burgh, Scotland, and the remainder in America, giving him an experi ence attained by few. Established in Allegheny since 1871, his business has moved steadily to the front until to-day he stands second to none in the two cities for first class work, and the proper . sanitation of public and private dwellings. Sanitary science and sanitary appliances are making rapid progress, and Mr. Hay has recently introduced a new machine for testing house drains with smoke, whereby the smallest leak can be detected. His facilities for doing large jobs of gas and steam fitting are very complete, having recently supplied his shop with the newest machines for cutting and threading pipe up to eight inches in diameter, all being run by steam power; he carries a large and com plete line of fittings, nipples, globe valves, etc. Sheet lead work is one of nis specialties; the lining of agitators and tanks for chemical purposes with sheet lead and fused with hydrogen gas forms no small part of his business. In his handsome show room will be seen the finest selection of gas fixtures in the two cities. All the newest and richest designs in chandeliers, etc., finished in polished and antique brass, wrought iron, etc. ; also a fine selection of piano and table lamps, and an endless variety of the newest decorated shades, cut, etched and engraved globes. Has constantly on hand fine plumbing ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 45 Oil Well Supply Co., LIMITED, 91 and 92 Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. BURNERS, 4 irf boilers, VALVES, /j Pj|j| ENGINES, STOP COCKS, . /i jM TUBING, WRENCHES, / Ij ^?ixTh ¥VjC_. j Pi-r-r^gv/RQH, ' v>' J "Pa. B4 50 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. roasting, sealed its pores, and successfully retained the strength, flavor and aroma of the coffee, as well as serving the purpose of a thorough clarifying agent. Putting up their roasted coffees in one pound papers with their name printed thereof the discovery of the process named, and the uniform custom of selecting and roasting only those coffees or known purity, strength and aroma are the principal factors which have brought about the unparalleled success of this, their leading and world- known specialty. Encouraged by the popularity their specialties won in this section they decided on extending their field of operations and in 1860 estab lished in New York a large coffee roasting plant under the firm name of Arbuckle Brothers, John Arbuckle taking immediate charge of it, and permanently locating there. Some nine years later, Charles Arbuckle also removed to New York to take active part in the conducting of their business in that city, which even at that time had grown to an extent far exceeding their most, sanguine expectations. In leaving he placed the Pittsburgh house under the management of reliable and experienced men, some of whom had been identified with it from its early history nnd who continue to administer its affairs in strict accordance with the views and masterly ideas of the proprietors. Although devoting so much time and labor to their leading specialty, roasted coffee, they have not for a moment neglected their wholesale grocery business, as may be seen by tlie published business returns of the Pittsburgh wholesale grocers for year ending April 1, 1888, which place Arbuckles & Co., Limited, at the head of the list, their sales being fixed at $2,000,000. No better evidence of the great and well deserved success of this firm need be asked than is found in this, the centennial year of Allegheny ( 'ounty, in the several handsome business blocks bearing the name of Arbuckles that adorn our city and which stand as enduring monuments of their energy and enterprise; while existing evidence of a similar character attest with even greater emphasis, their commercial property in New York. A. G. CAMPBELL & SONS. A. G. Campbell & Sons, No. 710 Penn Avenue, Penn Building.— Among the prominent Dry Goods establishments in this city which have in a short space of time assumed large proportions and may be said to exert considerable influence in this direction, must be mentioned the house of A. G. Campbell & Sons, members of which are A. G. Campbell, Sr., A. G. Campbell, Jr., and J. G. Campbell, started August 22, 1887. The store is centrally located at 710 Penn Avenue, between Seventh and Eighth Streets, in the imposing structure known as the Penn Building. The room is unsurpassed in Pittsburgh for carrying on an extensive retail business, both as regards-light and ven tilation, which make it a most pleasant place for ladies to shop. The departments are many, principal of which are Hosiery and Underwear, Ladies' and Childrens' and Mens' Furnishings of every description; Notions and the Celebrated Butterrick Patterns and Publications. There is also connected with this house one of the most perfectly managed manufacturing departments to be found; one of which is confined to ladies dressmaking and the other to the making up of infants' and children's goods. Also, ladies' night and muslin underwear. Both de partments are under the personal supervision of Mrs. A. G, Campbell, nee Miss J. C. Pitcaien, who has had an experience in Pittsburgh of thirty years. The members of the flrm received their experience from the large house of Arnold, Constable & Co., New York. They are uni versally respected and abundantly worthy of the large measure of success attending their well-directed efforts. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 51 BEST BRANDS OP Minnesota and Ohio — NEW- PROCESS FLOURS. h ¦ :SSFL0URS- Q|i!i..i....|fEi_ jii . -^ —— §iini Canned Fruits. Vegetables J5 1^ ^ H ' * I \J 1 R and Soaps. ! Fresh Farinaceous lL„...i|,|..,f._.^. - ,, - . Pq:Bi^Nril||j —FOR— PIC-NICS, Lunches AND excursions. Boned Chickens, Boned Turkey, Lunch Tongue, Lunch Ham, GOODS. Non-Alcoholic Summer Beverages,, Natural Mineral Waters. Housekeepers' Sundries.; GEO. G. Stevenson £ Co. j 'iH^ll! il^___^__Ml!l'l £££££__ flS||| Deviled Hams, IBi vm&umm Imp. Sardines, Pates of Game. Pickles, Olives, Potato Chips, Fine Crackers AND ' Cakes in Tin Boxes. gm , ju/'.'t'i H IKHpI Fine Groceries and ¦^Hsfei^^B TableDelicac,es' lllifiEpBi Sixth fluenue. LONGFELLOW, ALDEN & HARLOW, ^.rcliiteots, 1 6 Stevenson Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 6 Bacon Street, Boston, Mass. A. W. LONC'.FELLOW, JR. F. E. AI.DEN. A. B. HARLOW 52 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THE MUTUAL BENEFIT LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. The Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, of Newark, N. J., F. T. Lusk, State Agent, No. 83 Fourth Avenue.— The agency of the above well known Company was not established in Pittsburgh until 1865. Its advent was the ushering in of a new era in the history of life insurance in Western Pennsylvania. Immediately it stepped to the fore most rank among the agencies of life underwriting in this city, although all the companies shared in the stimulating influences which its coming imparted to the business. In amount of insurance written, of losses paid and of dividends returned, it has hitherto led all its competitors. In the item of policy claims matured and paid, the Company has dis bursed, through the Pittsburgh agency alone, the magnificent sum of $2,436,000, exceeding by over three-quarters of a million the next largest amount paid by any other company. Such phenomenal success, won amid the sharp competition of the largest and most popular companies of this country has not been accidental. It is the tribute of intelligence and thrift to a Company whose every characteristic bespeaks a single purpose to furnish insurance that insures at lowest possible cost and on principles of perfect mutuality. The records of the various State Depart ments of insurance will show that in the fundamental matter of low ex penses of management and the closely related item of large dividends to members, the Mutual Benefit Life is at present and for many years has been without a peer. The full significance of the preceding state ment will not be appreciated unless it is borne in mind that these re sults have been attained by methods of insurance which totally elimi nate every possibility of forfeiture. Never before has the principles of non-forfeiture been made so prominent. Every company proclaims in boldest type on all its literature that all its policies are non-forfeitable. At the same time it may be truthfully asserted that never before have there been devised and pressed upon thie public attention so many forms of so-called insurance, which derive all their attractiveness from wild estimates of profits to be realized from the forfeiture of both insurance and surplus payments. From all such speculative schemes the Mutual . Benefit has stood aloof. Every policy holder is guaranteed impartial treatment. After two years payments all accumulations of value in a policy are available for these options : (1). To keep the policy in force at full face figures until exhausted. (2). To purchase a paid-up policy of equivalent value. (3). To provide a loan for temporary relief, or (4) They may be wholly withdrawn in cash and the insurance canceled. No company has attained better results from its investments. Up to January, 1888, it had received in premiums $116,492,635.99. lt had returned to policyholders and their representatives $97,539,084.01. It held assets amounting to $42,111,233,33. Adding the last two items gives an aggregate exceeding by $23,157,681.35 the entire amount con tributed by policy holders. In other words the Company's invest ments have yielded sufficient returns to pay all expenses 'and taxes for 43 years and still to add to the policy holder's fund for the fulfill ment of existing contracts, the above munificent sum. No higher eulogium could be pronounced than the silent tribute of these figures to the ability and integrity of those who have administered this responsi ble trust. The Pittsburgh Agency for the last twenty years has been in charge of F. T. Lusk. Its past history and present condition sufficiently attest his entire competency for the position he has held so long. Intimately familiar with the principles and practice of life insur ance, of large information as to the standing and working of other com panies as well as his own, and of an integrity altogether trustworthy, he may be implicitly relied upon as both a competent and safe guide by all who may need counsel in matters relating to insurance. Office, 83 Fourth Avenue, Safe Deposit Building. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 53 ?^p|p^jfP^yigy._i_MMi_ua)pu^ ^sMMaaai Asbestos Cement, /j^lW "n___J_j " --' -— I "-— ~\ ' is- -— --MHot Blast' Mineral If _dk|____^Ht7 ' - '- ! . ™ri_=5_l J _~--vJjiS X,- - ¦ \^iiSM Wool, Hair Felt.As- /£^^^^^^M^^_^^liiViii|J^^ir^ »gBy 'J^^^jppjjfe^' •' '.1.4 bestos Goods of all kinds. Reed's Celebrated Sectional Covering. TELEPHONE 1628. JOHN A. McCONNELL & CO. Steam Pipe and Boiler Coverings, Fire- Proofing, 69 Water Street, Between Market & Ferry Sts., Pittsburgh, Pa. THOMAS FOX, DEALER IN Saw Mill Run Coal, NUT COAL AND SLACK, Stone, Brick, Lime and Sand, ({EN'L dOjTRAfiTOI^ for pgO]W and gTOJlE tfO^. General Hauling, All Orders Promptly Attended to. 121 WABASH AVENUE, Thirty-Sixth Ward, South Side, PITTSBURGH . GEO. BINGHAM, Chairman. HENRY AVERMANN, Sec'y and Treas. phoenix galvanizing Co., Limited, 28, 30, 32 & 34 PENN AVENUE, TELEPHONE NO. S76. PITTSBURGH, I»A.. SPEC I a lty: GALVANIZERS Galvanizing Hoop, Rod and Sheet Iron, Pipe, Coal Hods, Plumbers' Materials, Pails. Elevator Buck ets Wire Work, Nails, Bolts, Spikes, Chains, &c. 54 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. NIMICK & BRITTAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY. No. 411 Wood Street, Pittsburgh, Pa.— When Livingston, a part ner of Fairbanks at St. Johnsbury, Vt., came to this city, some forty years ago, and built the Novelty Works, it was generally be lieved that a new era in industrial lines had dawned upon Pittsburgh. The new enterprise, which proposed to work up the heavy weight products of our iron industries into household necessities, scales and builders' hardware, was warmly welcomed, and its career for a score or more of years snowed that the times were fully ripe here for the manufacture of something more than the crude iron and steel which made this the center iu their line of trade. The great success of the Novelty Works, in the year 1857, brought into the field a lively compe titor in the shape of a stock company under the title of Jones & Nimick, whose works were located on Diamond street, between Smithfield and Grant. This business enterprise, with Alexander Nimick for President, and J. Harvey Jones as General Manager, entered upon its career with the manufacture of a cheap line of door locks and latches as their spec ialty. In the year 1870 fire put an end to this enterprise, and in '72 it was reorganized under the title of the Jacobus & Nimick Manufacturing Com pany. After a prosperous career of five years the second edition also went up in smoke, in the year 1877. It was then resolved by the company to fix their stakes outside of the city, and, in 1878, buildings were erected on the Panhandle road, this side of Mansfield, since which time Lockton, a name derived from the business, has been the center of one of Pittsburgh's great manufac turing industries. The original President of this business enterprise, Alex. Nimick, still occupies the chair. In the year '73 the old Novelty Works, founded by Livingston, were burned, and were never reorgan ized. The good will and what few old traps and machinery were saved from the fire, were purchased by the Jacobus & Nimick establishment, and the Novelty Works became a thing of the past. In 1882 Jacobus withdrew from the firm, and from that day to this it has been the Nimick & Brittan Manufacturing Company, the officers thereof being Messrs. Nimick, Brittan and Graham. They are especially qualified to conduct this business upon a scale of magnitude and at a high standard of excellence nowhere else attempted, bringing to bear as they do the widest possible range of practical experience, coupled with an intimate knowledge of the wants of the trade. The company's manufactory is eligibly situated on the line of the Panhandle railroad, some eight miles from the city, the various structures covering an area of upwards of seven acres. The enormous products include all descriptions of builders' hard ware, including such staple goods in universal demand as door locks and knobs, escutcheons, latches, butts, sash locks and lifts, shutter barn and shutter knobs, bell pulls, flush bolts, also padlocks and scales in vast variety. The President ofthe company, Mr. Nimick, was bom in Pittsburgh, and has here, in his native city," materially aided in devel oping what is without exception the largest industry of the kind in the United States. He is universally popular and respected, and is a pub lic-spirited and enterprising manufacturer. Mr. Brittan, the Manager, has been identified with the hardware trade over thirty years and is one of the best known hardware men in the country; his thorough knowledge of the trade in builders' hardware renders him peculiarly well qualified to represent his corporation to the trade of the world. Mr. Graham, the Secretary, was born in this city and, though a young man, has achieved marked success in commercial life and has contri buted very largely to the company's success. The operations of the Company are conducted with a zealous regard for the interest of the patrons, while business relations with it are cer tain to become as pleasant as they will be profitable and satisfactory to all concerned. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 55 D. LXJTZ & SON, MANUFACTURERS OF Vacuum Beer. ^^^^^^^^ La&er Beer' Export Beer, ^l^^^H 8»7HlCreani Porte1' Cream Ale. Wffi'^^wB Flat Ales Stock Ale ¦ MfflK^H " KP and Porter. The Malt and Hops are strictly choice goods used in its manufacture. These Breweries are equipped with the most improved machinery. LION BREWERY, "ALLEGHENY BREWERY, Cor, Vinial and Villa Streets, Cor. Chestnut St. & Spring Garden Ave. Office, Cor. Chestnut St. and Spring Garden Avenue, ALLEGHENY, PA. Established A.. D. 1SS6. Iron City Bridge Works, C. J. SCHULTZ, PROPRIETOR. P. O. ADDRESS, McKee's Rocks, Pa. ^imiPSBU^GH, E?A. Iron Roofs, Iron Bridges, Iron Mill Buildings. Works, Chartiers Station, P. & L. E. R. R. 56 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. DAULER, CLOSE & JOHNS. Dauler, Close & Johns, Manufacturers of Plain and Artistic Furni ture, etc., full line of Beddiugand Upholstery — The'prorninence of Pitts burgh's mercantile interests is due to the distinguished enterprise and energy of her leading business men, and no branch of her various interests deserves a more prominent part in a review of this description than furniture making. The nature of the industry necessitates the ex ercise of the highest order of talent and skill, and the use of the very choicest materials. No house in this part of the country occupies in this regard a more prominent position than that of Messrs. Dauler, Close & Johns, No. 630 Smithfield street. Where but a few years ago stood an old three-story building rears now their magnificent warerooms, and passers-by recognize it at once as one of the most imposing structures in the two cities. Their business was started on a small scale in 1837, by Messrs. Hammer & Dauler; they were in 1869 succeeded by G. H. Dauler & Sons, who in turn were, in 1880, succeeded by the present firm. No branch of the business is unrepresented here, and a visit to their beautiful store is a treat no one interested in their business should miss. Their salesrooms occupy a floor space of 110x30, five stories in height, while in the rear their workshops are located, and here from fifty to sixty men find constant employment. Their trade extends all over the United States, and with a constantly increasing demand for their specialties, viz: desks and dining room furniture, the firm may well take a rosy view of the future. The energy and zeal of the indi vidual members are too well known to require comment; an honorable policy has brought its own reward, and has placed the establishment of Messrs. Dauler, Close & Johns in the front rank of the representative industrial establishments of the United States. They fully deserve suc cess, and we cordially recommend them to our numerous readers. HOPE BISCUIT WORKS. A. R. Speer & Co., Hope Biscuit Works, 321-325 East street, and 222-226 Howard street, Allegheny City, a sketch of which is shown among our illustrations, is operated by A. R. Speer aud W. R. Moor- house, under the firm name of A. R. Speer & Co. They are manufac turers of every variety of crackers and cakes. Although' but two years in this business, their history has been one of steady growth and popu larity. A visit to their well equipped factory will show you whnt push and enterprise will do. They are running their very complete factory to its utmost capacity, and are contemplating extensive additions to sup ply the growing demand for these very popular crackers. Tlieir goods can be found throughout the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia and Kentucky. LUTZ BROS. Lutz Bros., Manufacturers of all varieties of pickled goods and family condiments, have truly earned the sentiment, u through sterling merit we achieve success," being now the head of tlie small beginning of Julian J. Lutz, of Sharpsburg, in 1883. The increasing demand for good aud pure goods made increased facilities a necessity. Hence the establish ment of the mammoth building, 68 to 74 Maiii Street, corner Cherry, Allegheny, which as yet, together with the parent head at Sharps burg, is too small to fill the constantly increasing demand for their goods, which they have demands for that are taxing their present capacity to its utmost. The present firm is composed of Julian J. Lutz, Joseph Schramm and Jacob Lutz, all young men of earnest push and strict fidelity to business principles. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 57 John Tibby. Wm. Tibby, Matt. Tibby. TIBBY BROTHERS Manufacturers of all kinds of nixrt G-lass PRESCRIPTION VIALS, Panel, Cologne and Pomade Bottles, "^77"orls:s, Sl^a,rpslo"a.rg:, .Feu. PITTSBURGH, PA. I>r^w.r.gj. Write -for} WW ^W® w&$s$k\ $&$& 58 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ALFRED E. WINDSOR & CO. Alfred E.Windsor & Co., West End avenue, Allegheny City.— This firm make a specialty of granite monumental work, embracing monu ments, statuary, sarcophagi tombs and mousoleums, and are enabled to supply the finest work in this most beautiful and durable material. It has been said by a learned writer that ' 'a garden cemetery and monumental decoration afford the most convincing proof of a nation's progress in civilization, and the arts which are its results. The tomb, in fact, has been the great chronicler of taste throughout the world." And that it is as equally true of individual localities as it is of nations, may be evidenced by a stroll through any of our cemeteries, where may be seen the progress which has been made in this respect in our own county during the last century. Prom the plain marble or stone slab headmark of the early days to the elegant and massive granite tomb or monument of modern times, is surely an evidence of progress in artistic taste in the matter of sepulchral ornamentation. Of all the materials used in the construction of monumental work granite seems to be the most durable. The best Italian marble will soon lose its smooth finish in this changeable climate, and a few years' ex posure to sudden frosts and thaws are sufficient to seriously damage and often destroy the finest monuments constructed of this otherwise beautiful material. The best granite quarries in Europe are found in Scotland and Sweden; while in the United States the most celebrated are the Westerly, R. I., and Quincy, Mass., granites, which are to be seen in every city and cemetery of any importance. These granites, es pecially the higher grades, possess a superior formation, being free from blemishes or stains of any kind — the particles composing them being firmer and closer than any granite of like formation, and are, undoubt edly, the most imperishable and beautiful material known. Messrs. Windsor & Co. use these granites almost exclusively, but can furnish all other first-class New England granites. This firm possess superior facilities for executing all orders in the most prompt and satisfactory manner. They also give especial attention to the work of original de signs, and many of the handsome monuments seen in our cemeteries were constructed from designs furnished by this firm. Their business was established in 1861 by Mr. Geo. W. Windsor (father of Messrs. A. E. and W. W. Windsor, the present members of the firm), and was conducted by him until his death, in 1875, at which time his sons be came his successors. Since then they have largely increased their grounds and workshops, and are fully prepared to complete in the very highest style of art any work committed to their hands. Both members of the firm are experienced and capable business men, who conduct all their affairs in a straightforward manner, by fulfilling all their obligations promptly in every detail, giving good, substantial and artistic work at reasonable prices and guaranteeing satisfaction to the purchaser. RAWSTHORNE BROS. Rawsthorne Bros., Designers and Engravers on Wood, No. 94 Fifth Avenue.— One ofthe leading and most thorough representative firms in this line in Pittsburg is that of Messrs. Rawsthorne Bros. They have been established since October 20, 1885, having at that date succeeded the J. Beswick Co. Both the Messrs. Rawsthorne were born in Eng land and came to this country ten years ago. They are artists of marked ability and have already won an excellent reputation. Mr. Robert Rawsthorne learned his trade under W. A. Emerson, the world-famed author and publisher of valuable works on wood engraving. Mr. Leon ard Rawsthorne was for a number of yiars employed as a designer at Manchester, England. Both gentlemen bring to bear a wide range of practical experience and are prepared to execute the finest class of wood engraving and designing in the promptest and most satisfactory manner. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 59 ESTABLISHED 1S37. Dauler, Close & Johns, MANUFACTURERS OF PARLOR, OFFICE AND BED ROOM FURNITURE, 630 Smithfield Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. Specialties : Fine Wardrobes, Side Boards, Book Cases, Mattresses and Spring Beds. Hartley & Marshall, MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF SAW MILL RUN GOAL Daily Capacity of Mines, 1000 Tons. It is Pittsburgh's Best Gas and Steam Coal, and for a family Coal has no superior. Prompt Shipments to all points reached by P. & L. E. R. R. and connections. ALLEGHENY GAS WORKS, Allegheny, Pa., April 4th, 1888. To Hartley & Marshall . Gents: I consider your Coal a very good Gas Coal. The lumps will yield 5.15 cubic ft., and the nut from 4.0 to 4.7 cubic ft. to the pound. The illuminating power is from H% to 15 candles. Yours respectfully, ROB'T YOUNG, Eng'r and Sup't, 60 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. BINDLEY HARDWARE CO. This is the leading house in this line. The business was founded by John England, in 1856. It was changed to the firm name of England & Bindley by the accession of John Bindley, in the year 1868, and so con tinued until 1878, in which year Mr. Bindley purchased Mr. England's entire interest in the concern and floated out on the sea of prosperity alone, under the name of Bindley Hardware Co. That the business has been successful under his individual ownership and management is pre eminently attested by the present extensive and steadily increasing volume of trade which the firm enjoys, covering the territory between the oceans and from the dominion oh the north to the gulf on the south. They occupy the extensive warehouses of twelve floors, located at Nos. 46 and 48 Seventh Avenue, having a floor capacity of 50,000 square feet, (to which also is to be added their large storehouse on Fountain Street.) The main buildings are fitted up with steam elevators, both passenger and freight, and all other appliances and apparatus conducive to quick dis patch in the transaction of business. The unique and successful feature in this establishment is its thorough organization and division into departments, each having a thoroughly competent party at its head who is responsible for all the transactions relating thereto, subordinates reporting to and through said "charge hands or heads." The proper manipulation of any extensive business seems to necessitate this manner of conducting it, and nowhere is the value of this system more clearly illustrated than here. The stock consists of a complete line of general hardware, including mill and R. R. supplies, machinists, carpenters, contractors and black smiths' tools, farming implements, cutlery, plated ware and house fur nishing goods. A specialty with them is builders' fine hardware. They originate special designs and patterns, and the most imposing structures furnished by them will amply demonstrate their ability in this line. It is especially worthy of notice that" from the two parties owning and doing the business themselves in 1868, the business has so increased as to carry on its pay roll to-day fifty names, each of whom is as busily and assiduously engaged in doing their part as were the two individuals of 1868. Tlie strong hold of the firm seems to be the possession of the happy faculty of retaining the utmost confidence of its patrons, which in the present age of activity, enlightenment and business tact now possessed by the trade is only accomplished by thorough uprightness and integrity and which at the same time must be, and here has been, accompanied by the manifestation of an accommodating spirit. GEO. K. STEVENSON & CO. Geo. K. Stevenson & Co., Dealers in Fine Groceries aud Table Deli cacies. — This well equipped grocery establishment, with its complete as sortment of food products, table luxuries, etc., now conducted by Geo. K. Stevenson & Co., succeeded John Porterfield & Co. in 1884, who, in turn succeeded William Holmes & Co., in 1863, the business then being carried on at the old stand, corner of First avenue and Market street. The present firm occupy the storeroom of the new Stevenson building, a six-story brick and granite structure on Sixth avenue, opposite Trinity church, and contiguous to the new Duquesne Club building. They have recently erected, and now have in operation, in "Washington county, a first class creamery, and as they receive butter daily, are prepared to supply the consumer with a fresh and pure article. From the pioneer grocery store of fifty years ago, conducted by Wm. Holmes & Co., containing a comparatively meagre assortment for the housekeeper to select from, has evolved the complete establishment of to-day, with its immense variety of the necessities of life, and a thous- and-and-one delicacies f o tempt the palate. Visitors to the city should not fail to visit this capacious building and store. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 61 THE jETBA LIFE IppGE COfflpj\MY, OF HARTFORD, CONN. ASSETS JAN. 1, 1888, $32,620,676.76. By Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York Standard, - $5,427,623.40. Ry Standard of most States, - 7,319,000.00. SURPLUS:{ LATELY «fe CLOUSE, Managers, Office, Corner Fourth Avenue and Market Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. ii 209-2/ 1 MARKET 5T V P o RTTETR, >• W I M E. &C ESTABLISHED 1845. THOMAS BARNES, PROPRIETOR. BARNES SAFE AND LOCK CO. Successors to THOMAS BARNES and BURKE & BARNES, Manufacturers of Improved Fire and Burglar- Proof BARNES SAFES, VAULT DOORS AND DANK LOCKS, 124, 126, 127, 129 & 131 Third Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. BETWEEN WOOD AND SMITHFIELD STS. 62 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THE PITTSBURGH LEADER. The Pittsburgh Leader, daily and Sunday, is the brightest, spiciest paper, not only in Pittsburg, but in Pennsylvania, and these editions contain more news than can be found in the columns of any other paper in Western Pennsylvania. The paper has also special features and facilities for news gathering not attainable by any of its rivals, and in addition has earned fame, popularity and prosperity by the utterly fear less course it has taken on all questions of the day, whether local or national. Instances of the Leader's infiuence in local, state and national affairs are innumerable, but among the few which may be mentioned are the nomination— and election— of Mayor Blackmore, the election of William C. McCarthy to the office of City Controller, the election of Eustace S. Morrow to the same office, and the election of Joseph Stokely to the office of County Commissioner. The Leader not only advocated the election of Mayor Blackmore, but on the evening of the election day published full reports of the vote up to the hour of going to press, showing that Mr. Blackmore was leading in every district in Pittsburg with the exception of two or three. This had the effect of- turning every wavering voter in his favor and un doubtedly was the cause of his success. When Mr. McCarthy was elected City Controller, W. R. Ford had been nominated for the office by the Republicans, but the Leader warned them that he would not be elected, and suggested the nomination of Mr. McCarthy. The result was that Mr. Ford was pulled down and Mr. McCarthy was nominated and elected. The Leader was also the first paper to mention Mr. Morrow, and other papers coming to his support, ne, too, was successful, and has been City Controller ever since. The Leader also advocated Mr. Stokely's cause, and made the fight for him almost unaided, stating that the in terests of honesty and reform demanded his election, and, in the face of the most bitter opposition, scored another victory. The Sunday Leader was founded by the late John W. Pittock,in December, 1864, and the first copy of the Evening Leader, of which John W. Pittock, Col. John I. Nevin, R. P. Nevin and Edwin H. Nevin were proprietors, was issued October 11, 1870. Mr. Pittock died in 1880, and in 1882 the Leader merged into a corporation known as the Leader Publishing Company, of which Col. John I. Nevin was the head and front until his death, which occurred January 5, 1884. Since then the evening and Sunday Leader have continued to outstrip their contemporaries and flourish in unexampled prosperity, not only in Pittsburg, but in the surrounding towns and villages in Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio. The Leader has a splendid corps of correspondents distributed throughout the United States, in addition to the service of the ever alert United Press, and has also by two-fold the largest corps of local reporters. The present officers of the Leader Publishing Company are T. W. Nevin, President, and Joseph T. Nevin, Secretary and Treasurer. W. T. BOWN & BROTHER. W. T. Bown & Brother, Coffee Roasting Mills, Nos. 9 and 11 Seventh Street.— Special mention should be made of this well-known and popular establishment. It was founded in 1869, and has since been conducted with unbroken success. One of the principal features of their business is roasting and packing the various brands of coffees kept by the whole sale trade of the city. Upright and honorable in all their transactions, and being withal men of energy and enterprise, they have been enabled to build up the large and prosperous trade they to-day enjoy, and which gives evidence of steady and substantial increase. PITTSBURGH SAFE AND LOCK CO. MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN Safes, Machinery and Specialties. RIESECK'S PATENT DUPLEX SAFETY FIRE ESCAPES, Cor. Madison and River Avenues, Allegheny, Pa. > pp tet OWHat «f QO dsj o tet tel i— i >P 64 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. A. J. LOGAN & CO. A. J. Logan & Co., manufacturers! of mattresses and bedding, Third Avenue and Chancery Lane, Pittsburgh. An examination of the leading industries of Pittsburgh reveals the fact that there are some houses which are justly entitled representative in consequence of the prominence they have achieved in their particular line of business. One of those great representative establishments which by worthily sustain ing the supremacy in its line is rendering Pittsburgh nationally famous is the widely and' favorably known house of A. J. Logan & Co., manu facturers of mattresses and bedding, corner of Third Avenue and Chancery Lane, the development of which, within a few years, has been on a scale of magnitude that has rarely been duplicated elsewhere. It has been steadily pushing to the front, and to-day stands as the leading representative house in their line in the county. Their establishment is celebrated for the completeness of the selections offered in every depart ment, the variety and adaptability of design and the excellence and perfect finish of material. The superiority of their goods is generally recognized, with a corresponding demand', while no inferior or shoddy articles are manufactured here. Their elegant, new six-story warehouse is located, as before stated, on Third Avenue and Chancery Lane, in the great mercantile centre of the city. This building is erected on a lot 61x85 feet, and is fitted up on a plan in perfect accord with their large and ever increasing business. The premises are admirably arranged and equipped with the latest appliances, machinery, elevators, etc., used in the manufacture of their goods, and for the accommodation and dis play of an extensive stock of mattresses and bedding, etc. Only the best and most reliable goods are handled, aud everything is warranted to be exactly as represented. They have a capacity to manufacture about 250 mattresses daily, and give constant employment to between forty aud fifty persons. They also manufacture a large variety of pillows, and deal extensively as jobbers in feathers, springs, beds and a general line of bedding supplies. Their trade extends to all parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia and Maryland. Mr. A. J. Logan, the head of the firm, is a young but active and thorough-going business man, and an authority on all matters relating to the furniture and mattress business. Being a public-spirited citizen ever alert to promote Pittsburgh's best interest, he was selected by the Furniture Dealers' Association to represent them on the Centennial Com mittee, and a more able representative could not have been found. He is also Treasurer of the Pittsburgh and Allegheny City Furniture Ex change. The influence exercised by this house has been of the most salutary and useful character, and those establishing relations with it may depend upon receiving just and liberal treatment and advantages difficult to be secured elsewhere. FAIRBANKS & CO. Fairbanks & Co., Manufacturers of Scales, Trucks, Barrows, etc No. 48 Wood street.— During the last half century many weighing machines have been invented and manufactured, but to the Fairbanks scales the foremost place among all competitors has been universally ac corded by the verdict of experts and competent judges. These unrivaled scales are in use in every part of the civilized world where commerce extends, and have become the standards for all nations. The Pittsburgh warehouse is located at No. 48 Wood street, and comprises a splendid four-story building, 22x150 feet in dimension-, admirably arranged and completely stocked with the productions of the Fairbanks Company In addition to scales the company handles trucks, barrows, inspirators Miller's locks, cash drawers, wind mills, railroad water tanks, tank fix tures, steam pumps, etc., which are unsurpassed for quality, workman ship, utility and general excellence by those of any other first-class house m this country or Europe. Mr. L. S. Moore, the manager in Pittsburgh, is highly esteemed in commercial circles for his business. ability and strict integrity. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 65 A. J. LOGAN SCO. :i^_^:i_T-rjF'_A.CTTT:R,:___:RS or * l'^«L'l^''li(^1'JHJHlllHl.j|^HHM^^ manresses ana Being Third Avenue and Chancery Lane, PITTSBURGH. B5 66 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THE A. FRENCH SPRING CO., LIMITED. Elliptic and spiral springs of all description is an important industry. This is prosecuted on a large scale by the A. French Spring Co., Limited, being the successors of A. French & Co. and the Culmer Spring Co. This specialty was originally started in this city by Mr. Aaron French in 1864, in a small shop on Liberty street, opposite the Union Depot. Some years later a partnership was formed by Mr. French with Mr. Calvin Wells, under the firm name of A. French & Co. That firm continued the manufacture of Elliptic Railway Springs only until July 24, 1884. The Culmer Spring Co. was started in 1873, for the purpose of manufac turing Sp. rai Springs, and they continued the business until April, 1881, when they were bought out by the partieswho formed the French Spiral Spring Co., Limited. This company continued until July 24, 1884, when they formed the company of the A. French Spring Co., Limited, the earlier company of A. French & Co. being also merged in the new company, which was formed to manufacture springs of all descriptions, and the present prosperous condition of the works indicates that the combination was a step in the right direclion. The A. French Spring Co., Limited, is at present, doubtless, the largest concern in the world engaged exclusively in the manufacture of springs. It has double the capacity of any similar concernin the United States, having three mills, as are shown in vignettes in the illustration of the works on another page. These mills are fitted up with the most expensive and latest improved machinery, which gives great facilities for not only rapid work but perfect finish. These three mills cover an area of over two acres, and are models for the purpose for which they were designed. The company have a paid-up capital of $500,000; they ' employ 150 hands, and have a capacity of 15,000 tons of finished springs per annum; nearly all the passenger cars in the United States are equipped with springs made by this concern, and the reputation of the product of these works is not approached by any other similar company in the country. EMIL LOOS. " Emil Loos, Fresco, House and Sign Painter, Kalsomining, etc., 94 Fourth avenue, Pittsburg, Penn'a.^Paimting is considered one of the most important business interests bf Pittsburg, and no one engaged in this branch is better able to give perfect satisfaction than Emil Loos. Commencing in 1875 on a very small scale, Mr. Loos has in a few years advanced to a position, in his line, second to none in the country. It would occupy considerable more space than we are able to spare were we to give a list of the public buildings, as well as the private residences, that can bear witness to Mr. Loos' skill. Let it suffice to mention the new Court House. When that magnificent structure was sufficiently advanced for the painter's brush, the County Commissioners solicited ' bids from the master painters of this and other cities, and from among the many bidders selected Mr. Loos. That the choice fell on the right man anybody who has visited the Court House since its completion will testify. The rotunda, the hall ways, court rooms, offices, in short, every nook and corner of that building shows what a skillful mind can pro duce. The symmetry of the colors and the evenness of the work stands as an everlasting tribute to Mc Loos' skill as an artist and superintend ent. He has just completed a contract at the Duquesne Hotel. The vestibule, dining and bar room have been finished in raised relief fresco, and present an appearance that is at once beautiful and strik ing. Mr. Loos was born in Germany, but came to this country at a very early age, and at once settled in Pittsburg. He is one of our self- made men. Social and liberal in all business transactions, Mr. Loos has retained his old customers for so long a time that his reputation for hon orable dealing is established beyond praise, and he well deserves the substantial success he is achieving. '¦ ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. UESUUIUS IROnjDD (iSiL WORKS. Moorhead, Brother & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF Bar, Boiler, Sheet, Tank: and Skelp rY^II^S OF J^Jl^Lj sizes. Office and Warehouse : 64, 66 & 68 Anderson St., -A.llegh.eny. ©OST GPPIGE pDDF^ESS, IJ>_i_tiIfSBlI^GH, ©A. Birmingham Tool Works. KLEIN, LOGAN & CO. MANUFACTURERS OF T»A.TE1VT MACHIIVE-MADE Railroad, mining, and Quarry Tools, Sledges and Hammers, FIRE SHOVELS, lnSj in every department, and a visit to our many departments will certainly repay you. Best Goods. Lowest Prices. INFANTS' AND CHILDREN'S OUTFITTING, HOSIERY, GLOVES AND UNDERWEAR, MUSLIN UNDERWEAR, EMBROIDERIES AND WHITE GOODS, CORSETS AND CORSET WAISTS, DRESSMAKING. K. BUTTERICK & CO.'S Celebrated Patterns and Publications. a^EiT's i^Tji^iTisnia^ro- cs-oods, Umbrellas, Notions, Handkerchiefs, Star Waists, Stamped Goods, Leather Goods, Fancy Articles, Holiday Goods, etc., etc. IMPORTERS, lvIANTJFA.CTTJR.BRS, RETAILERS. »<&.- G-- Caaaa.p"bell <2z Soug, 710. PENN AVENUE. 710. PENN BUILDING, ONE SQUARE ABOVE SIXTH STREET. IT IS A. FACT THA.T HEINZ SlPIGKLES AGENCIES. New York, Boston, Albany, N. Y. Providence, R, I, Newark, N. J, Trenton, " Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D. C. San Francisco, Cal, Wheeling, W. Va. AGENCIES. Richmond, Va. Augusta, Ga. Jacksonville, Fla. New Orleans, Louisville, Cincinnati, Indianapolis,Kansas City, Mo, St. Joseph, " Omaha, Neb. Cumberland, Md. HAVE RECEIVED THE HIGHEST AWARD And taken the Prize Medals wherever they have been exhibited, whicfjWmbrPces every important Exposition from the Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. GENERAL OFFICE, 191 FIRST AVENUE, PITTSBURGH, U. S. A. 76 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. F. J. ALBRECHT. The prominence of Pittsburg's mechanical and mercantile interests is due to the distinguished enterprise and energy of her leading busi ness men, many of whose establishments date back for upwards of half a century. Pittsburg is one of the chief cities in the United States where inventions and practical improvements have found a harbor, and it is instructive to note the advances that have been made, and to ascer tain the progress that has been obtained by energy and skill. Repre sentative among the firms that have contributed . to place Pittsburg in such a prominent position must be mentioned that of Mr. P. J. Albrecht, practical oven builder, No. 1146 Penn avenue, near Union Depot, Pittsburg. This business was originally started by his father, Mr. Jos. Albrecht, in 1854. He was a German by birth, being bom in Baden, on the Rhine, and in his youth learned the trade of baker. The laws in Baden at that time required a young man to travel extensively before being recognized at home as a full-fledged journeyman, and Mr. Albrecht ac cordingly set out. He visited, among other places, Vienna, Austria, and his experienced eye soon discovered that the bake-ovens in the Austrian capital were far better than those he had seen in other countries. After going through Italy, France, England and other countries, he returned to Vienna, where he secured employment with an oven builder, and in a short time acquired a perfect idea of the best features of oven building. In 1852 he came to America, where he first settled in Philadelphia, and afterwards, in 1854, came to Pittsburg. He here laid the foundation for the establishment whieh up to the present time has enjoyed such a remarkable success. Mr. Albrecht, Sr., eon- ducted the business in person up till 1866, when he died. His two sons, F. J. and L. Albrecht succeeded him, and jointly conducted the busi ness till 1879, when L. Albrecht died. Since that time the surviving son, Mr. F. J. Albrecht, has had sole control, and from this time date most of the important improvements. Mr. Albrecht in 1873 undertook a European trip, taking in the Vienna Exposition of that year, and the many new improvements added to his ovens are directly the result of this trip. Of all the ovens in use in Western Pennsylvania, fully 90 per cent, are of his make, and, while at the present time his ovens are in use in seven different states, he considers it but a question of a short time before they will he introduced and in use in every state in the Union. Mr. Albrecht is at present making arrangements to so increase his facilities as to, in the near future, turn out a larger number of ovens with a corresponding reduction in the price. On another page will be seen an illustration of one shop of R. B. Ward's London Bakery, East End, Pittsburg. Mr. Albrecht constructs all kinds of bake ovens, adapted for bakeries, confectioneries and hotels, of the Vienna and Furnace patterns. The latter will burn bituminous coal of the smokiest kinds, and are adapted for all kinds of fuel, and, where fuel gas exists, can, without alteration, be used for the same. There are two grades of ovens. The better grade when heated well will bake from eight to twelve hours without re-heating, and every practical baker who has ever worked at one of Albrecht's ovens knows that they consume less fuel than any other kind. These are items which those using bake-ovens understand perfectly well, and the demand for Mr. Albrecht's handiwork are evi dence thereof. Our space is too limited to give the names of all the establishments using these ovens; suffice it to say that almost every hotel in Pittsburg and Allegheny is supplied with them, and that they in every instance give perfect satisfaction. Mr, Albrecht is one of our "self-made" men. Personally he is an energetic, clear-headed businessman, honorable and fair in all transac tions and well deserving of the substantial success he is achieving. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 77 SHEPLEY, RuTAN & COOLIDGE, SUCCESSORS TO H. H. RICHARDSON, Architect, BOSTON, MASS. new Court House, Pittsburgh, Pa. frank i. cooper. -^.. i-.E!T!Z2e:_crs7 DEVICE FOR Tapping Water, Steam, Gas or Oil ALSO, NATURAL GAS, For Inserting Ferrules in Mains without Shutting off the Pressure. Patented March 7th, 1876. This machine has been subjected to tests and proven, by practical use, to be simple and more effective for the purpose than any other. Fig. 4. This Machine is especially adapted for drilling through saddle of wrought iron gas mains, high or low pressure. Fig. 5. A. Letzkus- Safety Saddle. Patent applied for. This saddle can be used for connect ing all sizes of main pipes, low or high pressure, without danger, or loss of ga% water or oil. Can be shut off at anytime. My machines are the simplest in construction of any in use; are easily handled and not liable to get out of order. They are used by many Water and Gas Companies throughout the United States. Fig. 5. A. LETZKUS, PITTSBURGH, Pa. (SOUTH SIDE.) Fig. 4. 78 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. EVANS, CUNNINGHAM & JONES. Evans, Cuniimghuni & Jones, Planing Mill, Lumber Yard, Sash and Door Factory and Stair Building. —Prominent among the business industries of Pittsburgh most worthy of note, is the planing mill, lum ber yard and sash and door factory of Messrs. Evans, Cunningham & Jones, located at corner Seventh avenue and Grant street. Mr, D. J. Evans, the senior member of the firm, is a man of large practical experience in all departments of the planing mill business. Mr. Geo. Cunningham is also a man of large experience in all branches of lumbering, to whom is intrusted the responsibilities of the shipping department. Lastly, the junior member of the firm is Mr. Nathan Jones, a thoroughly practical business man and accountant of fifteen years' experience in the lumber business. The firm is of long standing and dates back to the year 1873. It was then organized under the name of Kelly & Evans, and in 1881 was changed to Evans & Cunningham, Messrs. D. J. Evans and J . A. Cunningham being the memDers. Under this management business was conducted until the year 1884, when Mr. J. A. Cunningham retired by reason of failing health, and his brother, Mr. George Cunningham, became one of the firm. In 1886 Mr. Nathan Jones associated himself with these men forming the flrm now doing business. The facilities of Evans, Cunningham & Jones are second to none. Their mill has recently undergone extensive improvements, and for provisions against fire has been equipped throughout with the Gray Automatic Sprinkler. The recent addition to their plant of one of -the latest and most improved Dry Kilns, a new Automatic Engine of 125 horse power, and other improved wood-working machinery, enables them to do all kinds of work promptly and in the most satisfactory manner. All styles of doors, sash, blinds, window frames, stair work, brackets, interior finish, etc., etc., are promptly made to order, in small and large quantities. The firm is especially capable of furnishing all lumber and wood work required in the construction of any building, large or small. JOHN BOYD'S LIVERY, BOARDING AND SALES STABLES. John Boyd, Livery, Boarding and Sales Stables, 52 and 56 West Diamond street, Allegheny. — It is a pleasure to record the enterprise and character of such houses as the one above named, which has been so long engaged in and built up such a prosperous business. Mr. Boyd came to this country in 1858, and was shortly after engaged by Daniel Wallace, flour and grain merchant, as shipping clerk, where he remained for a number of years, only leaving that flrm to start in business for himself as a common carrier, on Fountain street, above Pan Handle freight depot, doing heavy trucking and general contracting business. In 1877 he sold out to James McKibbin aud became proprietor of the Red Lion and Tremble's extensive stables, gaining the reputation of an honest, square dealer in the very best classes of horses. Being anxious to retire for a short time, at least, he sold out his business. Eventually he felt like re suming an active business life, and from that time dates the present firm. He has associated with him his two sons, R. T. and J. A. Boyd, and with facilities and advantages unrivalled, combined with the excel lent manner in which the business is conducted, the firm is destined to make a grand success of their enterprise, and fully merits the large and liberal patronage that has thus far been accorded them. THOMPSON & CO. Thompson & Co., Mattresses, Parlor Furniture, Woven Wire and Spiral Springs, 420 Wood street, Pittsburg.— A popular and largely pat ronized house in this line of business is that of Thompson & Co. The ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. B.J.EVANS. NATHAN JONES. GEO. CUNNINGHAM. EVANS, CUNNINGHAM & JONES, Planing Mills, Lumber Yards, Sash and Door Factories. Sash, Doors, Shutters, Mouldings, Bill Stuff, Lath, Locust, Fence and Girder Posts. ESTIMATES FOR MILL AND SHOP WORK FURNISHED. ST-A_IjF_ B-CTIl_j_DI_iTC3-. Office, 7th Avenue and G-rnnt Street, Mills, Seventh Avenue and Grant Street. Lumber Yards, Washington and Fountain Streets, Telephone No. 702. PITTSBURGH PA. JOHN BOYD, Livery, Boarding and Sales STABLES. _f,tt:lt:_e]:_E5-A-ii. iDiieiECTOiEe Nos. 52 to 56 W. Diamond St., Telephone 3275. ALLEGHENY, __>A. Open Day ami IVight. 80 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. business was originally started in 1869, under the name of Roberts, Nicholson & Thompson, the individual members being R. W. Roberts, W. A. Nicholson and J. A. Thompson. In 1872 Messrs. Roberts and Nicholson withdrew, and Mr. Thompson associated himself with Wm. McLain, under the firm name of Thompson & Co. In 1878 Mr.iMcLain withdrew and A. E. Wells entered, the name of the firm changing to Thompson & Wells. Mr. Wells continued in the firm for four years, when he, in turn, withdrew, leaving Mr. J. A. Thompson the sole owner of the business, which he since that time has conducted so successfully. Mr. Thompson is yet a young man, but of unmistakable push, as well as being a thorough expert in everything that pertains to his business. He went through the war as a member of 76th P. V. V. (Keystone Zouaves) commonly known as the Swamp Angels. His has been, in the truest sense or the word, an honorable success, and, fully imbued with the spirit of energy and enterprise, he worthily maintains the reputation of his establishment for producing the best goods in his line. REPUBLIC IRON WORKS, LIMITED. Republic Iron Works, (Limited,) manufacturers of galvanized sheet iron; also sole manufacturers of kalameined sheet iron. — The officers of the company, who are also the principal stockholders, are Mr. E. C. Converse, chairman; Mr. Horace Crosby, general manager and treas urer. They bring to bear the widest range of practical experience, coupled with an intimate knowledge of the wants of the trade, and have placed their works upon the highest plane of efficiency. The com pany's furnaces, mill outfits, shears, baths, etc., are all of the latest type, and calculated to ensure the highest quality of product with economy in manufacturing processes. The Republic Works have long main tained an international reputation for producing the celebrated brands of "Republic," "Keystone" and "Iron City" galvanized iron, and which meet the most exacting requirements of every branch of trade. A special department of the works is devoted to the production of kalameined sheet iron, of which this corporation is the sole manufac turer. The iron as prepared by this new and improved process secures a finish that specially adapts to many uses, and the demand for the same is annually increasing, provingas it does absolutely satisfactory in every way. C. W. G. FERRIS & CO. C. W. G. Ferris & Co., Civil Engineers, Inspectors of Structural Iron and Steel, Hamilton Building, 91 Fifth avenue.— This prominent firm of civil engineers, of which Messrs. C. W. G. Ferris, Frank C. Osborn and J. C. Hallsted are the individual members, succeeded in 1887 to the business established in 1883 by Mr. Ferris. The firm makes a specialty of specifications, designs and estimates for structures of iron and steel, the inspection and testing of metals for bridge and other structural purposes, and the examination of existing structures. Among the structures that have been under the supervision of this firm are the Chicago Auditorium Building, in which was held the recent Republican National Convention; the Arcade Building, Cleveland, Ohio- the large railroad bridge over the Ohio river at Henderson, Ky.; the railway arid highway bridge over the Ohio river at Louisville, Ky,; the steel arch bridge over the Mississippi river at Minneapolis, Minn.; steel truss work for the extension of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge- the bridge over the Eastern branch of the Potomac river at Washington for the United States Government, and the high bridge over the Mississippi river for the city of St. Paul, Minn. All the members of the firm are graduate engineers and experts in the specialties of the profession pursued by them. The quality of their work is the very best, and they enjoy a reputation and trade covering he entire Union. ** ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 81 L. W. Dalzell & Co. I RON Commission Merchants, Cor. Water and Market Streets, Pittsburgh, Pa. SUKE TO PLEASE. We are not introducing an untried Whisky when we tell you that our Pure 8-Year-01d Export Guckenheimer Whisky- is the Queen of all other brands. It has been given thorough and satis factory tests in almost every city and town in Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Eastern Ohio, besides in most of the large cities, both east and west. Letters and orders coming in every day from every direc tion supporting our claims for this Queen of Whiskies to the letter; Some times we are hardly prepared to receive so many flattering testimonials in regard to its great worth and fine qualities. Prices remain just the same. Full Qts., $1 .OO, or six for $5.0O. Orders for Old Export or California Wines delivered in any part of the two cities free. Orders by mail receive prompt attention. Securely and neatly packed and ex pressed, or shipped according to directions. Send to or address, JOSEPH FLEMING, Druggist, 84 MARKET STREET, PITTSBURGH, PA. B6 82 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THE FISCHER FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO. The rapid advancement in the manufacturing arts, especially in iron and steel, in Pittsburgh, is a subject of interesting study. In almost every department of mechanics do our people excel, and the products of our workshops stand unrivalled in the markets of the world. Among the many representative firms that have contributed to place Pittsburgh in this position must be mentioned the Fischer Foundry and Machine Co., Mary street, from Twenty-first to Twenty-second street, South Side, M&Sm ';»9S|jg iiii Pittsburgh. This firm was established on a small scale, in 1868, by Fischer, Wentzel & Co., and has since built up a liberal andt influential patronage, until now it ranks as one of our foremost firms tn its line. Mr. Geo. L. Fischer, in course of time, bought out the interests of his partners, and is now the sole proprietor. Their specialties are shafting, couphngs, hangers, pillow blocks, pulleys, sheaves and power-transmit ting machinery in general; clay and ore pans of all sizes; complete out fits for brick plants, machine moulded gear wheels, casting and machinery for glass works, of all descriptions, from the very latest im proved designs and original patterns. The firm may justly be consid ered as thoroughly identified with the best interests of Pittsburgh, and as promoting its commerce with zeal, discrimination and success. GEAND CENTRAL Livery and Cab Bazaar. BURNS & JAHN, The Most Complete and Best Equipped Livery in the City. LIVERY STABLES, NOS. 547, 549 A. 551 GRANT ST., CAB STABLES, 612 & 614 GRANT ST., Telephone 268. PITTSBURGH, PA. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 83 The pischer foundry $ (Qachine [o. Founders and Machinists in General. Our specialties of manufac ture are Shafting, Couplings, Hangers, Pillow Blocks, Pul leys, Sheaves and. power trans mitting machinery in general. Clay ana Ore Pans of all sines ^M and Complete Outfits for Brick Plants. MACHINE MOULDED GEAR WHEELS Castings and Machinery for GlassWorks of all descriptions from all the very latest im proved designs and original patterns for furnishing the most complete modern Glass Plant for the manufacture of either Flint, Bottle, Window or Plate Glass. Mary Street, from S. 20th to S. 21st St. PITTSBURGH, PA. 84 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THE NATIONAL TUBE WORKS CO. One of the most extensive and best known of the various iron indus tries of this country is the National Tube Works Company, of McKees- port. To Mr. J. H. Flagler, Esq., is due the credit ofjfirst inaugurating the business which has since been carried to its present gigantic propor tions. He first started a small plant, at East Boston, Mass., in 1867, and commenced to make the smaller sizes of steam pipe, boiler tubes and oil well tubing. From 1867 to 1869, the demand for pipe increased and the "oil boom" in Pennsylvania induced Mr. Flagler to interest J. C. Con verse, Esq., and other capitalists in the business, resulting in the incor poration of the National Tube Works Company, in 1869, with its main office at Boston, Mass. Its officers were Messrs. J. H. Flagler, General Managing Director; J. C. Converse, President; Wm. S. Eaton, Treasurer, and P. W. French, Secretary. The rapid growth of the Pennsylvania oil fields, calling for well goods and pipe lines, as well as the increased western trade, suggested cheaper fuel than prevailed East, and a more central delivery point of location, nearer to the source of supplies. After thorough research, the company favored McKeesport as a desirable location, and in 1872 the McKeesport works were started on the site of the old "Rope Walk" building on Walnut street, whieh had been destroyed by fire. Butt- welding and lap-welding furnaces were erected and the machinery was started to make steam, gas and water pipe, boiler tubes, tubing, casing, drive pipe, etc. The substantial beginning made by the National Tube Works Company was soon apparent in local benefits to the town ; skilled and other labor moved here, property increased in value and improve ments actively progressed. The growth of the Tube Works to its pres ent gigantic proportions has been uniform and steady; careful conserva tive management and the best mechanical methods have given the National Tube Works the world-wide reputation for excellence of material which they so justly enjoy. J. R. REED & CO. _ J. R. Reed & Co. , 439 Market street.— This is one of the oldest jewelry firms in the city, having been established in the year 1847. The members of the firm, composed of James Reed, James R. Reed' and G. M. Reed, came from Washington, Pa., where the senior member, James Reed, had been in the business for thirty years. They were located and established at No. 36 Smithfield street, where they remained until Jan uary, 1855. The necessities of the business requiring it, they removed to No. 68 Fifth avenue, (now No. 94) where they remained for over 21 years after which time they moved to 93 (now No. 439), Market street, where they are still located. The senior member of the flrm having been engaged in the manufacture of engineering and surveyors' instru ments in Washington, the same business was continued and extended here until the breaking out of the war, when the watch and jewelry business increasing, compelled the abandonment of their manufactory. Since that time the firm have confined themselves to the watch and jewelry business exclusively. The flrm continued as constituted until the death of the senior member, in 1878, since which time the surviving members have continued the business. This firm has always had ahigh reputation in matters pertaining to time, for many years having furnished the time to the city from transit observations. They are also high authority on time-pieces, being mem bers of the examining boards for examining the watches used by the en gineers of several of the railroads centering in this city The high character attained by over forty years' of fair dealing gives this firm an enviable position among the business interests of the Smoky City ALLEGHENY .COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 85 M. Lanz & Sons, MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF BUILDING BRICK. Special Facilities for Shipping Brick by Rail, Works, 34th and Jane Streets, NEAR ORMSBY STATION, P..V. i. C. n . n. Office, 29th and Carson Streets, Telephone Connection. PIJUJflSBUl^GH, PA. THE J. 0. SCHIMMEL PRESERVING CO. ©© <_s__, ©© "n3 © _M*n&il«i1".»'',"s «¦ Ifi niftnU"' ,*.' Manufacturers ot? Fruit Butters, Preserves, Jellies, Mince Meat, SAUER KRAUT, VINEGAR, CATSUP and a full Line of Pickle Goods. ¦BRANCH HOUSE: 12 and 14 FOURTH AVENUE, PITTSBURGH, PA. •telephone 1090. WM. M. LEATHERMAN, Manager. 86 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THE BRUSH ELECTRIC COMPANY. The Brush Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio, Manufacturers of Brush Arc and Incandescence Electric Lighting Apparatus, Electric Motors, Carbons for Arc Lamps, etc. Jno. E. Ridall, Agent, 47 Fifth avenue, Pittsburgh. Telephone 1,357. — This company manufactures the Alternating Current Machines for incandescent lamps, etc. Mr. Brush claims to be the original inventor of the system of using con verters in multiple arc on alternating circuits. It will be noticed that Judge Colt, of Boston, has very recently decided against the Westing- house Company in their suit against the Sun Company. It may safely be assumed, therefore, that the extravagant claims of the Westinghouse Company to the control of alternating systems are without foundation. The Brush Electric Company are now giving especial attention to the subject of the transmission of power by means of electricity. The electric generators and electric motors recently constructed by them are remarkable for great efficiency, perfect regulation of current and speed, simplicity of mechanical construction and durability. They recently shipped six generators and six motors to a mining firm in Nevada that are the largest machines of their kind yet constructed. The generators are driven by water power, and the current carried on wires to the motors, a long distance away. The generators delivered a current of 90,000 watts, equal to 126 electrical horse-power, and the electrical efficiency of both generators and motor is over ninety per cent. It is therefore possible with these generators and motors to deliver at the pulley of the motor eighty per cent, of the original power applied at the pulley of the generator, a result heretofore unapproached. The Company manufac tures in large numbers motors of all sizes, from one-half horse-power up to above one hundred horse-power, and is constantly behind its orders. It is about as badly crowded in its arc lighting, incandescent lighting and carbon departments, and still retains the position it has held from the first as the largest and most successful electric manufacturing estab lishment in the world. Eastern offices, 36 Union Square, New York; Chicago office, 130 Washington street. FIRST NATIONAL BANK, McKEESPORT. The First National Bank of McKeesport is an institution that Mc Keesport and vicinity can well be proud of. It commenced business on March 1st, 1872, and was organized at the time as the Commercial Bank ing Company of McKeesport, which succeeded a branch of the Com mercial Banking Company of Pittsburg. Its capital to start with in '72 was $65,684, with the line of deposits amounting to $33,000. The bank at this time was an individual liability bank, and was carried on in this manner till March 1st, 1875, when the bank was reorganized as the First National Bank of McKeesport, with a paid up capital of $67,000. From that date up to the present time its business has been constantly on the increase, and from $171,000 on the 1st of March, 1875, it has grown to $225,000 up to 1880. From that time to 1887 the growth of this institution has been very rapid, and it has shown in its business, to a very large extent, the rapid growth of the business interests of Mc Keesport, as its deposits and business have steadily grown from $225,000, in 1880, to over $800,000 of deposits in 1888. The present officers of the bank are H. B. Sinclair, President; W. E. Harrison, Vice President; James S. Kuhn, Cashier; R. J. Edie, Teller. By comparison with a number of the city banks it will be seen that the First National Bank of McKeesport has a larger line of deposits than quite a number of the banks in Pittsburg. It has a very large business, drawing its customers from up the Monongahela river as far as Monongahela City, on the Youghiogheny river as far as West Newton, and has quite a line of customers that live in the country adioining McKeesport within a radius of ten or fifteen miles. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 87 ESTABLISHED 1834. JUNIATA IRON AND STEEL WORKS. Shoenberger & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF PLATES l SHEETS WORKS AND OFFICE 15th and Etna Sts., - Pittsburgh, Pa. j§__oenbei,pI) {$peBf \ Go. MANUFACTURERS OF BESSEMER FOUNDRY -AND- Gray Forge Pig Metal, WORKS AND OFFICE: 15tri and Etna Streets, PITTSBURGH, PA. 88 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. BOGGS & BUHL. This well-known dry .goods firm, 115, 117, 119 and 121 Federal street, Allegheny, is composed of R. H. Boggs and H. Buhl, Jr. It had its origin in a small way and with small capital, June 1869, succeeding the old-time firms of Brown, Yetter & Co., and John Brown, Jr. & Co., at 128 Federal street. At its inception, this room, at No. 128, was amply large, in fact too large, but from the start the trade of the house, which was quite limited, began to grow, and has steadily increased with each succeeding year, until now it takes front rank with any of the wholesale and retail dry goods houses in either city. The growth of this business has been continuous and without interruption, each succeeding month and year showing a steady increase, until to-day the annual business is up in the millions. After about seven years' business at No. 128, the quarters became too small, and it became necessary to. remove to more commodious ones, which were found at 118 and 120 Federal street, in the same block. In this location the firm remained about six years, and their rapidly growing trade required still more room, and removal was made to present building, 115 and 117 Federal street, and at the end of two years, these rooms, although quite large ones, were found in adequate, and the addition of two adjoining rooms, 119 and 121, was de termined upon and erected in 1885. The present rooms are the most extensive and best lighted apart ments devoted to the retail trade in either city, the floor space of this establishment covering over 49,000 square feet. All modern improve ments for the transaction of business and accommodation and comfort of patrons are in this building. Power elevators reaching four floors, for both freight and passengers, steam-heating, electric lights, etc., the latter furnished by forty Are lamps run by the electric light plant on the premises. There are regularly 225 people on the pay-roll, and in busy seasons fifty to seventy-five more. In addition to their regular large retail city trade, this house has an extensive wholesale department, and being large direct importers of foreign goods they are able to offer special advan tages to purchasers in both the wholesale and retail departments. They also issue each season, spring and fall, a large illustrated catalogue and price list for the benefit of their out-of-town customers, paying particu lar attention to this mail order department of their business, and send ing large quantities of goods to all parts of the country. By this method of sending samples and prices of goods of any description through the mails, almost all the advantages of large assortments and lowest prices of the large trade centers are brought direct to the door of the customer, although living at long distances from the city and perhaps in some remote locality. Recognizing the advantages of this method of trading to out-of-town customers, this house has made special efforts looking towards their benefit and convenience. The policy of obtaining only desirable styles and serviceable fabrics, everything newest and best, and recognizing the fact that trash is not cheap at any price, also of offering their goods for sale at lowest possible margin of profit, consistent with safe merchandising, and of courteous attention and treatment of all customers, without distinction, has no doubt been the chief factor of success with this house and will be followed to the line without deviation in the future while it exists. FRED. SAUER. Fred. Sauer, Architect, corner Sixth and Liberty streets.— No re view of this description would be complete without mentioning the name of Mr. Fred. Sauer, one of Pittsburgh's leading and most enterpris ing architects. Mr. Sauer was born in Germany, but came at a very early age to America. He naturaUy drifted into the channel where his abihties would have the widest scope. After working some three ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 89 Importers, Retailers and •Jo'b'beirs of — ~Dry Goods, Trimmings, CLOAKS A_Nlr> SUITS. Seal Garments, Seal Plush Wraps, Jackets, &c. ^SILKS, VELVETS AND PLUSHES, HOSIERY, GLOVES, WHITE GOODS, Laces and Embroideries, Ladies' , Gents' and Children s Underwear, Ladies' and Gents' Furnishings, Lunens, Flannels, Blankets, HOUSEKEEPING GOODS, Eider Down and Cotton Comforts, Ribbons, Rue kings, Ladies' and Gents' Handkerchiefs, DRESS GOODS AND SUITINGS, Black Goods and Colored Cashmeres, Both Silk Warps and all Wool, of the Best Known Makes. Nc#ons and Small Wares, Dress Makers' Furnishings, Fancy Goods and Art, Jewelry and Novelties, Ladies' Muslin Underwear, Corsets, &c. LACE CURTAINS, SlLK CURTAINS, Heavy Curtains and Draperies, UPHOLSTERY GOODS, sorted Departments, and at low prices for best qualities. BOGGS # BUHL, 115, 117, 119 and 121 Federal Street, ALLEGHENY, PA. N B Mail Order Department thoroughly organized. Send goods to all' the States and Territories at same low prices as sold at our counters. 90 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. years as a stone cutter, carpenter and bricklayer, and thus being familiar with the practical work of building industries, he graduated at the Arch itectural Institute at Stuttgart, Germany. Arriving in America, he served for several years as a draughtsman in the office of Mr. E. M. Butz, in Allegheny, where, among other important work, the plans for the new Penitentiary, at Riverside, were under his supervision. In 1884 he started out for himself, and from that day his success was assured. Mr. Sauer is an authority on all matters relating to building, draughting, designing, planning, etc., and is a practical builder and measurer of buildings. Among the structures which Mr. Sauer has designed, we may mention the following : St. Michael's school house, Emanuel's drug store, corner Second avenue and Grant street; Polish school house, Smallman street; the buildings on old Exposition grounds; Mellor & Hoene's building on Fifth avenue; in Braddock, the Arcade dry goods stores and the new Wherung block; in McKeesport, the Herold block and residences of Dr. T. L. White and Dr. Power. Many fine residences in the East End testify to his skill; so far Mr. Sauer has 58 new build ings under construction, among them, eleven on Boulevard Place, East End, and twenty-six on Bert Venue Place, East End. Mr. Bauer's business offices are located on the corner of Sixth and Liberty streets, in the very heart of the business community; constantly employing a corps of skilled assistants, he is in a position to give im mediate attention to any call for his serves. Personally no one is more popular, socially or commercially; he is a liberal-minded, yet conserva tive business man, and through the exercise of strict integrity in all his dealings, he has become a leader in his line and won the general es teem of a large and lucrative patronage. Established 1831. Established 1831. SEMI-CENTENNIAL MUSIC HOUSE. MELLOR & HOENE, General Agents for the Superb jjardman piano, Rrakauer Bros, pianos, Ives & Pond, R|i'SeJ5S'1S SHONINGER __£ - Harrington PIANOS. \ Palace, CHASE, SHONINGER Chicago Cottage 30 ORGANS. Don't fail to examine our stock. Prices very low for such fine grades of Pianos and Organs. Terms easy. Old Instruments taken in Exchange. Call on or address for Circulars, etc., MELLOR & HOENE, 77 FIFTH AVENUE, PITTSBURGH. ^Palace of 3VIusic, ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 91 AMERICAN TUBE AND IRON CO. Manufacturers of Wrought Iron and Steel, Boiler Tubes, Pipe, Casing of Every Description. WESTERN MILLS, EASTERN MILLS, Youngstown, 0. Middletown; Pa. 161 FIRST AVENUE, PITTSBURGH, PA. President. Wm. Wigman. ni™*^ fWn» Wigman, D. F. Schuette, directors, | Samu_] Hamilton) Henry Winkel. Union planing mill co. No. 50 Eighteenth Street, SOUTH SIDE, PITTSBURGH, PENN'A. : ; Constantly on hand Flooring, Weatherhoarding, Doors, Sash, Frames, Mouldings, &c. 18 and 20 feet Barn Boards, Lath and Shingles. Boxes of every description and Framing Lumber furnished to order. ET- _AiT cSs SOIT, MANUFACTURERS OF EARTHEN WARE, Flower Pots, Corroding White Lead Pots and Chimney Tops, &c. Sarah and 26th Sts., PITTSBURGH, S. S. CBESCENT GLASS WORKS. THOS. EVANS CO. ^Manufacturers of lamp lhimnGi]si>o PLAIN, ENGRAVED AND DECORATED. Plain Lamps, Decorated Lamps, Hand Lamps, Founts, Lantern Globes Squat and Specie Jais, Ring Jars, French Jars, Battery Jars, Reflectors, etc. .Pittsburgh, South. Side, Fa. 92 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Robert F. Mayer, ETCHINGS, ENGRAVINGS, Imported Photographs, Oil and Water Color Paintings MIRRORS, PICTURE FRAMES, EASELS, &C, &C. Fine Picture Framing a Specialty, 404 WOOD STREET, - - PITTSBURGH. Chas. H. Humbert, Sanitary Plumber. -THE IPHSTEST- Ply^ibieg and Sas BilbiRg Known to the trade done in the most approved and scientific manner. The largest and best stouk of Gr^_& iriXTTTRES, GLOBES, SUA. DES, «fco. Can be found in my Show Rooms, at Prices Lower than the Lowest. OHA8. H. HUMBERT, Cor. Market St. and 4th Ave. - - PITTSBURGH, PA. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 93 M. "WINTER & BROS. Lager Beer Brewers, Twenty-First & Josephine Streets, S. S. ^UFTSBUI^GH, ]_?A. National Brewery. Lager Beer Strictly Pure and Wholesome. Head ok Twelfth Street, J O H N H. NUSSER. Bibhpsbu^h, s. s. C. BAEUERLEIN BREWING CO. Star Brewery, BpeWerg and Bottlei? of Lager1 Beer", BENNETT, EA. Telephone caii, No. 1018. Opposite 43d St., Pittsburgh, Pa. SOUTf-TsiDE BREWERY. Edel & Seiferth, BHE-WEES OF Lager Beer, Ale and Porter, No. 2600 Josephine Street, - - Pittsburgh, Pa. 94 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. PittsHurgO and IMe Erie Railroad, THE CLEVELAND $H0r>T LIE! 20 Miles Shorter, and has more than Double the Train Service of any Line between Pittsburgh and Cleveland. T|e Favorite Route to Buffalo & Niagara Falls And all Points in Western or Northern New York and Canada. THE CHEAPEST LINE WEST OR NORTHWEST. Ask for Tickets via the P. & L. E. R. R. E. HOLBROOK, A. E. CLARK, GEN'L SUPT. GEN'L PASSENGER AGT. Manufacturer of the Celebrated flnki-Fi?i->»__>»^M_r-i. SANITARY PLUMBING, Gas Fitting —AND HOUSE HEATING BY HOT WATER. GAS FIXTURES OF The Latest Designs. force pumps For Water Wells. OFFICIAL PROGRAM OF THE ALLEGHENY COUNTY Gentennial Celebration 100 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Address of the Centennial Committee. The County of Allegheny was created on the 24th of September, 1788, by Act of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl vania. It includes all the territory north of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny rivers, and portions of Westmoreland and Washington counties. Within its borders have taken place some of the most important and pivotal events in the history of the American people. Here began, at Braddock's Meld, the seven years' war between France and England for the supremacy on the North American continent, which changed the map of the world, and shook the whole of Europe. Here the destiny of the infant colonies trembled in the balance, for the hand of fate was three times raised within this county to sever the thread that held the life of the savior of our country, George Washington. Once on -Pine creek, in December, 1753, when the treacherous savage fired at him with intent to kill. Again, when Washington was nearly drowned by being thrown from his little raft amid the floating ice of the swift Allegheny, and almost frozen to death on Wainwright's island. Again, at Brad dock's defeat, where he was the special mark for the shots of Indian chiefs and had his clothes torn to pieces aud his horses shot under him by the bullets of the enemy. Here was located the first regular outpost of American civilization west of the Allegheny mountains. Fort Pitt. On the hill where stands our magnificent hew Court House, mould ered away the dead of Major Grant's 800 Highlanders, slaughtered by the savages on the eve of the capture of Fort Duquesne. Around Fort Pitt raged the fury of Pontiac's war, at the close of which war, in 1764, . no white man's cabin existed outside of that fort. From the Laurel Hill to the falls of the Ohio the silence of the wilderness was unbroken except by the whoop of the savage or the scream of the panther. Through the portals of our hills, borne on the waters of our rivers, for seventy-five years poured exclusively the tide of emigration, and moved the star of empire westward. Here were the first educational institu tions of the West, and here were planted the religious congregations which have been and continue to be the shield and tower of defence of our people. Here have been discovered the most valuable, extensive and accessible mines of bituminous coal and stores of natural gas in the world. Here is a climate more healthy, and more free from dangerous or extensive changes than that of any portion of our country. Here we have a soil fertile and tillable from the rivers' edge to the tops of the highest hills. Here manufacturing, mining, agricultural, merchandis ing, trade, banking, commerce and the learned professions go hand in hand in immense volumes. Here patriotism has shown itself ready and quick to defend our country from foes of every kind, within or without. Here is a community peculiary blessed by Almighty God. He hath not dealt so with any people. In recognition of these favors and blessings it is intended to cele brate the centennial of this county with rejoicing, and with humility, soberly and discreetly, in a manner and upon a scale of grandeur never heretofore witnessed west of the Allegheny mountains. On the 3d of ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 101 Emil Loos, Fi^co and Raised Relief Wor^, HOUSE AND SIGN PAINTING, No. 94 FOUKTH AVENUE, Between Wood and Smithfield Streets, RESIDENCE' Bittsburoh, fa. 626 SMITHFIELD STREET. IRON CITY BREWERY, Capacity, 200,000 Barrels. B EER— Frauenheim * Vilsack, .PITTSBURGH, PA. EXTRA FINE BRANDS OF Bottled Export and Pilsner Beer FOR HOTEL ANJD FAMILY CONSUMPTION. 102 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. October,- 1887, the Chamber of Commerce, of Pittsburgh, inaugurated the movement for the celebration of the Centennial of Allegheny County. Mr. Foster presented the following resolution : " Resolved, That the Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh hereby calls the attention of the people to the fact that the Centennial of the creation of Allegheny County, and also of the survey and location of Allegheny Town, occurs next year, and urges upon the authorities and all organizations and occupations to prepare for the celebration of this important event in a proper and adequate manner." At the request of Mr. Foster the resolution was, on motion of Hon. George H. Anderson, referred to the Executive Committee. On the 17th of October the Chairman of the Executive Committee, Mr. George A. Kelly, reported favorably, recommending the adoption of the reso lutions and the appointment of a committee of ten members of the Chamber of Commerce to make arrangements for celebrating the Cen tennial of Allegheny county, with posver to add to their number from the Chamber of Commerce, from the authorities and from organized bodies of trades, professions and occupations. Adopted unanimously. On the 31st of October the President of the Chamber of Commerce, William E. Schmertz, Esq., announced that the following gentlemen had been appointed as that committee : Morrison Foster, George H. Anderson, Chas. W. Batchelor, S. P. Harbison, Thomas P. Roberts, John B. Jackson, Charles Meyran, John Bindley, D. C. Herbst, James Allison. These gentlemen met at the Chamber of Commerce on the 12th of November, and since that time have made addition to their num ber, and have diligently pushed the arrangements for the celebration. The celebration will occupy three days' time, commencing on Monday, the 24th of September, 1888. Rev. Father A. A. Lambing and Judge J.W. F. White will prepare a history of Allegheny county. Messrs. John Gernert, Fred. G. Toerge and J. P. McCollum, have been invited and have agreed to organize an orchestra and volunteer chorus for the musical exercises of the first day's proceedings. The first day's proceedings will be ceremonial. In the forenoon the dedication of our new Court House, the most perfect work of architec ture in America. In the afternoon a grand mass meeting of the people. At these meetings there will be orations, prayers, musical performances, orchestral and choral, and a chorus of school children. In the evening a reception in honor of distinguished guests, and fireworks. The musi cal exercises of the first day will, by order of the committee, consist entirely of American compositions, or patriotic airs adopted by the American people as National. The second day's proceedings will be a grand Civic, Industrial, Commercial and Patriotic Parade. It is expected that among the features of thf§ parade will be representations ofthe progress in modes of transportation. Pack horses and mail riders, the Conestoga wagons and stage coaches, the primitive batteaifx and steamboats, the canal boat, the locomotive and the uniformed letter carriers. The third day's proceedings will be a grand military parade. In the evening fireworks and illuminations. Among the features of the miUtary parade will be our National Guard and volunteer companies of Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery— the Grand Army of the Republic, the Union Veteran Legion, and the Veterans of 1812 and Mexico. The committee earnestly request the ministers of all religious con gregations to each devote his discourse on the Sabbath preceding the 24th of September, 1888, to a history of his congregation: and to send a eopy of his discourse of that day to the Chairman of the Centennial Committee. Mobrison Foster, Chairman Centennial Committee. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 103 WOLFF, LANE & CO. Importers & Lj J\ kTj\A/ fl R F Dealers in Have a large and completely assorted stockof General, Hardware, embracing lines suitable for Merchants, Mechanics, Miners, and Build ers. As agents of the makers, they represent the following articles : Black Diamond Files, ~\ _ fESjlM I JMp&^Cniilinrnl.:!! aad Standard NMg( _f____llii||| |ll bfmur Lawn Mowers, Cherry-heat Welding Com. ^^^____U11 1 I liSff Clothes Wring*™, ^Mfe&ilJI' ~S=^^^^_____1P'5^^ Seymour's Sheep Shears. SIGN OF THE ANVIL. _N"o. 304 Wood Street, Careful and prompt attention will be given to mail orders, and lowest prices guaranteed. JAS. R. REED. ESTABLISHED 1847. GEO. M. REED. J. R. Reed & Co. -^EWELEI^S^ DEALERS IN Watches, Jewelry, {Solid jSlYen and Fiqe $IVei* plated L{ood& No. 439 MARKET ST., - PITTSBURGH, PA. Complicated and other Fine Watches Repaired and Regulated by Observatory Time. 104 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. RULES. The Centennial Committee have adopted, amoug others, the follow ing rules, to which they specially call the attention of the people : No debts shall be contracted without the approval of the General Committee, No payments shall be made except on voucher to which shall be attached the bills, and the warrant upon the Treasurer, drawn by the Secretary of the Centennial Committee, approved by the Chairman of the sub-Committee contracting the debt, and by the Finance Committee, and countersigned by the Chairman of the Centennial Committee. No member of the Centennial Committee shall receive or be entitled to any compensation for personal services. No partisan-political Tbanner, device, motto, or allusion will be per mitted in any of the ceremonies or processions during the entire cele bration. In the civic parades the various interests shall be represented by trades, occupations, or professions as bodies and not separately as the employes of any particular person, firm or corporation. No inscriptions, signs or banners having the effect to advance the private business of any person, firm or business association, (except small badges not exceeding six by two inches worn on the lappet of the coat, and not more than one badge on each individual), will be per mitted in any procession or ceremony connected with the Centennial Celebration, but the Committee on Second Day's Proceedings, may at their discretion permit and invite business men to use their business wagons (or make floats) with their names on them, and appropriately decorated in the civic parade, as said Committee may deem proper. Nothing in these rules is intended to preclude associations or socie ties from carrying banners denoting the names of the organizations. In order to secure the transportation and accommodation of visitors at uniform and reasonable rates, a sub-Committee on Transportation, Hotels and Accommodations has been appointed, whose duty it is to make arrangements for fixed and reasonable charges with all Railway and Water Transportation Companies and all hotels and other houses where travelers may be accommodated. COMMITTEES. The following gentlemen constitute the Centennial Committee and Standing Sub-Committees thereof : Hon. Morrison Poster, Chairman. Rev Dr James Allison, Chamber of Commerce. james Callerv_ prest piusb_rg & West.n R R Co. Hon Geo H Anderson, " f john w Qhalfant, Chamber of Commerce. , Capt Chas W Batchelor, " Alex Dempster, Prest Engineers' Society West Pa. Albert J Earr, Henry Darlington, Chamber of Commerce. John Bindley, •• '• Peter Dick, Col A P Burchfield, '• James W Drape, Daniel O Barr, " '< Hon John F Dravo, J D Bernd, " " Geo W Dilworth, John Bradley, Merchant Tailors' Exchange. Wm Eberhardt, Prest Brewers' Association. John Brew, Hod Carriers' Union. Gen. Chas. L. Fitzhugh, Duquesne Club Andrew Carnegie, Chamber of Commerce. J A Emery, Prest School Controllers, Allegheny. Isidore Coblens, ' ¦ << Joseph Eichbaum, Chamber of Commerce. Chas J Clarke, •< Hon Chas S Fetterman, Prest Historical Society A E Clark, Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R R Co. of Western Pa. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 105 fflONONGAHELA I7OUSE, Pitts'fo-u.rgf'la., Fa. eS c fi a o c O > +J c 0o M D_ Allegheny County Medica A J Logan, Prest Furniture Dealers' Ass'n. Association. Wm B Lupton, Chamber of Commerce. w J Smith, Prest Flint Glass Workers' Ass'n. C L Magee, ¦ Lo^g Sahner, Green Bottle Blowers' Association . S S Marvin, Prest Pittsburgh Exposition Society WmC Shaw, M D, Chamber of Commerce. Da»iel McWilliams, County Commissioner. E D Smith, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Co. Geo Y McKee, " •' E B Taylor, Gen. Supt. Pennsylvania Company. Robt E Mercer, " B F Veechj President Grain and Fiour Exchange . Chas Meyran, Chamber of Commerce. Wm Weihe, President A A I and S W. Geo O Morgan, Petroleum Exchange. B L Wood, Jr, Chamber of Commerce. R C Miller, President Builders' Exchange. Major J B Washington, Bait, and Ohio R R Co. Chas F McKenna, Union Veteran Legion. S J Wainwright, Chamber of Commerce. Capt Wm McClelland, Chamber of Commerce. F J Wheeler, President Building Trades League Alex ^McCandless, Central Board of Education Col S M Wickersham, Chamber of Commerce Justus Mulert, GermanTurn Verein. Thos E Watt, Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Col R Monroe, Chamber of Commerce. G. FOLLANSBEE, Secretary of Committee. STANDING SUB-COMMITTEES. On Finance. ^"m^5*"1"'1' auUrmmt £*" B Jackson, S P Harbison, c4«Y'McKee, \°j | ArJiy D C RtX' P°eferb- ibk£*t- Id°l4¥' Charles J Clarke, A J l™'"' K Miuerardt' Gottlieb Fa.as, CHas F McKenna, BFRynd' B^FVe'cn5/ ? wToyt' *' JT lH' ¦ T^w'MD Maimer, G^Mo^ snaw, ML), p F Smith, T A Gillespie. Finance Committee op the G. A. R. Capt W R Jones, Chairman, Henry A Breed, Ed Fishrr JohnHoerr, Wm T Patterson -r? S -J- Geo S Fulmer, J ratters011' Thos Fording. On First Day's Proceedings. jatnesBAldiioyn:CAfl'V"',X''' Robert E Mercer, George Y McKee wS'BNegTey', CLMwreey' TC^ J Clarke. Chas M™ V, i?g ' J S Ritenour, StaS&bto!., Alex Dempster- Alb'rt J Ba- ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 107. The Oldest MusicStore in Pittsburg ESTABLISHED IN 1B45. H. KLEBER & BRO. Sole Agents for jStemtoail pi&noft (JonoVei1 pianos And the Brilliant OPERA PIANOS, THE FAMOUS BURDETT ORGANS, AND THE WONDERFUL |5 "'vT'ocalieM. C3a.~a.xeli. Crg-asts, ~i All warranted for eight years, and sold at lowest prices and ' easy-time payments. Old Pianos and Organs taken in ex- e ~ . . -., f-, — , £-. --¦ p. p. |- _. change. Also, the best Brass Band Horns, Strings, Sheet 306 WOOD STREET. Music and other musical merchandise. N. W. Corner Liberty and Sixth Streets, ROOMS 9 & 10, THIRD FLOOR, TELEPHONE No. 1178. PITTSBURGH, PA. THOS. DONALDSON, JOS. DONALDSON. H. G. DUNLAP. Allegheny Transfer Co. GENERAL HAULING AND EXPRESS. 8®- PIANO AND FURNITURE MOVING A SPECIALTY."^; 113 WOOD STREET, COR. SECOND AVENUE, ¦ PITTSBURGH, PA. TELEPHONE 1431. Branch Office and Stables., 94, 96 &. 98 North Ave. All'y Office, 3385. ALLEGHENY CITY. 108 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL On Second Day's Proceedings. Chas VV Batchelor, Chairman, George O Morgan, Jehu Haworth S S Marvin D C Ripley, W 4"Am Peters, William Weihe, Gottlieb Faas, TCHirscn, B F Veach, Julius Le Moync, J M Kelly, RC Miller Wm Eberhardt, P W Joyce, ID Conway Eccles Robinson, J C O Douncll, A J Lo°ga"y> William I Smith, HlSaf '' ¦ B F Rynd, Louis Sahner, H MCJVay, James Madden, John Brew, On Thikd Day's Proceedings. W P Herbert, Chairman, John Bindley,^ _____ Norman M Smith John B Jackson Daniel McWilliams, Samuel Harper, A P iWchfield ' William McClelland, ^/"'Tm K^"'' A L Pearson, W A Robinson, G has F McKenna I B Sweitzer, Thos E Watt, E D Smith, Alex _E McCandless, Walter Greenland, J A Emery, On Transportation, Hotels and Accommodations. Geo L HoUiday, Chairman, R B Robison, £le..^ McCandlesi' CLMagec, A P Burchfield, Jas Gallery, Robert Pitcairn, John N Nceb, EBIaylor J B Washington, A E Clark, Percy F Smith, On Decorations and Illuminations. Thomas P Roberts Chairman. W J Friday, Isidore Coblens, Daniel McWilliams, B L Wood, Jr. , DC Ripley. George L HoUiday. On Printing, Charles Meyran, Chairman. Alexander Dempster, D C Herbst. On Auditing. S P Harbison, Chairman, B L Wood, Jr., Norman M Smith. On Reception and Invitations. Morrison Foster, Chairman, Andrew Carnegie, Jolin N Neeb, William ESchmertz, Charles J Clarke, John Bindley, James Allison, B F Jones, C W Batchelor, H W Oliver, Jr., C L Magee, W P Herbert, Jehu Haworth, Norman M Smith, S P Harbison, Thos P Roberts, John B Jackson, Chas Meyran, S S Marvin, H I Gourley, C S Fetterm an. William Weihe, M Oppenheimer. Chas L Fitzhugh Historians. Rev A A Lambing, Judge J W F White. Committee on Literary Work and Advertising. J S Ritenour, Chairman, John N Neeb, J M Kelly, Percy F Smith, Thomas P Roberts. Committees of Conference on the Part of the Councils of Pittsburgh and Allegheny. PITTSBURG. Select Council: -W N Frew, W N Irwin, Joseph P Marshall. Common Council: — Hugh Ferguson, S H Shannon, Jno Kerns. ALLEGHENY. Select Council:— Samuel Watson, Wm W Speer, Martin Lappe. Common Council:— € Steffin, Jr., W J McDonald, Simon Drum. -«- Formerly MORKAJS'S. lining, Ice dream and iwiGh looms, JOi.-n.-n.s~c frona. 11.30 to S.30. (Steams, Salads, <_>F$oqUECTJitES, §g., Shipped S^ompwliY jho Grdei^. No. 3 SIXTH ST. Telephone 888, PITXSBlIKeH, PA. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 1(19 THE BRUSH ELE61HB CO. CLEVELAND, OHIO, Jm ' ¦ I, ofe manupagwu^ei^s op BRUSH ARC ELECTRIC MOTORS, Carbons for Arc Lamps, &c. JNO. E. RiDALL, Agent, 47 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. TELEPHONE 1357. EASTERN OFFICES, CHICAGO OFFICE 36 UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK. 130 WASHINGTON ST. 110 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Ri^st Day's I?^og^amme. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1888. Parade of Police and Fire Departments OF PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY CITY. The Allegheny Police Department, under command of Chief of Police Simon Kirschler, forms at 1:15 A. m, on Federal street, right resting on north end of Suspension Bridge. Immediately following the police will be the Allegheny Fire Department, under command of Chief James E. Crow. Promptly at 9:15 o'clock the column will move over the Suspension Bridge to Pittsburgh, pass up along Sixth street to Market, along Market towards Water street. The Pittsburgh Police Force, under command of Supt. Gamble Weir and Assistant Supt. Roger O'Maia, will form on Liberty street, right resting on Market street, at 9:15 a. m. The Pittsburgh Fire Department, under command of Chief Samuel N. Evans and Assistant Chiefs John Steele, Wm. Coates and James Stewart, will form on Liberty street, alongside of the Pittsburg police, right resting on Market street, at 9:15 a. m. When the rear of the Allegheny Fire Department reaches Market street the Pittsburg police will immediately follow, and the Pittsburgh Fire Department will bring up the rear. The route of the procession will be along Market street to Water, up Water to Smithfield, thence to Second avenue, along Second to Grant street, thence to Fifth avenue, where the pro cession will pass in review before the City Officials and Councils of both cities, the distinguished invited guests and members of the Centennial Committee occupying the reviewing stand, which will be erected immediately in front of the Court House. The proces sion will then go down Fifth avenue to Wood street and disband. The time of starting and route is so arranged that the left of the procession will pass the reviewing stand at 10:00 A. m., sharp, so that the Dedication Ceremonies can then be immediately com menced. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Ill Moorhead-McCleane Co. -MANUFACTURERS OF- flLmisi j§) w in, SHEET AND PLATE IRON AND STEEL, Roofing* Iron and Special Wide Sheets, PITTSBURGH, PA. Eastern Warehouse : Western Warehouse : 81 John Street, New York. 16 & 18 W. Lake St., Chicago, III. JOSHUA RHODES, President. W. H. LATSHAW, Sec'y and Treas. Pennsylvania Tube Works, -MANUFACTURERS OF- Gas Pipe, Steam Pipe, Galvanized Pipe, Oil Well Tubing, Line Pipe, Oil Well Casing and Drive Pipe. Office and Warehouse, No. 165 First Avenue, PITTSBURGH, PA. Mill, Soho, - - Pittsburgh, Pa. 112 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. FIRST DAY'S PROGRAMME-Continued. Dedication of the New Caurt House. AT TEN O CLOCK A. M. i. MUSIC, " Hail Columbia," Centennial Orchestra. 2. CALLING MEETING TO ORDER, by Han. Morrison Foster, Chairman Centennial Committee. 3. NOMINATION OF Hon. E. H. STOWE AS PRESID ING OFFICER, by Chairman Foster 5. ANNOUNCEMENT OF VICE PRESIDENTS and SE CRETARIES, 4: PRAYER. Rev. R. J. Coster. 5 . MUSIC, ' ' Star Spangled Banner, ' ' Centennial Orchestra. 6. PRESENTATION OF THE COURT HOUSE TO THE PEOPLE, by Robert E. Mercer, Esq., President Board of County Commissioners. 7. RECEPTION OF COURT HOUSE AND ORATION. Wm. M. Darlington, Esq. 8. MUSIC, " Red/White and Blue," Centennial Orchestra. 9. SUBMITTING OF HISTORY OF THE COURT HOUSE, (in manuscript.) 10. SHORT ADDRESSES, Hon. J. W. F. White, and Others. n. PRAYER. i. Rev. L. Mayer. 12. BENEDICTION. Rev. B. F. Woodburn. 13. MUSIC, - "Duquesne Gray's March," Ce?ite?mial Orchestra. Prof. John Gernert, Musical Director. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 113 Bindley Hardware Co. 46 & 48 SEVENTH AVE., Pittsburgh. " leading Hardware louse." Originators and Designers of HARDWARE FOR FINE BUILDINGS. L. B. SU1ITI1 WOODEN WARE CO., LilQltel, MANUFACTURERS OF Brooms and Brushes, Wholesale Dealers in Wooden Ware, notions. paper, paper Sacks, UJhips, GROCERS' SUNDRIES,' ic. pop & pi 1 Liberty St., PITTSBURGH, PA. 114 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. FIRST DAY'S PROGRAMME-CONTINUED. Citizens Centennial Mass Meeting. AT two o clock p. m. i. " HAIL COLUMBIA." Centennial Orchestra. 2. SINGING, Chorus of School Children. 3. CALLING MEETING TO ORDER, by Hon. Morrison Foster, Chairman Centennial Committee. 4. ANNOUNCEMENT OF Hon. JOHN H. BAILEY AS PRESIDING OFFICER, by Chairman Foster. ANNOUNCEMENT OF VICE PRESIDENTS and SEC RETARIES. 5. "THANKS BE TO GOD." Mendelssohn. Centennial Chorus. 6. PRAYER, Rev. Richard Lea, D. D. 7. CENTENNIAL OVERTURE, Centennial Orchestra. 8. ORATION, Major A. M. Brown. 9. "OLD FOLKS AT HOME," - Stephen C. Foster. Centennial Chorus. 10. ABSTRACTS FROM HISTORY OF ALLEGHENY CO. Rev. A. A. Lambing. 11. "THE HEAVENS ARE TELLING." - Haydn. Centennial Chotus 12. PRAYER, Rev. T. f. Leak. 13. BENEDICTION, Right Rev. Bishop R. Phelan. 14. HALLELUJAH CHORUS, - - Handel. Centennial Chorus and Orchestra. Prof. Jas. P. McCoi^um, - Director of Chorus and Orchestra. Prof. Fred. G. ToERGE, - Director of Orchestra. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 115 Established. 1835. West Point Boiler Works, 23d & Smallman Sts., Pittsburgh, Pa. STEAM BOILERS, T1MKS BUD SHEET MM WORK. 4_k far ~"^:5iSP3c: 1i!3fc» Steam Drum Head. Eclipse Pat. Manhole. isBwl »lffs I I IHKSmPJH Kffl Ifi I J__I _g=^. ^__. ' . ¦ ' i ¦'! __B_^-:r We have on hand a Large Stock of FIRST CLASS SECOND HAND BOILERS. N. B.— All Boilers made by us are supplied with the Eclipse 3fa.nll.ole. R. MUNROE & SON. s0TK.iew NO MORE LEAKY MANHEADS REPAIRING DONE PROMPTLY CHAS. REIZENSTEIN, Fine Dinner and Tea Sets 152 & 154 FEDERAL ST., ALLEGHENY. NOVELTIES "i> IN EL GRADES OF FOREIGN GOODS. Telephone 3330. 116 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Second Day's I?^og^amme_ TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 25, 1888. GRAND CIVIC PARADE OF THE Merchants, Manufacturers, Labor Organizations, Societies, &c, &c. — OF — ^ALLEGHENY C0UNTY.t>» Among the features of the Parade will be representations of the progress in modes of Transportation. Pack horses and mail riders, the Conestoga wagons and stage coaches, the prim itive batteaux and steamboats, the canal boat, the locomotive and the uniformed letter carriers. Also will be shown the progress of the manufacture of articles of Iron, Steel and Glass, together with Display Wagons of various commercial firms. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 117 -FOR- Home, Office, Bank and Railroad Use. P.C. 711 Liberty St., oppose wood, pittskrgli. §Hp' Catalogues on Application. Estimates on Special Work. -»v J 0 2. Wo op Jr' 118 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. SECOND DAY'S PROGRAMME, CONTINUED. CAPT. C. W. BATCHELOR, Chief Marshal. Adjutant General, .... Col. P. N. Guthrie. Chief of Staff, .... Maj. E. A. MonTooth. Headquarters at Monongahela House. Owing to the immense number of people wishing to participate in' the parade, and the care which must be exercised in planning the route and arranging for the speedy handling of the different Divisions, the Committee on Second Day's Celebration is not able, at the time of going to press, to furnish the publishers further particulars. The daily papers will publish complete details at a later day. office of the ] Chief Marshal Civic Parade i allegheny co. centennial. ) Circular No. i. Pittsburgh, September 3, 1888. The General Committee has decided the civil parade shall be represented by trades, occupations or professions as bodies, not separately as the employes of any particular person, firm or cor poration. The desire is that the business of the County shall be fairly represented, but concentrated, rather than a large display of horses and wagons. If each trade can be satisfied with few wagons with some character representation, the Chief Marshal will be en abled to concentrate the trades and insure the success of the entire parade. All representations included in the above, who desire to par ade, will send to this office the character of their parades, with the names of officers to be communicated with. Footmen will also send early notice of what they represent, their members and officers. The Adjutant General will be on duty at the Chamber of , Commerce daily from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m. to receive personal or written communications. By command of Chief Marshal, C. W. Batchelor. P. N. Guthrie, E. A. MonTooth, Adjutant General.. Chief of Staff. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 119 48 fifth /Jv«i>ue, Pittsburgh. lo^. J^i(;l}bauir) o vo. ^eceptioTt and %?isiting Cards, ENGRAVED 3-ancy (gyods, IN PLUS Jurists' DVZaieriafs, ENGRAVED IN THE PREVAILING STYLE. IN PLUSH, LEATHER AND METAL. A MOST COMPLETE LINE. H EADQUARTERS FOR Lodge Supplies # Costumes, BY F. 6. REINEMAN. REGALIA OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, Paraphernalia for Lodge Outfits, Flags, Banners, Badges, &c. Uniforms for Higher Branches, with Chapeaux, Caps, Swords, Belts, Robes, &c, &c. Address all inquries to F. G. REINEMAN, 52 & 54 Sixth Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. 120 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. <9Hii^D Day's B^ogi^ammb. WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1888. Grand Military Parade. Major General JOHN F. HARTRANFT, Commander-in-Chief. Headquarters, - Monongahela House. FIRST DIVISION. Gen. JOHN A. WILEY, - Commander Second Brigade, Pennsylvania National Guard. Independent Military Organizations, Visiting Military Organizations. SECOND DIVISION. Gen. A. L. PEARSON, . Commander. Union Veteran Legion, Society of Ex-Prisoners of War. Survivors of Co. B, 9th Penn'a Reserves, Mexican Veterans. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 121 FRANK FeRTIG. Established 1870. J. M. GARFIELD Garfield, Fer tig & Co. BUILDERS' SUPPLIES, English, Gjefman aqd Ameficaq denientg, PLASTER, LIME, SAND, I AIR. LATH, BRICK, Tile, Clay, Grate Fronts, English and American Mortar Colors, Sewer Pipe, Flue Linings, Chimney Stove Pipe, Chimney Tops, Flue Rings, Architectural Terra Cotta Work, Fire-Proof Building Material, and a full line of Terra Cotta Merchandise. 65 and 67 Sandusky Street, Telephone No. 3151. ALLEGHENY, PA. The Scientific Adjustment OK SPECTACLES. Perfect sight depends upon perfect regular refraction of light, all other conditions of the eyes being natural and healthy.' The conditions of refraction change with age. Every person, sooner or later, looses perfect natural refraction, and must correct this artificially by glasses. No person is qualified to make the first adjustment for themselves with safety to the eyes. This is particularly the case where the refraction is irregular — that is, more or less refraction in one me ridian than the others. This condition can not be corrected except by having 'the glasses made especially for each case, after careful measurement. The apparent saving of money is a great waste of eyes and money to those who first select their own glasses. This has been fully proven by those who have had the most experience. DR. SADLER, 804 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, makes a specialty of such fittings, as well as all diseases, defects and deformities of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat. THE BEYMER-BAUMAN LEAD CO. Corroders and Manufacturers of WHITE LEAD, ESTABLISHED 1867. DRY AND IN OIL. Red Lead, Litharge and Orange Mineral, Of Superior Quality, made with Natural Gas Fuel, rendering them Absolutely Free from Sulphur. Office, Hamilton Building, 91 Fifth Avenue, PITTSBURGH, ~PJL. , ,,-, --"-,, ,_. m. Boston Branch, DEXTER BROS., 57 Broad St. ¦£ pijre -z\ \>LEAD.o^ 122 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THIRD DAY'S PROGRAMME-Continued. THIRD DIVISION. ORASD ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. Major JAS. L. GRAHAM, Commander. Headquarters, Monongahela House. First Division— A. J. McQUITTY, Commander. Assistant Adjutant General - - J. C. Seis. Chief of Staff, - - -J- Soeffel. Second Division— JOHN B. HOLMES, Commander. Assistant Adjutant General, - Thos. Irwin. Chief of Staff, - - Frank Fleck. Third Division— JOHN HARVEY, Commander. Assistant Adjutant General, - - Sidney Omohundro. Chief of Staff, - - - - J af. M. McKee Tl O'JTE: At eleven o'clock, a. m., the column will move along Smithfield street to Second avenue, to Grant street, to Fifth avenue, to ' Market street, to Sixth street, to Penn avenue, to Seventh street, across the Seventh Street Bridge, up Sandusky street to Church avenue, to Cedar avenue, to North avenue, to Montgomery avenue, to Federal street, (re viewing stand at Diamond Square, Allegheny), down Federal street to Sixth Street Bridge, If the left of column has passed Sixth street and Penn avenue, the right of column will move to Market and Liberty street and dismiss ; if the rear of the column is still moving on Sixth street, the right of column will move down Duquesne way and dismiss. Efrand Digpltnj of Firetooi1^. On the evening of each day there will b« a grand display of Fireworks, the time and place of which, with further particulars, will be published in the daily papers. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 125 D.&F.S.WELTY Established, 1869. Carpets and Wall Paper, Wholesale and Retail. THE ONLY JOBBING HOUSE IN THE CITY. 7b supply our Jobbing Trade, we buy our Carpets, Wall Paper, Oil Cloths, Mattings, Window Shades, Lace Curtains, etc., from first hands in Large Quantities and at Lowest Prices. This enables us to offer every inducement in our Retail Department. Our prices are always as Low, if- not LOWER, than any other house in the city. A full stock for Fall Trade, at 120 FEDERAL STREET, - 65 and 67 PARK WAY, .Allegheny, _Pa . 1834,. 1888. Thos. Wightman & Co. LIMITED. WINDOW GLASS, Rough and Ribbed Plate Glass, Colored, Enameled and Embossed Glass, Cathedral and Ondoyant Glass, Flint, Green and Amber Vials and Bottles, Fruit Jars, Pickle Jars, Beer and Mineral Water Bottles, SflUCE BOTTLES, DEMIJOHNS, WINE AND BRANDY BOTTLES, ETC., ETC. No. 209 Wood Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. 124 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. PRINCIPAL POINTS OF INTEREST And How to Reach Them. ALLEGHENY ARSENAL. The only United States arsenal in this part of the country is situated on Penn avenue, near Butler street. The Citizens' Traction cars pass the gates of the Arsenal. It is open to the public from 6 o'clock A. M. to 9 o'clock p. M. The grounds were established by the Government in 1812, and contains fifty acres. Entering through the massive gateway, which is guarded day and night by a sentinel, the beautiful grounds spread out before one, and he may wander over them at will. Directly in front of the entrance is the large stone building used as a store house. To the right are the officers' quarters, and ranging on each side of the grounds are the barracks and store-houses. The force stationed here consist of the officers and twenty-six enlisted men, under command of Major G. W. McKee. BASE BALL GROUNDS, v The Allegheny base ball grounds, which have been brought into national reputation by the many games of ball the League have played there, are in Eecreation Park, Allegheny, and may be reached by means of the P., Ft. W. & C. R. R. and principal street car lines passing along Sixth street, Pittsburg, and Federal street, Allegheny. The grounds are supplied with a fine grand stand, ample free seats, and has one of the best diamonds in the country. BRADDOCK'S MELD. Time has obliterated all marks to show where this celebrated battle was fought, and there seems to be but little information more reliable than tradition to tell the exact place where this general, with his picked army of England's best soldiers, took their first and severest lesson in the methods of Indian warfare. It is generally conceded that the exact location of the battle was east of the town of Braddock, on or near the ground now occupied by the Edgar A. Thomson steel works, though there is neither monument nor stone to mark the exact location. The B. & O. R. R. and P. R. R. run a number of trains daily to Braddock. soldiers' monument. Occupying a prominent position in the parks, on Monument Hill, and within view of the greater part of the two cities, stands the Sol diers' Monument. It can be reached by a foot-path from Irwin avenue. The top of the hill has been graded for its reception, but nothing further has been done to beautify the surroundings. The monument was built by the Ladies' Allegheny County Monumental Association, at an ex penditure of about $36,000. THE OBSERVATORY. Situated on Observatory Hill, Allegheny City, about 400 feet above the waters of the Ohio river, is the long low building known as the Allegheny Observatory. It is abundantly supplied with all the necessary apparatus for astronomical observation. Scientific men are al ways welcome, but the doors are not open to the general public. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 125 Stevens Chair Co. No. 3 Sixth St., Pittsburgh, Manufacturer and Dealer in SPECIALTIES. Office Chairs, DESKS AU Kinds, Grades & Prices WHEEL CHAIRS and PHYSICIANS' CHAIRS. Telephone No. 1529. Various kinds of Invalids'Goods in Stock UJ CO C3 0053 C__3 C-s_> o m GO m WILLIAM SEMPLE'S, Nos. 165, 167 and 169 Federal Street, Allegheny City, Pa. Have always on hand the latest production in Rich DRESS GOODS, Both Foreign and Domestic. Our Fall importations exceed anything previously attempted, and all at our well known low prices. Special attention paid to BLACK GOODS, Staple Goods and latest Novelties, at lowest prices SLACK AND COLORED DRESS SILRS, From 50 cents a yard up. See our specialty in Black Gros Grain at $1.00, $1.25 and $1.50, well known to be worth 50 cents a yard more. Flannels and Blankets, White and Colored, at Closest Prices. CLOAK ROOM — Replete with Newest Styles in Wraps. Raglans, Jackets, Shawls, &c. SUITS — Latest Fall Materials for Ladies and Misses. This department well worth visiting. TABLE LINENS — Our own importation. Napkins and Towels at low prices. ' CARPETS— Rugs, Mats, Oil Cloths, &c. Newest patterns from best mills at low prices. MEN'S FURNISHING GOODS— Shirts, Drawers, Neckwear, Collars, Cuffs, &c. MILLINERY DEPARTMENT— One of the largest in the house. Gloies, Eorsets, Hosiery and Ladies' Underwear, at Lowest Prices, 126 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. WESTERN penitentiary. Situated at Woods Run Station, on the P., Ft. W. & C. R. R., and near the terminus of the Union street car line, is the Western Peniten tiary, more commonly known as the Riverside Penitentiary. The building is a very imposing structure, and was first occupied in 1884, when the prisoners were moved to it from the old penitentiary building in the Allegheny Parks. The buildings are of iron, stone and slate, and are fire-proof. When completed the buildings will contain 1,200 cells, and will have every known effective sanitary appliance in use. Visitors are admitted daily, except Sundays and holidays, from 2 to 4 p. m. Take the P., Ft. W. & C. R. R. to Woods Run Station, or the Union line of street cars. Admission tickets can be secured from any of the follow ing gentlemen : Geo. A. Kelly, Jas. McCutcheon, James B. Reed, Wm. F. Trimble and John S. Slagle. Y. M. C. A. The building of the Young Men's Christian Association of Pittsburg is located at the corner of Penn avenue and Seventh street. The build ing was finished in 1884 at a cost of $100,000. It contains a first-class gymnasium, a reading room and library room for evening and educa tional classes, and handsomely furnished parlors aud reception rooms, with games, etc. The reading rooms are free, and strangers are cordially welcomed. The rooms are open from 8 a. m. to 10 p. m. each day, and from 2 to 6 p. m. on Sundays. The Association has branches at Forty- third and Butler streets, and at corner of Penn and Collins avenues, and a railroad branch at Twenty-eighth street and P. R. R. the inclines. The first incline railroad ever built in any city exclusively for passenger traffic was the Monongahela Incline, on Mt. Washington, nearly opposite the Smithfield street bridge. This incline is 640 feet long, the track standing at an angle of 36 degrees, and, though running since May 28, 1870, not a passenger has been injured through the fault of the company. From the top of this and the Penn avenue incline, running from Seventeenth street , are two of the finest views of the cities that can be found. The Mt. Oliver Incline, from South Twelfth street, is 1,700 feet long, and last year carried nearly a million passengers. The Duquesne Incline is 793 feet long, and stands at an angle of 21. de grees. The Penn Incline, from Seventeenth street, extends across the P. R. R. tracks, resting on two stone piers, and its construction is con sidered a triumph of mechanical engineering. RACE TRACKS. Pittsburg has two of the best race tracks in the country. The Homewood track is situated near Homewood Station, on the P. R. R., about six miles from the Union Station. It is a mile track, with ample stables, etc. Some of the best time ever made was made on this track. The Exposition Driving Park, at which most of the races are held, is situated near the Point bridge, Allegheny, and has a first-class half- mile track, finest grand stand, ample stables, etc. NEVILLE STREET ENGINE HOUSE. Standing without a rival in point of architectural beauty and fine ness of finish is the Neville street engine house. The exterior is of pressed brick and highly ornamented. The interior is finely finished in the natural color of the wood, while all the iron work in the main room is silver-plated, every convenience being supplied the buildino- that ingenuity could devise. The building was erected at a cost of over $40,000, and is without doubt the finest building in the world devoted to the use of a fire department. It is situated on Neville street, near Fifth avenue street car line, and is about forty minutes' ride from the centre of th city. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 127 pLY (JHO^T COLLEGE, Bluff Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. KiilB,IKIifiipBli Sift^»asfi.*U*fi-BWE»Hp|iajj ^ ""¦¦_ BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Very Rev. Jos. Strub, C. S. Sp President Rev. Francis Schwab, C. S. Sp Vice President Rev. John T. Murphy, C. S. Sp Secretary Rev. John Wilms, C. S. Sp Treasurer Rev. Eugene Phelan, C. S. Sp Director Rev. John Griffin, C. S. Sp Director * FACULTY 1888-1889. Rev. John T. Murphy, C. S. Sp., President Prefect of Studies Rev. A. J. Zielenbach, C. S. Sp.f Treasurer Professor of German Rev. Eugene Phelan, C. S. Sp Director of Scholastics, Professor of Latin and Greek Rev. John Griffin, C. S. Sp Music, Latin and Greek Rev. Patrick McDermott, C. S. Sp English and Philosophy Rev. Martin Hehir, C. S. Sp Mathematics and Commercial Branches Rev. Robert Tobin, C. S. Sp English and Latin Rev. Jos. Barth, CS. Sp Classics and German Rev. Peter Bredenbent, C. S. Sp Latin and German Rev. David Fitzgibbons, C. S. Sp English, Commercial Branches and Elocution Mr. Henry McDermott, C. S. Sp Latin and English, Assistant Disciplinarian Br. Vincentius Turly, C. S Sp Mathematics and Commercial Branches, Assistant Disciplinarian Br. Fabian Wimmer, C. S. Sp Grammar Class, Assistant Disciplinarian Mr. W. T. Dempsey, B. A Drawing, Penmanship, Shorthand and Typewriting Mr. Webster S. Ruckman, B. Sc Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Commercial Branches Mr. A. D. Kennedy, B. Sc Theoretical and Actual Business Course 126 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. DAVIS ISLAND DAM. One of the greatest hindrances to the building up of the river inter ests of Pittsburg was the fact that the low stage of the water during the summer, often less than two feet, rendered it impossible to gather the coal barges as they came down the slack waters of the Monongahela river, into fleets in proper shape to take advantage of the rises in the river, in many cases the entire time of a "boating stage" of water being consumed in arranging the fleets, which would then have to wait for another rise. So great was this difficulty that Congress was repeatedly petitioned to provide a remedy, which it did by building Davis Island Dam across the river near Bellevue Station, on the P., Ft. W. & C. R. R. The point selected for the dam is six feet lower than the river at the Smithfield street bridge, and is twelve feet high, giving a depth of over seven feet of water, forming the finest inland harbor in the world, suf ficiently large for 6,000 boats, allowing for the free movement of each. This allows the immense number of coal barges which are brought down the Monongahela river to be brought into the Ohio river and properly arranged into fleets, ready to take advantage of every rise in the river. The dam was completed in the summer of 1885, and opened October 7, 1885, with appropriate ceremonies under the auspices of the Chamber of Commerce. The cost of the dam is $750,000. It is 1,223 feet long and twelve feet high. It is composed of "wickets," or gates, so arranged that they can be lowered or raised at will. On the eastern shore is the lock, the largest in the world, it being 600 feet long and 110 feet wide, inside measurement. The gates are controlled by specially arranged machinery, and so complete are all the arrangements made that the filling and emptying of the immense lock is but the work of a few minutes. ALLEGHENY PARKS. By Act of General Assembly, March 12, 178S, the town of Allegheny was ordered to be plotted, and among the provisions of the Act was one that one hundred acres should be reserved for common pasture for the benefit of the lot owners. In 1818 the Western Penitentiary was built in the grounds, remaining until they were removed recentiy to River side. In 1869 the work of fitting it up into parks was begun in earnest. The grounds now contain 96 J acres, and are valued at $1,750,000, the im provements on them amounting to over $350,000. While all the portions of the parks are well worthy of a visit, the principal interest centers in West Park, which contains the Phipp's Conservatory, the lakes, the music pavillion, the ornamental beds, ete. CEMETERIES. The Homewood Cemetery, whieh can be reached by a half-mile walk from Homewood Station, on the P. R. R., is comparatively new, but possesses much beauty of landscape and many noteworthy monuments. The Uniondale Cemetery, the entrance to which i9 near the terminus of the Pleasant Valley street car line, is the principal cemetery in Alle gheny, and contains, on a commanding site near the entrance, one of the finest monuments in the two cities, it alone being well worth a visit, while many other interesting monuments and bits of scenery may be found near. The Allegheny Cemetery is situated in the Seventeenth and Eigh teenth wards. There are two entrances, one on Butler street and one on Penn avenue, both entrances being on the lines of the Citizens' Traction Company, which may be taken at any point on Penn avenue: This cemetery has gained a reputation for beauty second only to the cele brated Greenwood Cemetery of New York, and it is well worth a visit from the stranger. ' A constant succession of high hills, deep and beau tiful valleys, covered by majestic trees, and traversed by roadways wind ing in and out among the hills, combine to give glimpses of natural scenery and of nature beautified by art, that cannot be found in any other grounds in the country. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 129 DIMLING A >- CQ ¥ O o m oo a:mpo Lames & Gents' Dining, Lund & ice cream Parlors Regular Dinner Served Up Stairs, from n till 2 o'clock, at the Popular Price 409 # 411 MARKET ST. PITTSBURGH, PA. 130 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. If the visitor enters by the Butler street entrance one of the first monuments of note to be seen will be that of Rev. Chas. Avery, the famed philanthropist. This mounment was erected to his memory in 1860, at a cost of $18,000, which was paid by private contributions, largely from the colored race. Near this monument is one in honor of Gen. Alexander Hays, one of the best known generals in the United States Army. But a short walk from this, near and on Section 8J are in close proximity, a collec tion of as magnificent aud expensive monuments as can be found on the same space in any cemetery in the country. Among the best monu ments in this section are those to Porter, Laughlin, Reed, Rook, O'Neill, Vandergrift, McKelvey, Miller and others. Near these is also the mon ument erected by the Allegheny Cemetery in honor of Commodore Barney and Lieutenant Parker, of the U. S. Navy. On Section 21 a plain monument marks the grave of Stephen C. Foster, author of "Old Folks at Home." He was born on the day that ex-Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died, July 4th, 1826, and living here amid the smoke of Pittsburg he gave to the world his beautiful melodies that have thrilled the souls of millions and built him a monument in the hearts of the people more lasting than marble or granite-spire. As is not uncommonly the ease others reaped a large share of the profits Irom his publications, so that although the combined circulation of the printed copies of the "Old Folks at Home," "My Old Kentucky Home," "Willie, We Have Missed You," "Massa's in the Cold, Cold Ground," "Ellen Bayne," and "Old Dog Tray" exceeded one million copies, yet he received but meagre returns from them, and died in comparative poverty. Among the other places well worthy of a visit is the Receiv ing Vault (one of the finest ever built) and the Moorehead Mausoleum, while many other expensive monuments will be seen. Of soldiers who lie buried here are the graves of Gen. Alexander Hayes, Gen. C. F. Jackson, Col. Jas. H. Childs, Col. O. H. Rippey, Col. Samuel W Black, Major Albert M. Harper, and nearly twelve' hundred of their brave comrades. PUBLIC LIBRARIES. Of public libraries the city has two— the Mercantile Library, at the corner of Penn avenue and Sixth street, which is open daily from 9 A. M. to 6 P. M., and is free to strangers; and the Young Men's Christian Association Library and Reading Rooms, at the corner of Penn avenue and Seventh street. THE NEW COURT HOUSE. One of the most striking features of the city and one that will attract the stranger is the massive pile of granite — the Court House for Alle gheny county. Standing on high ground and itself a massive pile of iron and granite, towering high above all surrounding buildings, it is by far the finest specimen of architecture that can be found in the city. The architect, in laying his plans, has combined the experience to be gained from an examination of all buildings of the world used for simi lar purposes, and while the interior is complete in the minutest detail, he has combined massiveness and symetry in such ahappy manner that the finished building stands without a rival in general appearance. The building is bounded by Grant, Diamond and Ross streets and Fifth avenue. It is 208x306 feet, three stories high, with a basement twelve feet high. It is built in the form of a square, with a large court in the center for light and ventilation. Around the court on the first floor is a wide corridor opening into the various offices. The roof of the building is of Akron tile laid on an iron truss frame and secured by copper wire, the apex of the roof being sixty-five feet above the masonry. Surmounting the building is the tower, 425 feet high. The main attraction of the in terior will be the grand staircase, which is of blue stone and Indiana lime stone, and is sustained by a labyrinth of stone arches. When completed the cost of the building will be over $2,250,000. Connecting it with the ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 131 SILK AND STIFF HATS MADE TO ORDER. J.M'rKAIN&SON WE KEEP CONSTANTLY ON HAND FULL LINE OF ALL THE LATEST STYLES OF STIFF AND SOFT HATS. NO. 809 PENN AVE. NEAR NINTH ST. PITTSBURGH, PA. 1845. Amzi Dodd, President. THE 1888. piutiial Benefit Life lipap Co. NEWARK, N. J. Assets, Market Value, Jan. 1, 1888, Paid Policy Holders since organization, Paid through Pittsburgh Agency last 22 yeaks, 493 Claims, aggregating Forfeiture Abolished. Security Absolute. Cost Reduced to a Minimum. All Accumulations at the Dis posal op Policy Holders. $ 42,111,233.33 97,539,084.01 2,436,363.64 A PERFECT POLICY. F. T. LUSK, State _A.gent, 83 Fourth Avenue, s%^t ' Pittsburgh, Pa. 132 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. county jail and extending over Ross street is a bridge modelled after the famous "Bridge of Sighs, " of historic renown. This is used for conveying prisoners to and from the jail and is one of the most striking features of the building. The entire building is of granite and is as near fire-proof as it is possible to make a building, as there is no combustible material in it ex cept the inside furnishing of the rooms. The heating and ventilation of the rooms are under perfect control at all times. The beat, by means of immense furnaces, and the ventilation by means of immense fans with which pure air is drawn into the building from the top of the tower, high above the smoke and dirt of the city. MUNICIPAL HALL. Municipal Hall, standing on Smithfield street, near Fifth avenue is a handsome structure of cut stone, occupying a lot 120 x 110 feet; the tower of the building is 175 feet high and contains a large clock and the Are alarm bell. The ground on which the building stands cost $100,000, and when completed the building cost $700,000. At the head of the first flight of stairs is placed the stone first put in the wall of the old Block House. From the balcony just under the great bell, and over one hundred feet from the ground, an excellent view of the business portion of the city can be had. The balcony is easily reached by taking the ele vator to the upper floor and ascending three flights of stairs. THE WATER WORKS. No place in or about the two cities possesses more of interest to the visitor than the water works, on the banks of the Allegheny river, at Brilliant. They can be reached by rail on the Allegheny Valley Rail road to Brilliant station, or, by what is much the pleasantest route, a beautiful carriage drive of one and one-half miles from the East End out North Hiland avenue to the reservoir, and from there by a steep but well-graded road down to the pumping station. The water is taken from the Allegheny river at the head of Six Mile Island, six miles from the junction of the two rivers, far above where the sewerage of the city is emptied in the river, securing the purest water used in the United States, excepting that taken from the Kennebec river, in Maine. THE OLD BLOCK HOUSE. The old Block House is situated on Fort street, near Penn avenue, and, though one of the most interesting buildings in the city, from a historical standpoint, it is but little thought of, and is now a 'tenement house occupied by some of the poorer classes of the city. It was built in 1764 by Col. Bouquet. Elsewhere in this book can be seen engravings of this historical relic, both at the time it was built and as it appears at the present time. The stone whieh was placed in the wall by Col. Bouquet, has since been removed and may now be seen in the wall at the head of the first flight of stairs in Municipal Hall, on Smithfield street. THE EXPOSITION. Since the burning the Exposition Building, with its consequent loss of an immense amount of not only valuable property but of relics and heirlooms that money could not replace, there has been occasional efforts to rebuild on a larger and grander scale than ever before, but un til last year nothing definite was accomplished. Finally arrangemeuts were completed that promised a successful issue, plans secured and work begun on the wharf of the Allegheny river, near the Point Bridge. The work was stopped by legal complications, but these have been removed and the building will be completed in time to hold an exposition in 1889. The buildings, as shown, will be of the latest and handsomest styles of architecture, and very substatially built. They will consist of two large buildings, one to be known as Machinery Hall and the other as Music Hall, the latter of substantial size and construction, for the use of concerts, conventions, etc., for lack of which many conventions of national importance have had to go to other and less convenient cities. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 133 Jtu. Buze m Tutere Go. Bronze and Brass Founders. Engine, Locomotive, Car and Rolling Mill Brasses Tuyeres, Bosh Plates, Coolers, &c, Nos. 2829 & 2831 SMALLMAN STREET, Pittsburgh, Pa. 134 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THEATRES. Grand Opera House, 92 Fifth avenue, below Smithfield street. Harris' Family Theatre, 94 Fifth avenue, below Smithfield street. Bijou Theatre, 19 Sixth street, near Penn avenue. Academy of Music, Liberty street, between Smithfield and Wood streets. Casino Museum, Fifth avenue, near Wood street. DR. SADLER. Among the specialists of Pittsburgh none takes a higher rank than Dr. Sadler, whose offices are at No. 804 Penn avenue, Pittsburgh. The doctor makes a specialty of adjusting spectacles to the eyes and after careful measurement. Besides being a specialist in all that pertains to defective sight, the doctor treats all diseases, defects and deformities of eye, ear, nose and throat, etc. GARFIELD, FERTIG & CO. Garfield, Fertig & Co., 65 and 67 Sandusky street, Allegheny, Pa. — A review of the mercantile and manufacturing interests of Pittsburgh reveals the existence here of many notable concerns engaged in most of the multifarious branches of trade and commerce. A prominent and prosperous firm in their line is that of Garfield, Fertig & Co., whose offices and spacious warehouses are located at Nos. 65 and 67 Sandusky street, Allegheny, adjacent to the West Penn railroad. Messrs. Garfield, Fertig & Co. commenced business in 1870, when they bought out the agency for the Akron Sewer Pipe Company. They deal extensively in sewer pipe, terra cotta merchandise, cement, plaster, lime, sand, fire brick, tile, clay, etc., and employ constantly from twelve to fifteen men. They have their own warehouse, sidings, yards, and ship their goods to every point in the United States, while they always carry a heavy stock to meet the constantly increasing requirements of the trade. The firm consists of Messrs. J. M. Garfield and Frank Fertig, both young and enterprising men. They are good types of our self-made business men, and their career reflects credit upon their sterling integrity and honor able mercantile principles. ATLAS BRONZE AND TUYERE CO. Among tne many and varied manufacturing interests in the coun try none have made greater progress than those in brass and bronze. Especially is this the case of those engaged in the manufacture of rolling mill and blast furnace appliances. Conspicuous among the many and standing out prominently in the front rank, we would call attention to the Atlas Bronze and Tuyere Co., Nos. 2829 and 2831 Smallman street, Pittsburgh, Pa., manufacturers of blast-furnace appliances in bronze, rolling mill, engine and car brasses, etc. Although one of the youngest firms m that line they have, by intelligent conception of the required necessities of the trade, succeeded in producing a metal that has in every instance, given entire satisfaction. They stand ready at any time to enter into competition with any other brand on the market. Em ploying none but first-class workmen, and using the best material, they can, a t all times, guarantee enti re satisfaction . This is evidenced by the fact that where quality was desired they have never yet lost a customer The contract has been let, and they will, in a short time, occupy their new building, which will be complete in every detail, comprising foun dry, machine and pattern shop, to be erected on the site of their present temporary one. We would say to those who have had trouble with their castings, give them a call. They will at all times be pleased to fur nish references as to quality and service. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 135 PRENTICE & HACKETT, 1009 Liberty St., Pittsburgh, BUILDERS SUPPLIES, Lawn Vases, Hanging Baskets, Flower Pots, &c. This well known firm commenced business in March, 1877, and soon thereafter was recognized as the leading house in this city in the line of builders' supplies, which position they hold at the present time. The firm is composed of W. J. Prentice, of Allegheny City, and Geo. W. Hackett, of Pittsburgh, both energetic and industrious business men. No firm has had greater success in business than Prentice & Hackett; being men who thoroughly understand the wants of the building trade in every detail, they were not long in securing control of the best grade of goods to be found in the country, and soon succeeded in build ing up a trade of which any firm should be justly proud, as they num ber among their customers most of the first-class builders and contrac tors in the cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny. They enjoy the confi dence of all the leading contractors and dealers in builders' supplies throughout Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and West Virginia, their trade being by no means a local one, as some of the goods bandied by them are shipped to the Eastern and Southern States. Besides being largely interested in the manufacture of cement and sewer pipe, they carry iii stock, at their warehouses, 1009 Liberty avenue and 54 Fountain street, the largest and best selected stock of Keen's fine cement, imported Port land cement, American Portland cement, Bosendale cement, Buffalo cement, Louisville cement, Cumberland cement, Honey Comb lime, Great Western lime, plasterers' hair, French Calcined plaster, Selected 136 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Calcined plaster, " Star " Calcined plaster, Dental plaster, Land plaster. Centre pieces, Brackets, white sand, Kalsomine, drain tile, joist tile, boiler tile, grate tile, fire brick of all kinds, split brick, all styles of orna mental brick, gutter brick, soapstone finish, coloring for mortar, fancy flower pots, fancy flower vases, lawn vases, chimney tops, flue rings, fire clay, roofing paper, blackboard material and liquid blackboard slating to be found in the city. Cements are usually tested scientifically by engineers and archi tects, but there is no test equal to the test of time, and the masonry that withstands the ravages of frost and flood can be referred to with pride as monuments held up to the eye of the critic, that cannot be erased, and Messrs. Prentice & Hackett below refer to some of the many pieces of masonry that have been built with cement furnished by them, and, judging from the past and present indications, will be monuments to their honesty and integrity long after they are laid to rest. The following bridges on Mouongahela river, viz: The Smithfield street bridge, bridges at Homestead and Monongahela City, Pa. Bridges on Youghiogheny river, at McKeesport and Dawson, Pa. Bridges on the Allegheny river, the new pier for Union bridge, the Seventh street bridge, 33d street bridge, Horr's Island bridge, Foxburg bridge; Ohio river bridge, at Beaver, Pa. ; also bridge across Beaver river, the founda tions of the new Riverside Penitentiary, the new Custom House and Postoffice building, this city, and many other county bridges and gov ernment work to which they could refer. In 1887 when strong competi tion brought large quantities of adulterated foreign cement into this market, they, determining to have a genuine Portland cement which they could offer to their customers and sustain their well earned reputation , associated themselves with W. O. Kirkland and Philip Fisher, of Wampum, Pa., and formed a company (for the manufacture of Portland cement, known as the National Cement Co. , Limited,) and secured a prac tical English manufacturer, who had 17 years' experience in the manu facture of Portlarid cement, and who found, on the property owned by this company, a material which is equal to any in Europe, and from which a superior Portland cement is now made, and their large works are taxed to the full capacity to fill orders. They have also, in addition to the cement mills, erected mills for the manufacture of their Black Diamond hydraulic lime, which is rapidly growing in favor with all masons on account of its superior quality and the economy in using it in preference to lump lime. This they also manufacture, in addition to supplyingthe best sandstone for building purposes that is to be found in the Beaver valley. Their mills and quarries, being located on three trunk lines of railroad, gives them the advantage of the lowest freight rates north, south, east and west. The officers of the National Cement Co., Limited, are W. O. Kirkland, President; G. W. Hackett, becretray and Treasurer; Philip Fisher, W. J. Prentice, G. W. Hackett andW, O. Kirkland, Managers. The office of the company is at 1009 Liberty street, Pittsburg. PRENTICE & HACKETT, 1009 Liberty Street, - PITTSBURGH, PA. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 137 Prentice & HacKett, Sewer pipe and Terra Cotta Goods, I k in n ¦ ¦ as I II II 1 CENTRE PIECESIM^BRACKETS. Office, 1009 Liberty St., Pittsburgh, Pa, 138 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ORGANIZED MAY, 1887. CAPITAL, $100,000. SURPLUS, $6,500. bank of McKeesport, 314 ^¦X^-'m ^^.T7-_E__tTT^TE. A. B. Campbell. H. W. Hitzrot. directors: E. F. Woods. A. W. Mellon. W. C. Soles. Jas. o. Murray. S. O. Lowry. R. L. Riggs. JAMES E3VA._STS, Pres. HORACE CROSBY, Vice Pres. E. Or. RANKIN, Cashier. A Oeneral Banking Business Transacted. COLLECTIONS Promptly Attended to. H. B. SINCLAIR, President. W. E. HARRISON, Vice President. JAMES S. KUHN, Cashier- ROB'T J. EDIE, Teller. First National Bank, MCKEESPORT, I»A_. Capital, ^67,000 Surplus, $87,000 DIKKl TORN. J.NO. H . Flagler, H B. Sinclair, James Wilson, J. W. Baliee, E. C. Converse, W. E. Harrison, Jno. F. Neel, H. B. Cochran, James S. Kuhn, R. G. Wood, W. 1\ Wampler, B. Couesin. HOTEL WHITE, S. E. CAROTHERS, PROPRIETOR. 306, 308 & 310 Fifth Avo. McKeesport, pa. The "White" ia located in the business centre, aud with thirty-six well lighted and well furnished rooms is the leading hotel of the 'city. office and sideboard on first floor. Telephone No. 80. TERMS, $a PER DAI" l'irst-elass Livery attached to House. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 139 -FOR- WROUGHT IRON TUBULAR GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, ADDRESS, The Rational fube lllorks Qompany mm m mm1|& ___!§!!!!¦¦ MHNBI WOBK8: Boston, Mass., and McKeesport, Pa. OFFICES jVjVXJ WAREHOUSES: Boston, Mass. New York City, N. Y. Pittsburg, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. St. Louis, Mo. Chicago, 111. Standard Steam Gas and Water Pipe; Lap-welded Boiler Tubes-brands; Mack's Patent Injectors; Natural Gas Line Pipe; Artesian, Salt and Oil Well Tubing and Casing; Drive Pipe; Heavy Flush Joint Tubing; Inserted Joint Casing; Hydraulic Tubes; Lap-welded Tuyere Pipe- Light Flanged Pipe; Pump Columns; Harvester Pipe: Railroad Tubular Goods; Specialties for Gas, Oil, Water and Natural Gas Systems, &c. 140 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. WERNI[E BROS. BUILDERS OF H 1 If 'IJ 'II mm \l;^a^ES^jmaes^" ¦IJi____flfl_____Hnlil i^gJBaillJgii^l tm ___j__i__||__ftjj___ J.,.. , gu|f¦a/ 40? Carriages, Buggies, Wagons and Sleighs WORKS AND OFFICE Fifth flvenue, Sheridan & Jerome Streets, ffjcKeesport. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. 141 -THE- f H0aQO 9 M >> t p i« i ¦ rf*fc L ill fctf'tf iJ,-Sgft«! >fffil ttSI <**6d WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA EXPOSITION— Music Hall. 144 ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. bijsh jfbejpfer, Under the Direction ofR. M, GULICK & CO. Business Manager, ... A. J. SHEDDEN. Inaugurated Sept, 6th, 1886. Seating Capacity, 2,600. The Largest and Handsomest Theatre in the [ity, playing at all times Tlie Finest Line of Attractions to be Found in tne Dramatic Market, Following are the bookings for the current season of 1888-89 : Emma Abbott's Grand Opera Co. "Jim, the Penman." Clara Morris. Lydia Thompson. "The Stowaway." Minnie Palmer. "The Still Alarm." Henry E. Dixey's "Adonis." McCaull's Opera Co. Bartley Campbell's "Siberia." James O'Neill's ".Monte Cristo." "Around the World in 80 Days." "Lights and Shadows." "Fashions." Louis Aldrich's "Kaffir Diamond J. M. Hill's "A Possible Case." "The Pear] of Pekin." E. E. Rice's "Corsair." The American Opera Co. "A Brass Monkey." Bartley Campbell's "White Slave." Frank Daniel's "Little Puck." "Held By the Enemy." Casino No. 1 Co., "Erminie" and "Nadjy." Kate Castleton's "Paper Doll." Kiralfy's "Mathias Sandorf." Margaret Mather. J. K. Emmett. "The Crystal Slipper." Maggie Mitchell. " "Evangeline." Mary Anderson. The Great Spectacular "She." ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ^#, m tug LIMITED, ^v_C&n.vi.:factvi.rers of I RO N BESSEMEB ^.InTID O^rEItT XI.Ei^.I^'m Beams, Channels, Angles, Ties, Bars and Shapes, Structural Iron and Steel, AXLES, LINKS AND PINS, Locomotive and Car Forgings, 48 FIFTH AVENUE, PITTSBURGH, PA. AARON FRENCH, Chairman. J. E. FRENCH, V. Chairman — ¦ GEO.W. MORRIS, Gen. Manager. D. C. NOBLE, Sec. & Treas. P. N. FRENCH, Gen. Supt THE A. FRENCH SPRING CO., Limited. OFFICE, 21st and LIBERTY STREETS, PITTSBURGH, PA Manufactiarera of Best Quality of Crucible Gast Steel Elliptic and Spiral Springs of all Descriptions, Street Gar Springs, STREET CAR BUFFER, FREIGHT BOLSTER, JOURNAL AND EQUALIZING BAR SPRINGS, BRAKE RELEASE, SWITCH, VALVE AND MACHINERY SPRINGS. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Jumbo Coal and Coke Co. Willow Grove Mining Co. POPPING Robbins Block Coal Co. [ V . Li. lYUDDllNO, Midway Block Coal Co. __.,._,_,„,_, . General Manager. Robbins Coal and Coke Co. Pittsburgh and Walnut Hill Coal Co. ^^OIDTTaEIRS O^1 NttsliiqH Steam Goal. Capacity, 5,000 Tons Daily. Mines on Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis and Pittsburgh & Western Railways. General Office, Rooms 508-510 Penn Building, 708 PENN AVENUE, Pittsburgh, Pa. TELEPHONE 1240. .jfflfc ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. J. H. DALZELL. C. C. ARENSBERG. H. E. DUBARRV. fficGuIIougli, Balzell-^ Go. Manufacturers of all kinds of CRUCIBLES, And all Articles Containing Plumbago, PITTSBURGH, PA. H. G. DRAVO, SALES AGENT FOR Brier Hill Iron and Coke Co., Youngstown, 0. Bessemer, Mill and Foundry Pig Iron, special grades. Youngstown Steel Co., Youngstown, 0. Dephosphorized Metal, Phosphorus .005 and up, free of Silicon and Sul phur, for Open Hearth Furnaces. Bellaire Nail Works, Bellaire, 0. Bessemer Steel Blooms, Billets and Slabs. BROKER IN NEW AND OLD RAILS, IRON AND STEEL, Steel Melting Scrap and Cinder, 413 Wood Street, - Pittsburgh, Pa. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. CALVIN WELLS, Pres. and Txeas. JAS. R. VERNER, Secretary. Pitlsli.ll FoigNroii Go. M ANUFAOTUBERS OTT AND MERCHANT IRON, Draw Bars, LINKS AND PINS, FOLLOWER PLATES, Railroad Forgings, Arch Bars, Splice Bars, Track Belts. BBIDG-B BODS, With Plain or Upset Ends, all sizes. Office, Tenth Street, near Penn Avenue, ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ESTABLISHED 1840 FRANKLIN TANNERY. Martin Lappe & Sons, T MANUFACTURERS OF ALSO, Backs and Bellies. TANNERY, No. 296 SPRING GARDEN AVENUE, Pittsburgh, Pa. ) Diamond, Pittsburgh, Branch Houses : \ J Carson Street, S. S. Armstrong, Brother & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF MACHINE GUT CORKS -AND- Compressed Poplar Bungs, Cork Life Preservers, Crantrlated Cork: ^.cTKU Cork: Insoles, POR K m4 A VTNP^ F°r Fillinein Mattresses, being the most durable VvUlVJY OIIriVirMvJO healthiest and cheapest article that can be used. ARMSTRONG, BROTHER & CO. Cor. 24th and Railroad Streets. PITTSB-CEGH, E3.^. c 3O 3 ESTABLISHED 1854. OJ OQ CO > v£r"ri-._sr atteitdbe to. o X ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. THE Alternating Current System. Manufactured and Controlled by the UJestincjhause Electric Go., PITTSBURQH, PA. SIMPLICITY, LONG DISTANCE, LOW COST, HIGH EFFICIENCY ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Jk» >**¦'<-:* tJ'-S-'^Qj* iM| THIS is the top of the gen uine ' ' Pearl Top ' ' Lamp Chimney. •••• PEARL'5 •••• This is the i exact label on i each one of ' the Pearl Top Chimneys. If a lamp chimney is used at all, why not a good one. Even if one costs twice as much it lasts ten times as long, (may be a thousand times as long). We make good chimneys for Stud ent, Rochester and every known lamp or burner, as many as 250 different shapes and sizes, and a vast number of people have found out they are good. This is the reason we make the most lamp chimneys of all manufacturers in the world. Geo. A. Macbeth & Co,, Pittsburgh, Pa. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. WM. ROSS PROCTOR, ROOMS, Nos. 609 & 610 HAMILTON BUILDING, Danziger'S The Money-Saving" Stores for the People. 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 SIXTH STREET, 538, 540, 542 PENN AVENUE. Nine Great Stores in One I Making this the Largest, Handsomest and Most Complete Retail House in Western Pennsylvania. '' Ours the Greatest Millinery and Cloak Centre." MORRIS H. DANZIGER. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. H. E. COLLINS & CO. DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN Iron Ore, Pig Iron, STEEL KAILS, BLOOMS, Billets and Slabs, Wire Rods, Ferro- Manganese, Crop Ends of Steel Rails and Blooms, Old Iron and Steel Rails. LEWIS BLOCK, - PITTSBURGH, PA. -THE- McCoNWAY & ToRLEY Co. MANUFACTURERS OF piaiieal lion Castings, sole mnnuFJicTURERs of the junney coupler For Passenger and Freight Cars. 48th Street and A. V. R. R„ PITTSBURGH, PA. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS A SPECIALTY. ALFRED E. WINDSOR & CO. -MANUFACTURERS OF- juristic Granite FI]oniiments AND STATUARY. UNEXCELLED FACILITIES FOR GETTING OUT LARGE MONUMENTAL WORK. Office, West End Ave., Allegheny City, Pa. EXCELLENCE in MATERIAL and WORKMANSHIP. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. S. J. WAINWRIGHT. JOS. Z. WAINWRIGHT. H. E. WAINWRIGHT. Established 1818. WiNTBRTON BREWERY. Z. WAINWRIGHT & CO. -•LAGER BEERf- Ale and Porter Brewers AND BOTTLERS, Thirty-Sixth St., - - - Pittsburgh. G. W. G. FERRIS, C. E. FRANK C. OSBORN, C. E. ROBERT W. HUNT, M. A.S., C. E. JAS. C. HALLSTED, C. E. O. W. BBRRIS & CO. Civil Engineers, Inspectors of Str-u.ot-u.ral Iron and. Steel, HAMILTON BUILDING, PITTSBURGH, PA. THE ROOKERY, 161 BROADWAY, CHICAGO, ILL. NEW YORK. THE ROBERT W. HUNT & CO. BUREAU 0~~r \n£$QGU\®¥i,We£U& and G©i23isillsafei©R. GENERAL OFFICE, "The Rookery." - - Chicago. Hamilton Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 61 Broadway, New York City. ( F Branch Offices: j ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. TOFLAa.aiBfEET.- TO HARP TOP OF TOWER 186 FT- S. HAMILTON, 91 and 93 Fifth Ave. in i PITTSBURGH, PA. #1 BALCONY. 135 FEE r — iSWylSgpa!!:. Decker Bros., JM^SjSMU^ Knabe & Co., -=--¦ -fflHpBB^M —AND— JSL i|Hi Fischer Pianos, rtJSfc JW'piif — AND THE — H i^ijis Great geteg Cottage Organs. JL t 1 MOHL HAMILTON BUILDING The Highest Grade Instruments, and the only ones which meet tlie requirements of DURABILIIY, and Musicians and Family use. We will take your old instrument, of any make, as"part payment on one of these and arrange con venient terms for the balance. Write for Catalogue, or call on Tfii S. HAMILTON, (Hamilton Building.) BODIES EMBALMED AND KEPT WITHOUT USING ICE. THOMAS P. HERSHBERGER & SON, General Undertakers, 188-190 MAIN STREET, 36th WARD, SOUTH SIDE. Livery Stable. Carriages and Coaches for Weddings, Parties, Concerts, &c. Point Bridge Station, P. & L. E. R. R., Pittsburgh Dealers in Builders' Supplies Rubber Roofing, Sewer Pipe, Fire Clay, Fire Brick, Tile, &c. IURDWOOD INTERIOR© A. SPECIALTY. G. A. COCHRANE, Carieoter, Buiiner an.il General Contractor, 246 & 248 Washington Avenue, Pittsburgh. RESIDENCE, 240 WASHINGTON AVENUE. Special attention to Interior Hardwood Finish, and the Erection of First-Class Buildings of every description. Estimates of work furnished on application. MANUFACTURE Forsaith's Patent Sheet Iron Brazed Mill, Fur nace, Foundry and Railroad Torch Lamps, With Forsaith's Patent Adjustable Wick Tube and Wicks. 0 s Ql ¦* r co 3 Ui 3 » HI H, c *_ S O H o - Q H PI 3 ° I > o n M » z N < a 5 op. O fdF c __ » - H pa c Q c ¦-iCDUior cr*ii— !• Qr-t-o c/i ¦ 0 HWQ0 An examination will prove that or strength, durabil ity, convenience, comfort, style and price, it is the Best Bed in the market. 'UIUIJ3A joj joqJEq ou 3AB3T. oj s-e paiotuisuoo os si i\ 'pa'pioj uaqAv 31 s[pireij uvo p] 1 HO 13 -sq( iz A^uoSmaq paq pazis \\uj ejo iqStaM sqx ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. METGALF, PAUL & GO., Manufacturers of Railroad Track Tools, THE CELEBRATED pATEMT VEpA NUT L0(% -AND- Standard Solid Steel Picks, Cor. Liberty Street and Seventh Avenue, PITTSBURQH:, F"A. Branch House, Nos. 64 & 66 South Clinton Street, OKIC-A-Oi-O. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. E. C. CONVERSE, Chairman. HORACE CROSBY, Treas. and Gen'l Manager. iron works, LIMITED Works, Foot of 25tri St., SOUTH SIDE, PITTSBURGH, MANUFACTURERS OF Pipe and Boiler Tube |ron, BLACK AND GALVANIZED, Sheet Iron and Steel CORRUGATED IRON ROOFING. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Excelsior llaning Ml and lox laGtorg. F. J. KRESS, Manufacturer and Dealer in Flooring, Siding, ««LUMBER^ Scroll and Re-Sawing to Order. BOXES A SPECIALTY. Cor. of Craig and Killbuck Sts., Teleplxoxx. ^-336. MLlIlES 1 ERY, M. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. ALEX. PATTERSON, Wholesale and Retail Lumber Dealer, Pine, Hemlock, Poplar and Oak Lumber, Lath and Shingles, in Car Load Lots. ESTIMATES GIVEN ON BUILDING AND BRIDGE LUMBER. OFFICE, COR. FRANKLIN AND PREBLE AVE. \ YARDS, FAYETTE and MANHATTAN STS., \ Allegheny, Pa. AND FRANKLIN AND PREBLE AVE., J MANCHESTER SAW MILL CO. AND D- L- PATTERSON, Manufacturers of and Dealers in all kinds of lumber, laling, lath, lliingles, 1c. NO. 74 BEAVER AVENUE, .A-llogheny City, IPa. A. H. CHILDS, Coz3Q-Z2CLlssi©rL ^CerclisirLt FOR THE SALE OF Pig Iron, Blooms, Ore, &c. OFFICE, 83 FOURTH AVENUE, Cash Advanced on Consignments, ^ITTSBUI^GH, I?A. BOOTH Sc FLINN, General Contractors, E.IiPO!SBUr$GH, I_?A., ALLEGHENY OOUNTY OENTENNIAL. JOHN LOGAN, HOUSE, SIGN, DECORATIVE AND ORNAMENTAL oo draining and Glazing, and Dealer in Painters' Supplies. MIXED PAINTS A SPECIALTY. 243 Beaver Avenue, ALLEGHENY, PA. RESIDENCE, 119 MARKET STREET. J. P. & R. H. KNOX, Stone Contractors, AND DEALERS IN COAL, LIME and PLASTERING HAIR, Cor. Preble Avenue and Juniata Street, Telephone Connection. ALJOEGHENY, FA.. Frank Ardary, Jr. Rob't W. Ardary. ARDARY BROTHERS, Veterinary Surgeons, Graduates of Ontario Veterinary College, Office and Infirmary, Liberty and 31st Sts., TELEPHONE CONNECTION; RESIDENCE, 5119. OFFICE. 1151-3. * fol ffsJaupqr), ra. WORKS: 24 Juniata St., Allegheny. BRANCH WORKS: Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania. K. B. RENOUF, MANUFACTURER OF Bromine and Chloride of Calcium, flLIiBSHBNY &WY, _?A. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. Seventh ^yenue F^otel, PITTSBURGH, PA.. _^LT,1ir__]__^ This Hotel has all modern improvements, centrally located, and accessible to all business communications Spates, B2.50 and $3.50 Per Day. fiZIsiS J. UNGfift, Proprietor. S. F. COLE. W. H. TEETS. A. M. CARRON. Allegheny Express Co. Office, Ft. Wayne Baggage Room - ALLEGHENY, PA. Coupes and Carriages. Baggage Called for and Delivered to and from Depots, Hotels and all parts of the two Cities. Moving Promptly Attended to. Telephone 3027. P. O. Box 87, Allegheny, Pa. ©. STUTZ, MINING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEER, Office, 516 Market Street, Rooms 22 and 23, PITTSBURGH, PA. P. O. BOX 112. The Erection of Patent Coal and Ore Crushers and Wash ing Machinery, a Specialty. "Through Sterling Merit, We Achieve Success." LXJTZ BROS. Manufacturers of aU Varieties of FANCY PICKLED GOODS, ^ Home-Made P* roDiili Fhz3&*,- AND 68, 70, 72 and 74 Main St., Cor. Cherry, TABLE Delicacies Allegheny, Pa. AJAX.— IMPROVED APRIL, 1887. Tko Picture show: ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. CHESTER B. ALBREE, [(*__!.<*.;.?_'. fNoB. 18, 20, 22 and 24 Market Street, ALLEGHENY, PA.. 8p^ameHfeaI Ipqr W@f^. Railings, Builders' Iron Work, Etc. FORGINGS AND HEAVY BLACKSMITH WORK. Telephone Connection. Write for Designs and Prices. FEED'K G-WINNEE, Railroad and general Contractor. ©TREET PAVING, BRIDGE MASONBY, RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION, NATURAL GAS AND OTHER PIPE LINES. 182 Market Street, ALLEGHENY CITY, PA. W. F. TRIMBLE, General Gontractor^ Builder, OFFICE, 25 GREENWOOD ST., pLLBGHBNYj ls>A. W. S. PENDLEBERRY. J. T. MARKLAND. T. F. PENDLEBERRY. W. S. Pendleberry, Son & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF Boilers, Chimneys and Breeching, REPAIRING PROMPTLY DONE. Office and Works, Mulberry Street, Opp. Coffin Works and Dry Docks. ALLEGHENY CITY PA. Telephone 3889. ALLEGHENY COUNTY CENTENNIAL. M. OPPENHEIMER^CO. Wholesale * ilotliing * Manufacturers, Importers and Jobbers of WOOLENS AjJl) TAILORS' TRIMMINGS, 713 Liberty St. and 712 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Rubber Clothing and Rubber Tissue. Agents for the Bituminous Overalls and Jackets, the best made. Mitchell & West Fashion Plates. GANGWISCH BREWING COMPANY. JOHN L STAUB, ALES ESTABLISHED 1844. Visitors are CordMHjr. In vited to onr Mores. 3 9002 00866 1929 p* -a