'I give theft JSooAsi , for the foiiniiing of a College in, tftifiColoiiyii, Gift of THE PRESBYTEEIAN FUND DR. DANIEL WILLIAMS'S TRUST: BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OE THE TRUSTEES, SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR ACADEMIES, SCHOLARSHIPS. AND SCHOOLS. WALTER D. JEREMY, M.A., Esq,, BARBISTEB- AT-LA W, The Treasurer of the Presbyterian Fund, WILLIAMS AND NORGATE, 14, HENEIETTA STEBET, COVENT GABDEN, LONDON; and 20, SOUTH FEEBEEIGK 3TKEMT, EDIBTJBUBGTl. 18*5. tv -t^33 ~Z- PREFACE. The Presbyterian Fund and Dr. Williams's Trust, as seen in the light in which they are presented in the following pages, first attracted my attention by the account I heard of the unsectarian, impartial, and quasi-judicial manner in which they had always been administered; and when Dr. Williams's Trustees of 1856 did me the honour of electing me, then a student for the Bar, one of their body — a distinction which I owed to my expected services on the Glasgow College and Estate Committees — I soon learnt, from a careful perusal of the Minutes of the Trust from their com mencement, and by personal observation at the Board, how well founded were the golden opinions generally entertained of the Trustees. My recollection of the admirable qualities of such men as Eichard Martineau, Philip Le Breton, James Yates, John Taylor, David Davison, Thomas Pickard Warren (not to mention the living), will be to me a life-long pleasure. Whilst engaged, some years after, in making a digest of the legal proceedings of the Trust, I collected from the Minutes the scattered, and as it were buried, names of the earlier Trustees, with the dates of their appoint- a 2 iv PREFACE. ment, and such scanty particulars as the records dis closed, and then arranged them in chronological order. In undertaking the more recent work of writing the biographical sketches contained in the following pages, my first impulse was a desire to do honour to the memory of many excellent and distinguished men ; but I hope I have also contributed some materials for a history of the above-named Institutions and of the Denomination which has produced and preserved them. I collected the materials gradually during a period exceeding twenty years, giving my hobby such rem nants of time as could be spared after satisfying the demands of an exacting Profession. In transcribing the innumerable dates connected with 350 biographies and many topics, some errors in the figures may have crept in, but I trust they are very few. I desire, in conclusion, to express my obligations to numerous correspondents — some of whom have since passed away — for the readiness and courtesy with which they supplied me with particulars respecting Trustees now living or recently deceased. WALTER D. JEPEMY. 10, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, November, 1885. INTRODUCTION. The case of Attorney-General v. Baxter (1 Vern. 248) illustrates in a striking manner the legal position of Nonconformists prior to the Eevolution of 1688. A beneficed clergyman of the Church of England had by his will bequeathed £600 to the celebrated Eichard Baxter, to be distributed by him amongst sixty of the Ejected Ministers, " not for the sake of their noncon formity, but because " (said the testator) " I know many of them to be pious and good men and in great want." But the bequest being for the benefit of persons dissenting from the Established Church, its legality was disputed, and in 1684 Lord Keeper North adjudged the Charity to be void, and directed the money to be applied cy pres to the building of Chelsea Hospital. Upon the passing of the Statute 1 William and Mary, c. 18, commonly called the Act of Toleration, trusts in favour of Nonconformity came under the protection of the law. The immediate fruit of that enactment was the formation of the Presbyterian Fund, which was founded in 1689. It was soon followed by the noble Trust founded by the will, dated 1711, of vi INTRODUCTION. the friend and associate of Baxter, the benevolent and large-hearted Dr. Daniel Williams, whose Scholarships, Schools, and Library are so well known. The object of this work is to give some brief account of these two institutions, of the educational work they have done, and of the churches and individuals to whom belong the honour of having originated and preserved them to this day. The Denomination out of which they sprung is a free religious community — free in the sense of having no fixed creed, but held together by sympathies and agreements which refuse to be defined or numbered — a community which is now in some respects so unlike its former self in the reigns of William and Mary and Queen Ann that its identity might well be doubted, but for such unbroken successions as are exhibited by the Managers of the Presbyterian Fund and the roll of Dr. Williams's Trustees, now extending over a period approaching two centuries. The English Presbyterians have always been proud to trace their descent from the memorable confessors of 1662— the Two Thousand Ministers of the Church of England who refused to comply with the Act of Uniformity, and were therefore in that year ejected from their benefices, and for the next quarter of a century suffered cruel persecutions for conscience sake. As regards theological tenets they were at first un- distinguishable from the Independents ; but for some INTRODUCTION. vii reasons which need not here be inquired into, modera tion became a cardinal virtue with them, and having begun to lean that way they did so more and more. " Sound judgment and sober principles" were by-and- by openly preferred to wild enthusiasm, and rational concurrence to blind belief. By degrees these charac teristics became more pronounced and conspicuous. They disdained that maxim, sic sentio, sic sentiam, which theologians alone are not ashamed of, and con sistently refused to bind themselves by articles of faith, or to bind their children and successors by inserting creeds in the trust deeds of their meeting-houses. They were suspected of heretical tendencies at an early date. In 1G93 Dr. Daniel Williams (though he con sidered himself thoroughly orthodox) was fiercely ac cused of favouring Socinianism, and time soon showed that the principles of his party logically involved the opinions with which they were charged. In regard to Church polity they were not originally averse to the Establishment as such, but would have it governed by Presbyteries and Synods, instead of by an Episcopal hierarchy. From this theoretical preference in regard to the Church which they quitted, they derived their name. Their own societies never became thoroughly Presbyterian, but the name stuck to them. They had in truth no legal existence until the Act of Toleration placed them within the protection of the law. They were then practically Independents or Congregationalists, but having sprung from a different viii INTRODUCTION. root they collectively formed a separate and distinct organization. Unlike the exotic plant brought to London from Scotland at an early date, and which is rightly called Presbyterian, the two organizations here referred to were indigenous to English soil. At the commencement of the eighteenth century each of them was a noble growth, and the one was so like the other that the former would scarcely have been distinguish able from the latter but for a certain odour of heresy which hung1 about it. •"¦to Ipsa ingens arbos, faciemque siraillima lauro, Et, si non alium late jactaret odorem, Laurus erat. Virg. G. II. 131. The odour of the Presbyterian tree was nothing more than the scent or fragrance of fresh leaves which were always budding on its younger branches as on a perennial plant. The sprouting of new and still newer thoughts from time to time thus became the very differentia — the distinguishing characteristic — of this species or variety of English Nonconformity.* The English Presbyterians might properly have been called Free Independents. In the exercise of * In the eighteenth century wind-guards fixed on chimney-pots were called Presbyterians, in derisive allusion to the want of fixedness in the theological opinions of the Denomination of that name, who were charged with turning with every wind of doctrine. The comparison, however, was faulty. The English Presbyterians did not turn backwards and forwards on a pivot, or like a ship at auchor. Their motion was progressive in a tolerably straight line. INTRODUCTION. ix their freedom they have gradually passed through several phases of faith, exchanging Calvinism for Arminianism, and Arminianism for Arianism ; passing from the last-named doctrine to Humanitarianism and thence to modern Unitarianism, first of one type then of another. The development of doctrine, observable in the metropolis, may be taken as a sure index of what happened throughout the Denomination in England and Wales. The Presbyterian Fund, as already stated, originated in 1689. It was the joint enterprise of the leading Presbyterian and Independent Congregations of that day.* It consisted of (1) Congregational collections, and (2) Individual subscriptions, amounting in the whole to about £2,000 per annum, which was dispensed as it arose. The Board of Managers consisted of (1) Elected representatives of the contributory congrega tions (always including their ministers), and (2) Indi vidual contributories who subscribed not less than a specified sum per annum. In 1693 the Independents seceded and soon after formed a Fund of their own, which has had a continu ous existence down to the present time under the name of the Independent or Congregational Fund. From * The original projectors of the Fund were Dr. William Bates, Dr. Samuel Annesley, John Howe, Vincent AIsop, Daniel "Williams, Richard Mayo, Richard Stretton (all Presbyterian Ministers), Matthew Meade, George Griffith, Nathaniel Mather, George Cokaine, Matthew Barker, John Faldo, and Dr. Isaac Chauncey (Independent Ministers). x INTRODUCTION. the date of the secession the original institution has, in like manner, had an unbroken existence under the name of the Presbyterian Fund, the contributories being thenceforth the original Presbyterian Congrega tions and friends. The Presbyterian Societies were at that period more numerous and wealthy than the In dependents, and their Fund did not suffer much by the secession of the latter. It has been administered since 1727 at Dr. Williams's Library, and the managers are known by the time-honoured name of The Presby terian Board. The names of all the clerical members since 1725 will be found below, and also those of the lay members since 1835 or thereabouts. One of the principal objects of the Presbyterian Fund was to educate students preparing for the Christian ministry. ¦ The work was begun at once (i.e. in 1689) and has been carried on uninterruptedly down to the present time. The important services rendered by the Board in that respect are worthy of being brought to light, and are of great value as illus trating the history and development of the Denomi nation. All the colleges, academies, and tutors favoured by the Board are set forth in the following pages in chronological order, with such brief particulars as were thought might be useful or interesting. The Board has assisted in educating about 650 students. Amongst the most eminent of those of the INTRODUCTION. xi first half century (1690-1740) may be named Dr. Edmund Calamy, Josiah Hort (who afterwards con formed and became Archbishop of Tuam), Dr. Jabez Earle, Dr. Charles Owen of Warrington, and his scarcely less distinguished brother James Owen of Shrewsbury, Jenkin Jones, the founder of the Arian and Unitarian Congregations of Cardiganshire, John Toland, Stephen James (afterwards of Taunton), Dr. George Benson, Dr. Doddridge, Dr. Hodge, and Mark Akenside the poet (who afterwards declined the ministry). Most of the earlier students became Arian or Unitarian teachers. The Trust founded by Dr. Daniel Williams had for its principal objects the education of students for the Christian ministry, the assistance of preachers of the Word, the relief of ministers' widows, the distribution of books, the instruction of children, and the mainten ance of a public library. The carrying out of these excellent objects he entrusted to a body of twenty- three trustees, including nearly all the leading Presby terian Ministers of London at the time. He died January 26, 1716, and from that da}r to this there has been an unbroken succession of able and faithful trus tees, selected chiefly from the most eminent of the clergy and the best of the laity of the Denomination. Although they cannot be said to have been the flower of the English Presbyterians, there never having been more than twenty-three at one time, they may justly be regarded as culled from the flower ; and inasmuch as xii INTRODUCTION. the usefulness of the Charity depends upon the wisdom and faithfulness of its administrators no less than upon the benevolent intentions of the Founder, they are equally entitled to be remembered by posterity as co workers in an Institution which has been productive of so much good, and which is so honourably connected with the history of English Nonconformity. ERRATA. Page 2, line 8 : for " Bendigo " read " Bengo." 9, „ 28: after " 1850- ' add "74." 10, „ 1 : after " 1856- " add " 72." 10, ,, 11 : after "1864-" add "77." 10, „ 16 : after "1867- "add "78." 28, ,, 23 : for " Benion " read " Benoni." 43, ,, 28 : for "Warrington " read "Kibwortb." 48, ,, 17 : for " Library " read " Literary." 61, „ 10 : for " 1766-70 " read " 1766-69." Pages 61, 62, 63 : The anecdotes under the heading John Sbddon of Warring ton (1716-69) should have been under his namesake and contemporary John Seddon of Manchester (1725-70), who was the colleague and son-in-law of the Rev. Joseph Mottershead, and the author of the Sermons alluded to. Page 132, last line : after " mystery" add "draws." ,, 205, line 11 : for " 1793 " read " 1863." ,, 229, „ 3 : for " 1885 " read " 1855." ,, 237, ,, 1 : for "Union " read " Mission." THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. The following are all the Congregatiotis which contributed to the Preshjterian Fund in 1725, or have contributed since, and all the Clerical Members of the Board from that elate to the present time. The dates after the names of the Congregations show the periods during which they continued to make annual collections for the Fund. The dates after the Ministers' names indicate the years during which they were Members of the Board. Those Ministers whose names are marked with a star*(*) wore or .are also Trustees of Dr. Williams's Will. I. Peinces Steeet, Westminster. 1690-1815. * Rev. Edmund Calamy, D.D. . . 1703-32 Samuel Say . . . . 1734-43 Obadiah Hughes, D.D. . . 1728-51 Andrew Kippis, D.D. . . 1753-95 Thomas Jervis . . . 1796-1808 Pendlebury Houghton . . 1809-11 William Good . . . 1812-15 This congregation removed to Stamford Street, No. XVII. II. Crosby Square. 1690-1766. * Rev. Benjamin Grosvenor, D.D. . 1704-49 * „ John Hodge, D.D. . . . 1749-62 „ [Richard Jones] . . . 1763-69 The Lease of the Meeting-House expired in 1769, whereupon the Society was dissolved. 3 * * THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. III. Saltees' Hall. 1690-1825. * * ** Rev. William Tong John Newman John Barker . Francis Spilsbury * ,, Hugh Worthington ,, Robert Jacomb „ W. Bendigo Collyer, D.D. Dr. Collyer joined the Independents. 1703-27 1711-411741-601742-821782-1813 1787-901814-25 IV. Poor Jewry Lane. * Rev. William Harris, D.D. * ,, George Benson, D.D. * ,, Ebenezer Radcliffe . 1690-1776. . 1704-40 . 1740-62 . 1763-76 It is stated by Walter Wilson (Diss. Churches, I. 126) that this Society was dissolved in 1774 ; but it certainly subscribed to the Presbyterian Fund in 1775 and 1776. V. Hand Alley Congregation removed, in 1728, to New Broad Street. 1690-1772. * Rev. John Evans, D.D. . . . 1708-30 * ,, James Read .... 1730-55 * „ John Allen, M.D. . . . 1730-58 * „ John Palmer .... 1759-72 The lease having expired, the congregation was dissolved in 1780. 1690-1736. . 1717-38 VI. Bartholomew Close. * Rev. John Munckley Upon the death of Mr. Munckley in 1738, the congregation ceased to contribute to the Fund. His successor, Dr. Caleb Fleming, was an Independent. The congregation became extinct in 1753. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 3 VII. Silver Street. 1690-1748. * Rev. Daniel Mayo, M.A. . . . 1723-33 ,, Thomas Bures . . . 1724-47 * „ William Langford, D.D. . . 1734-42 The Presbyterian congregation assembling in this chapel was very small at the death of Mr. Bures in 1747. On the hap pening of that event an Independent congregation, of which the Rev. Roger Pickering, M.A., was the minister, migrated to the chapel, whereupon the contributions to the Presbyterian Fund ceased. VIII. Little St. Helens. 1690-1763. * Rev. Benjamin Robinson . . . 1701-24 * „ Edward Godwin . . . 1724-64 Mr. Godwin's successor became a Sandemanian, and the two next ministers were unsuited to the congregation, which conse quently dwindled away and died out in 1790. IX. Mare Street, Hackney. 1690-1764. * Rev. John Barker .... 1717-38 „ Philip Gibbs 1729-37 * „ William Hunt . . . 1738-64 X. Leather Lane Congregation, 1690-1811. * Rev. John Bayes .... 1712-46 * „ Michael Pope. . . . 1746-88 * „ Edmund Butcher . . . 1789-97 „ William Hughes . . . 1798-1802 Mr. Hughes was the last stated minister of the congregation. After his retirement the pulpit was supplied by Dr. Nathaniel Philips, of Hanover Street (No. XV.), Mr. Barrett, of Carter b 2 4 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Lane (No. XVIII.), and others ; but annual contributions to the Fund were continued by the Society until its dissolution, about the year 1811. XI. Old Jewry and Jewin Street. Rev. Simon Brown Thomas Leavesley . Saml. Chandler, D.D. Thomas Amory, D.D. Nathaniel White Abraham Rees, D.D. David Davison, M.A. 1690-1839. 1716-251726-371730-67 1768-74 1768-83 1784-1825 1822-59 This congregation became extinct in 1889. Since Mr. Davison's death it has been represented at the Board by — * Rev. Thomas Sadler, Ph.D. . . 1859-72 * „ Thos. L. Marshall . . . 1873- XII. Gravel Lane and Great Alie Street Congrega tion. 1694-1807. Rev. Joseph Denham . . . 1722-57 * „ William Prior, D.D. . . 1756-77 * ,, Thomas Morgan, LL.D. . . 1777-1807 Dr. Morgan appears to have been the last minister of this congregation. XIII. Weigh House. 1701 26, 1742-83. * Rev. Thos. Reynolds . . . 1697-1727 ***** * „ Wm. Langford, D.D. . . 1742-75 „ Saml. Wilton . . . 1776-78 „ John Clayton . . . 1779-83 During the years 1727-41 this congregation brought nothing THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 5 to the Presbyterian Fund, and their contribution (which was ^100 a year) again ceased in 1783. Since that date the Society has ranked amongst the Independents. XIV. Salters' Hall Lectures. * Rev. Thos. Reynolds * „ John Evans, D.D. . * „ Saml. Wright, D.D. 1695-1775. . 1697-1727 . 1708-30 . 1708-46 XV. Hanover Street Congregation, Long Acre 1701-1823. * Rev. Jabez Earle, D.D. . Rice Harris Robert Winter Nathaniel Philips, D.D. John Lane J. P. Malleson, B.A. 1706-68 1769-95 1790-1803 1803-7 1809-191819-22 The Hanover Street congregation became extinct about this time. XVI. St. Thomas's, Southwark. 1708-1821. Rev. John Sheffield . . . 1708-26 * ?J Henry Read . . 1723-78 # » Abraham Rees, D.D. . 1769-83 * 1) Thomas Jervis . 1783-96 * JJ James Tayler . 1796-1801 * JJ John Coates . . 1803-13 * 1) Thos. Rees, LL.D. . . 1813-22 This congregation, amalgamating with that of Princes Street, Westminster, removed to Stamford Street in 1823. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. XVII. Stamford Steeet Congregation. * Rev. Thomas Rees, LL.D. . . 1823-52 ,, J. T. Cooper . . 1854-56 „ Hugh Hutton, M.A. . 1857-58 „ T. L. Marshall . 1858-73 ,, Robert Spears . 1873- XVIII. Blackfeiars Congregation removed in 1733 to Carter Lane, and thence in 1860 to Unity Church, Islington. * Rev Samuel Wright, D.D. . 1708-46 * J> Thomas Newman . 1746-58 * >> Edward Pickard . 1759-78 * JJ Thomas Tayler . 1778-1831 * >> Joseph Barrett . 1806-23 )) John Hoppus . 1824-25 * >> John Scott Porter . . 1826-31 # >> James Yates, M.A., F.R.S. . 1833-37 J J Joseph Hutton, LL.D . 1837-51 >> Henry Solly . . 1852-58 * 1! Henry Ierson, M.A. . 1859- XIX . Gravel Pit, Hackney. V ri8, 1821-84. * Rev. George Smith . 1718 * * * 5 i * * >> Robert Aspland . 1821-46 * >> John Boucher . . 1846-52 * > > Thos. L. Marshall . . 1853-57 * >! Robert Brook Aspland . 1858-69 * >> Jas. T. Whitehead „ . 1870- XX. Great St. Thomas Apostle Congregation. 1722-41. Rev. Benjamin A. Atkinson . . 1722-41 Upon the retirement of Mr. Atkinson in 1741, the congre- THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 7 gation became extinct. The Meeting-house was thereupon taken by a society of Scotch Presbyterians, but they were wholly dis tinct from the English Presbyterians and had no connection with the Fund. XXI. Monkwell Street Congregation. 1734-1825. * Rev. Samuel Lawrence, D.D. . . 1734-60 „ James Fordyce, D.D. . . 1760-82 * „ James Lindsay, D.D. . . 1784-1821 „ Stephen W. Browne . . 1821-25 This congregation was founded in 1662 by the Rev. Thomas Doolittle, then lately incumbent of St. Alphage, London Wall. The chapel in Monkwell Street (sometimes called Mugwell Street) was erected in 1666, and was probably the first Non conformist Meeting-house in London. Adjoining it was Mr. Doolittle' s dwelling house, which communicated with the chapel, and thus facilitated his escape when interrupted by soldiers, as he often was, and preserved him from being taken to prison. Upon the Indulgence granted to Nonconformists in 1672, Mr. Doolittle took out a license, which was issued under the king's sign manual, and which is preserved as a curiosity at Dr. Williams's Library. It is as follows : — " Oaeoltjs R. [in the King's own hand]. " Charles, by the grace of Cod, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. To all Mayors, bailiffs, constables, and other officers and ministers, civill and military, whom it may concern, greeting. In pursuance of our declaration of the 11th of March, 1674", w(*e allowed and wee do hereby allow of a certaine room adjoining to the dwelling house of Thomas Doelittle, in Mugwell Street, to bee a place for the use of such as do not con- forme to the Church of England who are in the persuasion commonly called Presbyterians to meet and assemble in order to their public worship and devotion, and all and singular our officers and ministers, ecclesiasticall, civil, and military, whom it may concern are to make due notice hereof, and they and every of them are hereby strictly '8 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. charged and required to hinder any tumult or disturbance and to protect them in their said meeting and assembly. " Given at our Court at Whitehall the 2nd day of April, in the 24th year of our reign, 1672. " By his Majesty's command. " Arlington." Walter Wilson, in his " History and Antiquities of Dissent ing Churches," writing in 1814, says of the Monkwell Street Society: " Though the constitution of the church is strictly independent, it nevertheless ranks with those of the Presbyte rian denomination." The same observation might be made with equal truth of each of the other congregations above named. The Monkwell Street congregation became extinct about the year 1825. XXII. Peckham Congregation. 1751-56. Rev. John Milner, D.D. . . . 1751-56 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. The Lay Members of the Presbyterian Board since 1835, with the Congregations returning them. A star (*) prefixed to a name indicates that the member is, or was, also a Trustee of Dr. Williams's Will. * James Esdaile, Esq. (1812-64), Old Jewry, No. XI. * David Martineau, Esq. (1818-40), Ditto. * Edward Busk, Esq. (1828-38), Gravel Pit, No. XIX. Stephen Taylee, Esq, (1831-51), Stamford Street, No. XVII. * Thomas Pickaed Waeren, Esq. (1832-67), Carter Lane, No. XVIII. William Venning, Esq. (1832-35), Jewin Street, No. XI. Alexander Plimpton, Esq. (1832-72), Stamford Street, No. XVII. John Blackett, Esq. (1832-37), Carter Lane, No. XVIII. J. E. Netterville, Esq. (1832-59), Gravel Pit, No. XIX. Isaac Solly Lister, Esq. (1835-37), Jewin Street, No. XI. Joseph Chamberlain, Esq. (1837-65), the father of the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P. Carter Lane, No. XVIII. Daniel Lister, Esq. (1837-50), Jewin Street, No. XI. James Young, Esq. (1838-46), Gravel Pit, No. XIX. * Benjamin Wood, Esq., M.P. (1841-45), uncle of the late Lord Chancellor Hatherley. Jewin Street, No. XI. * Richard Martineau, Esq. (1843-65), Carter Lane, No. XVIII. * Ebenezer Johnston, Esq. (1845-50), Jewin Street, No. XI. Robert Wright, Esq. (1846-55), Gravel Pit, No. XIX. * Walter Charles Venning, Esq. (1 850- ) William Lawrence, Esq. (1850-55), Alderman ; Sheriff of London and Middlesex in 1848-9. Robert Wager Tayler, Esq. (1851-57), Stamford Street, No. XVII. io THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Thomas Field Gibson, Esq. (1856- ), one of the Commis sioners of the International Exhibition of 1851. * Sir James Clarke Lawrence, Bart., M.P. (1856- ), in the place of his father, the late Mr. Alderman Lawrence, above-named. * Stephen S. Tayler, Esq. (1857- ), Stamford Street, No. XVII. John C. Clennell, Esq. (1859-64), Gravel Pit, No. XIX. * Walter D. Jeremy, Esq., M.A. (1864- ), in the place of James Esdaile, Esq. Vincent Collier, Esq. (1864- ), Gravel Pit, No. XIX. Joseph Thomas Preston, Esq. (1866- ), Treasurer of Unity Church, Carter Lane, No. XVIII. * John Warren, Esq , LL.B. (1866- ), Carter Lane, No. XVIII. Edward John Nettlefold (1867- ), Carter Lane, No. XVIII. Thomas Smith, Esq. (1873- ), Gravel Pit, No. XIX. Nathanael M. Tayler, Esq. (1875- ), Treasurer of Stam ford Street, No. XVII. Isaac Solly Lister, Esq. (1875- ). Frederick Collier, Esq. (1878-84), Gravel Pit, No. XIX. * Frederick Nettlefold, Esq. (1878- ), Carter Lane, No. XVIII. * Lindsey M. Aspland, Esq., LL.D. (1885- ), Gravel Pit, No. XIX. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. * * # * * * * The Treasurers since 1730. Antonio Walbuegh, Esq. . . 1728-48 William Mount, Esq. . . 1748-49 Thomas West, Esq. . . 1749-55 Jaspee Mauduit, Esq. . . 1756-58 Thomas Holmes, Esq. . . 1758-71 ? Richaed Cooke, Esq. . . 1771-84 John Warren, Esq. . . 1784-1802 John Wansey, Esq. . . 1802-3 Moses Laporte Merac, Esq. . 1804-7 James Esdaile, Esq. . . 1807-12 James Esdaile, Esq. Junr. . 1812-64 Thomas Field Gibson, Esq. . 1864-67 John Warren, LL.B., Esq. . 1867-79 Walter D. Jeremy, M.A., Esq. 1879- Secretaries since 1730. Rev. John Munkley . . . 17 -38 Obadiah Hughes, D.D. . 1738-50 Edward Godwin . . 1750-64 ? Edward Pickard . . 1764 ?-78 Abraham Rees, D.D. . . 1778-1825 Thomas Rees, LL.D. . . 1825-53 David Davison, M.A. . . 1853-57 Thos. L. Marshall . . 1857- 12 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Summary of the Colleges and Academies at which, and the Tutors with whom, Students on, the foundation of the Presbyterian Fund have been educated, with Bates and the Number of such Students so far as can be ascertained. 1 Foreign and Scotch Universities 2 The Presbyterian Academy, South Wales 3 Rev. Samuel Jones, M.A., Brynllywarch 4 ,, Thomas Brand, Middlesex 5 „ John Ker, M.D., Middlesex . 6 ,, Richard Frankland, M.A. , Yorkshire 7 ,, Timothy Jollie, Yorkshire 8 ,, John Woodhouse, Shropshire 9 ,, James Owen, Shropshire 10 ,, James Forbes, M.A., Gloucester 11 ,, John Langstone, Ipswich 12 ,, John Flavel, B.A., Dartmouth 13 ,, Thomas Goodwin, Middlesex . 14 ,, Thomas Rowe, Middlesex 15 ,, Vincent Alsop, M.A., London 16 ,, John Tomlins, Junr., Hampshire . 17 „ George Long, M.D. 18 ,, John Southwell, Newbury 19 ,, William Hunt, Cambridgeshire 20 ,, Thomas Doolittle, M.A., Islington . 21 „ John Short, London . 22 ,, Stephen Lobb, London 23 Taunton Academy .... 24 Rev. Matthew Warren, Taunton . 25 ,, Thomas Risley, M.A. . 1690-1754 59 1690-1885 650 ? 1690-97 12 1690-91 13 1690-1708 22 1690-96 36 1690-96 8 1690-1702 25 1690-1706 14 1690-93 4 1690-93 2 1690-91 2 1690-93 2 1690-93 16 1690-92 2 1690 1 1690-91 1 1691-95 8 1691-93 1 1691 1 1692-96 8 1692 1 1693-1759 16 1693-1704 7 1693-96 1 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 26 Rev. James Waters, Uxbridge 27 „ William Tong, Coventry and London 28 „ Roger Griffith, South Wales 29 „ Benjamin Robinson, Hungerford . 30 „ Joshua Oldfield, D.D., London 31 „ Samuel Benion, M.D., Shrewsbury . 32 „ John Chorlton, Lancashire . 33 ,, James Coningham,M.A., Manchester 34 „ Matthew Smith, M.A., Yorkshire . 35 ,, John Moore, Bridgewater 36 ,, Jacob Ball, Kingsclear, Newbury 37 ,, William Evans, Carmarthen 38 „ William Cooke, Suffolk 39 ,, Samuel Jones, Tewkesbury 40 „ John Wadsworth, Attercliffe, Yorks 41 ,, John Jennings, Kibworth 42 ,, Stephen James, Taunton 43 ,, Henry Grove, Taunton 44 ,, Isaac Hawkins, Wakefield 45 ,, Thomas Hill, Findern . 46 „ Thomas Dixon, Whitehaven 47 ,, John Eames, F.R.S., London 48 ,, Samuel Clark, St. Albans 49 ,, Thomas Perrott, Carmarthen 50 ,, Jeremiah Jones, Nailsworth, Glou cester ..... John Moore, Junr., Bridgewater Ebenezer Latham, M.D., Findern . Moore, Abingdon, Berks . Horsley, Morpeth . Vavasour Griffiths, South Wales Caleb Rotheram, D.D., Kendal Philip Doddridge,D.D., Northampton Evan Davies, South Wales . Samuel Thomas, Carmarthen 1693- 1696- 1697- 1697-1700- 1700- 1701-1701- 1703-1703-1706- 1708- 1710-1714- 1715- 1716-1716-1716- 1717-1717- 1717-1719- 1718- 1719- 1719- 1719-1720- 1720- 1721- 1733- 1733- 1738- 1740- 1751- "3 96 7 1702 7 1702 6 1700 2 11 15 8 8 5 3 -16 -7 -7 18 -16 19 -18 22 2438 ¦19 -20-26 2520 33 ¦22 20 -54 ¦22•25-40•52¦39 59 66 } 3 1 1 20? 2 14 2 3 9 3 4 4 3 1 16 4 3 35 13 10 33 2 53 32 14 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 60 Rev. Thomas Amory, D.D., Taunton 61 Daventry Academy .... 62 Rev. Caleb Ashworth, D.D., and others, Daventry .... 63 ,, David Jennings, D.D., London 64 ,, Jenkin Jenkins, D.D., Carmarthen . 65 ,, Thomas Tayler, Daventry 66 Exeter Academy .... 67 Hoxton Academy .... 68 Rev. George Morton Savage, D.D., London 69 ,, Andrew Kippis, D.D., London 70 ,, Abraham Rees, D.D. ,F.R.S., London 71 Warrington Academy .... 71a Rev. John Holt .... 72 ,, John Aikin, D.D., Warrington 72a „ Joseph Priestley, LL.D., F.R.S. . 72b ,, John Seddon .... 73 „ William Enfield, LL.D., Warrington 73a „ George Walker, F.R.S. 73b ,, Pendlebury Houghton . 74 „ Nicholas Clayton, D.D., Warrington 75 ,, Thomas Belsham, Daventry Acad. 76 ,, Thomas Robins, Daventry Academy 77 ,, Timothy Kenrick, Daventry Acad. 78 „ Gilbert Wakefield, B.A. (Cantab.), Warrington Academy 79 ,, Robert Gentleman, Carmarthen 80 ,, Benjamin Davis, Carmarthen . 81 ,, W. Broadbent, Daventry 82 ,, Solomon Harris, Swansea 83 ,, Josiah Rees, Swansea . 84 ,, Thomas Lloyd, Swansea 85 Hackney College 86 Rev. Andrew Kippis, D.D., Hackney College .... 1754-59 3 1754-89 62 1754 1758-1759- 1760 1761- 1762- 1762 1762- 1762 1766-1758-1766- 1761- 1766-1770- 1772- 1778 1782- 1773- 1775- 1779- -89 44 -60 5 -79 -69-85-85-85-85-88-72¦80-07 70 86 -74 8690 ¦81 •84 1779-84 1779-84 1779-831784-90 1784-85 1785-86 1785-89 1785-95 1785-95 95 20 11 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 15 87 Rev. Abraham Rees, D.D., Hackney College .... 1785-95 88 „ T.Morgan, LL.D., Hackney College 1785-86 89 ,, Hugh Worthington, Hackney Col lege . .... 1786-88 90 ,, William Howell, Swansea . . 1786-95 91 Manchester College .... 1787-1802 21 92 Rev. Thomas Barnes, D.D., Manchester College .... 1787-98 93 ,, Ralph Harrison, Manchester Col lege 1787 94 „ David Peter, Swansea . . 1789-92 95 „ John Horsey, Northampton . . 1790-98 5 96 „ Gilbert Wakefield, B.A. (Cantab.), Hackney College . . . 1790-91 97 „ John Jones, LL.D., Swansea . 1792-95 98 ,, David Peter, Carmarthen . . 1795-1835 99 „ David Davies, Carmarthen . . 1795-1813 100 „ George Walker, F.R.S., Man chester College . . . 1798-1802 101 York College 1803-4 4 102 Rev. Charles Wellbeloved, York College 1803-4 103 ,, Timothy Davis, Carmarthen College 1811-13 104 „ D. L. Jones, Carmarthen College . 1814-30 105 „ John Palmer, Carmarthen College 1831-32 106 „ David Lloyd, M.A., LL.D., Car marthen College . . . 1833-63 107 „ David Davies, Carmarthen College 1835-56 107a Foreign Universities . . . 1840-45 108 Samuel Davison, B.A. (Lond.), Ph.D., Carmarthen College . . 1847-56 109 Rev. Thomas Nicholas, Ph.D., Carmar then College . . • 1856-62 110 „ William Davies, Ph.D., Carmar then College . . - 1856-59 16 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Ill Rev. William Morgan, Carmarthen Col lege . . . . 1862-84 112 ,, Stephenson Hunter, Carmarthen College .... ' 1860-75 113 ,, D. L. Evans, Carmarthen College 1864 74 114 ,, Edward Higginson, Carmarthen College .... 1869-74 115 „ R. J. Jones, M.A. (Glasg.), Car marthen College . . . 1875-76 116 ,, D. E. Jones, M.A. (Glasg.), Car marthen College . . . 1875- 117 ,, George Vance Smith, B.A. (Lond.), D.D., Carmarthen College . 1876- 118 Walter J. Evans, M.A. (Oxon.), Esq., Carmarthen College . . 1884- THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. iy 1. Foreign and Scotch Universities. 1690-1754. English Nonconformists being excluded from the Universi ties of their own native land, were under the necessity of sending their youths to other countries for the higher educa tion. Students on the foundation of the Presbyterian Fund were accordingly placed at the Universities of Utrecht, Leyden, and Halle, during the years 1690 — 1716, and at the Universities of Scotland, chiefly those of Glasgow and Edinburgh, from 1690 to 1754. Among the earliest ex hibitioners who went abroad may be mentioned Dr. Edmund Calamy, Roger Griffith (see No. 28), and John Toland, the theological and political writer. Among the exhibitioners who pursued their studies in Scotland, and who afterwards became known to history, may be named Dr. George Benson, Dr. William Prior, Mark Akenside, the poet, and the Rev. Newcome Cappe, of Leeds. In 1840 the Board resumed the old practice of offering scholarships, then fixed at £50 a year, to students desirous of pursuing their studies at foreign universities, but it was discontinued after a few years. (See 107a.) 2. The Presbyterian Academy, South Wales, 1690-1885. This Institution, now at Carmarthen, and known as the Presbyterian College, is a continuation of the Private Academy of the Rev. Samuel Jones, M.A., sometime Fellow and Tutor of Jesus College, Oxford, who, on the passing of the Act of Uniformity, was ejected from his living in Glamorganshire. It was one of the first of the Academies supported by the Presby terian Board, and, inasmuch as it has had an almost continuous existence from about the year 1662 down to the present time, a brief outline of its history may be usefully given here. o 18 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. The Academy had flourished about thirty years, when the Board was formed in 1689. It was then located at Brynlly warch, Glamorganshire, and there it continued until 1697, the year of Mr. Jones's death. From 1697 to 1702 it was con ducted at Abergavenny by the Rev. Roger Griffith, a young minister, who had been educated by the Board at the University of Utrecht, but who afterwards conformed, much to the disgust of his old fellow student, Dr. Edmund Calamy. It is said that the Academy was then taken charge of by the Rev. Rice Price, of Bridgend, the father of the celebrated Dr. Richard Price. It was next removed to Carmarthen, on account of the Tutor, the Rev. William Evans, mentioned in Dr. Daniel Williams's Will, and there it remained for twenty-five jrears (1708-33). For the next seven years (1733-40) it was fixed at Llwynllwyd in Breconshire, after which it was removed to Haverfordwest, and thence in 1743 to Carmarthen, where it remained until 1783. During the latter part of the last-named period the Tutors and Students lived together under the same roof, — a mansion called Rhydygors, about a mile out of the town, having been rented by the Presbyterian Board for the purpose. The principal Tutor being unable to maintain discipline resigned, and the Academy was removed to Swansea, in order to be placed under the Rev. Solomon Harris, Minister of the Presbyterian (Unitarian) Chapel in High Street. There the students assembled for instruction in a house which belonged to the chapel, and which has long since been converted into an Inn called "Peace and Plenty." The Institution was located at Swansea from 1784 to 1795, when it was removed back to Carmarthen, and there it has ever since flourished. In the last century a large number of the clergy of the Established Church were educated at this Academy, but being private pupils of the Tutors their names do not appear in the minutes of the Presbyterian Board. One of them, the Rev. John Jones, Vicar of Shephill, in the county of Hertford, showed his sincere gratitude to his alma mater by several THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 19 bequests, which shall be stated in a foot-note as evidence of the broad principles which have characterised the College.* The Independent Board was in the habit of making grants to the students of the Academy, although there is no evidence of the fact in the minutes of the Presbyterian Board. But about the year 1754 the Independents of London became dissatisfied with the Academy on account of the theological opinions of the Classical Tutor, the Rev. Samuel Thomas (No. 59), who was an Arian. They therefore withdrew their grants, and set up another Academy at Abergavenny, which was afterwards removed to other places successively, and is now * The Eev. John Jones, Vicar of Shephill, by his last Will, dated 25th August, 1769, bequeathed to Dr. Williams's Trustees the remainder of .his printed books and pamphlets . . . . to be by the said Trustees conveyed to the public Academy at Carmarthen . . . and placed iu the same library there, where several donations of his of the like kind were already deposited, to be preserved there, or wherever else within the principality of Wales the same useful seminary of religion and learning, conducted on the same large and generous plan of Christian education should, upon removal, be continued for the perpetual use aud benefit of the students of the said Academy. . . . He bequeathed also to the same trustees the sum of £15 for the purchase of a set of useful books for the library of the said Academy; and £70 for the purchase of an Orrery with other Mathematical instruments. He bequeathed moreover £30 to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, with directions that they were to pay while it should last 40s. yearly to the Bishop of St. David's for the time being, to be bestowed by his Lordship at his discre tion as premiums and encouragements on such of the students of the said Academy applying to him for Holy Orders in the Church of England as should pass the best and second best examination for the same, and be thereupon ordained, having first exhibited to his Lordship a certificate from the tutors or tutor of the said Academy, testifying the good qualities and behaviour of those candidates. He gave besides £5 to the same Society to supply Welsh Bibles, to be given by the head tutor to students educating for the Church, and £2 for the same object for the dissenting students. He placed in the hands of the Bishop of St. David's two silver cups, to be presented by him to the tutor or tutors of tho Academy, to descend from them to their successors in the office. In 1783 the Bishop handed the cups to the principal tutor, with an inscription commemorative of the donor. These interesting relics have been in the hands of successive tutors ever since, and have been carefully preserved. Mr. Jones's books and the Orrery are also at the College. c 2 20 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. displaced or represented by the Memorial College, Brecon. Notwithstanding the establishment of the rival institution of 1754, the Presbyterian Academy continued in favour with the Independents of Wales. No difference whatever was made in the mode of conducting it, and it is probable that during the last century a great majority of the students have belonged to the Independents. Even Calvinistic Methodists and Baptists have sought admission there, and have been freely admitted. In 1842 the College was by Royal Warrant affiliated with the London University, and was thus the first institution in Wales from which Students could graduate in Arts. Several availed themselves of the privilege. The following is a complete list of the Tutors with the dates of their incumbencies. Some account of them will be found in subsequent pages : — Rev. Samuel Jones, M.A. (Oxon.), Brynllywarch . 1690-97 ,, Roger Griffith, Abergavenny . . . 1697-1702 *. * * * 1702-8* William Evans, Carmarthen . . . 1708-18 Thomas Perrott, Carmarthen . . . 1719-33 Vavasor Griffiths, Brecknock . . . 1733-40 Evan Davies, Haverfordwest . . . 1740-59 Samuel Thomas, Carmarthen . . . 1751-66 Jenkin Jenkins, D.D., Carmarthen . . 1759-79 Robert Gentleman, Carmarthen . . 1779-84 Benjamin Davis, Carmarthen . . . 1779-83 Solomon Harris, Swansea . . . 1784-85 Josiah Rees, Swansea .... 1785-86 Thomas Lloyd, Swansea .... 1785-89 William Howell, Swansea . . . 1786-95 * Dr. Bees, in his " History of Nonconformity," states that Koo-er Gryffith was succeeded for a short time by the Rev. Bees Price, of Bridgend, a rigid Calvinist. The Congregational Board may have sent students to him, but the Presbyterian Board had none in Wales between 1702 and 1708. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Rev. David Peter, Swansea .... 1789- ,, John Jones, LL.D., Swansea . . . 1792- ,, David Peter, Carmarthen . . . 1795- ,, David Davies, Carmarthen . . . 1795- ,, Timothy Davis ..... 1811- ,, D. L. Jones ...... 1814- ,, John Palmer ..... 1831- „ D. Lloyd, M.A., LL.D 1833- ,, David Davies ..... 1835- Samuel Davison, B.A., Ph.D., Esq. . . . 1847- Rev. Thos. Nicholas, Ph.D. .... 1856- „ William Davies, Ph.D 1856- ,, William Morgan ..... 1862- ,, Stephenson Hunter .... 1860- ,, D. L. Evans ..... 1864- „ Edward Higginson .... 1869- „ R. J. Jones, M.A 1875- „ D. E. Jones, M.A. .... 1875- „ G. Vance Smith, B.A., D.D. . . . 1876- Walter J. Evans, M.A. (Oxon.), Esq. . . 1884- 9295 18351313303263 56566259 •84 •75 ¦74 74 ¦76 3. Rev. Samuel Jones, M.A. 1690-97. Some time a fellow and tutor of Jesus College, Oxford. Ejected in 1662, by the Act of Uniformity, from his living of Llangynwyd, Glamorganshire. He subsequently kept an Academy at Brynllywarch, near Bridgend, where he educated many of the sons of the gentry, besides young men for the ministry. He had usually six students receiving exhibitions from the Presbyterian Fund, among whom may be named Jenkin Jones, afterwards of Llwynrhydowen, an eminent Arminian or Arian minister, who may be justly regarded as the father of the Unitarian Churches of Cardiganshire and the adjoining counties. The excellent Philip Pugh, minister of Cilgwyn, near Lampeter, and the learned James Owen, of 22 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Oswestry (Tutor No. 9), were also amongst his pupils. He died 7th September, 1697, in his seventieth year. For a full account of him see Rees's "History of Protestant Noncon formity in Wales." 4. Rev. Thomas Brand. 1690-91. Of Merton College, Oxford. The first Tutor mentioned in the minutes of the Presbyterian Board. He was born at Leaden Rooding in Essex in 1635. His father was a dignitary of the Church of England. From the University he went to the Temple, being designed for the Law. He afterwards devoted himself to Divinity and became distinguished for his good works. He was a gentleman of considerable estate and of great benevolence. His charities amounted to more than £300 per annum. He contributed largely to the setting up or building of meeting-houses and supplying them with ministers. He possessed great skill in imparting knowledge by catechising, adapting his questions to the capacity of his catechumens and eliciting from them the truths he inculcated apparently after the manner of the Socratic Dialogue. He travelled much and was drawn or driven into many counties. Wherever he went he made presents of books and was the means of distributing throughout England and Wales many thousands of Bibles, catechisms, and other books of an uncontroversial character. He set up many schools in the country,' himself visiting them and paying the catechisers, and after he removed into the neighbourhood of London he would sometimes engage a writing master to visit private houses to teach servants who could not go to school to write and cast up accounts. He took poor children from indigent parents and wholly maintained them and put them to trades, or gave them a more liberal education if they were capable of it. He was a great encourager of young men for the ministry. In 1690 he had nine students under his care at Bishops Hall, Bednal (Bethnal) Green. Dr. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 23 Kerr (No. 5) appears to have been his assistant. Mr. Brand was a man of great moderation. His zeal was neither for nor against any party, but for promoting sound knowledge of those truths in which all were agreed. He died December, 1691. See his Life and Funeral Sermon by Dr. Samuel Annesley, 1692. 5. Rev. John Kerr, M.D. 1690-1708. "An ingenious gentleman, a great and polite scholar;" educated at one of the Scotch Universities and the University of Leyden, where he took the degree of M.D. He first taught University learning in Ireland, where he had the highest encouragement, and many of his pupils became the ornaments and defence of their country ; but being driven thence by the tyranny of the Earl of Tyrconnel, he removed to the neigh bourhood of London. There he appears to have assisted, and afterwards succeeded, Mr. Brand (No. 4) in educating young men for the ministry at Bishop's Hall, Bednal Green. It is said that he afterwards removed his Academy to Highgate. The Rev. John Short (No. 21) kept an Academy at Bishop's Hall from 1692 to 1696. Dr. Calamy says of Dr. Kerr that he was a person of considerable learning, and celebrated as a tutor. The text books and method used by Dr. Kerr were as follows : Logic. — Hereboord and Giovanus's Logica Elenctica, in reading which the tutor would refer to, and comment upon, the works of Smiglecius, Derodon, Colbert, and Leclerc [Logica]. Metaphysics. — Fromenius's Synopsis Metaphysica ; the students being recommended to read also Baronius's Metaphysica and the works of Suarez and Colbert. Ethics.— Hereboord. The students were advised to read in addition to the class text-book, Dr. Henry More's works, Cicero de officiis, Marcus Antoninus, Epictetus, Solomon's Proverbs and Puffendorf. Natural Philosophy. — Leclerc's Physica. The tutor would 24 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. also refer to the teaching of Aristotle, Descartes, Colbert and Staire. Rhetoric. — Johannes Gerard, Vossius. Greek and Latin authors. — Homer, Virgil, Juvenal, Persius, Demosthenes, Isocrates, Cicero, Sallust, Justin, Curtius, Paterculus. Geography. — Dionysii Periaegesis, which the tutor compared with Cluverius. Divinity. — Synopsis Purioris Theologiae and the Greek Testament, with the help of Synopsis Criticorum, and the Lexicons of Hesychius, Martinius, &c. Every other day the students disputed in Latin upon some philosophical question . On Mondays they read Buchanan's Psalms, and on Saturdays declaimed four and four, on such subjects as De Pace, De Con- nubio Virtutis cum Doetrina, &c. See Samuel Palmer's Defence of the Dissenters education in the private academies, in answer to Mr. Samuel Wesley. London : 1703, p. 67. 6. Rev. Richard Frankland, M.A. 1690-96. Born in 1630 ; educated at Christ's College, Cambridge. Tutor and Vice-President of Durham College, established by the Protector, and dissolved by Charles II. Having been ejected by the Act of Uniformity, he retired to his native place, Rathmel, Yorkshire, where he opened an Academy in 1672. In 1674 he removed to Natland, near Kendal. Being harassed by the " Five Mile Act," he made two or three subsequent removals, was some time settled at Attercliffe, and again at Rathmel, where he died in 1698, aged sixty-eight years. He educated 300 persons, many of whom became ministers amongst the Nonconformists. After his death the academy, which had acquired a high reputation, was removed back to Attercliffe, and conducted by Mr. Jollie (No. 7). A list of Frankland' s students may be se3n in the Monthly Repository, vol. vi. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 25 7. Rev. Timothy Jollie. 1690-96. Of Attercliffe, Yorkshire, a son of one of the two thousand ministers ejected by the Act of Uniformity and father of the Rev. Timothy Jollie the younger, many years minister at Miles Lane, Cannon Street, London. He was born in 1658, was educated by the Rev. Richard Frankland (No. 6), whom he afterwards succeeded both as minister and tutor. Much is said in his praise by his pupil — Dr. Benjamin Grosvenor, and his assistant Mr. John De la Rose. He maintained until his death the reputation which Mr. Frankland had gained for the Academy and educated many distinguished divines. Among his students were Saunderson, the blind Professor, Bowes, the Irish Chancellor, and Seeker, afterwards Archbishop of Canter bury. He died March 28th, 1714, aged fifty-six. There is a Latin inscription upon his tomb in the burial-ground of the Upper Chapel, Sheffield. 8. Rev. John Woodhouse. 1690-1700. This eminent tutor was educated at Cambridge. He was afterwards chaplain in the family of Lady Grantham. After the passing of the Act of Uniformity, by which he was silenced, he opened an academy at Sheriff Hales, Salop, which flourished in the reign of Charles II. He educated many excellent divines and several gentlemen of the most considerable families in those parts. He died in 1700. A list of his students may be seen in Toulmin's "Historical View, &c," pp. 559-67. See also pp. 225-230. 9. Rev. James Owen. 1690-1706. Oswestry and Shrewsbury. This distinguished scholar and divine was a brother of Dr. Charles Owen of Warrington. He was born Nov. 1, 1654, at Bryn, in the parish of Abernant, near Carmarthen, at a house in which had been born James Howell, Author of " English, French, Italian, and Spanish 26 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Dictionary," &c. &c. His father, John Owen, was a person of repute and noted integrity. He suffered much in the civil wars, being a great Royalist and in arms for the king. He and his wife were firm adherents to the Established Church, but their nine children, who grew up to be men and women, were all Dissenters. James, having finished his classical studies, went for instruction in academical learning to the Rev. Samuel Jones of Brynllywarch (No. 3), under whom he worked with inde fatigable industry. He began to preach as assistant to the Rev. Stephen Hughes at Swansea, whence he removed by the invitation of the Rev. Henry Maurice to North Wales, where he travelled and suffered much persecution. In 1676 he settled near Oswestry as chap lain to Madam Baker, and afterwards removed into the town, and in 1700 to Shrewsbury, at both which places he kept his Academy. He had studied Hebrew early, and afterwards made no contemptible progress in Arabic, Syriac, Saxon and French. He had all the beauty of a just and manly expression, some thing of warmth as well as light in all he said. A portrait of him is prefixed to his Life, written by his brother, already named. He died in 1706 in his fifty-second year. The authors he usually read with his pupils were — ¦ Logic. — Bergersdicius, Hereboord, Ramus. Metaphysics. — Fromenius, Eustacius, Baronius. Physics. — Leclerc, Du Hamel. Geometry. — Pardies, Euclid. Astronomy. — Gassendus. Chronology. — Strauchius. Ecclesiastical History. — Spanhemias. Theology.— Wollebius, Russenius's Abstract of Turretin. 10. Rev. James Forbes, M.A. 1690-93. Of Gloucester. He was of an honourable Scottish family ; was educated at the University of Aberdeen, and being Master THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 27 of Arts there, was admitted at Oxford ad eundem. He was sent in 1654 to the cathedral of Gloucester, where he preached six years, whence he was ejected on the Restoration. He died in 1712, aged eighty-three years. 11. Rev. John Langstone. 1690-93. Of Pembroke College, Oxford ; for eighteen years minister of a Congregational church at Ipswich. He died January 12, 1704. 12. Rev. John Flavell, B.A. 1690-91. Of University College, Oxford, a native of Worcestershire, where his father was an eminent Minister at Bromsgrove, and afterwards at Hasler. Mr. Flavell was ejected by the Act of Uniformity from the benefice of Dartmouth. He was a person of good natural abilities, of unwearied application to study, and of great acquirements. It is recorded of him that he was free to communicate what he knew, and ready to learn from every body. He was a great encourager of young men designed for the ministry, some of whom he educated himself, and main tained one at his own expense. He died June 26, 1691, aged sixty-four years, and was buried at Dartmouth Church, where there was a Latin inscription to his memory upon a brass plate, which was taken down by order of the magistrates and is pre served in the Meeting-house. See an account of his life pre fixed to his works, 2 vols, fol., London, 1716. 13. Rev. Thomas Goodwin. 1690-93. Son of one of the two thousand ejected Ministers, namely, of the Rev. Thomas Goodwin, D.D., of Christ's College and Katherine Hall, Cambridge, a considerable scholar and an eminent divine, described in the common register of the Uni versity as in scriptis in re theologica quamplurimis orbinotus. Under the Commonwealth Dr. Goodwin was President of 28 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Magdalen College, Oxford. His son, Thomas Goodwin, was educated for the ministry first in England, and afterwards in Holland. In 1683 he, with others, set out upon the tour of Europe. They visited Paris, Lyons, Geneva, Rome, Switzer land and Amsterdam, where they arrived in 1684. After his return to England he became Minister, as assistant to the Rev. Stephen Lobb, at Fetter Lane Chapel, which he left in 1699. His residence was at Pinner in Middlesex, where he lived hand somely and usefully upon his estate for many years, and where he also kept an Academy for educating young men for the ministry. Dr. Calamy describes him as " a gentleman of great and universal literature, and of a most genteel and obliging temper." He was the author of "A History of the Reign of Henry V." 1704. He died about 1720. In the controversy between the Calvinists and Dr. Daniel Williams, Mr. Goodwin took a warm part, siding with the former, and it is observable that he had no students of the Presbyterian Board after June, 1693. See Stephen Lobb, No. 22, infra. 14. Rev. Thomas Rowe. 1690-93. London. This eminent tutor was the elder son of the Rev. John Rowe, M.A., of New Inn Hall, Oxford, preacher in Westminster Abbey, from which he was ejected by the Act of Uniformity, and brother of the Rev. Benion Rowe. He kept his Academy at Newington Green, and afterwards at Clapham, Surrey. In 1688 it was in Little Britain, City. He was a man of extensive learning and great urbanity of manners. To his pupils he allowed the most enlarged freedom of inquiry. One of them, Dr. Isaac Watts, wrote : — I love thy gentle influence, Bowe, Thy gentle influence like the sun Only dissolves the frozen snow, Then bids our thoughts like rivers flow And choose the channels where they run. Among Mr. Rowe's pupils were Dr, Watts, Daniel Neal, Dr. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 29 John Evans, Dr. J. Hunt, of Pinners Hall, Mr. Samuel Say, Henry Grove, who became an eminent tutor (No. 43), and Josiah Hort, who, conforming to the Church of England, rose to the Archbishopric of Tuam in Ireland. Thomas Rowe died August 18, 1705, aged forty-eight years, and was buried in his father's tomb in Bunhill Fields. 15. Rev. Vincent Alsop, M.A. 1690-92. Of St. John's College, Cambridge, ejected from the living of Welby, Northamptonshire, for nonconformity. He was afterwards apprehended for praying by the bedside of a sick person, and imprisoned for six months at Northampton. He subsequently settled at Westminster, preaching there and at Pinners' Hall and Salters' Hall. He was the author of a work called " Anti-Sozzo," in reply to Sherlock, and of " Melius Inquirendum," in answer to Dr. Stillingfleet's " Mischiefs of Separation." He died May 28, 1703. He was not a regular tutor, and had but one pupil from the Presbyterian Board. 16. Rev. John Tomlins, Jun. 1690. At Alton, Southampton. 17. Rev. George Long, M.D. 1690-91. Of Durham, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he was ejected at the Restoration for refusing to promise con formity before knowing the terms. He subsequently studied medicine at Leyden, where he took the degree of M.D., and afterwards practised in England and also preached, but he was greatly persecuted. At Newcastle he was indicted at the Assizes for living within the precincts of a Corporation ; on attempting to settle at Birmingham he was prosecuted there also. He then fled to Ireland, where he remained some years. After the Revolution of 1688 he returned to Newcastle. He died at Bristol, December 26, 1712. 30 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 18. Rev. John Southwell. 1691-95. Of Newbury. A nephew of the Rev. Richard Southwell, one of the 2,000 ejected ministers of 1662. 19. Rev. William Hunt. 1691-93. The eldest son of the Rev. William Hunt, B.A., King's College, Cambridge, who was ejected from the benefice of Sutton, Cambridgeshire. The son was a Nonconformist minister at Little Baddow, Essex. His brother and pupil, John Hunt, was minister at Royston, Newport Pagnel, and Northampton successively, and was the father of another minister, also named William Hunt. 20. Rev. Thomas Doolittle, M.A. 1691. Of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, ejected from the Rectory of St. Alphage, London Wall, afterwards minister of a large congregation in Monkwell Street. About 1672 he set up an Academy at Islington for the education of young men for the ministry, in which he was assisted by the Rev. Thomas Vincent, M.A., of Christ Church, Oxford ; ejected from St. Mary Magdalen, Milk Street, London. When the Oxford or Five Mile Act (17 Car. II. c. 4) passed, he removed to Wimbledon, and his lectures were privately attended by several of his pupils, who took lodgings in the neighbourhood for that purpose. (See Monkwell Street Congregation, p. 7.) 21. Rev. John Short. 1692-96. Son of the Rev. Amos Short, M.A., of Exeter College, Oxford, who was ejected from Lyme Regis, Dorset, by the Act of Uniformity. He probably completed his education at Utrecht or Leyden. He educated young men for the ministry at Lyme and Colyton, and afterwards in London at Bishop's THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 31 Hall, Bednal Green, and in 1698 succeeded the Rev. Matthew Barker, of Trinity College, Cambridge, as minister of the Nonconformist Church of Miles Lane, Cannon Street, London. He died in 1718. 22. Rev. Stephen Lobb. 1692. This eminent divine was a son of Richard Lobb, Esq., High Sheriff of the county of Cornwall, and sometime M.P. for St. Michael. He was many years an influential minister in London, and in the reign of James II. he had great in fluence at Court. See " Protestant Dissenters' Magazine," vi. 301. His colleague in the ministry was the Rev. Thomas Goodwin (No. 13 supra). In the Crispian controversy they both took the same side. Mr. Lobb died in 1699. He had but one pupil from the Presbyterian Board. 23. Taunton Academy. 1693-1759. See Nos. 24, 42, 43. 24. Rev. Matthew Warren. 1693-1704. Of Taunton, a tutor of celebrity, a younger son of Mr. John Warren, a gentleman of good estate, at Otterford, Devon. He was born in 1642. After leaving the Grammar School at Crewkerne, he spent four years at Oxford. Having been silenced by the Act of Uniformity he undertook the education of young men for the ministry, for which he was well qualified by his learning and temper. It is recorded of him that he " encouraged the free and critical study of the Scriptures, as the best system of theology." He was eminently successful as a tutor, and educated a considerable number of able and use ful ministers. He died June 14, 1706. In addition to teaching his Academy he was minister of a large congregation at Taunton as co-pastor with the Rev. 32 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Emanuel Hartford or Harford, of Oxford University, who had also been compelled by the Act of Uniformity to quit the Church of England, and who survived Mr. Warren only two months. The Academy at Taunton was continued by the Rev. Stephen James (No. 42), the Rev. Robert Darch, and the Rev. Henry Grove (No. 43). 25. Rev. Thomas Risley, M.A. 1693-96. Of Leigh, Lancashire, Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford. Being unable to conform he retired from Oxford, and four years after declined a pressing invitation to return, accom panied with promises of preferment from the Vice-Chancellor of the University. He was much of a recluse both at College and after his ejectment, aiming rather to acquire solid learning than fame. He was born August 27, 1630, and died in 1716. See his funeral sermon with some short Memoirs of his life by Dr. Charles Owen, of Warrington, 12 mo. London, 1716. 26. Rev. James Waters. 1693-96. Uxbridge. Born at Bath, March 26, 1661 ; educated in the Academy of the excellent Dr. Henry Langley, and afterwards of the Rev. Thomas Doolittle of London (No. 20). His first settlement was as tutor to the son of the Right Hon. Lord Denzil Holies, at Aldenham, Hertfordshire ; after thathe officiated as domestic chaplain to Mr. Evelyn of Nuffield, Surrey, during the reign of James II. , preaching sometimes very privately ; then preaching more publicly at Reygate, until he was invited to Uxbridge, whither he removed in 1692, and where he laboured until his death, 5 May, 1725. See his funeral sermon by the Rev. Daniel Mayo. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 33 27. Rev. William Tong. 1696-1702. Of Coventry and London, the biographer of Matthew Henry, whose acquaintance he first formed when they were both prepar ing for the profession of the law at Gray's Inn. He had received a liberal education sui<" e for the learned profession for which he was intended, but afterwards, prefering theology to the law, he became a pupil in 1680 of Richard Frankland (No. 6.), whose Academy was then at Natland, Westmoreland. Upon the death of the famous Dr. Obadiah Grew in 1689, Mr. Tong settled at Coventry, and kept an Academy where he educated students for the ministry and other young gentlemen, several of whom made a considerable figure in their county. He was a man of large capacity and quick apprehension. He was well versed in literature, both sacred and profane, and was particularly well acquainted with the history and constitution of his own country. He was assisted in the Academy at Coventry by the Rev. Joshua Oldfield, D.D., who, removing to London in 1700, opened an Academy there. Mr. Tong removed to London in 1702, and was thenceforth Minister at Salters' Hall until his death, which occurred in 1726-27. Before the time of Mr. Tong, Coventry had been the seat of a Nonconformist Academy, conducted by the Rev. John Bryan, D.D., Trinity Church, the Rev. Obadiah Grew, D.D., of St. Michael's in the same city, and the Rev. Samuel Bassnet (of both Universities), all ejected by the Act of Uniformity. Dr. Bryan died in 1675, and Dr. Grew in 1689. 28. Rev. Roger Griffith. 1697-1702. Of Abergavenny. Educated at Bishop's Hall by Mr. Brand (No. 4), and Dr. Kerr (No. 5), and afterwards at the University of Utrecht. At Bishop's Hall he had for his fellow students Dr. Charles Owen of Warrington, and Dr. Jabez Earle of London ; and at Utrecht, Dr. Edmund Calamy, Mr. John d 34 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Toland and other exhibitioners of the Presbyterian Board. Roger Griffith settled at Abergavenny and opened an Academy there. From 1697 to 1702 he appears to have generally had about six students receiving exhibitions from the Board. He then conformed and became Archdeacon of Brecon. 29. Rev. Benjamin Robinson. 1697-1700. A learned Presbyterian Minister born at Derby in 1666, a pupil of the Rev. John Woodhouse, at Sheriff Hales (No. 8), afterwards chaplain to Sir John Gell. In 1693 he opened a Grammar School at Findern, Yorkshire, for which he was cited to the Bishop's Court, but the result was the personal acquaintance and friendship of the Bishop (Dr. Lloyd), who dismissed him with particular marks of favour, and afterwards corresponded with him. From Findern he removed to Hungerford, Berkshire, where he opened an Academy in 1696. For this offence complaint was made to the Bishop of Salisbury (Dr. Burnet), who consequently sent for Mr. Robinson. The result of the interview was a friendship between them ever after. For the work of a tutor Mr. Robinson was well fitted. He laboured in it with great constancy, and was rewarded with remarkable success. Many of his pupils became useful ministers. In 1700 he removed to London, where he died in 1724. There is a portrait of him at Dr. Williams's library. See fuller accounts of him in Wilson's Dissenting Churches ; Toulmin's Histor. View, pp. 251-3 ; Calamy's Own Times, i. 397. 30. Rev. Joshua Oldfield, D.D. 1700-1711. A son of one of the memorable two thousand ejected ministers and nephew of another. He was educated by his father, then by the Rev. Edward Rayner, M.A., Cambridge, another ejected minister. He subsequently went to Christ College, Cambridge. Being unable to subscribe he quitted the THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 35 University without taking his degree. He was first chaplain to Sir John Gell, afterwards tutor to the son of Mr. Paul Foley, Speaker of the House of Commons, by whom he was offered a valuable living which he declined. After that he became chaplain to Lady Lort, sister to Lady Clinton, in Wales, whence he went over to Ireland. After this he resided at Oxford, greatly esteemed by some of the most learned men in the University. From Oxford he removed to Coventry, where he assisted Mr. Tong (No. 27) in his Academy, for which he was cited to appear in the Ecclesiastical Court in that City. (See Calamy's Own Times, i. 402 m.) In 1700 he removed to London and kept an Academy in Southwark, afterwards in Hoxton Square, where he was assisted by the learned John Spademan, M.A., Cambridge, and after his death by Mr. Capel, who had been Professor of Hebrew at the University of Saumur, and William Lorimer, M.A., Aberdeen. " There was no house in England amongst Dissenters which had so great advantage, and where three such learned persons were joined together so excellently qualified for the several parts allotted to them " (See Dr. Harris's funeral sermon on Dr. Oldfield). He died Nov. 8, 1729, aged 73 years. In 1709 he received from the University of Edinburgh, the degree of D.D., at the same time with Dr. Calamy and Dr. Daniel Williams. 31. Rev. Samuel Benion, M.D. 1700-8. A native of Shropshire. He received his grammar education from an eminent schoolmaster and scholar, the Rev. Samuel Ogden of Christ College, Cambridge, one of the venerable two thousand. He was successively a pupil, assistant and suc cessor of the Rev. Philip Henry, at Broad Oak, Flintshire, whence he removed in 1706 to Shrewsbury to take the place of that eminent tutor and divine, the Rev. James Owen (No. 9). In 1703 Mr. Benion received from the University of Glasgow, d 2 36 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. where he had completed his Academical education, the degree of M.D. He died March 4, 1708, in his thirty- fifth year. He had at that time thirty students. 32. Rev. John Choelton. 1701-5. A native of Salford ; one of Frankland's pupils (No. 6), after wards assistant and successor of the Rev. Henry Newcombe, M.A., Cambridge (one of the two thousand ejected ministers), who kept an Academy at Manchester until his death in 1695. Mr. Newcombe was the first minister of the Cross Street con gregation in that town. Mr. Chorlton was his successor, and continued the Academy with great reputation until the year 1705, when he died, aged thirty-nine years. He is referred to by Matthew Henry as "eminent for solid judgment, great thought, an extraordinary quickness and readiness of expres sion ; a casuist one of a thousand ; a wonderfully clear head . . and very useful in educating youth." During the last five years of his life (1700-5) he ha.d for his co-pastor and assistant in the work of the Academy the Rev. James Coningham, M.A. (No. 33). The congregation, which was then orthodox, became Arian under the ministry of the Rev. Joseph Mottershed (1717-71), and has long since been Unitarian. Dr. Barnes, who was the minister from 1780 to 1810, was the first Theolo gical Tutor of Manchester New College. (See No. 92.) 33. Rev. James Coningham, M.A. 1701-8. Edinburgh ; born about 1670. He was tutor and pastor at Penrith from 1694 to 1700, when he joined the Rev. John Chorlton (No. 32) at Manchester as colleague or assistant in his academy, and as co-pastor of his large congregation. After Mr. Chorlton's death in 1705 Mr. Coningham was sole tutor and pastor. He was prosecuted for keeping an academy and otherwise harassed. He was a man of extensive learning and THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 37 affable disposition. In 1712 he removed to London to succeed the Rev. Richard Stretton (one of the memorable two thousand) as Minister at Haberdashers' Hall. He died in 1716. 34. Rev. Matthew Smith, M.A. 1702-6. 1712-17. Born at York, 1650 : educated at Edinburgh, where he took his degree. He settled as Minister at Mixenden, Yorkshire, where he died in 1736. At his Academy several students were educated for the Ministry. He died in 1737. (See Miall's " Congregationalism in Yorkshire," p. 132.) 35. Rev. John Moore. 1703-7. (Bridgwater) of Brazen Nose College, Oxford. Born at Musbury in 1642. He was episcopally ordained, officiated at Long Burton, Dorset, for five years after Bartholomew Day, but was at length silenced by the Act of Uniformity. He then retired to St. Mary Ottery, Devon, where he had a small paternal estate. In 1676 he became pastor of a large congre gation of Dissenters at Bridgwater, where he remained thirty- six years. He was once apprehended on a warrant from the Mayor for keeping an Academy, but before his death his con gregation included all the magistrates in the town. He left two sons, both of whom were tutors and ministers, namely, John Moore, junr. (No. 51), and Mr. Moore of Abingdon (No. 53). 36. Rev. Jacob Ball. 1706-7. Of Kingsclere, near Newbury. He had but one pupil from the Presbyterian Board. He had himself been a pupil of Nos. 18 and 26 as an Exhibitioner of the Board in 1691—96. 37. Rev. William Evans. 1708-18. Carmarthen Academy. He succeeded after an interval the Rev. Roger Griffith (No. 28). He was the minister of the 38 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Presbyterian congregation at Carmarthen from 1703 to 1718, and is said to have been a man of superior attainments. He is named in the will of Dr. Daniel Williams. He was succeeded in 1718 by the Rev. Thomas Perrot (No. 49), and died in 1720. The Rev. William Evans appears to have been the first regular Minister of the congregation above named. During his time (1703-18) the place of meeting was in Priory Street. About the year 1725 a new chapel was built in Lammas Street on a site given by John Corrie, silk mercer, whose name is honourably connected with the English Presbyterian Denom ination. From 1718 to 1733 the minister was the Rev. Thomas Perrott (No. 49). He had been a pupil of the Rev. James Owen of Oswestry, and had been settled with Presbyterian congregations at Knutsford and Newmarket, Flintshire. He appears to have been an Arian. (See Hanes Eglwysi Anibynol Cymru, by T. Rees, D.D., and J. Thomas, vol. iii. 433.) The next minister was the Rev. Samuel Thomas (No. 59), who was the pastor from 1734 until his death in 1766. " He was an Arian if not something more " (Hanes &c. iii. 434). In consequence of his heterodoxy the Congregational Board with drew their support from the Academy and established a rival institution at Abergavenny, which is now represented by the Memorial College at Brecon. Mr. Thomas was succeeded by Dr. Jenkins, who occupied the pulpit and the theological chair at the Academy until 1779 when he removed to London. He had been a pupil of Vavasor Griffiths (No. 55), and the early instructor of Dr. Abraham Rees (No. 70). Dr. Jenkins was an Arian. The next minister of Lammas Street Chapel (1779-84) was the Rev. Robert Gentleman (No. 79). He had been settled at Shrewsbury, and on leaving Carmarthen he became the minister of the Presbyterian Congregation at Kidderminster. It does not appear who the ministers at Carmarthen were from 1784 to 1792 ; but from the last named date to 1835 the pastor was the Rev. David Peter (No. 98), who was also THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 39 the leading tutor at the Academy from 1795 until 1835. During his incumbency Dr. Abraham Rees and other London ministers who periodically visited the Academy at Carmarthen on behalf of the Presbyterian Board, were in the habit of preaching at Lammas Street Chapel, but Mr. Peter was orthodox and the congregation gradually became Independent, as many other Presbyterian Congregations did in Wales as well as in England. They did so in exercise of that freedom which was one of their most cherished principles. This sum mary of the history of Lammas Street Chapel is given here on account of its long connection with the Presbyterian Academy, and of the illustration it affords of the friendly relations of the Board and the Independents of Wales. 38. Rev. William Cooke. 1710-16. Of Clare, Suffolk, where he was settled from 1704 or earlier, until 1716. He had but one student from the Pres byterian Board. 39. Rev. Samuel Jones. 1714-19. Of Tewkesbury. He was of Welsh extraction, and received his education in Holland under the learned Perizonius. He kept his Academy first at Gloucester, from whence in 1712 he removed to Tewkesbury. This celebrated tutor had amongst his pupils Dr. Samuel Chandler and Dr. Andrew Gifford, of London ; Mr. Thomas Mole of Hackney ; Mr. Richard Pearsall of Taunton; Mr. Henry Francis of Southampton; Mr. Jere miah Jones, the learned author of " A New and Full Method of Settling the Canonical Authority of the New Testament ; " Dr. Daniel Scott; Dr. Joseph Butler, afterwards Bishop of Dur ham ; and Dr. Thomas Seeker, who also conforming to the Church of England, became Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1711 Mr. Seeker, then at the academy, wrote an interesting letter to Dr. Isaac Watts, in which he speaks of it as " an 40 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. extraordinary place of education." Mr. Jones obliged his pupils to rise at 5 a.m., and always to speak in Latin except when they mixed with the family. "We pass our time very agreeably," says Mr. Seeker, " betwixt study and conversation with our tutor, who is always ready to discourse freely of any thing that is useful, and allows us either then, or at lecture, all imaginable liberty of making objections against his opinions, and prosecuting them as far as we can. In this and every thing else, he shows himself so much a gentleman, and mani fests so great an affection and tenderness for his pupils, as cannot but command respect and love." When Dr. Doddridge set up an Academy, his friend, Dr. Clark, communicated to him Mr. Jones's "Lectures on Jewish Antiquities." A copy of these, very neatly written in two octavo volumes, is preserved in Dr. Williams's Library. Mr. Seeker conformed in 1721, at the age of twenty-eight. Mr. Seeker had been a pupil of the Rev. Timothy Jollie, at Attercliffe, before he went to Mr. Jones of Tewkesbury. See an interesting and full account of him in Hunter's " Hallam- shire," pp. 166-8 (n. 4). Butler, author of the "Analogy," and more than a dozen other Presbyterians conformed about the same time as Seeker. See Calamy's " Own Times," ii. pp. 503, 504. It is said that upon the death of Mr. Jones the library of the Tewkesbury Academy was removed to the Car marthen Academy, then under the care of Mr. Perrott (No. 49), but there is no evidence of this in the Minutes of the Board. 40. Rev. John Wadsworth. 1715-18. Assistant, and afterwards successor at Sheffield or Attercliffe of that learned and eminent tutor and minister, the Rev. Timothy Jollie (No. 7). He died in 1745. He appears to have continued his Academy for many years, but not with the celebrity it acquired under Mr. Jollie : Mr. Wadsworth was a son of Mr. Wm. W. of Attercliffe, who was imprisoned in York THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 41 Castle for violation of the laws made against Nonconformity, and father of the Rev. Field Sylvester Wadsworth, who, having been educated by Dr. Doddridge (No. 57) and Mr. Eames (No. 47), was for a few years Minister at Kibworth, Leicester shire, and who died at Sheffield in 1759. Hunter's " Hallam- shire," p. 169. 41. Rev. John Jennings. 1716-22. Of Kibworth and Hinckley, elder son of the Rev. John Jennings of Christ Church, Oxford, who having resigned his living in 1662, finally settled at Kibworth in Leicestershire, where he became minister of a dissenting congregation, in which office he was succeeded by his son John. The latter conducted an Academy there, and afterwards at Hinckley, from 1715 until 1723, when he died in the prime of life. This Academy acquired considerable celebrity. An interesting account of the course of study pursued in it, has been given by his pupil Dr. Philip Doddridge (see his Works, vol. v. pp. 559-567). In 1729 Mr. Doddridge opened an Academy at Market Har- borough, whence it was removed to Northampton. Mr. John Jennings was a brother of another distinguished tutor, the Rev. David Jennings (No. 63), and father-in-law of a still more distinguished teacher, Dr. John Aikin of Warrington (No. 72). 42. Rev. Stephen James. 1716-24. Of Taunton, a pupil of the Rev. Matthew Warren of Taunton (No. 24), and afterwards his assistant and successor in the work of the Academy. After the death of Mr. Warren, Mr. James took the theological chair, and had for his colleagues Mr. Darch, who taught mathematics and natural philosophy, and the Rev. Henry Grove (No. 43) who took the department of pneumatology and ethics. He died in 1725, when he was succeeded as theological tutor by Mr. Grove. 42 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 43. Rev. Henry Grove. 1716-38. This learned divine and eminent tutor was born at Taunton in 1683, was educated for the Ministry, by Mr. Matthew Warren and Mr. Thomas Rowe (Nos. 14 and 24) and was tutor at the Taunton Academy from 1706 until his death, which occurred in 1738, having for his colleagues Mr. James (No. 42) and Mr. Darch, during a great part of that period. His voluminous works testify to his attainments and industry. He was as modest as he was learned, fond of retirement, and averse to polemical theology. He used to repeat those lines of Baxter — We crowd about a little spark, Learnedly striving in the dark ; Never so bold as when most blind ; Bun fastest when the truth's behind. In Paul's Meeting, Taunton, there is a tablet to his memory, with a long Latin inscription, recording his parentage, public offices, and character. 44. Rev. Isaac Hawkins. 1717-19. A tutor and minister at Wakefield. He died Nov. 24, 1724. He had only two students from the Presbyterian Board. 45. Rev. Thomas Hill. 1717-20. Of Findern, a son of one of the 2,000 ejected ministers, the Rev. Thomas Hill, B.A., of Bennet College, Cambridge, a man of profound judgment and eminent for general learning. The son was a man of extensive knowledge, and kept an Academy at Findern, Derbyshire, until his death in 1720. He was succeeded by Dr. Latham (No. 52). 46. Rev. Thomas Dixon, M.D. 1717-26. He conducted an Academy for several years at Whitehaven. In 1719 he removed to Bolton, Lancashire, where he was the THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 43 minister of a large congregation, the head of an Academy, and a physician in considerable practice. He died in 1729. Among his pupils were Dr. John Taylor of Norwich, Dr. George Benson, and Dr. Rotheram (No. 56). Dr. Dixon's son of the same name, a pupil of Rotheram's, settled at Bolton in 1751, where he died in 1754. 47. Mr. John Eames, F.R.S. 1718-25. Classical and mathematical, and afterwards, theological tutor of an Academy in London, which was presided over by a number of distinguished scholars successively, whose names with the dates of their connection with the Academy are given under the article Hoxton Academy (No. 67). It is recorded of Mr. Eames that he particularly excelled in classical learning, and in a profound knowledge of mathematics and natural philosophy. His scientific learning procured him the acquaintance and friendship of Sir Isaac Newton, through whom he was introduced to the Royal Society. In Mr. Eames we have a noteworthy example of a layman being placed at the head of a theological college. He was of a candid and liberal disposition and a friend of free inquiry, which exposed him to much opposition from some narrow-minded persons. He died 29th June, 1744. The Academy was not much in favour with the Presbyterian Board, in consequence no doubt of the narrow-minded influences above alluded to. They had but eight students at this seminary before its removal to Hoxton ; that is, three between 1719 and 1725, whilst Mr. Eames was the classical tutor ; and five between 1758 and 1762, under the learned Dr. David Jennings, brother of the Rev. John Jennings of Warrington. Upon the death of Dr. Jennings (16 Sept. 1762) the institution was removed to the House at Hoxton, where Dr. Daniel Williams used to live. It then assumed a collegiate character and was thenceforth called the Hoxton Academy (see No. 67). 44 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 48. Rev. Dr. Samuel Clark. 1718-20. Of St. Albans. His only student on the foundation of the Board was Philip Doddridge, who afterwards wrote of him in the highest terms. Dr. Clark was a great grandson of the Rev. Samuel Clark, B.A., of Emanuel College, Cambridge, who was silenced by the Act of Uniformity, and the father of the Rev. Samuel Clark, assistant to Dr. Philip Doddridge, and afterwards minister of the Old Meeting at Birmingham. 49. Rev. Thomas Perrott. 1719-33. Of Carmarthen. A pupil of the Rev. Roger Griffith (No. 28), and afterwards of the Rev. James Owen (No. 9). He was ordained at Knutsford in 1706, whence he removed to New market, Flintshire. In 1719 he succeeded the Rev. William Evans as tutor at Carmarthen, which office he held until his death in 1733. He was a man of considerable learning, and educated a large number of the clergy of the Established Church, as well as of the Nonconformist ministers of South Wales. He was minister during the years 1719-33 of the Lammas Street congregation, which was then Presbyterian. 50. Rev. Jeremiah Jones. 1719-22. Of Nailsworth. Author of "A New and Full Method of Settling the Canonical Authority of the New Testament," 3 vols. 1726. 51. Rev. John Moore, Junr. 1719-20. Of Bridgewater. Son and colleague of the Rev. John Moore (No. 35). He was a man of considerable learning, and an eminent tutor. His attainments in science, and his method of imparting knowledge, gave great advantage to his pupils. He continued his Academy until his death in 1747, being then in THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 45 his seventy-fourth year. He was the author of a learned work entitled " Propositions on Natural and Revealed Religion," and also of a Tract in answer to " Jackson on the Trinity." 52. Rev. Ebenezer Latham, M.D. 1720-54. A divine and physician, and a very eminent tutor. Born at Wear, Shropshire, where his father was a Nonconformist minister ; he was destined by his parents for the ministry in accordance with his own inclination, but fearing his voice might fail him, he studied medicine and graduated M.D. at the Uni versity of Glasgow. He settled at Findern, near Derby, where he succeeded Mr. Hill (No. 45). The great reputation which the Academy attained under him was maintained until his death in 1754. He is represented as a man of great industry as well as learning. He practised as a physician, and was the minister of a congregation as well as the tutor of one of the most con siderable private Academies in England. A short account of him was published by a pupil of his, the Rev. W. Willetts, about 1774. See Turner's "Lives of Eminent Unitarians," pp. 357, 8. 53. Rev. Mr. Moore. 1720-1 or 2. Of Abingdon. A pupil of Dr. Latham (No. 52), and brother of the Rev. John Moore, of Bridgwater (No. 51). 54. Rev. — Horsley. 1721-25. Of Morpeth, Northumberland. He had but three students from the Board, the two last of whom were transferred in 1726 to Mr. Moor of Tiverton. 55. Rev. Vavasor Griffiths. 1733-40. Of Llwynllwyd, Radnorshire. A pupil of Samuel Jones, of Tewkesbury (No. 39). Upon the death, in 1733, of Mr. 4-6 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Perrott, of Carmarthen (No. 49), the Academy was removed to Llwynllwyd, where Mr. Griffiths was minister, and who was thenceforth sole tutor until his death in 1740. 56. Rev. Caleb Rotheram, D.D. 1733-52. Of Kendal, Westmoreland. An eminent tutor. Born at Great Salkeld in 1694. A pupil of Dr. Dixon, of Whitehaven (No. 46), and minister at Kendal from 1716 until 1752, when he died. A man of great learning, both in science and theology. " As an impartial lover of truth he encouraged the most free and unbounded liberty after it in every branch of science." A list of his theological students (fifty-six in number), with short biographical notices, may be seen in the- fifth vol. of the Monthly Repository. Besides students for the ministry, he educated about 120 lay students. A mural monument was erected to his memory in the Abbey Church of Hexham, Northumberland. His grandson, John Rotheram, M.D., he- came Professor of Natural Philosophy at St. Andrews, and died in 1804. 57. Rev. Philip Doddridge, D.D. 1738-39. A pupil of Dr. Samuel Clark of St. Albans (No. 48), and afterwards of the Rev. John Jennings of Kibworth (No. 41). He opened an Academy in 1729 at Market Harborough, which he removed in the same year to Northampton. Here he pre sided over his Academy, with great reputation, until his death, which happened in 1751. One of his assistant tutors was his biographer, the Rev. Job Orton. He educated about 200 students, of whom about 120 entered the Christian ministry. A list of them may be found in the Monthly Repository, vol. x. p. 686. Dr. Doddridge's method of education is stated very fully in the Protestant Dissenters' Magazine for 1798, p. 87. On his settling at Northampton some dignitaries of the Estab lishment commenced proceedings against him in the Ecclesias- THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 47 tical Court for the crime of teaching. The informers being implacable the matter was represented by some person of rank to the King, who, on ascending the throne, had declared " that during his reign there should be no persecution for conscience sake ; " and it is said that by the King's express command the harassing proceedings against Dr. Doddridge were stopped. (" Doddridge's Life," pp. 213, 214.) 58. Rev. Evan Davies. 1740-59. Of Haverfordwest (1740-43) and Carmarthen (1743-59). The Rev. Vavasor Griffiths (No. 55), having died in 1740, the Academy was removed from Radnorshire to Haverfordwest, where it was placed under the care of the Rev. Evan Davies, who had been a pupil of Mr. Eames, of London (No. 47). In 1743, on the removal of Mr. Davies to Carmarthen, to under take the pastoral charge of the neighbouring churches of Llanyhree and Bwlchnewydd, the Academy was removed to that town, where a Grammar School was kept by the Rev. Samuel Thomas, minister of the Presbyterian congregation of Lammas Street, and who was now appointed co-tutor with Mr. Davies. The pronounced heterodoxy of his colleague brought upon Mr. Davies the displeasure and remonstrances of the Congrega tional Board which had hitherto made grants to the Academy. It is not unlikely that Mr. Davies was himself suspected of being " unsound," for his brother was the minister of the Arminian (long since Unitarian) Church of Caeronnen, Cardi ganshire. His position being thus made uncomfortable, he left Carmarthen and retired to Billericay, in Essex, where his son, Philip Davies, was settled as minister. Philip Davies, after forty years spent at Billericay, removed to London, and died at Hackney in 1810. He had, in his youth, been a pupil of Dr. Jennings ; and he appears to have associated, during his last years, with the Arians, which renders it still more probable that his father sympathized with that party. 48 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. One of the most remarkable of Mr. Evan Davies' pupils at Carmarthen was David Williams (1738-1816), the miscella neous writer, author of "Lectures on Political Liberty," 1782, and founder of the Literary Fund, 1789. He was an exhibi tioner of the Presbyterian Board during the year 1753—57. Mr. Williams on leaving the Carmarthen Academy settled at Frome as a Presbyterian Minister, and afterwards at Exeter and Highgate successively. Having exchanged Arianism for Deism he endeavoured to form a new religious society with this simple Creed — I believe in God. It is said that Benjamin Franklin and Voltaire, with whom he corresponded, and the King of Prussia encouraged him. A place of worship was opened in Margaret Street, London, but the project utterly failed. Dur ing the French Revolution his fame having reached Paris he was made a French citizen, and he went by invitation to that city. His last and only successful enterprise was the formation of the Library Fund, of which he was appointed the resident director. He died 29th June, 1816. Rules relating to Students, made in 1746. In the year 1746, the Presbyterian Board made certain Rules respecting students on their foundation, one of which has a historical value. It is as follows : — " That none of the Managers of this Fund will encourage their (the students) being anywhere employed as Ministers, or give them any manner of countenance, unless they submit themselves to the examination of a competent number of ministers in the neighbourhood of the place where they live or where they are like to be settled, and unless it appears upon such examination that they can render into English any paragraph of Tully's Offices, or any such Latin Classic ; that they read a Psalm in Hebrew ; translate into Latin any part of the Greek Testament to which they shall be directed ; give a satisfactory account of their knowledge in the several sciences THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 49 they studied at the Academy; draw up a thesis upon any question that shall be proposed to them in Latin, and compose a sermon on a particular subject calculated for the improve ment of a serious and well disposed congregation." The foregoing Rule appears to have been made in 1722, and to have been re-enacted in 1746. It shows that the Denomina tion was strongly in favour of a learned ministry and that there was something of Presbyterianism in their habits. 59. Rev. Samuel Thomas. 1751-66. A learned Presbyterian minister, assistant tutor and after wards successor to the Rev. Evan Davies (No. 58) at the Presby terian College at Carmarthen. He had previously conducted a Grammar School there, and was minister of the congregation assembling in Lammas Street Chapel (1733-66), then Presby terian. The Congregational Board, London, discontinued their grants to students at this College from February, 1755, owing, it is said, to the avowed Arian sentiments of the Rev. Samuel Thomas. In that year they established an Orthodox Indepen dent Academy at Abergavenny. See Rees's " History of Non conformity in Wales," p. 489. See also the Rev. Thomas Morgan's MSS. diary abstracted in "Y Beirniad" for April, 1861, and January, 1862. 60. Rev. Thomas Amory, D.D. 1754-59. A nephew of Henry Grove (No. 43), whose Academy he con tinued, being at the same time minister of the Presbyterian Congregation at Taunton. He was afterwards minister of the Old Jewry Congregation, London (1759-74), and a Member cf the Presbyterian Board and of Dr. Williams's Trust. E 50 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 61. Daventry Academy. 1754-89. On the death of Dr. Doddridge, in 1751, his Academy was removed to Daventry, where a suitable building was erected for the purpose contiguous to the chapel of which Dr. Caleb Ashworth was the minister. See Nos. 62, 65, 75, 76, 77, 81, 95. The first student entered at this Academy was Joseph Priestley, who has left the following pleasing account of it in his memoirs : — Three years, viz., from September 1752 to 1755, I spent at Daventry .... In my time the Academy was in a state peculiarly favourable to the serious pursuit of truth, as the students were about equally divided upon every question of much importance, such as liberty and necessity, the sleep of the soul, and all the articles of theological orthodoxy and heresy ; in consequence of which, all these topics were the subject of continual discussion. Our tutors also were of different opinions ; Dr. Ashworth taking the orthodox side of every question, and Mr. Clark, the sub- tutor, that of heresy, though always with the greatest modesty. Both of our tutors being young, at least as tutors, and some of the senior students excelling more than they could pretend to do in several branches of study, they indulged us in the greatest freedoms, so that our lectures had often the air of friendly conversations on the subjects to which they related. We were permitted to ask whatever questions, and to make whatever remarks we pleased, and we did it with the greatest, but without any offensive, freedom. The general plan of our studies, which may be seen in Dr. Doddrige's published lectures, was exceedingly favourable to free inquiry, as we were referred to authors on both sides of every question, and were even required to give an account of them. It was also expected that we should abridge the most important of them for our future use. The public library contained all the books to which we were referred. A list of the students at this Academy appears in the Monthly Repository, vol. xvii. 62. Rev. Caleb Ashworth, D.D. 1754-75. Successor of Dr. Doddridge, on whose death in 1751 the Academy was removed from Northampton to Daventry. Dr. Ashworth commenced his academical duties in 1752, and died July 18, 1775. He was a man of great abilities and learning, of unaffected modesty, and unremitting diligence. He was THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 51 the author of a Hebrew Grammar. One of the most distin guished of his pupils, the Rev. Thomas Belsham (No. 75), was for some time his assistant, and Was afterwards appointed Theological tutor. He was succeeded by the Rev. Thomas Robins (No. 76). 63. Rev. David Jennings, D.D. 1758-60. The younger son of the Rev. John Jennings, who was one of the ejected of 1662. A learned and distinguished tutor of the London Academy founded by Mr. Eames (No. 47), whom he succeeded in 1744. He was very rigid in maintaining the strict orthodoxy of the institution. Some students, supported by Coward's Trustees, were obliged to withdraw from the Academy on account of their heterodox opinions. The Presbyterian Board had only five students under him. A list of his most distin guished students is given in the Diss. Mag., vol. v. p. 126. He died in 1762. He was a brother of the Rev. John Jennings of Kibworth (No. 41), and author of the well-known " Treatise on Jewish Antiquities," which bears his name. 64. Rev. Jenkin Jenkins, D.D. 1759-79. Assistant tutor at the Presbyterian College, Carmarthen, from the retirement of Mr. Evan Davies in 1759, until the death of the Rev. Samuel Thomas in 1766, when Dr. Jenkins became sole tutor and continued so until 1779, when he removed to London. "Both Mr. Thomas and Dr. Jenkins were excellent scholars. They sent out from 1759 to 1779 a considerable number of thoroughly educated young men, but only four or five of the whole number settled as pastors over Orthodox Welsh Churches. The great majority settled with Arian congregations in England, and several entered secular professions." Rees's " History of Nonconformity in Wales," p. 490. One of his most distinguished students, the celebrated e 2 52 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Poet and Divine, David Davis of Castle Howell, has left upon record in his " Farewell to Carmarthen," his high estimation of Dr. Jenkins's learning and worth in the following lines : — Ber athraw mwynaidd odiaeth, A roddi fawr wybodaeth ; Rhaid in dros fyth dy adael di A myned i alltuddiaeth. Hi chawn ni hwyr a borau, Mwy glywed dy ddoeth eiriau; A draetha' th dafod di fel me], Am gyfraeth arael moesau. Farwel hyfforddwr union, A mwyn geryddwr tirion ; Ac ni a'th barchwn di fel tad Tra paro gwa'd y galon. In 1772 there were sixteen students under Dr. Jenkins on the foundation of the Presbyterian Board. He appears to have had other pupils also, some preparing for Orders in the Estab lished Church and others for secular occupations. The Rev. David Davis above mentioned deserves more than a passing notice here. His Poetical works were collected and published in 1824, under the name of Telyn Deivi (David's Harp), and republished in 1876. That admirable little book consists chiefly of Welsh pieces, some of them exquisite com positions, on religious, moral, and practical subjects : including translations from Gray, Pope, Cowper, Barbauld, and others. It contains also some humorous pieces, and short stanzas in English and Latin, intended chiefly as illustrations of the alliteration of Welsh poetry. The translation of Gray's Elegy is universally admired, and has been pronounced by some critics to be superior to the original. The rendering of Gray's " Ode on a Distant View of Eton College," adapted to the author's native place, is, in some passages, still more excellent. The translations of Mrs. Barbauld's " Address to the Deity," Pope's " Universal Prayer," Cowper's " Alexander Selkirk," THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 53 and Watts's "Iter Vitae," are as simple and natural, and almost as beautiful, as the English originals. The author was for about half a century the minister of Llwyn-rhyd-Owen Chapel, which some ten years ago attracted so much notice on account of the rude and sudden eviction of the congregation on technical and frivolous grounds by a vindictive landlord, then the proprietor of the Alltyrodyn Estate, which had descended to him from ancestors of whom the county was not ashamed. The Rev. David Davis was born in 1743, at a farm-house, situate on the hillside of a picturesque valley near Lampeter, the beauties of which he has described in some of his finest lines. In that part of Cardiganshire there had been from an early period several religious societies assembling in out of the way corners, selected, no doubt, from motives of prudence in times of persecution. His father's example and the earnest exhortations of the Rev. Philip Pugh produced a deep and lasting impression on the young heart of the future divine, poet and scholar, as he has himself related in his " Adieu to the Church and the World," written in the expectation of death in his thirty-fourth year. Philip Pugh had been a pupil of one of the two thousand confessors of 1662, — the Rev. Samuel Jones, M.A., of Jesus College, Oxon., one of the first on the roll of tutors of the Presbyterian College now at Carmarthen. (See No. 3 supra.) After some years of pre paration at grammar schools, young Davis entered the Presby terian College in 1764, then under the care of Dr. Jenkins, whom he has himself described as "a good scholar, critically versed in the Greek and Latin languages." Amongst his fellow students were the Rev. Josiah Rees, of Gelligron (father of the late Dr. Thomas Rees of London), and his brother, the Rev. Benjamin Davis, sometime assistant-tutor at the college, and afterwards, private tutor in the family of the late Rev. John Yates, of Liverpool. He was ordained at Llwyn-rhyd-Owen as co-pastor with the S4 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. celebrated David Lloyd, of Brynllefrith. Thenceforth he re sided at Castle Howell, not far from the chapel, where for many years he kept a school, which in course of time acquired great celebrity. It was one of the schools from which the Bishop of St. Davids at that time received candidates for holy orders ; and many clergymen, professional men, and country squires owed their education to him, as may partly be seen by the list of subscribers to the first edition of his book, in which his former pupils are distinguished by an asterisk. His readiness in Greek has been illustrated by an anecdote. In 1809 a ship from the coast of Greece was driven by a storm to Aberystwith, with twenty-four hands on board ; the scholar of Castle Howell was sent for and conversed with them in their own language. One of them, pointing to the Captain, said, "that is my brother ; " on which Mr. Davis replied, 'Ka'ja ei/u aXKos dSeXfos vfiwv (and I am another brother to you both), which at once won their hearts. Besides his collection of poems, the author published a translation into Welsh of Scougal's "Life of God in the Soul of Man," an edition of which had been published at Taunton. by Dr. Toulmin. Mr. Davis appears to have been an Arian, but clearly a strong upholder of the doctrine of the Divine Unity; and he gave three of his sons to the Unitarian ministry, the last survivor of whom, by many years, was the late Rev. Timothy Davis, of Evesham, who was educated at Carmarthen College and ordained at Llwyn-rhyd-Owen as co-pastor with his father. The Congregation was founded by one of the earliest students of the Presbyterian Board — the Rev. Jenkin Jones mentioned under Art. 3 supra. 65. Rev. Thomas Tayler. 1760. Assistant tutor at the Daventry Academy, afterwards for many years minister cf Carter Lane Chapel, London, and in that capacity he was a Member of the Presbyterian Board from 1778 to 1827. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 55 66. Exeter Academy. 1761-69. This institution was opened in 1760, in a house given for the purpose by William Mackworth Praed, Esq., and the library of the then late Academy at Taunton (see Amory, No. 60) was removed hither, and considerably increased by the bequest of his books to it by Dr. Hodge of London. The tutors were the Revs. Samuel Merivale, Micaiah Towgood, William Turner, and Thomas Jervis. The Presbyterian Board had nine students there between 1761 and 1769, among them was Philip Taylor, afterwards minister of Eustace Street Chapel, Dublin. 67. Hoxton Academy. 1762-85. This was a continuation of a seminary which appears to have been founded by the Rev. Isaac Chauncey, M.A., M.D., and of which he was the principal tutor until his death in 1712. It was conducted from that date by the Rev. Thomas Ridgley as Theological Tutor, and Mr. John Eames, F.R.S. (No. 47), until the death of the former in 1734. . Mr. Eames then took the Theological department, and carried on the work until his death. in 1744. From 1744 to 1762 the Academy was conducted by the Rev. David Jennings, D.D. (No. 63), and the Rev. Morton Savage, D.D. (No. 68). On the death of Dr. Jennings in 1762 the seminary was removed to Hoxton, to the house in which Dr. Daniel Williams used to live. It there assumed a Colle giate character, and was thenceforth called The Hoxton Academy. It was chiefly supported by Mr. Coward's trustees. The tutors at Hoxton were Dr. Morton Savage (Theology) from 1762 until his retirement in 1785. Dr. Andrew Kippis, F.R.S. (1762-85), and Dr. Abraham Rees, F.R.S. (1762-85). The Academy was closed in 1785, and some of the students were removed to Daventry (No. 61), where the Rev. Thomas Belsham (No. 75) was then the theological tutor ; but the Daventry Academy was in an unsettled state, and the Warrington Academy (No. 71) 56 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. being also about to be closed, another institution, called Hackney New College (No. 85), was set on foot. 68. Rev. George Morton Savage, D.D. 1762-85. A pupil of Mr. Eames (No. 47), and for 40 years (1744-84) a tutor of the Academy, which, as above stated, was removed to Hoxton. He received the degree of B.D. from the Royal College of Aberdeen in 1764, and the degree of D.D. from tho Marischall College of the same University in 1767. He died in 1791, aged 70 years. See Gentleman's Magazine for February, 1791, p. 191, and Toulmin's " Life of Savage." " In his capacity as tutor, Dr. Savage acted in a truly liberal spirit : as the friend of truth he encouraged free inquiry, and threw no difficulties in the way of those who honestly pursued their inquiries, though they embraced views of Christianity different from his own." Prot. Diss. Mag., iii. 161. His own prin ciples were those of a moderate Independent, free from the bigotry of the High Calvinists. 69. Rev. Andrew Kippis, D.D., F.S.A., F.R.S. 1762-85. Tutor at the Hoxton College (1762-84) and at the Hackney Academy (1785-95). See Dr. Williams's Trustees, No. 81. 70. Rev. Abraham Rees, D.D., F.R.S. 1762-85. Well known by the Cyclopedia that bears his name. Tutor at the Hoxton Academy from 1762 until its dissolution in 1785, and at the Hackney College from 1785 to 1795. See Dr. Williams's Trustees, No. 94. 71. AVarrington Academy. 1766-83. Dr. Rotheram having died in 1751 and Dr. Latham in 1754, this renowned Academy was opened in October, 1758, THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 57 under Dr. John Taylor, who had for that purpose removed from Norwich. The names of all the tutors with dates are given below. The Presbyterian Board had students there from 1766 until 1783 :— Rev. John Taylor, D.D., Theology . 1758-61 „ John Holt, Mathematics, Nat. Phil. 1758-72 ,, John Aikin, D.D., Latin and Greek 1758-61 Theology . 1761-80 „ Joseph Priestley, LL.D., F.R.S., Languages and Polite Literature 1761—67 * Mr. John Reinhold Forster, Languages, &c 1767-69? * ,, Latour, Languages and Nat. Hist. 1769 Rev. John Seddon, Rector AcademiaB, Oratory, Grammar . . 17 -69 ,, William Enfield, LL.D., Rector Academise, Languages, History, &c 1770-86 „ George Walker, Mathematics . 1772-74 ,, Pendlebury Houghton, Classics . 1778 „ Gilbert Wakefield, B.A. . . 1779-86 „ Nicholas Clayton, D.D., Theology . 1781-86 A list of all the students may be seen in the Monthly Repository for 1814. See also " Historical Account of the Warrington Academy " in Mon. Rep. VIII. and IX. Dr. John Taylor. 1694-1761. Died before the Presbyterian Board had any students at Warrington Academy, and cannot therefore be counted as one of their Tutors ; but the charge to his pupils with which he was accustomed to preface his lectures on theology is so illus- * Mr. Beinhold and Mr, Latour accompanied Captain Cook on his second voyage. 58 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. trative of the principles of the English Presbyterians that it may be appropriately transcribed here : — ¦ I. I do most solemnly charge you in the name of the God of Truth and of our Lord Jesus Christ, who is the Way, the Truth, and the Life, and before whose judgment seat you must in no long time appear, that in all your studies and inquiries of a religious nature, present or future, you do constantly, carefully, impartially and conscientiously attend to evidence as it lies in the Holy Scriptures, or in the nature of things and the dictates of reason ; cautiously guarding against the sallies of imagination and the fallacy of ill-grounded conjecture. II. That you admit, embrace, or assent to no principle or sentiment by me taught or advanced, but only so far as it shall appear to you to be supported and justified by proper evidence from Eevelation or the reason of things. III. That if at any time hereafter any principle or sentiment by me taught or advanced, or by you admitted and embraced, shall, upon impartial and faithful examination, appear to you to be dubious or false, you either suspect or totally reject such principle or sentiment. IV. That you keep your mind always open to evidence ; that you labour to banish from your breast all prejudice, prepossession, party zeal; that you study to live in peace and love with all your fellow Christians, and that you steadily assert for yourself, and freely allow to others the inalienable rights of judgment and conscience. By way of contrast to the foregoing it may be mentioned that at the Independent Academy at Mile End, which was afterwards removed to Homerton, each student was required to assent in writing to ten articles of a theological system (the strictest Calvinism), and to repeat his subscription every six months. See Rutt's "Memoirs, &c, of Priestley," vol. i. pt. i. page 21. 71 (a). Rev. John Holt. 1758-72. An eminent mathematician. He died at Warrington in 1772, and was succeeded by the Rev. George Walker, F.R.S. See No. 73 (a). 72. Rev. John Aikin, D.D. 1766-80. Classical, and afterwards for many years theological, tutor at the Warrington Academy, which owed to him its chief celebrity THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 59 and its highest claims to distinction for sound and useful learn ing. He was born in London, December 28, 1713. In 1732 he became a pupil of Dr. Doddridge at Northampton. After finishing his course there he pursued his studios at the University of Aberdeen. He was afterwards assistant tutor to Dr. Doddridge. Having married the daughter of the Rev. John Jennings of Kibworth (No. 41), he opened a school at that place, whence he removed to Warrington on the establish ment of the Academy there in 1758. He died in 1780. He was the father of John Aikin, M.D., and Mrs. Barbauld. At the Warrington Academy Dr. Aikin had for his colleagues successively Dr. John Taylor of Norwich, Dr. Joseph Priestley, Dr. William Enfield, the Rev. W. Pendlebury Houghton, and the Rev. Gilbert Wakefield. 72 (a). Rev. Joseph Priestley, LL.D., F.R.S. 1761-67. This is a name held in the highest veneration by Unitarians. Dr. Priestley was born March 13, 1733, at Fieldhead, near Leeds ; educated for the Christian Ministry at Daventry (See No. 61). On leaving that Academy in 1755, he settled with a small congregation at Needham Market, Suffolk, whence he removed in 1758 to Nantwich, where he established a school. On the death of Dr. John Taylor he was elected to a tutorship at Warrington, and held that office for six years, at the same time diligently pursuing his studies in chemistry and electricity. At that time he was honoured by the University of Edinburgh with the degree of LL.D., and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1767 he settled at Leeds as the Minister of Mill Hill Chapel. Although actively engaged in the duties of his office he found time for philosophical experiments and writings. In 1774 appeared the first of a series of four volumes (1774—80) illustrative of experiments and observations on different kinds of air, &c. To him the world is indebted 60 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. for the discovery of oxygen gas and of the function of the lungs in respiration. Sir Humphry Davy said of him, " When his name is mentioned in future ages, it will be as one of the most illustrious discoverers of the eighteenth century." Although his fame chiefly rests upon his scientific achievements, his labours in other fields of knowledge — mental philosophy, religion, and politics — were prodigious and fruitful. The force with which he imposed his opinions upon others may be measured by the opposition of learned ecclesiastics and ignorant mobs, no less than by the enthusiastic admiration of his friends and followers. Even the attacks of some modern Unitarians of a different school of metaphysics, at this distance of time, are a signal tribute to his genius. He left Leeds to become literary companion to Lord Shelburne, with whom he travelled on the Continent, making the tour of Holland and Germany, and returning by Paris, where he spent a month in 1774. On the breaking out of the French Revolution he sympathized strongly with the republicans, as he did with the Americans in the War of Independence. On the appearance of his " Dis quisitions relating to Matter and Spirit " Lord Shelburne took alarm, and the connection with him was dissolved in a friendly way. Dr. Priestley then settled as a Minister at Birmingham (about 1780). There he wrote his " History of the Corruptions of Christianity," and was a conspicuous warrior in the battle of civil and religious liberty. In 1791 the Anniversary of the capture of the Bastile was celebrated in Birmingham by a Dinner (with which, however, Dr. Priestley had nothing to do). A riot ensued, excited by the High Church party ; an infuriated mob attacked Dr. Priestley's Meeting House and wrecked it, they besieged his house and committed it to the flames. His manuscripts and apparatus were utterly destroyed, and the road for half a mile was strewn with his books. He then settled at Hackney as the successor of Dr. Richard Price, but servants would not live in his house from fear of being attacked, and being himself not free from danger he quitted THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 61 this country in 1794 for the United States of America, where he died in 1805. Lo ! Priestley there, patriot and saint and sage, Him from his native land, Statesmen blood-stained and priests idolatrous, By dark lies maddening the blind multitude, Drove with vain hate ; calm, pitying, he retired. Coleridge. The works of Dr. Priestley (about 140 in number) are enumerated under their dates of publication at the end of Rutt's "Memoirs of Priestley," vol. i. pt. ii. pp. 535-44. Memorials of Dr. Priestley, by James Yates, M.A., F.R.S., appeared in the Christian Reformer for 1860, and the work was reprinted in pamphlet form with corrections and additions. 72 (b). Rev. John Seddon. 1766-70. The original projector of the Warrington Academy. Born December 8, 1724. Some time co-pastor with the Rev. Joseph Mottershead at Cross Street Chapel, Manchester. Author of " A Form of Prayer and New Collection of Psalms for the use of the Protestant Dissenters in Liverpool." Minister at Warrington from 1747 until his death. In 1761 he preached a series of sermons "in which a belief in the strictly human nature of Christ was openly avowed for the first time, perhaps, among the Presbyterians of Lancashire." He was fully aware that the greater part of his congregation were of a different opinion, but he reminded them, in his introduction, of the liberal principles on which their union as a religious society was founded. " It is your glory to be able to hear opinions which have long prevailed called in question, and to give up such as, upon examination, appear to be groundless and inde fensible. (" Unitarianism in its Actual Condition," by Dr. Beard, 1846, p. 112.) Mr. Seddon died January 22, 1770. His wife was a daughter of the Rev. Joseph Mottershead, and a sister of Mrs. John Jones of Manchester, the mother of 62 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. Messrs. Samuel and Wm. Jones, the bankers, whose only sister married the late Mr. Lewis Loyd, then assistant tutor at Manchester New College. Mr. Loyd used to relate the following anecdote respecting his wife's grandfather, Mr. Mottershead, which shows in a striking manner the position and influence of the Presbyterian Minister at Manchester about the middle of the last century. During the Rebellion of 1745, the young Pretender, having advanced as far as Manchester, sent for the authorities and demanded a contribution from the town. When the amount had been agreed upon he consulted them as to the mode of levying the impost. Hostages were thought necessary to secure prompt payment, and he was advised to seize upon Mr. Mottershead, and through him to constrain the influential men of his large congregation to find the money forthwith. Mr. Loyd often related a still more interesting anecdote touching his wife's family. Her grandfather, Mr. Mottershead, was a man of some property by inheritance, which he greatly improved by careful management, and by more than one fortunate marriage. His second wife was a widow, named Gaskill, who had a handsome fortune and three daughters. These young ladies were carefully educated in Mr. Mottershead's family, and were most kindly treated by him. In his circle of friends they enjoyed rare social advantages, and being dis tinguished for their accomplishments and beauty they were all well married. One of them became the wife of Mr. Clive, and was the mother of the conqueror of India, Lord Clive. Her step-sister, Miss Mottershead, married Mr. John Jones, of Manchester, grocer and bill-broker, and was the mother of Samuel and Wm. Jones above-named. Lord Clive, when about to return to India as Governor-General, wrote to Mrs. Jones, reminding her of what he had often heard from his mother of the kindness, respect, and affection with which she had been treated in the family of Mr. Mottershead. For those attentions rendered to his mother he wished to offer his best THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 63 services to the descendants of her benefactor. He therefore proposed to take out Mrs. Jones's two sons to India, to provide for them, and to put them in the way of riches and honour. Mrs. Jones, on reflection, thought it her duty to decline the privilege, and stated to Lord Clive that, though gratified by what his mother had said, and greatly obliged to him for his most liberal offer, she looked for the success of her sons in the world to the fruits of industry and to the maintenance of such an upright and honourable character as had descended to them. Her sons became eminent as bankers in their native town, and took into partnership their sister's husband, Mr. Lewis Loyd, who used to repeat the anecdote with genuine approval and satisfaction. 73. Rev. William Enfield, LL.D. 1770-86. Of the Warrington Academy. Author of an Abridgment of Brucker's " History of Philosophy," 2 vols. 4to, 1791, and com piler of " The Speaker." Dr. Enfield was educated at the Daventry Academy as one of the alumni of the Presbyterian Fund. He was during the latter part of his life the minister of the Octagon Chapel, Norwich. He died at Norwich, Nov. 3, 1797. 73 (a). Rev. George Walker. 1772-74. See No. 100. 73 (b). Rev. Pendlebury Houghton. 1778. A grandson of the Rev. William Pendlebury, of Leeds, and son of the Rev. John Houghton, Minister at Hyde, Cheshire, Nantwich, EUand, and Wem successively. Mr. Pendlebury Houghton entered Warrington Academy as a student in 1773, and was assistant classical tutor there in 1778. He was after wards settled as Minister at the following places : — Dob Lane, 64 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. near Manchester ; Shrewsbury (1781-87) ; the Octagon Chapel, Norwich (1787-1808) ; Princes Street Chapel, Westminster (1808-10) ; again at Norwich (1810-12) ; and finally at Liverpool as colleague of the Rev. John Yates, a former fellow student at Warrington. His daughter and only child having married Mr. Henry Dowson, of Geldeston, Norfolk, he accom panied her to her new home, and died there April 3, 1824, aged sixty-six years. He published a volume of sermons in 1790, which reached a second edition in 1809, and shortly before his death he sent to the press another selection of sermons which were published in 2 vols, in 1825, with a memoir and a portrait. During his ministry at Princes Street, Chapel, Westminster, he was a member of the Presbyterian Board. 74. Rev. Nicholas Clayton, D.D. 1782-86. The last Theological Tutor at the Warrington Academy. He was some time minister of the Octagon Chapel, Liverpool. He died in 1779. 75. Rev. Thomas Belsham. 1773-90. Assistant tutor at Daventry Academy and afterwards Theological tutor there, which office he held for some years, until having adopted opinions repugnant to those of the founder, who required the students to be instructed in the doctrines of the Assembly's Catechism, he resigned. Upon his resignation the Academy was removed from Daventry to Northampton, and placed under the presidency of the Rev. John Horsey (No. 95). Mr. Belsham was subsequently tutor at the new College at Hackney, and afterwards a trustee of Dr. Williams's Will. 76. Rev. Thomas Robins. 1775-81. Daventry Academy. Successor of Dr. Caleb Ashworth (No. 62). He was educated at Kibworth by Dr. Aikin and by THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 65 Dr. Doddridge, who died whilst he was a student. He was one of the first of the Daventry students under Dr. Ashworth, on whose death in 1775 he was appointed Divinity Tutor, which office he held for six years " with great reputation, acceptance, and success" (T. Belsham). Having lost his voice by over exertion, he turned Bookseller and Druggist, and died in 1810. He was a man of excessive modesty and diffidence. 77. Rev. Timothy Kenrick. 1779-84. Assistant tutor at the Daventry Academy. Grandson of the Rev. John Kenrick, minister of the Presbyterian Congregation at Wrexham ; born at Wynn Hall, near that town, and for some time a pupil of Dr. Caleb Ashworth (No. 62), at Daventry. In 1778 Mr. Kenrick resigned his office of tutor at Daventry, and removed to Exeter, where he succeeded the Rev. Micaiah Towgood as Minister of George's Meeting Congregation in that city. He was the Author of a well-known Exposition of the Gospels and Acts in three volumes, a second edition of which was edited by his son, the Rev. John Kenrick, of York. He died in 1804. A memoir of him was published by the Rev. John Kentish. 78. Rev. Gilbert Wakefield, B.A. 1779-84, 1790-91. Some time a fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, and a distinguished scholar ; leaving the Church of England on account of theological scruples, he was engaged as classical tutor at the Warrington Academy from 1779 to 1784, and afterwards at the New College, Hackney. (1790-91.) His principal works are Silva Critica, Editions of Lucretius, Virgil, and Horace, and a translation of the New Testament. For a letter to the Bishop of Llandaff, which was deemed a seditious libel, he was prosecuted in 1799 and imprisoned for two F 66 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. years in Dorchester jail. He died in Sept. 1801, four months after his release, in his forty-sixth year. Vir erat qui libera posset Verba animi proferre et vitam impendere vero. There is a fine portrait of him prefixed to his memoirs, 2 vols. 8vo. 1804, underneath which is inserted the above happy adaptation from Juvenal. 79. Rev. Robert Gentleman. 1779-84. Succeeded Dr. Jenkins (No. 64) at Carmarthen. In his time the Academy was conducted at a mansion called Rhydy- gorse, near the town, which was rented by the Presbyterian Board as a residence both for the tutors and students. The experiment of boarding the students in one establishment proved in this case a lamentable failure through the inability of the principal to maintain discipline. The insubordination of the students led to much trouble, followed by the resigna tion of Mr. Gentleman, and the removal of the College to Swansea. (See No. 82.) Mr. Gentleman removed to Kidderminster, where he officiated as minister until his death in 1795. Whilst the Academy was at Rhydygorse (1779-83), Mr. Gentleman and Mr. Davis had under them twenty-three students receiving exhibitions from the Presbyterian Board, of whom twelve at least were or became anti-Trinitarian. 80. Rev. Benjamin Davis. 1779-83. Assistant tutor at the Presbyterian Academy then at Rhydygorse, near Carmarthen. He was a brother of the Rev. David Davis of Castle Howell, and had been educated at the Daventry Academy under Mr. Belsham. He was an Arian. After leaving Carmarthen he was for some time private tutor in the family of the Rev. John Yates of Liverpool, and was THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 67 afterwards for many years minister at Evesham. He died in 1811. 81. Rev. W. Broadbent. 1784-90. Assistant tutor at the Daventry Academy, and afterwards at Northampton. 82. Rev. Solomon Harris. 1784-5. Principal tutor of the Academy, removed in 1784 from Carmarthen to Swansea. He was a native of Cilgwyn, Cardiganshire, and was baptized by the Rev. Philip Pugh, 6 Feb. 1726. He was minister of the old Presbyterian Con gregation at Swansea from 1751 until his death, which occurred on the 14th August, 1785. The Academy, whilst located at Swansea, was conducted in a house which has since been converted into an Inn called Peace and Plenty. Amongst the students of that period the most remarkable was Mr. Lewis Loyd (1785-89), who after wards became an assistant tutor at Manchester College (No. 91), and subsequently an eminent banker and a millionaire. He died in 1858, having during the last twenty years of his life made an annual donation to the Presbyterian College. 83. Rev. Josiah Rees. 1785-6. Of Gellygron, and minister of Gellionnen, near Swansea. He temporarily supplied the place of the Rev. Solomon Harris (No. 82) at the Academy of which he had been a student under Dr. Jenkins (No. 64). He was a son of the Rev. Owen Rees, of Heolyfelin Chapel, Aberdare (now Unitarian), from 1742 until his death in 1768. He was a talented and learned man (Beir- niad, viii. 320). He was the editor of the first Welsh periodi cal, entitled Trysorfa Givybodaeth neu Eirgrawn Cymraeg, 1770. Mr. Rees was the father of the late Rev. Dr. Thomas Rees, many years secretary to the Presbyterian Board, and of f 2 68 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. the late Mr. Josiah Rees some time a partner in the publishing firm of Longman, Brown, Orme, Rees and Co. 84. Rev. Thomas Lloyd. 1785-89. Assistant at the Academy at Swansea. A son of the Rev. David Lloyd of Brynllefryth ; a brother of Dr. Richard Lloyd of Diss ; and an uncle of Dr. David Lloyd of Carmarthen (No. 106). His pupil, the late Mr. Lewis Loyd of Overstone Park, repeatedly referred to him in 1851, in conversations with the writer of these notes, in terms of high praise. 85. Hackney College. 1785-95. This Institution was started in 1785 on the extinguishment of the Hoxton Academy (No. 67). An appeal having been made for pecuniary assistance, several thousand pounds were at once subscribed, and lectures were commenced at Dr. Williams's library, where the tutors and students met until the premises at Hackney were ready. The work of the College was conducted by Dr. Kippis, Dr. Abraham Rees, Dr. Morgan, Mr. Gilbert Wakefield and Mr. Hugh Worthington. Among the students on the foundation of the Presbyterian Board were Michael Maurice, the father of the late Professor Maurice, and William Hazlitt who, declining the ministry, devoted himself to literature. After about ten years the College was closed. (See Belsham's Memoirs of Theophilus Lindsey.) It is now repre sented by " The Liberal Dissenters' Endowment Fund," which is administered under a scheme of the Charity Commissioners. 86. Rev. Andrew Kippis, D.D. 1785-95. Tutor at Hackney New College. (See No. 69.) 87. Rev. Abbaham Rees, D.D., F.R.S. 1785-95. At Hackney New College. (See No. 70.) THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 69 88. Rev. Thomas Morgan, LL.D. 1785-6. Tutor at the Hackney College, and one of Dr. Williams's trustees. 89. Rev. Hugh Worthington. 1786-8. One of the tutors at the Hackney College. A member of the Presbyterian Board, and of Dr. Williams's Trust. For forty years he was one of the most popular preachers in London. He died in July, 1813. 90. Rev. William Howell. 1786-95. Succeeded the Rev. Solomon Harris (No. 82), at the Presby terian Academy at Swansea, and also as minister of the Uni tarian Church there. He was a son of the Rev. William Howell, of the old Presbyterian congregation at Birmingham, and was educated at the Warrington Academy. Disagreement between him and the assistant tutor (No. 97) led to a tempo rary suspension of the College and to its removal in 1795 to Carmarthen. 91. Manchester College. 1787-1803. This College was established in 1786 to supply the place of Warrington Academy. (No. 71.) The chief tutors were the Rev. Dr. Barnes (No. 92), the Rev. Ralph Harrison (No. 93), and the Rev. George Walker (No. 100). The Presbyterian Board had twenty-one students there. In 1803 the College was removed to York. (No. 101.) 92. Rev. Thomas Barnes, D.D. 1787-98. Minister of Cross Street Chapel, Manchester, for thirty years (1779-1810). Professor of Hebrew, Metaphysics, Ethics and Geology at Manchester College from 1786 to 1798. He had 70 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. been a pupil at the Warrington Academy under Dr. Aikin and Dr. Priestley and was one of the first promoters of the Man chester Literary and Philosophical Institution. He died in 1810. For Manchester College see No. 91. 93. Rev. Ralph Harrison. 1787- Professor of Greek, Latin and Polite Literature at Manches ter College from 1786 to 1789 and assistant to Dr. Barnes as Minister of the Presbyterian Chapel, Manchester. 94. Rev. David Peter. 1789-92. A pupil of the Rev. Robert Gentleman (No. 79), the Rev. Solomon Harris (No. 82), and of the Rev. Thomas Lloyd (No. 84), upou whose death in 1786 he was appointed assistant Tutor at Swansea, which office he held until he accepted the office of Pastor to the Old Presbyterian Congregation at Lammas Street, Carmarthen . 95. Rev. John Horsey. 1790-98. On the retirement of Mr. Belsham (No. 75) the Daventry Academy was removed to Northampton and placed under the Rev. John Horsey, who had for his assistants the Rev. R. Forsyth and Mr Saville ; but in 1799, the principal tutor and the students having become heterodox, the Academy was removed to Little Baddow in Essex, whence it was afterwards removed to Wymondham. On the death of Mr. Horsey, who was Minister of Dr. Doddridge's Chapel at Northampton, a considerable part of his congregation, including his son and daughters, being Uni tarians of the Belsham School, seceded and formed a new society. 96. Rev. Gilbert Wakefield, B.A. 1790-91. Tutor at Hackney College. (See No. 78.) THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 71 97. Rev. John Jones, LL.D. 1792-95. Sometime a student at the Hackney College. Assistant tutor at the academy at Swansea from 1762 to 1795. Dr. Jones was the author of a Greek and English Lexicon and other learned works. See Dr. Williams's Trustees, No. 154. Disagreements between Dr. Jones (who was not of an amiable disposition) and Mr. Howell, the Principal tutor, resulted in the closing of the Academy at Swansea in 1795. It was reopened soon after at Carmarthen under the Rev. David Peter and Rev. David Davies as co-tutors (See Nos. 98, 99). 98. Rev. David Peter. 1795-1835. Theological tutor of the Presbyterian College removed back to Carmarthen, on his account. He was the author of a History of Religion in Wales in the Welsh language, and minister of Lammas Street Chapel. He died 4th May, 1837. (See No. 94.) 99. Rev. David Davies. 1799-1813. Co-tutor with the Rev. D. Peter at the Academy at Car marthen from its removal from Swansea in 1795 until 1813, but during the last two years and a half of that period his duties were performed by a deputy. Mr. Davies was the Minister of the Congregation at Llanybri, then "Presbyterian," and died in 1828. His son of the same name was for many years Minister of the Arian or Unitarian Congregation of Llwynrhydowen, Cardiganshire. 100. Rev. George Walker, F.R.S. 1798-1802. An eminent mathematician and divine, author of Treatises on the Sphere and the Conic Sections, and of two volumes of Sermons. Mathematical tutor at the Warrington Academy from 1772 to 1774 and Theological tutor at Manchester College from 72 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 1798 to 1803 when he retired, and the College was removed to York. He was for many years a Minister at Nottingham, before removing to Manchester. Gilbert Wakefield in his Memoirs writes of him in the highest terms of admiration. Vol. i. pp. 227, 8. 101. Manchester College, Yoek. 1803-4. Removed to York from Manchester in 1803. The Presby terian Board had but four students there, the last of whom was the late Daniel Jones, LL.D. of Llanfihangel Ystrad, Cardiganshire, who died in 1866, having bequeathed nearly the whole of his property to charitable uses, but chiefly to the College at which he was a student, which is now called Man chester New College, and was removed to London in 1853. The Eev. Daniel Jones, LL.D., was born about the year 1781, in the village of Ystrad in the vale of Aeron, Cardiganshire, of very poor parents, and was the youngest of five children. His early education must have been of a very elementary kind, but he had the good fortune to attract the notice of an opulent neighbour, who encouraged and assisted him, and he was sent as a pupil to the Rev. D. Davis of Castle Howell, whose school was one of the best in South Wales. Whilst he was still a youth his kind patron died, but having been started in his course he persevered in it, and was at the age of twenty-two admitted a student of York College as an exhibitioner of the Presbyterian Board. He never entered the ministry, but found his vocation in teaching. The charitable dis position he made of his property for the education of poor boys and students appears to have been made in grateful remembrance of the help he had himself received in his boyhood and youth. By his will, dated November 30, 1858, the testator gave £2,650 Con solidated 3 per cent. Annuities and £4,100 New 3 per cent. Beduced annuities (together producing £202 10s. per annum) to the Rev. John Kenrick, the Rev. John James Taylor, the Rev. James Martineau, and Robert Needham Phillips, Esq., upon trust after the death of his wife and stepdaughter, to apply the income of the said sums (to be called Dr. Daniel Jones's Fund) for the spread of Christianity in its most simple and intelligible form, and to the unfettered exercise of private judgment in matters of religion, and with special regard to the sound and liberal education of youth and to the assistance of those engaged in the religious ministry among Protestant Dissenters, and upon no other trust. And as to tlie mode of giving effect to this paramount object he thereby declared bg way of suggestion, but not at all by ivay of direction, that if and when THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 73 and so long as they (the said trustees) should thinlc fit they might adopt and act upon the scheme following, that is to say : — 1. To apply £40 a year towards the education of six or eight poor boys from seven to fourteen years of age of Ystrad, Llanfihangel Ystrad, and to be nominated from time to time by the minister for the time being of the chapel of Protestant Dissenters commonly called Unitarians at Rhydygwin, near Ystrad, and if he should be willing to undertake the education of the boys he to receive the amount allotted for such education. 2. To apply .£150 a year to establish three or more scholarships for students in Divinity at Manchester New College of not less than A'50 each, to be held for three years. 3. To apply any surplus income in making discretionary grants of £5 or £10 each to the said minister, whether he should or (should not under take the education of the said boys ; and after paving all expenses incident to the trust fund, in augmenting the revenue of Manchester New College. The testator gave the residue of his property in case he should survive his wife and stepdaughter to the same trustees, and directed them to increase the amount allotted for the education of poor boys to the extent of one half of the clear yearly income of such residue when convei'ted into money and invested. It is probable that the words above printed in italics were suggested and introduced by an adviser who generalized the testator's intention for him. Dr. Jones was in the habit of visiting his native place, and there can be no moral doubt what his own genuine wishes were. His fund has lately fallen in possession by the death of his stepdaughter, and new trustees have been appointed. 102. Rev. Chaeles Wellbeloved. 1803-4. Theological tutor at Manchester College, York, from 1803 until 1840, when the Academy was removed back to Man chester, and took the name of Manchester New College. This eminent tutor was for 56 years Minister of St. Saviour's Gate Chapel, York. He died in 1858, in his 90th year. 103. Rev. Timothy Davis. 1811-13. Was deputy tutor at Carmarthen for two and a half years, in the place of the Rev. David Davies of Llanyhree (No. 99). Mr. Timothy Davis was afterwards, for many years, Minister at Evesham, and died in 1861. He was a son of the celebrated 74 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. schoolmaster, minister and poet, the Rev. David Davis of Castle Howell. 104. Rev. David Lewis Jones. 1814-30. Carmarthen Academy. Previous to his appointment, he was the colleague of the Rev. D. Davis of Castle Howell as Minister of Llwynrhydowen. He died in 1830. 105. Rev. John Palmer. 1831-32. Then late of Trinity College, Dublin. He was afterwards the Minister of the Unitarian Congregation at Dudley. 106. Rev. David Lloyd, M.A., LL.D. 1833-63. Classical tutor at Carmarthen. A grandson of the Rev. David Lloyd of Brynllefryth and a nephew of No. 84. He was educated at the Academy and partly in London, by his uncle, Dr. Richard Lloyd, and at the University of Glasgow, where he took the degree of M.A. with Honours. In 1852 that Univer sity conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Dr. Lloyd was for thirty years (1833-63) the minister of the Unitarian Congregation at Carmarthen. He took a prominent part in all philanthropic movements connected with the town and neighbourhood. In particular the Infirmary and Cemetery owe their existence almost entirely to his efforts. He died 13th Sept. 1863, aged fifty-eight years. 107. Rev. David Davies. 1835-56. Theological tutor at Carmarthen in the place of No. 98. He was at the same time the Minister of the Independent Church at Panteg. He died 31st July, 1864. THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 75 107 (a). Foreign Universities. 1840-45. In 1840 the Presbyterian Board resumed the old practice of assisting students desirous of supplementing their education by spending one or two sessions at some German University. They accordingly offered scholarships of £50 per annum, to be gained in a way which should confer honour as well as a benefit upon the recipient. Among those who were deemed worthy of them, may be mentioned two who afterwards became Professors under the Board, Dr. Samuel C. Davison (No. 108) and Dr. George Vance Smith, who is now the Principal of the Presby terian College at Carmarthen. 108. Samuel Davison, Esq., B.A. (Lond.), Ph.D. 1847-56. Hebrew, German, and English tutor at Carmarthen. He was the eldest son of the Rev. D. Davison, M.A., of London, who as annual examiner rendered great services to the College. On resigning his post at the College Dr. Davison entered the Ministry, received Presbyterian Ordination in Ireland, and was settled for some time with the Unitarian Congregation at Dudley. 109. Rev. Thomas Nicholas, Ph.D. 1856-62. Theological tutor in the place of No. 107. In consequence of unhappy differences with Dr. Lloyd he resigned his office in 1862. He was afterwards actively engaged for several years in advocating the establishment of a University for Wales, and his efforts undoubtedly gave great impulse to that movement. It is due to his memory that this should be acknowledged. He was the Author of a valuable philological work entitled " The Pedigree of the English People," which, however, gave rise to much litigation ruinous to him. 76 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 110. Rev. Wm. Davies, M.A., Ph.D. 1856-59. Succeeded No. 108 at Carmarthen, and taught Hebrew, mathematics, and natural philosophy. Mr. Davies had pre viously for many years, kept a school at Froodvale, which acquired considerable celebrity. He died in Dec. 1859. 111. Rev. William Morgan. 1862-84. Educated at Froodvale Academy and the University of Glas gow. Successor of Dr. Nicholas as Theological tutor, which office he held until his death. He was also Minister of the Union Street Independent Church at Carmarthen, and held a foremost place amongst the Nonconformists of Wales. He died 25th April, 1884, and was succeeded in the Theological chair by his colleague, the Rev. D. E. Jones, M.A. (No. 116). 112. Rev. Stephenson Hunter. 1860-75. Elected Hebrew and Mathematical tutor in the place of Dr. Davies (No. 110), but on the death of Dr. Lloyd he took the classical department, for which he was eminently qualified. Mr. Hunter was honoured with the designation of Principal of the College. He enjoyed a high popularity among his pupils, his erudition and benevolent spirit, added to a manner singularly suave, taking a powerful hold on their reverence and affection. On Dr. Lloyd's decease he became honorary Minister of the Unitarian Chapel, and continued to officiate there until his death in 1875. Previous to his appointment at Carmarthen, he was in charge of a congregation at Wolver hampton. He died 6th Nov. 1875, greatly lamented. The chief part of his work was undertaken for the remainder of the session by the Rev. R. J. Jones, M.A. (No, 115.) THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 77 113. Rev. D. L. Evans. 1864-74. Elected to the chair of Hebrew and Mathematics. Mr. Evans had been a student at the College and afterwards, for many years Minister at Colyton, Devon. He retired from the college in 1874. 114. Rev. Edward Higginson. 1869-75. Minister of the Unitarian Church at Swansea. Author of "The Spirit of the Bible," 2 Vols., 1853; "The Church of the Free-born," 1854; "Ecce Messias," 1871; &c, &c. Mr. Higginson was engaged for some years, whilst at Swansea, in giving weekly lectures at Carmarthen College on English Literature and Political Economy, and took an important part at the annual examination of the students until failing health compelled him to retire. 115. Rev. R. J. Jones, M.A. 1875-76. A former student of the College, and Minister of the Old Meeting House at Aberdare. He was appointed to preside over the classical department until a successor to Mr. Hunter (No. 112) should be elected. 116. Rev. D. E. Jones, M.A. 1875- Also an old student of the College, and a graduate of the University of Glasgow. Elected in the place of the Rev. D. L. Evans (No. 113). On the death of Mr. Morgan, in 1884, Mr. Jones was promoted to the Theological chair. 117. Rev. G. Vance Smith, B.A., Ph.D., D.D. 1876- Successor of the Rev. Stephenson Hunter (No. 112) as Principal, to which office is now attached Hebrew, New Testa ment, and Philosophical Greek. Dr. Vance Smith was some time the Principal of Manchester New College, London, and 78 THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. subsequently Minister of St. Saviour Gate Chapel, York. He is the author of several works connected with Biblical subjects, and joint-author with the Rev. Charles Wellbeloved, and the Rev. John Scott Porter, of a translation of the Old Testament. Dr. Smith was one of the Company appointed to revise the English translation of the New Testament. The arrangements made between the Presbyterian Board and Dr. Vance Smith were such as to enable him to attend all the meetings of the Revision Company, which he did very regularly from Carmarthen College, whicli will thus be ever associated with the Revised Version — a distinction which belongs to no other College in Wales. 118. Waltee J. Evans, Esq. M.A. (Oxon.) 1884- Professor of the Greek and Latin classics. A son of the late Rev. Titus Evans of Carmarthen. Won the senior scholarship and red tassel at the Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in that town ; and in 1870, at the age of 14, gained the Berman Scholarship on entering the Presbyterian College, where he studied for three years. Matriculating at Jesus College, Oxford, in 1873 as Classical Exhibitioner, he was elected Scholar in the following year, and graduated B.A. and M.A. in due course, taking 2nd class Honours in Classical Moderations. Studied afterwards at the University of Gottingen and at Manchester New College. Up to his appointment as Professor at Carmar then, he was engaged in tuition and is known to be a skilful and sympathetic teacher. He has travelled extensively in the intervals of work, and is proficient in modern languages. The Peesbyteeian College, Carmarthen, is open free of charge to well recommended young men preparing for the Christian Ministry, without any theological or denominational test. There are usually about thirty students at the College, most of them being Congregationalists and Unitarians (chiefly the former), with occasionally a Baptist and Calvinistic THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD. 79 Methodist. The Independents raise a considerable fund for the students of their own denomination. Dr. Williams's trustees offer £100 a year, and the Berman trustees £50 a year, in scholarships open to all without distinction, except that Dr. Williams's are limited to natives of Wales. (See p. 239). The institution is absolutely free from proselytism. The diversity of opinions found there tends it is conceived to give a certain robustness and independence of thought to the students. Can didates for admission must be sixteen years of age, and must possess a competent knowledge of the following subjects : — 1. English Geammae. 2. History of England to 1688. 3. Modern Geography. 4. Arithmetic : Vulgar and Decimal Fractions. 5. Algebra : Simple Equations. 6. Euclid : Books I. and II. 7. Latin : Grammar ; Caesar's Gallic War, Book I. 8. Greek : Grammar ; Xenophon's Anabasis, Book I. ; Gospel of Mark. Candidates for entrance Scholarships are required, in addi tion, to bring up Virgil's Aeneid, Book I., and Homer's Iliad, Book I. Students entering the College are expected to be provided with the following books : — Liddell and Scott's Smaller Greek Lexicon. Dr. Wm. Smith's Smaller Latin-English Dictionary. „ ,, Classical Dictionary. ,, ,, Dictionary of Antiquities. „ Student's Histories of Greece and Rome. Public School Latin Primer. Goodwin's Shorter Greek Grammar. A Classical Atlas. Todhunter's Euclid. ,, Algebra for Beginners. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. The Rev. Daniel Williams, D.D., the founder of the noble Trust which bears his name, was a native of Wales. Nothing is known of his parents or of the events of his childhood or early youth. He was born in 1643 or 1644, at Wrexham, where he appears to have spent the first twenty- eight or thirty years of his life. The celebrated Walter Cradock had some time exercised his powerful ministry as curate in the fine old cathedral-like church in that town, and had left there a deep and lasting religious impression, which was communicated to the next generation. Daniel Williams was, doubtless, one of the " Cradockians " (a name given to religious people in North Wales for more than a century). He began to preach at the age of nineteen, and was, there fore, one of the first among young men who had the courage, after the passing of the act of Uniformity (1662), to under take the hazardous work of preaching as a Nonconformist. He was not deterred by witnessing the ejectment of two thousand ministers from their parsonages and livings, nor by the Conventicle Act and the Five Mile Act, which followed, with their terrible pains and penalties. Having for some years preached in Denbighshire and Shrop shire, he accepted the office of Chaplain to the Countess of Meath, in Ireland, and was soon after elected pastor of Wood Street Congregation, Dublin, where he continued for nearly twenty-years. Toward the close of the reign of James the Second his strong opposition to Popery excited the hatred 82 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. of the Catholics, and, being in fear of his life, he quitted Ireland, and came to London in 1687. Towards the close of the following year he was elected minister of the Presbyterian Congregation in Hand Alley, Bishopsgate Street, which office he held during the remainder of his life. The first work of permanent importance in which he was engaged in London was the formation of the Fund — the sub ject of the preceding pages. He was a liberal contributor to it and an active manager ; and it was in consequence of the controversy about his religious opinions that the original " affair " became two distinct funds. Upon the death of his friend Richard Baxter in 1691, Mr. Williams was chosen his successor as one of the Tuesday Lecturers at Pinners' Hall. Some of his colleagues at that place advocated ultra-Calvinistic doctrines, which he, on the other hand, controverted. The result was a violent controversy, in which he was accused of favouring Socinianism, followed by a separation of the two parties. The Independents withdrew from the Fund, and the Presbyterians withdrew from Pinners' Hall. The Independents set on foot a new fund, and Mr. Williams, supported by Dr. Bates, formerly rector of St. Dunstan's in the West, and others of his party, instituted a new Tuesday Lecture at Salters' Hall, which eventually acquired celebrity. On the death of Dr. Bates in 1699, his curious and valuable collection of books consisting of about six thousand volumes, was purchased by Mr. Williams, who afterwards bequeathed them together with his own, as will presently appear. In 1709 the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh conferred on him the degree of D.D. He had acquired by marriage a large estate " which," as he says, " he used with moderation as to himself that he might be the more useful to others both in life and after his death." Having no near relative except a sister who had no family, he formed the design of devoting his property to public uses — subject to provision for his wife and sister, and her husband, during their lives. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 83 By his will dated 26 June, 1711, he accordingly made bequests in favour of the following objects : — 1. The Presbyterian Chapel at Wrexham, his native place. 2. The education of children in that town. 3. The Society for the Reformation of Manners. 4. The education of youth at Dublin. 5. The Poor of the Congregation in Dublin of which he had been pastor. 6. The Poor of his Congregation in London. 7. Poor French Refugees — the Protestants who had fled to this country on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 8. The Poor of the Parish where he resided. 9. Numerous Ministers and Widows by name. He devised landed estates or house property, 10. To St. Thomas's Hospital and the workhouse in Bishop- gate Street. 11. To the Presbyterian Chapel at Burnham. 12. To the University of Glasgow for the education of students for the Ministry from South Britain. 13. To the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge. 14. To the Society for New England for several purposes, i.e., a. For the support of itinerant preachers in the English Plantations in the West Indies " for the good of what pagans or blacks lie neglected there." b. For the work of converting the Indians in New England. c. For the College of Cambridge in New England, to enable them " to get constantly some learned pro fessor out of Europe to reside there." The Testator gave the residue of his estates to a body of twenty-three Trustees in London (known as Dr. Williams's Trustees) for the following purposes : — g 2 84 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 15. The further assistance of Students from South Britain at the University of Glasgow preparing for the Christian Ministry. 16. The education of children in various places in Wales and Essex. 17. The assistance of Welsh Students at the Presbyterian Academy at Carmarthen under the Rev. William Evans and his successors. 18. The assistance of the Pastor of the Presbyterian Chapel at Wrexham and his successors. 19. The reprinting of the Testator's works at intervals, to be given to students and others. 20. The distribution of good practical books in English and Welsh from year to year. 21. The assistance of Preachers of the Word in England and Wales. 22. The relief of Ministers' Widows in England and Wales. 23. The apprenticing of boys such as should have been educated on his foundation in Wales. 24. The further education of students for the Ministry who should have already spent three years at a University, to enable them to proceed to Foreign universities or elsewhere. 25. The assistance of " such educated persons of sound judgment and sober principles " as the Trustees should nominate to preach in North and South Wales. 26. The support of an itinerant Protestant Preacher in Ireland skilful in the Irish tongue. 27. And lastly, the Testator directed that his books (they were chiefly those he had purchased from the Executors of Dr. Bates) should be deposited in a convenient place in a freehold building, to be purchased or erected for that purpose, to be " a public library whereto " (to use the testator's own words) " such as my trustees appoint shall have access for the perusal of any book in the place where they are lodged." The estates given to the twenty-three trustees were devised to DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 85 them only for a term of years, upon the expiration or sooner determination of which they were to be applied for the main tenance of Almshouses in Scotland. This requires some explanation. At the date of the Testator's will it was generally felt to be uncertain who the successor of Queen Anne would be. The majority of her subjects were probably Jacobites at heart. Dr. Williams had reason to fear the consequences if a Roman Catholic of the House of Stuart should again occupy the throne. He had witnessed the doings of the Papists under that Dynasty in England, in Scotland, and in Ireland. In preparing his will he must have contemplated three contingencies : first, the possiblity of Protestantism being suppressed in England, but not in Scotland ; secondly the event of Protestantism being suppressed in Scotland but not in England ; and thirdly, of its being put down in both countries. The provisions and language of the will furnish evidence that he had a lively apprehension of each of these three contingencies. Expressions contemplating that the trustees might be under " violent restraint, " or not meeting for two years, or rendered incapable of applying the trust income according to his will, and words of the like import, refer to the first contingency, in which case the estate given to the Society for New England was to shift to the town of Boston in that country, and the term of 2, 000 years given to the London trustees was to determine, and the estate comprised in the term was to pass to Trustees in Scotland. On the happening of the second contingency his gift of houses and land to the college of Glasgow for the education of youth of South Britain was to become null and void. In the same event the Estate given to the Society in Scotland was to revert to the London Trustees. If the third and worst contingency should happen — that is, the violent suppression of Protestant Worship throughout Great Britain — in that case the Testator provided that the income of his property should not be applied to religious purposes at all, but was to be received by the 86 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow for the support of the poor in almshouses — one-half of the inmates, however, to be from South Britain. This singular ultimate charity was not to come into operation for 2,000 years if all the prior trusts were allowed to be freely executed, but the moment they were suppressed the final use was to spring up to take their place. The almshouses, the term of years, and the cross limitations were but legal devices to prevent the rents and profits of the testator's estates being directed by the Court of Chancery to be applied Gy pres to the support of Roman Catholic worship, and the testator took care to say emphatically "my mind is that no part thereof be any time applied to or for the use or benefit of any person or persons or society belonging to or in the communion of the Church of Rome. " By a Codicil dated Aug. 22, 1712, the Testator devised certain estates then lately purchased to his trustees to the uses declared in his will concerning the property which was ultimately applicable to the support of Almhouses ; but the Codicil was not attested. The Will was also altered by interlineations without being re-executed. Dr. Williams died Jan. 26, 171-f , and his Will, in consequence of the interlineations and unattested Codicil, became at once the subject of a Chancery Suit. A compromise was entered into with the testator's heir at law (his sister), whereby additional benefits were secured to North Wales chiefly in the form of annuities to a number of Presbyterian Congregations there. The compromise was sanctioned by the Court of Chancery, and the Trust was administered under the directions of the Court for about 140 years without a break. Of late years it has been greatly modi fied by the Endowed Schools Commissioners and the Charity Commissioners. With the exception of reprinting the Founder's Works periodically, none of the objects of this noble Trust has become DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 87 obsolete or less capable of usefulness. These objects are pre cisely such as are every day encouraged and supported by living philanthropists, for which subscriptions and donations are urgently solicited, and legacies are bequeathed, or for which rates are now levied. Broadly stated, they are the instruction of children, the education of students for the ministry, the support of educated and active ministers, the relief of aged and poor ministers, the assistance of widows, the distribution of books, and the maintenance of a Library. The Schools. Dr. Williams directed the establishment of seven schools in Wales, his native country, and one in Essex, where he had estates. The children were to be taught to read English and write, and to be instructed " in the principles of the Christian religion," and some of them were afterwards to be apprenticed to useful trades. The records of the Trust throw some light upon the sad condition of the people of North Wales a hundred and forty years ago. The Conformist ministers and inhabitants of Flint, Conway, and Beaumaris, objected to schools being set up there by the trustees. The schoolmaster at Bala reported in 1737, that the rector of the parish had threatened him unless he taught the Church Catechism ; and he wished to know whether the trustees would stand by him if he refused. The master at Montgomery was harassed by the Town Warden, " a sorry rogue from Anglesea," who informed the magistrates ' ' that there was kept in his town a Presbyterian school, and that the master did not communicate in the Church of England nor teach the Church Catechism, and that he had corrupted all the town and country." Having no license from the Bishop, he was cited to appear before the Episcopal Court " fifteen long miles" off. The Rev. Edward Kenrick, ofBronyclyder, Merion ethshire, at the same time informed the trustees that there was not, except the schoolmaster, one Dissenter in or near the 88 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. town of Montgomery. Another correspondent, asking for Bibles, said that there was not one to be found within several miles of where he lived. The schoolmaster at Carnarvon was prosecuted at the instance of the vicar of Llanbeblig. One night in August, 1743, about eleven o'clock, the master was roused and alarmed by a noisy and riotous mob headed by the vicar, who, violently striking the door and using abusive language, loudly demanded admittance. The offence of the schoolmaster was that two strangers on horseback had been seen a few hours previously stopping at his door for about a quarter of an hour conversing with him. They were supposed by the townspeople to be Methodist preachers, and the mob was raised to go in search of the conventicle. They were in fact Presbyterian ministers from Montgomeryshire, who had come on their way to Anglesea, and had left, namely, the Rev. Lewis Rees, father of Dr. Abraham Rees, and the Rev. Dr. Jenkins, of Llanfyllin, afterwards Classical Tutor at Carmarthen College. The result was that the schoolmaster was put in the Bishop's Court at Bangor, and was apprehensive lest the Chancellor of the diocese, the Rev. John Owen, vicar of Llanor, who had then lately excommunicated a young man " for teaching people to read Welsh," should deal with him in the same manner, and ruin him with costs. The School endowments were transferable from place to place at the discretion of the trustees, and that contributed to the healthy condition and great usefulness of this branch of the Trust. The following places had the benefit of them for various periods : Montgomery, Newtown, Llanbrynmair, Llanuwchllyn, Bala, Pwllheli, Carnarvon, Cerrigceinwen, Holyhead, Bangor, Aber gele, Holywell, Denbigh, and Wrexham in Wales,and Springfield and Chelmsford in Essex. The masters were generally Indepen dent ministers, until about the year 1850, when the endowments were transferred to British Schools, much to the advantage of both. The elementary Education Act made a further change necessary. It was clear that, wherever a Board School was DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 89 established any endowment for the instruction of the poor would henceforth operate merely in aid of the rates. The Educational endowments of this Trust were therefore consolid ated into one fund under the Endowed Schools Act, and applied to the establishment of a Middle Class School for girls at Dolgelly, under a scheme which was approved by Her Majesty in Council on the 28th of June, 1875. A handsome building was erected in a healthy and delightful situation half a mile from the town, at a cost of £3,000, raised by voluntary sub scriptions. The school was opened in 1878. The building has since been considerably enlarged and improved. There is now accommodation for forty boarders and as many day scholars. The school has been generally full, sometimes overflowing, and has been commended in high terms in the Report presented to Parliament in 1881 by the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the condition of intermediate and higher education in Wales. (See p. 241.) The Scholarships. The Presbyterian Board, of which Dr. Daniel Williams was an active member, was in the habit, during his time, of granting exhibitions to students for the Ministry, at the Universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Utrecht, Leyden and Halle, as well as at various private academies in England and Wales. In thus promoting the education of future Ministers he had been engaged with others for more than twenty years when in 1711 he made his will. One of his first important bequests of a charitable kind was in favour of students, and his will contains four distinct provisions for that purpose. He founded (1) exhibitions at Glasgow, limited to natives of South Britain ; issuing out of the income of property vested in the College ; (2) supplemental exhibitions to such students to be given at the discretion of the trustees out of income received by them ; (3) Divinity Scholarships for advanced students desi rous after graduation of pursuing their studies two years 90 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. longer either abroad or elsewhere ; and (4) one or two exhi bitions for Welsh students at Carmarthen College. The Glasgow College Fund is ample enough to enable the trustees to have constantly on that foundation about seven students, each receiving £40 per annum for three years. The Divinity Scholarships, which are variable in number, are from £40 to £50 per annum ; and the Carmarthen endowment has very recently been raised from the original £10 to £100 a year at the discretion of the trustees. The value of endowments depends no less upon the wise and benevolent intentions of the founder, than upon the manner in which they are administered, and the trustees may become as truly entitled to the name of benefactors as the founder himself. During a great part of the last half century several learned members of the Trust who are no longer living devoted much time and attention to the improve ment of the Scholarships ; among them two trustees are pre eminently worthy of mention in this place, — the late Mr. James Yates, M.A., F.R.S., a patron of learning and a friend of scholars, and the late Rev. David Davison, M.A., who also for a quarter of a century most ably conducted the annual examinations at Carmarthen College. Both of those gentlemen could take a genuine interest in young students, irrespective of sect or creed. Chiefly through their untiring zeal and energy Dr. Williams's Scholarships, which had previously been gained by testimonials, acquired a reputation which conferred honour in the public estimation, on those who won them, and reflected lustre upon the Trust itself. Before he resigned his office in 1860 Mr. Yates had collected the names of all the Glasgow students from the commencement, with such biographical particulars as could be found ; after his death the MS., a quarto volume containing one hundred and eighty-six biographies, was presented to the founder's Library by Mrs. Yates.* (See pp. 239, 240.) * Since 1833 the Glasgow and Divinity Scholarships have been com peted for by public Examination. Tho subjects and rules are printed for DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 91 The Library. At the date of Dr. Williams's Will (1711) there was no public Library in London, except Archbishop Tenison's, which had recently been established. The Libraries of the Royal Society, the Antiquarian Society, and the several Inns of Court, were the exclusive property of those particular bodies ; the Westminster Library, founded by Dr. John Williams, which is said to have been intended for public use, was claimed by the Dean and Chapter ; the Lambeth Library was the Archbishop's ; Sion College belonged to the beneficed Clergy of London ; and the library bequeathed by Dr. Daniel Williams was undoubtedly intended by him for the use of the Nonconformist bodies, and not for the public in an unlimited sense. Dr. Daniel Williams, although a man of large-hearted benevolence and wide philanthropy, was not equally distin guished for judgment or foresight in regard to the use and the information of candidates, and are also advertised in the principal Nonconformist Journals when vacancies are expected. The Examinations have always been conducted at Dr. Williams's Library by learned members of the Trust and other gentlemen, and have added greatly to the efficiency and value of this important branch of the Charity, and to the reputation of the Institution. Subjoined are the names of the most constant honorary Examiners since 1855. James Yates, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., &a. &c. (1833-1861). Rev. David Davison, M.A. (1833-1857). William Smith, Esq., LL.D., Editor of the Classical Dictionary, &c. &c. (1845-1864). Samuel Shar'pe, Esq., Author of History of Egypt, &c. &c. (1854- 1864). W. A. Case, Esq , M.A. (1856-1871). W. D. Jeremy, Esq., M.A. (1856-1871). Rev. Henry Iekson, M.A. (1862-1884). Rev. R. Bjiook Aspland, M.A. (1859-1869). Rev. James Martineau, D.D., LL.D. (1866). Rev. James Drummond, LL.D. (1872-8). L. M. Aspland, Esq., LL.D. (1872- ). Rev. Philip Henry Wicksteed, M.A. (1877- ). Rev. Joseph Estlin Carpenter, M.A. (1877- ). 92 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. value of books. He particularly directed that the greater part of his own works should be reprinted every twentieth year for a term of two thousand years, whilst he made no provision for the improvement of the library he bequeathed to the public by the purchase of a single new book ; and that this omission was not an oversight is clearly shown by the scanty but very definite provisions he made with regard to the library. He could not have expected any considerable additions to it by donations, or any extensive use of the books, for the building whicli was to receive them was to be a " throwster's workhouse or the like," or else a new structure to be erected for the purpose on a " small piece of ground " with one room for a single person who was to give such attendance as could be purchased for £10 a year. The trustees were directed "to keep the said bought or built edifice in repair, and at due times a fire to preserve the books." The bequest of the library came at the end of the will, after the whole of the income of the estate had been disposed of, as if it were an after-thought. It is clear that the testator simply intended that the valuable collection of books which he had at his house at Hoxton, should be carefully preserved, and made accessible to such as might wish to consult them. Archbishop Tenison had a few years before established a Library — (the first Public Library in London) — on the same plan, i.e., without making any provision for its enlargement by the addition of new books ; and if Dr. Williams's Trustees had strictly followed their testator's instructions, his library would long since have been closed from want of use, as Dr. Tenison's has been. The trustees, however, disregarded those instructions by erecting a handsome and capacious building in Red Cross-street, which the testator would certainly have called "too large." The cost exceeded the estimate which had been approved by the Court of Chancery. An application for a supplemental sum having been refused, the wealthier trustees generously volunteered to pay for the completion of the building out of their own pockets. The DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 93 Library thus completed was a mansion, containing two large committee rooms, a noble reception room of fine proportions, well suited for public meetings, together with a capacious room for the library, besides house-keeper's rooms. It was opened in 1729, and became useful in a way never contemplated by the founder. For a whole century it was the head-quarters of the " Three Denominations." There they held their meetings for the discussion of Bills before Parliament and other questions affecting Dissenting interests. When they went as a body to present an address to the Throne in exercise of a privilege they still enjoy, it was from the Library they started. At one time lectures were delivered there to students for the ministry, as at a college. There the well-known Register of Baptisms was kept for the convenience of Dissenting families in all parts of the kingdom, which has long since been transferred to Somerset House. There the Presbyterian Board, which at one time consisted of about forty representative members elected by the various congregations who subscribed to the Fund, assembled. It was often called " The Dissenters' Library " — it might have been called " The Dissenters' Parliament " — and it is inseparable from the history of Nonconformity during the period named. The celebrity and importance of the large house in Red Cross-street was owing far more to those circumstances, and to its being the centre at which were administered the incomes of Dr. Williams's Trust and the Presbyterian Fund, than to the fact of its containing a library accessible to a limited public* The books, however, were none the less valuable on that account, and they gradually increased in number. The original number was comparatively small, as may be seen by the catalogue printed in 1727, being considerably less than that possessed by one of the original Trustees, the Rev. Dr. John Evans, a catalogue of whose books is also extant. In 1740 the * The early Trustees granted the free use of the Library to " all pastors and settled assistants of the Three Denominations; " others might gain stated admittance on the recommendation of two or more Trustees. 94 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. library received an addition of nearly 2,000 volumes, under the will of another Trustee, Dr. William Harris, minister of Jewry- street Chapel. A custom also grew up, which afterwards became almost a rule, for every lay Trustee on his appointment to present ten guineas for the purchase of books ; and donations were received from time to time from authors and others. Portraits of Divines and other personages were also presented to the library, sometimes by " an unknown hand," which thus became an interesting Portrait Gallery, and many MSS. were deposited there, some of which are very valuable. In 1864 the premises in Red Cross-street were taken by a railway company ; and the books, amounting to 22,000 volumes almost exactly, and 500 volumes of MSS., were temporarily deposited in Queen-square. A new Library has since been erected in Grafton-street, near University College, where, under more favourable conditions, it is very much frequented and extensively used. It is now a free-lending library, as well as a reading-room ; £200 per annum is expended upon books, which gives the library a freshness and interest it never before possessed ; and every facility, consistent with proper caution, is generously accorded to borrowers and readers. The Library has lately acquired by gift the Theosophic Col lection of Christopher Walton, formerly of Ludgate Hill, deceased (about 1,000 volumes) ; and more recently it has been enriched by a donation of about 2,400 volumes, selected from the library of the late George Henry Lewes, and presented by his son, Mr. Charles Lee Lewes, in July, 1882. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 95 THE ROLL OF DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUSTEES. 1. Rev. William Lorimer, M.A. 1715-22. An episcopally ordained minister of the Church of England, and a learned theologian and tutor ; sometime curate to the Incumbent of the Charter-House, and afterwards vicar of a parish in Sussex ; but disapproving of some of the canons of the Church, he resigned his benefice and joined the Noncon formists. Baxter, to whom he communicated his scruples, at first thought them insufficient, but afterwards adopted and enforced them in his "English Nonconformity . . . Stated and Argued." Having left the Church of England, Mr. Lorimer travelled on the Continent, and whilst at Paris held a public disputation against some of the clergy of the Church of Rome. He had the courage to put his thesis and the arguments in support of it in writing, being challenged to do so, and to deliver the paper signed by himself to his adversary ; but by the advice of his friends he soon after changed his lodgings and left France. On his return to England he continued his pro fession of Nonconformity, although the persecuting laws were now rigorously put in execution, and accepted the office of chaplain to a private gentleman near Henley-upon-Thames. In 1682 he translated from the French a discourse proving the Divine origin of the Five Books of Moses, to which he added a treatise of his own, being an examination of Pere Simon's " Critical History of the Old Testament " (London, 1682),* "wherein all his arguments and some of Spinosa's against * This was a translation, by an unknown hand, from the French, or from its Latin version. The original was suppressed. The learned author, Richard Simon (born 1638, died 1712), was Professor of Philo sophy at the College of Juilly. He affirmed that Moses cannot have been the author of the Books attributed to him. 96 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Moses being the author of the first Five Books of the Bible are fully and clearly answered." After the Revolution of 1688 he was for a few years minister of a small congregation at Lee, near Eltham, Kent. He appears to have taken an active part in the controversy, which lasted several years, between Daniel Williams and the high Calvinists, and in 1694 published " An Apology for the Ministers who subscribed only the stating of the Truths and Errors in Mr. Daniel Williams's Book," to which Dr. Goodwin replied in 1695, and Mr. Lorimer's rejoinder, entitled "Remarks on Dr. Goodwin's Discourse," appeared in 1696. Having been offered the Professorship of Divinity at the University of St. Andrews, he went to Scotland in 1696, probably in the autumn, for the purpose of accepting that office, but proceeded no further than Edinburgh. A distemper had broken out at St. Andrews,which was supposed to be infectious, in consequence of which the College had been closed for the session, and Mr. Lorimer remained at Edinburgh until January, 169y, if not later. During his sojourn there the unhappy youth Thomas Aikenhead, a prisoner on the charge of having uttered opinions which were accounted "blasphemous," was tried, convicted, and executed. Mr. Lorimer visited him in prison on several occasions, and interceded for his life. After the trial was over he preached by request " in a great assembly before the Lord Chancellor and other Judges, and chief magistrates," .taking for his subject the duty of Reverencing the Son, Matt. xxi. 37. The sermon, together with another On the true and only way of obtaining Salvation, was printed in 1713 with a preface narrating the circumstances under which it was delivered, and apparently defending himself from some reproach in connection with the matter. The Edinburgh clergy, as a body, had, it is said, shown themselves eager for the death of the heretic and for his speedy execution, and Lord Macaulayin an eloquent passage has held them up to eternal obloquy. ("History of England," vol. iv., pp. 781-4.) The Christian DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 97 Reformer in an article referring to that passage couples Lorimer with Calvin, and stigmatises him as " one of the murderers of Aikenhead." C.R. 1856, pp. 38, 765.)* This is a grave charge against one of Dr. Williams's trustees, the first on the roll, and a reflection upon the appointor — the benevolent founder of the Trust. It would therefore be wrong to omit this opportunity of stating briefly, in an unimpassioned manner, the material facts of the case. Aikenhead, having been in prison for several months, was tried on the 23rd, and sentenced on the 24th December, 1696, and hanged on the 8th January, 169y. Before the trial he preferred a petition to the Privy Council, retracting his opinions and praying that the diet against him should be deserted ; and after his condemnation another petition for a reprieve. (See Howell's " State Trials," vol. xiii. pp. 918-939.) The following extract from a letter dated Jan. 26, 169y, from Lord Anstruther, a member of the Privy Council, contains the charge on which Macaulay dwells : — "We had lately an anomaly and monster of nature, I may call him, who was executed for cursing and reviling the Persons of the Trinity ; he was eighteen years of age, not vicious, and extremely studious. Fountainhall (another member of the Privy Council) and I went to him in prison, and I found a work on his spirit, and wept that ever he should maintained such tenets, and desired a short reprieve, for his eternal state depended upon it. I plead for him in Council and brought it to the Chan, vote ; it was told it could not be granted unless the ministers would intercede. I am not for consulting the Church in State affairs. I think he would have proved an eminent Christian, had he lived ; but the ministers out of a pious, though, I think, ignorant zeal, spoke and preached for cutting him off . . . our ministers generally are of a narrow sett of thoughts and confined principles, and not able to bear things of this nature." * See also an able pamphlet by the Rev. John Gordon, entitled " Thomas Aikenhead : A Historical Review." London : Whitfield, 1856. H 98 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. This letter, which was addressed to a Mr. Cunningham, of London, got into the hands of John Locke, the Philosopher, as is shown by its having been found, together with other papers relating to the case, amongst his MSS., with an indorsement in his own handwriting (Horner's "Memoirs," vol. i., Appendix B., p. 487). The author of the "Letters on Tolera tion" must have openly condemned the execution of Aiken head, and it is not unlikely that Mr. Lorimer, having preached on the occasion, may, after the lapse of some years, have beeii accused or suspected of having been one of those ministers referred to by Lord Anstruther. This is mere conjecture ; but it is a significant fact that Mr. Lorimer's sermon was printed in 1713, — sixteen years after it was delivered, — with a Preface explaining the circumstances. It is the Preface that is signifi cant. It proves beyond doubt that public opinion amongst the English Presbyterians condemned the intolerance of their Scottish namesakes. Let us now turn to that Preface. There we read that Mr. Lorimer visited Aikenhead about a month before his execution, and several times in the interval ; that the sermon before the judges and magistrates was preached after the trial, and that he subsequently interceded for him. "Whilst ... he was in prison under sentence of death I being called thereunto preached the 'foresaid sermon on Matt. xxi. 37, whereby it manifestly appears that I did not in the least excite the Govern ment to severity against that poor man, but only vindicated the honour and set forth the dignity and glory of our most blessed Lord." . . . And again, "In the following Discourses I have mentioned some gross errors of several sorts of men But I do hereby protest that I bear no hatred nor ill-will to their persons, nor have I in the least endeavoured to excite the civil magistrate to use severity towards them, though I believe it is the magistrate's duty to be Gustos utriusque Tabula, to be the keeper of both Tables of God's Law, and to take care that the Lord's name be not openly blasphemed." And yet again DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 99 " I declare myself a true lover of mankind, and that I bear no hatred nor ill-will to any man's person, nor do I desire that severity should be used towards any that are fallen into any dangerous error, for I know that our most holy, meek, and gentle Saviour came not to destroy men's lives but to save them." He testifies that the ministers showed kindness to the prisoner, doing all they could " to save his soul," and that " some of the ministers . . . interceded for him with the Government, and solicited his pardon, and when that could not be obtained," one of them " desired a reprieve for him, and I joined with him in it. This was the day before his execution." That is Mr. Lorimer's own testimony. It is not inconsistent with what Lord Anstruther had said of the Edinburgh clergy. Macaulay's denunciation of them is founded chiefly upon Lord Anstruther's letter, and its object, so far as it relates to the ministers, is to condemn religious bigots as a class. No one can read it without deep interest : — ¦ " A student of eighteen named Thomas Aikenhead, whose habits were studious, and whose morals were irreproachable, had, in the course of his reading, met with some of the ordinary arguments against the Bible. He fancied that he had lighted on a mine of wisdom which had been hidden from the rest of mankind, and with the conceit from which half-educated lads of quick parts are seldom free, proclaimed his discoveries to four or five of his companions. Trinity in unity, he said, was as much a contradiction as a square circle. Ezra was the author of the Pentateuch. The Apocalypse was an allegorical book about the philosopher's stone. Moses had learnt magic in Egypt. Christianity was a delusion which would not last till the year 1700. For this wild talk, of whicli in all pro bability he would himself have been ashamed, long before he was five-and-twenty, he was prosecuted by the Lord Advocate. The Lord Advocate was that James Stewart who had been so often a Whig, and so often a Jacobite that it is difficult to keep an account of his apostacies. He was now a Whig for h 2 ioo DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. the third, if not for the fourth time. Aikenhead might undoubtedly have been by the law of Scotland punished with imprisonment till he should retract his errors and do penance before the congregation of his parish ; and every man of sense and humanity would have thought this a sufficient punishment for the prate of a forward boy. But Stewart, as cruel as he was base, called for blood. There was among the Scottish statutes one which made it a capital crime to revile or curse the Supreme Being or any person of the Trinity. Nothing that Aikenhead had said could, without the most violent straining, be brought within the scope of this statute. But the Lord Advocate exerted all his subtlety. The poor youth at the bar had no counsel. He was altogether unable to do justice to his own cause. He was convicted and sentenced to be hanged and buried at the foot of gallows. It was in vain that he with tears abjured his errors and begged piteously for mercy. Some of those that saw him in his dungeon believed that his recantation was sincere ; and indeed it is by no means improbable that in him, as in many other pretenders to philosophy who imagine that they have completely emancipated themselves from the religion of their childhood, the near prospect of death may have produced an entire change of sentiment. He petitioned the Privy Council that, if his life could not be spared, he might be allowed a short respite to make his peace with the God whom he had offended. Some of the Councillors were for granting this small indulgence. Others thought that it ought not to be granted unless the ministers of Edinburgh would intercede. " It remained to be seen how the clergy of Edinburgh would act. That divines should be deaf to entreaties of a penitent who asks, not for pardon, but for a little more time to receive their instructions, and pray to Heaven for the mercy which cannot be extended to him on earth, seems almost incredible. Yet so it was. The ministers demanded, not only the poor boy's death, but his speedy death, though it should be his eternal death. Even from their pulpits they cried out for cutting DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 101 him off. It is probable that their real reason for refusing him a respite of a few days was their apprehension that the circum stances of his case might be reported at Kensington, and that the King, who while reciting the Coronation Oath, had declared from the throne that he would not be a persecutor, might send down positive orders that the sentence should not be executed. Aikenhead was hanged between Edinburgh and Leith. He professed deep repentance, and suffered with the Bible in his hand. The people of Edinburgh, though assuredly not disposed to think lightly of his offence, were moved to compassion by his youth, by his penitence, and by the cruel haste with which he was hurried out of the world. It seems that there was some apprehension of a rescue, for a strong body of fusileers was under arms to support the civil power. The preachers, who were the boy's murderers, crowded round him at the gallows, and while he was struggling in his last agony, insulted Heaven with prayers more blasphemous than anything that he had ever uttered. Wodrow has told no blacker story of Dundee." Mr Lorimer was not present at the execution (Preface, p. vi.), and cannot be charged with inhumanity. Some may, perhaps, wish that in his sermon before the Judges, instead of expounding any of the doctrines of the Church, he had advocated the right of impugning and denyingthem. But even if he had himself got rid of the notions of a saving faith and sold- destroying heresy — notions which cannot encourage much freedom — and had adopted the more enlightened views of some of his contemporaries as to the principles of toleration, it would have required a rare courage to proclaim them on such an occasion. The University of St. Andrews having been closed, as already stated, and Mr. Lorimer being in ill-health, he returned to London, and thenceforth occupied himself in conducting a private academy at Hoxton, jointly with Dr. Oldfield. (No 2 infra.) He preached occasionally, and assisted at ordinations, it being then the custom among the English Presbyterians to ordain candidates for the ministry in batches. Residing in 102 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Hoxton- square he was a near neighbour of Dr. Daniel Williams, and was probably a member of his congregation. He died 27th October, 1722, in his eighty-second year, having been born at Aberdeen in 1641. Just a year after his death a funeral sermon for him was preached by another native of Aberdeen, Dr. James Anderson, author of "Royal Genealogies" and Minister of the Scotch Presbyterian Church in Swallow-street, Piccadilly. The sermon was published in 1724, with an account of Mr. Lorimer's life, " gathered," said Dr. Anderson, " partly from himself (for I had sometimes the happiness of his free and edifying conversation) and partly from others, particularly the Rev. Mr. John Evans, his intimate acquain tance " (p. 69). Mr. Evans, once the colleague, was then the successor of Dr. Daniel Williams as the minister of the Hand Alley congregation. Dr. Calamy's account of Lorimer (Con tinuation, vol. ii., 965) is borrowed from Dr. Anderson's. Mr. Lorimer, having no family, left about two thousand books out of his library for poor ministers and young students of the Presbyterian denomination in England, and about eight hun dred volumes to Marischal College, Aberdeen, with an exhibition for a student there for ever, and several other charitable bequests. He left behind him several Latin Dissertations in MS. He was severely orthodox : and in his eightieth year he wrote — " I have inviolably adhered to the Doctrinal Articles of the Established Church of England." 2. Rev. Joshua Oldfield, D.D. 1715-29. The second on the roll of Dr. Williams's Trustees, was minister of the Presbyterian Chapel in Maid- lane, Southwark, from 1700 to 1729. He also kept an Academy where " Uni versity learning " was taught, first at Southwark, and afterwards in Hoxton-square, in which he was assisted by the Rev. William Lorimer, M.A. (No. 1 supra), and the Rev. John Spademan, M.A., of Magdalene College, Cambridge, an accomplished DR. WILLIAMS S TRUST. 103 scholar and linguist,* and after Mr. Spademan's death, 'Joy M. Capell, a French refugee, who had been some time Professor of Oriental languages at the University- of Saumur. " There was no house in England amongst Dissenters which had so great advantages, and where such three learned persons were joined together, so excellently qualified for the several parts allotted to them." (Dr. Oldfield's Funeral Sermon, by Dr. William Harris -p. 38.) Joshua Oldfield was but six years of age when his father, the Rev. John Oldfield, was ejected from his benefice of Carsington, Derbyshire, by the Act of Uniformity. He was the second of four brothers, three of whom, notwithstanding the persecution of the times, chose their father's profession — outside the Establishment. Joshua having completed his course at Cambridge declined taking his degree on account of the subscription required. On leaving college he became chaplain to one Sir John Gell, and then tutor to a son of Mr. Paul Foley, some time Speaker of the House of Commons. This gentleman, happening to have a church living worth £2C0 a year at his disposal, offered it to young Oldfield, who was at the same time earnestly pressed by a neighbouring clergyman to recon sider the grounds of his Nonconformity. He did so, and declined the offer. After some time he settled as a Noncon formist minister at Oxford, where he remained several years on terms of friendship with, and much esteemed by, some of the *Mr. Spademan, once a beneficed clergyman of the Church of England, like his colleague, Mr. Lorimer, voluntarily resigned his living, and was for some time pastor of the English Church at Rotterdam. During his residence in Holland he was very useful to English students at Utrecht and Leyden. He afterwards removed to London, and was co-pastor at Silver-street Chapel to the celebrated John Howe (1696-1708). As a tutor he possessed qualifications of a high order, being well versed in philosophy and history, and having few equals in the learned languages. He had also acquired a competent knowledge of French, Dutch, and Italian, and had made some progress in Spanish. He was a great encourager of young students, supplying them with books and money, and when his own resources failed, obtaining help from others with whom he could make free. 104 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. most learned men at the University, and became intimately acquainted with John Locke. From Oxford he removed to Coventry, to be co-pastor and joint tutor with the Rev. William Tong, now best known as the biographer of the celebrated Matthew Henry. At Coventry he was much harassed by the Ecclesiastical Courts, on account of school-keeping. In 1700 Mr. Oldfield removed to London. In 1707 his essay on the " Improvement of Human Reason in the Pursuit of Learning and Conduct of Life " was published ; and in 1709 the University of Edinburgh honoured him with the degree of D.D. He is described as a man of great strength and penetration of mind, of a calm unassuming temper, moderate and charitable towards those who differed from him, and as being of no party " but that of God against the Devil." As a tutor he encouraged free inquiry on the part of his pupils, and was a zealous and firm advocate for civil and religious liberty. A crayon portrait of him in the collection made by the writer of these notes, and presented to Dr. Williams's Library, represents him as younger and possessing finer features, than the oil-painting at the Library, from which the small engraved portrait was taken. He died 8th November, 1729, in his seventy-fourth year. At the Salters' Hall Synod of 1719, during the debates on the subject of Subscription, he was chairman of the assemblies, and divided with the non-subscribers. 3. Rev. Edmund Calamy, D.D. 1715-32. A distinguished divine and writer, to whom Nonconformists are under the greatest obligations ; author of that most interest ing and valuable work " An Account of the Ministers, Lecturers, Masters and Fellows of Colleges, and Schoolmasters who were Ejected or Silenced after the Restoration in 1660, by or before the Act of Uniformity." Both his father and his grandfather were among the ejected. He was born in London April 5, 1671 and received his early education at Merchant Taylors' School. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 105 He then studied at the Rev. Thomas Doolittle's Private Academy at Islington, and subsequently under a very accomplished scholar, who kept a school at Wickham Brook, Suffolk, the Rev. Samuel Cradock, who had been Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and a distinguished tutor there. In his eighteenth year Mr. Calamy proceeded to the University of Utrecht, and acquired so high a reputation for scholarship and abilities that while he was yet a student he was offered a Professorship at the University of Edinburgh, which, however, he declined. In 1691 he returned to England, and studied for some time at Oxford, and whilst there began to preach in and near the city as a Nonconformist. In 1692 he returned to London, and preached at Carter-lane (1692-96) as assistant to the Rev. Matthew Sylvester, and then at Hand-alley (1696-1703) as assistant to Mr. Daniel Williams ; after which, for the rest of his life, he was minister of Princes-street Chapel, Westminster, which is now represented by Stamford- street Chapel, Blackfriars. He died June 3, 1732, aged sixty-one years. See "An Historical Account of the Life of Dr. Calamy," by J. T. Rutt, two volumes 8vo. His son, a minister, and his grandson, a barrister of Lincoln's-inn, all of the same name, will be found in the list of the Trustees (Nos. 49 and 107). 4. Rev. William Tong. 1715-27. The biographer of Matthew Henry. One of the pupils of Richard Frankland. Having made considerable progress in the study of the law, he relinquished that profession for the Christian ministry. At the commencement of his course he was led by accident into the neighbourhood of the Rev. Philip Henry, and had thus the happiness of forming the acquaintance of his family. He afterwards settled at Chester, and subse quently (about 1687) at Knutsford, and two years later at Coventry. There he was joined by Mr. Joshua Oldfield, who removed to London in 1700, as above stated. Mr. Tong 106 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. followed in 1703, having accepted the office of pastor of the Congregation at Salters' Hall, over which he presided thenceforth until his death. He was the author of a short historical account of the State of Nonconformity in Coventry from the time of the Reformation, prefixed to a sermon by the Rev. John Warren on the death of the Rev. Joshua Merrel, 1716, and his name is subscribed, with that of another minister, to a recommendatory letter prefixed to Matthew Henry's Exposition of the Old Testament. For that great work, left unfinished by the author, Mr. Tong contributed the commentary on Hebrews and Revelation. In the Salters' Hall Controversy of 1719 he divided with the " subscribers." In that year he published a tract jointly with three other ministers, who were also his colleagues on Dr. Williams's Trusty (Nos. 6, 10 and 12), entitled " The Doctrine of the Ever Blessed Trinity, Stated and Defended," prefixed to which is an introduction by Mr. Tong. His greatest literary work was "An Account of the Life and Death of Mr. Matthew Henry," Lond., 1716. It is recorded of Mr. Tong that he was an utter enemy of all persecution, and considered that every man who did not hold principles destructive of the civil peace ought to enjoy full liberty of conscience in matters of religion. Although ranking with the Presbyterians he sympathised and associated much with the Independents. He died March 21, 172y, aged sixty-five years. 5. Rev. Matthew Henry. Minister at Chester (1687-1712), and afterwards at Hackney (1712-14) ; author of the well-known " Exposition of the Old and New Testament," six vols., folio, London, 1707-21. He was the son of very estimable parents — the Rev. Philip Henry, M.A. Oxon., one of the ejected ministers of 1662, and Katherine his wife, daughter and heir of a gentleman of ancient family and ample estate, Mr. Daniel Matthews (or pro bably Daniel Matthew, i.e., ap Matthew) of Broad Oak, DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 107 lscoed or Is-y-coed, near Baugor-lscoed, a few miles to the south-east of Wrexham.* The birthplace of Matthew Henry is in a detached part of Flintshire, on the right side of the Dee, separated by that river from Denbighshire, and bounded on other sides by Cheshire and Shropshire. He was born at Broad Oak on the 18th Oct. 1662, and showed at a very early age signs of his future greatness. When only three years old he could read distinctly a chapter of the Bible. He was edu cated at home until he was eighteen. Having formed the intention of becoming a minister he was sent in 1680 to London and placed under the tuition of Mr. Doolittle, who then kept an Academy at Islington, where he remained about two years. He returned to Wales in 1682, and appears to have been at home for the next three years. He is des cribed by his biographer as possessing a ready and clear appre hension, of a lively active spirit, never idle, and a most desirable friend and companion. Being heir apparent to a considerable estate he was now strongly advised by a neighbour and friend of his father to enter one of the Inns of Court and study law. He accordingly joined the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn, in May, 1685. In the Register of Admissions of that Society the author of this work has found the following entry : — Matheus Henry gen. filius et hseres apparens Philippi Henry de Iscoyd in com. Flint cler admissus est in societatem hujus hospitii sexto die Maii Anno Dni 1685." His quick apprehension, sound judgment, ready utterance and great industry would in all probability have raised him to eminence at the Bar if he had followed that profession ; but notwithstand ing the discouragement of the times he remained true to his * Philip Henry's father was a native of Briton Ferry, near Swansea, named John Henry or ap Henry (his father was Henry William). John Henry left Glamorganshire when a young man, with only a groat in his pocket, and was fortunate enough to enter the service of the Earl of Pembroke, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, through whom he subsequently obtained from Charles the First the office of Keeper of the Royal Orchard at Whitehall. There his only child Philip Henry was born. 108 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. first and early resolution to make divinity his principal study and business. Returning home in June, 1686, he began to preach. Those who heard him at Chester urgently pressed him to become their minister. After spending some months more at his chambers at Gray's Inn he complied with their request. In May 1687 he was privately ordained in London (the times not permitting a public ceremony), and on the 1st of June entered upon his ministry at Chester, where he laboured with great diligence for five-and-twenty years. At the date of Dr. Williams's Will (June, 1711) appoint ing Mr. Matthew Henry to be one of his trustees, the latter was still at Chester, but under a promise to remove to Hackney. He did so in May, 1712, but he did not survive the testator, so that he never became actually a trustee. He was a member of the Presbyterian Board (1711-14). Whilst on a visit to his native country he died rather suddenly at Nantwich, on the 22nd of June, 1714, in his fifty-second year, and was buried at Trinity Church, Chester. A monu ment has been erected in one of the principal streets of that city to honour his memory. The fifth volume of the " Exposition," including the Four Gospels, was in the printer's hands at the date of the author's death, and was published in 1715. The sixth and last volume (published in 1721) was compiled by a company of twelve ministers, with the aid of notes supplied chiefly by members of the author's family and congregation, who had heard his oral expositions and taken them down in shorthand, each one of the company being assigned a separate part of the work. It is interesting to discover that out of the twelve no fewer than eight are on the roll of Dr. Williams's Trustees. The descendants of Philip Henry are justly proud of their excellent ancestor. A volume containing their names, arranged in due order, was printed in 1844 by one of them selves, tho late Miss Sarah Lawrence, of Leamington. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 109 6. Rev. Benjamin Robinson. 1715- . Minister of Little St. Helen's Chapel, Bishopsgate Street (1701-24). He was born at Derby in 1666, and was educated for the Ministry by the Rev. John Woodhouse, then of Sherif- hales, Shropshire. Having spent some time as domestic chaplain in two families successively, he opened a grammar school in 1693, at Findern, in Yorkshire, for which he was cited to the Bishop's Court ; but the result was the personal acquaintance and friendship of the Bishop (Dr. Lloyd). From Findern Mr. Robinson removed to Hungerford, Berkshire, where he opened an academy in 1696. For this offence com plaint was made against him to the Bishop of Salisbury (Dr. Burnet) who consequently sent for Mr. Robinson. It is re markable that in this case also the interview with the Bishop resulted in a friendship which continued throughout their lives. For the work of a tutor Mr. Robinson was well fitted, and many of his pupils became useful ministers. In 1700 he re moved to London, to succeed his old tutor, Mr. Woodhouse, formerly of Sheriff-hales, who had been latterly minister of Little St. Helen's, and had then lately died. This old Pres byterian Chapel was finally closed in 1790. Its first Minister was Dr. Samuel Annesley, the maternal grandfather of John and Charles Wesley. In the controversy of 1719 Mr. Robin son divided with the " subscribers." There is a portrait of him in Dr. Williams's Library.* 7. Rev. Zachary Merrel. 1715-32. He was the writer of the Commentary on 1 Peter iii Matthew Henry's " Exposition." He was minister of the old Presby terian Chapel at Hampstead. He died in 1732. * Presented in 1773 by the executor of Sarah and Hannah Robinson, probably his daughters, who also left bequests to the Presbyterian Fund. no DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 8. Rev. John Evans, D.D. 1715-30. Colleague of Dr. Daniel Williams, at Hand Alley, Bishops- gate Street (1704-16), and afterwards (1716-30) senior pastor of the congregation. He is best known as the author of the very valuable historical MSS. bearing his name, which are preserved in Dr. Williams's Library, and of two volumes of "Discourses on the Christian Temper," a work which passed in the course of a century through several editions — a very unusual thing with sermons. . Dr. Evans's father (a clergyman's son) was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and was successively Master of the Grammar Schools at Dolgelly and Oswestry, from which latter appointment he was ejected by the Act of Uniformity. After that he removed to Wrexham, where, in the face of much per secution, he kept a school and preached to a Nonconformist Church. His wife was the widow of the celebrated Vavasor Powell, and a daughter of Colonel Gerrard, Governor of Chester Castle, and was a lady of superior intelligence. Their son, John Evans, the subject of this notice, was born at Wrexham about the year 1680, and was educated for the Ministry first by the Rev. Thomas Rowe, who kept an Academy at Newington Green, London, a gentleman of extensive learning and great urbanity (son of the Rev. John Rowe, M.A., of New Inn Hall, Oxford, Preacher at Westminster Abbey), and afterwards by the Rev. Richard Frankland, of Rathmell, Yorkshire, whose Academy is considered to be in some sense the ancestor of Manchester New College. Having completed his academical course, Mr. Evans settled in Shropshire as chaplain in the family of a lady who lived not far from the residence of Mr. Philip Henry — Mrs. Rowland Hunt, sister to Lord Paget, who was some time Ambassador to the Ottoman Court. It was her husband who had persuaded Mr. Matthew Henry to enter Gray's Inn, as above stated. In this quiet retreat the young chaplain employed his time most DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. in diligently. He read all the Christian writers of the first three centuries, besides studying a vast amount of criticism. He then became assistant to his father at Wrexham, where he was ordained in 1702 by Mr. Matthew Henry, Mr. James Owen, Mr. Talents, and Dr. Benion, and was minister of a Presbyterian congrega tion in that town until 1704, when he was induced by Mr. Daniel Williams to remove to London. Mr. John Evans was settled in London for six-and-twenty years. He collected materials for a History of Nonconformity from the time of Henry the Eighth to that of the civil wars in the reign of Charles the First, and for that purpose perused an incredible number of books. A part of his MS. collections on this subject, marked A, B (containing references to the remaining parts, C, D, E, F), is preserved in Dr. Williams's Library ; what became of those remaining parts is not known. It was the author's intention to publish his work in two folio volumes, and he had fairly transcribed and finished a portion of it when death overtook him, in the prime of life. Dr. Wm. Harris, in his funeral sermon on Dr. Evans, says : — " He had formed a design many years ago of writing ' A History of Nonconformity ' from the beginning of the Refor mation to the time of the Civil War He had made a vast preparation of proper materials from all quarters with great industry and at great expense for several years together, and had some assistance from several gentlemen who were skilful in that way and approved the design. He had read over an incredible number of books upon that subject. He thought very few had escaped him during that period . . . the work is left unfinished, to the great loss and disappointment of the learned and curious world. Whether it may be revived and finished by other hands I am not yet able to say ... no one was better fitted for the task he had undertaken, or would have executed it with more advantage or greater satisfaction to the world." Dr. Harris adds in a foot-note, " From that period " [the times of the civil wars where Dr. Evans's History was to ii2 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. end] " to the Restoration, where Dr. Calamy's Abridgment begins, a very judicious and diligent account is prepared for the press, and will be quickly published by the Reverend Daniel Neal." In Dr. Abraham Rees's " Cyclopaedia " (Art. Evans) we are told that at the time of Dr. Evans's death " Mr. Neal had finished his intended labour, and had rendered his MS. in every respect ready for the press. The decease of Dr. Evans obliged him to take up the history from the Reformation to the year 1640, in order to render his own work complete and more generally interesting." The first volume of Neal's " History," extending from the time of the Reformation to the death of Queen Elizabeth, was completed in little more than a year and a-half after Dr. Evans's death (May 16, 1730), the Preface being dated Feb., 173J. In the Preface he distinctly states that he had not seen Dr. Evans's papers. The second volume was published iii March, 173f. In the Preface to the third volume, dated Nov., 1735, he speaks of " the labour and toil of collecting so many materials and ranging them in their proper order," and therefore appeals to the indulgence and candour of his readers. The wonder is that with all his ministerial duties he was able to accomplish so vast a work in so short a time, and that he passed by the materials collected by his old friend, Dr. John Evans, which to all appearance were ready to his hand. Mr. Isaac D'Israeli might have included it in his " Curiosities of Literature." The other MS. left by Dr. Evans is a quarto volume con taining statistics obtained in 1717 or 1718 (corrected and altered by interlineations and additions down to 1729), of Presbyterian and Independent Congregations throughout England and Wales, giving in each case (1) the place, (2) the minister's name, (3) the average attendance, and (4) the social and political stand ing of the members ; thus e.g., " two esquires, ten gentlemen, thirty-four yeomen, thirty-six tradesmen, twenty-seven farmers, fifty-four labourers ; thirty-seven votes for the county . . fifty-six for the borough." DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 113 Dr. Evans received the degree of D.D. from the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow in 1729. He died May 16, 1730, in his fifty-first year, and was buried in Dr. Williams's tomb in Bunhill Fields. He left a library of 10,000 volumes, an auctioneer's catalogue of which is extant. There is a fine portrait of him at the Library. He was soberly orthodox and moderate, not running into any extremes; and "disposed to think well of and honour those who differed from him who appeared upright and deserving." In the controversy of 1719 he was found among the "non-subscribers." 9. Rev. William Harris, D.D. 1715-40. An accomplished writer and celebrated preacher, deemed a model in both capacities, was for forty-two years (1698-1740) Minister of Jewry-street, then called Poor Jewry-lane Chapel, having for the last eleven years the celebrated Dr. Lardner for his assistant. Walter Wilson says, " This eminent Divine was born most probably in London, about the year 1675 It is somewhat extrordinary that we find no mention made of the names of Dr. Harris's tutors. There is, however, some reason for supposing that he pursued his studies for the Ministry under the tuition of the celebrated Mr. Timothy Jollie, of Attercliffe, in Yorkshire." In the Minutes of the Presbyterian Board, for the years 1692-6, a student named William Harris, " son of widow Harris, of Southwark," is mentioned as an ex hibitioner at the Academies of the Rev. John Southwell, of Newbury, and Mr. Waters,* of Uxbridge, successively. There can be no reasonable doubt that he was the same person as the subject of this notice. He was assistant minister for some time * The Rev. James Waters was born at Bath in 1661, and was educated by the Rev. Thomas Doolittle, of London. He was first tutor to a son of Lord Denzil Holies, of Aldenham, Hertfordshire, and then domestic chaplain to Mr. Evelyn, of Nutfield, Surrey, during the reign of James the Second. In 1692 he settled at Uxbridge, where he continued until his death, May 5th, 1725. 1 ii4 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. (1697(?)-98), at Gravel-lane Chapel, Southwark, whence he removed to Jewry-street, as successor to the Rev. Timothy Crusoe,* where he continued until his death. He was a " non-subscriber" at the Synod of 1719, and was one of the continuators of Matthew Henry's Exposition. The degree of D.D. was conferred on him without his knowledge by the Universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh. He died May 25, 1740, aged sixty-five years, and was buried in Bunhill Fields, in Dr. Daniel Williams's tomb. Under his will the Library received a bequest of nearly two thousand volumes (240 folios, 364 quartos and 1,355 octavos). In a funeral sermon Dr. Grosvenor said, "To me he seemed to be of no party; men might call him by what name they pleased : he was fond of no denomination but that of a Christian. Truth had him on her side." ... A portrait of him was presented to the Library in 1768 by Dr. Lardner's executor. 10. Rev. Thomas Reynolds. 1715-1727. Minister of the Weigh-house congregation, which was then, and continued long after, Presbyterian. He was born in 1667, spent some time at Oxford with the intention of going to the Bar, but preferring the ministry he went for preparation to the Academy at Newington-green conducted by Mr. Charles Morton, f and afterwards spent some time at Geneva, and subse quently at the University of Utrecht. On returning to London he was appointed in 1691 assistant to the Rev. John Howe, at Silver-street Chapel, where he continued until he was elected minister at the Weigh-house. He is stated to have declined Dr. Williams's Trust. He certainly does not appear to have * This excellent Minister is said to have suggested to Defoe the name of his famous " Robinson Crusoe," whose Adventures appeared in 1719. f The Rev. Charles Morton, M A., of Wadham College, Oxford, was ejected by the Act of Uniformity from his rectory in Cornwall. He had an academy at Newington-green for about twenty years. At last, wearied with persecution, he left his native country in 1685 for New Eng land, where he lived to attain a great age. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 115 attended any of the meetings, but he is named as one of the plaintiffs in the early Chancery proceedings of the Trust. In the Salters' Hall controversy he was a zealous partisan in favour of the required subscription to the first of the Thirty- nine Articles, and the Answers to the fifth and sixth questions in the Assembly's Catechism. His assistant at the Weigh-house (No. 13) who voted the other way, was obliged in consequence to resign his post, the feeling on the subject being very strong. Dr. Reynolds died Aug. 25, 1727, aged sixty years. There is a fine mezzotint portrait of him, a copy of which may be seen in the collection of engravings presented to the Library by the late Mr. Daniel N. Lister, of Gray's-inn, Barrister-at-Law, a very interesting and valuable work. 11. Rev. Isaac Bates, M.A. 1715-58. Was for about forty years (1700(?)-1740(?)) minister of an afternoon congregation assembling in a chapel in Hoxton-square, which was used in the morning by a French Church. Although a Calvinist and one of the " subscribers " in the Synod of 1719, he was very tolerant of those who differed from him. He resided at Hackney and continued to be a trustee until 1758, which was probably the year of his death. There is a long account of him in Walter Wilson's MS. collection at the Library. 12. Rev. Jeremy Smith. 1715—23. Minister of Silver-street Chapel from 1709-1723. One of the continuators of Matthew Henry's " Commentary." He is described as a man of eminent abilities. Author of " Memoirs of the Life of Sir Thomas Abney," 1722. He died August 20, 1723, aged sixty-nine years. 13. Rev. James Read. 1715-55. Assistant at the Weigh-house to the Rev. Thomas Reynolds (No. 10) from 1707 to 1720, when, in consequence of differing 1 2 n6 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. from his colleague at the Salters' Hall Synod on the subject of subscription he was required to resign his office ; thenceforth, until his death, minister of the New Broad-street congregation first, (1720-30) as assistant to Dr. John Evans (No. 8), and then (1730-55) as colleague of Dr. John Allen (No. 43). He was the brother of the Rev. Henry Read, whose name will also appear in the list of the trustees. He died August 16, 1755, in his seventy-first year. 14. Mr. John Morton. 1715-46. A member of the Presbyterian Board ; was possibly a son of the Rev. Charles Morton, of Newington -green ; his wife and one Dr. Charles Morton are among those to whom Dr. Williams bequeathed memorial rings. He died on or before January, 174f. In 1747 " Mr. Morton's daughters " presented to the Library a portrait of the founder. 15. Mr. Edmund Farrington. 1715-23. Was a trustee until 1723. His name does not again appear. Memorial rings were also bequeathed to him and his wife by the founder. They were probably members of his con gregation. 16. Mr. William Adee. 1715-23. Appears to have died in or before 1723, when his successor in the Trust was appointed. 17. Mr. Jonathan Collyer. 1715-23. Was the first Receiver or Treasurer of the Trust. He retired in 1723. 18. Mr. Benjamin Sheppard. 1715-31. Dr. Williams in his will calls him " my son," his wife, Mary Sheppard, nee Barkstead, being the testator's step-daughter. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 117 Mr. Sheppard succeeded Mr. Collyer (No. 17), as Receiver. The Receiver was a salaried trustee, having special charge of all the property and acting as treasurer, paymaster, and secretary. He died in 1731. In 1750 one Benjamin Sheppard presented six portraits to the Library. They were probably those of the Barkstead family mentioned in the next number. 19. Mr. Francis Barkstead, Jun. 1715-47. A stepson of Dr. Daniel Williams, and brother-in-law of Mr. Benjamin Sheppard (No. 18). He took a prominent part in the administration of the Trust for more than thirty years (1716—47), during the last sixteen of which he held the office of "Receiver." He died in 1747. His ancestry and family connections are worthy of mention. His paternal grandfather was Colonel John Barkstead, one of the fifty-eight Commis sioners who sealed and subscribed the warrant for the execution of King Charles the First. Colonel Barkstead was some time Governor of Reading, being then Major Barkstead, and was afterwards appointed by the Parliament, on account of his services, Lieutenant of the Tower of London. There is a half- length portrait of him at the Library, a large oil-painting, in which he is represented as a military officer, with a distant view of troops in the background. Upon the Restoration Colonel Barkstead fled into Holland with two others who were in the same position as himself (i.e., not included in the Act of Oblivion). They eventually settled at Hanau, where they obtained the privilege of being enrolled as free burghers, and might have spent the rest of their lives there but for the base treachery of a former associate, a man of note in Cromwell's time, but who had now wheeled round and had been appointed Envoy-Extraordinary to Holland, — Sir George Downing. This person assured the refugees, who communicated with him from their safe retreat, that he had no order from the King to apprehend or molest them, but that they might be as free and 118 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. safe as himself at Delft, which they were desirous of visiting (apparently to meet their families). But the traitor set spies to watch their arrival, and had in readiness a warrant from the States-General for their apprehension. Having been thus decoyed, they were seized, and sent back to England, and executed according to the barbarous fashion of those times. They died in the firm conviction of having done their duty ; but Colonel Barkstead expressed regret for having, as Lieutenant of the Tower, used some severity towards some Anabaptists who were imprisoned on account of their religious opinions. (See Anthony Wood's " Athense Oxonienses," vol. iii. p. 108, Edition 1817; Howell's "State Trials," vol. v. pp.1302-35 ; and a pamphlet in Dr. Williams's Library, entitled " The Speeches, Discourses, and Prayers of Colonel John Barkstead, Colonel John Okey, and Mr. Miles Corbet upon April 19, 1662, being the day of their suffering at Tyburn.") Colonel Barkstead had a son, Francis Barkstead, Sen. A remarkable story relating to them and Oliver Cromwell is given by Bishop Kennett in the second edition (published in 1719), of his " History of England," vol. iii. p. 229, which was afterwards reproduced in 1724 in an anonymous Life of the Protector. The story, however improbable in itself, may not improperly be mentioned here. It was to this effect : — Colonel Barkstead, being " a great confident of the usurper," asked him in his last illness where he wished to be buried ; to which the latter replied, ivhere he obtained the greatest victory and glory — viz., in the field of Naseby, in Northamptonshire. Accord ingly, soon after Cromwell's death, his body, being first em balmed, was conveyed away in the dead of night in charge of Colonel Barkstead's son, who, it is stated, was then about fifteen years of age, and buried in the midst of the battle-field of Naseby, which was immediately after ploughed up. This story is given by Bishop Kennett on the authority of a gentleman who gave it to him in writing, the truth of which was " ready to be deposed to, if occasion required, by Mr. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 119 Barkstead ; " and it was added, " several other material circum stances the said Mr. Barkstead, who now frequents Richard's Coffee House within Temple Bar, relates, too long to be here inserted "... The account must, therefore, have been given to Kennett in the lifetime of Francis Barkstead, Sen., who died before 1701, although it was not published until 1719. There are two portraits of Francis Barkstead, Sen., at the Library, taken at different periods of life, the first of which is a companion portrait to that of his wife who will presently be mentioned. He is here represented as a younger man than might be expected from the date of his marriage, which could not have been earlier than 1685. The other portrait represents him in advanced life. His wife, whose portrait has just been alluded to, was the elder daughter of a French Protestant, George Guill, afterwards called Gill, who in 1685, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, abandoned a noble estate at Tours, and took refuge in this country. A memorandum is preserved, which was written by him in his family Bible, recording the circumstances of his flight and his providential escape. He had two daughters, the elder of whom married Mr. Francis Barkstead, Senior, at what date is not known. It may reasonably be inferred that either she spoke English or he French. In 1701 she, being then a widow, married Dr. Daniel Williams, and died at a great age in 1739. Her sister married, in 1688, an accomplished French and Italian scholar, the Rev. Joseph Stennett, who died in 1713, and whose works, with his "Life," in four volumes, were published in 1732. Mrs. Stennett is mentioned as a legatee in Dr. Williams's will. Her son and grandson became eminent Baptist ministers (as her husband and his father had been), namely Dr. Joseph Stennett, who died in 1758, and Dr. Samuel Stennett, who died in 1795. The six portraits presented to the Library, in 1750, by Mr. Benjamin Sheppard, as stated in the preceding article, were probably the following, viz. : (1) Col. John Barkstead ; (2) his 120 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. son, Francis Barkstead ; (3) the same in advanced life ; (4) his wife, afterwards Mrs. Williams ; (5) Francis Barkstead, Jun. (the Trustee No. 19); and (6) Sir John Oldcastle, usually called Lord Cobham, who, for advocating Wickliff's new doctrines, suffered martyrdom in St. Giles's Fields, London, in 1418. This portrait is supposed to have belonged to the family of Dr. Williams's first wife. It may here be mentioned that there is at the Library a east of the face of Oliver Cromwell taken after death. It is highly probable that it belonged to the Barksteads. See a letter relating to it in the Times for 2nd January, 1876, p. 10, from the writer of these notes. 20. Mr. Joseph Archer. 1715-56. He was one of those who contributed towards the completion of the Library in Red Cross-street, on the refusal of the Master of the Rolls to make a further allowance for the building. The Rev. John Archer, of Hackney, who died in 1733, bequeathed four hundred and seventy-three volumes to the Library. He was probably a relative of this Trustee. 21. Mr. Richard Watts. 1715-24. Retired from the Trust in 1724. 22. Mr. Isaac Honeywood. 1715-23. This gentleman is said to have built the old Presbyterian Chapel at Hampstead, on a site adjoining his own residence. He died in 1740. He had resigned Dr. Williams's Trust in 1723. He was related to Mr. Fraser Honeywood, of London, banker, on whose death the Hampstead estate passed to Sir John Honeywood, the third Baronet. See Dr. Sadler's dis course at the Closing of the Old Chapel, Hampstead, and a Review of it in the Christian Reformer, 1862, p. 569. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 121 23. Rev. George Smyth. 1715-46. In Dr. Williams's Will called Mr. George Smith. He was then (1711) a member of Dr. Williams's congregation, a young man of twenty-two years of age. He was ordained in December 1716, and was Minister of the Gravel Pit Chapel from that date until his death in 1746. He also continued to be a trustee to the end. In the Synod of 1719 he divided with the non-sub scribers. See a full account of this eminent Minister in the Protestant Dissenters' Magazine, ii. pp. 265-8. In 1758 his widow presented to the Library a Latin MS., being an address by her late husband to an assembly of ministers at the Library in 1737, which is curious as illustrating a by-gone custom. It is entitled " Smythe Georgii Concio in Ministros Londinenses ab Ecclesia Anglicana Dissentientes ; Habita in Bibliotheca Gulielmiana die 18 Maii, MDCCXXXVII." The foregoing were all the trustees appointed by the founder himself. Ten of them were his colleagues as managers of the Presbyterian Fund. At the date of his will (1711) there were in London, Westminster, and Southwark, twenty-four Presbyterian places of worship (exclusive of Scotch Presbyterian Chapels), eight or ten of which had two ministers each, so that the number of stated ministers of that denomination was from thirty-two to thirty-four. There were more than twenty other chapels in the suburbs and country within a circle of ten miles radius, making the total number of English Presbyterian minis ters within that area between fifty and sixty in 1711. Out of these the founder selected thirteen to be his trustees. Of those whom he passed over, six were elected some years after to fill up the vacancies. Three distinguished Independent ministers (two of whom were contemporaries of the testator) were also elected at different times. 122 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 24. Sir John Fryer, Bart. 1723-28. Lord Mayor of London in 1721. The Rev. J. Smith (No. 12) in his " Memoirs of Sir Thomas Abney, " the friend of Dr. Isaac Watts, says that Sir Thomas had been in the habit of attending Dissenting worship until prevented by the law ; that he then chose to retain his offices and dignities for the sake of public usefulness, and that he might aid in supporting the Protestant succession ; that with this view he confined himself to that private family worship which the law allowed, but that when the penal law was repealed he again joined the public wor ship of the Dissenters. The author then says, "It may not be improper on this occasion to do just honour to Sir John Fryer, Bart., whose place in the Court of Aldermen and whose principles and religion joined him in almost the same circum stances with Sir Thomas Abney. He was influenced by the same motives to continue in his place, and since that restraint was removed he hath honourably passed through the supreme office in the city, wherein he has established the character of a wise and vigilant magistrate, and given fresh reputation to the Dissenting interests. " The Rev. Dr. John Evans (No. 8) also speaks highly of him in his Dedication and Introduction to a Funeral Sermon by the Rev. Jacob Ball to Sir John Fryer's eldest and only surviving son, John Fryer Esq., who died in 1724. See also a funeral Sermon to his (Sir John's) gifted and estimable daughter, Mrs. Delicia Iremonger (who died in 1745), by her uncle Dr. Obadiah Hughes (No. 38). Sir John Fryer probably died in 1728. 25. Mr. Joseph Williams. 1723-52. Was one of those who contributed towards the completion of the Library on its erection in Red Cross-street. He was a member of the Presbyterian Board from 1727 to 1752, in which year he appears to have died. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 123 26. Rev. Jabez Earle, D.D. 1723-68. " A man of rare integrity, " Assistant to Dr. Reynolds (No.10) at the Weigh-house Chapel (then Presbyterian) from 1699 to 1706; then for sixty-two years (1706-68) pastor of a congrega tion in Drury Lane. Author of " Sacramental Exercises," 1707; "Sacred Poems," 1726; and several single sermons, on the title page of some of which he describes himself as " Chaplain to the Duke of Douglas." In 1729 he published anonymously a small collection of Latin Poems, entitled " Umbritii Cantiani Poemata ; " and he translated some of Dr. Williams's works into Latin.* When at the age of ninety he could repeat a hundred lines with the greatest readiness from Homer, Virgil, Horace and other Classic authors on a passage being quoted. He was remarkable for his vivacity and cheerful ness, which never forsook him to his latest breath. During his long life he never experienced a moment's ill health, and though blind for some years, he preached to the last Sunday of his life. He appears, however, to have been uncongenial in his domestic relations, for having been thrice married he lived in- harmoniously with each of his wives. He attributed the blame to them,, saying — no doubt with that vivacity for which he was distinguished — that he had " married the world, the flesh and the devil." It is recorded of him that on one occasion he quarrelled with his wife about the difference between exportation and transportation, and being defeated in argument he lost his temper, and concluded the debate with saying, " My dear, I will discuss with you no longer ; all I will say is, — if you were exported, I should be transported. " For more than half a century he was member of the Presbyterian Board. He died May 29, 1768, aged ninety-four years. *The founder directed five of his works, viz. (1) Gospel Truth; (2) Man made Righteous ; (3) Answer to the Report ; (4) The End of Con troversy ; and (5) The Ministerial Office, to be translated into Latin, and distributed abroad as often as the Trustees should see occasion. 124 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 27. Rev. Benjamin Grosvenor, D.D. 1723-58. Born in London in 1676 ; educated by the Rev. Timothy Jollie, of Attercliffe ; assistant to Dr. Oldfield (No. '2) at Maid-lane, Southwark (1699-1704) ; minister of Crosby-square Chapel (1704-49). He died in 1758, aged eighty-two years. There is a portrait of him in the Library, where may also be found several of his numerous publications. He was one of the " non- scribers " of 1719. He was a member of the Presbyterian Board (1704 54) and left a legacy to the fund. 28. Rev. Joshua Bayes. 1724. A son of one of the ejected ministers. Born in 1671 ; educated by Mr. Richard Frankland, whose academy at Attercliffe he entered in 1686 ; assistant at St. Thomas's, Southwark (1706-23) ; Minister of Leather-lane Chapel (1723- 46), and a member of the Presbyterian Board. One of the continuators of Matthew Henry's Exposition. He was elected to be a Trustee in 1724, but. declined the office, and perhaps he ought not to be included in the list. In 1729 his name is conspicuous among the contributors towards the completion of the Library in Red Cross-street. He died in 1746. His por trait was presented to the Library in 1799 by Mr. Bayes Cotton. 29. John Welch, Esq. 1724-51. A banker. He died at Bethnal Green, January 22, 1751, " worth £30,000, " according to the brief announcement in the Gentleman' s Magazine, xxi. 42. He left a legacy to the Presbyterian Board. See No. 109. 30. Rev. Daniel Mayo, M.A. 1724-33. Son of the Rev. Richard Mayo, who, having been ejected from his benefice by the Bartholomew Act in 1662, was the first DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 125 minister at Salters Hall (16 . . 1695). Educated in Holland. Assistant minister at Princess-street, Westminster (1696-98), then minister at Kingston upon Thames (1698-1714 ?). Upon the death of Matthew Henry, in 1714, one half of his congrega tion at Hackney wished Mr. Daniel Mayo to be his successor, the other half voting in favour of the Rev. John Barker (No. 34). Mr. Mayo's party thereupon seceded, and built the Gravel Pit Chapel, of which the subject of this notice became the first minister (1715-23), having for his colleague the Rev. George Smyth (No. 23). Mr. Mayo was afterwards minister of Silver- street Chapel (1723-33). He died June 13, 1733, aged sixty- one years. He was one of the continuators of Matthew Henry's "Exposition." He was a firm advocate of the right of private judgment. During the last ten years of his life he was a member of the Presbyterian Board. 31. Samuel Lessingham, Esq. 1724—61. Treasurer of St. Thomas's Hospital. He died June 16, 1761, aged seventy-nine years. He was for more than thirty years a member of the Presbyterian Board. 32. Samuel Mayo, Esq. 1724-28. For nine years (1719—28) a member of the Presbyterian Board. 33. Rev. Samuel Wright, D.D. 1724-46. The first Minister of Carter Lane Chapel, Doctor's-Com- mons, and a celebrated preacher ; author of the Commentary on the Epistle of James, in Matthew Henry's Exposition. He was the son of a Presbyterian minister at Retford, Notting hamshire; and a nephew of the Rev. Thomas Cotton, M.A., who was for many years (1699-1727) minister of a chapel in St. Giles's-in-the-Fields, of whom there is a portrait at Dr. Williams's Library. Being left a complete orphan at the age 126 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. of twelve, he was educated by his mother's family, named Cotton, who were possessed of considerable wealth, and occupied a high position in Yorkshire. Having received a good grammar education, he was placed, at the age of sixteen, at the Attercliffe Academy, conducted by the Rev. Timothy Jollie, with whom he remained five years. He began life as chaplain, first to his maternal uncle in Yorkshire, and then to Lady Lort, of Turnham Green, near London. He was at the same time elected to preach the afternoon lecture at St. Giles's Chapel — a service which Mr. Cotton had instituted by the encouragement of Lady Russell (probably the widow of Lord Robert Russell, or of Lord James Russell, for Mr. Cotton had been chaplain to both those ladies). Mr. Wright was soon after promoted to the office of Assistant to Dr. Grosvenor (No. 27), at Crosby Square Chapel, where he remained three years (1705—8). In 1708 he succeeded the Rev. Matthew Sylvester as Minister of Blackfriars Chapel, then very much deserted, but which the new minister soon filled. This was one of the chapels which were wrecked by Dr. Sacheverel's High Church mob in 1710. In the Synod of 1719, being strongly opposed to the imposition of Creeds, Dr. Wright voted with the " non-subscribers." Although he had firm convictions of his own, he disapproved of the declaration, which theologians alone make, Sic sentio, sic sentiam, so I do think and so I will think. Although himself a Trinitarian and a Calvinist, he professed to have arrived at his conclusions by the unrestrained exercise of his own judgment, and advocated the duty of respecting the honest convictions of others. In 1734 his congregation removed to a new chapel erected in Carter Lane, where he continued his ministry until his death which occurred on the 3rd of April, 1746, in his sixty-fourth year. His manner was marked by a certain hauteur, which was alluded to in the lines — ¦ Behold how papal Wright with lordly pride, Directs his haughty eye to either side. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 127 He was a member of the Presbyterian Board for thirty-eight years (1708—46). He published more than fifty single sermons, no doubt at the request of those who heard them, which shows him to have been an eloquent preacher. There is a portrait of him at Dr. Williams's Library. His wife was a sister of Dr. Obadiah Hughes (No. 38), and the widow of his predecessor at Blackfriars, the Rev. Matthew Sylvester. 34. Rev. John Barker. 1725-62. This eminent minister was born about 1682 ; educated by the Rev. Timothy Jollie : assistant to Dr. Grosvenor (No. 27), at Crosby Square (1709—14) ; succeeded Matthew Henry in Mare Street Chapel, Hackney, of which he was the senior minister for twenty-four years (1714—38) ; then, after a short interval, principal minister of Salters' Hall congregation for nineteen years (1741—60), and for many years a member of the Presbyterian Board (1717—60). An intimate friend and corres pondent of Dr. Doddridge. In the Synod of 1719 he voted with the " subscribers." His congregation at Hackney must have been highly orthodox, for in 1737 they dismissed his colleague, an Independent minister, the Rev. Philip Gibbs, on account of his having relinquished Calvinism. In the follow ing year he abruptly, and without assigning any cause for it, resigned his office and removed to Epsom, where he lived in retirement for three years. Although possessed of ample independent means, he resumed the active duties of his pro fession in 1741, and did not again relinquish them until age and ill-health compelled him to retire. It is supposed that his theological opinions underwent some modification before leaving Hackney, if so, it must have been very slight, for in a letter to Dr. Doddridge in 1742 he greatly lamented the defec tion of the younger ministers ; in 1743 he wrote to the same correspondent, complaining of similar proclivities on the part of the laity : — " The disposition to charity continues amongst 128 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. us Protestant Dissenters, but I cannot say mueh as to our faith. Some charge our fathers with, having put believing in the place of doing ; I wish we may not put giving in the place of believing; " and in 1744 he broke out indignantly — "What an audacious theologian is that Taylor ! Unhappy Norwich ! "* (See " Correspondence and diary of Dr. Doddridge," vol iv. pp. 214-359.) He died 30th May, 1762, aged eighty years. He published a volume of sermons in 1748, which reached a second edition in 1764, when another volume, which he had prepared for the Press, was published by his executors. There is a portrait of him at the Library. 35. Rev. John Newman. 1728-41. Accounted one of the most celebrated preachers of his time in the metropolis, attracting crowded congregations to Salters' Hall, where he preached for forty-five years (1696—1741) ; first as assistant to the Rev. Nathaniel Taylor (1696—1702) ; then as assistant and afterwards colleague to the Rev. Wm. Tong (No. 4), on whose death, in 1727, he became the senior minister. He died July 25, 1741, aged sixty-four years, during the last twenty-nine of which he was a member of the Presbyterian Board. There is a portrait of him at the Library. 36. Thomas Hollis, Esq. 1728-31. This gentleman was one of a family distinguished for their excellence and generosity. His father was the founder of the Sheffield Hospital for sixteen poor widows. During the civil wars that philanthropist removed to London, where he died in 1718, in his eighty-fifth year, leaving three sons, viz., Thomas (the subject of this notice), Nathaniel, and John Hollis (No. 41). Thomas Hollis was the greatest of the * Alluding to Dr. John Taylor, the learned author of Paraphrase on the Romans, &c, &c, and whose Scripture Doctrine of Original Sin had then lately been published. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 129 early benefactors of Harvard College, Massachusetts. Besides rich additions to the Library of the College, and a gift of Greek and Hebrew type, and of philosophical apparatus, he established there ten scholarships and two professorships, viz., a professorship of Divinity in 1721, and a professorship of Mathematics in 1727* (Dr. Quincy's " History of Harvard University," two vols., Camb., U.S., 1840). Thomas Hollis died in 1731, without issue, leaving his estate to his nephew Thomas, only son of his brother Nathaniel. Nathaniel and John Hollis were also generous benefactors of Harvard college ; the former added two scholarships to the ten founded by his elder brother. The college was further benefitted by Timothy Hollis, son of John ; by Thomas Hollis the son of Nathaniel ; and by his son, Thomas Hollis of Lincoln's Inn, and Corscombe, Dorset. This last named gentleman (grandson of Nathaniel), dying in 1774, left his estates to his friend and companion in his foreign travels, Thomas Brand, Esq., of the Hyde, Essex, who thereupon took the name of Hollis, in addi tion to his own. (See the "Memoirs of Thomas Hollis," compiled by Archdeacon Blackburne, two vols, quarto, 1780.) Mr. Brand Hollis, who died in 1804, left the estates to his friend the Rev. Dr. Disney, minister of Essex Street Chapel (No. 121), son-in-law of Archdeacon Blackburne. (See "Memoirs of Thomas Brand Hollis," by Dr. Disney, quarto, 1808.) Thomas Hollis, the trustee, the principal subject of this notice, was a warm friend of the liberty of learning as opposed to the imposition of creeds and theological tests. He was a generous benefactor of the Library. His other charities, which were very bountiful, are commemorated in " A Poem on the Death of Thomas Hollis, Esq.," by S. Rudd, octavo, London, 1731. The above-mentioned benefactions to Harvard College recal a similar bequest by Dr. Daniel Williams. He gave i'60 per * The Rev. Henry Ware, father of the Rev. Henry Ware, Junr., held the Hollis Divinity Professorship from 1805 to 1840. K 13° DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. annum, to be paid in a certain event, out of his estate of Tolshant, in Essex, to the College of Cambridge, New England, " to encourage and enable them to get constantly some learned Professor out of Europe, to reside there." — (Will, pp. 15, 16.) 37. Benjamin Avery, Esq., D.C.L. 1728-64. Physician and Treasurer of Guy's Hospital, and for several years secretary to the Deputies from The Three Denominations. Previous to his entering the Medical profession, which he did soon after the Salters' Hall Controversy of 1719, he was assistant Minister to the Rev. John Munkley, of Bartholomew Close (No. 44). He is described as "a warm friend of religious liberty and free inquiry, and opposed to all invasions of the rights of conscience, whether they proceed from Church men or Dissenters." He is supposed to have been an Arian. He died 23rd of July, 1764. There is a fine portrait of him at the Library. 38. Rev. Obadiah Hughes, D.D. 1729-51. Pastor of Maid Lane Congregation, Southwark, from 1729 to 1744, and of Princes Street, Westminster, from 1743 to 1751. For many years Secretary of the Presbyterian Board. He married a sister of Sir John Fryer (No. 24). This lady brought him an ample fortune ; but this circumstance increased rather than diminished his diligence in his work as a minister, in which he was highly successful. He died on the 10th of December, 1751, in his fifty-sixth year. Dr. Hughes published a number of sermons, which are in Dr. Williams's Library. He was orthodox, but voted with the Non-subscribers of 1719. Dr. Hughes was one of a family of confessors and divines. His great grandfather, the Rev. George Hughes, was ejected in 1662 from his living at Plymouth. He died in 1667, in his sixty-fourth year. George Hughes's son, the Rev. Obadiah DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 131 Hughes, was also ejected, in 1662, from his place as student at Christ Church, Oxford. He was afterwards for many years pastor of a congregation at Enfield, where he died 24th January, 1704, in his sixty-fifth year. He gave two sons to the ministry, viz. (1) the Rev. George Hughes, of Canterbury, who died in 1709, the father of Dr. Obadiah Hughes of London ; and (2) the Rev. John Hughes of Ware, Herts, who died there in 1729. This John Hughes had also a son in the ministry, named Obadiah Hughes, a fellow student of Doddridge's at Kibworth and afterwards assistant to his father at Ware, and subsequently minister at Staplehurst. He was offered and declined preferment in the Church. 39. Rev. Jeremiah Hunt, D.D. 1730-44. A learned divine of the Independent Denomination, edu cated by the Rev. Thomas Rowe, and at the Universities of Edinburgh and Leyden, minister of Pinners' Hall Congrega tion (1707—44). In sentiment he was heterodox, being sub stantially a Unitarian. Although he spoke without notes he was not an attractive preacher. In some lines descriptive of the chief preachers of the day, it is said of him, So just his manner, and his sense so true, He only pleases the discerning few ; which provoked the parody — So dull his meaning, and his action too, He really pleases but a very few. Dr. Lardner, in a funeral sermon, describes his preaching as " Scriptural, critical, paraphrastical and consequently instructive. ... as it was mightily suited to form in man a rational conviction of the truths of religion and to carry them on to perfection, so his audience, though not numerous, has usually consisted of the most knowing and understanding Christians." One of these was Viscount Barrington, whose k 2 132 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. sons became so distinguished in Church and State.* (Turner's Lives of Eminent Unitarians.) Dr. Hunt died Dec. 5, 1744, aged sixty-six years. Some of his sermons were published in four vols, in 1748, by his friend Dr. George Benson (No. 72), who was of the same opinions as himself. 40. Rev. Thomas LeavESLEY. 1730-39. Minister of the old Jewry Congregation from 1723 to 1737, and a member of the Presbyterian Board. He was one of the " Non-subscribers " of 1719, being then the minister of a Pres byterian Chapel at Little Raddow, Essex. He died in 1739. \ 41. John Hollis, Esq. 1731-35. Elected in the room of his brother, Thomas Hollis (No. 36). See under that name an account of this generous family, and of their rich benefactions to Harvard College, New England. Mr. John Hollis died in December, 1736. See his funeral sermon by Dr. Hunt. He was the grandfather of Mr. John Hollis of High Wycombe, author of " Hints and Essays, Theological and Moral," 1775; "Essays in Support of Natural Religion," 1790; and "Apology for Disbelief in Revealed Religion," 1801 ; and great grandfather (through one of his daughters) of the late Mr. Isaac Solly (No. 132), who was a trustee for more than half a century. Both John and Thomas Hollis were bene factors of the Presbyterian Fund. * Lord Barrington, before he joined Dr. Hunt's congregation attended the chapel of another Independent minister, Mr. Bragg, whose style did not suit his Lordship's taste. He it was who is said to have preached a series of sermons on the text And he made him a coat of many colours. Eternal Bragg in never ending strains Unfolds the wonders Joseph's coat contains, Of every hue discerns a different cause, And from each patch a solemn mystery. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 133 42. Antonio Walburgh, Esq. 1731-49. Treasurer of the Presbyterian Fund from 1728 to 1748, when he was elected Treasurer of St. Thomas's Hospital. Governor of divers other hospitals and charitable foundations. He died June 23, 1749, in the vigour of life, of a violent fever. In the General Evening Post he was described as one " whose under standing was such as qualified him for any station, however emi nent, whilst the benevolence of his heart engaged him entirely in offices of humanity and charity." His brother, Mr. Edward Walburgh, gave £100 to Dr. Williams's Library in 1734, in which year he died, and left a legacy of the same amount to the Presbyterian Fund. Mr. Antonio Walburgh also left £100 to the same Fund. 43. Rev. John Allen, M.D. 1732-59. Co-pastor (1730-55) with the Rev. James Read (No. 13), at New Broad-street, and afterwards sole pastor (1755—58) ; a member of the Presbyterian Board (1730—51 ?), and afternoon preacher (1749-59) to the congreration in Hanover-street, Long Acre, of which Dr. Jabez Earle (No. 26) , was the minister. Dr. Allen began as an Independent minister at Shrewsbury, whence he removed to Nailsworth, and thence to London in 1730. Resigning his office of Trustee in 1759 he settled with the Presbyterian congregation at Worcester, but returned in 1764 to London, where he lived in retirement until his death, which took place on the 31st of December, 1774, in his seventy-third year. He published a few single sermons. 44. Rev. John Munkley. 1733-38. Educated at the University of Leyden. For a short time ninister at Exeter ; then pastor for more than twenty years (1717- 38) of the Presbyterian Congregation in Bartholomew-close, 134 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. London, and for some time Secretary of the Presbyterian Board. He died in August, 1738. His extreme diffidence interfered greatly with his usefulness. He does not appear to have taken part in the subscription controversy of 1719. 45. James Ruck, Esq. 1735-38. Banker. He died 15th Feb. 1739. 46. Rev. Moses Lowman. 1738-52. A learned and eminent divine of the Independent Denomina tion. Born in London in 1679 ; received a liberal education, and being designed for the Bar, was entered a student of the Middle Temple in 1697, but resolving to enter the Ministry he went to Holland and pursued his studies at the University of Utrecht and Leyden. In 1710 he was chosen assistant minister at Clapham, and was ordained in 1714. There he continued for more than forty years (1710-52). In 1718 he published "A Defence, of the Protestant Dissenters in Answer to the Misrepresentations of Dr. Sherlock (then Bishop of Bangor), in his Vindication of the Corporation and Test Acts. " The titles of other works by him will be found in the catalogue of Dr. Williams's Library. He died in 1752. He was one of the seven Independent Ministers who voted against subscription in the Salters' Hall Synod of 1719. His immediate successor at Clapham was Dr. Philip Furneaux (No. 85), who also ranked with the Independents. 47. William Mount, Esq. 1739-68. Treasurer of St Thomas's Hospital and of the Presbyterian Fund, successor in both capacities of Antonio Walburgh, Esq. (No. 42.) DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 135 48. Rev. Samuel Lawrence, D.D. 1739-69. Son of a learned and most estimable minister at Nantwich, where he was born in 1693. Educated in London and at the University of Glasgow, where he studied several years ; some time tutor to the eldest son of Chief Baron Ward ; minister at Newcastle-under-Line (1714—27), at Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1727-33), and then (1733-60) at Monkwell street, London, where he had a crowded audience. A member of the Presby terian Board (1734—60). See his funeral sermon by Dr. Fordyce. His father, the Rev. Samuel Lawrence, was a native of Wem, in Shropshire, and a pupil of the celebrated Philip Henry. See an interesting account of him appended to a sermon by Matthew Henry (1712). Dr. Lawrence was an "Evangelical" preacher; his predecessor the Rev. Daniel Wilcox (17. . 39), was a zealous Calvinist (See No. 50); but his eloquent and once popular successor, Dr. Fordyce (1760—82), and his successor, Dr. James Lindsay (No 111), were both heterodox. 49. Rev. Edmund Calamy. 1740-55. One of the sons of the celebrated Dr. Calamy (No. 3). For twenty-three years (1726-49) assistant minister at Crosby- square to Dr. Grosvenor (No. 27), upon whose death, in 1749, he retired. He died 13th June, 1755. He was the father of Edmund Calamy, Esq., of Lincoln's inn (No. 107), and grand father of the late Rev. Michael Calamy, of Exeter. Mr. Calamy was a member of the Presbyterian Board (1739—48). 50. Rev. Henry Read. 1744-74. A younger brother and co-trustee for some years of the Rev. James Read (No. 13). Born in 1686 at Kidderminster, where the religious influence of Richard Baxter was yet fresh and 136 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. powerful. Educated for the ministry by Dr. Kerr of London. For many years (17 . -21) assistant minister to the Rev. Jno. Mottershed, of Ratcliffe Cross, afterwards for a few years assistant at Monkwell-street Chapel to the Rev. Daniel Wil cox, mentioned above (under No. 48), by whom he was dis missed for Arminianism in 1723 or 1724. After which he was for fifty-years minister of St. Thomas's Chapel, Southwark, first as colleague to the Rev. John Sheffield (1724-26), and then as pastor (1726-74), having for his assistants successively his brother James Read (No. 13,) Thomas Newman (No. 53), Philip Furneaux (No. 85), and others. He died in May, 1774, aged eighty-eight years. He was throughout his ministry a strenuous advocate for religious liberty. For many years his congregation was one of the largest in Southwark. He was a member of the Presbyterian Board, as were both his predecessors, —(1) the Rev. Nathaniel Vincent, M.A., of Christ Church, Oxford, who was nominated by Oliver Cromwell to be one of the first Fellows of Durham University, and who was ejected in 1662 from his rectory in Buckinghamshire ; and (2) the Rev. John Sheffield, whose father was also one of the ejected minis ters, as were also all his successors, whose names are well known : Dr. Abraham Rees, Thomas Jervis, afterwards of Leeds, James Tayler, afterwards of Nottingham, John Kentish, afterwards of Birmingham, and John Coates, all of whom, except Mr. Kentish, will be found on the roll of Dr. Williams's trustees. 51. Rev. Samuel Chandler, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A. 1744-66. This learned and distinguished divine and writer was for half a century a prominent figure among the Presbyterian Ministers of London, and for many years one of the most notable of the theologians of his age. He was born in 1693 being the eldest son of the Rev. Henry Chandler of Bath DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 137 to whom a life annuity was given by Dr. Williams's will. When very young he showed remarkable talents, and it is recorded of him that at an early age he could write Greek as readily as Eng lish. He was educated for the ministry by the Rev. John Moore of Bridgewater, and afterwards by the Rev. Samuel Jones of Gloucester and Tewkesbury, — having, among others, two fellow- students, who afterwards attained eminent positions in the Established Church, — Dr. Seeker, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Bishop Butler, author of the Analogy of Natural and Revealed Religion, with both of whom he continued on terms of personal friendship to the close of his life. He entered on his profession in 1714; his first settlement being with the Presbyterian congregation of Hanover Chapel, at Peckham, Surrey, to whom he ministered for more than ten years ; but he is best known as the minister of the Old Jewry congrega tion, his connection with which lasted over forty years (1726—66), first as an assistant (1726-29) to Mr. Leavesley (No. 40), then as pastor (1737-59), having for some time Dr. Richard Price (No. 77) as his assistant, and lastly as co-pastor (1759-66) with Dr. Amory (No. 86). He was also for some time one of the Tuesday-morning lecturers at Salters' Hall, and one of the Friday-evening lecturers at the Weigh House Chapel. Dr. Chandler " possessed a quick apprehension, a penetrating judgment, and a warm and vigorous imagination. He was an instructive and animated preacher ; . . . his voice was strong and clear, and his pronunciation rapid and distinct. . . . His compositions were not remarkable for elegance, . . . but they were full of grand and just ideas, expressed in ener getic language." His lectures and writings on the Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion in opposition to Deism, against the Errors of Romanism, on the History of Persecu tion, on Civil and Religious Liberty, the Test and Corporation Acts, enforced Subscription to Articles of Faith, and cognate subjects, gained for him a high reputation. A discourse preached on the 5th November, 1745, on the rebellion of that 133 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST year, entitled " Great Britain's Memorial against the Pretender and Popery ..." went rapidly through ten editions. On the occasion of a visit to Scotland with the Earl of Finlater, the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He was for many years a prominent member of the Presbyterian Board, and is worthy of being remembered as the founder of the " Widows' Fund " of the Three Denominations. When the united body of the Presbyterian, Independent, and Baptist ministers of Lon don and Westminster presented addresses to the Throne, as they are privileged to do on important occasions, Dr. Chandler was one of those usually called upon to present the Address. He died 8th May, 1766, in his seventy-third year. His inter leaved Bible, a quarto volume, containing a large number of critical notes, chiefly in Latin, was purchased from his execu tor by Dr. Amory, Mr. Hugh Farmer, Dr. Furneaux, Dr. Price, Dr. Savage, and Dr. Kippis, the survivor of whom, Dr. Kippis deposited it in Dr. WiUiams's Library. A list of Dr. Chand ler's works may be seen in the Dissenters' Magazine, vol. i., pp. 260-4. See also his "Life and Character," by Dr. Amory ; and the Christian Reformer for 1854, pp. 366-8. 52. Joseph Chitty, Esq. 1746-50. A wine merchant in Goodman's-fields (Gent. Mag., xx., 284), he died June 9, 1750, leaving a legacy of £50 to the Presbyterian Board, of which he had been a member. 53. Rev. Thomas Newman. 1746-58. Assistant to Dr. Samuel Wright (No. 33) at Blackfriars and Carter Lane (1718-46), and afterwards Pastor (1746-58), hav ing the Rev. Edward Pickard (No. 76) for his assistant. On the death of Dr. Grosvenor (No. 27), in 1747, Mr. Newman was elected Tuesday evening lecturer at Salters' Hall, He died DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 139 Dec. 6, 1758, aged sixty-seven years. In a funeral sermon to him Mr. Pickard wrote : "Asa preacher I will appeal to the world and be bold to say that he had few equals ; fewer, if any, surpassed him. His subjects were practical and impor tant ; his language strong and nervous, his manner serious and striking, and his appeals to the heart forcible and pungent." As one of the representatives of Carter Lane, he was for many years a member of the Presbyterian Board. 54. Rev. Edward Godwin. 1746-64. Another pupil of the Rev. Samuel Jones of Tewkesbury, whose widow (daughter of one of the ejected ministers) he married. He was assistant or co-pastor to the Rev. Benjamin Robinson (No. 6) at Little St. Helen's for a short time (1721—4), and then sole pastor for forty years (1724-64). He was an intimate friend of Dr. Doddridge, for whom he superintended the printing of the Family Expositor by correcting the proof- sheets. Mr. Godwin was Secretary of the Presbyterian Board for some years (1750—64 ?) in which office he was succeeded by Mr. Pickard (No. 76). He died 21st March, 1764, in his sixty- ninth year. He was the grandfather of the William Godwin (1756-1836), author of "Political Justice," &c, whose wife, Mary Wollstonecraft, and their daughter, Mrs. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1798-1851), confer an additional interest upon the name of this Trustee. 55. Phillip Hollingworth, Esq. 1747-61. Banker, a member of the Presbyterian Board (1739-50). 56. Thomas West, Esq. 1749-56. Treasurer of the Pesbyterian Board from 1749 to 1755. He left a legacy the Fund of £100. HO DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 57. Joseph Andrews, Esq. 1750-53. Elected in the place of John Welch, Esq. (No. 29). 58. James Lambe, Esq. 1751-61. A member of the Presbyterian Board. He died 20th January, 1761. A legacy of £100 was received by that Board in 1790 from the executors of Mrs. Lambe, perhaps his widow. 59. Nathaniel Neal, Esq. 1751-66. Of Clapham — an eminent solicitor, and secretary to the Million Bank ; only son of the Rev. Daniel Neal, author of "History of the Puritans," and Elizabeth his wife, sister of Dr. Nathaniel Lardner. He was the author of " A Free and Serious Remonstrance to Protestant Dissenting Ministers on occasion of the Decay of Religion, with Observations on the Education of Youth for the Ministry " (1746) ; which was republished in 1779 by Rev. Job Orton. Some of his letters, eighteen in number, between the years 1743 and 1751 are preserved in "Letters to and from Dr. Doddridge," collected and published by the Rev. Thomas Stedman, vicar of St. Chad, Shrewsbury (pages 354-405). Mr. Stedman records in a foot note that a correspondent had referred to Mr. Neal as a man " whose character I never think of without the highest venera tion and esteem, as few ever possessed more eminently the virtues of the heart united with a very superior understanding and judgment." The appendix to the last reprint (1804) of Dr. Williams's will was compiled by him. His distinguished father and uncle being both Independent ministers, as was also his grandfather, the Rev. Richard Lardner, of Hoxton, it may be inferred that he, too, was of that denomination ; it is the more probable as he was one of Coward's Trustees, and was not on the Presbyterian Board. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 141 60. Rev. William May. 1752-55. Successor of the Rev. William Munkley (No. 44), as minis ter of Bartholomew-close Chapel, of which he was minister for thirteen years (1740-53), as joint pastor with Dr. Caleb Fleming (No. 91). He died in 1755, leaving a legacy of £100 to the Presbyterian Board. A volume of his sermons was published in 1757, to which is prefixed an account of his life by Dr. Hodge (No. 66). 61. Rev. Francis Spilsbury. 1752-82. Minister of Salters' Hall Congregation from 1742 to 1782, having, during the greater part of that time (1742—60) the Rev. John Barker (No. 34) as his co-pastor, after whose death he was assisted by the Rev. Hugh Farmer (No. 80). He was a grandson of the Rev. John Spilsbury, some time Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, one of the Confessors of 1662, and son of the Rev. John Spilsbury* of Kidderminster. Francis Spilsbury was educated for the Ministry by Dr. Latham, of Findern, and at the University of Glasgow. " At that time his knowledge of Latin was so perfect that he could not only write but speak it with as much ease and fluency as the English." Having been minister for some years at Kidderminster, Bromsgrove and Worcester successively, he accepted in 1742 an invitation from the Salters' Hall Congregation. " Choose him, for he will wear well," was the recommendation he brought with him, and he remained with them for forty years. He died on the 3rd of March, 1782, aged 76 years. He was during the same term a member of the Presbyterian Board. * It is refreshing to read of the friendly relations of dignitaries of the Church of England and Nonconformist ministers in those days. Bishop Hall, when visiting Kidderminster, used to stay at the house of his nephew, the Rev. John Spilsbury, and to have assemblies of his clergy there. The Rev. Erancis Spilsbury was offered preferment in the Church if he would conform. 142 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 62. Nathaniel Carpenter, Esq. 1752-53. Of Hatton Garden. A manager of the Presbyterian Fund in 1736, and therefore a member of one of the congregations which sent representatives to the Board. He died 3rd March, 1753. 63. Paul Corbett, Esq. 1753-54. A member of Dr. Chandler's congregation, and one of its representatives on the Presbyterian Board from 1740 to 1754. 64. Jasper Mauduit, Esq. 1753-72. Of Hackney, of whom there is a portrait in the Library ; Chairman of the Dissenting Deputies (1764—71) ; grandson of the Rev. John Mauduit, who was ejected in 1662 from Anstey, in Devonshire, and son of the Rev. Isaac Mauduit, of King John's Court Chapel, Bermondsey ; Treasurer of the Presby terian Board from 1756 to 1758. He died in 1772. Under his will the Presbyterian Fund received £40 per annum for nearly thirty years, one half of which was for students for the ministry, the rest for general purposes. Israel Mauduit, author of a pamphlet entitled, " The Case of the Dissenting Minis ters; addressed to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal," 1774, was a brother of Jasper, and his partner in business as a merchant. 65. Edmund Ogden, Esq. 1754-57. A member of Crosby Square Congregation, and one of its representatives on the Presbyterian Board. 66. Rev. John Hodge, D.D. 1755-67. A learned minister ; author of " Discourses on the Evidences of Christianity," 1758 ; minister of Crosby-square Chapel DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 143 (1749-62). He was one of the managers of the Presbyterian Fund. Upon his death (Aug. 18, 1767), he bequeathed his Library to the academy at Taunton — his own alma mater — upon the dissolution of which it was removed to Exeter. It now forms part of the Library of Manchester New College at University Hall, London. 67. Rev. Michael Pope. 1755-88. Son of the Rev. Michael Pope, for many years minister of Lewin's Mead Chapel, Bristol (16. . . 1718). Born in that city in 1709 ; educated for the ministry at the Taunton Academy under the Rev. Henry Grove.* Mr. Pope was assistant to the Rev. Joshua Bayes (No. 28), at Leather Lane from 1742 to 1746 ; then sole pastor for forty- two years (1746—88). His daughter married Edmund Calamy, Esq. (No. 107), father of the late Rev. Michael Calamy of Exeter. Mr. Pope's congrega tion being one of those by which the Presbyterian Fund was formed and supported, he, as clerical representative, was a member of the Board during the whole term of his pastorate. He possessed extensive knowledge of the state of Nonconformity throughout the kingdom, and his sympathies were not confined to those of his own sect. (See his Funeral Sermon by the Rev. Thomas Jervis.) Such qualifications eminently fitted him for the administration of Dr. Williams's Trust and the Presby terian Fund. He died on the 10th of Feb., 1788, in his seventy- ninth year. * This eminent tutor was born at Taunton in 1683, and was partly educated for the Ministry by his predecessor, the Rev. Matthew Warren (one of the two thousand ejected ministers), the founder of the Taunton Academy, who died in 1706. Prom that date Mr. Grove was one of the tutors until his own death, in 1738. His voluminous works testify to his attainments and industry. In St. Paul's Chapel there is a tablet to his memory, with a long Latin inscription recording his parentage, public offices, and character. 144 DR- WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 68. Rev. William Hunt. 1755-70. Successor of Mr. Barker (No. 34) as minister of Mare Street Chapel, Hackney (1738-64), and afterwards co-pastor there with the Rev. Samuel Palmer, author of the well-known " Nonconformist Memorial." He was a grandson of the Rev. William Hunt, B.A., of King's College, Cambridge, who was ejected from his benefice in 1662 for nonconformity, and a son of the Rev. John Hunt, of Newport Pagnel. He received part of his education under the Rev. Samuel Jones, of Tewkesbury (1715—19), as an exhibitioner of the Presbyterian Board. Philip Doddridge (also an exhibitioner of that Board) was about the same time studying under Dr. Samuel Clark, of St. Albans. The following anecdote respecting them has been found in Walter Wilson's MSS., preserved in Dr. Williams's Library, vol. iii. p. 371 : — " Dr. Doddridge maintained a strong friendship for him, which originated in a singular instance of benevolence that took place in their youth. Young Doddridge, while a student, having occasion to perform a journey, was overtaken with bad weather, and being in the town of Newport called upon young Hunt at his father's house. Hunt very benevolently offered him the loan of a greatcoat. His mother calling him aside, reproved him for putting such confidence in a stranger, as he then was ; upon which young Hunt replied, I am sure he is a gentleman and a scholar. Doddridge overheard this, and never forgot it." Mr. Hunt succeeded his father at Newport Pagnel, where he was settled for thirteen years (1725-38) before his removal to Hackney. As minister of Mare Street he was a member to the Presbyterian Board (1738-60), as all his predecessors at Hackney were before him, namely (1), Dr. William Bates, formerly vicar of St. Dunstan's-in-the-West, whose library was purchased by Dr. Daniel Williams ; (2), the Rev. Robert Billio, another of the ejected ministers ; (3), the Rev. Matthew Henry (No. 5 supra) ; (4), the Rev. John Barker (No. 34) ; and (5) the Rev. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 145 Philip Gibbs,* Assistant Minister, dismissed for Arminianism in 1737, just before Mr. Hunt's election. Mr. Hunt died at Hackney, May 20, 1770. He was the last Presbyterian Minis ter of that Chapel ; his co-pastor, above named, the Rev. Samuel Palmer, being an Independent. 69. Timothy Wylde, Esq. 1756-57. A member of the Presbyterian Board (1753—57) as a representative from Carter Lane. He died in 1757. 70. Thomas Fletcher, Esq. 1756-93. Also a member of Carter Lane Chapel and of the Presby terian Board (1758-93). 71. John Dunn, Esq. 1758-80. A member of the Presbyterian Board (1746-60), as a representative of the Old Jewry Chapel, of which Dr. Chandler was then the Minister. 72. Rev. George Benson, D.D. 1758-62. A learned and eminent divine and writer ; author of " Para phrases and Notes on the Epistles," two vols. 4to. ; " History of the First planting of the Christian Religion," two vols. 4to. ; " The Reasonableness of Christianity," two vols. ; " Life of Christ," 4to., &c. Dr. Benson was born at Salkeld, near Penrith, Sept. 1, 1699 ; studied under Dr. Dixon of White haven; and at the University of Glasgow (1717-21), receiving an exhibition from the Presbyterian Fund. Towards the end of 1721 he came to London, and was very kindly noticed by Dr. Calamy, who received him into his house, and afterwards * The Rev. Philip Gibbs, though never a Trustee, bequeathed 731 volumes to Dr. WiUiams's Library. L 146 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. recommended him to a congregation ; settled at Abingdon, Berkshire (1722-28) ; then minister of the old Presbyterian Chapel in King's Court, Bermondsey* (1728-40). Upon the death of Dr. William Harris (No. 9), Dr. Benson was elected minister of the Crutched Friars congregation, with whom he remained during the remainder of his life (1740-62), having for some years Dr. Lardner for his assistant. Dr. Benson's life was chiefly devoted to the critical study of the New Testa ment, and especially of the Epistles. His writings attracted the notice of the learned at home and abroad. The University of Aberdeen conferred on him the degree of D.D. His " Paraphrases and Notes on the Epistles " were so bighly thought of by Professor Michaelis, of Gottingen, that he under took to translate the whole of them into Latin for the use of Continental scholars, and part of the work was published, with a Preface by Professor Baumgarten, who therein spoke in high terms of the author, and also of Dr. Chandler (No. 51). One of Dr. Benson's Dissertations was afterwards translated into Latin by G. Marsch, of Mecklenburgh ; other treatises of his were translated into German by M. Bambergen, of Berlin ; and Dr. Kortholt, of Vienna. At home he corresponded on terms of friendship with such men as Dr. Butler, author of the " Analogy ; " Lord Chancellor King, who, amidst his legal duties, found time to write "An Inquiry into the Constitution of the Primitive Church ; " Dr. John Taylor, of Norwich ; Dr. Law, Master of Peter House, Cambridge, &c. Dr. Conybeare, Dean of Christ Church, wrote to him " many of the most eminent persons among the Dissenters join with us, either in the common defence of our faith, or in using their endeavours to * Bermondsey was once a genteel neighbourhood. On the site of the Abbey, which was demolished at the suppression of the monasteries (a.d. 1589), a magnificent mansion was built, which, at a later period, became the residence of a noble family. The congregation in King John's Court had been founded by the parish minister, who was ejected in 1662. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 147 explain, in a learned way, the sacred records. The whole Christian Church is indebted to you, Sir, in particular on this account." Dr. Benson was an Arian, and a pronounced ad vocate for liberty of conscience in matters of religious opinions. He showed his detestation of persecutors by "An Account of the burning of Servetus " by John Calvin, and "A Brief Account of Archbishop Laud's Cruel Treatment of Dr. Leigh- ton." His " Life of Christ " was published after his death by Dr. Amory (No. 86), who prefixed to it a memoir of the author. He died April 6, 1762, in his sixty-third year, having bequeathed to the Presbyterian Board, of which he was a mem ber, a sum of £100 for the education of students, and a like sum to the Widows' Fund. A portrait of him, an oil paint ing, was presented to Dr. Williams's Library, in 1827, by John Todhunter, Esq., of Clapton. 73. Rev. William Langford, M.A., D.D. 1758-75. Minister at the Weigh House Chapel, as assistant or pastor, for nearly forty years (1736-75) ; also for some years assistant at Silver Street (1734—42). For forty-one years a member of the Presbyterian Board (1734—75). He was a Trinitarian and a moderate Calvinist. Born at Westfield, near Battle, in 1704, received his school education at Tenterden, where he learnt by heart the whole of Horace's De arte Poeticd ,• graduated at the University of Glasgow in 1727, and received, in 1762, the degree of D.D. from the University of Aberdeen. He died April 22, 1775, aged 71 years. 74. Rev. William Prior, D.D. 1759-74. Minister of Great Alie Street Chapel, Goodman's Fields, and for many years Lecturer at Salters' Hall. A member of the Presbyterian Board (1756-74). He died in 1774. l 2 148 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 75. Thomas Holmes, Esq. 1760-71. Treasurer of the Presbyterian Board, which office he appears to have held from 1758 until his death, in 1771. 76. Rev. Edward Piceard. 1760-78. Successor of Dr. George Benson (No. 72) as Minister of King John's Court Chapel (1740-46) ; then for thirty-two years (1746-78) at Carter Lane, first as assistant to the Rev. Thomas Newman (No. 53), after whose death, in 1758, he was Pastor or Senior Minister until his own death, which happened on the 10th February, 1778, in his sixty-seventh year. He was for some years Secretary of the Presbyterian Board (1764—78). Mr. Belsham, in his " Life of Theophilus Lindsey," published in 1812, gives an elegant and pleasing account of the subject of this note : — " Let it be permitted to one who, after an interval of more than thirty years, entertains a grateful and unabated sense of many and important obligations, to bear a humble testimony to the distinguished, but retiring and unobtrusive merit of the friend of his youth. The Reverend Edward Pickard was born at Alcester, in Warwickshire, a.d. 1714, of reputable and pious parents. He was educated in high Calvinistic principles, and after he had finished his studies under the reverend and learned J. Eames, F.R.S., he settled with a congregation at Stratford-on-Avon. The excellence of his understanding and the benevolence of his heart, combined with a serious and diligent study of the Scriptures, soon led him to discard the gloomy system in which he had been brought up, and to embrace the more rational hypothesis of Arianism, which was then in the zenith of its glory, being supported by the great abilities, leaning and reputation of Dr. Clarke .... and others. To this opinion he ever afterwards adhered. His deviation from the orthodox creed having created uneasiness in his situation at Stratford, he removed to London, and was at DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 149 first settled with a small congregation in the Borough. But his eminent talents were not destined to remain long in obscurity. In 1746, upon the accession of Mr. Newman lo the pastoral office in the flourishing congregation of Carter Lane, in the room of Dr. Wright, Mr. Pickard was chosen afternoon preacher ; and upon the death of Mr. Newman, a.d. 1759, he was appointed sole pastor, and continued in that connection, happy, useful and beloved beyond the common lot, till his own decease, in February, 1778. Mr. Pickard had great pulpit talents. He was, indeed, no professed orator ; and perhaps he entertained too great a prejudice against the artificial helps of public elocution. But his voice was clear and strong ; his matter was judicious, well composed, interesting and practical. He spoke as one who deeply felt the power of religious truth. . . . He riveted the attention and captivated the heart. And it was the same in the more private and family circle as in public. His public services did not, indeed, attract the crowd, but they delighted the intelligent, the judicious, and the devout, and have been honoured more than once by the attendance of dignitaries of the highest order in the Established Church. Mr. Pickard possessed talents whicli qualified him eminently for conducting business And his kindness of heart and conciliatory manners made it a pleasure to every one to transact business with him. He was a leading and active member of many important trusts It is much to be regretted that his great humility and modesty, together with his numerous avocations, did not permit him to instruct and edify the Christian world from the press as well as from the pulpit. But he has left one splendid and lasting monument of his philanthropy and piety, the Dissenters' Orphan School in the City Road, of which noble and useful institution I believe I am correct in saying that the idea originated with him ; at least, it will be allowed that he was one of its first founders, and one of its most able, most unwearied, and most successful managers and advocates "— (Belsham's " Memoirs of Lindsey," ISO DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. pp. 63-65). There is a portrait of Mr. Pickard — an oil-paint ing, by Chamberlain, R. A. — in the possession of his descendant, John Warren, Esq. (No. 209) ; and another at the above-named Orphan School, now located at Haverstock Hill, Hampstead. 77. Rev. Richard Price, D.D., LL.D., F.R.S. 1761-91. This eminent man was born Feb. 23, 1723, at Tynton, near Bridgend, Glamorganshire. His father, the Rev. Rice Price, many years minister of a congregation which afterwards became Unitarian, was a rigid Calvinist, and so intolerant of heterodoxy that on one occasion finding his boy reading a work of Dr. Samuel Clarke, he snatched the book from his hand and angrily threw it into the fire. Richard had probably heard of that celebrated writer from his schoolmaster, the Rev. Samuel Jones, of Capel Sion, who is known to have held advanced opinions, and of whom his pupil always spoke in terms of respect. At the age of fifteen (a.d. 1738) he was removed from Samuel Jones's School, and sent to the [Carmarthen] Presbyterian Academy, then located at Llwynllwyd, near Talgarth, under the care of the Rev. Vavasor Griffiths. A mountainous district lies between Bridgend and that place. Whilst walking over those hills in the severe winter of 1739-40 he first formed an acquaintance with Butler's "Analogy," a work which he greatly valued throughout his life. His father died before the end of 1739, and his mother, a generous and excellent woman, followed him to the grave in May, 1740. His tutor also died in that year. Being thus stranded, he obtained through his uncle, the Rev. Samuel Price, of London (co-pastor to Dr. Isaac Watts), admission into the [Hoxton] Academy, of which Mr. Eames was then the principal tutor. So, giving his two sisters the portion his father had bequeathed to him, he left Bridgend, walked from Cardiff to Bristol, and performed the rest of the journey to London in a waggon. During the four years (1740-44) he spent with Mr. Eames and his colleague he availed himself of their instruction with great diligence, studying mathematics, DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 151 philosophy, and theology with ardour and delight, as he himself afterwards recorded in an unfinished autobiography. For the next twelve years (1744—56) he was chiefly engaged as chaplain and companion to a gentleman residing at Stoke Newington, who, dying in 1756, left him a legacy. During part of that time he preached in the afternoon at the Old Jewry. We then find him engaged as morning preacher at Newington Green (1756-70), and afternoonpreacher at Poor Jewry Lane (1763—70). But he attracted little notice as a preacher until he had attained celebrity in other ways. During the last twenty or twenty-one years of his life (1770—91) he occupied the more important post of minister of the Gravel Pit Chapel, Hackney, and sometimes preached to large and delighted audiences, sermons which, years before, he had addressed to empty pews. Dr. Price's reputation as a thinker and writer stands high ; but we can do little more here than enumerate some of his principal writings. His first literary work was " A Review of the Principal Questions in Morals," 1758. In 1760 he published a "Dissertation on Miracles," in answer to David Hume, which won the admiration and friendship of that philosopher. In 1761 a mere accident led him to investigate a problem connected with the doctrine of chances. The result of his studies on this subject, extending over two years, was presented by his friend Mr. Canton to the Royal Society, and was published in their Transactions in 1763. That led him into similar inquiries. In 1769 his Observations on the Expectations of Lives, &c, appeared in the Philosophical Transactions, which were followed by contributions on the Values of Contingent Reversions ; on Reversionary Payments ; on the National Debt ; on the Aberration of Light in connection with the Transit of Venus ; and on other subjects. At that period of his life he was requested to under take the task ofediting the works of Sir Isaac Newton, which, however, he modestly declined. In 1775 he published his Observations on Civil Liberty, and the Justice and Policy (meaning the injustice and impolicy) of the War with America, 152 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. sixty thousand copies of which were sold. This raised against him an army of fierce opponents, but their denunciations and abuse only served to show the cogency of his reasoning, and to make the principles he advocated more widely known. The Corpo ration of London, appreciating the value of his public services, honoured him with the freedom of the City, presented in a gold box. But to the end of the war he continued to be assailed with abuse and calumny ; he was represented as an abandoned profligate, and annoyed with anonymous letters accusing him as a traitor, and even threatening him with assassination. His friendly controversy with Dr. Priestley on Materialism and Necessity, and his Sermons are well known. Dr. Price was an Arian, maintaining the pre-existence of Christ, and that the visible world had been created by him. In early life he had given up the Trinity, but the doctrine of the Atonement remained fixed in his theological system, which thus possessed all the objective grandeur of Orthodoxy. He was a strong advocate of civil and religious liberty, and in private life the admiration of those who knew him. According to the testimony of Mrs. Barbauld, Dr. Price was one " whose name will be ever pronounced with affectionate veneration and deep regard by all the friends of philosophy, virtue, and mankind, as a man on whom blessings and eulogiums are ready to burst from all honest tongues." He died 9th April, 1791, having bequeathed a legacy to Hackney College, which he had helped to form, and to which he had given his services for some time as Mathematical Tutor. A Memoir of his Life was published in 1815 by his nephew, William Morgan, F.R.S. His portrait, engraved by Holloway, after West, is well-known. The original oil-painting is in the possession of the Royal Society, to whom it was presented by Mr. Arthur Morgan. 78. Nathaniel Paice, Esq. 1761-68. Probably the father of Joseph Paice, Esq., mentioned below (No. 87), who was elected in his place in 1768. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 153 79. William Bowden, Esq. 1761-80. A member of the Presbyterian Board (1772-80) ; Chairman of the Dissenting Deputies (1777-79). 80. Rev. Hugh Farmer. 1762-87. For many years minister at Walthamstow, and author of a " Dissertation on Miracles," an "Essay on Demoniacs," &c. He was born in 1714 near Shrewsbury. His mother was a daughter of that eminent Nonconformist confessor, the Rev. Hugh Owen, of Bronycludwr, Merionethshire, whose other daughter was the wife of the Rev. Edward Kenrick, of Brony cludwr, mentioned in Dr. Williams's will. Having received his early education at Llanegrin, in that county, he was placed for some time under the care of Dr. Charles Owen, of Warrington, and in 1730 entered Doddridge's Academy at Northampton, where he distinguished himself by his abilities and application, and gained the lasting esteem of his tutor, who always spoke of him in terms of the highest respect. After some time spent at Market Harborough he accepted the office of private chaplain to William Coward, Esq., a benevolent but eccentric gentleman residing at Walthamstow, founder of the trust which bears his name ; but he did not remain long with him. It was one of Mr. Coward's domestic rules to shut up his house at a very early hour, after which no one, whether a member of the family or a visitor, could on any account be admitted. The chaplain happened on one occasion to arrive at the door after the key had been turned in the lock, and was therefore obliged to seek a lodging for the night elsewhere. He was kindly taken in by a wealthy neighbour of the same household of faith, an eminent solicitor named Snell, under whose hospitable roof he remained for the next thirty years. There was then no meeting-house at Walthamstow. A few friends now built a chapel for Mr. Farmer on a piece of land given by Mr. Snell, and from that small 154 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. beginning a flourishing congregation was formed. The wealth and numbers of those he gathered around him may be inferred from the fact that on Sundays twenty or thirty carriages might sometimes be seen at the chapel door. Mr. Farmer was an Independent ; but during a portion of his ministry at Waltham stow he was also afternoon preacher at Salters' Hall (1762-72) which was Presbyterian. He appears to have sympathized with the progressive theological tendencies of the Presbyterian party, rather than with those of his own denomination. He was, however, excessively cautious in stating his views on contro verted doctrines, which exposed him to some censure both dur ing his life and after his death. It was a maxim with him, often given by way of advice to young ministers, "never to raise a difficulty without being able to solve it." Dr. Kippis said of him, that he was " one of the best preachers that have appeared amongst the Protestant Dissenters." Having received several legacies which placed him in independent circumstances, he retired from the ministry some years before his death, which occurred on the 5th of February, 1787, in his seventy-third year. There is no portrait of him. He left a legacy of £100 to the Widows' Fund. He was a member of Coward's Trust, which supported the Hoxton and Daventry Academies. Seven teen years after his death was published Memoirs of his Life and Writings, by Michael Dodson, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, a Commissioner in Bankruptcy, and nephew of Sir Michael Foster, Justice of the King's Bench. 81. Rev. Andrew Kippis, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A. 1762-95. This eminent scholar and writer was descended on both his father's and mother's side from ejected ministers. He was born at Nottingham in 1725, but before he was five years old his father died, and he was brought up by his grandfather, Andrew Kippis, at Sleaford, Lincolnshire. There he received his early education at the grammar-school, and attracted the notice of DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 155 the Rev. Samuel Merivale. " What contributed most to his future eminence," says a writer in the Gentleman's Magazine, "was the friendship of Mr. Merivale, who was equalled by few of his contemporaries in various branches of learning. Dr. Kippis frequently said that it was impossible for him to express his obligation to this friend of his youth." (Gent. Mag. 1795.) He had the further advantage of spending five years (1741—46) under Dr. Doddridge, of whom he ever spoke with gratitude and affection, calling him " my benefactor, tutor, friend, and father." Mr. Kippis's first settlement was at Boston, where his paternal ancestors resided in the seventeenth century, as appears by the Parish Register and the Records of the Cor poration of that town. William Kippis, the baptism of whose daughter is recorded in 1601, was Common Councilman in 1632 ; his son Andrew died in 1645, leaving a son, William, who died in 1681, who was the father of Andrew Kippis, of Sleaford, above named ("History and Antiquities of Boston," by Pishey Thompson, pp. 447, 781, 785). The last-named Andrew Kippis, grandfather of the subject of this memoir, died in 1748, at a great age, and a mural tablet was set up in the parish church of Sleaford, commemorating him, and his wife, and several of their children. Dr. Kippis left Boston in 1750 for Dorking, where he succeeded the Rev. John Mason, author of the well-known ethical treatise on " Self- Knowledge." In 1753 he succeeded Dr. Hughes (No. 38) as minister of Princes Street Chapel, Westminster, whicli office he held for forty-three years (1753—95). In London he found scope for his literary tastes. He became a contributor to the Gentleman's Magazine, the Monthly Review, and a periodical called The Library, and wrote " The History of Knowledge, Taste, and Learning in Great Britain," prefixed to the " New Annual Register." In 1763 he succeeded Dr. Jennings as classical and philological tutor at the Hoxton Academy, and held that office until 1784, and was afterwards for some years one of the tutors at Hackney College. Biography was his favourite study, and his greatest 156 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. work was an improved edition of the "Biographia Britannica," five volumes of which were published 1778-94. The sixth volume was in the press at the time of his death, but perished in a destructive fire at the printer's. Dr. Kippis also published separately the lives of Captain Cook, Sir John Pringle, Presi dent of the Royal Society, Dr. Doddridge, and Dr. Lardner. The collection of hymns bearing his name is still used by some Unitarian congregations. The University of Edinburgh con ferred upon him the degree of D.D. in 1767, without his knowledge, at the request of Professor Robertson. In the autumn of 1795, in company with Mrs. Barbauld and other friends, he visited Mr. William Smith, M.P., at Parndon, Essex, returned home unwell, and died soon after, October 8, 1795. A list of twenty-five publications by him is annexed lo a memorial sermon preached by Dr. Abraham Rees. Some lines on his death, written by Helen Maria Williams, are pre served in the Protestant Dissenters' Magazine, vol. iii., p. 72. A portrait of him, painted by Artaud, R.A., was bequeathed by his widow to Dr. Williams's Library. He was for forty-three years a member of the Presbyterian Board. 82. Rev. Timothy Laugher. 1764-69. Born at Worcester, 22nd Dec, 1724, educated by Dr. Dod dridge (1741—46). After three previous settlements he suc ceeded Mr. Prior (No. 74) at Ratcliffe Cross in 1756, and removed to Hackney in 1759, where he died 29th Oct., 1769, in his forty-fifth year. His old fellow-student, Dr. Kippis, who preached his funeral sermon, described him as a man of con siderable abilities, well read in the best writers of classic anti quity, and well skilled in the different branches of moderii literature. 83. Joseph South, Esq. 1765-74. Probably a son of Joseph South who was from 1728 to 1751 a Member of the Presbyterian Board. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 157 84. Thomas Lucas, Esq. 1766-84. A Member of Crosby Square Church and of the Presbyterian Board (1757-84), Chairman of the Dissenting Deputies (1771-77). 85. Rev. Philip Furneaux, D.D. 1766-78. An eminent Independent Minister and an ardent friend and able defender of civil and religious liberty. His Letters to Mr. Justice Blackstone, controverting certain passages in his Com mentaries on the Laws of England, touching the legal status and natural rights of Nonconformists, are an enduring monu ment to his ability and zeal in enforcing the principle that " religious liberty (to use his own words) is one of those rights to which men are entitled by nature, as much so as to their lives and properties." The fourth volume of the Commen taries was published in 1769, and attracted great attention. Under the head of "Offences against God and Religion" Sir William Blackstone represented Dissent as a crime — a crime the penalty of which was suspended in certain cases. That view, and particularly the expression of it, would be highly approved of by a certain class of politicians and Churchmen in those days. Nonconformists on the other hand were justly offended at being held up as criminals by one occupying the position of Solicitor- General to the Queen. Dr. Priestley, then of Leeds, was the first in the field to defend the Dissenters from the degrading imputation. "I did not know," he wrote, " that mere Nonconformity was any crime at all in the Laws of England since the Act of Toleration." To which Black stone replied, September 2nd, 1769, "I beg leave to inform Dr. Priestley, since it seems he is yet to learn it, that Noncon formity is still a crime by the laws of England, and hath severe penalties annexed to it, notwithstanding the Act of Toleration, nay, expressly reserved by that Act (sec. 16), in all such as do not comply with the conditions thereby enjoined. In case the 158 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. legislature had intended to abolish both the crime and the penalty it would at once have repealed all the penal laws enacted against Nonconformists. But it keeps them expressly in force against all papists, oppugners of the Trinity, and persons of no religion at all, and only exempts from their rigour such serious sober-minded Dissenters as shall have taken the oaths and subscribed the declaration at the Sessions, and shall regularly repair to some licensed [registered] place of religious worship." The author of the Commentaries not only represented Dissent as a crime, but attempted to justify that view of it. Of the Statute of 1 Eliz. c. 2 he expressed an opinion that " the continuance of this law to the present day cannot be considered too severe or too intolerant." Now that Statute enacted that if any person shall in open words speak anything in derogation, depraving, or despising of the Book of Common Prayer, he shall for the first offence forfeit one hundred marks, for the second four hundred marks, and for the third all his goods and chattels and suffer imprison ment for life. He cited with approval the Test and Corpora tion Acts, and the Statute of 9 and 10 William III. c. 32, against persons educated in the Christian religion who shall by writing, printing, teaching, or advised speaking, deny any one of the Persons of the Holy Trinity to be God, or shall deny the Christian religion to be true, or the Holy Scriptures to be of Divine authority, and which makes persons offending against it incapable of holding any office or place of trust, and dis qualifies them, after a second conviction, from being plaintiffs or defendants in any action, guardians, executors, or legatees, and subjects them to three years' imprisonment. Elsewhere he remarked, " everything is now as it should be, except, per haps, that heresy ought to be more strictly defined;" and again, " It seems necessary for the support of the National religion that the officers of the Church should have power to censure heretics, but not to exterminate or destroy them," implying apparently that the officers of the Church might go DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 159 any length against heretics short of extermination. Dr. Furneaux's Letters, 1770, effectually grappled with these sentiments and the doctrine that Nonconformity was in itself a crime. Without the vehemence of Priestley, but with more force, he rebuked and confuted the semi-political and semi- religious opinions which colour and deface this portion of Black stone Commentaries. The greater part of these admirable Letters may still be read with pleasure and advantage. An extract or two will show their style and quality : — Persecution is unwarrantable in any cause ; yet it may most naturally be expected in favour of a bad one. I do not much wonder, therefore, that the Church of Rome hath recourse to it in support of her manifold corruptions and usurpations. But that Protestants should have imitated her in this greatest of all her enormities, and have thereby imprudently given a sanction to her cruel treatment of themselves is astonishing. Nevertheless, that it is true the history of our own country abundantly testifies. — Preface, p. 1. Referring to passages on -statutory punishment for heresy, or dissent from the " national religion," he says : — Religion is seated in the heart of man, and conversant with the inward principles and temper of the mind ; and it cannot, therefore, properly speaking, be established by human laws or enforced by temporal punishments. There is nothing in a fine or a dungeon, or in any other penalty which the magistrate can inflict, that is calculated to produce conviction. Truth can only be supported and propagated by reason and argument, in conjunction with that mild and persuasive insinuation and that openness and candour, and apparent benevolence in its advo cates, which are suited to" invite men's attention, and dispose them to examination. No civil punishments are adapted to enlighten the understanding or to conciliate the affections. . . . For my own part, I believe it would have fared much better with the interests of true religion if it had been left to make its way by the force of its own native excellence and evidence 160 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. only, than it hath done since it hath been incorporated with civil constitutions, and established by human laws. For even temporal emoluments (leaving penalties out of the question) annexed to the profession of any form of religion in such a degree as to excite men's avarice and ambition, and dispose them to mean and unworthy, not to say wicked, compliances to obtain or secure them have done, I apprehend, infinite mischief to the religious and moral characters of multitudes in all ages and countries — pp. 39—41. Dr. Furneaux was also the author of an essay on Toleration, and was the first editor of Jennings' "Jewish Antiquities," pub lished after the author's death. Dr. Furneaux's name is honourably associated with a certain cause celebre, known as the Sheriff's Case,* which occupied public attention and the courts for thirteen years. And it is to the interest he took in it, and to his extraordinary powers of memory, that we are indebted for a full and faithful report of the noble speech delivered by Lord Mansfield in the House of Lords, where the matter in dispute was finally determined. It arose out of a shameful imposition practised upon the Dissenters by the Corporation of the City of London. The story will always be an interesting one, and a brief resume of it will not be out of place here, prefaced by one or two observations. By the Canon law, received and confirmed by the Statute law, every man was required to take the Sacrament periodically according to the rites and usages of the Church of England. And by the Corporation Act (13 Car. II. , st. 2, c. 1) it was enacted that no person should be eligible for any magisterial office or place of trust or employment in the government of any corporation, city, town, or borough, who had not within one year next before his election taken the Sacrament in the Church of England. Now, if Nonconformity was a crime, as stated by Blackstone, it is tolerably clear that a refusal to take the Sacrament would not be a lawful excuse for refusing a magisterial office, such as * Harrison v. Edwards, 6 Bro. Pari. Cases, 181. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 161 that of Sheriff, for it is a legal maxim that a man shall not be allowed to disable himself. The case of Rex v. Larwood (Salkeld, 157), anno 1694, seemed to prove that a professed Dissenter was in the same position in that respect as an avowed Churchman. In 1748, the Corporation of London being desirous of annoying the Dissenters, and of raising money, passed a bye- law imposing a heavy fine upon any person who, having been elected Sheriff of London and Middlesex, should decline the duties. The professed object of the bye-law was to secure fit and proper persons to fill the office, but the real object was notorious. The fines were expressly appropriated to paying the expenses of building the Mansion House, which was then in course of erection. Many Dissenters were accordingly nominated for no other object than to extract £500 or £600 from each of them, because it was known they would not go to Church to receive the Sacrament. One of the " fit and proper persons " so nominated was blind, and another was bed-ridden, so shameless were the persecutors in their plunder ing crusade, and yet so confident that they were within the letter of the law. They had already obtained no less than £15,000 in such fines, when in 1754 three Nonconformists who were now waylaid determined to resist the imposition, and refused to pay the fines. The Corporation brought an action of debt against each of them in the Sheriffs' Court and easily won a verdict (1757). On appeal the judgment was affirmed in the Court of Hustings, where the Recorder sat as sole judge (1759), but both decisions were afterwards reversed (1762) in the Court of St. Martin's by the unanimous opinion of five judges, who sat as special Commissioners to examine and correct errors. They all agreed that the Act of Toleration took away the guilt as well as the penalties of Nonconformity, and it was laid down distinctly that the Rubric, which requires all persons to communicate with the Established Church three times in the year, was not obligatory on bond fide Dissenters. m 162 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. The Corporation being thus disappointed, they resolved to appeal to the Lords. The case was argued at the Bar of the House on the 21st and 22nd Jan. 1767. Lord Chief Justice Mansfield having shown that a distinction must be made between professed Churchmen and bond fide Dissenters, the following question was put to the judges, viz., " whether upon the facts admitted in the pleadings the defendant (for there was now but one left) was at liberty to object to the validity of his election on account of his not having taken the Sacrament according to the rites of the Church of England, within a year before in bar of this action ? " All the judges (except one) who delivered their answers (which they did in February) were of opinion that he ivas. Lord Mansfield then (before the question was put to the House) rose in his place as a peer and delivered a most eloquent speech, upholding the rights of con science and the just liberties of Nonconformists, in which he uttered those words whicli have since so often been quoted that the " Dissenters' way of worship " was not only lawful, but " established." Dr. Furneaux heard that memorable speech, and afterwards reproduced it in writing by an effort of memory, and submitted it to Lord Mansfield, who could find but two or three trivial errors in it. That famous speech, which greatly forwarded the cause of civil and religious liberty, was thus .preserved -to the nation by one of Dr. Williams's Trustees. It was published in an Appendix to the second edition of Furneaux's "Letters to Blackstone " (1771), and republished in Philadelphia in 1773. Referring to that speech, the late Lord Campbell, in his " Life of Lord Mansfield," singularly mis-spells Dr. Furneaux's name, and mis-describes him, call ing him Dr. Faraceaux, a famous Presbyterian Divine (" Lives of the Chief Justices of England," vol. vii. p. 513) ; but Dr. Furneaux was an Independent, as already stated, and the acknowledgment of it is due to the Denomination which he adorned. He was minister of St. Thomas's, Southwark, from 1747 to 1753, and afterwards for about a quarter of a DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 163 century minister of a congregation at Clapham. He also lectured for many years (1752-77) at Salters' Hall (Presby terian). He was incapacitated for about five years before his death, which occurred on the 27th Nov. 1785, in his fifty- seventh year. There appears to be no portrait of him extant ; but his writings reflect the image of his mind more faithfully than marble or the graver's art. When his health broke down a few personal friends raised a fund for his support, which at his death remained in the hands of his benefactors. That fund with accumulated income lately amounted to more than £10,000, and a scheme was approved by the Charity Commis sioners directing that one half of the income should thence forth be paid to the Ministers' Benevolent Fund and the other half to Manchester New College. 86. Rev. Thomas Amory, D.D. 1767-74. A native of Taunton. Educated for the ministry (1717-22) at the Academy in that town, then conducted by the Rev. Stephen James and Henry Grove, his maternal uncle ; after wards a minister at Taunton, and assistant tutor, and subse quently sole tutor, of the Academy. Minister of the Old Jewry, London, from 1759 to 1774, first as afternoon preacher for Dr. Chandler (1759-66), and then as pastor (1767-74). A member of the Presbyterian Board (1767-74). Author of numerous works. He died June 24, 1774, in his seventy-fourth year. It is worthy of remark that Dr. Amory throughout life refused to subscribe the articles required by the Act of Tolera tion to be subscribed by Nonconformists, preferring to remain exposed to the pains and penalties of the persecuting Acts of the Tudors and Stuarts. 87. Joseph Paice, Esq. 1768-1810. " Of Bread Street Hill, merchant, and one of the directors of the South Sea Company — the same to whom Edwards, the m 2 1 64 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Shakespeare commentator, has addressed a fine sonnet (Charles Lamb). Elected a trustee in the room of Nathaniel Paice (No. 78), he was also for many years a member of the Presbyterian Board as a representative of Carter Lane. There is an engraved portrait of him from an original painting by Abbott, which shows him to have been a man of benevolence and simplicity of character. The original was in the possession of James Gibson, Esq. (No. 144), who succeeded him at the Board, and who probably caused the engraving to be executed with the following words underneath, which seem to imply a close relationship : — Felix nostra tuos mores si vita referret Exhibet ut vultus fida tabella tuos. His name has been immortalised as the Preux Chevalier of the Age, by Charles Lamb, in one of his Essays of Elia. 88. Rev. John Palmer. 1768-90. Author of " Free Thoughts on the Inconsistency of Con forming to any Religious Tests as a Condition of Toleration, with the True Principle of Protestant Dissent," and other works. Minister of New Broad Street from 1755 to 1780, when on the expiration of the lease of the chapel he retired from the ministry. He was thus the last minister of the congregation of which Dr. Daniel Williams was once the pastor. As a representative of that society he was a member of the Pres byterian Board. " Educated in Calvinistic principles he gradually relinquished them, and at length imbibed the Socinian scheme." — Wilson's Dissenting Churches, ii., p. 229. He died June 26, 1790, aged sixty-one years. 89. John Mount, Esq. 1768-86. Elected in the place of William Mount, Esq. (No. 47). DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 165 90. Rev. Ebenezer Radclipfe. 1770-1809. One of the last of the pupils of Dr. Doddridge, assistant to Dr. Benson (No. 72) at Jewry Street Chapel (1760-62), and afterwards his successor (1762—74). Also for many years (1759?— 77?) afternoon preacher at Walthamstow, where the celebrated Hugh Farmer (No. 80) was the pastor. His " Letters to the Prelates " (1773) show him to have been a man of distinguished abilities. The Bench of Bishops had defeated an application to Parliament in 1772 for the repeal of the penal statutes affecting Dissenters, and these letters were an indignant protest against their action ; they are " a torrent of manly eloquence from beginning to end." He was distinguished for a tall, commanding figure, manly and forcible utterance, and a plain, simple, and nervous style ; but he does not appear to have been highly successful as a preacher, for his congregation in Jewry Street died in his hands in 1774, and he withdrew from the pulpit in 1777, in his forty- sixth year, thenceforth residing as a private gentleman at Walthamstow, and devoting the rest of his life (some thirty-two years) to literature and works of benevolence. He had resided for many years in the Temple, with an old fellow student at Dr. Dod dridge's Academy, Mr., afterwards Sir Wadsworth Busk. They eventually married into the same family. He was a member of the Presbyterian Board, and left a legacy to the fund. He died October 17, 1809, in his seventy- eighth year. 91. Rev. Caleb Fleming, D.D. 1770-79. Born about the year 1699, at Nottingham, where he received a good education, but came to London in 1727. He was engaged in business until he attained the age of about forty years. Although the shop or the counting-house no doubt demanded a larger proportion of the day at that date than now, he found 1 66 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. leisure for intellectual pursuits, and appeared before the public as an author in 1728, 1732, 1735, and 1736. On the last-named occasion he dedicated a pamphlet on the Sabbath question to an eminent person who bore the same surname as himself, but who was in no way related to him — Sir George Fleming, Bishop of Carlisle. The result was wholly unexpected. The Bishop offered him ordination, promised to present him to a particular Vicarage in Cumberland, and held out prospects of further promotion, and at the same time a learned clergyman, who afterwards became a bishop, offered to pay the expenses of his removal to Cumberland ; but Caleb Fleming had adopted Arian opinions, and although poor and burdened with a family of several children, his conscience would not permit him to subscribe the Thirty-nine Articles, and his wife nobly en couraged him to decline the tempting offer, saying that she would cheerfully undergo extreme hardships rather than obtain relief at the expense of his integrity and peace. He was then asked by the Presbyterians to enter the ministry, and with that request he complied. After preaching occasionally for a while, he was ordained, but he refused to submit to the ceremony of imposition of hands as savouring of priestly pretension, and declined, moreover, to make any confession of faith on the occasion, except only that " he believed the New Testament writings to contain a revelation worthy of God to give, and of man to receive, and that it would be his endeavour to re commend them to the people in the sense in which he should from time to time understand them." He preached at Bartholomew-close Chapel for fifteen years (1738-53, then for twenty-five years (1753-78) at Pinners' Hall, being for a short time colleague to Dr. Foster. He was the author of numerous pamphlets, at least sixty in number. In 1769 the University of St. Andrews, without his knowledge, conferred on him the degree of D.D. He was informed of it by the Rev. W. Dalrymple, of Ayr, the heterodox minister alluded at a later date by Robert Burns in his " Kirk's Alarm " • DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 167 D'rymple mild, D'rymple mild, though your heart's like a child, And your life like the new driven snaw, Yet that winna save ye, Auld Satan must hae ye, For preaching that three's ane and twa. In his reply he assures the University that he had ever devoted those abilities which God had given him to the service of truth and liberty, never once resigning the right of private judgment nor consenting to sacrifice conscience on the altar of emolument. Walter Wilson says of him that "in early life he enlisted himself under the banner of Socinus." He died July 21, 1779, in the eighty-first year of his age. His portrait by Chamberlain is in Dr. Williams's Library and bequeathed by himself. It is one of the best in the collection. 92. Richard Cooke, Esq. 1771-88. Sometime Treasurer of the Presbyterian Board (1771 ?-84). 93. George Brough, Esq. 1772-85. A member of the Presbyterian Board 1772—85. 91. Rev. Abraham Rees, D.D., F.R.S. 1774-1825. Well known by the Cyclopedia which bears his name. From the article " Penry " therein, written by himself, we learn that he traced his descent in the, maternal line from the family of John Penry, or Ap-Henry, the Puritan martyr who suffered for Non conformity in the Elizabethan period. His father, the Rev. Lewis Rees, was an Independent or Presbyterian minister at Llan- brynmair, Montgomeryshire. There, in the year 1743, Abraham Rees was born. At the ageof sixteen he entered Hoxton Academy, then presided over by Dr. David Jennings, author of " Jewish Antiquities ; " and such were the abilities, industry, and attain ments of the young student, especially in mathematics and natural philosophy, that at the age of nineteen, before the com pletion of his course, he was appointed assistant tutor, and soon 1 68 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. after elected resident tutor, which office he held, having Dr. Kippis for a colleague, until the dissolution of the college, in 1784 or 1785. For the next ten years (1785-95) he was one of the tutors of Hackney College. He was thus for thirty- three years engaged in educating students for the Christian ministry. To his professional duties he added literary work of no small magnitude. A new edition of Chambers's " Cyclopaedia " (first published in 1727) being required, he was selected by the pub lishers to be the editor, and the work issued from the press in four huge folio volumes between the year 1781 and 1786. About that time he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and the degree of D.D. was conferred on him by the University of Edinburgh, on the proposal of the Principal, Dr. Robertson, the historian. Dr. Rees's next literary work was a gigantic under taking — his own New Cyclopaedia, which came out in parts between the years 1803 and 1820, and was completed in forty- five quarto volumes. In the meantime he also published four volumes of " Practical Sermons." All these labours were combined with the duties of his profession as a minister, which he performed uninterruptedly for fifty-seven years, first as pastor of St. Thomas's, Southwark (1768-83), and then of the Old Jewry congregation (1784-1825). Honorary Secretary of the Presbyterian Board for nearly half a century. He was for a long period the acknowleged head of " The United Body of the Three Denominations In and Around the Cities of London and Westminster, " as well as of the " Presbyterian Body " itself. He died June 9, 1825, in his eighty-third year. A portrait of him by Opie was presented to the Library, in compliance with direct ions contained in his will. Dr. Rees was an Arian of the school of Dr. Richard Price, but he lived to see Unitarianism, as taught by Priestley and Belsham, very generally adopted by the English Presbyterians, who thus became more widely separated than before from the other two denominations. Dr. Rees's influence greately helped to keep the three together during his life, and they continued for some time to assemble for their common DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 169 purposes at the Redcross Street Library as their head quarters. His death weakened the bond of union, and a few years later an open rupture occurred, followed by litigation with regard to chapels and trusts, engendering hostile feelings, which have but recently died out. 95. Rev. Nathaniel White. 1774-83. One of Doddridge's pupils. Assistant minister at the Old Jewry (1766-74), and afterwards sole pastor (1774-83.) A member of the Presbyterian Board (1773—83.) He died March 3, 1783, in his seventy-fourth year. 96. Alexander Champion, Esq. 1774-94. A member of the Presbyterian Board (1772 ) 97. Rev. Rice Harris, D.D. 1775-93. Minister of Hanover Street Chapel, Long Acre. A member of the Presbyterian Board (1772-94). 98. Rev. Thomas Tayler. 1771-1831. Born in 1735 near Kidderminster. Admitted in 1751 a pupil of Dr. Doddridge, who died soon after at Lisbon. One of the first students at the Daventry Academy (1752). Elected Assistant-tutor in 1757 ; Assistant-minister at Carter Lane, London (1767-78), as colleague to Mr. Pickard, pastor from 1778 to 1816, when he resigned his office from advanced age and infirmities. He published a volume of sermons in 1803. He was a Trustee of Coward's Fund, and a member of the Presbyterian Board (1778-1831). He died Oct. 23, 1831, at the age of ninety-six years. The late Rev. John Scott Porter, who was one of his successors at Carter-lane, says, in a letter of Nov. 3, 1877, that Mr. Tayler had an almost filial respect for 170 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Dr. Doddridge, and paid to him an affecting tribute by renovat ing in a handsome style, and solely at his own expense, the Doctor's Tomb in the English Cemetery at Lisbon. 99. Rev. Roger Flexman, D.D. 1778-86. Minister of Jamaica-row Chapel, Rotherhithe, from 1747 until its dissolution in 1783. He resigned the Trust in 1786, on being appointed Librarian, which office he held at Dr. Williams's Library until 1792. He was the compiler of the eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh volumes of the "General Index of the Journals of the House of Commons, " comprising the years 1660-97. He died in 1795, aged eighty-seven years. 100. Nathaniel Polhill, Esq. 1778-83. Chairman of the Dissenting Deputies (1779-82). 101. Rev. Richard Jones. 1778-1800. A pupil of Dr. Doddridge, Minister of Crosby-square Chapel from 1765 to 1769, when the lease having expired, the Society was dissolved. Librarian at Dr. Williams's Library from 1767 to 1770. Minister at Hanover Chapel, Peckham, from 1770 to 1800. He died 30th September, 1800, in his seventy-third year. 102. Matthew Towgood, Esq. 1780-81. Banker, son of the Rev. Micaiah Towgood, of Exeter. A member of the Presbyterian Board (1773-1791). 103. John Warren, Esq. 1781-1804. Son of Francis Warren, citizen and silk thrower of London, by Mary, sister of the Rev. Edward Pickard (No. 76), and grandson of the Rev. John Warren, Minister of the Great Meeting, Coventry. Mr. Warren married Mary, daughter of DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 171 John Raymond, Esq., of Clapham Common, and Horn Park, Eltham, Kent (No. 113), and was for many years engaged in a branch of the silk trade in London . He was Treasurer of the Presbyterian Board (1784-1802), a Governor of St. Thomas's Hospital, and a member of the Company of Ironmongers, of which Guild he was master in 1790. He was the father of Thomas Pickard Warren (No. 186). 104. Rev. John Williams, LL.D. 1782-90. Librarian at Redcross Street from 1777 to 1782, when, on retiring, he was elected a Trustee. There is a portrait of him at the Library. 105. Edward Jeffries, Esq. 1783-1802. Treasurer of St. Thomas's Hospital ; a member of the Presbyterian Board as a representative of St. Thomas's Chapel, Southwark (1790-1800) ; Chairman of the Dissenting Deputies (1785-1802). 106. Rev. Thomas Morgan, LL.D. 1783-1804. Sometime minister of a congregation in Aliffe Street in the room of Dr. Prior (No. 74). One of the compilers of the General Biography, in ten volumes, begun by Dr. Enfield and completed by Dr. Aikin as principal editor. Member of the Presbyterian Board (1777-99). In 1804 Dr. Morgan under took the office of Librarian at Red Cross Street, which he dis charged with ability until his death, which occurred at the Library, Feb. 14, 1821, in his sixty-seventh year. A portrait of him is preserved there. 107. Edmund Calamy, Esq. 1784-1812. Of Lincoln's Inn, barrister-at-law ; son of the Rev. Edmund Calamy (No. 49). A member of the Presbyterian Board. He 172 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. resigned the Trust in 1812, on leaving London, and died May 12, 1816, in Devonshire, aged seventy-three years. He married a daughter of the Rev. Michael Pope (No. 67), and was the father of the late Rev. Michael Calamy, of Exeter. 108. Rev. Hugh Worthington. 1785-1813. Assistant to Mr. Spilsbury at Salters' Hall (1773-82), then pastor (1782-1813). He is said to have been a very striking preacher. He published a volume of sermons preached at Salters' Hall between 1800 and 1810. He was a son of the Rev. Hugh Worthington, of Leicester. 109. Thomas Rogers, Esq. 1786-93. Banker in partnership with Messrs. Welch. Sometime M.P. for Coventry. Father of Samuel Rogers the poet, (No. 119). 110. Rev. Thomas Jervis. 1786-1808, 1823-83. Sometime classical and mathematical tutor at the Exeter Academy. In 1772 he undertook the education of the two sons of the Earl of Shelburne (afterwards created Marquis of Lansdowne) at Bowood, where Dr. Priestley was at the same time Librarian. There Mr. Jervis remained eleven years. For the nest twenty-five years he was a minister in London, first at St. Thomas's, Southwark (1783-96), and then at Princes Street, Westminster, being a trustee from 1786 to 1808, and a member of the Presbyterian Board from 1783 to 1808. In that year he succeeded Mr. Wood at Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds, where he remained ten years, after which he returned to London, and was re-elected a Trustee in 1823. He died 31st Aug., 1833, in his eighty-sixth year. He married a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Disney, Minister of Essex Street Chapel (No. 121). Busts of himself and his father-in-law were presented by him DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 173 to the Library, where they are still preserved. For a list of his published works see the Cnitarian Chronicle for 1833, p. 320. His father was the Rev. William Jervis of Ipswich, who had been educated at the Presbyterian Academy, Carmarthen. 111. Rev. James Lindsay, D.D. 1787-1821. Minister of Monkwell Street Chapel (1783-1818), and afternoon preacher at Newington Green (1787-1803). A member of the Presbyterian Board (1784-1821). He died suddenly at a public meeting at Dr. Williams's Library, Feb. 14, 1821, in his sixty-seventh year. A marble bust of him was placed where he expired, to commemorate his death and to honour his memory. 112. Rev. Thomas Urwick. 1788-1807. Many years minister of a congregation at Clapham, where he succeeded Dr. Furneaux (No. 85). He was a pupil of Dr. Doddridge, and afterwards studied at Glasgow on Dr. Williams's foundation. He died Feb. 26, 1807, in his eighty-first year. 113. John Raymond [Barker], Esq. 1788-1805. A member of Carter Lane Congregation, and of the Presby terian Board (1780-90). He assumed the additional name of Barker after he had been elected a Trustee. 114. Rev. Joseph Towers, LL.D. 1790-99. A political and biographical writer of considerable note, and well worthy of being remembered. He was born in 1737, in Southwark, where his father was a second-hand bookseller in poor circumstances. When scarcely twelve years of age he 174 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. was placed as an errand boy with a stationer in the City, and afterwards (1754) apprenticed to a printer in the country. Whilst thus employed he devoted his leisure hours to the study of Greek and Latin, of which he acquired a competent know ledge, and by assiduous reading he made up for the want of early education, and accumulated varied and extensive know ledge. At the age of twenty- six he published " A Review of the Genuine Doctrines of Christianity," therein stating his reasons for abandoning the Calvinistic theory, In the follow ing year he returned to London, and supported himself by working as a journeyman printer. Taking a lively interest in politics he now published a pamphlet on Libels — a subject which, on account of the prosecution of Wilkes and the burn ing of his periodical, the North Briton, by the hands of the hangman, had greatly excited the popular mind. Towers after wards kept a bookseller's shop for eight or ten years. In the meantime he was employed upon a serial publication called British Biography, the first six or seven volumes of which were the fruit of his industry. His name, however, did not appear on its pages, but it was privately known who the writer was, and his merits were appreciated. Dr. Kippis engaged him as a coadjutor in bringing out a new edition of the Biographia Britannica. In 1774 he was induced to give up the bookselling business, and to become the minister of a con gregation at Highgate, which, however, he soon exchanged for that in Newington Green, and there he continued to be morning preacher for about a quarter of a century. His pamphlets, which were chiefly on political topics, Avere collected and re published in 1796 in three octavo volumes, with a portrait of himself prefixed. His most solid single work was " The Life and Reign of Frederick, the third King of Prussia " (Frederick the Great), in two volumes, 1795. Dr. Towers was an Arian. -He died May 20, 1799. His widow was afterwards house keeper at Dr. Williams's Library, and his son was some time Librarian there. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 175 115. John Towgood, Esq. 1791-1837. Banker, son of Matthew Towgood, Esq., banker (No. 102),. He succeeded his father in the Trust, and on his death, in 1837, was succeeded by his son, the late Mr. John Towgood, barrister-at-law (No. 173). 116. Rev. George Lewis. 1791-1823. Assistant-minister at Carter Lane. 117. John Wansey, Esq. 1793-1820. "A man of singular piety and large benevolence. He was born at Warminster of an old and highly-respected family, which had been in the town since the time of Queen Elizabeth, always standing forward for the education of the people and for civil and religious liberty. During his long and active life in London he was the intimate friend of Dr. Abraham Rees, and afterwards, when he removed to Walthamstow, he helped to support the smaller chapel there. He took_ pleasure in inviting young men from London who were all the week engaged in business, to spend the Sunday with him in the country, as well as pupils from Higham Hill, the well-known school of Mr. Cogan. Harriet Martineau was also an honoured and acceptable guest at his house, and felt privileged to appropriate to herself the little Prophet's Chamber, as she called the small upper room." Mr. Wansey was for many years (1788-1820) a member of the Presbyterian Board, and for a short time the treasurer. He died at Walthamstow, May 2, 1820, in his seventy- second year, being then one of the oldest members of Jewin Street Chapel. There are two half-length portraits of him by T. Phillips, R.A., and a smaller one by the same artist, in the possession of the family. He was succeeded in the Trust by his son, the late Mr. John Wansey (No. 152). 176 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 118. Oliver Cromwell, Esq. 1793. Sometime solicitor and secretary to the Trust, and clerk to St. Thomas's Hospital. Author of " Memoirs of the Protector Cromwell, and his sons Richard and Henry ; illustrated by Original Letters and other Family Papers." His father was Thomas Cromwell, a grocer in Snow Hill, one of the numerous grandchildren of Henry Cromwell, son of the Protector. He succeeded to the family estate of Theobalds on the failure of the issue of Richard Cromwell. He died at Cheshunt Park in 1821, aged seventy-nine years. As he declined the Trust owing, doubtless, to his leaving London, he ought not, perhaps, to be included in the roll of Trustees. 119. Samuel Rogers, Esq. 1794-1806. The poet. Elected a Trustee in place of his father. He was descended in the maternal line from one of the two thousand confessors of 1662, the Rev. Philip Henry. He refers to his dissenting parentage with just pride in the follow ing lines : — " What though his ancestors, early or late, Were not ennobled by the breath of kings ; Tet in his veins were running at his birth The blood of those most eminent of old For wisdom, virtue — those who could renounce The things of this world for their conscience sake, And die like blessed martyrs." Samuel Rogers died December 18, 1855, aged ninety-one years. A portrait of him was presented to the Library by his nephew, Mr. Samuel Sharpe. 120. William Esdaile, Esq. 1794-1835. Of Lombard Street, banker. Son of Sir James Esdaile, sometime Lord Mayor of London. He resigned the Trust in 1835, and died Oct. 2, 1837, in his eightieth year. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 177 121. Rev. John Disney, D.D. 1796-1806. Sometime Rector of Panton and Vicar of Swinderby, and Hon. Chaplain to the Bishop of Carlisle. Having adopted Unitarian views he resigned his benefices in 1782, and there upon published his " Reasons for quitting the Church of Eng land." He was co-pastor with the Rev. Theophilus Lindsey at Essex Street Chapel from 1782 until 1793, and then sole pastor until 1804. In that year he acquired unexpectedly an ample estate under the will of his friend Mr. Thomas Brand Hollis, of the Hyde, near Ingatestone, and retired to his country seat, where he spent the last twelve years of his life in affluence and learned leisure, but without changing his profession and habits as a clergyman in his own household. (See preface to a ser mon delivered at the Hyde in 1811 by Thaddeus Mason Harris, A.M., of Massachusetts.) He was the author of " Memoirs of Dr. Sykes, Rector of Rayleigh, Essex, 1785 ; " a " Memoir of Dr. John Jebb," prefixed to his works in three vols. 1787 ; " Memoirs of Dr. Jortin," 1792 ; " Sermons," two vols. 1793 ; " Sermons," two vols. 1816, and other works. He honoured the memory of his benefactor, Mr. Thos. Brand Hollis, by printing memoirs of him in a very handsome style, illustrated by engravings of the mansion, grounds, &c. (4to, 1808). The estate had come unexpectedly to Mr. Hollis (whose name was then Thomas Brand), under the will of his friend Thos. Hollis, Esq. (No. 36), who was in no way related to him. Dr. Disney died 26th Dec, 1816, at the Hyde, now the residence of his grandson, Edgar Disney Esq., J.P.,who has a fine original por trait of him. 122. Rev. Edmund Butcher. 1796-98. Born at Colchester in 1757 ; educated at Daventry. Minister at Leather Lane, London (1789-97). In 1798 he settled at Sidmouth. He was the author of " Sermons for the use of N 178 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Families," three vols. ; " Moral Tales," 1801 ; " Holy Scrip tures Methodised for the use of Families," 1801 ; " An Excursion from Sidmouth to Chester in 1803, interspersed with biographical Anecdotes," two vols. 1805 ; " A Sermon preached before the Unitarian Fund Society," 1813 ; " Prayers for the Use of Families and individuals," 1822. He died at Bath, April 14, 1822. 123. Rev. James Tayler. 1789-93. Minister of St. Thomas's, Southwark (1796-1801), and a member of the Presbyterian Board ; afterwards Minister at Nottingham. He was the father of the late Rev. John James Tayler, Principal of Manchester New College (No. 90). 124. Rev. Rochemont Barbauld. 1798-1808. Minister of the old Presbyterian Chapel at Hampstead (1787—1802), and afterwards at Newington Green. He died Nov. 10, 1808, in his sixtieth year. Mortem sibi scivit. An interesting and elegant account of him may be seen in the Monthly Repository, vol. iii., pp. 706—9, written by his gifted wife, of whom it may be truly said, nihil tetigit quod non ornavit. A silhouette portrait of him, cut by her hand, was lately in the possession of her great niece, Mrs. Philip Le Breton, of Hampstead, through whose kindness it is now in the writer's collection of portraits, which he has presented to Dr. Williams's Library. See a " Memoir of Mrs. Barbauld " (by Miss Lucy Aikin), prefixed to her works, 2 vols., 1825 ; Mrs. Ellis's " Life and Works of Mrs. Barbauld," 1874; and Mrs. Le Breton's " Memoir of Mrs. Barbauld," 1878. 125. Rev. Nathaniel Philips, D.D. 1799-1801. Born in 1757, at Sowerby, Lincolnshire, where his father, of the same name (formerly a student at the Presbyterian Academy DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 179 at Carmarthen), was minister. Educated at the Hoxton Academy (1773-77) ; Minister at Nottingham (1779-83 ?) ; then at Pal- grave for eleven years ; at Walthamstow (1796-1801) ; at Bury St. Edmund's; returning shortly to London he officiated at Hanover Street and Leather Lane (1803-5), and was afterwards for about forty years at Sheffield, where he died Oct. 20, 1842. The degree of. D.D. was conferred on him in 1794, by the University of Edinburgh. 126. Rev. Wm. Hughes. 1800-1805. Minister at Leather Lane (1797-1801). In 1805 he re moved to the Isle of Wight, and thereupon resigned the Trust. 127. Rev. Thomas Belsham. 1801-29. A well-known theologian and controversial writer. Son of an Independent minister, and himself for many years a minister of the same denomination, and divinity tutor at the Daventry Academy until he was about forty years of age. Whilst holding that office he became a convert to Unitarianism (about 1790), and for that reason tendered his resignation. He was for some time tutor at the New College at Hackney, and in 1794 suc ceeded Dr. Priestley at the Gravel Pit Chapel in that place ; afterwards minister of Essex Street Chapel (1804—28). He died 10th Nov., 1829, aged eighty years. There is a portrait of him at Dr. Williams's Library. 128. Rev. Jeremiah Joyce. 1802-16. Author of " Scientific Dialogues " and other similar works. Minister of the old Presbyterian Chapel at Highgate, and for some time afternoon preacher at Essex Street Chapel. For many years Secretary of the Unitarian Society. He died 4th June, 1816. n 2 180 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 129. Rev. William Johnston. 1803-11. Probably a son of the Rev. Ebenezer Johnston, of Horley, afterwards of Lewes, and uncle of the late Mr. Ebenezer John ston of Hackney, a member of the Presbyterian Board. He appears to have been engaged upon literary work. 130. Rev. John Coates. 1804-21. Sometime a student at Warrington, and afterwards at the Hoxton Academy. Minister of the Old Meeting House, Bir mingham, where he was a fellow-sufferer with Dr. Priestley from the riots of 1791. His furniture and library were burnt by the mob. Afterwards minister of St. Thomas's, Southwark (1802—13), and a member of the Presbyterian Board during the same period. Librarian at Redcross Street (1821-34). He died April 2, 1836, aged seventy-four years. 131. Swan Downer, Esq. 1804-15. For many years a member of the Old Jewry congregation, and one of its representatives at the Presbyterian Board (1790-1815). He died at his house in Aldermanbury, Feb ruary 22, 1816, aged eighty-one years. 132. Isaac Solly, Esq. 1805-53. Of Leyton, merchant. One of the principal contractors for the supply of the Government dockyards with timber and hemp during the Peninsular War. Chairman of the London Dock Company, of the London and Birmingham Railway Com pany, of the Royal Exchange, and of the first Atlantic Steam Navigation Company. He died February 22, 1853, aged eighty- four years. See a memoir of him in the Christian Reformer for that year by his son, the Rev. Henry Solly. He was a descendant of John Hollis (No. 41) and also of Nathaniel Neal (No. 59). DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 181 133. Rev. Nicholas Thomas Heineken. 1806-10. Minister of the Old Presbyterian Congregation at Brentford (1798-1810), whence he removed to Gainsborough. He died at Bradford in 1840, in his seventy-eighth year. He was the father of the late Rev. Nicholas Samuel Heineken of Sidmouth. 134. Rev. Joseph Barrett. 1806-50. A pupil of Dr. Enfield at Warrington, and)ttof Dr. Barnes at Manchester College (1786-90), where he completed his education. Having been some years at Ormskirk, Lancashire, he removed to London in 1804, to be assistant to the Rev. Thos. Tayler, of Carter Lane, where he was afterwards sole minister for about twenty years. A member of the Presbyterian Board (1806-23). He died July 22, 1850, at a great age. In a memoir of him in the Christian Reformer, his friend the Rev. David Davison described him as the last of the school of which Kippis, Worthington, Rees, and Tayler were types and ornaments. 135. Moses Laporte Merac, Esq. 1807. Treasurer of the Presbyterian Board 1804—7. 136. Rev. James Pickbourne. 1807-14. A pupil of Dr. Jennings and minister at Harleston and Brentwood successively for short periods. Librarian at Red Cross Street from 1770 to 1773, and again from 1775 to 1777. It was probably during the interval that he attended some young gentlemen in foreign travel, as stated in an obituary of the poet Rogers in the Christian Reformer. Having resigned the librarianship he kept a school at Hackney for more than twenty- seven years. Rogers was one of his pupils. Mr. Pickbourne was the author of " A Dissertation on the English Verb," 1789, and 1 82 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. " A Dissertation on Metrical Pauses," 1808. He bequeathed to the Presbyterian Board a sum of £1,000 Three per Cent. Annuities, the income of which has ever since been applied in assisting ministers and in educating students. His name deserves to be remembered. He died May 25, 1814, in his seventy-ninth year. 137. James Esdaile, Esq. 1807-12. Brother and co-trustee of William Esdaile (No. 120), and father of the late Mr. James Esdaile, who succeeded him in the trust (No. 145). He was also the Treasurer of the Presby terian Board from 1807 until his death, which occurred in 1812. 138. Rev. Thomas Rees, LL.D., F.S.A. 1809-53. One of the sons of the Rev. Josiah Rees, of Gelligron, Glamorganshire. Educated for the Ministry at the Presbyterian College, Carmarthen (1799-1801). Minister at Newington Green (1808-13), and afterwards at St. Thomas's, Southwark (1813—22), and of Stamford Street Chapel; Secretary to the Presbyterian Board (1825—53), and to the " United Body of the Three Denominations," during the last seven years of the Union; author of "The Beauties of South Wales," 1815; " The Racovian Catechism translated from the Latin ; to which is prefixed a Sketch of the History of Unitarianism in Poland and the Adjacent Countries," 1818 : " A Sketch of the History of the Regium Donum and Parliamentary Grant" 1834. He also prepared for the press and published Lord Chancellor King's Diary, which he transcribed from his Lordship's shorthand, being Notes of Domestic and Foreign Affairs during the last years of the reign of George I., and the early part of the reign of George II. Dr. Rees also left in manuscript, in six quarto volumes (which are preserved at Dr. Williams's Library), a work entitled " The Anti-papal Reformers of Italy in the Sixteenth Century, with a glance at their fore- DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 183 runners, the Sectaries of the Middle Ages." He took a prominent part in the public affairs of the Unitarians, and also of " The Three Denominations," so long as they continued united. His services were generously acknowledged by his co- temporaries, both orthodox and heterodox, and are referred to in high terms by the late Rev. R. Brook Aspland in the Memoir of the Rev. Robert Aspland, 1851. Dr. Rees left London 1853, and died in August 1864, at Brighton, at a great age. 139. Rev. Eliezer Cogan. 1809-49. For some years (1801—16) Minister of the Old Presbyterian Chapel at Walthamstow, but chiefly known as an eminent scholar and schoolmaster. He was a brother of Thomas Cogan, M.D., author of " A Treatise on the Passions and Affections of the Mind," and who was one of the founders of the Royal Humane Society. Educated at Daventry, under Mr. Timothy Kenrick, Mr. Robins, and Mr. Belsham, and for some time Assistant - tutor there ; settled at Cirencester in 1787, and attracted notice by " An Address to the Dissenters on Classical Literature," 8vo., Cirencester, 1789. From the time of his marriage, in 1790, he taught a school with great and increasing reputation, residing chiefly at Cheshunt and Walthamstow. At one time he had about seventy scholars. He had the reputation of having read more Greek than any man living ; " the eminence he had attained as a scholar was second only to that possessed by those of the highest order." In 1817 on retiring from the pulpit, he published " Sermons Chiefly on Practical Subjects," two vols., 8vo. In 1821 the celebrated Dr. Samuel Parr wrote thanking him " again and again and again " for the " two precious volumes," and after assuring him that he should read some of the Discourses from his own pulpit, he added, " Mr. Co^an, your moral and intellectual excellences have taken firm hold on my regard and my respect ; and I have this morning charged my executors to give you a ring when I am no more." 1 84 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Sometime after, in a letter to Dr. Abraham Rees, Dr. Parr reported that he had preached one of Mr. Cogan's sermons, to the astonishment and indignation of two ecclesiastical dignitaries who had come from Leamington to hear him preach, and who heard him preface the sermon of a Socinian to this effect: — " The discourse I am going to deliver to you came from the pen of a writer who does not belong to the Established Church, but I have the honour to call him my friend, and I am sure that his intellectual powers, his literary attainments, his candour, his moderation, and his other exemplary virtues would make him an ornament to any religious community." On giving up his school in 1828, a number of his former pupils presented him with his portrait, a fine oil-painting by Mr. Phillips, R.A., of which there is an engraving by Cousins ; a photograph of which has been contributed by the Misses Cogan to the writer's collection of portraits. He died in 1855, in his ninety-third year. His various contributions to periodicals were soon after collected and published by his son, the late Mr. Richard Cogan, many years Librarian at Red Cross Street, forming an 8vo. volume, at the end of which is given a list of his separate publications. The late Mr. Madge, in a funeral sermon to Mr. Cogan, said : — "It was hardly possible for anyone to see him even for a brief space without recognising certain characteristics of his nature which commended him at once to our esteem and regard There was about him an openness and simplicity like that of a child. So retiring was he and unobtrusive, that nothing but a commanding sense of duty could prevail on him to bring himself publicly before his fellow men." 140. John Bentley, Esq. 1810-35. For half a century a prominent member of the Old Jewry congregation, Jewin Street, and for many years their treasurer and one of their representatives at the Presbyterian Board. A man of great vigour of mind and warmth of zeal. A persistent DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 185 advocate of reform, and friend of civil and religious liberty. He sympathised strongly with the Americans in their struggle for independence, and thereby attracted the hostile notice of the Government of the day. He was the author of several articles in Dr. Rees's Cyclopaedia, and wrote a pamphlet in defence of " Christian Ordinances and Public Worship." He died at his residence Highbury Grange, in 1835, in his eighty-third year. 141. Richard Holt, Esq. 1810-25. Died suddenly at a meeting of the Trustees at the Library, 28th Dec, 1825, aged seventy-four years. He was a son of the Rev. Richard Holt, Presbyterian minister at Dover (see Monthly Repository, 1826, p. 56, where a high tribute is paid to his memory). 142. Rev. Robert Aspland. 1811-45. Minister of the Gravel Pit Chapel, Hackney (1805-45). A member of the Presbyterian Board (1821—45), editor of the Monthly Repository (1806—26), and of the Christian Reformer (1815—44), of both which periodicals he was the originator ; secretary and one of the founders of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association, and author of about fifty separate publications. This eminent minister was for many years the most distinguished leader of the Unitarians of the metropolis in their various public efforts. When he entered Dr. Williams's Trust, in 1811, "he had," in the words of Dr. Thomas Rees, " established a high reputation among the Presbyterian ministers of London, not alone by his professional services in the pulpit, but also by his active labours in religious and charitable institutions belonging to the Dissenters." He lived in exciting times, and no one in his position took a more prominent part in the political, religious, and inter-denomina tional struggles of the last forty years of his life. He witnessed the repeal of the " Act for preventing the Mischiefs 186 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. and Dangers that may arise by certain Persons called Quakers and others refusing to take lawful Oaths; " of the Five Mile Act, restraining Nonconformists from inhabiting in Corpora tions ; and of the Conventicle Act, which imposed penalties of £20 or £40 upon every Dissenting preacher for each sermon addressed to an audience of more than four persons. He saw the passing of an Act (52 Geo. III. c. 155), which for the first time extended to Unitarians the benefit of the Act of Toleration. He assisted in procuring the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, in removing the disabilities of Roman Catholics, and in procuring the Dissenters' Marriage Act. He was, from first to last, in the midst of the unfortunate quarrels between the English Presbyterians and the two other Denominations, and lived to see the passing of the Dissenters' Chapels Bill. He died at Hackney on the 30th of December, 1845, in his sixty- fourth year. A Memoir of his Life, Works, and Correspondence was written by his son, the Rev. R. Brook Aspland, and published in 1850, forming an octavo volume of goodly size, and con taining much historical matter interwoven with the narrative. The following extracts in relation to the main subject of these biographical notes may be appropriately introduced here : — "It was on many accounts gratifying to Mr. Aspland to be called on to share the responsibilities of Dr. Williams's Trust One of the few rewards of his trusteeship was the occasional society of his colleagues in office. Four times a year the trustees, in accordance with the directions of their founder, assembled round a table spread with plain yet substantial hospitality. That frugal table had, however, attractions of the best kind — knowledge and strong intellectual power generally, and sometimes eloquence and wit, seasoned the conversation of the guests. The party assembled in the principal room of the Library, which is hung round with Nonconformist worthies. Earlier in the century, before fashion had put aside all distinctions of costume, venerable divines in DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 187 state wigs and the other insignia of the clerical dress, and aged gentlemen in the becoming costume of a former generation, sat near the head of the table, and equalled, if they did not sur pass, in dignity the figures which looked down upon them from the surrounding canvas. With stately grace did Dr. Abraham Rees preside over these simple banquets ; his powers of con versation were great. On one side of him would sit Dr. Lindsay, on whom nature had been prodigal in its gifts, and who to a noble person added the endowments of a powerful and cultivated mind. On the other side might be seen Mr. Belsham, whose manners were those of the gentleman, as his conversation was that of the scholar ; or a traveller from abroad, or some valued friend of religious liberty — Dr. Parr, Mr. Everett, Mr. William Smith, or Mr. G. W. Wood — -was an invited guest." From a manuscript book in Mr. Aspland 's hand, dated 1821, are taken the following notes of a conversation, which may serve as a specimen of the table-talk of Dr. Williams's Library : — Jan. 11, 1821. — Dr. Rees related the pleasant meetings of a club which used to meet at the London Coffee-house, of which Dr. Franklin was a member. Everything new in the Royal Society was there talked of. Dr. F. was the life of the club, but when a stranger was introduced was always mute. . . . Mr. Belsham. — Dr. Franklin was sceptical. He told Dr. Priestley that he had never fairly studied the evidences of Christianity, and lamented that, owing to his having in early life been accustomed to hear Christianity ridiculed, he was never able to bring himself to study it seriously. Dr. Kippis and Dr. Harris always looked on Dr. F. with suspicion. Dr. Rees. — But Dr. Priestley idolised him. Dr. Kippis knew little of the world; Dr. Harris differed from Dr. F. in his politics. The truth lay between the two. Dr. Rees talked on his favourite subject of the safety of the middle path. He reminded Mr. Belsham that, in company with Dr. Price once, he (Mr. B.) had asserted that he was a middle 188 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. man ; upon which Dr. P. replied, if you be in the middle I ca'.i point out one extreme, but where is the other ? Mr. Le Breton told of a late pleasantry at the Westminster School. There was a question (debated in Latin) concerning the morality of the Romans who killed Julius Caesar, and it was said, ' Nee male fecerunt, nee bene fecerunt, sed inter- fecerunt.' What was the meaning of inter in this word ? We had medley in a similar sense. Mr. Belsham. — Chance-medley is accidental homicide. Dr. Rees expatiated on his Arian views. He believed in the pre-existence of Christ — a distinguished spiritual being in a former state, perhaps this world, before the revolutions that preceded what is called the Creation. The spiritual nature took the place of a human soul at generation. All souls pre existed. Mr. Belsham would probably agree with the Doctor if he knew his meaning."— Memoir, pp. 393, 399-401. Mr. Aspland was brought up and educated for the ministry amongst the Baptists, but whilst pursuing his studies at Aberdeen in 1800 he was led to reject the Calvinistic theory, and on that account voluntarily resigned a valuable Baptist Scholarship which he held. In the following year he accepted an invitation from the General Baptist Congregation at New port, in the Isle of Wight, where he was settled for five years. Whilst there he gave up Arianism. " From the beginning to the end of his ministry he was ... an unwavering believer in historical Christianity as it rests on miraculous attestation." — Memoir, p. 604. 143. Rev. John Lane. 1812-19. Educated for the ministry at the Northampton Academy under the Rev. John Horsey. Having been for six or seven years minister to the Presbyterian congregations at Hinckley and Kidderminster successively, he removed to London about DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 189 1809, and was minister at Hanover Street Chapel for ten or eleven years, and for some time a member of the Presbyterian Board. Sudden illness in 1819 compelled his retirement from the pulpit, and he devoted the rest of his life to teaching at Bristol and afterwards at Hackney. He was brought up among the Independents, and towards the end of his life returned to that communion. He died at Hackney, 13th April, 1831. 144. James Gibson, Esq. 1812-43. A member of the Presbyterian Board as a representative of Carter Lane Congregation (1810—43). A member of the New England Company, at whose office there is a portrait of him. He died in 1843. 145. James Esdaile, Esq. 1812-64. Son of James Esdaile, Esq. (No. 137), whom he succeeded both in this Trust and as Treasurer of the Presbyterian Fund, which office he held until his death, which occurred in 1864. 146. Rev. Alexander Crombie, LL.D. 1813-35. Minister of the Presbyterian Congregation at Highgate and a learned Schoolmaster. Author of an "Essay on Philosophical Necessity," 1793, " A Treatise on the Etymology and Syntax of the English Language," 1809, "Natural Theology," two vols., 1829, and other works. He died at his residence in York Terrace, Regent's Park, June 11, 1840, in his seventy- ninth year. 147. Rev. John Potticary. 1814-20. Educated at St. Paul's School ; studied for the ministry among the Independents at Homerton Academy ; many years pastor of the Independent congregation at Newport in the Isle of Wight, until the increasing duties of a large school com- 190 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. pelled his retirement. He afterwards adopted Unitarian opinions. About the year 1806 he removed to Blackheath, where he acquired great reputation as a schoolmaster. Amongst his pupils there during the years 1813—17 was the late Lord Beaconsfield, from the age of nine to thirteen, when he was removed to Mr. Cogan's school at Walthamstow. (See Letter by " Senex " in Daily News for May 11, 1881.) It is remark able that this eminent personage should have received all his classical education and apparently all his schooling, from two of Dr. Williams's Trustees (Nos. 139 & 147). Mr. Potticary died March. 3, 1827, aged fifty-seven years. 148. Samuel Nicholson, Esq. 1815-27. Of Finsbury Square. A member of Jewin Street Chapel. He died in 1827, leaving a legacy of £100 to the Presbyterian Board, of which he had been a member. The Centenary Celebration, 1816. A hundred years had now elapsed since the foundation of the Trust, and it was resolved to celebrate the event in some signal way. This was done by an " Oration " delivered at the Library in February, 1816, by Dr. James Lindsay, followed- by a dinner which was presided over by Dr. Abraham Rees and attended by all the Trustees and a numerous company of visi tors, including Matthew Wood, Esq., the Lord Mayor, after wards M.P. for London (the father of the late Lord Chancellor Hatherley), William Smith, Esq., M.P. for Norwich, William Lister, M.D., Samuel Pett, M.D., and other distinguished Nonconformists. Dr. Lindsay's eloquent oration must have delighted those who heard it, and may still be read with pleasure. Its main object was to show the grounds of their veneration for the character and memory of Dr. Daniel Williams. In referring to the various objects of the Trust, Dr. Lindsay gave the foremost place to its educational branches. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 191 Numerous Schools had been constantly at work giving daily instruction to about two hundred children ; a long line of students had received university or collegiate education ; books in English and Welsh had been annually distributed ; material assistance and encouragement had been extended to school masters and preachers, especially in the Principality of Wales ; and pecuniary assistance had been yearly granted to widows and ministers in broken health or straightened circumstances ; whilst the Library in Redcross-street had been highly useful in a way which had never been contemplated or dreamt of by the founder. Ever since its erection it had been, to use the words of Dr. Lindsay, " the place of public business to the collective body of the Dissenters in this great city ; a place in which noble stands have often been made against ecclesiastical usur pation ; in which generous efforts have originated to promote the extension of religious privileges to men of all persuasions ; a central point, round which the friends of religious freedom in every part of Britain rally.* " Having thus laid before you," continued Dr. Lindsay, " a short account of the objects which Dr. Williams contemplated in a scheme so wisely planned, so nobly endowed — permit me to say (and from the small share of merit that I can claim in the management, I trust I may be exempted from the imputa tion of vanity when I do say confidently) that no trust was ever discharged with more care, or applied with more disinterested fidelity to fulfil the intentions of the founder." 149. Rev. Archibald Barclay, LL.D. 1816-56. A learned and useful member of the Trust, taking special * It is much to be regretted that the disruption of the united body of the Three Denominations about fifty years ago (1836), resulting in the separa tion of the Presbyterians from the Independents and Baptists, greatly narrowed the usefulness of the Library both as a Club and as a Beading- room ; but this defect was compensated for by increased attention to the Scholarships and Schools, which were much improved by the efforts of the Trustees, and especially by the great and unflagging interest taken in them by the late learned James Yates and David Davison. 192 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. interest in the Glasgow and Divinity Scholarships, son-in-law of Dr. James Lindsay (No. 111). Relinquishing the ministry he accepted an appointment in the office of the Hudson Bay Company. He died in 1856. 150. Rev. William Johnson Fox. 1819-35. Minister of Parliament Court Chapel from 1817 to 1824, and thenceforth until 1852 of South Place Chapel, Finsbury, which was built for him. Member of Parliament for Oldham from 1847 to 1863. Equally eminent as a writer and orator. Born at Uggleshall, Suffolk, March 1, 1786. Educated for the Ministry at Homerton College (1806-9). First settled at Fareham, Hants, with an Orthodox congregation ; but after twelve months his theological opinions having undergone a change, he withdrew and formed another society there. In 1812 he became minister of the Unitarian congregation at Chichester, and removed thence in 1817 to London where his eloquence soon attracted a brilliant and overflowing congrega tion. Hazlitt described him as " a speaker as fluent as Irving, with a sweeter voice, and with a more animated beneficent countenance." In 1832 he commenced writing for the Press, through which he exercised great influence ever after. The letters of " Publicola " in the Weekly Dispatch, and of "A Norwich Weaver Boy," in The League, were from his power ful pen. He took an active part in establishing the London and Westminster Review, and was for some time proprietor of the Monthly Repository. In theological opinions he was in advance of the English Unitarians of his day, and was to them very much what Theodore Parker was to the Unitarians of the United States, and for that pre-eminence he paid a similar penalty. He was the idol of his own congregation, who, after having been instructed and delighted by his ministry for a quarter of a century, said to him in an Address, "When juster views shall prevail of the duty of man to God, and of man to DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 193 man ; when wiser estimates shall be formed of life and of death ; when in public, the welfare of the human family shall take precedence of class legislation ; and in religion, bigotry and intolerance shall give place to charity and love — then will be found foremost in the records of the wise and great, by whom these blessings have been wrought, the name of William Johnson Fox." He resigned Dr. Williams's Trust in 1836. He died on June 3, 1864, aged seventy-eight years. His principal works have since been published in a Memorial edi tion in twelve vols., except his " Lectures to the Working Classes," which were intended to form four additional volumes. There is a portrait of him in chalk taken in 1845 by his only daughter, Mrs. Bridell Fox, a fine engraving of a facsimile of which has been contributed by her to the collection made by the writer of these notes. A portrait in oils was painted by the same artist about twelve years later, her father being then upwards of seventy years of age. 151. Rev. John Stevenson Geary. 1820-38. Minister of the Presbyterian Congregation at Brentford (1815?-38). 152. John Wansey, Esq. 1820-32. Of Walthamstow. A son of No. 117. A member of the Pres byterian Board as a representative of Jewin Street Chapel. " He was a man of literary tastes, deeply read in Shakespeare, and left behind him paintings by many good artists." There is a portrait of him in a family group. He succeded his father in the Trust, and on his death, in 1832, was succeeded by his nephew, William Wansey, Esq. (No. 165). 153. Rev. John Philip Malleson, B.A. 1821-22. Minister of Hanover-street Chapel, Long Acre (1819-22). In 1822 he removed to Leeds, having accepted the office of o 194 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. chaplain to Mrs. Milnes, of Fryston Hall (grandmother of Lord Houghton). In 1828 he settled at Brighton, where for many years he conducted a school of high reputation, being at the same time minister of the Unitarian Chapel there. After thirty-two years thus spent he retired to Croyden, and was re elected a Trustee in 1860. (See No. 200). 154. Rev. John Jones, LL.D. 1821-27. Author of numerous works on theological and ecclesiastical questions, but chiefly distinguished as a classical scholar and teacher ; author of Greek and Latin Grammars, Greek-English Lexicon, Latin-English Vocabulary, and other educational Handbooks. He was a relative of Dr. Priestley's colleague, the Rev. David Jones, known as " The Welsh Freeholder," in his controversy with Bishop Horsley. Dr. Jones was born about the year 1766, near Llandovery, Carmarthenshire ; educated at the endowed Grammar School, called Christ's College, at Brecon, and afterwards at the New College, Hackney, where he studied for six years, and was a favourite pupil of Gilbert Wakefield. For some time (1792-95) he was one of the tutors at the Presbyterian College, then located at Swansea. After short settlements as a minister at Plymouth and Halifax he returned to London, where he resided during the rest of his life. He occupied himself chiefly as a teacher of the classical languages, and in that capacity acquired a high reputation. For many years his services were in great request amongst persons of rank and eminence. For a considerable time he superintended the education of the sons of Sir Samuel Romilly. He was a zealous defender of Christianity against Deistical writers; but although a Unitarian, he wrote a work "in which is demonstrated the genuineness of the Three Heavenly Witnesses, 1 John v. 7 ; " and in other writings he maintained some singular opinions. " The characteristics of Dr. Jones's mind were an irrepressible ardour and enthusiasm in the prose- DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 195 cution of whatever he undertook, great confidence in the correct ness of his own views arising from a consciousness of superior intellectual powers ; an utter disdain of the authority of great names when he failed to be convinced by their arguments ; a devoted attachment to truth, and a faithful adherence to what he deemed such, united with a fearless disregarded of personal consequences. " The University of Aberdeen conferred on him the degree of LL.D., and- he was a member of the Royal Society of Literature. He died 10th Jan. 1827.* A Latin inscription over his grave at St. George's, Bloomsbury, described him as Vir sacris profanisque Uteris apprime peritus. His first wife was the only daughter of Dr. Abraham Rees. 155. Rev. Thomas Jervis. 1823-33. Re-elected a trustee in 1823. An account of him has already been given. See No. 110. 156. David Martineau, Esq. 1823-36. Son of David and Sarah Martineau, of Norwich, and great grandson of Gaston Martineau, a French emigre of 1688, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His maternal grand father was Philip Meadows, Esq., Mayor of Norwich in 1734, who was a son of the Rev. John Meadows, who was ejected in * There was at the same time in London another John Jones, LL.D., who also came from the neighbourhood of Llandovery, and who, like his namesake, was a man of strong intellectual powers and eminence as a scholar. This gentleman was a barrister by profession, the author of a treatise entitled "De Libellis Famosis," 1818; but he is mentioned here chiefly on account of a work which might naturally be attributed to the clerical Dr. Jones — a new translation of the Four Gospels into Welsh (1825). He possessed considerable critical knowledge as a Greek scholar, and was deeply read in the manuscript records of this and other countries. A portrait of him is prefixed to his " History of Wales " (8 vo., 1824). He died in 1838. He was not the popular advocate and verdict-winner of the South Wales Circuit — John Jones, of Ystrad, who died about that time, but is still well remembered in legal circles. o 2 1 96 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 1662, from his benefice of Ousden, Norfolk. He was born in 1754, at Norwich ; where he resided until 1798. In that year he removed to London, where he spent the remainder of his life. He was the last trustee of Prince's Street Chapel, West minster, and after its close a member of the Old Jewry Congre gation. He was one of the Managers of the Presbyterian Fund, and a trustee of the Widows' Fund, in which he took much in terest. It is recorded of him that benevolence was his charac teristic feature, exercised more in private than in public. With a gentlemanly and unassuming manner, he possessed much decision of mind and great personal integrity. He resigned Dr. Williams's Trust in 1836, and died at his residence at Stockwell Common, Nov. 15, 1840, aged eighty-six years. A fine engraved portrait of him was kindly contributed by his daughter, to the collection presented by the writer of these notes to Dr. Williams's Library. 157. Rev. David Davison, M.A. 1825-58. Successor of Dr. Abraham Rees at Jewin Street Chapel, and on Dr. Williams's Trust and the Presbyterian Board, of both which institutions he was for thirty-three years an eminently useful member, rendering special services to the schools, scholarships, and Carmarthen College, for which he was so well qualified by his classical and literary attainments and the kindly interest he took in young students. Having resigned the pastoral office in 1840, when Jewin Street Chapel was closed, he spent three years in Germany for the education of his children in modern languages, and himself undertook heavy literary work. He translated from the German Professor Schlosser's " History of the Eighteenth Century," eight vol umes, 1843-52 ; and from the French Coquerel's " Le Chris- tianisme Experimental," 1847, &c. He took very great interest in Carmarthen College, the annual examinations of which he conducted for a quarter of a century with great ability and DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 197 marked advantage to the College. It was chiefly through his advocacy and efforts that the College was affiliated with the London University, and thus made the first institution in Wales from which students could graduate in Arts ; and he was the chief means of greatly improving the efficiency and extending the benefits of Dr. Williams's schools in their various localities. In the administration of the Trust, Mr. Davison was zealously faithful to the traditions and practice handed down by preceding generations of trustees. Long before his time they had widely departed from the religious opinions of their Presbyterian ancestors of the reign of Queen Anne, but they took an honourable pride in adminis tering their funds with judicial fairness and impartiality. In that respect Mr. Davison was a pillar of strength in the Trust. In 1851 the Receivership became vacant, an office which in the judgment of his co-trustees ouglit to be held by one of themselves, in accordance with the will of the founder and the early practice of the Trust. It included the general management of the Trust affairs, the duties of treasurer and paymaster, and much of the correspondence. Mr. Davison undertook these duties with energy and pleasure, and discharged them with great satisfaction to his co-trustees, until ill-health compelled him to retire ; he continued, how ever, to be trustee until his death. For a short time he was also secretary to the Presbyterian Board. He died on the 18th of December, 1858. 158. Edward Busk, Esq. 1826-38. A member of the Presbyterian Board. Barrister-at-law and a bencher of the Middle Temple ; the father of Henry W. Busk, Esq., barrister-at-law of Lincoln's Inn, and the elder son of Sir Wadsworth Busk, barrister-at-law, and Attorney- General for the Isle of Man, who was the youngest of the nine children of Jacob Hans Busk, of Leeds (a 198 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Swedish merchant who was naturalized in this country by Act of Parliament in 1722), and his wife Rachael Wadsworth, grand-daughter, on her mother's side, of the Rev. Joshua Kirby, of New Inn, Oxford, who was one of the two thousand confessors of 1662. Sir Wadsworth Busk's eldest brother was Hans Busk, whose younger daughter, mentioned under No. 153 supra, married Richard Slate Milnes, Esq., of Fryston Hall, M.P. for Yorkshire. Edward Busk died September 26, 1838, and was succeeded in the Trust by his brother, Jacob Hans Busk, Esq. (No. 176). 159. Rev. John Scott Porter. 1827-32. A member of the Presbyterian Board. This distinguished Biblical scholar and divine was minister of Carter Lane Chapel from 1825 to 1832, then for forty-eight years minister of the First Presbyterian Congregation, Belfast; author of " Lectures on Homiletics and Preaching," 1835 ; " Lectures on Unitarianism," 1841; " Principles of Textual Criticism," 1848, &c, &c. ; Professor of Biblical Criticism and Doctrinal Theology at Belfast for students connected with the Non- subscribing Presbyterians. In a letter to the author of these notes, dated January 7, 1873, inclosing two photographs for the collection of portraits, Mr. Porter wrote : — " I need not say that I feel a melancholy pleasure in having a memorial of myself placed among those of the great and good men with whom I had the honour of being associated in the management of Dr. Williams's Trusts. Of that band I am, as you truly state, the last survivor ; but although my connection with the body ceased forty years ago, I still recollect with pleasure and gratitude the instruction and delight which I experienced in the society of such men as Belsham, Aspland, Barclay, Fox, Davi son, and others of kindred spirit ; I ought not to omit special mention of Dr. Thomas Rees ; a man whose varied stores of learning were always freely opened to me, and I believe to many DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 199 others, whom he perceived to be animated by an honest desire for knowledge. Among the laymen, Esdaile and Towgood dwell permanently in my memory." He died on the 5th of July, 1880, aged seventy-eight years. In an obituary notice of him in The Northern Whig it is mentioned that he held " clear and distinct views on most subjects," and " never hesitated to ex press himself with force and candour The family of which he was the eldest son," it was added, "have all been distinguished ; " and his four brothers are particularly named (one of whom, the Hon. William Porter, was formerly Attorney General at the Cape of Good Hope), and his eldest son, the Right Hon. Andrew M. Porter, the late Solicitor-General for Ireland, now Master of the Rolls, Dublin. 160. Joseph Yallowley, Esq. 1828. Treasurer of Jewin Street Chapel, a member of the Presby terian Board, and for many years an active member of the Court of Common Council of the City of London. He died suddenly Sept. 25, 1828, aged fifty-three years. 161. Abraham Lincolne, Esq. 1829-37. Of Highbury. He took great pains to understand the several branches of the Trust, as appears by his carefully compiled notes, and was highly conscientious. Having discovered that a person to whom grants had been made on his recommendation was not a proper object, he insisted upon returning the money out of his own pocket. He resigned the Trust in 1837. 162. Rev. Thomas Madge. 1830-70. Minister at the old Presbyterian Chapel, Bury St. Edmunds (1810-11) ; of the Octagon Chapel, Norwich (1811-25) ; and of Essex Street Chapel, London (1825-59) ; Author of " Lec tures on Puseyism," 1844. " The relation of Miracles to Christianity," 1865 ; and numerous occasional sermons and 200 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. other publications. On his retirement from the pulpit of Essex Street Chapel he was presented by his congregation with a " Memorial of their grateful and affectionate remembrance of him, consisting of a purse and a silver salver, bearing an inscription in the words following: — "To the Rev. Thomas Madge, who faithfully for four-and-thirty years bore eloquent testimony to the truths of the Christian religion as minister of Essex Street Chapel, in worthy succession of three honoured labourers in the Church of Christ, Lindsey, Disney, and Bel sham, this memorial (with a thousand guineas) was presented on his retirement by the members of his congregation, in grate ful acknowledgment of his public services, and as an expression of their affection for him as their personal friend, May, 1860." He died August 29, 1870, aged eighty-three years, and a me moir of him, by the Rev. William James, was published in 1871. 163. James Yates, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c 1831-60. A scholar and a friend and patron of learning ; possessed of varied and exact knowledge and refined tastes, and withal an ample fortune. Born at Toxteth Park, Liverpool, April c0, 1789. Graduated M.A. at Glasgow in 1812, having studied three years at that University and one year at Edinburgh, and previously at York College. Elected a Fellow of the Geo logical Society in 1819, of the Linnsean Society in 1822, and of the Royal Society in 1831. At the age of thirty-eight he entered the University of Berlin as a student, for the purpose of obtaining a more intimate knowledge of the classical philology of the Germans. In 1826 he published " Thoughts on the Advancement of Academical Education in England," and in 1832 " Outlines of a Constitution for the University of London." With one exception he was the largest contributor to Dr. William Smith's "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities," having furnished for that work one-half of the DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 201 woodcuts, and written one-eighth of the text. Author of " Textrinum Antiquorum" 1843 (being an account of the art of weaving among the ancients), and of numerous papers on various subjects in the journals of learned societies, or published separately. Mr. Yates was one of the founders of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and at the close of its first meeting at York in 1831 was appointed Secretary to the Council. He took a special interest in the Glasgow and Divinity scholarships of Dr. Williams's Trust, and in the scholars themselves, corresponding with them, inviting them to his house, and encouraging them to excel. To him chiefly the Trust was indebted for the introduction of competitive exami nations for the scholarships, and for the high efficiency to which this branch of the Trust was brought in his time. He resigned the Trust in 1863. In his earlier life Mr. Yates was a minister, first in Glasgow (1811-17), when, at the age of twenty-five, he engaged in a famous controversy with Dr. Wardlaw, and wrote his "Vindication of Unitarianism," a work which has passed through four editions ; then at Bir mingham (1817—25) in the pulpit once occupied by Dr. Priestley; and, lastly, at Carter Lane, London (1832-35). From that time he devoted himself almost exclusively to those Scientific and literary pursuits which were more congenial to his disposition than controversy, and made it his study and his delight to pursue truth, to honour science, to admire taste, and to love virtue wherever found. He died May 7, 1871, aged eighty- two years, having by his will left numerous legacies to charitable institutions and learned societies, including Endowments for a Professorship of Geology and Mineralogy, and a Professorship of Archaeology at University College, London. 164. Rev. Edward Tagart, F.S.A. 1832-58. Minister of the Octagon Chapel, Norwich (1825-28), of York Street Chapel, St. James's Square (1828-33), and of 202 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Little Portland Street Chapel (1833-58), Author of " Remarks on Mathematical or Demonstrative Reasoning," 1837; " Sketches of the Lives and Characters of the Leading Re formers of the Sixteenth Century," 1843 ; " Locke's Writings and Philosophy Historically considered," 1855 ; and other works. For many years Secretary of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association. In 1844 he was presented by his con gregation with a service of plate, on the chief article of which was engraved an inscription from the pen of the late Charles Dickens, who was then a member of the Society. He died at Brussels October 12, 1858, on his return from a visit to the Unitarians of Hungary. A portrait of him was kindly pre sented by the Misses Tagart to the writer's collection, being a photograph from a daguerreotype taken in September, 1858, at Klausenberg. 165. William Wansey, Esq. 1833-67. A first cousin of John Wansey, Esq. (No* 152). He was one of the founders of the London Domestic Mission, in which he ever took great interest ; one of the original members of the Reform Club ; and twice Prime Warden of the Fishmongers' Company. On Dr. Williams's Trust he was a very valuable member, especially on the Estates and Audit Committees. He resigned the Trust in 1867, and died on April 27, 1869, in his eighty-sixth year. There is an excellent likeness of him in the possession of the family, a fine copy of which has been con tributed by Mrs. William Colfox, of Bridport, and her sisters, to the collection made by the writer, and since presented to the Library. 166. Rev. George Kenrick. 1833-60. A descendant of the Rev. John Kenrick, of Wrexham, mentioned in Dr. Williams's will; fourth son of the Rev. Timothy Kenrick, of Exeter, author of "An Exposition of DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 203 the Historical Writings of the New Testament ; " entered Glasgow College in 1808, and York College in 1810 ; minis ter at Chesterfield (1813-15), at Hull (1815-22), and at Maidstone (1822-25). After leaving Maidstone he paid a lengthened visit to Italy (see his contributions to the Monthly Repository for 1827-28). Minister at Hampstead from 1829 to 1845 in the pulpit formerly occupied by Mr. Merrel (No. 7). In 1860 he retired in ill-health to Tunbridge Wells, where he died Dec. 2, 1874, aged eighty-two years. A photograph of him, kindly contributed by himself in 1873, is in the collection. His brother, the late learned and vener able John Kenrick, of York, wrote : — "All who knew him will bear testimony to his benevolence, his simple rectitude of purpose, and his earnest zeal for the diffusion of religious truth." 167. Rev. Joseph Hunter. 1835-36. A learned and distinguished antiquary and historian ; descended from an old Presbyterian family named Sylvester, of whom he has given an interesting account — tracing them from ante-Reformation times — in a volume entitled " Gens Sylvestrina," privately printed in 1846. Born at Sheffield in 1783. At the age of five years adopted by the Presbyterian or Unitarian minister there, Mr. Evans, and his wife, who brought him up with more than parental care and affection. Educated for the Ministry at York College (1806-8) ; for more than twenty years minister of Trim Street Chapel, Bath. Author of " Hallamshire : the history and topography of the parish of Sheffield," folio, 1819; " The Hallamshire Glossary," 1829; "The Diary of Ralph Thoresby, F.R.S.," 1830; a volume "On English Monastic Libraries," 4to, 1831, &c, &c. In that year he was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Public Records, and thenceforth he devoted himself almost exclusively to antiquarian pursuits. Some of his numerous works are in Dr. Williams's Library. He died May, 1861, 204 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. aged seventy-nine years. A full account of him, with a list of his works, appeared in the Sheffield Independent soon after his death. An engraved portrait was given him by one of his admirers, Sir Richard Hoare, as a frontispiece for one of his large volumes ; a copy of that engraving was kindly contributed by his son, Henry Julian Hunter, Esq., M.D., of Bath, to the writer's collection of portraits now at the Library. 168. Samuel Pett, Esq. 1836-55. A most amiable, kind, and estimable gentleman ; for many years a member of Little Portland Street Chapel. He died 5th July, 1871, aged seventy-four years. He was a son of Samuel Pett, Esq., M.D., of Hackney, of whom there is a bust in Dr. Williams's Library. 169. John Taylor, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S. 1836-63. An eminent mining engineer. Descended on his mother's side from the Rev. John Meadows, one of the two thousand min isters ejected by the Act of Uniformity, and on his father's from the Rev. Dr. John Taylor, of Norwich ; one of the earliest members of the Geological society, and its treasurer from 1816 to 1844; one of the earliest and most active members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and treasurer of the Association from 1832 to 1861 ; for many years treasurer of the London University College ; author of numerous articles in scientific journals, chiefly connected with mining, geology, and mechanics. Mr. Taylor was held in high estimation by men of science : even Baron Alexander von Humboldt, who wrote so severely of others, expressed for him "a warm regard." He was equally distinguished for moral excellence and scrupulous integrity. At one time, when his reputation as a miner was at its height " enormous offers were made to him from various quarters for the mere privilege of using his name, which was thought a sufficient guarantee for the soundness of a project. Shares DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 205 upon which he could, without any dishonourable connivance and merely by dealing as others dealt, have realised a large fortune in a very short space of time, were pressed upon his acceptance (without the smallest condition • attached to them) by men of credit and character. His reply was simple and decisive. ' I am an agent and cannot be a speculator.' .... Few men had more tempting opportunities of enriching them selves without going one line beyond what was permitted by law or even by the current morality of the world. He resisted them all." (See a paper printed, but not published, soon after his death.) He died April 5, 1793, in his eighty- fourth year. A large photographic portrait of him was contributed to the collection above alluded to by his son-in-law, Philip Worsley, Esq. 170. Rev. Thomas Wood. 1836-41. The first minister of the Effra Road Chapel, Brixton (1839-41). 171. Benjamin Wood, Esq., M.P. 1836-45. Member of Parliament for Southwark. For many years a member of Jewin Street Chapel, first under Dr. Abraham Rees, and then under the Rev. D. Davison, until the chapel was closed in 1840. He was a younger brother of Sir Matthew Wood, Bart., M.P. (the father of the late Lord Chancellor Hatherley), who had also been a member of Jewin Street Chapel ; a member of the Presbyterian Board from 1841 to the date of his death, August 13, 1845. Both in and out of Parliament he took an active interest in the Dissenters' Chapels Bill. 172. Rev. Benjamin Mardon, M.A. 1837-56. "A learned and able defender of Unitarian Christianity." Born at Exeter; studied at Manchester College, York, and 206 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. subsequently for three years at the University of Glasgow. Whilst still a student there he succeeded Mr. Yates as minister of the Unitarian Chapel, an office which he held for nine years, when he removed to Maidstone (1825). In 1827 he succeeded Dr. Evans, author of " Sketches of Various Denominations," at the General Baptist Chapel in Worship Street, London. While minister at Worship Street, he was tutor of the " General Baptist Academy," for the education of young men for the ministry. On Dr. Williams's Trust he was highly useful as one of the examiners for the scholarships, and on the Book Committee. In 1855 or 1856 he left London for Sidmouth, and died in April, 1866, in his seventy-fourth year. There is a bust of him at the Library. 173. John Towgood, Esq. 1838-78. Barrister-at-law ; son of No. 115, and a nephew of Samuel Rogers, the poet (No. 119). He died January 5, 1878. 174. Petty Vaughan, Esq. 1838-51. 175. Rev. Edwin Chapman. 1838-41. Minister at Billingshurst, whence he removed in 1823 to Chatham, and thence to Deptford. Minister of Stamford Street Chapel, London (1831-34), and of Newington Green Chapel (1831-38). He removed to Godalming in 1841, and retired from the Ministry about 1845. He died at Clifton in April, 1875, aged seventy-seven years. 176. Jacob Hans Busk, Esq. 1838-44. Elected a Trustee in the place of his brother, Edward Busk, Esq. (No. 158). He died at Theobalds, June 5, 1844, in his seventy-seventh year. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 207 177. Rev. Philip Le Breton, M.A. 1841-60. Youngest son of the Very Rev. Francis Le Breton, Dean of Jersey, and rector of St. Saviour's in that island. Born at the Vicarage March 7, 1779. Sent to England at an early age for education, was a pupil of Dr. Lempriere, author of the " Classical Dictionary " which bears his name ; gained a scholarship at Pembroke College, Oxford, but migrated to Exter College. Shortly after his ordination he was chosen to succeed his father in the rectory of St. Saviour's. There he exercised his ministry for some years, preaching in English and French with equal fluency. In 1814, from his own reading, he began to entertain serious doubts on the subject of the lead ing doctrines of the Church of England, which doubts ended in his rejecting the] doctrine of the Trinity, and some other dogmas. Whilst in this state of mind he was offered the Deanery of Jersey, which would have placed him in the highest social position in the Island ; but instead of accepting this additional preferment, he resolved to resign his benefice. Having done so, he removed in 1815 to France with a family of five young children, hoping to find some remunerative employment there ; but the return of Napoleon from Elba compelled him to leave that country. He now came to Lon don, where, however, he had no relatives and few connections. He introduced himself to the Rev. Thomas Belsham, with whom he had recently had some correspondence on theologi cal subjects, and to the Rev. Robert Aspland, from whom he received judicious advice. He opened a school at Westminster, which soon became a great success, and from which he did not retire until after many years of arduous labour. In person he was tall and graceful, with regular features and pleasing ex pression, of refined manners and winning address, courteous to all, alike to the poor and humble as to the high and wealthy. As a Trustee of Dr. Williams's Library, as a member of the Council of University Hall, of the Committee of the Unitarian 208 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Association, and in promoting the establishment of the Ladies' Bedford College, his services were invaluable. He never entered a pulpit after having quitted his own, but for forty-five years he was a constant attendant at Essex Street Chapel, founded by another clergyman who had made similar sacrifices for conscience' sake. The noble congregation assembling there during the ministry of Mr. Belsham and Mr. Madge could not have had a brighter ornament that Philip Le Breton. He died on the 5th of November, 1860, in his eighty-second year. A handsome portrait of him was contributed by his son, the late Philip Hemery Le Breton, Esq., barrister at-law, to the collection often referred to. 178. Rev. Thomas Russell, M.A. 1842-46. An Independent Minister, honorably distinguished for the Catholicity of his spirit. He was one of the few amongst Orthodox Nonconformists who favoured the passing of the Dissenters' Chapel Bill. A trustee of Coward's Charities ; Honorary Secretary of the Aged Ministers' Society ; editor of Dr. Owen's Works in 21 vols. ; and for forty years Pastor of the Congregational Church in Pell Street, Ratcliffe Highway. He died December 13, 1846, aged sixty-five years. He was the father of the late Rev. John Fuller Russell, LL.B., Vicar of St. Mary the Virgin, Greenhithe. 179. John Wood, Esq. 1846-57. A native of Liverpool. Educated at the University of Glas gow, intending to enter the ministry amongst the Unitarians, but abandoning that design he went into business ; after some years he exchanged Commerce for the Law, practised at the Bar, and became Recorder of York. In 1826 he was elected M.P. for Preston, and soon after the passing of the Reform Bill of 1832 he was appointed Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue, which office he held for nearly a quarter of a century. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 209 180. Ebenezer Johnston, Esq. 1846-50. A prominent member of the Gravel Pit Chapel, Hackney. A nephew of the Rev. William Johnston (No. 128). He died at his residence at Stamford Hill in October, 1850, in his sixty- second year. 181. Henry Crabb Robinson, Esq., F.S.A. 1846-66. Born May 13, 1775, at Bury St. Edmunds. At the age of twenty-four he left England for the Continent. Studied at the University of Jena. There he acquired a complete mastery of the German language ; formed the friendship of Goethe, and moved in the first intellectual society. After five years he returned to England, and then became foreign correspondent of the Times in Spain. In that capacity he was present at Corunna at the time of the retreat of the British troops and the death of Sir John Moore. He was called to the Bar in 1813, being then in his thirty-ninth year, and eventually became leader of the Norfolk Circuit, but retired from the pro fession many years before his death. His delight was in the Society of Literary men. He was one of the first members of the Athenaeum Club, a member of the Council of University College, London, and one of the Vice-Presidents of the Senate. He died February 5, 1867, in his ninety-second year. See his "Diary, Reminiscences and Correspondence," selected and edited by Dr. Sadler, 1869. On his tomb at Highgate is the following inscription : "Friend and Associate of Goethe and Wordsworth, Wieland and Coleridge, Flaxman and Blake, Clarkson and Charles Lamb ; he honoured and loved the great and noble in their thoughts and characters ; his warmth of heart and genial sympathy embraced all whom he could serve, all in whom he found response to his own healthy tastes and generous setiments. His religion corresponded to his life, seated in the heart it found expression in the truest Christian p 210 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Benevolence." There is a bust of him at the Library, pre sented by Talfourd Ely, Esq., M.A. 182. James Manning, Esq., Q.A.S. 1846-66. A very learned case lawyer, author of Digest of Nisi Prius Reports, 1813; and the Practice of the Court of Exchequer, 1827 ; but better known by the series of King's Bench Reports, Manning and Ryland's (1827-37) ; and the Common Pleas Reports, Manning and Granger's (1841-46). Called to the Bar in 1817, admitted Sergeant- at-Law in 1840, and Queen's Ancient Sergeant in 1846. Recorder of Oxford, Banbury, and Sudbury. For many years County Court Judge of one of the metropolitan districts. He died Aug. 29, 1866, in his eighty- fifth year. His father was the Rev. James Manning, of Exeter, whose name is held in great honour amongst Unitarians. 183. Rev. John Boucher, M.A. 1847-52. The eloquent and popular minister of the Gravel Pit Chapel, Hackney, during the years 1846—52, and a member of the Presbyterian Board ; but his views having undergone a change he renounced his non-conformity in 1852, and entered St. John's College, Cambridge, with the intention of taking Orders in the Church of England. He was soon, however, overtaken by severe ill-health, from which he never fully recovered. He died at Chesterton, near Cambridge, in March, 1878, in his sixtieth year. In a brief obituary of him in the Inquirer it was remarked that so far as was known he never said or wrote a word of bitterness against his former friends and associates. 184. Rev. Thomas Sadler, Ph.D. 1849. Son of the Rev. Thomas Sadler, minister of the General Baptist Chapel at Horsham ; assistant minister to the Rev. Robert Aspland of Hackney, from 1843 to 1846. Minister of DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 211 the Rosslyn Hill congregation, Hampstead, since 1846. Author of the " Silent Pastor," " Closet Prayers," " Prayers for a Christian Family," " Gloria Patri," &c. Editor of the "Diary, Reminiscences and Correspondence of Henry Crabb Robinson," 3 vols., 1869. A member of the Presbyterian Board (1859-73). For many years Hon. Secretary of " The Body of English Presbyterian Ministers in and about the cities of London and Westminster ; " one of the managers of the Widows' Fund, and of the Fund for Aged and Infirm Ministers. He is a member of the Book (or Library) Committee, and of the Schools and Distribution Committees. 185. William Smith, Esq., LL.D. 1851-60. Editor of the well-known classical dictionaries and other works whicli bear his name. He was a valuable member of the Glasgow College Committee, taking part regularly in the ex amination of candidates for scholarships, and his resignation in 1860 was greatly regretted. 186. Thomas Pickard Warren, Esq.. 1851-1867. Son of John Warren, Esq. (No. 103), and nephew of John Raymond Barker, Esq. (No. 113), and of John Wansey (No. 117). Mr. Warren, who was born in 1789, was educated by the Rev. Eliezer Cogan (No. 139) at Cheshuiit, and afterwards at Walthamstow. On leaving school he entered into business in a branch of the silk trade, from which he retired at a comparatively early age, and thenceforth gave up a considerable portion of his time to the management of various trusts and charities in which he took an interest. He was a member, and for many years the treasurer, of the congregation of Little Carter Lane Chapel (where his family had attended from its formation), and one of its representatives at the Pres byterian Board for thirty- two years (1835—1867). He was one of the managers of the "Widows' Fund" aud the "Aged v 2 212 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Ministers' Society," and a member of the " New England Company " from 1833 up to the end of his life. He died January 20, 1867, aged seventy-seven years. Mr. Warren married Wilhelmina, daughter of William Taylor, Esq., of Book ing, Essex, and grand-daughter of the Rev. Henry Taylor, A.M., sometime rector of Crawley, Hants, and vicar of Portsmouth, author of " Ben Mordecai's apology for embracing Christianity " and other controversial works of considerable note in their day. His name is introduced here as a representative of the Arian section of the Anglican clergy of the eighteenth-century. 187. Richard Martineau, Esq. 1852-65. Of London and Walsingham-le-Willows, near Ipswich. A magistrate for the county of Suffolk. For the greater part of his life Mr. Martineau was an active member of the well-known firm of Messrs. Whitbread and Co., brewers, of which his father had been a partner before him. He was born in London in 1804, educated by Mr. Cogan (No. 139) at Walthamstow (1811-19), and at York College (1819-22). A member of the Presbyterian Board (1843—65). Treasurer at successive periods of the Gravel Pit Chapel, Hackney, Little Carter Lane, and the Rosslyn Hill Chapel, Hampstead ; one of the founders of University Hall, Gordon Square ; a supporter of University College and Manchester New College, and a warm friend of the London Domestic Mission ; but of all charitable institutions hospitals won his chief sympathy. On Dr. Williams's Trust (the general meetings of which, as well as those of the Estates and Audit Committees, he attended with regularity) his judg ment and counsel were of the highest value. He died on the 14th of August, 1865, in his sixty-first year. 188. Rev. Thomas Lethbridge Marshall. 1853- . Educated at the Latin School, Boston, U.S., and at Man chester New College (1841-46), minister at Warwick (1846-53 \ DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 213 at Hackney (1853-57), and at Brixton (1862-73). Editor of the Inquirer since 1856 ; a member of the Presbyterian Board since 1853 ; Secretary since 1856. One of the managers of the Widows' Fund and a member of the Aged Ministers' Society. 189. Samuel Sharpe, Esq. 1853-57. A distinguished Egyptologist and Biblical scholar, a munifi cent friend of the higher education, and a zealous promoter of the religious opinions which he held. Author of " History of Egypt " and of several works on Egyptian Hieroglyphics and biblical subjects, but his magnum opus was his Translation of the Bible, which task he began by translating Gries- bach's Text of the New Testament in 1840, and completed twenty-five years later by publishing his Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, presently joining the two into one volume. He helped with pen and influence in the work of bringing the Dissenters' Chapel Bill through Parliament in 1844 ; President of the B. and F. Unitarian Association in 1869-70, the year in which Keshub Chunder Sen visited this country; President of Manchester New College (1876—78), and a constant benefactor of the Presbyterian College, Car marthen. Mr. Sharpe helped largely in building the new wing of University College, London, and took much pleasure in giving his support to struggling places of Unitarian worship. He was proud of his descent through the maternal line from the Rev. Philip Henry. See his Account of the Life of Samuel Rogers, 1859. On Dr. Williams's Trust he was a most regular attendant, and for many years after his resignation in 1857 acted as one of the honorary examiners of candidates for scholarships. He died 28th July, 1881, in his eighty-third year. A highly interesting account of him by P. W. Clayden, was published in 1883, entitled " Samuel Sharpe, Egyptologist and Translator of the Bible." 214 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 190. Rev. John James Tayler, B.A. 1853-69. Son of the Rev. James Tayler (No. 123), for thirty- three years Minister of Brook Street Chapel, Manchester (1820—53), and for a short time at Little Portland Street Chapel, London (1859-60). For twenty-nine years (1840-69) Professor at Manchester New College, which was removed to London in 1852; Principal from 1853 until his death. Author of "A Retrospect of the Religious Life in England," 1845 ; " An Attempt to ascertain the Character of the Fourth Gospel," 1867 ; a Volume of Discourses, and other works. He died 28th May, 1869. In 1872 his Letters from 1811 to the time of his death were collected and published in 2 vols., with a portrait prefixed. In a Preface the Editor, the Rev. John Hamilton Thorn, says that, having been asked to do something to preserve the memory of John James Tayler he had to consider whether there was any way that could not be injurious to him in which he might under take the office. " A biography of the ordinary kind was clearly unsuitable to a life so uneventful. Analysis of character .... implied a critical attitude from which reverent affection must have turned away. . . . Two feelings regarding him remained with a determining power : — that he was one whom it would be good if every one could know ; — and that none but himself could make him known." So he resolved to publish his friend's Letters, in which may be found " an image of himself drawn by his own hand " for each period of his life. His features are preserved in marble in Upper Brook Street Chapel, Manchester, and a painted window was put up in Rosslyn Chapel, Hampstead, by friends and fellow- worshippers, " as a tribute to his simple and elevated character, saintly virtues, large humanity, tender sympathies, and child-like devotion." A list of Mr. Tayler's publications, 102 in number, including Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews, is given in an Appendix to his Letters. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 215 191. William Arthur Case, Esq., M.A. 1855-72. For nearly twenty years one of the Masters of University College School, Gower Street. On his retirement from the Vice-Mastership a testimonial was presented to him at the College in Feb., 1867, consisting of a handsome ewer and stand in silver, a purse of 220 guineas, and an address from past and present pupils, expressive of their respect and admira tion. On Dr. Williams's Trust Mr. Case rendered valuable ser vices as a member of the Glasgow College Committee, always taking his share of work at the examination of candidates for scholarships. He died 24th of June, 1872, aged fifty-four years. At the Funeral Service Dr. Sadler spoke of him as " the Arnold of the Unitarians." He was descended from one of the Ejected Ministers, doubtless one of the six ministers who went as a deputation to Charles II. at Breda before the Restora tion. On one occasion while they were waiting in an ante chamber the door was ajar, and they overheard Charles at his prayers ; whereupon " old Mr. Case lifted up his hands to heaven and blessed God who had given them a praying King." The father of William Arthur Case was for many years the Unitarian Minister at Shrewsbury — the same who baptized the late Charles Darwin, whose father then resided in that town and was one of the attendants of the Unitarian Chapel there. 192. Walter D. Jeremy, Esq., M.A. 1856-58. Of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister-at-Law. Educated at the Uni versity of Glasgow, where he studied Natural Philosophy under Sir William Thomson and graduated with Honours in Classics and Philosophy in 1848, entered Gray's Inn in 1856, and was called to the Bar in 1859. Elected a Trustee of Dr. Williams's Will in 1856 simultaneously with Dr. George Vance Smith. On the day he took his seat at the Board he was put on the Glasgow College Committee, and soon after on the Estates and Audit Committees. Author of a "Digest of 216 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. the Proceedings in Chancery of Dr. Williams's Trust since its Foundation in 1715 " — the Trust having been administered under the direction of the Court uninterruptedly until 1851. For fourteen years an honorary Examiner of Candidates for Dr. Williams's Glasgow and other Scholarships. Treasurer of the Presbyterian Board ; a Manager of the " Widows' Fund," and one of the Governors of Dr. Williams's Endowed School for Girls at Dolgelley. A Vice-President of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association. Twice elected on the Council of the Royal Archaeological Institute. He is the elder son of the late Rev. John Jeremy, Minister of the Ancient Presbyterian Congregation of Caeronnen, Cardiganshire, and is married to a daughter of the late Rev. Richard Evans of Swansea. 193. Rev. G. Vance Smith, B.A., D.D. 1855-58. Some time Principal of Manchester New College, London, and one of its Professors from 1846 to 1857 ; Minister of St. Saviour's Gate Chapel, York (1858-75), and afterwards of the Upper Chapel at Sheffield (1875-76). Principal of the Pres byterian College, Carmarthen, since 1876 ; and author of vari ous theological works. As one of the Company appointed for the Revision of the New Testament his name will always be remembered. 194. Algernon Sydney Aspland, Esq. 1857-65. Barrister-at-Law of the Middle Temple (1848-70), having previously, for twelve years, practised as a Special Pleader. A careful and accurate lawyer, whose opinions were greatly esteemed, and who had the ear of the Courts of Common Law. As a member of the Nor hern Circuit he gained considerable reputation and practice, and was greatly esteemed in the pro fession and by his friends. His health having broken down just when he ought to have taken silk, he spent the last seven years of his life in retirement, residing chiefly at Durdham DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 217 Down, near Bristol, where he died 27th of July, 1870, aged sixty-one years. He was the third son of the Rev. Robert Aspland (No. 142), and was for many years Treasurer of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association. 195. Edward Enfield, Esq. 1857-80. Third son of the late Mr. Henry Enfield, Town Clerk of Nottingham, and grandson of Dr. Enfield of Norwich. For some time a student at Manchester New College, York (L826-27). On retiring from the Mint in 1851 he devoted himself to works of benevolence and public usefulness. His name will long be remembered in connection with the London Domestic Mission, in whicli he took so deep an interest, and at University College Hospital, Gower Street, of which he was the Treasurer. He was an active member of the Council and Committee of University College, and a member of the Council of University Hall. At the time of his death (21st of April, 1880) he was President of Manchester New College. On Dr. Williams's Trust he was an active member, taking a foremost part in any special matter requiring time and trouble, and a most constant and valuable member of the Estates and Audit Committees. 196. Rev. James Martineau, D.D., LL.D. 1858-68. Of a living celebrity of such eminence as a divine, philosopher, and writer it is not permissible to say anything here beyond a statement of chronological facts. Dr. Martineau is descended through his father's mother* from two of the ejected ministers of 1662 — the victims of the Act of Uniformity, and through the * Mrs. David Martineau (1725-1800) nee Meadows, granddaughter of the Eev. John Meadows who was ejected from Ousdenin 1662, and Sarah his wife, nee Fairfax, whose grandfather, the Rev Benjamin Fairfax, with his two sons, the Rev. John Fairfax and the Rev Nathaniel Fairfax, were at the same time ejected from their respective livings. (The Suffolk Bartholomeans : a memoir of John Meadows; ejected from the Rectory of Ousden, in Suffolk : by Edgar Taylor, 1840.) 218 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. direct male line from one of the Huguenot refugees of 1688 — the martyrs of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. James Martineau was born on the 21st of April, 1805, at Norwich, which was then called the Athens of England. His family belonged to the old Presbyterian Congregation assembling in the Octagon Chapel in that city, which had been presided over by Dr. John Taylor, Dr. Enfield, and Pendlebury Houghton, and of which the Rev. Thomas Madge (No. 162) was the pastor from 1811 to 1825. (As to that Congregation, and the memories associated with it, see " History of the Octagon Chapel," by John Taylor of Norwich, continued by his son Edward Taylor, Esq., Gres. Prof. Mus., with an Introduction by the Rev. J. Crompton, M.A., Lond. 1848.) Dr. Martineau received his early education at the Grammar School at Norwich, of which Mr. Edward Valpy was then the head master, but was transferred at the age of fifteen to Dr. Lant Carpenter, of Bristol, whose influence determined the subsequent direc tion of his mind. (" Memoir of the Life of Dr. Lant Car penter," by his son, Russell L. Carpenter, 1842; "National Portrait Gallery, Art., The Rev. James Martineau," pp. 137, 138.) A student at Manchester College, York, from 1822 to 1827 ; Minister of the Presbyterian (Unitarian) Congregation assembling in Eustace Street Meeting House, Dublin, from 1828 to 1832, having for his senior colleague the Rev. Philip Taylor, grandson of Dr. John Taylor, of Norwich, above mentioned; Minister of the Congregation in Liver pool which assembled in Paradise Street, and afterwards in their new church in Hope Street (1832-57) ; and finally Minister of Little Portland Street Chapel, London, from 1859 to 1872. Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy at Manchester New College for forty-five years (1840-85), and Principal of the College since 1869. The College whilst located at Manchester (1840-53) was easily reached from Liverpool. In 1853 it was removed to London. From that date to 1857 Mr. Martineau divided his time between his DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 219 Liverpool congregation and the distant college, but in the last- named year, on the retirement of the Principal, Dr. George Vance Smith, he took up his residence in London. Dr. Martineau is the author of numerous published works. The following may be mentioned : — " Rationale of Religious In quiry," 1837 ; " Hymns for the Christian Church and Home," 1840; "Endeavours after the Christian Life," 2 vols., 1813, 1847; "Miscellanies," 1852; "Studies of Christianity," 1858; "Essays Philosophical and Theological," 2 vols., 1866-68; "Hymns of Praise and Prayer," 1874; "Religion as affected by Modern Materialism," 1874; "Hours of Thought on Sacred Things," 1877; "A Study of Spinosa," 1882; and "Types of Ethical Theory," 2 vols., 1885. In 1872 about a hundred friends, moved by " mingled motives of gratitude, affection, respect and admiration," presented him an address accompanied by two pieces of inscribed silver and a sum of £5,800; and in the following year on his retire ment from the pulpit his congregation of Little Portland Street Chapel testified to the value of his services by making him an offering of £3,500. The University of Harvard has conferred on him the degree of LL.D., that of Leyden the degree of Th.D. (Theologiae Doctor), and the University of Edinburgh the degree of D.D. 197. Rev. Robert Brook Aspland, M.A. 1859-69. The eldest son of the Rev. Robert Aspland (No. 142). Born at Newport, I.W., 1805 ; received his school education from the Rev. John Potticary, of Blackheath (No. 147), and the Rev. William Evans, of Tavistock, and continued his studies at the University of Glasgow (1819-22) and York College (1822-26). Minister of Matthew Henry's Chapel, Chester (1826-32) ; Assistant Minister at Lewin's Mead, Bristol, as colleague of Dr. Lant Carpenter (1833—37) ; at Dukinfield (1837—58) ; and, lastly, at the Gravel Pit Chapel, Hackney 220 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. (1858-69). A member of the Presbyterian Board (1858-69) ; one of the Secretaries of Manchester New College (1846-54) ; and of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association (1859—69). Editor for many years of the Christian Reformer, in succes sion to his father, who was its originator. Mr. Aspland was eminent for his knowledge of Puritan literature and biography, and of the history of the English Presbyterian Churches. The pages of the Reformer are rich with information on such subjects. Soon after relinquishing the editorial work he was presented with a testimonial (consisting of plate of the value of £250, and a purse containing £600), " expressive of the high personal regard in which he was held by his friends, and of the sense of his long, able, and faithful services in connec tion with the Unitarian body." On Dr. Williams's Trust he was a member of the Glasgow College, Audit, and Book Com mittees, constant in his attendance, and highly influential. He died on the 21st of June, 1869, aged sixty-four years. In an address delivered at his interment some of his admirable quali ties were alluded to by Dr. Martineau in language of great beauty. A memoir of him, by the Rev. Edward Higginson, was soon after published. 198. Rev. James Panton Ham. 1859- Educated for the Ministry at Cheshunt College (1841—45). At the close of his curriculum there he was appointed by the Directors of the London Missionary Society to Benares, but was prevented from going to India by domestic circumstances. For a short time Minister of the Countess of Huntingdon's Chapel at Maidenhead, whence he removed, in 1847, to Lodge Street Chapel, belonging to the same connection, at Bristol. There he became "unsound" in the Calvinistic faith, and being compelled to resign by the terms of the Chapel deed, was accompanied by nearly the whole of a large congregation to the Public Hall in College Green, and eventually founded a DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 221 Congregational Free Church in the Coopers' Hall, an account of which appeared in the Christian Reformer for 1852 (pp. 395—409), under the title of " Creeds and Controversies in Bristol," written by the late Rev. William James. From 1854 to 1859 Mr. Ham was the colleague of the Rev. William Gaskell at Cross Street Chapel, Manchester, and afterwards, for twenty-four years, the Minister of Essex Street Chapel, London (1859—83), from which he retired in order to facilitate a scheme, since approved by the Charity Commissioners, for the sale of the chapel by its Trustees, and its purchase by others for cer tain denominational purposes, having a wider scope than the original trust deed permits. Mr. Ham is now the Minister of the Unitarian Congregation at Kentish Town, founded by the late Rev. William Foster. 199. Rev. Henry Ierson, M.A. 1859- At the time of his election he was the Minister of the Carter Lane Congregation, which afterwards removed to Unity Church, Islington. Educated at Stepney College and the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.A. in 1845. For a short time Minister of a Calvinistic Baptist church at Northampton, his connection with which was severed on account of his liberal opinions. Then one of the Classical Masters at University College School, London (1851-72) ; Minister at South Place Chapel, Finsbury (1851-57), and at Carter Lane, and Unity Church, Islington (1857-74). A member of the Presbyterian Board as a representative of Carter Lane since 1859. On Dr. Williams's Trust he has for many years been a member of the Glasgow College and Book Committees. Secretary to the British and Foreign Unitarian Association since 1875 or 1876. 200. Rev. John Philip Malleson, B.A. 1860-69. Educated at Wymondley Independent College (1812-17), and at the University of Glasgow, where he held one of Dr. 222 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Williams's Scholarships (1817-19). Whilst at Glasgow he adopted Arian opinions, and in 1820 accepted the pastorate of the old Presbyterian Chapel in Hanover Street, Long Acre, London. In the following year he was selected a member of Dr. Williams's Trust (see No. 153), but in 1822 he removed to Leeds, and thence in 1828 to Brighton, where for thirty years he conducted a school of high reputation, being at the same time minister of the Unitarian Chapel there. On retiring in 1860 and removing to Croydon, he was re-elected a member of this Trust. He died March 16, 1869, aged seventy-three years. There is a Sermon in memory of him (by Dr. Martineau) with a Memoir by his son (1870). 201. James Heywood, Esq., M.A., F.R.S. 1860- Born at Everton, Liverpool, on May 28, 1810. A lineal descendant of the Rev. Nathaniel Heywood, who was ejected from his living of Ormskirk in 1662 by the Act of Uniformity, being the youngest son of Nathaniel Heywood, of Liverpool, merchant, and of Manchester, banker (of the firm of Heywood Brothers & Co.), and Ann his wife, daughter of Thomas Perci- val, M.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., distinguished in the last century as an eminent physician, moral essayist, and philosopher, author of "A Father's Instruction to his Children," " Medical Ethics," &c. In 1767, Dr. Percival had extensive practice in Manchester, and at the meeting for scientific inquiry which took place at his house, originated the Literary and Philosophical Society of that city, of which he continued President for twenty years. He died at Manchester August 30, 1804. Four of the sons of Nathaniel Heywood were placed in the Manchester Bank. Of these sons the eldest, Benjamin, was elected in 1831 as M.P. for Lancashire, and assisted in passing the Reform Bill of 1832. He was afterwards created a Baronet. Mr. James Heywood received his higher school education from the Rev. Dr. Lant Carpenter at Bristol, and DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 223 afterwards pursued his studies at the University of Edin burgh and at Geneva. In 1828 he left the Manchester Bank and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he had for his College tutor the Rev. Dr. WheweU who subsequently became Master of Trinity College. On the completion of his Cam bridge studies in 1833, Mr. Heywood became entitled as a senior optime to take the degree of B.A., but as there was at that time a Church of England test on graduation, his College tutor considerately allowed his name to be kept on the College books for the same payment as if he had taken his degree. In 1837 Mr. Heywood read a paper on the coalfields of Lancashire at the Liverpool Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, before the Geological Section, which was presided over by the Rev. Professor Sedgwick, of Cambridge. The Professor proposed him subsequently as a candidate for admission into the Royal Society and he was elected as a fellow of that body. In 1841 Mr. Heywood published a translation from the German of Professor Huber's "English Universities," illustrated by many plates. From 1847 to 1857 he was the Liberal representative in Parliament of North Lancashire, and, fortunately for the cause of University Reform, the Prime Minis ter, Lord John Russell, was favourable to a large measure of inquiry into the ancient Universities of England and Ireland. In 1850 Mr. Heywood took the initiative in this matter by moving for an address to the Crown for a Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Universities and Colleges of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, including an investigation of their religious tests. On this occasion the Prime Minister, Lord John Russell, agreed that if Mr. . Heywood's proposition were withdrawn, he would advise the Crown to issue a Royal Commission of Inquiry generally into the academical bodies without reference to religious tests, and on this arrangement a Royal Commission was appointed. In 1854, when the Earl of Aberdeen was at the head of the Government, the Oxford University Bill was intro duced into the House of Commons, containing no allusion to 224 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. religious tests, and Mr. Heywood moved the insertion of a clause, which practically abolished subscription to the Thirty- nine Articles at matriculation, and which was carried by 252 votes against 161 ; he subsequently moved another clause for opening all secular degrees at Oxford, but in this proposition he was defeated. On the next day a Cabinet meeting was held, and in the evening Mr. Heywood received a letter asking him to call on the Right Hon. E. Ellice on the following day, when Mr. Ellice mentioned to him a request from the Cabinet that he would again move the clause for opening all secular degrees at Oxford, with a rider that degrees so opened should not form a qualification for any office heretofore held only by members of the Church of England. Mr. Heywood declined the request, and the next day he proposed an amended clause of his own, merely proposing to open the degrees of Bachelor in Arts, Law, Medicine, and Music, at Oxford, with out a religious test, and this smaller measure was agreed to by the House of Commons. The Lords, however, added a rider to prevent such degrees from being a qualification for any office heretofore held by a member of the Church of England. In this form the bill passed. In 1856 the Cambridge Univer sity Bill came before the House, containing a clause, under similar restrictions, for opening all secular degrees. A new clause was inserted by Mr. Heywood to open undergraduate College Scholarships at Cambridge without religious tests. In the following quarter of a century it has been found, that a large number of Nonconformists have obtained distinguished honours at Cambridge. At a later period Lord Beaconsfield, when Prime Minister, is reported to have said that " No Government can remain in power in this country which does not reform the Universities." The Cambridge Bill having become law, Mr. Heywood took his degrees of B.A. and M.A. in that University. Mr. Heywood owed much in carrying through the removal of academical tests to the exertions of the Liberation Society, who continued to support movements of this kind until more DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 225 extended Reforms were carried. Historical and critical illus trations of the first part of Genesis by Professor von Bohlen, and a translation of Professor Heer's " Primeval World of Switzerland" have been published by Mr. Heywood. Since 1856 Mr. Heywood has been a member of the Senate of the University of London, and has assisted in making Greek optional at matriculation. He was the President of the Statis tical Section of the Bristol Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1875, and the President of the Statistical Society in 1875 and 1876. The Free Public Library at Notting Hill, which is much appreciated, owes its existence and support to him. Nearly half a century ago the Manches ter Athenaeum was founded by Richard Cobden, James Hey wood, William Langton, and others. It has developed into an institution of importance, and some of its members, at their own expense, have recently put up white marble medallions of their three principal founders on the wall of the reading-room. In 1881 His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, who happened to be at that time visiting Manchester, unveiled these memorials of the early founders of a valuable society. In Dr. Williams's Trust Mr. Heywood has for many years served on the Estates, Schools, and Book Committees, and has been a generous benefactor to the Library. 202. Russell Scott, Esq. 1861-75. Son of the Rev. Russell Scott, who was for forty-eight years the minister of the Unitarian Chapel at Portsmouth ; a grand son of Dr. Hawes, one of the founders of the Royal Humane Society ; and a descendant of one of the confessors of 1662. He was himself a practical philanthropist. For forty years a promoter of improved dwellings for the working classes, and throughout life an active and earnest friend of education. The following account of him has been kindly contributed by the Rev. Dr. Sadler, whose services at Rosslyn Hill Chapel, Q 226 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Hampstead, he was in the habit of attending: — "Mr. R. Scott was a zealous and consistent Liberal in politics and religion. But what was most characteristic of him was his constant benevolence, which while it led him to take a warm and active interest in great public questions, especially those which were connected with the social condition of mankind, was fruitful also in the private and personal acts of charity and kindness. The readers of the memoir of Mary Carpenter will remember that it was by his liberality she was enabled to establish the Reformatory at Kingswood, near Bristol, in a house erected by John Wesley for his own occupation. In this great work Miss Carpenter had not only Mr. Scott's sympathy and pecuniary aid, but also very valuable personal co-operation. I need hardly add that Mr. R. Scott was a man of the highest character for integrity. His judgment also was very reliable, both on account of his excellent understanding and the pains he took to secure all available information. Altogether he was a man of most solid worth." He retired from the Trust in 1875 and died on the 18th of April, 1880, aged 79 years. 203. Sir James Clarke Lawrence, Bart., M.P. 1861- . Second son of the late Alderman Lawrence. Born in London, 1st of September, 1820 ; educated at Islington by the Rev. D. Davison, M.A., and the Rev. John Scott Porter (Nos. 157 and 159 supra), and afterwards attended classes at University College, Gower Street. An Alderman of the City of London since 1860 ; Sheriff of London and Middlesex in 1862 ; Lord Mayor in 1868 ; a member of the Royal Courts of Justice Com mission ; President of the Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals ; a Commissioner of Lieutenancy of London ; a member of the Hibbert Trust ; the Treasurer of the Holt Fund ; President of the London and District Unitarian Society ; President of the B. and F. Unitarian Association in 1864 ; Treasurer of the Carter Lane and Unity Congregation from 1856 to 1875 • a DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 227 member of the Presbyterian Board since 1856 ; a magistrate of Middlesex, Surrey, and Westminster ; M.P. for Lambeth since 1865 ; for many years a member of the Estates Committee of Dr. Williams's Trust, to which he has been enabled to render special services. 204. Philip Worsley, Esq. 1864- . Son-in-law of the late John Taylor, Esq., F.R.S. (No. 168) ; grandson of the Rev. Samuel Worsley, Presbyterian Minister at Cheshunt, and great grandson of Mr. John Worsley, school master, of Hertford, whose translation of the New Testament was published in 1770 ; descended also by a paternal ancestor from the Hughes family, which counted among its members two of the Ejected Ministers — George and Obadiah Hughes. (See No. 38.) For many years an acting partner in the firm of Messrs. Whitbread and Co., brewers. On Dr. Williams's Trust a member of the Audit Committee (1864-77) and of the Estates Committee (1867-81). 205. Timothy Smith Osler, Esq., LL.B. 1865- . Barrister-at-law ; Treasurer of the Rosslyn Hill Congrega tion, Hampstead. A member of the Senate of the University of London. 206. Walter Charles Venning, Esq. 1865-85. Solicitor ; son-in-law of the late James Esdale, Esq. (No. 145), the last of a series of Trustees of that name ; for many years a member of the Presbyterian Board as a representative of the extinct congregation of Jewin Street ; three times Prime Warden of the Fishmongers' Company ; until recently a mem ber of the Estates Committee of Dr. Williams's Trust. Q 2 228 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 207. Frederick Manning Needham, Esq., B.A. 1866-74. Elected in the room of his uncle-in-law, the late Mr. Richard Martineau. Having distinguished himself as a student at University College, London, he was received into Whitbread's brewery, of which he became a managing partner, " and a very valuable one he was " (writes a surviving partner, who was much his senior), " from his thorough knowledge of the busi ness in all its branches, his good judgment and general ability. Without any ostentation or self assertion, he had great inde pendence of mind, and, had he lived, there can be no doubt that he would have taken a high position among mercantile men." He died December 1, 1874, at aii early age. He was a grand son, in the maternal line, of the late Mr. John George Fordham, of Royston, and on the paternal side similarly related to the late Mr. Matthew Needham, of Lenton, Nottingham, whose wife was a daughter of Mr. Manning of Norwich. 208. John Richard Robinson, Esq. 1867- . Son of the Rev. R. RobinsoD, who for a quarter of a century was minister of the Congregational Chapel, Witham, Essex. Mr. Robinson has been connected with the Newspaper Press from an early age. In 1868 he was appointed manager of the Daily News, a post which he holds at the present time. For many years he was a constant contributor to the columns of some of the best American journals, more particularly the Boston Advertiser and the Chicago Tribune ; he also for a long time took part in the production of the Inquirer. Probably no name is more intimately associated than his with existing Liberal journalism in London. 209. David Martineau, Esq. 1867- . Of Clapham Park, Surrey, and Christian Street, London, sugar refiner; born in 1827; son of George Martineau, Esq. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 229 and Sarah Greenhow of Tulse Hill, and grandson of David Martineau, Esq., of Stockwell Common, a former Trustee (No. 156). Mr. Martineau married, 1885, Sarah Emma Scott, daughter of Robert Scott of Stourbridge, at one time M.P. for Walsall, and a son of Rev. C. Wellbeloved, Principal of Manchester New College while at York : his wife Sarah Scott whose name he took, was the only child and heiress of John Scott, of Stourbridge. Mr. Martineau was elected in 1867, and is a member of the Estates and Audit Committees. He has been connected with the Congregation of Unitarians worshipping at Brixton since its foundation, and was for eighteen years the treasurer of that church. A member of the Executive Committee of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association since 1857 ; President of the Association in 1879 ; Treasurer of the London District Unitarian Society since 1871, and a Trustee of Essex Street Chapel. A member of the Committee of the East Surrey Liberal Association, and for some years President of the Clapham Liberal Association. Mr. Martineau' s services to Dr. Williams's Trust have been exceptionally great. 210. John Warren, Esq., LL.B., B.A. 1867- . The eldest son of the late Thomas Pickard Warren, Esq. (No. 186) ; educated at Hove House School, Brighton, under the late Rev. J. P. Malleson, B.A. (No. 153), and at University College, London, where he graduated B.A. and LL.B. ; a member of the well-known firm of Samuel Courtauld and Co., crape manufacturers ; Treasurer of the Presbyterian Board from 1867 to 1879; a member of the Court of Assistants; of the Ironmongers' and Fishmongers' Companies of the City of London ; a member of the New England Company, and a Gov ernor of Bridewell and Bethelem, St. Bartholomew's, and St. Thomas's Hospitals; on Dr. Williams's Trust a member of the Audit and Glasgow College Committees. 230 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 211. Frederick Nettlefold, Esq. 1867— . Educated at Hove House School, Brighton ; a member of Carter Lane Chapel, and, on its removal to Islington, one of the founders of the Carter Lane Mission, which was formed to continue the schools which had been long connected with the old chapel. Mr. Nettlefold was for many years Treasurer of the Sunday School Association, and, on his retirement from that office, he was made the first President of the Society. He is a member of the Presbyterian Board, and one of the managers of the Aged Ministers' Society ; a member of the Audit Com mittee on Dr. Williams's Trust. 212. Rev. Peter William Clayden. 1869- . Born in 1827 at Wallingford, and brought up amongst the Independents. His father and his grandfather (of Peyton Hall, near Clavering) were active supporters of Independent churches, and a maternal ancestor named Greene was an evangelical hymn-writer. He received his education under the Rev. William Oram, an Independent minister. At the age of twenty-two he began to travel for the Anti-State-Church Association, forming local committees, and obtaining sub scriptions. About that time he became a member of the church of the Rev. William Forster, of Kentish Town, the well-known Liberal Independent minister, who afterwards founded the "Free Christian Church," of which Mr. Clayden, who seceded with him, was one of the earliest members. Mr. Clayden was the minister of the church from 1868 to 1883. He undertook the office of a Unitarian minister in 1855, and was settled at Boston (1855-59), Rochdale (1859), and Not tingham (1860-68) ; at the last-named place he was brought forward by the Liberal Association as a candidate for a seat in Parliament, in opposition to the late Mr. Bernal Osborne. Mr. Clayden is the author of "England under Lord Beaconsfield," DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 231 published in 1880, and of " Samuel Sharpe, Egyptologist and Translator of the Bible," published in 1883. He has been for many years a leader-writer on the Daily News. 213. Rev. James Drummond, B.A., LL.D. 1870- . A son of the late Rev. W. H. Drummond, D.D., of Dublin. Educated at Trinity College, where he graduated B.A. in 1855, and subsequently at Manchester New College (1856-59). For nine years co-pastor with the late Rev. William Gaskell, of Cross Street Chapel, Manchester (1860-69) ; Professor at Manchester New College, London, since 1870, and now elected Principal in succession to Dr. Martineau. Author of a volume of sermons on Christian Faith and Life, 1870, and of the Jewish Messiah, a Critical History of the Messianic Idea among the Jews, 1877. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him in 1882 by Trinity College, Dublin. On Dr. Williams's Trust a member of the Glasgow College and Book Committees. 214. Lindsey Middleton Aspland, Esq., M.A., LL.D. 1870- . A son of the late Rev. Robert Brook Aspland (No. 196). After a distinguished career as a student at University College, London, where he graduated M.A. and LL.D., and after some years' practice as a Special Pleader, obtaining a Certificate of Honour in 1865, he was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1868 and goes the Northern Circuit. On the Trust he is a member of the Glasgow College Committee. 215. Thomas Clemens Watson, Esq. 1870-75. Not being able to attend he retired from the Trust in 1875. Prime Warden of the Fishmongers' Company iii 1878—79. 232 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 216. Rev. James Thornely Whitehead. 1871- . Grandson of Rev. Joseph Bealey, who was the minister of the Old Presbyterian Chapel at Ainsworth, Lancashire, from 1781 to 1786, and from 1791 to 1813 ; and son of the Rev. James Whitehead, minister of the same chapel from 1817 to 1858. Educated at Manchester New College (1850-56), minister at Altrincham (1857—59), at Ainsworth (1859-70), and at the Gravel Pit Chapel, Hackney, and a member of the Presbvterian Board since 1870. 217. William Shaen, Esq., M.A. 1872. Solicitor. The youngest son of the late Samuel Shaen, Esq., of Hatfield Peverel, Essex, who was one of the first Nonconformists made county magistrates after the repeal in 1828 of the Test and Corporation Acts. A descendant, through the maternal line, of Nathaniel Neal (No. 59), of Daniel Neal, author of the "History of the Puritans," and of John Hollis (No. 36). He graduated B.A. at the London University with classical honours in 1840, and on taking the degree of M.A. in 1842 won the gold medal in Philosophy. Elected Fellow of University College in 1846. Secretary from 1848 to 1858 to the Graduates' Committee, which was formed for the purpose of obtaining a permanent building for the University of London, the right of returning a member to Parliament, and a voice for the graduates in the government of the institution. Clerk to the Convocation of the University during the first ten years of its existence (1858-68). A member of the Senate since 1880. A constant supporter of the movement in the interest of women students which resulted in the Supplemental Charter of 1878, whicli declares that thenceforth " all the powers and provisions relating to the granting of degrees and certificates of proficiency " contained in the Charter of 1858 " shall be read and construed as applying to women as well as men," and which was followed DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 233 by the resolution of Convocation in 1882, " that female graduates be admitted to Convocation." Mr. Shaen was a member of the committee which in 1848, with the aid of the late Mrs. Reid, established the Bedford College, London, for ladies, with the management of which he has ever since been connected, occupying for some years the position of chairman of the council. He took an active interest in the formation of the London School of Medicine for Women; assisted in the establishment of Girton College, Cambridge, Newnham College, Cambridge, and Somerville Hall, Oxford, of which, at the first meeting of the members after its incorporation, he was elected an honorary life member in recognition of his services. Mr. Shaen was solicitor for the Bishop of Natal in his successful appeal in 1863 against the pretended sentence of deposition and deprivation for heresy which had been pronounced by the Synod of " the Church of South Africa." In 1869-71 he was solicitor to the Rev. Charles Voysey on his prosecution for heresy in the Provincial Court of York, and afterwards on appeal before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Mr. Shaen has been a life member of University Hall since 1856, and a member of the Council since 1868. A member of the managing committee of the Royal Normal College and Academy for the Blind, which he assisted in establishing in 1871 ; and an active supporter of other institutions and objects of a philanthropic, political, and professional nature. On Dr. Williams's Trust he is a member of the Estates Committee. 218. Rev. Jeffery Worthington, B.A. 1875-84. Born in 1834. A pupil of the late Rev. Dr. Beard and the Rev. Henry Green, M.A. A student of the Owen's College, Manchester, during its earliest sessions. After an interval of some years devoted to literature, he studied theology at Man chester New College, London, under the late Rev. John James Tayler, B.A. (1861-64) and the Rev. Dr. Martineau. He was 234 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. for the next nine years minister of the Old Presbyterian Chapel, Bolton-le-Moors, in succession to the late Rev. Franklin Baker, M.A., whose name has acquired a new celebrity through the recent elevation of his nephew to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. In 1873 Mr. Worthington left Bolton, and after a short time spent on the Continent, in 1874 succeeded the Rev. T. L. Marshall (No. 188) as the minister of the Effra Road Chapel, Brixton. The new Victoria University, on its first degree day (Nov. 1, 1882), conferred on him the degree of B.A. On the Trust he is a member of the Book and Schools Committees. Having left London for Taunton in 1883 he resigned his place on the Trust. 219. Rev. Philip Henry Wicksteed, M.A. 1875- . Second son of the late Rev. Charles Wicksteed, B.A. Born at Leeds in 1844. Named after his ancestor, the Rev. Philip Henry. Educated at the Grammar School at Ruthin, North Wales (1855-60), University College School (1860-61), Man chester New College and University College, London (1861- 67). Graduated M.A. in 1867. Minister at St. Mary's Chapel, Taunton (1867-69) ; at the " Old Chapel," Dukin field (1870-74) ; and at Little Portland Street Chapel, London, since 1874. Translator from the Dutch of " The Bible for Young People," by Port Hooykaas and Kuenen; author of "Dante: Six Sermons," besides some pamphlets and articles. Elected in 1875 a member of the " Society of Dutch Literature at Leyden." On Dr. Williams's Trust a member of the Glasgow College, Book, and Schools Committees. 220. Rev. Joseph Estlin Carpenter, M.A. 1876- Son of William B. Carpenter, Esq., C.B., M.D., F.R.S. On completing his academical course at University College and Manchester New College, London, in 1866, he was elected pastor DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 235 of the Oakfield Road Church, Clifton, whence he removed in 1869 to Leeds, where he was minister of the Mill Hill Chapel for six years. Joint translator with Mr. Russell Martineau of Ewald's " History of Israel," five vols. (1871-74) ; author of " The Life and AVork of Mary Carpenter," 1879 ; " The Obligations of the New Testament to Buddhism," &c. Pro fessor at Manchester New College since October, 1875. 221. William Arthur Sharpe, Esq. 1878- . Solicitor. A great nephew of Samuel Rogers the poet (No. 119 supra), and a nephew of the late Mr. Samuel Sharpe (No. 188). A member of the Audit Committee; Hon. Secre tary and Treasurer of Little Portland Street Chapel ; and Secretary of the Hackney College Fund, otherwise called The Liberal Dissenters' Endowment Fund. 222. Stephen Seaward Tayler, Esq. 1880— . Grandson of Wager Tayler, who was the elder brother of the Rev. James Tayler (No. 123). Their mother, the wife of Richard Tayler, of Charing Cross, was a Huguenot refugee. Wager Tayler married a French Protestant lady — a sister of Artaud the artist, one of whose paintings (a portrait of Dr. Kippis) is in Dr. Williams's library. Their second son, who married a Welsh lady, was the father of the subject of this note. For four generations the family have been connected with the Stamford Street congregation. Mr. S. S. Tayler has been a member of the Presbyterian Board since 1857, as his elder brother, father, and grandfather had been. For many years he has been on the Committee of the London District Unitarian Society, taking an active part in the formation of new churches, such as those at Croydon, Peckham, Stepney, Stratford, Nottiug Hill, Wandsworth, &c. He is a vice- president and the treasurer of the British and Foreign Uni- 236 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. tarian Association, and takes an active interest in philanthropic and benevolent institutions. On Dr. Williams's Trust he is a member of the Estates Committee. 223. William Blake Odgers, Esq., M.A., LL.D., F.S.S. 1884- . Barrister-at-Law of the Middle Temple and Western Circuit, and a member of the Board of Legal Studies at Cambridge. Son of the late Rev. W. J. Odgers, formerly of Bath. Educated at University College, London, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, at each of which he won high distinctions. Graduated in 1871 as a Wrangler and took Honours in the Classical Tripos, having previously obtained the Exhibition in English Honours at the London first B.A. Examination. Called to the Bar in November, 1873. In 1879 he read a thesis in the Law Schools at Cambridge on " Judge-made Law," on account of which the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him. Author of a " Digest of the Law of Libel and Slander" (1881). Examiner for the Law Tripos and for the Chancellor's Medal for Legal Studies at Cambridge for the years 1882-84. A Fellow of the Statis tical Society, and for some years the Treasurer of the Sunday School Association. 224. Philip Meadows Martineau, Esq. 1885- . Of Littleworth, Esher, and Christian Street, London, and of the Middle Temple, barrister-at-law ; born in 1831 ; son of Charles Martineau, of Tulse Hill, and grandson of David Martineau (No. 156), and on the mother's side of William Peard Jillard, of Oakhill, Somerset, whose father and grand father were well-known Presbyterian ministers in the West of England. He was educated at Hove House School, Brighton, and at University College, London, where he graduated B.A. and LL.B. ; is a Justice of the Peace for the Liberty of the Tower, and for the County of Middlesex; Treasurer of the DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 237 London Domestic Union ; School Board Manager and Poor Law Guardian for Saint George's East ; was for many years a partner in the firm of David Martineau and Sons, sugar refiners ; married in 1861 to Fanny, daughter of Septimus Dowson, of Great Yarmouth. 238 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. THE PBESBYTERIAN COLLEGE, THE PARADE, CARMARTHEN, Originated by the Rev. Samuel Jones, M.A., some time a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, Incumbent of Llangynwyd, Glamorganshire, one of the 2,000 Ministers ejected from their benefices in 1662 on the passing of the Act of Uniformity ; and maintained since 1698 by the Presbyterian Board for the education of students preparing for the Ministry amongst Nonconformists. It possesses a Library and Philosophical apparatus, partly the bequest of a clergyman (p. 19), and Scholarships to the value of £150 per annum. It was affiliated in 1842 with the London University by Royal Warrant, and was thus the first College from which resi dents in Wales graduated in Arts. PRINCIPAL, Rev. G. Vance Smith, B.A. (Lond.), Ph.D., D.D. Subjects : Hebrew, New Testament Greek, Plato, the Apology of Socrates, and other subjects. THEOLOGICAL PROFESSOR, Rev. D. E. Jones, M.A. (Glasg.) Subjects: Bib. Literature, Eccl. Hist., Homiletics, Butler's Analogy, Science, and other subjects. CLASSICAL PROFESSOR, Walter Jenkin Evans, M.A. (Oxon.) Subjects : The Latin and Greek Classics, Modern Languages, Logic, and other subjects. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 239 DB. WILLIAMS'S SCHOLABSIIIPS AT CARMARTHEN COLLEGE. These Scholarships or Exhibitions are payable under an Order of the Charity Commissioners. They are four in number, of the value of £25 each. According to present regulations they are entrance Scholarships and tenable for two years only. Under these conditions they do not work well, and should be placed under new regulations. For further details see p. 79. DB. WILLIAMS'S SCHOLABSHIPS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. These are usually seven in number, of the value of £40 per annum each, and tenable for three years. Candidates must be natives of South Britain, preparing for the Ministry amongst Protestant Dissenters, not under 16 years of age, and intending to go through the undergraduate curriculum so as to take the degree of M.A. at the end of the third session. They are required to pass a satisfactory examination in the following subjects : — LATIN., Livy — 21st Book. Sallust — The Jugurthine War. Virgil — The Georgics, 1st Book. and iEneid, 1st Book. Horace — Odes, 1st Book. Latin Composition. Greek and Roman History and Antiquities. GREEK. Homer's Iliad — 1st Book. Herodotus — 8th Book. MATHEMATICS. Euclid — First Six Books. Plane Trigonometry. Algebra, including Quadratic Equations. The examination is conducted at Dr. Williams's Library early in October. Particulars may be obtained from the secretary. See pp. 89, 90. 240 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. DB. WILLIAMS'S DIVINITY SCHOLARSHIPS. These are open to graduates only who are desirous of pur suing their studies two years longer in such school of Theology, at home or abroad, as the Trustees may select or approve of. They are usually of the value of £50 per annum. Candidates must pass a satisfactory examination in the following sub jects : — BIBLICAL KNOWLEDGE. Translation of the Book of Deuteronomy (Hebrew), with grammatical analysis. History, Geography and Antiquities of the Old Testament. Translation from the Greek of the New Testament. New Testament History and Geography. CLASSICS. Translation into English of passages from Greek and Latin authors, with grammatical analysis. Latin Prose composition. HISTORY. General History of Europe, from the beginning of the six teenth century. MENTAL PHILOSOPHY. Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding. Sir William Hamilton's Lectures on Metaphysics. J. S. Mill's Examination of Hamilton. POLITICAL ECONOMY. J. S. Mill's Principles of Political Economy. J. E. Cairnes' Some Leading Principles of Political Economy. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 241 DB. WILLIAMS'S ENDOWED SCHOOL AT DOLGELLEY FOR THE EDUCATION OF GIRLS. A scheme of the Endowed Schools Commissioners for the management of Dr. Williams's Trust was approved by Her Majesty in Council, on the 28th of June, 1875. At that time certain fixed annuities given by the Founder's •will, or authorized by Orders of the Court of Chancery, were paid by the Trustees for the education of children at Wrexham, Llanbrynmair, Holywell, Denbigh, Pont Dolgadfan, Holyhead, and Llanuwchllyn in North Wales, and at Chelmsford in Essex, together with variable periodical sums for books for the learners and for apprenticing some of them to useful trades. The scheme declares that such part of the Endowment of the Trust as is not an Educational Endowment within the meaning and scope of the Endowed Schools Act, 1869, shall continue to be managed and to be applied as theretofore. It repealed and abrogated all the particulars [provisions of the Founder's Will] which by sec. 46 of the Act were capable of being repealed and abrogated by that scheme, so far as related to the management of the School branch of the Trust, and directed the Trustees (1) to pay £55 a year to a teacher at Wrexham, unless and until otherwise directed by a scheme to be framed by the Charity Commissioners [which has not yet been framed] , and (2) to pay the residue of the income of the School branch of the Trust to the Governing body of the School at Dolgelley constituted by that scheme, for the education of not less than 80 girls in manner therein prescribed. It provides that religious opinions shall not in any way affect the qualification of any person for being a Trustee, or for being a Governor of the School, and contains analogous provisions in regard to the Scholars. R 242 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. Six of the Governors are to be nominated by the Trustees, and four by the School Board of Dolgelley. At least two of the former and one of the latter must be women. The Scholars are to be between the ages of 7 and 16, and must pass an entrance examination. The course of Secular instruction, besides the usual subjects of Elementary Education, comprises English Literature. Drawing. Vocal Music. Needlework. Domestic Economy, including Cookery and the Laws of Health. Natural Science, and Some Modern European Language. With power to the Governors to add other subjects. Scholarships, Exhibitions, and other pecuniary emoluments are provided for in the scheme. The School stands in its own ground of two acres, a short distance out of the town, and is beautifully situated. The foundation stone was laid in September, 1876, by Mrs. Holland, of Caerdeon, in the presence of a numerous company, and the ceremony was concluded with a special prayer by the Rev. Canon Lewis, Rector of Dolgelley, now the Dean of Bangor. The School was opened in the following year, and the build ing has since been considerably enlarged. It now accommo dates 40 Boarders and 40 Day Pupils. Fees. On Entrance - - - 5s. Day Pupils - - - - £4 per annum. Weekly Boarders - - - £26 „ Boarders .... £30 }> ^ Pianoforte Tuition is charged extra. DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. 243 THE GOVERNORS OF THE SCHOOL. Samuel Holland, Esq., m.p., of Caerdeon, Dolgelley, Chair man. Henry Robertson, Esq., m.p., of Pale Hall, Corwen. Walter D. Jeremy, Esq., m.a., of Lincoln's Inn, London, Barrister- at-Law. David Davis, Esq., j.p., Arthog, Barmouth (deceased). Maria Griffith, the wife of William Griffith, Esq., of Glyn, Dolgelley. Martha Beale, the wife of Wm. John Beale, Esq., of Bryn- tirion, Dolgelley (deceased). Ellen Owen Jones, the wife of William Jones, Esq., of Penmaen House, Dolgelley. Ann Holland, the wife of Samuel Holland, Esq., m.p., of Caerdeon (deceased). Edward Walker, Esq., of Dolgelley, Solicitor (deceased). Rev. E. T. Watts, m.a., one of H.M.'s Inspectors of Schools (resigned). Miss Elizabeth Mary Roberts, of Frondirion, Dolgelley. William John Beale, Esq., j.p., Bryntirion (deceased). Edward Jones, Esq., m.d., j.p., Dolgelley. Edward Griffith, Esq., j.p., Springfield, Dolgelley. Miss Elizabeth Sarah Beale, Bryntirion. John Ernest Greaves, Esq., j.p., Plasnewydd, Festiniog. Dr. Williams's School Endowment at Wrexham. Under the scheme mentioned in page 241 a sum of £55 a year is paid by Dr. Williams's Trustees for the education of about 35 children at the British School at Wrexham, pend ing a contemplated scheme of the Charity Commissioners for dealing with the educational endowments of that town. R 2 244 DR. WILLIAMS'S TRUST. DB. WILLIAMS'S LIBRABY, 14, GRAFTON STREET, GOWER STREET, LONDON. It contains about 35,000 volumes of printed books, 500 volumes of MSS., and numerous portraits, chiefly of Noncon formist worthies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is maintained primarily as a Theological Library, but consists for the most part of works which are ancillary to theological and cognate studies. The Library is free, and is open every week-day from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., except on Saturday, when it is closed at 2 p.m., and except during August, Christmas week, Good Friday, and Bank holidays. Under certain restrictions books may be lent. A large number of gentlemen, whose names may be seen at the Library, are privileged to introduce Readers. For other information see pp. 91—94. INDEX. Abney, Sir Thomas, 115, 122 Academies, &c., 12 -16 Adee, William, 116 Aikenhead, Thomas, 96, 97 Aikin, Dr. John, 14, 41, 57, 58 Akenside, Mark, 17 Allen, Dr. John, 2, 133 Alsop, M.A., Vincent, 12, 29 Amory, Dr. Thomas, 4, 14, 49,138, 16 Anderson, Dr. James, 102 Andrews, Joseph, 140 Annesley, Dr. Samuel, 23, 109 Anstruther, Lord, 97, 98, 99 Archer, John, 120 Archer, Joseph, 120 Aspland, Algernon Sydney, 216 Aspland, Dr., 10, 31, 91 Aspland, Robert, 6, 185 Aspland, M.A., Rob. B., 6, 91, 219 Ashwoith, Dr. Caleb, 14, 50 Atkinson, Benjamin A., 6 Attercliffe Academy, 24, 25 Avery, Dr. Benjamin, 130 Ball, Jacob, 13, 37, 122 Barbauld, R., 178 Barbauld, Mrs., 59, 152 Barclay, Dr. Archibald, 191 Barker, John, 2, 3, 127, 144 Barker, John Raymond, 173, 211 Barker, Matthew, 31 Barkstead, Colonel, 117 Barkstead, Frances, 117 Barnes, Dr. Thomas, 15, 36, 69 Barrett, Joseph, 6, 181 Barrington, Lord, 131, 132 Bassnet, Samuel, 33 Bates, Dr. Isaac, 82 Bates, M.A., Isaac, 115 Baumgarten, Professor, 146 Bayes, John, 3 Bayes, Joshua, 124 Beaconsfield, Lord, 190 Beale, W. J., Dolgelly, 243 Beale, Mrs. ,, 243 Beale, Miss E. S., ,, 243 Belsham, Thomas, 14, 51, 64, 179 Benion, Dr. Samuel, 13, 35, 111 Benson, George, 2, 17, 43, 132, 145, 147 Bentley, John, 184 Berman Scholarships, 79 Billio, Robert, 144 Bishop of St. David's, 19 Blackett, John, 9 Blackstone, Sir William, 157 Blackburne, Archdeacon, 129 Boucher, John, 6, 210 Bowden, William, 153 Brand, Thomas, 12, 22, 129 Broadbent, W., 14, 67 Brown, Simon, 4 Browne, Stephen W., 7 Brough, George, 167 Bryan, Dr. John, 33 Brynllywarch Academy, 21 Busk, Edward, 9, 197, 198 Bosk, Hans, 198 Busk, Henry W., 197 Busk, Jacob Hans, 197, 206 Busk, Sir Wadsworth, 165, 197 Bures, Thomas, 3 Butcher, Edmund, 4, 177 Butler, Bishop, 39, 137, 146 246 INDEX. Calamy, Dr. Edmund, 1, 17, 18, 104 Calamy, Edmund, 135 Calamy, Edmund, 171 Calamy, Michael, 172 Canton, Mr., 151 Capel, M., 35, 103 Cappe, Newcombe, 17 Carmarthen, 18, 38 Carmarthen College, affiliated with the London University in 1842, 20, 238 Carpenter, M.A., J. E., 91, 234 Carpenter, Dr. Lant, 218, 219, 222 Carpenter, Nathaniel, 142 Carpenter, Dr. W. B., 234 Carpenter, Miss Mary, 226 Case, M.A., William A., 91, 215 Centenary Celebration, 190 Chamberlain, Joseph, 9 Champion, Alexander, 169 Chandler, Henry, 136 Chandler, Dr. Samuel, 4, 39, 136 Chapman, Edwin, 206 Chauncey, Dr., 55 Chitty, Joseph, 138 Chorlton, John, 13, 36 Clark, Samuel, 13, 44 Clark, B.A., Samuel, 44 Clark, Dr. Samuel, 44, 46, 144 Clayden, Peter W., 230 Clayton, John, 4 Clayton, Dr. Nicholas, 14, 57, 64 Clenell, JohnC, 10 Clinton, Lady, 35 Clive, Lord, 62, 63 Coates, John, 5, 180 Cobham, Lord, 120 Cogan, Eliezer, 183 Cogan, Richard, 184 Cogan, Dr. Thomas, 183 Colleges, &c. , 12-16 Colfox, Mrs. William, 202 Collier, Frederick, 10 Collier, Vincent, 10 Collyer, Jonathan, 116 Collyer, Dr. W. Bendigo, 2 Coningham, M.A., James, 36, 13 Conybeare, Dr., 146 Cook, Captain, 57, 156 Cooke, Richard, 11, 167 Cooke, William, 13, 39 Cooper, J. T., 6 Corbett, Paul, 142 Cotton, Bayes, 124 Cotton, M.A., Thomas, 125 Coward, William, 55, 153 Cradoek, Walter, 81 Crombie, Dr. Alex., 189 Ciomwell, Oliver, 118, 120, 175 Crusoe, Timothy, 114 Dalrymple, W., 166 Darch, Kobert, 32, 41 Daventry Academy, 50 Davies, Eev. David, 15, 21, 71, 74 Davies, Rev. Evan, 13, 20, 47, 49 Davies, Philip, 47 Davies, Dr. Wm., 15, 21, 76 Davis, Benjamin, 14, 20, 53, 66 Davis, D. Arthog, Dolgelly, 243 Davis, David, Castle Howell, 52 Davis, Timothy, 15, 21, 73 Davison, M.A., David, 4, 11, 90, 91, 191, 196 Davison, Dr. Samuel, 15, 21, 75 Darwin, Charles, 215 Davy, Sir Humphry, 60 Denham, Joseph, 4 Dickens, Charles, 202 Disney, Dr., 129, 177 Dixon, Dr. Thomas, 13, 42 Doddridge, Dr., 13, 44, 46, 50, 144, 170 Dodson, Michael, 154 Dolgelley Endowed School, 241 Doolittle, M.A., T., 7, 12, 30, 32, 113 Downer, Swan, 180 Downing, Sir George, 117 Drummond, Dr. James, 91, 231 Dunn, John, 145 Eames, John, 13, 43 Earle, Dr. Jabez, 5, 123 Ely, Talfourd, 210 Enfield, Dr., 14, 57, 63 Enfield, Edward, 217 Esdaile, Sir James, 176 Esdaile, James, 11, 182 Esdaile, James, junr., 9, 11, 189 Esdaile, William, 176 INDEX. 247 Evans, D. L., 16, 21, 77 Evans, Dr. John, 2, 5, 29, 110 Evans, Titus, 78 Evans, William, 13, 18, 20, 37, 44 Evans, M.A., Walter J., 16, 21, 78 Evelyn, Mr., 32, 113 Exeter Academy, 55 Fairfax, Benjamin, 217 Fairfax, John, 217 Fairfax, Nathaniel, 217 Farmer, Hugh, 138, 153 Farrington, Edmund, 116 Findern Academy, 42, 45 Finlater, Earl of, 138 Flavel, John, 12, 27 Fleming, Dr. Caleb, 2, 165 Fletcher, Thomas, 145 Flexman, Dr. Roger, 170 Foley, Paul, 35, 103 Forbes, M.A., James, 12, 26 Fordyce, Dr. James, 7 Foister, John Reinhold, 57 Foster, Sir Michael, 154 Fox, Mrs. Bridell, 193 Fox, W. J., 192 Francis, Henry, 39 Frankland, M.A., Richard, 12, 24, 25 Franklin, Benjamin, 48, 187 Fryer, Sir John, 122, 130 Furneaux, Philip, 134, 138, 157 Geary, John S., 193 Gell, Sir John, 34, 35, 103 Gentleman, Robert, 14, 20, 66 Gerrard, Colonel, 110 Gibbs, Philip, 3, 127, 145 Gibson, James, 164, 189 Gibson, Thomas Field, 10, 11 Gifford, Dr. Andrew, 39 Godwin, Edward, 3, 11, 139 Godwin, William, 139 Good, William, 1 Goodwin, Thomas, 12, 27, 28 Goidon, John, 97 Greaves, J. E., Festiniog, 243 Grew, Dr. Obadiah, 33 Griffith, Edward, Dolgelly, 243 Griffith, Roger, 13, 17, 18, 20, 33, 37 Griffith, W., Dolgelly, 243 Griffith, Mrs., Dolgelly, 243 Griffiths, Vavasor, 13, 20, 45, 47 Grosvenor, Dr. Benjamin, 1, 25, 124 Grove, Henry, 13, 29, 32, 42, 143 Guill, George, 119 Hackney College, 68 Hall, Bishop, 141 Ham, Jas. Panton, 220 Harris, Dr. Rice, 5, 169 Harris, Solomon, 14, 18, 20, 67 Harris, Dr. William, 2, 94, 113 Harrison, Ralph, 15, 69, 70 Hartford, Emanuel, 32 Hatherley, Lord, 205 Hawkins, Isaac, 13, 42 Haverfordwest, Academy at, 18 Hazlitt, William, 68 Heineken, N. Samuel, 181 Heineken, N. Thomas, 181 Henry, Matthew, 33, 106, 144 Henry, Philip, 35, 107 Heywood, James, 222 Heywood, Nathaniel, 222 Higginson, Edward, 16, 21, 77, 220 Hill, Thomas, 13, 42, 45 Hoare, Sir Richard, 204 Hodge, Dr. John, 1, 55, 141, 142, 144 Holland, Mrs., Caerdeon, 243 Holland, M.P., Samuel, Caerdeon, 243 Holies, Lord Denzil, 32, 113 Hollingworth, Philip, 139 Hollis, John, 128, 132 Hollis, Nathaniel, 128 Hollis, Thomas, 128, 132 Hollis, Thomas Brand, 177 Hollis, Timothy, 129 Holmes, Thomas, 11, 148 Holt, John, 14, 57, 58 Holt, Richard, 185 Honeywood, Fraser, 120 Honejwood, Isaac, 120 Honeywood, Sir John, 120 Hcppus, John, 6 Horsey, John, 1 5, 64, 70 Horsley, Mr., 45 248 INDEX. Hort, Archbishop, 29 Houghton, John, 63 Houghton, Lord, 194 Houghton, Pendlebury, 1, 14, 57, 63, 218 Howe, John, 103, 114 Howell, William, 15, 20, 69 Hoxton Academy, 55 Hughes, George, 130 Hughes, Dr. Obadiah, 1, 11, 130 Hughes, Stephen, 26 Hughes, William, 3, 179 Humboldt, Baron von, 204 Hume, David, 151 Hunt, Dr. Jeremiah, 29, 131 Hunt, John, 30, 144 Hunt, William, 3, 12, 30, 144 Hunter, Stephenson, 16, 21, 76 Hunter, Dr. H. Julian, 204 Hutton, M.A., Hugh, 6 Hutton, Dr. Joseph, 6 Ierson, M.A., Henry, 6, 91, 221 Jacomb, Robert, 2 James, Stephen, 13, 32, 41, 163 Jebb, Dr. John, 177 Jeffries, Edward, 171 Jenkins, Dr., 14, 20, 51, 52, 88 Jennings, Dr. David, 14, 41, 51 Jennings, John, 13, 41, 51 Jervis, Thomas, 1, 5, 55, 143, 172, 195 Jeremy, Walter D., 10, 11, 91, 215, 243 Johnston, Ebenezer, 9 Johnston, Ebenezer, 180, 209 Johnston, William, 180 Jollie, Timothy, 12, 25, 40 Jones, M.A., D. E., 16, 21, 77 Jones, D. L., 15, 21, 74 Jones, Jenkin, 21, 54 Jones Jeremiah, 13, 39, 44 Jones, Dr. John, 15, 21, 71, 194, 195 Jones, John, Vicar of Shephill, 18, 19 Jones, M.D., Edward, Dolgelly, 243 Jones, M.A., Rees J., 16, 21, 77 Jones, Richard, 1, 170 Jones, M.A. , Samuel, Brynllywarch, 12, 17, 20, 21 Jones, Samuel, Tewkesbury, 13,39, 137, 139 Jones, Samuel, Capel Sion, 150 Jones, Messrs. S. and W. Bankers, 62 Jones, W., Penmaen, Dolgelly, 243 Jones, Mrs., Penmaen, 243 Jortin, Dr., 177 Joyce, Jeremiah, 179 Kennett, Bishop, 118 Kenrick, Edward, 87, 153 Kenrick, George, 202 Kenrick, John, 65, 65 Kenrick, Timothy, 14, 65, 202 Kerr, Dr., 12, 23, 23 King, Lord Chancellor, 146 Kippis, Dr., 1, 14, 14, 56, 68, 138, 154 Kirby, Joshua, 198 Kortholt, Dr., 146 Lamb, Charles, 164 Lambe, James, 140 Lambe, Mrs., 140 Lammas Street Chapel, Carmarthen, ( Lane, John, 5, 188 Langford, Dr., 3, 4, 147 Langley, Dr., 32 Langstone, John, 12, 27 Lardner, Dr., 113, 131, 140, 15 Lardner, Richard, 140 Latham, Dr., 13, 42, 45 Latour, M., 57 Laud, Archbishop, 147 Laugher, Timothy, 156 Law, Dr., 146 Lawrence, M.P., Sir J. C, 10, 226 Lawrence, Dr. Samuel, 7, 135 Lawrence, Alderman W., 9 Leavesley, Thomas, 4, 132 Le Breton, M.A., Philip, 207 Le Breton, Philip H., 208 Le Breton, Mrs. Philip H, 178 Leighton, Dr., 147 Lessingham, Samuel, 125 Lewis, George, 1 5 Library, Dr. Williams's, 84, 91, 244 Lincolne, Abraham, 199 INDEX. 249 Lindsay, Dr. James, 7, 135, 173 Lindsey, Theophilus, 177 Lister, Daniel N, 9, 115 Lister, Isaac Solly, 9, 10 Lister, Dr. William, 190 Lloyd, David, Brynllefrith, 54 Llojd, Dr. David, 15, 21, 68, 74 Lloyd, Dr. Richard, 63 Lloyd, Thomas, 14, 20, 68 Llwynllwyd, Academy at, 18 Llwynrhydowen, 21, 53 Lobb, Stephen, 12, 28, 31 Locke, John, 98 Long, Dr. George, 12, 29 Lorimer, M.A., William, 95, 102 Lort, Lady, 35 Lowman, Moses, 134 Loyd, Lewis, the Banker, 62, 67, 68 Lucas, Thomas, 157 Macaulay, Lord, on Thos. Aikenhead, 96 Madge, Thomas, 199, 200 Malleson, B.A., James P., 5, 193, 221 Manchester College, 69, 72, 214, 218, 231, 235 Manning, James, 210 Manning, Serjeant, 210 Mansfield, Lord, 160, 162 Mansion House, built with fines imposed on Dissenters, 161 Mardon, M.A., Benjamin, 205 Marshall, Thomas L., 4, 6, 11, 212 Martineau, David, 9, 195, 229 Martineau, David, junr., 228 Martineau, Dr., 91, 217 Martineau, Gaston, 195 Martineau, George, 228 Martineau, Harriet, 175 Martineau, Philip Meadows, 236 Martineau, Richard, 9, 212 Mason, John, 155 Mauduit, Isaac, 142 Mauduit, Israel, 142 Mauduit, Jasper, 11, 142 Mauduit, John, 142 Maurice, Henry, 26 Maurice, Michael, 68 Maurice, Professor, 68 May, William, 141 Mayo, M.A., Daniel, 3, 124 Mayo, Richard, 124 Mayo, Samuel, 125 Meadows, John, 195, 204, 217 Meadows, Philip, 195 Meath, Countess of, 81 Merac, Moses Laporte, 11, 181 Merivale, Samuel, 55, 155 Merrel, Joshua, 106 Merrel, Zachary, 109, 203 Michaelis, Professor, 146 Milner, Dr. John, 8 Milnes, M.P., Richard S., 198 Mole, Thomas, 39 Monkwell Street Chapel, 7, 8, 30 Moore, John, 13, 37, 44, 137 Moore, Mr., 45 Morgan, Arthur, 152 Morgan, Dr. Thomas, 4, 15, 49, 69, 171 Morgan, F.R.S., William, 152 Morgan, William, Carmarthen, 16, 21, 76 Morton, Dr. Charles, 116 Morton, M. A., Charles, 114 Morton, John, 116 Mottershed, John, 136 Mottershed, Joseph, 36, 61 Mount, John, 164 Mount, William, 11, 134, 164 Munkley, John, 2, 11, 130, 133 Neal, Daniel, 28, 112, 140 Neal, Nathaniel, 140 Needham, F. M., 228 Nettlefold, Edward John, 10 Nettlefold, Frederick, 10, 230 Netterville, J. E., 9 Newcombe, Henry, 36 Newman, John, 2, 128 Newman, Thomas, 6, 138 Newton, Sir Isaac, 43 Nicholas, Dr., 15, 21, 75 Nicholson, Samuel, 190 Odgers, Dr., 236 Ogden, Edmund, 142 Ogden, Samuel, 35 Oldcastle, Sir John, 120 INDEX. Oldfield, Dr., 13, 33, 34, 102 Oram, William, 230 Orton, Job, 46, 140 Osier, LL.B., T. S., 227 Oswestry Academy, 25 Owen, Dr. Charles, 25, 32, 153 Owen, James, 12, 21, 25, 35 Owen, Hugh, 153 Paget, Lord, 110 Paice, Joseph, 152, 163 Paice, Nathaniel, 152, 164 Palmer, John, 2, 15, 21, 74, 164 Palmer, Samuel, 24, 144, 183 Pearsall, Richard, 39 Pendlebury, William, 63 Penry, John, 167 Percival, Dr. , 222 Perrott, Thomas, 13, 20, 38, 44 Peter, David, 15, 21, 70, 71 Pett, Dr. Samuel, 190 Pett, Samuel, 204 Philips, Dr. Nathaniel, 178 Pickard, Edward, 6, 11, 138, 148, 170 Pickbourne, James, 181 Pickering, M.A., Roger, 3 Plimpton, Alexander, 9 Polb.il], Nathaniel, 170 Pope, Michael, 3, 143 Porter, Andrew, Q.C., M.P., 199 Porter, John Scott, 6, 78, 169, 198 Porter, Hon. William, 199 Potticary, John, 189, 219 Powell, Vavasor, 110 Piaed, William Mackworth, 55 Presbyterian College, South Wales, 17 Presbyterians, English, Introd. vi.-ix. Presbyterian, a nickname for a wind- guard, Introd., viii. Preston, Joseph Thomas, 10 Price, Rice, 18, 20, 150 Price, Dr. Richard, 18, 137, 138, 150 Price, Samuel, 150 Priestley, Dr., 14, 50, 57, 59, 157 Prior, Dr. William, 4, 17, 147' Pringle, Sir John, 156 Pugh, Philip, of Cilgwyn, 21, 53 Radcliffe, Ebenezer, 2, 165 Rathmel Academy, 24 Raymond, John, 171, 173, 211 Rayner, M.A., Edward, 34 Read, Henry, 5, 135 Read, James, 2, 115 Rees, Dr. Abraham, 4, 5, 11, 14, 15, 56, 68, 167 Rees, Josiah, 14, 20, 53, 67, 102 Rees, Lewis, 88 Rees, Dr. Thomas, 5, 6, 11, 67, 182 Register of Baptisms at Dr. Williams's Library, 93 Reynolds, Rev. Thomas, 4, 5, 114 Rhydygorse, Academy at, 66 Risley, Thomas, 12, 32, 55 Roberts, Miss, Dolgelly, 243 Robertson, M.P., Henry, Pale, 243 Robertson, Professor, 156 Robins, Thomas, 14, 51, 64 Robinson, Benjamin, 3, 13, 34, 109 Robinson, Henry Crabb, 209 Robinson, John R., 228 Rogers, Samuel, 172, 176, 206 Rogers, Thomas, 172 Rose, John De la, 25 Rotheram, Dr. Caleb, 13, 43, 46, 56 Rotheram, Dr, John, 46 Rowe, Benion, 28 Rowe, M.A., John, 28 Rowe, Thomas, 12, 28 Ruck, James, 124 Russell, Lady, 126 Russell, Lord James, 126 Russell, Lord Robert, 126 Russell, M.A., Thomas, 208 Sadlor, Dr., 4, 210 Saunderson, Professor, 25 Savage, Dr. G. Morton, 14, 55, 56, 138 Say, Samuel, 1, 29 Scholarships, Dr. Williams's, 79, 89 Schools, Dr. Williams's, 87, 241-3 Scott, Dr. Daniel, 39 Scott, Russell, 225 Seeker, Archbishop, 39, 137 Seddon, John, 14, 57, 61 Sedgwick, Professor, 223 Servetus, Michael, 147 Shaen, M.A., William, 232 INDEX. 251 Sharpe, Samuel, 91, 213 Sharpe, William A., 233 Sheffield, John, 5 Shelburne, Earl of, 60, 172 Shelley, Mrs. Percy Bysshe, 139 Sheppard, Benjamin, 116, 117 Sheppard, Mary, 116 Sheriff Hales Academy, 25 Sheriffs' Case, 160 Short, M.A., Amos, 30 Short, John, 12, 23, 30 Shrewsbury Academy, 13, 35 Silver Cups bequeathed to Tutors of Carmarthen College, 19 Simon, Richard, 95 Smith, George, 6, 121 Smith, Dr. G. Vance, 16, 21, 77, 216 Smith, Jeremy, 115 Smith, M.A., Matthew, 13, 37 Smith, Thomas, 10 Smith, Dr. William, 91, 211 Smith, M.P., William, 156, 190 Solly, Henry, 6 Solly, Isaac, 180 South, Joseph, 156 Southwell, John, 12, 30 Southwell, Richard, 30 Spademan, M.A., John, 35, 102, 103 Spears, Robert, 6 Spilsbury, Francis, 2, 141 Spilsbury, John, 141 Stedman, Thomas, 140 Stennett, Dr. Joseph, 119 Stennett, Dr. Samuel 119 Stretton, Richard, 37 Students, Rules as to, in 1746, 48 Swansea, Academy at, 18 Sykes, Dr. 177 Tagart, F.S.A., Edward, 201 Tayler, James, 5, 178, 214 Tajler, B.A., John James, 178, 214 Tayler, Nathanael M., 10 Tayler, Richard, 235 Tayler, Robert Wager, 9 Tayler, Stephen Seward, 10, 235 Tayler, Thomas, 6, 14, 54, 169 Tayler, Wager, 235 Taylor, Edgar, 217 Taylor, Professor Edward, 218 Taylor, Dr. John, of Norwich, 57, 128, 218. Taylor, F.R.S., John, of London, 204 Taylor, M.A., Henry, of Portsmouth, 212 Taylor, Nathaniel, 128 Taylor, Philip, of Dublin, 218 Taylor, William, 212 Tewkesbury Academy, 39 Thorn, John Hamilton, 214 Thomas, Samuel, of Carmarthen, 13, 19, 20, 49, 15 Thompson, Pishey, 155 "Three Denominations," The, 93, 168, 182, 183, 211 Toland, John, 17, 34 Tomlins, John, 12, 29 Todhunter, John, 147 Tong, William, 2, 13, 33, 105 Toulmin, Dr., 54 Towers, Dr., 173 Towgood, John, 175, 206 Towgood, Matthew, 170 Turner, William, 55 Tutors, List of, 12-16 Tyrconnel, Earl of, 23 Universities, 12, 15, 17, 75 Urwick, Thomas, 173 Valpy, Edward, 218 Vaughan, Petty, 206 Venning, W. C, 9, 227 Venning, William, 9 Vincent, M.A., TLomas, 30 Wadsworth, Field Sylvester, 41 Wadsworth, Juhn, 13, 40 Wadsworth, Rachael, 198 Wakefield, B.A., Gilbert, 14, 15, 57, 65, 70 Walburgh, Antonio, 11, 133 Walburgh, Edward, 133 Walker, F.R.S., George, 14, 15, 57, 63, 69 252 INDEX. Walton, Christopher, 94 Wansey, John, 11, 175, 193 Wansey, William, 202 Ware, Henry, 129 Warren, Francis, 170 Warren, John, 11, 150, 170 Warren, Rev. John, 106, 170 Warren, LL.B., John, 10, 229 Warren, Matthew, 12, 31, 41 Warren, Thomas Pickard, 9, 171, 211, 229 Warrington Academy, 56 Waters, James, 13, 32, 113 Watson, Thomas C, 231 Watts, Dr. Isaac, 28, 122 Watts, Richard, 120 Welch, John, 124, 140 Welch, Messrs., 172 Wellbeloved, Charles, 15, 73, 78 Wesley, John, 109, 226 Wesley, Samuel, 24 West, Thomas, 11, 139 Wicksteed, B.A., Charles, 234 Wicksteed, M.A., P. H, 91, 234 Williams, Dr. Daniel, 81 Williams, David (Founder of the Lite rary Fund), 48 Williams, Helen Maria, 158 Williams, Dr. John (Founder of the Westminster Library), 91 Williams, Dr. John, 171 Williams, Joseph, 122 Wilton, Samuel, 4 Wind-guards, called Presbyterians, In trod., viii. Winter, Robert, 5 Wood, M.P., Benjamin, 9, 205 Wood, John, 208 Wood, Sir Matthew, 190, 205 Wood, Thomas, 205 Woodhouse, John, 12, 25, 109 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 139 Worsley, John, 227 Worsley, Philip, 205, 227 Worsley, Samuel, 227 Worthington, B.A., Jeffery, 233 Worthington, Hugh, 2, 15, 69, 172 Wright, Robert, 9 Wright, Dr. Samuel, 5, 6, 125 Whewtll, Dr., 223 White, Nathaniel, 4, 169 Whitehead, James T., 6, 232 Wjlde, Timothy, 145 Yallowley, Joseph, 199 Yates, M. A. , James, 6, 200 Yates, John, 53 Young, James, 9 York College, 72 91, 191, Woodfall and Kiuder, Printers, Milford, Lane, Strand, London, W.C. 14, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London; so, South Frederick Street, Edinburgh. CATALOGUE OF SOME WORKS PUBLISHED BY WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. Agnostic's Progress, An, from the Known to the Unknown. 268 pp. Crown 8vo. cloth 5^ Atlantis, the New ; or, Ideals Old and New. Emanating from the Masters of Man belonging to the Great Races, who conducted the past Course of the Civilization, Culture and Education of Humanity. By a Disciple of Buckle. Crown 8vo. cloth 4s 6d Baur (F. C.) Church History of the First Three Centuries. Trans lated from the third German Edition. Edited by the Rev. Allan Menzies. 2 vols. 8vo. 11s Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Baur (F. C.) Paul the Apostle of Jesus Christ, his Life and Work, his Epistles and his Doctrine. A Contribution to the Critical History of Primitive Christianity. Edited by E. Zeller. Translated by Rev. Allan Menzies. a vols. 8vo. cloth 2,1s Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Beard (Rev. Chas.) Lectures on the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in its Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge. Hibbert Lectures, 1883. 8vo. cloth. (Cheap Edition, 4s 6d) ios 6d Beard (Rev. Chas.) Port Royal, a Contribution to the History of Religion and Literature in France. Cheaper Edition, a vols. Crown 8vo. 12* Beard (Rev. Dr. J. R.) The Autobiography of Satan. Crown 8vo. cloth Is 6d Bible for Young People. A Critical, Historical, and Moral Hand-book to the Old and New Testaments. By Dr. H. Oort and Dr. J. Hooykaas, with the assistance of Dr. Kuenen. Translated from the Dutch by the Rev. P. H. Wicksteed. Vols. I. to IV., Old Testament, igs; V. VI., New Testament, 12s. Maps. 6 vols. Crown 8vo. cloth 31s Bleek (F.) Lectures on the Apocalypse. Edited by T. Hossbach. Edited by the Rev. Dr. S. Davidson. 8vo. cloth ios 6d Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Catalogue of some Works Cobbe (Miss F. P.) The Hopes of the Human Race, Hereafter and Here. Essays on the Life after Death. With a Preface having special reference to Mr. Mills' Essay on Religion. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth $s Cobbe (Miss F. P.) Darwinism in Morals, and (13) other Essays. (Religion in Childhood, Unconscious Cerebration, Dreams, the Devil, Auricular Confession, etc. etc.) 400 pp. 8vo. cloth (pub. at ios) 55 Cobbe (Miss F. P.) The Duties of Women. A Course of Lectures delivered in London and Clifton. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth $s Cobbe (Miss F. P.) The Peak in Darien, and other Riddles of Life and Death. Crown 8vo. cloth Js 6d Cobbe (Miss F. P.) Broken Lights. An Inquiry into the Present Condition and Future Prospects of Religious Faith. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth $s Cobbe (Miss F. P.) Dawning Lights. An Inquiry concerning the Secular Results of the New Reformation. 8vo. cloth $s Cobbe (Miss F. P.) Alone to the Alone. Prayers for Theists, by several Contributors, 'third Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, gilt edges $s Corvichen (R.) The Philosophy of all Possible Revelation, &c. Post 8vo. cloth js 6d Davids (T. W. Rhys) Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religions as illustrated by some Points in the History of Indian Buddhism. Hibbert Lectures, 1881. 8vo. cloth ios 6d Echoes of Holy Thoughts : arranged as Private Meditations before a First Communion. Second Edition, with a Preface by the Rev. J. Hamilton Thom, of Liverpool. Printed with red lines. Crown 8vo. cloth 2s 6d Evolution of Christianity, The. By Charles Gill. Second Edition, with Dissertations in answer to Criticism. 8vo. cloth 12s Ewald (Professor H.) Commentary on the Prophets of the Old Tes tament. Translated by the Rev. J. Fred. Smith. Vol. I. Yoel, Amos, Hozea, and Zakharya, 9-11. Vol.11. Yesayah, Obadya, Micha. Vol. III.' Nahum, Sephanya, Habaqquq, Zakharya, "(12-14) Yeremiah. Vol. IV. Hezekiel, Yesaya (40-46) with Translation. Vol. V. Haggai, Zakharya, Malaki, Jona, Baruch, Appendix and Index. Complete in $ vols. 8vo. cloth each ios 6d Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Ewald (Professor H.) Commentary on the Psalms. (Poetical Books of the Old Testament. Part 1.) Translated by the Rev. E. Johnson, M A 2 vols. 8vo. cloth each'ios 6d Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Published by Williams and Norgate. Ewald (Professor H.) Commentary on the Book of Job. (Poetical Books, Part 2.) Translated by the Rev. J. Frederick Smith. 8vo. cloth 105 6d Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Gould (S. Baring) Lost and Hostile Gospels. An Account of the Toledoth Jesher, two Hebrew Gospels circulating in the Middle Ages, and extant fragments of the Gospels of the first three Centuries of Petrine and Pauline origin. By the Rev. S. Baring Gould. Crown 8vo. cloth. Js 6d Hanson (Sir Richard) The Apostle Paul and the Preaching of Christianity in the Primitive Church. By Sir Richard Davis Hanson, Chief Justice of South Australia, Author of " The Jesus of History," " Let ters to and from Rome," etc. 8vo. cloth (pub. at 12s) 7s 6d Hausrath. History of the New Testament Times. The Time of Jesus, by Dr. A. Hausrath, Professor of Theology, Heidelberg. Translated, with the Author's sanction, from the second German edition by the Revs. C. T. Poynting and P. Quenzer. 2 vols. 8vo. cloth 21s — — Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Hibbert Lectures, vide Beard, Davids, Kuenen, Muller, Pfleiderer, Renan, Renouf, Reville. Home (Rev. W.) Religious Life and Thought. By William Horne, M.A., Dundee, Examiner in Philosophy in the University of St. Andrews ; Author of " Reason and Revelation." Crown 8vo. cloth 35 6d Jones (Rev. R. Crompton) Psalms and Canticles, selected and pointed for Chanting. i8mo. cloth is 6d Anthems, with Indexes and References to the Music. i8mo. cloth is $d The Chants and Anthems, together in one vol. 2s 6d A Book of Prayer in 30 orders of Worship, for public or private Devotions. i2mo. cloth 2 s 6d The same with the Chants. i8mo. cloth 3s Keim's History of Jesus of Nazara, considered in its connection with the National Life of Israel, and related in detail. Translated from the German by A. Ransom and the Rev. E. M. Geldart. In 6 vols. 8vo. cloth each ios 6d Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Kuenen (Dr. A ) The Religion of Israel to the Fall of the Jewish State. By Dr. A. Kuenen, Professor of Theology at the University, Leyden. Translated from the Dutch by A. H. May. 3 vols. 8vo. cloth 31s 6d Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Kuenen (Professor A.) Lectures on National Religions and Universal Religions. Delivered in Oxford and London. By A. Kuenen, LL.D., D.D., Professor of Theology at Leyden. Hibbert Lectures, 1882 ios 6d Catalogue of some Works Macan (Reg. W.) The Resurrection of Jesus Christ. An Essay in Three Chapters. Published for the Hibbert Trustees. 8vo. cloth $s Mackay (R. W.) Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Christianity. 8vo. cloth (Pub- at xos 6d) 6s Martineau (Rev. Dr. James) Religion as Affected by Modern Material ism ; and Modern Materialism : its Attitude towards Theology. A Critique and Defence. 8vo. 2S "" ¦ • The Relation between Ethics and Religion. 8vo. " Ideal Substitutes for God considered. 8vo. Is Mind : a Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy. Contri butions by Mr. Herbert Spencer, Professor Bain, Mr. Henry Sidgwick, Mr. Shadworth H. Hodgson, Professor Flint, Mr. James Sully, the Rev. John Venn, the Editor (Professor Croom Robertson), and others. Vols. I. to X., 1 876-8 j, each 12s. Cloth, 13s 6d 12s per annum, post free Miiller (Professor Max) Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, as illustrated by the Religions of India. Hibbert Lectures, 1878. 8vo. cloth i°s 6d Oldenberg (Prof. H.) Buddha: his Life, his Doctrine, his Order. Translated by William Hoey, M.A., D.Lit, Member of the Royal Asiatic Society, Asiatic Society of Bengal, &c, of H.M. Bengal Civil Service. Cloth, gilt 1 8s Peill (Rev. G.) The Three-fold Basis of Universal Restitution. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth 3s Perrin (R. S.) The Religion of Philosophy; or, The Unification of Knowledge : A Comparison of the Chief Philosophical and Religious Systems of the World, made with a view to reducing the Categories of Thought, or the most general terms of existence, to a single principle, thereby establishing a true conception of God. 8vo. cloth 16s Pfleiderer (O.) Paulinism. An Essay towards the History of the Theology of Primitive Christianity. Translated by E. Peters, Esq. 2 vols. 8vo. cloth 2ii Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Pfleiderer (Professor O.) Lectures on the Influence of the Apostle Paul on the Development of Christianity. Translated by the Rev. J. Frederick Smith. Hibbert Lectures, 1885. 8vo. cloth ios 6d Poole (Reg. Lane) Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought, in the Departments of Theology and Ecclesiastical Politics. 8vo. cloth ios 6d Protestant Commentary, A Short, on the New Testament, with General and Special Introductions. From the German of Hilgenfeld, Holtz mann, Lang, Pfleiderer, Lipsius, and others. Translated by the Rev. F. H. Jones, of Oldham. 3 vols. 8vo. cloth each ios 6d Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Published by Williams and Norgate. Renan (E.) On the Influence ot the Institutions, Thought and Culture of Rome on Christianity, and the Development of the Catholic Church. Translated by the Rev. C. Beard, of Liverpool. Hibbert Lectures, 1880. (Cheap Edition, 25 6d) 8vo. cloth ios 6d Renouf (P. Le Page) Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, as illustrated by the Religion of Ancient Egypt. Hibbert Lectures, 1879. Second Edition. Svo. cloth 10s 6d Reville (Prof. Albert) Prolegomena of the History of Religions. By Albert Reville, D.D., Professor in the College de France, and Hibbert Lecturer, 1884. Translated from the French. With an Introduc tion. by Professor F. Max Muller. 8vo. cloth ios 6d Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. Reville (Prof. Albert) Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, as illustrated by the Native Religions of Mexico and Peru. Translated by the Rev. P. H. Wicksteed, M.A. Hibbert Lectures, 1884. 8vo. cloth ios 6d Samuelson (Jas.) Views of the Deity, Traditional and Scientific ; a Contribution to the Study of Theological Science. By James Samuelson, Esq., of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law, Founder and Former Editor of the Quarterly Journal of Science. Crown 8vo. cloth 4s 6d Savage (Rev. M. J.) Beliefs about the Bible. By the Rev. M. J. Savage, of the Unity Church, Boston, Mass., Author of " Belief in God," " Beliefs about Man," &c, &c. 8vo. cloth 7s 6d Schrader (Prof. E.) The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testa ment. Translated with Additions by the Author, by the Rev. O. C. White- house. Vol. I, with a Map. 8vo. cloth ios 6d Schurman (J. G.) Kantian Ethics and the Ethics of Evolution. A Critical Study, by J. Gould Schurman, M.A., D.Sc, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in Acadia College, Nova Scotia. Published by the Hibbert Trustees. 8vo. cloth 5s Seth (A.) The Development from Kant to Hegel, with Chapters on the Philosophy of Religion. By Andrew Seth, Assistant to the Professor of Logic and Metaphysics, Edinburgh University. Published by the Hibbert Trustees. 8vo. cloth 5s Sharpe (S.) History of the Hebrew Nation and its Literature, with an Appendix on the Hebrew Chronology. Fourth Edition. 487 pp. Svo. cloth Is 6d Sharpe (S.) Bible. The Holy Bible, translated by Samuel Sharpe, being a Revision of the Authorized English Version. Fourth Edition of the Old Testament ; Eighth Edition of the New Testament. 8vo. roan 4.5 6d Sharpe (S.) The New Testament. Translated from Griesbach's Text. 14th Thousand, fcap. 8vo. cloth is 6d Catalogue of some Works Smith (Rev. J. Fred.) Studies in Religion under German Masters. Essays on Herder, Goethe, Lessing, Franck, and Lang. By the Rev. J. Frederick Smith, of Mansfield. Crown 8 vo. cloth 54 Spencer (Herbert) Works. The Doctrine of Evolution. 8vo. cloth First Principles. Sixth Thousand 16s Principles of Biology. 2 vols. 34s Principles of Psychology. Fourth Thousand. 2 vols. 36s Principles of Sociology. Third Edition. Vol. I. 21s Ceremonial Institutions. Principles of Sociology. Vol. II. Part 1 7s Political Institutions. Principles of Sociology. Vol. II. Part 2 12s Ecclesiastical Institutions. Principles of Sociology. Vol. II. Part 3 5s The Data of Ethics. Principles of Morality. Fourth Thousand. Part 1 8s Spencer (Herbert) The Study of Sociology. Library Edition (being the Ninth), with a Postscript. 8vo. cloth ios 6d Education (Cheap Edition, Seventh Thousand, 2s 6d) 6s Essays. 2 vols. Third Edition 16s Essays (Third Series). Third Edition 8s Spencer (Herbert) The Man versus the State, is ; or on better paper, in cloth 2s 6d Spencer (Herbert) The Philosophy of M. Comte — Reasons for Dissenting from it. (Republished from " The Classification of the Sciences," &c, 1864) 6d Spinoza. Four Essays, by Professors J. Land, Kuno Fischer, Van Vloten, and Ernest Renan. Edited, with an Introduction, by Professor W. Knight, of St. Andrews. 8vo. cloth $s Stokes (G. J.) The Objectivity of Truth. By George J. Stokes, B. A., Senior Moderator and Gold Medallist, Trinity College, Dublin ; late Hibbert Travelling Scholar. Published by the Hibbert Trustees. 8vo. cloth ^s Strauss (Dr. D. F.) New Life of Jesus, for the People. The Authorized English Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. cloth 24.S Taine (H.) English Positivism. A Study of John Stuart Mill. Translated by T. D. Haye. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth 3s Talmud of Jerusalem. Translated for the first time into English by Dr. Moses Schwab, of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Vol. I. The Treatise of Berakhoth (Blessings). Foolscap 4to. qs Tayler (Rev. J. J.) An Attempt to Ascertain the Character of the Fourth Gospel, especially in its relation to the first three. New Edition. 8vo. cloth ' Ten Services of Public Prayer, taken in Substance from the " Common Prayer for Christian Worship," with a few additional Prayers for particular Days. Crown 8vo. cloth, 2s 6d; with Special Collects os 32010. is -, with Special Collects i ¦ Psalms and Canticles. (To accompany the same.) Crown 8vo. Is 6d With Anthems , id Published by Williams and Norgate. Thoughts for every day in the Year. Selected from the Writings of Spiritually-minded Persons. By the author of "Visiting my Relations." Printed within red lines. Crown 8vo. cloth 2s 6d Theological Translation Fund. A Series of Translations, by which the best results of recent Theological investigations on the Continent, con ducted without reference to doctrinal considerations, and with the sole purpose of arriving at truth, will be placed within reach of English readers. A literature which is represented by such works as those of Ewald, F. C. Baur, Zeller, Roth, Keim, Noldeke, &c. in Germany, and by those of Kuenen, Scholten, and others in Holland. Three Volumes annually, for a Guinea Subscription. The Prospectus, bearing the signatures of Principal Tulloch, Dean Stanley, Professors Jowett, H. J. Smith, Henry Sidgwick, the Rev. Dr. Martineau, Mr. W. G. Clark, the Rev. T. K. Cheyne, Principal Caird, and others, may be had. 33 Volumes published (1873 to 1884) for £[l- lIS- Protestant Commentary, a Short, on the New Testament. 3 vols. Keim's History of Jesus of Nazara. 6 vols. Baur's Paul, his Life and Work. 2 vols. Baur's Church History of the First Three Centuries. 2 vols. Kuenen. The Religion of Israel. 3 vols. Ewald. Prophets of the Old Testament, j vols. Ewald's Commentary on the Psalms. 2 vols. Ewald. Book of Job. Bleek, on the Apocalypse. Zeller, on the Acts of the Apostles. 2 vols. Hausrath's History of the New Testament Times. 2 vols. Pfleiderer's Paulinism. 2 vols. Reville's Prolegomena of the History of Religions. Schrader's The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament, 2 vols. In the Press. Pfleiderer's Philosophy of Religion. 2 vols. All new Subscribers may purchase any of the previous volumes at 7s instead of ios 6d per volume. A selection of six or more volumes from the list may also be had at the Subscribers' price, or 7s per volume. Vickers (J.) The History of Herod ; or, Another Look at a Man Emerging from Twenty Centuries of Calumny. Crown 8vo. cloth 6s Williams (Dr. Rowland) The Hebrew Prophets. Translated afresh and illustrated for English Readers. Two vols. 8vo. cloth 22s 6d Wright (Rev. J.) Grounds and Principles of Religion. Crown 8vo. cloth 3* Zeller (Dr. E.) The Contents and Origin of the Acts of the Apostles, critically investigated. Preceded by Dr. Fr. Overbeck's Introduction to the Acts of the Apostles from De Wette's Handbook. Translated by Joseph Dare. 2 vols. 8vo. cloth 21s . Vide Theological Translation Fund Library. 8 Catalogue of some Works published by WiUiams and Norgate. PAMPHLETS. Athanasian Creed. Two Prize Essays. By C. Peabody and C. S. Kenny is Bastard (T. H.) Scepticism and Social Justice is Beaumont (Rev. G.) Science and Faith. A Discourse is Beard (C.) William Ellery Channing. In Memoriam. A Sermon, umo. 6d Beard (C.) The Kingdom of God. A Sermon 6d Beard (C.) The House of God, and two Sermons by Rev. R. A. Armstrong is Bennett (W.) Popular Contributions towards a Rational Theology is 6d Butler's Analogy : A Lay Argument. By a Lancashire Manufacturer is Carpenter (Prof. J. Estlin) The Church of England during the Middle Ages is Drummond (Prof. J.) Philo and the Principles of the Jewish-Alexandrine Philosophy is Drummond (Prof. J.) Religion and Liberty is Gordon (Rev. A.) Gospel Freedom. A Sermon 6d Hopgood (Jas.) Disestablishment and Disendowment of the Church of England 6d Hopgood (Jas.) An Attempt to Define Unitarian Christianity 6d Howe (Rev. C.) The Athanasian Creed. Two Discourses is Infinite Love. A Meditation is Jesus of Nazareth and his Contemporaries is Journey to Emmaus. By a Modern Traveller 2S Lisle (L.) The Two Tests : the Supernatural Claims of Christianity tried by two of its own Rules. Cloth is 6d Marriage of Cana, as read by a Layman 6d Martineau (Rev. Dr. James) New Affinities of Faith ; a Plea for free Christian Union. 1 2mo. is Must God Annihilate the Wicked ? A Reply to Dr. Jos. Parker is Odgers (J. Edwin) Our Church Life : its Significance and Value 6d Reasonable Faith, A, the Want of our Age is Sharpe (S.) Journeys and Epistles of the Apostle Paul is 6d Sidgwick (H.) The Ethics of Conformity and Subscription is Tayler (Rev. J. J.) Christianity: What is it? and What has it done ? is The Recent Prosecutions for Blasphemy jS Who was Jesus Christ ? 8vo. sewed g^ Wicksteed (Rev. P. H.) The Ecclesiastical Institutions of Holland. 8vo. is WILLIAMS AND NOEGATE, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON; and 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. p o