"figiveHVeft Books. for. the founding of a College in- this Colony" »T^LH«¥MH¥EI^SIirYo GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SDomesuap Booft; ACCOMPANIED BY INDEXES, RECORD COMMISSION, March 1831. THIS BOOK PERPETUALLY PRESERVED THE LIBRARY OF YALE COLLEGE. C. P. Cooper, August 1835. Sec. Com. Pub. Rec. COMMISSIONERS ON THE PUBLIC RECORDS OF THE KINGDOM, APPOINTED BY HIS MAJESTY'S COMMISSION OP THE 12th of March 1831. HIS GRACE THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORD CHANCELLOR THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE CHANCELLOR OF THE EX CHEQUER. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE MASTER OF THE ROLLS. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORD CLERK REGISTER OF SCOTLAND. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE EARL SPENCER, K. G. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL OF ABERDEEN, K.T. THE RIGHT REVEREND THE LORD BISHOP OF LLANDAFF. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THOMAS GRENVILLE. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE CHARLES WATKIN WILLIAMS WYNN, M.P. wm aiffiia: ^©^mLma&m sua arajwiES jwmanKiOTffisis. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE HENRY HOBHOUSE. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD DOVER. THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE PARKE. THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE BOSANQUET. , SIR ROBERT HARRY INGLIS BART., M.P. .^ LOUIS HAYES PETIT ESQUIRE. HENRY BELLENDEN KER ESQUIRE. HENRY HALLAM ESQUIRE. JOHN ALLEN ESQUIRE. EDWARD PROTHEROE ESQUIRE. EDWARD VERNON UTTERSON ESQUIRE. WILLIAM BROUGHAM ESQUIRE, M.P. CHARLES PURTON COOPER ESQUIRE, SECRETARY. PREFACE. The General Introduction to Domesday Book, here presented to the Reader, was first written in 1813 : since which time the writer of it has not ceased to amass every kind of information calculated to throw light upon the more im portant contents of the Record. The labour thus bestowed coming to the knowledge of His Majesty's Commissioners upon the Records of the Kingdom, they were pleased, in the begin ning of 1832, when they ordered Mr. Cooper's Account of the Public Records to be pub lished in an octavo form, to direct that the Introduction to Domesday, with such im provements as had occurred to the Author, should be reprinted in the same shape, so as to form a continuation of that Work ; and that a<2 IV PREFACE. three Indexes should be added : the first, of . the Tenants in Capite, which was ordered to include the Taini, Ministri, holders of manses in Towns, and other persons, whose names not appearing in the Head-titles at the beginning of the Counties, had been omitted in the Index of Tenants in Capite published by His Ma jesty's Commission in 1816: a second Index was ordered of the Persons who had held land in the times of King Edward the Confessor and King Harold, including all individuals noticed in the Record as holders of land (whether as allodial or under-Tenants, as they can occa sionally only be distinguished,) previous to the formation of the Conqueror's Survey: and a third of the persons in actual possession as Under-Tenants in 1086, the year in which it is evident that the Survey was actually made. These Indexes have been carefully formed, and all passages of the Record calculated to throw light upon the changes and holdings of lands noted in the margin ; as well as all instances of the hereditary descent of land from those who had had possession in the PREFACE. Saxon time. Short comments also have been added in the margins of all the Indexes, upon the names of particular individuals. These throw occasional light on the state of the Kingdom in the time of King Edward the Confessor, and still more upon the history of the persons who formed the Conqueror's Court. The utility of these Indexes to all persons who may have to consult Charters of the tenth and eleventh Centuries will be apparent. Subjoined to them is an Abstract of the different Classes of the Population of England at the time of the Survey, as far as the Record has supplied it ; with Notices of the Burghs, in which many of the deficiencies in Brady's imperfect History of those places are supplied. In endeavouring to fulfil the Orders of His Majesty's Commissioners, the Compiler of these Volumes is perfectly aware that, although he has passed years of labour upon Domesday, he has only opened the way to a knowledge of its contents. a3 VI PREFACE. Domesday Book is a mine of information which has not yet been sufficiently wrought. Illustrations of the most important and the most certain kind upon our ancient institutions, services, and tenures of lands, are still to be drawn from it. And its metal cannot be ex hausted by the perseverance of any single labourer. The Historian may extract results from it which are in vain sought from other sources. It shows, in detail, the number of years that elapsed before England recovered from the violence attendant on the Norman Conquest. The Annual Value of Property, it will be found, was much lessened, as compared with the produce of estates in the time of Edward the Confessor. In general, at the Survey, the King's lands were more highly rated than before the Conquest ; and his rent from the Burghs was greatly increased; a few also of the larger Tenants in Capite had improved their estates ; but, on the whole, the Rental of the Kingdom was reduced, and twenty years after the Conquest, the estates were, on medium PREFACE. Vll valued at little more than three fourths of the former estimate. (') From Domesday too it will be seen, that the oppression of our ancient tenures has been over-stated ; many of them being at that early period converted into money payments. It is difficult to form a judgment which shall be exactly supported by evidence as to the manner in which the distribution of the lands of England was made among the Conqueror's companions. Many years had elapsed between (l) Take Middlesex as an instance, in which no " Terra Regis " occurs, Terra Archiep. Cant. Terra Episc. Lond. Eccl. S. Pet. Westm. Eccl. Trin. Rouen. Geoffr. de Mandev. Ern. de Hesding Walt, de S.Waleri Terr, alior. Tenent. 1 '. R. E. T.R. w. JfeJ s. d Jtr. s. d. 100 14 0 86 12 0 190 11 10 157 19 6 114 0 0 86 16 6 25 10 0 20 10 0 121 13 0 112 5 0 56 0 0 24 0 0 120 0 0 111 0 0 204 0 0 147 8 0 932 8 10 746 11 0 a4 VIII PREFACE. the time of the grants and the taking of the Survey ; and many of the greater tenants, it will be readily believed, had married heiresses, and joined other lands to those they had at first received. (') The process, however, seems to have been, that a circuit of a larger or a less extent, accord ing to the rank, the services, or the number of the followers brought into the field, was given to the greater Chieftains, who, having retained the lion's portion for themselves, distributed the rest, in a similar manner, and in due divi sions according to the claims of the parties, upon the survivors of the officers and men who had fought beneath their several banners. The persons thus enfeoffed holding as securely and as independently of the Tenants in Capite as the Tenants in Capite held of the King. Exclusive of a few interpolations, the Names which fill what is called the Roll of Battle (1) As in the case of Robert de Oil}', who married Aldith the heiress of Wigod lord of Walingford. Ivo Tailbois, the Conqueror's nephew, married the Countess of Chester, niece and heiress to Thorold of Bukenhale. PREFACE. IX Abbey, will for the most part be found among the Under-Tenants of the Survey. (') But some Entries present themselves in which (*) The Copies of this Roll most frequently found in our Manuscript Libraries are of a date scarce ever earlier than the fifteenth century ; and many of them are in the rhyming form, like the copy which is pre served in Brompton. Duchesne has given two Lists of the Norman warriors from copies of this Koil at the end of his Normannici Scriptores. The Abbe de la Rue once promised a Dissertation on it: and it is not improbable but that its history, at present somewhat equivocal, might be established by researches anion"- the Norman archives. Stow, the historian, made no scruple to copy this Roll into his Manuscript Collections. Wace's Roll of the Conqueror's companions, in his Chronicle cf the Dukes of Normandy to the death of Henry the Second King of England, is perhaps the oldest List of the warriors who fought at Hastings now extant. It is preserved in the British Museum with some other tracts, MS. Reg. 4. C. xi. fol. 246, in a Volume which formerly belonged to Battle- Abbey. As it has never been printed, such extracts as preserve the names will not be unacceptable here. fol. 17. col. s. Alain Felgan uint al passage Qj des Bretons out gant barnage De Peleit le filz Bertran Et li sire iuint de Dinan PREFACE. the forfeitures of a later day may be discovered ; more especially in the lands which were seized Et Raol iuint de Gael Et maint Breton de maint chastel * * * * fol. 20. col. 2. A co q Guifi diseit Et encore dire plus uoleit Vint Guift le filz Osber Son cheual tot couert de fer Sire dist il trop demoron Armon nos tut alon alon. * * * * fol. 20. col. s. Gauter Giffart lout amene Q' a Saint Jame aueit este Tendi sa main les regnes prist Pie en estrieu desus sassist. * * * * Ibid. Son gonfanon fist traire auant Q' la pape li enueia Et cii le traist sil despleia Li dus le prist sus le dreca Raol Darconches apela Portez dist il mon gonfanon Ne uos uoil faire se dreit non Par dreit et par anceisorie Deiuent estre de Normendie Vfe parent gonfanonier. Mtt furent tuit boen cheualier Granz merciz dist Raol aiez Q' nre dreit reconoissiez PREFACE. XI from Gamelbar, Merlesuain, and the other Saxon chieftains of the North, after the suppression of Mais le gonfanon par ma fei Ne sera hui portez par mei # * * * fol. 20. col. s. Et li dus garda daltre part Si apela Gauter Giffart Cest gonfanon dist il pernez En la bataille le portez Gauter Giffart li respondi Sire dist il por deu merci * * * * (He refuses the gonfanon, and it is given to) Ibid. Tosteins le filz rou le blanc out no Al Bee en Chauz aueit maison * * * * Ibid. Guiif fist for son destrier Venir a fait auant Rogier Q' len dit Mogomeri * * * * Ibid. Et Guiti mis Seneschaus Li filz Osd un boens uassaus * * * * Ibid. De lautre part Alain Fergant Et Naimeri le combatant * * * * fol. 22. col. 2. Lassaut aueient tot guerpi Quant Rog de Mogomeri Vint poignant la lance baissie One ne laissa por la coignie Xll PREFACE. the rising in 1069 ; and in those of Waltheof earl of Huntingdon and Northampton, who was Q4 aueit sus el col leuee Q' mlt esteit lone enhanstee * # * * fol. 22. col. 3. Rofet le uiel cii de Belmont Assaut Engleis et pmier front * * # * Guift q len dit Malet Hardiement entrels se met * * * * Ibid. Quant uint li sire de Mofort Et da Guift de Uez Pont * * * * Ibid. Bien firent cii de Beeissin Et li baron de Costentin Et Neel de Saunt Salueor Assaut Engleis par g"nt uigor # * * * Grant p'es en ont cii de Felgieres Q' de Bretaigne ont genz mft fieres. # * * * Henri le sires de Ferrieres Et cii cf done gardont Tillieres * * * * fol. 22*. col. l. Cii q5 ert sire Daubemare Et dam Guift de Romare Et li sire de Lutehare Et cii de Touke. et de La Mare Et li sire de Neauhou / Et vn cheualier de Peitou PREFACE. betrayed in 1074. In the persons who pos sessed the larger share of the estates of the Robt li sire de Belfou Et cii qui ert sire Dalnou Li chanblene de Tanchatuile Et li sire de Stoteuile Et Wiestace Dabeuile Et li sire de Magne Uile Guift q len dit Crespin Et li sires de Saint Martin Et dam Witt de Molins Et cii qui ert sire Des Pins Tuit cii furent en la bataille Nia cii dels qui. mtt ni uaille Vn uassal de Greste Maisnil Fu mult le ior en gant peril * # * * fol. 22 b. col. 1. De meaine li uiel Giffrei Et de Bohon li uiel Onfrei De Caitrai Onfrei et Maugier Q' esteit nouel cheualier De Garene iuint Willemes Mtt li fist bien el chief li helmes Et li uiel Hue de Gornai Ensenble od lui sa gent de Brai * # * * Daurencein i fu Richarz Ensenble od lui cii de Biarz Et li sires de Sollignie Et li Boteilliers Daubinie XIV PREFACE. Northern lords at the time of the Survey, we probably see the Generals by whom they were defeated. Cii de Uictrie et de Lacie De Ual Daiaire et de Tracie * * # * Hue li sires de Monfort Cii Despine et cii de Port Cii de Corcie et cii de Iort 1 ont le ior maint home mort Cii q' fu sire de Reiners Ont gant plente de cheualiers * * * * Le uiel Witt de Moion Ont ouoc lui maint copaignon De cinq leis Raol Taisson Et li uiel Rog Marmion * * * * Joste la copaigne Neel Cheualcha Raol de Gael * * * * Des Biarz i fu Auenals Des Mostiers Hubt Paienals Robt Bertra q1 esteit torz Mais a cheual esteit mtt forz * # # * fol. 22f. Coi. 3. Li sire de Semillie De Bas quite i fuMartels De ioste lui cii de Praels Cii de Goinz et de Sainteals Del uiez Molei et de Monceals PREFACE. XV A patient comparison of Domesday Book with the Registers of our earliest Abbies, is the surest Cii qui ert sire de Pacie Et li seneschals de Corcie Et uns cheualiers de Lacie Ensenble od els cii de Gacie Et cii Doillie et de Sacie Et li sire de Vaacie Del Torneor et de Praeres Et Guift de Columbieres Et Gilebt li uiel Dasnieres De Chaaignes et de Coismeres Li uielz Hue de Bolebec Et dam Richart q1 tint Orbec Et li sires de Bones Boz Et cii del Sap . et cii de Gloz Et cii qui done teneit Tresgoz * * * * Et li sire de Mon Fichet Q' de bois garder sentremet Lancestre Hue le Bigot Q' aueit terre a Maletot Et as Loges et a Chanon * * * * fol. 23. col. 1. Guift Patric de la Lande Le rei heraut forment demande * # * * Done poinst Hue de Mortemer Od lui li sire Dauuiler XVI PREFACE. way to accomplish its thorough illustration : and this is to be effected, not merely by the examina- Cil Donebac et de Saint Cler Engleis firent mtt enuerser Robert q' fu filz Herneis La lance aloigne lescu pris # * * • Li quens Robt de Moretoig Ne se tint mie del due loig Frere le due ert de par mere Grant aie fist a son frere Le sire poinst de Herecort Sor un cheual q' mtt tost cort De qant quil poet le due secort De Crieue Coer et de Drincort Et le sire de Briencort Soiet le due q!l part q'l tort Cii de Combrai et cii Dalnei Et li sire de Fontenei De Reberchil et del Molei r' # # * # fol. 23. col. 2. Tostein filz Rou le blanc out no Del Bac ioste Fescamp fu nez Cheualier proz et renomez * * # * Alains Fergant qns de Bretaigne De Bretons meine g'nt copaigne. * * * * Li sire de Saint Galeri Et li quens Dou bien iferi PREFACE. Xvii tion of Charters and partial Surveys, but by the scattered details of an historical kind with which many of them abound, as the following pages will occasionally show. After the desolation of the Norman Conquest, for such it was, many remnants of the greater families of the Saxon time found no asylum but in the Cloister : some are traced as monks, and some obtained the rule of Monasteries. Leuric abbat of Peterborough was nephew to Leofric earl of Mercia. Waltheof, son of Gos- patric earl of Northumberland, was abbat of Croyland. Elsi abbat of Ramsey had been a favourite in the three Courts of King Edward the Confessor, King Harold, and King William. Ethelwold abbat of St. Benet of Hulme, accord ing to John of Oxnede's Chronicle, had been Harold's Admiral. So that the Monasteries became not only the refuge of those who best Et Rog de Mongomeri Et de Toarz dan Nameri Si contindrent come hardi Qui il furent mal sunt bailli b XV111 PREFACE. knew the griefs and changes of their Country, but, as the residences of men of letters, the sole depositories of all that could be preserved of History, (j (*) Since the Pages of the General Introduction have been printed off, the Writer has discovered that, in early times, Domesday, precious as it was always deemed, occasionally travelled, like other Records, to distant parts; as will be seen by the following extracts from a Wardrobe Account of the 29th of Edward the First : MS. Addit. Brit. Mus. 7966. fol. 2 b. " Per manus quatuor Clericorum transcribencium diversas particulas Jibri qui vocatur Domesday, et alias tangentes Perambulationem diversarum forestarum Angliae, x° die Decembris xlijs. viijd. " Per manus Johannis Russel pro canabo cerato et alio, cordis et paneriis emptis, ad trussandum duos libros de Domesday, rotulos Itinerancium Justiciarum de Foresta, et alia Memoranda tangencia Forestas et Perambulationes ad ducendum ad Regem xix. die Januarii vj8. viija." It appears that at this date the King was at Lin coln. There is a very curious passage in Domesday hitherto overlooked, which, rather than omit, the Author of the Introduction inserts here. It is in the account of the lands of Evesham Abbey, and seems to corroborate the document from the Black Book of preface. xix No archives but those of our ancient Eccle siastical Establishments throw light to any great extent upon the Domesday Survey. Peterborough, quoted in Vol. I. p. 184. regarding the Hundred as consisting of a hundred hides of land : " In Fissesberge Hund. habet iEcclesia de Evesham exv. hid. Ex his xn. hidae sunt liberse. In illo Hund. jacent xx. hidae de Dodentreu. et xv. hidae de Wirecestre perficiunt hundret." Domesd. torn. i. fol. 175 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. I— FORMATION OF THE RECORD. Sect. I.— NAME. Domesday Book, one of the most ancient Records of England, is the Register from which Judgement was to be given upon the value, tenure, and services of Lands therein described. Other Names by which it appears to have been known were, Rotulus Wintonice? Scrip- tura Thesauri Regis,2 Liber de Wintonia,3 and 1 Ingulphus. ed. Gale. p. 79. See also Placit. Abbrev. 1 R. Joh. SufF. rot. 7. Ibid. 11 R. Joh. Line. rot. 6. in which last reference it is said : " Preterea idem Robertus ponit se super Rotulum Wintonice quod terra ilia pertinet a Conquestu Anglise ad feudum quod ipse habet tenere in capite de Domino Rege." 2Registr. Mon. Abend. MS. Cotton. Brit. Mus. Claud. R vi. fol. 150. Stow, Annals, p. 118. fol. Lond. 1631. tells us, " The Booke of Bermondsey saith this Book was laid up in the King's Treasurie (which was in the Church of Winchester or Westminster), in a place called Domus Dei, or God's house, and so the name of the booke, there fore called Domus Dei, and since, shortly, Domesday." 3 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 332 b. B Formation of the Record. § 1. Name. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation of the Record. § I. Name. Liber Regis.1 Sir Henry Spelman adds, Liber Judiciarius, Censualis Anglice, Anglice Notitia et Lustratio, and Rotulus Regis.2 1 Registr. Mon. de Bello in agro Sussex. MS. Cotton. Domit. A. ii. fol. 13 b. 17 b. 3 Glossar. in v. Domesday. The author of the Dialogus de Scaccario gives the following explanation of the Name. " Hie Liber ab indigenis Domesdei nuncupatur, id est, Dies Judicii, per metaphoram : sicut enim district! et terribilis examinis illius novissimi sen- tentia nulla tergiversationis arte valet eludi ; sic, cum orta fuerit in regno contentio de his rebus quae illic annotantur, cum ventum fuerit ad librum, sententia ejus infatuari non potest, vel impune declinari. Ob hoc nos eundem Librum Judiciarium nominavimus; non quod ab eo sicut a praedicto Judicio non licet ulla ratione discedere." Madox Hist. Excheq. edit. 4°. vol. ii. p. 398. So Rudborne, Angl. Sacr. torn. i. p. 257. " Vocatus Domysday ; et vocatur sic, quia nulli parcit, sicut nee magnus dies Judicii." The same interpreta tion, almost in the words of the Dialogus de Scaccario, is cited by Spelman from the Escheat Rolls of the reign of Edward the Third. Gloss, v. Domesday. From the Introduction to the Abbreviatio Placitorum, we learn that, in the archives of the Earls of Chester, there formerly existed a Roll, denominated the Domesday of Chester. The entries in this Roll, it is observed, were esteemed of high authority, and perhaps conclusive evidence ; for in an Assize of Darrein Presentment in the County of Chester, anno 38 Hen. III. between Roger de Sandbach and the Abbot of Deulacrese, as to the Church of Sandbach, removed by Certiorari into the King's Bench, the Court, amongst other grounds for pronouncing their judgement, give the following reason : " Et quia convictum est per Domesday Cestr' quod GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 3 Formation SECT. 2.— DATE. of the Record. The exact time when the Conqueror under- § 2- Date- took the Survey is differently stated by His- torians. The Red Book of the Exchequer seems to have been erroneously quoted,1 as fixing the time of entrance upon it in 1080 ; it being merely stated in that Record, (in which the original of the Dialogus de Scaccario is found,) that the work was undertaken at a time subsequent to the total reduction of the island to William's authority. perpetuam habet firmitatem et omnia quas in eo con- tinentur imperpetuum sunt stabilia in quo continetur quod, &c. consideratum est, &c." Hill. 38 Hen. III. Cestr. rot. 10. See also Pat. 39 Hen. III. a tergo, De Rotulo vocato Domesday Cestr. qui perpetuam habet firmitatem et de transcripto ejusdem per Justiciar. Cestr. miss. Dugdale quotes a Deed in the Monasticon Angli- canum, old edit. torn. iii. p. 164. "ex Registro quodam nuncupato Domesday, penes Decanum & Capit. Ebor." Among Dr. Rawlinson's manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, is a fragment of a survey of all the manors belonging to the Deanery of St. Paul's, taken in 1181, and called " Domisday Radidphi de D'iceto" Diceto was the Dean, under whose direction it was made. A manuscript note of Bishop Kennett, also in the same library, in a copy of Cowel's Law Interpreter, quotes the Domesday of the Nuns of Hali'well. This last was a Leiger Book of the Monastery. 1 Webb's Short Account of Domesd. Book, p. i. Dissertat. pref. to Hutchins's Hist, of Dorsetshire, &c. B 2 4 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation From the Memorial of the Completion of this l_fcor ' Survey, at the end of the second Volume, it is § 2" Date- evident that it was finished in 1086. Matthew Paris,1 Robert of Gloucester,2 the Annals of Waverley,3 and the Chronicle of Bermondsey4 give the year 1083 as the date of the record. Henry of Huntingdon places it in 1084.5 The Saxon Chronicle in 1085. Bromton,6 Simeon of Durham,7 Florence of Worcester,8 the Chronicle of Mailros,9 Roger Hoveden,10 Wikes,11 and Hemingford,12 in 1086 : and the Ypodigma Neustriaa,13 and Diceto14 in 1087. If, from internal evidence, the progress of its formation could be minutely traced, there would 1 Mat. Par. fol. Lond. 1684. p. 9. See also Mat. Westm. fol. Francof. 1601. p. 229. 4 Rob. Glouc. vol. ii. p. 373. 3 Annal. Waverl. Hist. Angl. Script. V. ed. Gale. fol. Oxon. 1687. p. 133. * Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. No. 231. 5 Henr. Huntind. Script, ap. Savile, fol. Lond. 1596. p. 212. 6 Script. X. Twysd. p. 979. ? Ibid. p. 213. 8 Flor. Wigorn, fol. Francof. 1601. p. 641. 9 Script, ap. Gale, torn. i. p. 161. 10 Rerum Anglic. Script, ap. Savile, fol. Lond. 1596. p. 263 b. 11 Hist. Angl. Script. V. ed. Gale, fol. Oxon, p. 23. 12 Ibid. p. 461. 13 Angl. Hib. Norm. Cambr. a vet. Scripta Gul. Camd. fol. Francof. 1602. p. 439. u Script. X. Twysd. 487- 53. Baron Maseres in the Notes to his iC Excerpta ex Orderico Vitali," p. 259. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. perhaps be little difficulty in reconciling the Formation . . ,, , TT. ; T of the Record. testimonies ot these Historians. In the accounts of several Counties, however, we have passages which are decisive as to portions of the Record. The person and the property of Odo Bishop of Bayeux are said to have been seized by the Conqueror in 1082, J but as all but three or four of the estates of that prelate are retained in the Survey in terms which indicate actual possession, we are left to conclude either that his property was not entirely confiscated, or that the Survey of it was taken at a period earlier than his disgrace. The probability which the entries afford is, that the estates were under sequestration, but not forfeited.2 There is a passage of some moment, however, under the " clamores quae sunt in Sudreding Lincoliae et concordia eorum per homines qui juraverunt ;" it is " In Richesbi hd" clam. Losuardus super Gislebertum de Gand in Welle 1. car. tre. Hoes de Treding diit qd T. R. E. hb Turolf represents the Survey to have been begun in the fourth or fifth year of the Conqueror's reign, that is as early as 1071 ; but without even the shadow of an authority. 1 See Hasted. Hist. Kent. vol. i. p. 61. 2 In torn. i. fol. 16. under Terra Regis in Com. Sussex, we read, " Rex. W. ten. in dominio Reredfelle defeudo Episcopi Baioc." In Gloucestershire, two or three instances occur of land, " in manu regis," which had been held by the Bishop of Bayeux. See Domesd. torn. i. fol. 163. B3 § 2. Date. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation cum saca 7 soca. 7 post hb Tonna. 7 ista tra !_ lcor ' fuit deliberata Ep'o Odoni per cartam. sed n. § 2' J)ale' uider' inde brevem Regis, et ipse habebat ea die qua Furr captus et postea dissaisitus." 1 From the words " Hugo de Grentemaisnil tenet feudo Regince" in fol. 232 a. of the first volume of Domesday, Nichols conjectures 2 that the account of Leicestershire was taken before the death of the Conqueror's Queen, that is before the second of November 1083 ; and it is a curious fact that, in the survey of her pro perty in Buckinghamshire, it is said, " Matilda tenet," 3 as if the inquest for ascertaining the value of the estates had been held while the Queen was living ; though, at the close of the Return, when the improved rent is noticed, it is said, " Quando vivebat Regina, xv. lib." From other passages, however, in folios 68 b, 83 b, 163 b, 170 b, and 222 of the same volume, we have the clearest evidence possible that the surveys of the Counties of Wilts, Dorset, Glou cester, and Northampton, were taken after that event.4 From an incidental mention of the 1 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 375. The King appears to have received considerable profits from various manors of the bishop of Baieux in Kent, " pro novo dono epis copi." 2 Hist. Leicest. Introd. volume, p. xxxv. 3 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 152 b. 4 In fol. 222. we are told, " W. rex dedit Scadewelle S. Edmundo pro anima regine Mathild." Indeed in GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 1 siege of the Castle of Saint Susanna in Maine, Formation fol. 158 b. it is evident that Oxfordshire must of thl^!cord- also have been surveyed after the same event.1 § 2" Date' Rudborne, in his Historia major Wintoniensis, assures us that William did not entertain the pro ject of his Census till after the Queen's death.2 " Clerici S. Gregorii Cantuar." occur more than once in the Domesday account of Kent. These were the Augustine Canons of S' Gregory at Canterbury, Lanfranc did not found the House till 1084.3 Dorsetshire, torn. i. fol. 83. the death of Matilda is ex pressly alluded to. Anschitil, who held it, is stated, according to his own account, to have held it of the Queen, but it is added that after her death he did not petition the King for the land. " Hanc tra tenuit Anschit [f. Ameline] de regina ut dicit. sed post mortem ej9 regem non req'siuit." 1 This fruitless Siege in 1083 is described by Orde- ricus Vitalis; it was raised after three years. See Bouquet, Recueil des Historiens des Gaules & de la France, torn. xii. p. 617. 2 " Istius Matildis consilio Wilhelmus rex pacifice cum Anglis tractabat, quamdiu ipsa vixisset ; post mortem vero ipsius Matildis omnem induit tyrannidem. Unde statim misit Justitiarium per totam Angliam sin- gillatim per Comitatus ; et inquirere fecit et diligenter perscrutari, quot acrae vel jugera terrae, quidque uni militi sufficere posset ; fecitque inquirere de urbibus, et villis, et viculis, ad quid in solidum ascenderent. In- quisivit, etiam, quot animalia possent sufficere ad unius hydae culluram." Angl. Sacr. torn. i. p. 257. 3 Tann. Notit. Monast. edit. 1787. Kent. xii. 3. B * GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation In folios 77 b. and 91 of the first volume, Maurice is mentioned as Bishop of Londony § 2. Date. who, according to the annals of Waverley,* was chosen to that dignity in 1083 ; though, according to the Saxon Chronicle, not till 1085.2 The date of that part of the Survey which relates to Shropshire is ascertained from fol. 252, where the Abbey of Shrewsbury is mentioned ; " qua facit ibi comes." Ordericus Vitalis says the foundation of this Abbey was vowed by Roger de Montgomery in 1083. The Church was evidently building at the time of the Survey : and, according to the history of the Abbey, which Dugdale gives from a Register formerly in Sir Richard Leveson's possession, it appears to have been finished in IO87.3 The Con queror's Charter shews that the monks were not seated in it till the latter year.4 Leuricus Abbot of Burton is spoken of in the past tense in the account of Derbyshire, torn. i. fol. 273. This abbot died in 1085 : a further proof that Domesday was rapidly compiled, and which shews the date of the Derbyshire part. 1 Hist. Angl. Script. V. ed. Gale, p. 133. 2 See other authorities for this latter year in Madox, Hist. Excheq. 4°. edit. vol. i. p. 7. Newe. Repert. vol. i. p. 10. s Dugd. Mon. last edit. torn. iii. pp. 513. 517. 4 Ibid. p. 521. § 2. Date. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 9 That Lincolnshire could not have been sur- Formation of the Record; veyed till 1085, or even later, seems evident from the following passage : " Residua dimidia. caruc trse habuit 7 habet Sea Maria de Lincolia. in qua nunc est episcopatus." ' The absolute removal of the See, from Dorchester in Oxford shire to Lincoln, having taken place, according to Matthew Paris, in that very year.2 An entry in Worcestershire, under the lands of Urso de Abetot, shews the survey of that County also to have been taken near the same time. It speaks of Walter Abbot of Evesham as having held certain lands therein described " amplius quam septem annis," which Walter was not made Abbot till 1077- He died before he had completed the eighth year of his govern ment, 13 Kal. Feb. 1086.3 William Bishop of Thetford, mentioned in the Second Volume of the Domesday Survey, did not become so till 1085.4 An attentive consideration of the passages already referred to, added to the entry at the close of the Second Volume of the Survey, leads 1 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 336. 2 Matt. Par. sub. an. " Hoc autem authore, hoc tem pore, et his de causis incepta est Ecclesia moderna Lincolniensis." See also Wilkins, Concil. M. Brit. torn. i. pp. 368, 396. 3 See Dugd. Monast. last edit. vol. ii. p. 26. 1 Madox, ut supr. Blomef. Hist. Norf. fol. edit. vol. i. p. 402. 10 Formation of the Record. § 2. Date. yect. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. us to believe that, by the multiplication of sub ordinate Inquests, the work must have been completed in a short time; and that, from a transcript or abridgment of the Breviates from the different Counties, the great Register was afterwards formed, which has ever since been known by the name of Domesday.1 Sect. 3.— ORIGIN and OBJECT. §3. Origin and 1. Ingulphus affirms that this Survey was made in imitation of the policy of Alfred, who, at the time he divided the Kingdom into Counties, Hundreds, and Tithings, had an Inquisition taken and digested into a Register, which was called, from the place in which it was reposited, the Roll of Winchester.2 The formation of such a Survey, however, in the time of Alfred, may be more than doubted ; as we have only a solitary authority for its existence, and the most diligent investigation has not been able to recover, among the Records either of the Saxon or of later times, the slightest indication that such a Survey was ever known. 1 Under Sandwice, torn. i. fol. 3. we read, " In anno quo facta est lieec Descriptio ;" and under Roelent, in Cheshire, torn. i. fol. 269. it is said, " Ipso anno hujs Descriptionis datu e ad firma huj5 burgi theloneu p iii. solid." In the notice of the rent paid by the city of Shrewsbury, torn. i. fol; 252. we read " Precedenti anno hujus Descriptionis reddid. xl. lib. Rogerio Comiti," 2 Hist. Ingulphi. ed. Gale. pp. 79, 80. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. H Had it existed in the Century immediately Formation preceding the Norman Conquest, it would have ° * l_f °r ' prevented the necessity of giving those minute §3'0°b^and Descriptions of Land so common among the later of the Saxon Charters.1 The separation of Counties also is known to have been a division long anterior to the time of Alfred.2 Bishop Kennett, in his Parochial Antiquities, tells us that Alfred's Register had the name of Dome-boc, from which the name of Domesday Book was only a corruption. This may, per haps, serve as a clue to the explanation of the whole. They who were familiar with the name of Domesday, (and it was the common appella tion for the Conqueror's Survey among the English,) considered that the Dome-boc of 1 These are found in abundance in the Registers of our earliest Monasteries, as may be seen in the Appen dices to the Abbies and Priories of Glastonburv, Rochester, Winchester, Westminster, Peterborough, Chertsey, Ely, Abingdon, Worcester, and Evesham, in the last edition of Dugdale's Monasticon. The Register of Wilton, of the Saxon time, preserved in the British Museum, which has recently been printed entire by Sir Richard Colt Hoare, has not a charter without them ; and they are numerous in the very fine and hitherto unused Register of Sherburn Abbey, in the possession of Sir Thomas Phillipps Bar'. The compilation of the Domesday Inquests appears to have superseded these Land-Iocs, as they were called. They rarely, if ever, occur appended to charters at a later period. 2 Co. L. 168 a. 2 Inst. 71. 12 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation Alfred, being synonimous, was intended to — ' designate the same kind of Register : whereas 3 objfcT. an the Dom-Boc was, in reality, the Code of Saxon Laws. It is noticed as such in the laws of Edward the elder,1 and more particularly in those of iEthelstan.2 1 Wilk. Leg. Anglo-Sax. p. 50. LL. Eadw. 8. * Ibid. p. 57. LL. vEthelst. 3. See also p. 77. LL. Eadg. 3. The following is Dr. Wilkins's notice of the Dom-Boc in his Glossary, p. 398. " Dombec. Liber Judicialis. Frequens est in his Legibus Judicialis Libri mentio, neque interim quis fuerit usquam apparet. Beda lib. Eccles. Hist. ii. cap. 5. ait, iEthelbertum Cantias Regem scripsisse idiomate Saxonico libellum, cui nomen indidit Decreta Judiciorum, atque Judicia ilia vel sua memoria tradit fuisse observata. Hie noster etiam iElfredus in Praefatione fatetur, se ex iEthelberto sumpsisse nonnulla. Quid plura ? Asserius Menevensis, olim iElfredo Regi familiaris, prodit ipsum Regem Saxonicis mandasse Uteris Judiciorum Decreta, verum ad nospervenire injuria temporum non permisit." Carte, in the Gen. Hist, of England, vol. i. p. 314, appears to have had the same notion with us of Alfred's Dom-boc. Edward the elder, he observes, (the son and immediate successor of Alfred,) in the Preface to his Laws, enjoins all his reeves and ministers, who had any charge in the state, to judge equitably according to the directions of that Book, to which they were to adhere strictly in all cases. But in the page imme diately following there is a sentence less intelligible : Carte laments " that the Dome-book of Alfred, so much respected in Westminster Hall to the time of Edward lVth, hath been since lost." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 13 2. The Saxon Chronicle furnishes a passage, Formation r ° of the Record. under the year 1085, which enters minutely — _ . n i • a §^' Origin and into the motives for the formation of this Survey, Object. and which, if correct, also fixes the time of its '• commencement to that year. " An. MLXXXV. Hoc anno, rumor incessit, et serio dictum est, Canutum Regem Denmear- cias, Sweini Regis filium, terram hanc cogitasse, et voluisse earn subjugare, Rodbeardi Comitis Flandrensis auxilio, propterea quod Canutus haberet [uxorem] Rodbeardi filiam. Quum Willelmus Anglorum Rex, qui tunc agebat in Normannia (possedit enim tum Anglorum terram tum Normanniam) hoc intellexisset, profectus est in Anglorum terram cum tanto exercitu equitum ac peditum, e Francorum regno atque e Britannia [conscriptorum,] quantus nunquam antea hanc terram petebat; adeo ut homines mirarentur, quo modo hasc terra posset totum ilium exercitum alere. Verum Rex permisit dispertiri exercitum per totam hanc terram inter suos subditos, qui exercitum aluerunt, pro sua quisque terrae portione. Experti sunt incolae multos dolores hoc anno ; et Rex permisit de- vastari terras maritimas, ut, si inimici ejus [in terram] ascenderent, iis non esset in promptu commeatus. Quum autem Rex pro certo haberet, suos inimicos impeditos fuisse, nee potuisse expeditionem facere, dimisit aliquam partem exercitus in propriam nationem, aliquam retinuit in hac terra donee hyems finiretur. Ad 14 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation natales fuit Rex in Gleawceaster cum suis pro of the Record. , . — ceribus, et tenuit lbi Curiam suam v. dies ; 3 oyert! an postea autem Archiepiscopus et Clerici habuerunt Synodum trium dierum. Ibi fuit Mauricius electus in Episcopum ad Lundene, et Willielmus ad Northfolc, et Rodbeardus ad Ceasterscire ; hi autem omnes erant Regis Capellani. Post hasc, tenuit Rex magnum Concilium, et graves sermones habuit cum suis proceribus de hac terra, quo modo incoleretur, et a quibus homini bus. Mittebat ideirco per totam Anglorum terram in singulos Comitatus suos servos, quibus permisit scrutari quot hydarum centenaa essent in Comitatu, quidque Rex ipse haberet terrarum et pecorum in eo Comitatu ; et quantum Census annui deberet percipere ex eo Comitatu. Per misit etiam describi quantum terrarum ejus Archiepiscopi haberent, et Diocesani Episcopi, ac ejus Abbates, ej usque comites ; et, nelongior in hoc sim, quid aut quantum unusquisque haberet, qui terras possideret in Anglorum gente, sive terrarum sive pecoris, quantumque illud pecunia valeret. Tarn diligenter lustrari terram permisit, ut ne unica esset hyda, aut virgata terrae, ne quidem (quod dictu turpe, verum is factu turpe non existimavit,) bos, aut vacca, aut porcus praeter mittebatur, quod non is retulerat in censum : omniaque postea scripta ad eum afferebantur." ! 1 Gibs. Chron. Sax. p. 186. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. J5 Upon this passage Sir William Blackstone has Formation the following Commentary. " We learn," he oftheRecord- says,1 "from the Saxon Chronicle, that in %5,00^and the nineteenth year of King William's reign an • invasion was apprehended from Denmark ; and the mihtary constitution of the Saxons being then laid aside, and no other introduced in its stead, the kingdom was wholly defenceless: which occasioned the King to bring over a large army of Normans and Bretons, who were quartered upon every landholder, and greatly oppressed the people. This apparent weakness, together with the grievances occasioned by a foreign force, might co-operate with the King's remonstrances, and the better incline the nobility to listen to his proposals for putting them in a posture of defence. For, as soon as the danger was over, the King held a great council, to inquire into the state of the nation ; the immediate consequence of which was the compiling of the great Survey called Domesday Book, which was finished the next year ; and in the latter end of that very year the King was attended by all his nobility at Sarum, where all the principal landholders submitted their lands to the yoke of military tenure, became the King's vassals, and did homage and fealty 1 Commentaries on the Laws of England, edit. 4°. Oxf. 1766. B. ii. p. 49. 16 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation to his person.1 This seems to have been the — eera of formally introducing the feodal tenures ^ o%St. m by law ; and probably the very law, thus made ' at the Council of Sarum, is that which is still extant, and couched in these remarkable words : " Statuimus, ut omnes liberi homines fcedere et sacramento qffirment, quod intra et extra univer- sum regnum Anglice Wilhelmo Regi domino suo Jideles esse volunt ; terras et honores illius omni jidelitate ubique servare cum eo, et contra inimicos et alienigenas defendere."2 " This new polity, therefore," says Sir William Blackstone, " seems not to have been imposed by the Conqueror, but nationally and freely adopted by the general assembly of the whole Realm, in the same manner as other nations of Europe had before adopted it, upon the same principle of self- security. And, in particular, they had the recent example of the French nation before their eyes ; which had gradually surrendered up all its allodial or free lands into the King's hands, who restored them to the owners as a beneficium or feud, to be held to them and such of their heirs as they previously nominated to 1 Omnes praedia tenentes, quotquot essent notae melioris per totam Angliam, hujus viri servi fuerunt, omnesque se illi subdidere, ejusque facti sunt vassalli, ac ei fidelitatis juramenta praestiterunt, se contra alios quoscumque illi fidos futuros." 2 Cone. M. Brit. cap. 52. Wilk. p. 228. See also L. C. Baron Gilbert's Law of Tenures, 8°. Lond. 1796. p. 96. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 17 the King : and thus by degrees all the allodial Formation estates of France were converted into feuds, and — the freemen became the vassals of the Crown. ' objeft! "" The only difference between this change of tenures in France and that in England, was, that the former was effected gradually, by the consent of private persons ; the latter was done at once, all over England, by the common con sent of the nation." ' Sir Martin Wright also supposes that, as this general Homage and Fealty was done about the time that Domesday Book was finished, and not before, the Survey was taken " in order to dis cover the quantity of every man's fee, and to fix his Homage ; because anciently the name and quantity of the fee, &c. was specified in the Homage. And this probably," he adds, " was the reason why almost all the historians of those times join the account of this Survey and of the Homage done about that time together, in such a manner that we must needs think they took them to have immediate relation one to the other." 2 On the other hand, Lord Coke, the Judges of Ireland in the case of Tenures, Mr. Selden, 1 Blackst. Comment, ut supra, p. 50. See also Wright's Introduction to the Law of Tenures. 8°. in the Savoy, 1730. p. 52. s Wright, Ibid. p. 56. c 18 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation of the Record. § 3. Origin and Object. Nathaniel Bacon, and others, were of opinion, that Tenures were not brought into England by the Conqueror, but that they were common among the Saxons : and the internal evidence of Domesday itself bears no reference whatever to any simultaneous surrender of former tenures and re-grant of the same as feudal. § 4. Mode of Execution. Commissioners and Heads of Inquiry. Worcestershire. Sect. 4.— MODE of EXECUTION. 1. For the adjusting of this Survey, certain Commissioners, called the King's Justiciaries,1 were appointed. In folios 164> and 181 of the. first Volume of Domesday, we find them desig nated as Legati Regis. Those for the midland Counties at least, if not for all the districts, were, Remigius Bishop of Lincoln, Walter Giffard Earl of Buckingham, Henry de Ferers, and Adam the brother of Eudo Dapifer, who probably associated to them some principal person in each Shire. This we learn from the following curious document in the Register of St. Mary Worcester, usually called Heming's Chartulary, preserved among the Cottonian Manuscripts in the British Museum, Tib. A. xiii. " Indiculum Libertatis de Oswaldeslawes Hundred que a toto vicecomitatu uuireacestre 1 See Mat. Par. They are called by the same name in the Abbreviatio Chronicorum by Ralph de Diceto, MS. Cotton. Claud. E. in. fol. 59. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 19 sacramento iuris iurandi firmata est, Willelmo Formation of the Record. seniore regnante.1 — § 4. Mode of ' Execution. 1 Hearne, in his edition of Heming's Chartulary, printed in 1723, p. 291. gives the list of Jurors for the Hundred of Oswaldeslaw in Worcestershire. The leaf of the Original which should contain this, is gone, and was probably lost in 1731 at the time the Manuscript itself suffered material injury in the fire of the Cottonian Library. " Isti juraverunt ex parte Episcopi, Reoland Troke- mardtune, Adam de Lent, Normanus pincerna Episcopi. Ex parte Prioris, Willelmus Rupe, Rodbert le Parler, Ricard de Grimelei. Testes, Algarus canonicus de Lantona et dapifer Episcopi, qui juramentum suscepit in loco Episcopi Johannis, Thomas abbas de Persora, Godefrid archidiaconus, Laurentius prior de Coventre, Gilbertus prior de iEstlei, Willelmus de Bello campo, Rand de Lent, et frater ejus, Walterus et Alfred, Nicholaus de Muttuine, Adam de Cromb et filii ejus Thomas et Simd, Willelmus de Edmundscote et filius ejus Sind, Walterus de Dovervile, Garm. de Circhulle, Willelmus le Brun, Walterus de Ribesford, Fulc. filius Edwini, Petrus de Vpetun, Ivo capellanus episcopi, Ebrond decanus, Rodbertus presbiter, Nicholaus Blace, Willelmus de Lei, Hugo putrer, Alfred de la berte et filii ejus Rodbertus et Osbertus, Edricus de timber hangel, Morice de Ambreslei, Jordanus de Rinhale, Willelmus de Chereswalle, Willelmus filius Alberti, Osbernus filius Edwini albi, Hugo filius Lithegrimi et filius ejus Petrus, Alaard filius Wlfrici prepositi, Thurben le bedel, Ric. de Bimplinton prepositus ejusdem hun dred]', Monachi, Ric cantor, Andreas, Gervasius, Nicho laus, Walterus, Walcelin. de Euesham, Rodbert de Wuttum, Rod1 le cint, Rand presbiter de Lei, et Mauricius filius ejus." c 2 20 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation « fn uicecomitatu uuireceastre habet sea of the Record. — Maria de uuireceastre unii hundred qd uocatf § 4. Mode of iii- • 1 • j j "U Execution, oswaldes lau, in quo lacent ccc. hide, de quib3 • eps ipsi9 eccle a constitutione antiquo^ tepo£ habet omnes redditiones soearu. et orris consue- tudines inibi ptinentes ad dnicu uictii et regis seruitiii et suu, ita ut nee uicecomes [nee aliq's regalis seruitii exactor] possit ibi habere ulla. querela, neq, in placitis neq^ in aliqua re, teste uice comitatu. Et he pPdicte ccc. hide fuert de ipsi9 dfiio eccle, et quocuq^ modo prestite fuissent et cuicumq, pstite fuissent ad seruiendu inde Epo, ille qui earn prestita terra, tenebat nulla, omnino consuetudine sibimet retinere poterat, n' p epm, neq,, terra, retinere n! usq,, adimpletii tepus qd ipsi int se constituerunt, et nusqua cum hac se uertere poterat, nee jure hereditario ea. usurpando retinere aut feudam suam ea clamare poterat, n1 scdm uoluntate epi et scdm conuentione qua cu illo fecerat. Hoc testimonium tot' uicecomitap uuireceastre, dato Sacramento, iurisjurandi Jir- mauit, exhortante et ad laborante piissimo et prudentissimo patre dono Wulstano ep'o tem pore regis Wiftmi senioris, cora principib3 ei9de regis, Remigio scilicet Lincolniensi episcopo, et comite Walt'io Giffardo, et Henrico de Fereris, et Adam fr'e eudoni dapiferi regis, qui ad inquirendas et describendas possessiones et consuetudines, tarn regis qua' principu' suor' in hac provincia et in pluribus aliis AB IPSO REGE destinati sunt eo tempore quo tota. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 21 Anglia. idem rex describi fee. Vnde super hac Formation re facta ab ipsis, inquisitione et testimonio toti9 '"' l_foor - uicecomitat9, sacramento firmato, in autentica ^ExemliZnf regis cartula hoc testimoniu scribi fecef't et regali suaq, auctoritate stabilitu deinceps absq querela et calunia eande libtate firma. epo de ipso hun dred et tris ad eii ptinentib} pmanere, rege annuente, iudicauer. Ad hui9 rei cfirmatione exemplar ei9 in autentica regis cartula ut pdixi scriptii e que in thesauro regali cii toti9 Anglie descriptionib3 conseruatur." The Inquisitors, it appears, upon the oaths of the Sheriffs, the Lords of each Manor, the Presbyters of every Church, the Reves of every Hundred, the Bailiffs and six Villans of every village, were to enquire into the name of the place, who held it in the time of King Edward, who was the present possessor, how many hides in the Manor, how many carrucates in demesne, how many homagers, how many villans, how many cotarii, how many servi, what free-men, how many tenants in socage, what quantity of wood, how much meadow and pasture, what mills and fish-ponds, how much added or taken away, what the gross value in King Edward's time, what the present value, and how much each free-man or soch-man had or has. All this was to be triply estimated : first, as the estate was held in the time of the Confessor ; then, as it was bestowed by King William ; and thirdly, as its value stood at the formation of the Survey. c 3 22 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation The jurors were moreover to state whether any of the Record. J J — advance could be made in the value. § 4. Mode of . . . Execution. Such are the exact terms of an Inquisition, accompanied by the names of the Jurors and the Return of property, in the counties of Cambridge and Hertford, belonging to the monastery of Ely ; the following transcript of part of which, from another manuscript in the Cottonian Library,1 will show more minutely the description and condition of the Jurors. Cambridgeshire. " Hie subsc'bitur inq'sicio frarum, qrm° barones regis inquirunt, uidelicet p sacramentii uicecomitis scire, et omniu baronum, et eorum francigenarii, et toci9 centuriatus, p>sbiti, ppoti, vi. uillani uniuscui9ck uille. Deinde q°m° uocatur mansio, quis tenuit earn tempe R. E. quis m° tenet, quot hid, quot carr in dominio, quot hoicm, q°t uill, q°t cot, quot serui, q^t libi homines, quot sochemani, qantum silue, qEntum prati, quot pascuorii, q°t mot, q°t piscine, qantu e additum ul ablatu, qantii ualebat totum simul,2 et q'ntum m°, qantum ibi quisq, lib homo ul sochemanum habuit, ui ht. Hoc totum triplicir, scit tempe Regis 7Eduardi, et qii Rex Witts dedit, et q°m° sit m°, et si potest plus haberi quam habeatur. Isti homines iuraverunt, a In Staplehou Hund Nicholaus de Cheneta, 1 MS. Cotton. Brit. Mus. Tib. A. vi. fol. 38. 12 For totum simul, MS. Coll. Trin. N° 68 B. 2. reads, in a later hand above, " tunc." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 23 Witts de Chipenham1 homo Gaufridi, Hugo de Heselinge, Warin de Saham, Rodbt9 Anglicus de Fordham, Ordmar de Billingesha.,2 Alan9 de Burewelle, Aluriz de Sneilewelle. Isti homines iurauerunt. " In Cauelai Hund iurauerunt. scil. Ric {Pfect9 hui9 hundreti, iEduardus homo Albici de uer, Radulfus de Hotot, Witts de Mara, Standard 3 de Seuerlaio, Frawinus de Quetelinge, Carlo de Cauelaio, Wlmar9 homo Wighen. " In Hund de Stanas iurauerunt homines, scil. Alerann9, Rogg homo Walti Giffardi, Ric p^fect9 hui9 hundreti, Farmannus huscarlo de Suafham, Leofwin9, Harald4 homo Hard de Scalariis, s Aluric9 de Wiburgeham, G et alii omnes Franci et Angli de hoc hiidreto iuraue runt. " In Erningeford Hund iurauerunt Walt, Hunfridus de Ansleuilla, Hugo Pedefold, Ric de Morduna, Colsueyn,7 Aim eius filius, Turul- fus, Alfuuinus Odesune,8 et oiris alii Franci et Angli in hoc hund iurauerunt. " In Trepeslau Hund iuraueriit homines, scii. Radulfus p>posit9 hui9 Hund, Witts de Caleis,9 Radulfus de Barentona, Teodbald9 homo Hard, Formation of the Record. § 4. Mode of Execution. 1 'f Cipeham." MS. Trin. 2 " Bellincgeham." Ib. 4 " Herald." Ib. 6 " Wiborgeham." Ib. " Alwinus Odesunu." Ib. C 4 => " Stanhard." Ib. 5 « de Escalariis." Ib. 7 " Colsuuegen." Ib. » " Caleio." Ib. 24. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation of the Record. § 4. Mode of Execution. Standard de Hauekestune,1 Godriz de Fulmere, Aluric9 de Treppeslau, Sigar dapifer, et omnes alii Franci et Angli de hund iurauerunt. . 1 § 4. Mode of own return, is evident from more than one Execution. entry.1 A remarkable instance of the equity attaching to the formation of the Survey will be found in the account of the land at Brun- felde in Shropshire, belonging to the Church of St. Mary Shrewsbury, torn. i. fol. 252 b : 2 and it is clear from the Survey itself that the inqui- 1 Under the title of Earl Hugh's land in Gloucester shire, torn. i. fol. 166 b. we read, " Ipse com ten. ii. 55 de. mi. hid geldan!. 7 n. hoes ej9 de eo. Elnod 7 Leuuin9 tenuef. T. R. E. Non fuit q' responderet de his tris. sed p hoes comitat9 appcian?. viii. life." So, in the same County, fol. 164. under Vdecestre, (C De quo 55 nemo Legatis regis reddid. rationem, nee aliquis eorum venit ad hanc Descriptionem." " Non fuit q' de hac ?ra respondet." occurs again, fol. 170. Of the bishop of Worcester's lands in Herefordshire it is said, torn. i. fol. 182 b. " Inter totum sunt in Episcopatu ccc. hidae quamvis de xxxiii. hid. homines Episcopi rationem non dederint." « " In hoc 55 T. R. E. erant xx. hidse. 7 totu habefe. xir. canonici ipsi9 ecclesiae. Vn9 eor3 Spirtes noe teneb solus, x. hid. Sed cu fuisset exulat9 ab Anglia ^ dedit rex. E. has x. hid:. Rofeto filio Wimarch. sic cano- nico. RoBtus u° dedit eand tra cuida suo genero. Q& cum canonici indicassent regi i cfesti ^cepit ad aecciam ?ra reuerti. tantm° inducians donee ad curia instantis natalis dni Rotito juberet ut genero suo ?ra alia puideret. Ipse au? rex in ipsis festis diebus obiit. 7 ex eo usq, nc seccia ?ram pdit. Hanc ten. m° Rofetus de com. Rogerio. 7 vasta. e 7 uasta inuenta. e. Int to! tra. e. Lini. car." 32 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation of the Record. § 4. Mode of Execution. 4. Clamores. sitions, in many instances, caused the restoration of property.1 Under Odintune, in Sussex, tom.i. fol. 16. b.we read " T. R. E. valebat mi. lib. et post xl. sol. Modo nn. lib. Olim reddidit vi. lib. sed perdu- rare non potuit .•" and again under Petchinges : " Dudum fuit ad xx. lib. sed non potuit pati." Of certain rents payable from different manors to the King's superior manor of Axminster in Devonshire, tom. i. fol. 100. it is said " Hos denar. jam per plures annos Rex non habuit." 4. The Clamores, or Claims entered in the Survey, were usually between Norman and 1 See a remarkable entry of this kind in the account of the possessions of Robert de Oilgi in Berkshire, tom.i. fol. 62. " Isd. R. tenet una hid. qua Azor dispensator R. E. tenuit. 7 cu ea ire potuit quo voluit. — Hanc tra ten. isd Azor de Rofeto. s; hoes de hund. testifican? eu de Rege debere tenere. qm rex W. ap Windesores ei reddidit. 7 breue suu inde ei ded. Rofct9 u° ten injuste. Nemo eni eo& uidit breue regis uel ex parte ej9 hoem qui eu inde saisisset. Vat. 7 ualuit. in. life, quauis red- dat. nn. lib." In one instance in Berkshire the Com missioners referred the right of property to a trial, torn. i. fol. 58 b. " Osbern9 eps ten in diiio Bocheland de epatu suo ut dicit. Vluric9 chenp T. R. E. ibi mansit. Vnde judicium n dixef. sed ante regem ut judicet dimiser." In the account of two manors held under Milo Crispin in Oxfordshire, torn. i. fol. 159 b. it is said, " Has n. terras quas ten Orgar de Milone, de Rege deberet tenere. Ipse enim et pater suus et avunculus tenuerunt libere T. R. E. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 33 Norman on King William's donation.1 In most counties they occur under the respective pro perty. Those in the counties of York and Lincoln are entered by themselves. In Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk, there are three titles of the same import. In Essex, Invasiones, No. xc : in Norfolk, De Invasionibus, No. lxvi : and in Suffolk, Invasiones super Regem, No. lxxvi. Under these heads were comprised such Lands as were possessed without a Title from the Conqueror. That is, they that held them were neither put in possession by the Sheriff with authority from the King, nor by his legal or special Commissioner, nor by his Writ or Brief, and thus they were Invaders or Intruders, and possessed without Title, and the Lands called Invasions.2 5. Camden indeed has conjectured that many parts -were left out, "quiapensitationibus liberae," and Kelham thinks the observation may be well founded.3 In Worcestershire we are expressly told, that seven out of twelve hundreds were omitted in that County : " In ipso comitatu sunt xn. Hund. ho£ vn. ita sunt quieti sic scira dicit qd uiceconi nichil habet in eis 7 ido sic dicit in firma multii pdit."4 And it is often 1 Kelham, Domesd. Book lilustr. p. 126. 2 Append, to Brady's Introd. to the Old Engl. History, p. 24. 3 Domesday Book Illustrated, p. 17. 4 Tom. 1. fol. 172. So, in Sussex, tom. i. fol. 28. " Ipse Wiiis ten Wasingetone. Guerd coin tenuit D Formation of the Record, | 4. Mode of Execution. 5. Omissions. 34 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation said that such, or such land, was never hidated, of the Record. . « — and that the Hundred can give no account ot ^ExefutLf it. Nevertheless, in other parts of this great — Return, Lands which did not pay geld are inserted. Among the possessions of the Church of Bath we find two out of five hides at Escetone, " a geldo quietae, ccessu E. 7 W. regum." : Change of Names and Divisions. 6. The names of the Hundreds in the respec tive Counties have undergone a great change. Lincolnshire is divided into thirty Wapentakes, or Hundreds, yet there are only about nineteen which bear any thing like the same names in Domesday which they do at present; and in Warwickshire there is not now one remaining out of the ten there set down.2 In Leicestershire indeed, they have remained nearly the same,3 as well as in Cambridgeshire.4 In Bedfordshire the names of the Hundreds have been altered com paratively in few instances, but in many cases the manors have been transferred from one Hundred to another.5 The same may be said of Berkshire,6 T. R. E. Tc se defd p lix. hid. Modo n dat geldu :" Tom.i. fol. 182 b. " Circa portam Herefordiae habuit Walterus Episcopus terras T. R. E. quae non geldafe. :" and in Cheshire, fol. 269. " In hoc eod 55. e silua una. Nunq geldauit. nee hidata fuit." 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 165. col. 2. 2 Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 17. 3 Nichols' Hist. Leic. Introd. Vol. p. xxxviii. 4 Lysons's Mag. Brit. vol. ii. p. 13. 6 Ibid. vol. i. p. 3. ° Ibid. p. 166. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 35 and probably of a very large portion of the Formation /-..•• i n -i • 1 -i- i of the Record. Counties in general. Buckinghamshire, when the Survey of Domesday was taken, was divided * Exefuthrf into eighteen Hundreds, and there are now only eight which compose separate districts.1 In Middlesex the Hundreds of Osulvestane, Gara, Heletorne, Spelethorne, Delmetone, and Hone- slaw,2 are all enumerated : but in Dorsetshire, with the exception of Bochelande and Porbich s no Hundreds are mentioned ; which renders the Domesday of that County very obscure. Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Durham, are not described in the Survey : nor does Lancashire appear under its proper name ; butFurness,3 and the northern part of the county, as well as the south of Westmoreland, with part of Cumberland, are included within the West- riding of Yorkshire ; 4 that part of Lancashire which lies between the rivers Ribble and Mersey, and which at the time of the Survey compre hended six hundreds and a hundred and eighty- eight manors, is subjoined to Cheshire ; 6 and part 1 Lysons's Mag. Brit. vol. i. p. 452. 3 Now Isleworth. * West's Hist, of Furness, p. xiii. 4 See Domesd. tom. i. fol. 301 b. After the Clamores in Yorkshire, at fol. 379. a recapi tulation of the number of Carucates under the names of the different landowners occurs, as if intended to facilitate the investigation of the Clamores, under the West, North, and East Ridings. Upon comparison this will be found to be a mere abstract of the former Returns. 5 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 269 b. D 2 36 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation of the Record. § 4. Mode of Execution. of Rutlandshire is described in the Counties of Northampton and Lincoln.1 To which may be 1 Domesd. tom.i. foil. 293 b. 367 a. See also Kelham, ut supr. p. 3. Morton, in some " Remarks on Domesday Book concerning Northamptonshire," MS. Donat. Brit. Mus. No. 3560. says, " Exclusive of the part of Rutland shire mentioned in this County, several other places are comprised in it from adjoining Counties, as Salwebrige, Berchwelle, and Whitacre from Warwickshire ; Fine- mere, Sildeswelle, Glintone, Oitone, Hortone, Eyforde, Colesford, Cerlentone, and Scipford, from Oxfordshire; Farnedis (Farndish), and Potentone from Bedfordshire; Adelintone (Elton), Terninge (T/iurning), Cateworde (Catworth), and Slabintone (Slibington) from Hunting donshire." Many instances might be cited from the Survey, where Entries belonging to one county, either for con venience, or the juxtaposition of the property of a particular landholder, or some other reason, have been confessedly placed in another. Lappele in Staffordshire, belonging to the Church of St. Remigius at Rheims is entered in Domesday in Northamptonshire. Of a hide in Lonchelei in Berkshire, tom. i. fol. 61 b. it is said, " H' tfa jacet 7 appciata. e in Gratenton qd e in Oxene- fordscire. 7 tarn dat scotii in Berchescire." The Manors of Hanlie and Forhelmentone in Gloucestershire, with six Manors in Worcestershire, are entered, fol. 180 b. in Herefordshire. In Huntingdonshire, fol. 203 b. under Botulvesbrige, we read, " Ibi pfer 7 seccia. 7 lx. ac pti. 7 xii. ac siluae pastit in Hantescyre." Ibid. " In Par- tenhale. hfe Aluuin9. 1. uirg trae ad gld. Tfa dim car. H' tfa. sita e in Bedefordscire. sed gld: 7 seruitiu reddit in Hontedunescyre." Again, fol. 207 b. " In Caissot hfe Aluuine. 1. uirg tree ad gld cii saca 7 soca. Tfa 11. bou. Jacet in Bedefordscira. s; gld dat in Huntedscire." In Shropshire, fol. 253. under " Membrefelde. cu GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 37 added that, in later times, the two antient Formation Hundreds of Atiscross and Exestan, deemed — a part of Cheshire in the Survey, have been Execution: transferred to the Counties of Flint and Den- bigh in the Principality of Wales.1 Hereford shire, which in the time of the Conqueror xviii. bereuuich," " Vna ex his Bereuu Caluestone de i. hida. est in Wirecestrescire." In Lincolnshire, fol. 336 b. " Alfet9 una aecclam S. Petri cu. nabz. mans. 7 dim car tfe quae jacet in Rotelande in Hemeldune." Under Weleve in Hampshire, tom. i. fol. 50. " De isto CD abstulit Waleran una v. 7 dim. 7 misit foras comita? 7 misit in Wiltesire." In Herefordshire, tom. i. fol. 181. we have another instance of the arbitrary shifting of land from the jurisdiction of one County to that of another. " In Niware sunt ne hidae 7 dimid. quaa conueniefe 7 opabanir sed Roger9 de pistes T. W. comitis diuertit illas ad Glouuecestrescire." Under Heni in Essex, tom. ii. foil. 84, 84 b. after the description of the property it is expressly said, " Hsec terra est in comitatu de Sudfolc." 1 At the end of Atiscros Hundred, tom. i. fol. 269. it is said, " Rotbert9 de Roelent ten de rege nortwales ad firma p xl. life, pr ilia tra qua rex ei dederat in feudo 7 pt tras episcopat9. Isd Rofet9 caluniatr uii Hund Arvester. qd ten Rogerius comes. Walenses testificantr istu Hund. ee. de his nortwalis." In a previous part of the Volume, fol. 186 b. eleven manors are enumerated " in Marcha de walis." So, before, fol. 183 b. " Inter tot ix. hidifi sunt wastes in Marcha de wales." The Welsh under-tenants in Shropshire, are frequently men tioned as paying rents in money : and, in some instances, in kind, as tom. i. fol. 255. " Isdem Rainaldus habet in Walis nos fines Chenlei 7 Derniov. De uno tit lx. sol. de firma. et de alio vinto vaccas a Walensibus." D 3 38 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation of the Record. § 4. Mode of Execution. appears to have been esteemed almost a Welsh County, is included in the Return. In the account of Gloucestershire we find a con siderable portion of Monmouthshire included, probably all between the Wye and the Usk. J Kelham thinks 2 it probable that the King's Commissioners might find it impossible to take any exact survey of the three Counties northern most of all, as they had suffered so much from the Conqueror's revenge.3 As to Durham, 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 162. " Castellum de Estrighoiel" is supposed to mean either Chepstow, or a small Castle, some remains of which may still be seen on a brow of the Forest of Wentwood, four miles from Chepstow, commanding the ancient road thereto from South Wales. See Williams's Hist, of Monmouthshire, p. 140. which says, the Cambrians called it Castell Glyn Ystrigul, or the Castle near the River Ystrigul, which falls into the Usk, between Brynbiga and Caerleon. Lamecare (Lan- vair), Poteschiuet (Portsewit), and Dinan, are mentioned in the Survey as Hardeuices, or villages belonging to Herdmen. The enumeration of sixty-three villages follows, without the name of any one being mentioned. At the end, it is said, " hos misit. W. comes ad csuetud Grifin regis licentia regis W." Caruen (Caerisient) and Caldicot are also noticed, as well as Caer-leon. Turstinus the son of Rolf is said to hold six carucates " ultra Huscham," beyond the Usk. In Herefordshire, tom. i. fol. 185 b. we have "m.Walenses lege Walensi viventes." 2 Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 15. 3 See Ordericus Vitalis, Lib. iv. p. 514. A.D. 1069. " Spatio centum miliariorum castra ejus diffunduntur. Plerosque gladio vindice ferit, aliorum latebras evertit, terras devastat, et domos cum rebus omnibus concremat. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 39 he adds, all the country between the Tees and Tine had been conferred by Alfred on the Bishop of this See ; and at the coming in of the Conqueror he was reputed a Count Palatine.1 Formation of the Record. § 4. Mode of Execution. \ Nusquam tanta crudelitate usus est Guillelmus, hie tur- piter vicio succubuit, dum iram suam regere contempsit; et reos innocuosque pari animadversione peremit. Jussit enim ira stimulante segetibus et pecoribus cum vasis et omni genere alimentorum repleri, et igne injecto penitus omnia simul comburi ; et sic omnem alimoniam per totam regionem trans Humbranam pariter devastari. Unde sequenti tempore tam gravis in Anglia late sasvit penuria et inermem ac simplicem populum tanta famis involuit miseria, ut Christiana? gentis utriusque sexus et omnis aetatis homines perirent plus quam centum milia." Compare also Hoveden, Script, post Bedam, fol. Lond. 1596. p. 258 b. Brady, Append, p. 17. without any reference to the Historians here quoted, suggests that the Counties alluded to might be at that time in the hands of the Scots or else in such condition as no Commissioners dare adventure into them to take the returns of Juries and make the Survey. So complete however was the Con queror's devastation, that William of Malmesbury states that this district, above sixty miles in length, which had been full of towns and cultivated fields, remained barren and desolate even to his time. Malmesb. lib. iii. p. 105. In fol. 301 b. of the first volume of Domesday, after the enumeration of the names of no less than sixty-one places in Agemundreness, it is said, " Oms hae uille iacent ad Prestune. 7 in. ecciae. Ex his xvi. a paucis incoluntur. S3 quot sint habitantes ignoratur. Reliqua sunt wasta. Rog pic? habuit." We shall have occasion to speak again of the Conqueror's ravages in the North. 1 Kelh. Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 15; The Bishop's property, as a tenant in capite, in other Counties is D 4 40 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation From the particulars which have been stated, of the Record. . , — the Survey seems to have been made witn as Execution much exactness as was possible.1 The greatness specifically mentioned. See Berksh. tom. i. fol. 58. Bedf. fol. 210 b. Northampt. fol. 220. Yorksh. fol. 304 b. Lincolnsh. fol. 340 b. Essex, tom. ii. fol. 15 b. The last of these references is to the account of the manor of Walham, in which it is said " Londoni^: sunt xn. domus pertinentes manerio qua? redd. xx. sol. et una Porta quam rex dedit antecessori Episcopi quae etiam redd xx. sol." There seems every reason to believe that Bishopsgate is the Gate of London here described. 1 That Charters were exhibited to the Commissioners for the Domesday Survey is evident from several passages; as under Niwetone in Devonshire, fol. 101 b. " De hoc 55 ostend Osfen9 eps cartas suas q testanf ascciam S. Petri inde fuisse saisitam anteq. rex E. regnaret." So, again, of the Abbey of Evesham in Worcestershire, " Ipsa seccta ten Ambreslege. Haec antiquitus p in. hid fuit lifea sic dnt cartas de aeccta. sed T. R. E. fuit numerata p xv. hid." In tom. ii. fol. 389 b. under " Terrae Ricardi filii Comitis Gisleberti," we read, " H. maneriu dedit Aluricus fili9 Wisgari Sco Johanni. ?. f. e. concedente filio suo. et quenda sacerdote Ledmaru et alios cu illo imposuit. Facta etia carta, ecciiam. et omne locu Leuestano afefei ad custodiendii cmisit." A large por tion of the forged Saxon Charters which at this day exist are to be referred to the period of the Domes day Survey. They were fabricated by the Monks in anxiety to make the titles to their property good when the Norman Commissioners came amongst them. Some had even forged Seals, an appendage of Norman origin, at least as far as the authentication of legal instruments by them goes, introduced by Edward the Confessor. The Seals both of Edward the Confessor and William are frequently noticed in the Survey. Once we have GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 41 of the design might of itself be expected to Formation „. -ii °f tne Record. occasion some omissions. I hose in the larger districts have been accounted for ; and, in the Jiec«L« smaller ones, it may be reasonable to suppose that as some places mentioned in the Survey have been since quite depopulated, and every memorial of them lost, so others, which are now of consequence, did not exist in the time of the Conqueror. Manors continued to be created till the statute of " Quia Emptores," which passed in the eighteenth year of Edward the First, and numerous parcels of land which now form Manors of themselves, at the time of the Domesday Survey must have been parcels of other Manors still in existence.1 mention of the Seal of Odo bishop of Baieux and Earl of Kent ; unquestionably the earliest specimen in Eng- v. 301 land of a Baronial Seal. An engraving of it will be found in the first Volume of the Archaeplogia of the Society of Antiquaries. Odo is represented on one side as an Earl, in armour, on horseback. The earliest lay Baronial Seal is probably that of Robert de Oilgi, appendant to a deed of the Conqueror's time, in the archives of St. John's College, Oxford. 1 It may be of service to County Historians to state here that local enquiries will often ascertain the sites of places mentioned in Domesday, of which all memory is supposed to be lost : and that the names of places in this Survey are not in every instance those of villages, but frequently of manors, and sometimes of very small and insignificant portions of land. Instances from two or three counties will be sufficient to put the topographical antiquary upon the alert in his search. In Surrey for 42 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Formation Care seems to have been occasionally of the Record. , — - taken even to enumerate purchases in tne § 4. Mode of . instance, Waletone, tom. i. fol. 30. now Wallington, and Cisedune, fol. 36 b. are places in the vill of Beddington : the former known at this time, the latter unknown : Hacheham, fol. 3 1 b. is a manor in Camberwell ; Beige- ham, fol. 36, is Balham in the parish of Stretham. Witford, twice mentioned, foil. 31 b. 35 b. was a hamlet of Mitcham, the only memorial of which is now pre served in the name of a lane between Upper and Lower Mitcham. Aplestede, in Hampshire, tom.i. fol. 45b. was in Southwick; its site is alone designated in a charter of the time of Edward the First, entered in the Register of Southwick Priory. In Berkshire, tom. i. fol. 61 b. Elentone, is Ealingtone or South Elington, where now stands the Town of Maidenhead. In Middlesex, tom. i. fol. 129. Hatone will be found in the parish of Bedfont; Ticheham and Coleham, in Hillingdon ; and Chenetone, is Kempton in Sunbury; Hergotestane, fol. 130. is Haggerston in the parish of Shoreditch ; and Lilestone, Lisson-Green in Paddington. Among the lands of Geoffrey de Mandeville in Mid dlesex, in the hundred of Ossulston, we find Eia entered in Domesday, tom. i. fol. 129 b. Our topographers have omitted to say where this property stood. From the Chartulary of Westminster Abbey, however, we learn that close upon the time when the Survey was taken, Geoffrey de Mandeville gave this manor of Eye, described as at no great distance from St. Peter's Church, to the Abbat and Convent of that place. See the Chartulary of Westminster, MS. Cotton. Faust. A. in. fol. 281 b. King William the Conqueror's confirmation of the grant occurs in fol. 57 b. This same manor, with various other lands, was exchanged by the name of Eyebury, with King Henry the Eighth, in the 28th year of his reign, for the Priory of Hurley and various other possessions, GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 43 Survey,1 and there are various instances of mortgage.2 by the Abbat and Convent. See Stat, of the Realm, 28 Hen. vm. 1536. chap. 49, vol. iii. p. 709. It now belongs to the Marquis of Westminster, still bears the name of Eyebury, and is situated toward Chelsea, in the parish of St. George Hanover Square, though formerly in that of St. Martin in the Fields. 1 Under Theisescote in Hertfordshire, tom. i. fol. 137 b. we read " Horum {sc. hominum) unus terram suam emit a W. rege novem unc. auri ut hoes de Hund. testantur. et postea ad Wigotum se vertit pro protectione;'' and from the context of the entry the quantity of land so purchased could scarcely have been more than a hide. In Warwickshire, tom. i. fol. 242. under the land of Robert de Oilgi in Merstone, we read, " Aluricus libere tenuit T. R. E. Hanc terram emit ab eo Robertus licentia regis W. :" and again, fol. 242 b. of ten hides of land in Bertanestone, " Ailmarus libere tenuit. 7 lictia regis W. uendidit Aluuino uicecomiti." A manor at Wermelai in Hertfordshire, consisting of two hides and a half of arable land, with pasture sufficient for the cattle, and wood affording pannage for a hundred and fifty hogs, with other appurtenances, was purchased, after the Conqueror's arrival, for three marks of gold, tom. i. fol. 142. " Hoc 55 fuit uenditu in. mark auri post aduentu regis Wifti." 2 At tom. i. fol. 170 b. in Gloucestershire, " Hardinc ten in vadimonio de Brictric Witenherst." Previously, in one of the manors in Hertfordshire belonging to Peter de Valoines, it is said, " In hoc eodem 55 qusedam femina tenuit v. uirg sub Anschil de Waras. 7 uende potuit p? 1. uirg. q posuit in uadim Almero de Belint;." Formation of the Record. § 4. Mode of Execution. 44 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. II.— PRINCIPAL MATTERS NOTICED in THIS RECORD. Sect. 1.— PERSONS. Principal l. After the Bishops and Abbats, the highest Matters noticed in this Record, persons in rank were the Norman Barons. In § i. Persons. Domesday, the " Barones Regis" are but rarely — noticed : and even then, in most cases, we are to understand the King's justiciaries, before whom the claims on property were litigated.1 From one or two entries, however, there can be little doubt that the designation was generally applied to the King's immediate freeholders, the Tenants in capite. In the account of Wareham •in Dorsetshire, it is said, "De parte S. Wandre- gisili st ibi. xl.v. dom9 stantes. 7 xvii. st. vastee. De partihj aliofy Baron' si ibi. xx. dom9 stantes. 7 lx. st destructae," 2 And, in the account of Warwick, it is said, " habet Rex in driio suo. c.xiii. domus. 7 Barones regis h'nt cxn, de quib3 1 Under Thorp in Suffolk we read, " hanc tfa inua- diauit Abbas [S. Edm.] c! Barones Regis, scilicet W. epm. Engelricu. 7 Rad. Stalra pro cs." And, again, in the same County, upon the Bishop of Baieux's property at Asfelda, " he inuenef Barones Regis in pace inter Rogum bigot 7 Hugone comite." tom. ii. foil. 367 b. 377- 2 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 75. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 45 omib3 rex habet geldu suum." An enumeration Principal n . 1 1 1 T ,i n i i Matters noticed ot the persons holding these masures follows ; in this Record. after which it is said, " Hae masurae ptifi ad § i.~pZsons. tras qas ipsi barones ten extra burgu. 7 ibi appciatae sunt." ' " Barones regis" occur con tinually for Tenants in chief in the Exeter Domesday.2 2. The Taini, Tegni, Teigni, Teini, or Teinni, are to be next mentioned, because those of the highest class were, in fact, the Nobility, or Barons of the Saxon times. The Thanes of the Saxon times, says Kelham, were divided into Thani Regis, Thani mediocres, and Thani minores. The Thani mediocres were equal to the lesser Barons or lords of manors, Selden says to the Vavasors of the Normans, The Thani inferiores are said to have made up the lowest class of Freeholders.3 Although the name of Baron appears, in time, to have supplanted that of Thane, yet, not merely in the beginning, but to the very end of 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 238. Compare Seld. Not. ad Eadm. p. 169. Wilk. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 197. Note. 2 Among the Laws of Edward the Confessor as con firmed by the Conqueror we have one, " 21. De Baro- nibus qui suas habent curias et consuetudines." See Wilkins, p. 202. See also the Law of Henry the First, " De privilegiis Procerum Anglias." Ibid. p. 247. 3 See Kelham, Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 343. Com pare also Tyrrel, Introd. Hist. Engl. p. 76. Selden, Tit. Hon. p. 625. 46 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal the Conqueror's reiern, the title of Thane existed, Matters noticed * ° in this Record, and was acknowledged.1 Nor was it likely that § 1. Persons, the use of language could have been so suddenly — altered, that the title of Baron only should have immediately superseded it. Archbishops, Bishops, and Abbats, as well as the great Barons, are also called Thanes.2 Sir Henry Spelman3 and Wilkins4 seem to 1 There are many Charters of William the First, both in English and Latin, in which they are mentioned. The Chartulary of the Abbey of St. Peter Westminster MS. Cotton. Brit. Mus. Faust. A. iii. affords numerous instances. As at fol. 112 b. " Willem King gret Bundi Stallere, and Sawold Sirefen, and alle mine Thegnes on Oxnefordscire freondlice." And again, in the same folio, " Willem King gret Stigan Arcebiscop and Eustacies eorll, and all mine Thegnis on Surreya freond lice." In the Latin Charters the word Ministri is frequently used as the substitute. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 56 b. " Hi subscripti TAINI de Oxenefordscire habuef tfa in Walingeford. Lanfranc Archieps. Remigi9 eps. Afefe. de S.Albano. R. afefe. Comes Hugo. Walter9 Gifard. Rofet9 de Oilgi. Ilbert9 de Laci. Roger9 F. Seifridi. Orgar. Hugo de Bolebec. Hugo Grando de Scoca. Drogo. Rofet9 Armenteres. Wazo." From the " Judicia Civitatis Lundonias sub rege JEthelstano editce," Wilk. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 71. we learn that the Saxons had CDaerr e J>egener *j ponulb J^ejener, Ministri ecclesiastici and Ministri seculares. In an entry in Dorsetshire, tom. i. fol. 84. " Bollo presbyter tenet Mapledre. Ipse tenuit cum aliis vii. liberis taints T. R. E." 3 English Works. Diss, on Feuds and Tenures, p. 16. 4 Glossar. ad LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 428. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 47 make but two kinds of Thanes. " A Thane," Principal Matters noticed says Sir Henry, "was (in like manner with an in this Record. Earl 2) not properly a title of dignity, but of § 1. Persons. service: so called in the Saxon of Senian servire, and in Latin, Minister a ministrando. But as there be many degrees of service, some of greater estimation and some of less, so those that served the King in places of eminency, either in Court or Commonwealth, were called Thani majores and Thani Regis ; and those that served under them in like manner as under Dukes, Earls, and other great Officers of the Kingdom, and also under Bishops, Abbats, and the greater Prelates of the Church, were called Thani minores, or the lesser Thanes. And, as the titles of honourable office and service in Dukes, Earls, &c. became at length to be made here ditary ; so this of Thanes descended at last, with 1 " Consul Eustachius " occurs for Earl Eustace in the Survey, tom. ii. fol. 20 b. but Comes is the more general name. Tom. ii. fol. 119. we have " Ad op9 csui x. I. ad num." " Consulatus testimonium," tom. ii. foll.14. and 91 . is synonimous with " Testimonium sciras." Serj' Heywood, upon Selden's authority, says, that the words Consul and Consulatus, though frequently used by writers under the first race of Norman Kings, were laid aside about the time of Stephen. Dissert, on the Ranks of the People under the Anglo-Saxon Govern ment, p. 75. Matthew Paris however uses Consul for Earl, Hist. Maj. edit. 1684. p. 850. under the year 1263; and it is frequently used by Bromton, when speaking of the Earls of the Saxon period. 48 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Matterst'oticed tne*r ^at^ers land, upon their children and in this Record, posterity; and continued thus till after the § 1. Persons. Conquest, as appears by some writs and charters of the Conqueror." " Buchanan," 1 Sir Henry Spelman continues, " describing the quality of their persons, calleth them Prcvfectos Regionum sive Nomarcas et Qucestores rerum capitalium, Governours of places, principal Ministers of Justice, Chequer-men, Sheriffs, &c. But we will take them as the Saxons themselves describe them in the place above mentioned, where it thus followeth, jip Eeonl jeSeah J> he hepbe pulhce pip hyba ajener lanbe, &c. if a Churl or Husbandman throve, so that he had fully five hides of his own land, a Church and a Kitchen, a Bell-house, and a Gate-house, a seat and a several office in the King's hall, then he was from thenceforth worthy of the rights of a Thane : meaning (as I understand it) he was then one of the greater Thanes or King's Thanes. For the lesser Thane is by and by described also in that which followeth, viz. 3nb jrp Sejen jerSeah, &c. And if a Thane himself so pros pered that he served the King, and rid upon his Message as others of his Court, and then had a Thane (i. e, an under or lesser Thane) that followed him, which had five Hides (or Plough-land) chargeable to the King's expedi tion, and served his Lord in the King's Court, 1 Hist. Scot. Lib. 6. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 49 and had gone thrice upon his errand to the Principal King: he (this under Thane) might take an inthURecord3 oath instead of his Lord, and at any great need § \.~pZSOns. supply the place of his Lord. And, if a Thane _ did so thrive as he became an Earl, he had the rights of an Earl. And a Merchant might become a Thane, &C.1 Mr. Lambard2 conceiveth this place to discover but three Degrees among the Saxons, viz. Earls, Thanes, and Ceorls, not admitting the Under Thane to be a several Degree. The words seem otherwise, and the Saxon division before recited maketh four degrees, Earl, Ceorl, Thegn, and Theoden or under Thane. Some therefore distinguish Thanes into majores and minores, some into majores, minores (otherwise called mediocres) and minimi, whom Canutus in his Forest-Laws calleth Minuti and Tinemen. The Saxon division first men tioned, I find to be pursued by Norman terms in the Laws of Edward the Confessor and William Conq. delivered by Ingulfus, viz. Count, Baron, Valvasor, and Villain ; where he placeth Count instead of Earl, Baron instead of King's Thane, Valvasor instead of Theoden or lesser Thane, and lastly Villain instead of Churl ; as though the division both of the Saxon and Norman times did hold analogy one with the 1 Judicia Civitatis Lundonise. Wilkins, LL. Anglo- Sax, p. 70. § ult. et seq. 3 Itin. Cant. p. 502. E 50 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal other, and both of them with ours at this day, Matters noticed . „_ T1 in this Record, viz. of Earls and Barons of the Kingdom, m- § 1. Persons, eluding the greater Nobility ; Barons of Towns1 and Manours, including the lesser Nobility or Gentry ; and that of our Yeomen, including the Husbandmen." At the end of many of the Counties in Domes day there is a Title for Thani, Servientes, and Ministri Regis ; and it is observable that the Thani are generally distinct from the Servientes and Ministri, as seeming to be of a superior degree, and holding offices of a less servile nature than the others.2 References to entries in the Survey in which the Teigni Regis are mentioned will be found in great abundance in the Index Rerum. We have also Teigni Reginae, Teigni HeraldiComitis, 1 See Spelman's Glossary, v. Baro. The citizens of London were dignified with the name of Barons from a very early period, as were those of York, Chester, and some other places. In Henry the Third's charter of the liberties of London, we read " Barones civitatis London elegant sibi singulis annis de seipsis Maiorem." The citizens too bore the title in the inscription upon their common seal, " sigillvm baronum london- iarum." SeeStowe's Survey, edit. 1603 p. 307. 2 Compare Domesd. tom. i. foil. 36 b. 49 b. 63 b. 73b. 74b. 84. 84b. 98b. 117b. 118. 142. 153. 160b. 170 b. 207 b. 236 b. 244. 250 b. 278 b. 292 b. 330 b. 370b. Tom.i. fol. 143. we have " Taini Regis et Elemosinarii." The Relief of the Thane will hereafter be given from the Saxon Laws. " Famuli Regis " occur in entries in the Survey, tom. ii. foil. 4 b. 98 b. 110 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 51 Teigni Stigandi Archiepiscopi, Teigni Comitis Principal ai . m . ., . . , . . „, . . ~ , Matters noticed Algan, leigni homines Alrici filn Godmg, in this Record. Teigni liberi, and in one instance " unus francus § i.Iww. Teignus."1 The Taini Sciraa, whose testimony appears so often to have decided the Returns of the Commissioners in the appropriation of property,2 were, no doubt, of the order of " mediocres." In the account of the Manor of Wicheburne in Nottinghamshire, it is said " Duas bou de hac fra tenuef. v. taini. .unus eop erat senior aliof." 3 Serjeant Hey wood, in his Dissertation upon the Ranks of the People under the Anglo-Saxon Government, 8° Lond. 1818, has a chapter " Of Thanes." 3. The Vavassores, in dignity, were next to the Barons and higher Thanes. Selden says, they either held of a mesne lord, and not imme diately of the King, or at least of the King 1 Tom. ii. fol. 54 b. The " Teigni liberi" must have been such by tenure, and not as " Ministri." 2 See the Returns for Wiltshire ; tom.i. foil. 69,70 b. 71.74 b. 3 Tom. i. fol. 291. Of the Thanes attached to the escheated Fee of Robert of Poictou, between the Ribble and the Mersey, we read, " Ofhs isti taini habuef csuetud redde. ii. oras denariox de unaquaque caruc trse. 7 faciefe p csuetud" domos regis 7 quae ibi ptinefe sic uiffi. 7 piscarias. 7 in silua haias 7 stabilituras. 7 qui ad haec n ibat qdo debefe. n. sot. emdafe. 7 postea ad op9 ueniefe 7 opabaf donee pfect erat. Vn9quisq, eos uno die in Augusto mittefe messores suos secare segetes regis. Si non i p. 11. sot emdabat.' E 2 52 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal as of an honour or manor, and not in chief.1 Matters noticed -,r , . -, , , , • inthisRecord. Vavassores, however, are mentioned but twice § \7pTrsom. m ^e first volume of the Survey, at least under '— that denomination. At Avicestone in Hampshire we read, " Ibi manet q'da. uauassori9 hiis. n. uac." 2 And at Caldecote in Buckinghamshire it is said, " Ibi sunt n°. uauassores redd xxxii. sol. 7 vi. defi."3 At the close of the account of Suffolk, however, we find a distinct title of " Terra Vauassorum,"4 the perusal of the con tents of which satisfactorily proves that through out the greater part of the Survey the title was sunk in the general name of Liberi homines. " The Grantees," says Sir Henry Spelman, " that received their Estates from the Barons or Capitanei and not from the King, were called Valvasores (a degree above Knights), and were unto their Lords (the Capitanei or Barones Regis) as they the Capitanei were unto the King : and did in like manner subdivide their Lands among their socmen and military fol lowers, who in old time were called Valvasini ; whom I take to be the same at this day that are the Lords of every Manour, if not those them selves that we call Knights, as owners of a Knight's Fee. For in this, the feodal Law itself is doubtful and various, as of a thing lost by antiquity or made uncertain by the differing 1 Kelham, p. 354. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 53. 3 Ibid. fol. 146 b. * Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 446. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 53 manners of several nations. Insomuch that Principal Valvasores and Valvasini grew to be confounded, in&^Record. and both of them at last to be out of use, and § i.~zww. no other military Tenures to be known amongst — us than tenere per Baroniam, and tenere per Feodum militare. But in a Charter of Henry 1. 1 it is said : ' Si exurgat Placitum de divisione Terrarum, si interest Barones meos Dominicos, tractetur in Curia mea ; et si inter Valvasores duorum Dominorum, tractetur in Comitatu,' &c. where the Valvasores were also, and the Barons themselves suitors and attendants.2 Bracton mentioneth them in Henry III.'s time, to be Viri magnse dignitatis.3 Nor was their memory clean gone in Richard II.'s days ; as appeareth by Chaucer. Yet do I not find in any of our ancient Laws or Monuments, that they stood in any classick kind of Tenure, other than that we may account the Baron, Vavasor, and Knight, to be (as our Lawyers at this day term them) the Chief Lord, Mesne, and Tenant."4 Fleta, whose Book was written after the thir teenth of Edward the First, places the Vavassores next to the Milites.5 Kelham, from Madox's Baronia Anglica says, " We read of Vavassours 1 De tenend. Comitatibus. 2 LL. Hen. I. cap. viii. 3 Bract, lib. i. c. 8. nu. 4. 4 Spelm. English Works. Of Parliaments, p. 58. Compare also Seld. Tit. Hon. p. 625. and Spelm. Glossar. ed. 1687. p. 550. 5 Kelham, p. 398. E 3 54 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal in the time of Henry the First belonging to the SsXordd Barony of the Archbishop of York, to the Barony § \7p~e~rsons. of Robert Fossard, and others ; but they were — not numerous."' The Relief of the Vavasor will be hereafter given. In the Conqueror's Laws it follows that of the Baron.2 4. The Aloarii, Alodarii, or Alodiarii, Te nants in Allodium, are the next to be mentioned. " The tenure of Allodium," says Kelham, " refers to the tenants and possessors chiefly before the Conquest. It signifies an hereditary and perpetual estate, free and in the power of the possessors to dispose of by gift or sale, but subject to the common and constant land-tax of hidage ; 3 and, in Kent, the King on the com mission of particular offences was entitled to pecuniary mulcts from all the allodial tenants and their men. He was also on the death of an allodial tenant entitled to Relief."4 Entries relating to this tenure are found in the Survey 1 Kelham, p. 354. 8 Leges Guil. Conq. 22. Wilk. p. 223. 3 As in Hampshire, tom. i. fol. 54. " Soartin ten Drodintone de rege. Ipse 7 alter life homo tenuef in alod de rege. E. T'c geld' p una hida 7 dim', t'cia parte unf v' min." See other instances, tom. i. foil. 22 b. 23 b. 24. 29 b. 39. 39 b. 43 b. 45 b. &c. * Ibid. p. 154. Brady's Hist, of Engl. p. 204. Gloss. p. 1. Compare, also, what relates to the Alodiarii of Kent. Domesd. tom. i. fol. 1. " Allodiarii ut mox Allodiales. Chartul. Gemetic. tom. i. p. 275. ' Praebet GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 55 in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, and Hampshire, and a Principal „ . • -n i 1 • Matters noticed few times m Berkshire. in this Record. One or two entries in Sussex seem to repre- § 1. Persons. sent allodial property, at least in England, as of a more qualified nature than Sir William Black- stone, who follows the opinions of the feudists abroad, is willing to allow. Under Bercheham it is said " Goduin9 comes tenuit de rege E. sicut Alodiu."1 At Bristelmestune we are told, " Tres Aloarij tenuer [vi. hid 7 un v] de rege E. 7 potuef ire q°libet."2 And in another instance they occur as under-tenants to Earl Goduin, at Laneswice in Sussex.3 At Codintone in Surrey we read, " Leuuin9 com tenuit. Tc se defd" «p xxx. hid. De q^ tenefc com xxtl. hid: 7 x hid teneb Alodiarij uillas q1 cii suis tris quo uoleb recede poterant."4 At Solafel in Berkshire we find Alodiarii still existing as tenants at the formation of the Survey. " Ibi sunt v. Alodiarij cii 11. car 7 borct uno." 5 Willelmus meo permissu Apostolorum Principi sex acras terrae, atque sex homines liberos qui vocantur Alodiarii." Du Cange. " Allodium. Gloss, vett. Allodium dicitur haereditas, quam vendere vel donare possum ut mea propria. Item, Allodium, id est praedium. Rhenanus lib. ii. Rerum Germ, sic dictum Alodem putat, quasi Anlod. Cujacius quasi sine lode, quasi ejus possessor nemini sit leodes." Glossar. Lindenbrog. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 22 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 26 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 26. 4 Ibid. fol. 31 b. 5 Ibid. fol. 63 b. Instances of the Tenure of Allodium occur occasionally in the reign of the Conqueror. In E 4 56 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal In the ninth and tenth centuries, says Matters noticed .., .1111nl . , i in this Record. Mr. Allen, land of inheritance was said to be § 1. Persons, allodial, though held of a lord or superior, and — liable to him in rent and services. It is in this sense the words Alodium and Aloarius are to be understood in Domesday.1 Of the description of Allodial Tenants were the Drenchs or Drenghs, mentioned upon the lands between the Ribble and the Mersey in Lancashire. Sir Henry Spelman considers them as military vassals, " Tenentes per servitium Militare :" 2 and, from the few entries in which they occur,3 it certainly appears that the allot- the Register of the Abbey of Westminster, MS. Cotton. Faust. A. in. fol. 57- the Conqueror gives to the Monks the manor of Euereslea in Hampshire, " cum omnibus rebus et consuetudinibus et legibus sicut quatuor soce- manni de Edwardo rege pro iij. maneriis in Allodia libere tenuerunt." So fol. 58. in a Confirmation of land at Chelsey — " cum omnibus rebus et consuetudinibus et legibus tam bene et tarn plene sicuti melius et liberius Turstanus huscarl Edwardi Regis de eodem Rege in Allodium libere tenuit." Brady, Gloss, p. 3. says, according to the particular municipal Customaries of France there was, in that country, Alodium Nobile and Alodium Villanum : the former not obnoxious to feudal service. See Berault, Coustume de Norm. art. 102. 1 Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative in England, 8°. Lond. 1830. Authorities and Illustrations, p. xxxviii, 4 Glossar. edit. 1687. p. 184. 3 Viz. In Newetone — " Huj9 53. alia ?ra xv. hoes GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 57 ments of territory they possessed were held as Principal 0. -r, , i j-i i n ,i r> Matters noticed manors. Sir Edward Coke calls them free in this Record, tenants of a Manor.1 The Dinges, mentioned § \fpZsons. quos Drenchs vocabant pro xv. 53. tenefe. sed huj9 53. bereuuich erant." In Hund. de Neweton. — " Modo sunt ibi vi. Drenghs." In Walintone — " Ad ipsum 00. pertinefe xxxmi. Drengh, et totidem CO. habefe. In quibus erant xlii. carucatse terrse 7 una hida et dimidia." Tom. i. fol. 269 b. 1 See also Somner on Gavelk. p. 124. Kelham, p. 200. Compare also Wilkins, LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 287. Spel man quotes their origin from a Manuscript History of the Sharnburne family of Norfolk. " Edwinus [de Sharneburne] et quidam alii qui ejecti fuerunt [e terris suis] abierunt ad Conquestorem, et dixerunt ei ; quod nunquam ante Conquestum, nee in Conquesto suo, nee post, fuerunt contra ipsum Regem in consilio et auxilio, sed tenuerunt se in pace, et hoc parati fuerint probare, quomodo ipse Rex vellet ordinare. Per quod idem Rex fecit inquiri per totam Angliam si ita fuit. Propter quod idem Rex praecepit ut omnes illi qui sic tenuerunt se in pace in forma praedicta, quod ipsi rehaberent omnes terras et dominationes suas, adeo integre et in pace, ut unquam habuerunt vel tenuerunt ante con questum suum. Et quod ipsi in posterum vocarentur Drenges." The authenticity of the account here quoted is rejected by Camden in his Britannia, as well as by Brady in his Introd. pp. 12. 270. It is even inconsistent with the Accounts of Sharnburne in the Survey itself. On Drengage also, compare Nicolson's and BurUe's Hist, of Westmorl. and Cumberl. vol. i. pp.21, 22. The following extract from the Abbreviatio Rotulorum Originalium vol. i. p. 70. an. 20 Ed. I. shows the existence of this tenure in Tyndale at the close of the 13th Cen- 58 GENERAL INTRODUCTION . TO DOMESDAY. Principal torn. i. fol. 298, are supposed to have been per- Mutters noticed in this Record, sons of the same description. § lTplrsons. 5. Milites. The term Miles appears not to have acquired a precise meaning at the time of the Survey. Sometimes implying a soldier generally, and sometimes a person of higher distinction. "Miles Regis dominicus" occurs once in the account of Berkshire : l and in ano ther entry, under Dorsetshire, " Bricsi miles Regis Edwardi " occurs.2 In fol. 4. of the Sur vey, after " Terra Archiepiscopi Cantuariensis," we have " Terra Militum ejus," under which title we find Hamo the Sheriff, and even the Earl of Ow, holding land.3 In the account of tury : " Quia Rex accepit per Inquisitionem &c quod mulieres post mortem virorum suorum qui de Rege tenent in drengagio in Tyndal, et qui de Alexandro quondam Rege Scotiae tenere solebant, finem seu re- demptionem pro licentia se maritandi facere debent et facere consueverunt, mandatum est Thomae de Nor- manvill escaetori ultra Trentam quod accepto secundum consuetudinem partium prcedictarum rationabili fine de Maria quae fuit uxor Nicholai de Ragleye pro licentia se maritandi, licet maritata sit, nichilominus eidem Mariae dotem suam quae ad centum solidos extenditur, et quae occasione hujusmodi finis capta est in manum Regis, sine dilatione deliberari faciat." ro. 4. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 56 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 83. 3 Kelham says, " Men that held great estates of the Earls and Barons of England, as five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more Knight's fees, were called by them their Barons ; but were not Barones Regni, or Parlia mentary Barons. And as the King had, so these Earls GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 59 Wiltshire, at Poterne, among the possessions of Principal the Bishop of Salisbury, it is said, " De ead rra inV^Record. huj9 CID ten. n° angli. vi. hid. 7 una. v rrse. Vn9 § iTpH-som. ex eis e Miles jussu Regis. 7 nepos fuit Her- manni epi." ' At Gistelesworde in Middlesex we have, " Francig 7 q^a, anglicus. 1111. hid 7 sunt Milites gbati. Sub eis manent inr uiti 7 bord. xn."2 Another entry which appears to relate to the Milites of higher consequence occurs in the return of the Lands between the Ribble and the Mersey. " Inr Ripa. 7 Mersham vi. Hund. Modo tenet Rex 7 M in driio xn. car 7 ix. Milites feudu tenentes. Inr eos 7 eo£ hoes, sunt cxxv. car. 7 in. boues. Qd dedit militib3 1 xx. lib. 7 xi. solid appciatur." 3 The Barons and greater persons who held under the Archbishop of Canterbury, were probably his milites in consideration of taking the com mand of his soldiers jointly with their own, when brought into actual service. Many of the Milites who held under the Bishops appear to have had larger allotments of land than under other tenants in capite.4 Under the lands of the and Barons had their Dapifers or Seneschalls, Chamber lains, and other officers in their households." Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 273. Compare also Madox, Bar. p. 133. Brady, Introd. Gloss, p. 18. Hist. p. 201. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 66. 2 Ibid. fol. 130. 3 Ibid. fol. 270. 4 Under " Terra Monachorum Archiepiscopi Can- tuar." in Kent, at Edesham, it is said, " De ?ra huj9 53 60 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Bishop of Baieux, in Surrey, it is said, " Wadar- inftb Record, dus ten de epo Ditone. Ille q1 ten de Wadardo r' § lTpersom. redd: ei l. sol. 7 seruitium uni9 militis." l Cumbe, also, one of the Bishop's manors in Kent, ap pears to have yielded four pounds " 7 seruitiu uni9 militis." 2 The instances, throughout the Survey, are very numerous where the Milites hold a single hide. Of the entries in which the Milites appear as mere soldiers, and in which they are sometimes classed with the inferior orders of tenantry, the following, taken as they occur in the record, may serve as specimens. Under the manor of Wingheham in Kent, belonging to the Arch bishop, it is said, " De hoc CD ten Wifls de Arcis 1. solin. in Fletes. 7 ibi ht in driio. 1. car. 7 nn. uirlos. 7 un' milite cu 1. car'." 3 Under ten. 11. milites de Archiepo. in. solins. 7 ibi hfit in dnio nn. car. 7 xviii. uiffi cii v. bord. hfit. 1. car." " Qd Milites ten uat. xi. life. 7 tam redd xiii. life." tom. i. fol. 5. In Somersetshire, under " Terra Epi Wellensis," at Wivelescome we read, " De hac ?ra huj9 53. ten. in. milites de epo. ix. hid. 7 ibi hht. xvi. car. H' tfa e de dnio episcopat9 nee potest ab epo separi. Valet epo x. life. militib3 xv. lib." Ibid. fol. 89. In Hertfordshire, after the account of thirty- six hides of land belonging to the Bishop of London, it is said " Has xxxvi. hid ten eps London 7 sui milites. 7 cii his reclamat. mi. hid quas ten afefe de Ely in Hadam." Ibid. fol. 134. 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 32. s Ibid. fol. 10 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 3 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 61 " Terra Eccl. August. Cant." at Tanet, it is Principal » ^ o Matters noticed said, " De isto CD. ten in. milites tant de tWa in this Record, uillanofy. q'd uaV ix. lib' quando pax e' in tlra. 7 § 1. Persons. ibi h'nt. in. car'." 1 At Meldone in Surrey, among the lands held of Richard Fitz Gilbert by Robert de Watevile, we read, " De his hid ten un9 miles 1. hid 7 una. v. 7 ibi ht. 1. car. 7 1. uirlm. 7 un bord. 7 1. acram prati."2 At Heortha, in Wiltshire, under " Terra Hugonis Comitis," " Ibi 1. miles. 7 in. coscez. 7 v. ac pati."3 In Devonshire, at Ratreu, " De hac tra ten. 11. milites una. v trae."4 The Milites belonging to the Abbey of Westminster, in Mid dlesex, appear to have resided on the demesne of the Monastery, " in Villa ubi sedet aeccla S. Petri " " Silua c. pore. 7 xxv. dom9 militum Abb'is 7 alio£ houm. qui reddt viii. sot. p annu." 5 At Hichetone, in Hertfordshire, it is said, " In ead uilla teii n. milites de comite [jEustachio] xx. acras." 6 Among the Bishop of Worcester's lands at Crumbe in Rippel, in Worcestershire, we find a singular entry. " Hanc Vra tenuit Sirof de epo T. R. E. quo mortuo dect eps filia ei9 cii hac rra cuida. suo militi. qui et matre pasceret 7 epo inde seruiret." 7 On the 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 12. a Ibid. fol. 35. 3 Ibid. fol. 68. 4 Ibid. fol. 111. 5 Ibid. fol. 128. 6 Ibid. fol. 173. 7 Ibid. fol. 173. We learn by this, says Dr. Nash, that in the manor of Ripple the bishop had the power of marrying his tenants daughters to whom he pleased, 62 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal lands of Turchil de Warwie at Cestreton, in Matters noticed .,._ . .. i~, ¦ in this Record. Warwickshire, we find, " v. miht Angli nntes § iTpTrsms. nn. car 7 dimid:." } At Saint Edmundsbury, in = — ~ Suffolk, we find, " xxxiii. milites in? Fr. 7 Anglic. 7 sub eis xxn. bord\"2 The word Milites, as used by Matthew Paris in his account of the Survey, must undoubtedly be understood as of Soldiers. Among the customs of Berk shire, we have a passage which clearly proves this. It relates to their pay. " Si rex mitteb alicubi exercitu S de v. hict tant un9 miles ibat. 7 ad ej9 uictu t stipendiii de unaquaq, hida dabantr. ei. nn. solidi. ad n. menses. Hos uero denar Regi fi mittebant" sed militib9 dabant1."3 In the account of Colchester, in Essex, the word Soldarii is used as a substitute for Milites. " Est autem consuetudo unoq°q, anno quinto decimo die post pascha reddunt burgenses regij duas mareas argenti 7 hoc ptinent ad firma. regis. Pt ea de unaquaq, domo p annum, vi. denarios. quae redde potest ad uictu soldariof. regis, vi ad expetitione rrae ut maris ; & hoc fl. e. ad firma. Et hoc sit si rex soldarios and upon conditions which he dictated ; as here, that the husband should maintain her mother. Obs. on Domesd. for Wore. p. 13. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 241 b. 2 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 372. " nn. francig. milites " occur on the lands of St. Augustine Canterbury, at Cistelet in Kent. tom. i. fol. 12. 3 Ibid. tom. i. fol. 56 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 63 habuerit ut expetitione fecerit. Et propt hos Principal . . . _ , Matters noticed vi. denarios tota eiuitas ex omib3 debitis redde- in this Record. bat tepr. r. e. xv. lib. 7. v. sot. 7. in. d. in uno- § 1. Persons. quoq, anno." ! 6. Liberi hobiines appears to have been a term of considerable latitude; signifying not merely the freemen or freeholders of a manor, but occasionally including all the ranks of society already mentioned, and indeed, all per sons holding in military tenure. Many of the liberi homines were tenants of the King in capite. We find the same latitude of expres sion in the Conqueror's laws : 2 and the term is used in a sense equally general by William of Malmesbury, even at a later period.3 The ordinary freemen, before the Conquest, says Kelham, and at the time of compiling Domesday, were under protection of great men ; but what their quality was, further than that 1 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 107- 2 LL. Will. Conq. 55. 58. 59. Wilk. LL. Anglo-Sax. pp. 228. 229. 3 In his account of Henry the First, it is said, " Filium habuit rex Henricus ex Matilde nomine Wil- lelmum dulci spe, et ingenti cura in successionem edu- catum, et provectum. Nam et ei, vix dum xn. annorum esset, omnes liberi homines Anglia? et Normannias, cujuscunque ordinis et dignitatis, cujuscunque domini fideles, manibus et sacramento se dedere coacti sunt." Malmesb. ed. Savile. fol. Lond. 1596. fol. 93. In Domesday, tom. ii. fol. 204 b. " life ho teinn9 " occurs. 64 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal their persons and blood were free, that is, that Matters noticed ... in this Record, they were not nativi or bondmen, it will give a § i. Persons, knowing man trouble to discover to us.1 These freemen under protection, are called in the Survey Liberi homines commendati. They ap pear to have placed themselves by voluntary homage under this protection ; their Lord or Patron undertook to secure their estates and persons ; and for this protection and security they paid him an annual stipend, or performed some annual service.2 The great similarity of this bond of homage to that of the Patron and Client among the Romans, will not be over looked by the most ordinary reader. The origin of this " Commendatio " is unquestionably to be sought for in the Roman civil law. According to the Returns of the Survey, some appear to have sought a patron or pro tector for the sake of obtaining or establishing their freedom : such, the Liberi homines com- mendatione tantum may be interpreted. Ac cording to the Laws of the Conqueror a quiet residence of a year and a day, upon the King's demesne lands, would enfranchise a villein who had fled from his lord. " Item si Servi per-. manserint sine calumnia per annum et diem in Civitatibus nostris vel in Burgis in muro vallatis, vel in Castris nostris, a die ilia liberi efficiuntur 1 Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 254. 2 Ibid, p. 178. Pref. to Brady's Hist. p. 56. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 65 et liberi a iugo servitutis sua? sint in perpe- Principal 0 ° r r Matters noticed tUUm." l in this Record. The Commendati dimidii, says Kelham, were § i. Persons. 1 LL. Will. Conq. 66. Wilk. p. 229. Blomefield, in his History of Norfolk, vol.i. p. 657. fol. edit, quotes a remarkable instance of the Appeal to this Law. Sir John de Clavering, in 1312, sued William Fiz and seventeen others, villanes of his Manor of Cossey, for withdrawing themselves, their goods and chattels, out of his manor, and dwelling in other places, to his and the King's prejudice, upon which a writ was directed to force them to come and dwell in the Manor, and bring all their goods with them; upon execution of which, six of them pretended to be free-men, and came to their trial, and pleaded that they came by their freedom in this manner, viz. by being citizens of the City of Nor wich, having lived there, and paid scot and lot for above thirty years with the free citizens there ; and two of them pleaded they were born in the walls of the City, and, as such, produced the Conqueror's Charter, in which it was contained that if any Servants or Villanes lived without claim of their Lords, (i.e. without paying Chevage, or a fine for licence so to do,) for a year and a day, in any of the King's Cities, walled Towns, or in the Camp, from that day they should be free-men, and their pos terity for ever ; upon which these six were declared Free-men and an Appeal from the King's Charter was not admitted : and two more pleaded and obtained their freedom, by proving that Edward I. granted their Fathers houses and lands in Norwich, to hold of him and his heirs, according to the custom of the City, and that they were their fathers heirs : but all the rest were forced to return and live in Villenage under their Lord. The original of this case is on the Placita Roll. Term. Pasch. 6 Ed. II. F 66 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal persons who depended on two several lords, Matters noticed r in this Record, and were to pay half their annual rent for their § i. Persons, protection to one, and half to the other. Sub- Commendati were such as, like under-tenants, were under command of those who were them selves depending on some superior Lord. Sub- Commendati dimidii were those who were under the Commendati dimidii, and had two patrons or protectors, and the same as they had. l Liberi homines integri are occasionally mentioned as those who were under the full protection of one lord, in contradistinction to the Liberi homines dimidii, whose homage was divided. Under Vluestuna in Suffolk, we have a singularly minute division of the Commendatio. " Aluin9 pbr. lib. ho. 7 sexta pars comdationis suce erat cuidam Commendato." 2 This Commendatio appears in the Domesday Survey under different forms, most frequently in the second Volume, and principally in the Descriptions of Norfolk and Suffolk.3 From numerous entries it is clear that it existed in the 1 Kelham, p. 178. In Suffolk, tom. ii. fol. 442, we find, " Hardekin liber homo commend. Durandi horn. Edrici dim. et dim. Heroldi." 2 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 376 b. 3 In Norwich, it is said, tom. ii. fol. 116. " SupL [bur- genses] habebat Stigand9 soca 7 saca 7 comendatione & sup xxxn. habebat herold9 soca 7 saca 7 comendatione. Quoji un9 erat ita ei dnic9 ut ii poss& reeedse nee homagiu facere sine licentia ipsius." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 67 time of King Edward the Confessor.1 It is Principal , . -ii r>ii • t Matters noticed possible that it might have fallen into disuse in this Record. § I. Persons. 1 See foil. 139. 182. 185. 187. 287. At Grundesburh in Suffolk, fol. 300. we have, " i. life. ho. cofndatus heroldi. t. r. e. 7 uxor eius comd haldein [tenentes] lx. ac trae. p 1. in. m°. tenent mi. lifei." At Dersa in the same county, among the lands of Robert Malet " 1. life ho. Edric9" occurs: " Hie Edric9 comdat9 fuit Edrico de Laxefelda antec Rotfeti Malet pri9q_. rex. E. obiss&. P9ea udlagauit Edric9; Rex. E. saisiuit tota sua tram. P9ea conciliat9 est regi. E. 7 concessit ei tra sua. dedit etia breue 7 sigillii ut quicu% de suis lifeis ciM hominib} ad eu uellent redire. suo concessu redirent ; Hunc Edricu saisiuit. R. E. in sua manu p9ea ii uidit Hundret ut ad Edricum diim suii redir& S3 tnc ipse dicit 7 offert iuditiu qd rediit. et lifeos hoes quos fit sub se comd tenet; et ex eis reuocat Rofetu Warant." tom. ii. fol. 310 b. 311. At fol. 401 b. we read " Aluenelega ten brungar lib ho Rotfeti comd tantum. t. r. e. p man." " Sup hanc habuit. scs. e. soe et saca. t. r. e. 7 Rodfetus fili9 Wimarce 7 pat sueni. comd tantu. Eode tpr fuer furati equi inuenti. in domo istius brungari. ita qd abbas cuius fuit soca 7 saca & Rodfet9 qui habuit comdatione sup istu. uenef de hoc furto ad placitu 7 sic H. testaf. discesser amicabilit sine iuditio qd uidissed hundrt." Du Cange, quoting two extracts from this part of Domesday, says : " Ex quibus patet Commendatos fuisse liberos homines, quibus licitum fuit cui vellet sese commendare. Ran- fredus Jurisconsult, qui vixit sub Frederico II. in Ordine judiciario, tit. de Villanis: ' Recommendati dicuntur, qui veniunt sub alienis partibus, et habitare volunt in civitate tua, elegit patrocinium tuum, et dicit, Domine, volo esse tuus Recommendatus, ut habeamus tuam defensionem annis singulis, et serviam in Pascha Vel in Natali duas gallitias, vel libram piperjs, vel aliquid aliud. F 2 68 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal after the Conquest as a separate and distinct Matters noticed -1 /? 1 1 in this Record, reciprocal duty, in consequence of the prevalence § \7pe~rsow. of military tenure : but it seems not unlikely that some of our present existing manorial rights may be traced, for their origin, to the Commen datio of the Survey. Commendatio sometimes signified the annual rent paid for the protection. Liberi homines ad nullam firmam pertinentes were those who held their lands independent of any lord. Of others it is said, " qui remanent in manu regis." ' In a few entries of the Survey we have Liberie femin^e ; 2 and one or two of libera? feminoe com mendati. At Aspeleia in Bedfordshire it is said, " Hoc CD. tenuit Leueua conidata Wallef comitis 7 quo uoluit cii terra sua recedere potuit." 3 7. The Sochemanni, or Socmens, says Nichols, were those inferior land-owners who had lands De istis multos invenies apud Neapolim, in villis eorum et Bononiae. Isti de jure nihil aliud debent conferre ; sed Neapolitan! ab illis multa exigunt, et fere omnia quae exigunt Domini a vassallis." Glossar. tom. ii. col. 849. 1 See Kelham, pp. 253. 254. Of two " liberi ho mines'' upon the manor of Bertune, belonging to the King in Gloucestershire, tom.i. fol. 162 b. it is said, " Ipsi se non possunt, nee terram separare, a manerio." 2 In the Laws of iEthelberht we find the term pjupip used. LL. vEthelb. 72. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 213. In Surrey, tom. i. fol. 32 b. we read " Rainald9 ten una hid in Aissela de ipsa GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 69 in the Soe or franchise of a great baron ; privi- Principal ° L Matters noticed leged villans, who, though their tenures were in this Record. absolutely copyhold, yet had an interest equal § 1. Persons. to a freehold. Their services were fixed and determinate. They could not be compelled to relinquish these tenements at their lord's will, nor against their own : et ideo, says Bracton, de- nominantur liberi.1 It seems idle, Nichols adds, to suppose that they took their name from the soca or plough ; 2 for it no where appears that they held by plough service. Such men were actual freeholders, and a certain number of them were necessary in every manor to hold the pleas of the Manor Court. Socmen were, of conse quence, those who owed suit and service to the lord's court ; and it is from the word Soe, which gave them their name, that we must derive our tenures in free and common socage.3 Domesday, however, exhibits different con ditions of Socmen ; sometimes enjoying the usu-fruct within the soke freely, and sometimes performing certain inferior services of hus bandry. On the manor of Bochetone in York shire, it is said, " In hac uilla e soca de xn. carucatis 7 vi. bouatis ad gld. Ibi sunt ne vn. Abbatia [de Certesyg] 7 p xv. acris ded geld. Queda femina tenuit T. R. E. 7 potuit ire quo voluit. s; g defensione sub Abbatia se misit." 1 Compare also Blackst. vol.ii. p. 100. 2 See Blomef. Hist. Norf. fol. edit. vol. iii. p. 539. 3 Hist. Leic. introd. vol. p. xlvi. F 3 70 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal sochi hiites xii. uitfos. 7 vi. bord cu ix. car. 7 Matters noticed ' „ in this Record, i. molend. ii. solido^." • In the five wards ot § 1. Persons. Stamford in Lincolnshire, it is said, " sunt lxxvii. mans sochemano^ qui hnt rras suas in dilio. 7 qui petunt dominos ubi uolunt. sup quos rex nichil aliud ht nisi emdatione forisfacturae eo&. 7 heriete. 7 theloneii." 2 " Sochemanni cu omni csuetudine " occur several times in Norfolk. Among the lands of Roger Bigot in Norfolk we read, " In Hadescou unus soche- manus Edrici de Laxsefelda xxx. acras et in. bordarios. 7 una carruca & dimidia. vi. acrae prati. & mi. libos homines sub illo xix. acras. tc ual. x. solidos r' modo. xiii. & nn. a". Ibi e &iam pastura ad l. oues. hie socheman9 com- dauit se Aluuino tempore. Willi regis. & erat inde saisitus quando rex dedit terram Rogero bigoto."3 Lord Lyttelton says, by mistake, that in Domesday Book the Socmen are distinguished from other free tenants called there liberi homines, by not having the power, which these enjoyed, of giving away or selling their estates without leave of their lords.4 This certainly 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 314 b. 1 Ibid. fol. 336 b. 3 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 182. 4 Hist. Hen. II. 4° Lond. 1767. vol. ii. p. 251. " Potuit ire cum terra quo volebat," is a phrase which frequently occurs in the Domesday Survey. The tenant could either part with his land, or place himself under the protection of any lord he pleased. So again, " rece- dere non poterat a domino suo," he could not depart GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 71 was the case with a description of Socmen dif- Principal ferent from those which have been just noticed : in this Record. but it is not a general description of tenure in § i. persons. socage. At Widemondefort in Essex, it is undoubtedly said, " Isti Sochemani sic comitat9 testatr. non porant remouere ab illo man.." 1 At Holeslea in Essex, it is said, " Huic manerio ptinent v. soe. de lvi. acr. Hii. v. non potuer uendere tra suam nee dare alicui."2 And at Brumeswella in Suffolk, " In ead. i. soe. xxx. acr. 7 fi potuit uendere nee dare."3 These from his lord ; or, as Dr. Nash interprets it, he was unalienable from the manor ; he could not separate himself from the manorial soke, the court-baron of later times. Among the customs of the Lands between the Ribble and the Mersey, we find a heavy compensation paid by those who withdrew from the King's protection. " Si quis de tra regis recedere uolebat. dab. xl. sot. 7 ibat quo uolefe." tom. i. fol. 269 b. Of Contune in Hampshire, it is said, " Quinq, teini tenuef. de rege E. 7 quo voluer ire potuerunt." tom. i. fol. 48 b. In the second Volume of^he Survey, we read, " In Hund de Ceffeorda e. 1. life ho. de xl. ac. q' ptinebat ad haue- lingas. t. f. e. que m° h?. Scs Pelr9 de uuestmonastio. q'a sua sponte uenit ad abb'iam. 7 ii reddit consuetudine ad hauelingas." tom. ii. fol. 100. Of one of Ernulf Hesding's tenants in Wiltshire, tom. i. fol. 70. it is said, " Hie T. R. E. poterat ire ad quem vellet dominum et T. R. W. sponte se vertit ad Em." At Hiwi in the same -County, fol. 72. " Toti emit ea T. R. E. de aeccta Mal- mesfeiensi. ad etate triu. houm. 7 infra He fminu' poterat ire cu' ea ad que' uellet d'n'm." 1 Domesd. tom.ii. fol. 66. * Ibid. fol. 317. J Ibid. fol. 324. F 4 72 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Matte'retotled aPPear rather like exceptions from the general in this Record. condition of the Socmen. § 1. Persons. The following entries afford proofs that the Socmen sometimes performed services of Hus bandry : " In Soca de Walecote," in Lincoln shire, it is said, " Ibi. i. soctis arat. nobz. bob}."1 On the manor of Brochelesbi in the same county, it is said, " Ibi Nigellus ho Iuofl M n. soch cu. n. bob9 arantes."2 And in Tavelesbi in the same county, we find, " in. soch arantes v. bob3." 3 In one entry of the Survey we have a Soc- woman, Suff. tom. ii. fol. 325 b. " Una Soche- manna Jemina Ieua commend. Edrici." 8. Of this description of tenantry also were the Rachenistres or Radchenistres, who appear . likewise to have been called Radmanni, or Rod mans. From the following, which appear to be the principal entries relating to the Radchenis tres, it will be seen that like the Socmen some were less free than others. At Gosei in Berk shire, " i. Racheneste cii sua car."4 is mentioned. At Berchelai in Gloucestershire, " xix. libi hoes Radchenisr. hiites. xlviii. car cii suis hoib3." 5 At Teodechesberie, " Ibi erant uiffi. xxi. 7 ix. Radchenist hiites. xxvi. car 7 v. colibti 7 un9 bord cii v. car. Hi Radchenist arabant 7 her- ciabant ad curia, dfii."6 At Derheste in the 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 345 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 350 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 352. " Ibid. fol. 59. ' Ibid. fol. 163. 6 Ibid. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 73 same county, on the land of Saint Peter West- Principal . . -„ i • q KH Matters noticed minster, it is said, " De terra huj^ CD teneb in this Record. Radcheii id est libi hoes T. R. E. qui tarn orris § 1. Persons. ad op9 diii arabant 7 herciabant. falcabant 7 metebant." 1 In Herefordshire, upon the King's manor of Maurdine, we read, " Terra. W. filij Norman, tenuer. in. Radchenist. nee poterant de hoc CD separari." 2 " Radchefi [de Leof- minstre T. R. E.] dabant xni. sol. 7 nn. denar 7 in. sext melt." 3 Upon a manor in the Hun dred of Tornelais in Herefordshire, we read, " Ibi fuer 7 sunt in. Radcheii cii. in. car. 7 seruiunt drio."4 Of the Radmanni at Long- dune in Worcestershire, on land tenanted from St. Peter Westminster by Roger de Laci, it is said, " De eo teii. 1. Radman Lefric una. hid 7 una v. 7 ibi M. 1. car. 7 in. uitt. 7 viii. bord. cu. nn. car." 5 In Poiwic in the same county, belonging to the same abbey, " Ibi fuef. viii. Radmans. Ageluuard. Eduuard. Brictmer. Saulf9. Aluuin9. Godric. Aluui. Ketelbert. hntes inter se x. car. 7 plures bord. 7 seruos. cu vn. car. Qd teneb ualb. c. solid". Ibi Radmans secabant. in\ die in anno in patis diii. 7 ome seruitiu qd eis iubebat* faciebant,"6 In one instance we find the transfer of two Radmen to 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 166. 2 Ibid. fol. 179 b. So under Malpedresham in Hamp shire, " Duo rachenistre tenuer. nee alicubi recede potuerunt." 3 Ibid. fol. 180 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 187. 5 Ibid. fol. 174 b. 8 Ibid. 74 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal another manor. At Merlie in Herefordshire, Matters noticed . _ . in this Record. " Ipse Comes ded Radulfo de bernai. n. Rad- § 1. Persons, mans. 7 misit eos extra hoc CD. cu tra qua. teneb. Hi hnt.. n. car." l Dr. Nash conjectured that the Radmanni and Radchenistres were pro bably a kind of freemen who served on Horse back. 2 9. Villani. The clearest notion of the tenure of the Villani is probably to be ob tained from Sir William Blackstone's Com mentaries. " With regard to folk-land," says that learned writer, " or estates held in Villenage, this was a species of tenure neither strictly feodal, Norman, or Saxon ; but mixed and compounded of them all : 3 and which also, on account of the Heriots that usuallv attend it, may seem to have somewhat Danish in its com position. Under the Saxon government there were, as Sir William Temple speaks,4 a sort of people in a condition of downright servitude, used and employed in the most servile works, and belonging, both they, their children and their effects, to the lord of the soil, like the rest 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 180. 9 Obs. on Domesd. for Wore. pp. 9. 10. Rab-cmht is usually interpreted by our Glossarists Equestris homo sive Miles ; and Rab-hepe Equestris exercitus. 3 See Wright, p. 2 15. "A Tenure of a mixed nature, advanced upon the Saxon bondage, and which gradually superseded it." 4 Introd. Hist. Eng. p. 59. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 75 of the cattle or stock upon it. These seem to Principal have been those who held what was called the i^thisRecord. folk-land, from which they were removable at § lTpZsons. the lord's pleasure. On the arrival of the Normans here, it seems not improbable that they, who were strangers to any other than a feodal state, might give some sparks of enfran chisement to such wretched persons as fell to their share, by admitting them, as well as others, to the oath of fealty ; which conferred a right of protection, and raised the tenant to a kind of estate superior to downright slavery, but inferior to every other condition.1 This they called Villenage, and the tenants Villeins, either from the word vilis, or else, as Sir Edw. Coke tells us2 a villa; because they lived chiefly in villages, and were employed in rustic works of the most sordid kind. " These villeins, belonging principally to lords of manors, were either Villeins regardant, that is, annexed to the manor or land ; or else they were in gross, or at large, that is, annexed to the person of the lord, and transferrable by deed from one owner to another.3 They could not leave their lord without his permission ; but, if they ran away, or were purloined from him, might be claimed and recovered by action. like beasts or other chattels. They held, in deed, small portions of land by way of sustain- 1 Wright, p.217. s 1 Inst. 116. ' Litt. § 181. 76 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal ing themselves and families, but it was at the Matters noticed . , in this Record, mere will of the lord, who might dispossess tnem § l.lS^oms. whenever he pleased ; and it was upon villein — • services, that is, to carry out dung, to hedge and ditch the lord's demesnes, and any other the meanest offices : x and these services were not only base, but uncertain both as to their time and quantity.2 A villein could acquire no property either in lands or goods ; but if he purchased either, the lord might enter upon them, oust the villein, and seize them to his own use, unless he contrived to dispose of them again before the lord had seized them ; for the lord had then lost his opportunity. In many places also a fine was payable to the lord, if the villein presumed to marry his daughter to any one without leave from the lord ; 3 and, by the common law, the lord might also bring an action against the husband for damages in thus purloining his property.4 For the children of villeins were also in the same state of bondage with their parents ; whence they were called in Latin nativi, which gave rise to the female appellation of a villein, who was called a neife.5 In case of a marriage be tween a free man and a neife, or a villein and a free woman, the issue followed the condition of the father, being free if he was free, and 1 Litt. § 172. 2 Bracton. J.iv. tr. i. c.28. 3 Litt. § 177. 4 Ibid. § 202. » Ibid. § 187. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 77 villein if he was villein ; contrary to the maxim Principal „, ..,! ,1. , ¦. Matters noticed of the civil law, that partus sequitur ventrem. in this Record. But no bastard could be born a villein, because § 1. persons. by another maxim of our law he is nullius Jilius ; and as he can gain nothing by inheritance, it were hard that he should lose his natural free dom by it.1 The law, however, protected the persons of villeins, as the King's subjects, against atrocious injuries of the lord." " Villeins," continues Sir William Blackstone, " might be enfranchised by manumission, which is either express or implied : express ; as where a man granted to the villein a deed of manu mission : 2 implied ; as where a man bound him self in a bond to his villein for a sum of money, granted him an annuity by deed, or gave him an estate in fee, for life, or years : 3 for this was dealing with his villein on the footing of a free man ; it was in some of the instances giving him an action against his lord, and in others vesting an ownership in him entirely inconsistent with his former state of bondage. So also if the lord brought an action against his villein, this enfranchised him ; 4 for as the lord might have a short remedy against his villein, by seizing his goods, (which was more than equivalent to any damages he could recover,) the law, which is always ready to catch at any thing in favour of Litt. § 187. 188. "' Ibid. § 204. Ibid. § 204. 205. 206. * Ibid. § 208. 78 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal liberty, presumed that by bringing this action Matters noticed , in this Record, he meant to set his villein on the same footing § i. Persons, with himself, and therefore held it an implied manumission. But, in case the lord indicted him for felony, it was otherwise ; for the lord could not inflict a capital punishment on his villein, without calling in the assistance of the law. " Villeins by this and many other means, in process of time, gained considerable ground on their lords ; and in particular strengthened the tenure of their estates to that degree, that they came to have in them an interest in many places full as good, in others better than their lords. For the good-nature and benevolence of many lords of manors having, time out of mind, per mitted their villeins and their children to enjoy their possessions without interruption, in a regular course of descent, the common law, of which custom is the life, now gave them title to prescribe against their lords, and, on per formance of the same services, to hold their lands, in spite of any determination of the lord's will. For though in general they are still said to hold their estates at the will of the lord, yet it is such a will as is agreeable to the custom of the manor ; which customs are pre served and evidenced by the rolls of the several courts baron in which they are entered, or kept on foot by the constant immemorial usage of the several manors in which the lands lie. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 79 And as such tenants had nothing to shew for Principal their estates but these customs, and admissions, in Accord. in pursuance of them, entered on those rolls, or § i.~p^o*s. the copies of such entries witnessed by the steward, they now began to be called tenants by copy of court roll, and their tenure itself a copyhold. 1 " Thus copyhold tenures, as Sir Edward Coke observes,2 although very meanly descended, yet come of an antient house; for, from what has been premised, it appears, that copyholders are in truth no other but villeins, who, by a long series of immemorial encroachments on the lord, have at last established a customary right to those estates, which before were held absolutely at the lord's will. Which affords a very sub stantial reason for the great variety of customs that prevail in different manors, with regard both to the descent of the estates, and the privileges belonging to the tenants. And these encroach ments grew to be so universal, that when tenure in villenage was abolished (though copyholds were reserved) by the Statute of Charles II. there was hardly a pure villein left in the nation. For Sir Thomas Smith testifies,3 that in all his time (and he was Secretary to Edward VI.) he never knew any villein in gross throughout the realm ; and the few villeins regardant that were 1 F. N. B. 12. s Cop. § 32. 3 Commonwealth. B. iii. c. 10. 80 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal then remaining were such only as had belonged Matters noticed . . . , . . -• in this Record, to bishops, monasteries, or other ecclesiastical § 1. Persons, corporations, in the preceding times of popery."1 There are, however, numerous entries in the Domesday Survey which indicate the Villani of that period to have been very different from Bondmen.2 They appear to have answered to 1 Blackst. Comment, edit. 4°- Oxf. 1766. vol. ii. pp. 92-96. 2 At Chingestune in Surrey, tom. i. fol. 30. it is said, " De uiitis huj9 uillas habuit 7 M Hiifrid9 camerarius unu uillarl in custodia. causa codunandi lanam reginae. De ipso etia aecep. xx. sot. in releuam cu pat ej9 fuit mort." At Merchelai in Herefordshire, Ibid. fol. 179 b. we read, " In dnio sunt mi. car. 7 xxxvi. uiifi. — hi uifti arant 7 seminant de pp'o semine qat xx. acras frufnti. 7 totide ad auenas pter. ix acras." In Leofminstre, Ibid. fol. 180. " Viiii arabant. cxl. acas tra? dni. 7 seminafe de pp'o semine frumti. 7 dafe de csuetud. xi. life. 7 lii. deii." In Shropshire, " uillani integri" occur, Ibid. fol. 252. : and, in different entries " uifti arantes" and " uiifi ii arantes." Archbishop Lanfranc had no fewer than two hundred and nineteen villani on his manor of Mellinges in Sussex, tom. i. fol. 16. At Page- ham in the same county, he had, " de Herbagio. un. pore de unoq°q, uiffo qui. h?. vn. porcos." Ibid. fol. 16 b. In Hampshire, under Cilbodentune, we read, " de tra huj9 CD Ricard9 Sturmid ten alias hid. Quida pfect9 tenuit. 7 ii potuit ire q°libet. 7 n. hid ex his habuit quasi uill's." and again, in Crundele, " De eod ffi. ten. "Wilts, in. v. de epo in Beddeleie. Aluric9 tenuit de epo quasi uillan5." Ibid. fol. 41. There is a remarkable entry in the first page of the second volume of Domes day, under Benflet, respecting the Villanus. It refers to GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 81 the Saxon Eeonls while the Servi answered to „. frinciPa}. ' Matters noticed the Beopaj* or Grnen. By a degradation of inthisRecord- the Eeopls and an improvement in the state § *• p?™™*- of the Gpnen, the two classes were brought gradually nearer together, till at last the military oppression of the Normans thrusting down all degrees of tenants and servants into one common slavery, or at least into strict dependance, one name was adapted for both of them as a generic term, that of Villeins regardant. It has been already noticed that six Villans of each vill formed a part of the Jury or Inquest who made the Domesday Returns. • The Relief of a Villan will be noticed in a future Section. The Dimidii Villani appear to have been persons who held moieties only of villenage tenements : 2 or who were half liberi and half villani. the time of Edward the Confessor. " In hoc manerio erat tc teporis quida life homo de dimidia hid qui mo effect3 e' unus de uillanis." He was a yeoman and became a tenant. In Hampshire there is an Entry under the land of Hugo de Porth, which contrasts the villans with the free-men : " Ista tra calumniaf Witts de chernet. dicens ptinere ad 55 de Cerdeford feudu Hugonis de Port i p hereditate sui antecessoris. 7 de hoc suu testimon addux de melioribus et antics hominibus totius comitat9 7 hund. 7 Picot contraduxit suu testimoniu de uillanis et uili plebe, -J de prepositis qui uolunt defendere p sacramentum aut p di judicium, qd ille qui tenuit tra life ho. fuit," &c. Tom. i. fol. 44 b. 1 " vi. uillani uniuscujusque villa?." See p. 22. '* Kelham, p. 361. G 82 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal 10. The Bordarii of the Survey appear at Matters noticed . . , . , n in this Record, various times to have received a great variety or § i.~Pe~r~sons. interpretations. Lord Coke calls them " boors holding a little house with some land of hus bandry, bigger than a Cottage." : Some have considered them as cottagers, taking their name from living on the borders of a village or manor :2 but this is sufficiently refuted by Domesday itself, where we find them not only mentioned generally among the agricultural occupiers of land, but in one instance as " circa aulam manentes," dwelling near the manor house j and even residing in some of the larger towns. In two quarters of the town of Huntingdon, at the time of forming the Survey as well as in King Edward's time, were a hundred and sixteen burgesses, " 7 sub eis " it is said " sunt c. bor darii qui adjuuant eos ad persolutione geldi."3 In Norwich there were no less than four hun dred and eighty bordarii, " q1 ppt? pauperis. nulla reddnt csuetudine." 4 And of twenty bordarii in Thetford it is said, " De supadictis bord. hab& rex scotii de suo capite tantii." 5 Bishop Kennett says " The Bordarii often mentioned in the Domesday Inquisition were distinct from the Servi and Villani, and seem to be those of a less servile condition, who had a 1 Inst. lib. i. sect. 1. fol. 5 b. fol. edit. 1628. 2 See Nichols's Leic. Introd. Vol. p. xliv. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 203. 4 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 1 16 b. 6 Ibid. fol. 173. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 83 bord or cottage with a small parcel of land Principal allow'd to them, on condition they should supply in^his Record. the Lord with poultry and eggs, and other small § i.lww. provisions for his board and entertainment."1 Such also is the interpretation given by Blome- field in his History of Norfolk.2 Brady says " they were drudges, and performed vile ser vices, which were reserved by the lord upon a poor little house, and a small parcel of land, and might perhaps be domestic works, such as grinding, threshing, drawing water, cutting wood, &c."3 Bopb, as Bishop Kennett has already noticed, was a Cottage. In a Charter of King Edgar, printed in the Monasticon, we read " quinque videlicet mansas cum xv. carucis terrae, cum xvm. servis, et xvi. villanis ; et x. Bordis cum lx. acris prati." 4 Bordarii, it should seem, were Cottagers merely : and in the Ely Manuscript, we find bordarii where the Breviate of the same entry in Domesday itself reads Cotarii. Their condition was probably different on different manors. In some entries in the Survey we have " Bordarii arantes." At Evesham, on the abbey demesne, we have " xxvii. Bordarii servientes 1 Gloss. Par. Antiq. 2 See also Morant, Hist. Essex, vol. i. p. xxvii. 3 Brad. Pref. p. 56. 4 Mon. Angl. last edit, tom. i. p. 209. G 2 84 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal curia?." ' On the demesne appertaining to the Matters noticed rr ° in this Record, castle of Ewias were twelve Bordarii " opantes § 1. Persons, una die ebdomad." 2 At St. Edmundsbury in Suffolk the Abbat had a hundred and eighteen " homines," " 7 sub eis lii. bord. a q'bj abb potest habe aliqd adjutorii."3 Serjeant Hey wood, in his Dissertation on the Ranks of the People under the Anglo-Saxon Government, p. 301. 310. treats both of the Bordarii and Coscets, but throws no new light upon their history. The Coscets, Coscez, Cozets, or Cozez, were apparently the same with the Cottarii and Cotmanni ; cottagers who paid a certain rent for very small parcels of land : although, tom. i. fol. 71. they are named separately: "xiii. coscez. 7 11. cotar'." The shade of difference however is undiscoverable. At Tateshale in Yorkshire, " xvi. Coteri " occur. 4 Bishop Kennett says, "Spelman andDuFresne make Cotarius and Coterellus to be both servile inhabitants. But I think in the Domesday Re gister and other antient Manuscripts there does appear a distinction, not only in their name, but 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 175 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 186. See also Du Cange. 3 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 372. Bordmen occur in the Ab- breviatio Placitorum, vol. i. p. 211. " Tenentes sic vocati in manerio de Wyham ; servitia multum servilia facere debent." Pasch. 14 E. I. Kane. rot. 19. ' Domesd. tom.i. fol. 316b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 85 in their tenure and quality. The Cotarius had Principal . Matters noticed a free socage tenure, and paid a firm or rent in this Record. in provisions or money, with some customary § i."iwu. service. But the Coterellus held in absolute villenage, and had his person and goods dis- pos'd at the pleasure of the lord." 1 Coterellus, however, does not occur in Domesday. In a solitary instance, at Stoches in Shropshire, " ix. Femincv Cotar' " occur. 2 11. The Bures, Buri, or Burs are noticed in the first Volume of Domesday itself as syno nimous with Coliberti. In an entry relating to the manor of Dene in Hampshire, fol. 38, " 1 Bures" is an interlineation, in a coeval hand, above the word Colibti.3 The name of the Coliberti was unquestion ably derived from the Roman Civil Law. They are described by Lord Coke as Tenants in free socage by free rent.4 Cowel says, they were certainly a middle sort of Tenants, between ser vile and free, or such as held their freedom of 1 Glossar. Par. Antiq. tC Cotarii debent talliari ad voluntatem Domini ; facere servitia incerta ; nihil dare, nihil vendere, nihil proprium habere, nee possunt acqui- rere, nisi ad promotionem Domini sui. Ex Lib. irrotul. Eccles. Christi Cantuar. fol. 211." Nash, Obs. on Domesd. Wore. p. 14. 2 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 260 b. 3 Lambard in his Gloss. LL. Anglo-Sax. ed. Whel. p. 218. says, " Colonus. Sax. 5ebujie; villicus ad certum censum singulis annis pendendum ascriptus." 4 Inst. edit. 1628. lib. i. sect. i. fol. 5 b. G 3 86 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal tenure under condition of such works, and ser- Matters noticed lnij in this Record, vices; and were therefore the same landholders § iTpenom. whom we meet with [in after times] under the name of Conditionales.1 In Du Cange's Glos sary the tenure of the Coliberti is discussed at considerable length.2 12. Servi. It is observed by Bishop Kennett, and by Morant after him in his History of Essex, that the Servi and Villani are, all along, in Domesday, divided from each other ; but that no author has fixed the exact distinction between them. The Servi, Bishop Kennett adds, might he the pure villanes, and villanes in gross, who without any determined tenure of land were at the arbitrary pleasure of the lord appointed to servile works, and received their wages and maintenance at the discretion of the lord. The other were of a superior degree, and were called Villani, because they were Villa? et glebae ad- scripti, i.e., held some cottage and lands, for which they were burthened with such stated ser vile works as their lords had annexed to them.3 " Our Northern Servi," says Bishop Kennett, " had always a much easier condition than the Roman slaves. f( Servis nos in nostrum morem descriptis per familiam ministeriis utuntur. Suam quisque sedem, suos penates regit. Fru- 1 Law Interpr. in voce. See also Kelham, p. 176. 2 Gloss. V. COLLIBERTI. 3 Kennett Gloss. Par. Antiq. Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. i. p. 27. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 87 menti modum Dominus, aut pecoris, aut vestis, Principal colono injungit, et servus hactenus paret." Tacit. i/thiTRecord. de Morib. German, which plainly describes the § i.~pTrsons. condition of our Saxon and Norman Servants, Natives, and Villanes." The Saxon name for Servus was Grne. The amelioration of the Servi from any thing like absolute slavery, forms a strong feature in the Anglo-Saxon laws : and we have the authority of Bracton, at a later period, for asserting, that however unhappy the condition of the Servi was in other respects, yet their lives and their limbs were under the protection of the laws ; so that if the master killed his bondman, he was subject to the same punishment as if he had killed any other person.1 The form for emancipation of the Servi is minutely described in the laws of the Conqueror.2 And we have one instance, at least, in Domes day, where such an emancipation took place. " In Terra With" Levric," at Heile in Gloucester shire, it is said, " Ibi erant xii. serui quos Will's liberos fecit."3 The Ancill^e of the Survey were females 1 Bract, lib. i. c. 9. 8 LL. Will. Conq. 65. Wilk. p. 229. By Servi, bond-men in general seem here to have been intended. 3 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 167 b. In many cases, Nichols observes, in Leicestershire, the Servus seems to have been like a bailiff or steward, to direct the rest of the tenants, farmers, and labourers. There is frequently no more than one at a place, and he is then always named G 4 88 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal under circumstances nearly similar to the Servi. Matters noticed . , in this Record. I hey were disposed of in the same way at the §i.!wu. pleasure of the lord. The laws, however, pro- — tected their chastity ; they could not be violated with impunity even by their owners. At Witelavesford in Warwickshire, the Abbey of Evesham is said to have had " v. serui. 7 11. ancillas 7 nil. uillani in dnio." • 13. Censarii, Censores, or Censorii, were also among the occupiers of land. They appear to have been free persons censum reddentes.2 The Relief of such persons is noticed in the Conqueror's Laws.3 14. Porcarii. Although in one or two in stances in the Domesday Survey, mere Swine herds seem to have been intended by Porcarii,4, before the Villani and Bordarii. Hist. Leic. Introd. "Vol. p.xliii. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 239. 2 Tom. i. fol. 287- we have " n. bord. 7 11. censor. hiites. m. car." Fol. 299 b. K 1111. censores q' reddt. xxx. sot." Fol. 302 b. iC xv. censores hiites vn. car." Fol. 331. " Ibi 11. censores h'nt ix. uill'i cu' 111. car." Fol. 314. " in. censarios. 7 alios xiiii. uill'os. Fol. 371. " 1. censorium cum 1. car. de mi. solid." Tom.ii. fol. 15. " xx. censarii" occur upon the Bishop of Dur ham's lands in Essex. Du Cange explains Censarii, " villani censui obnoxii, qui censum praestant." Gloss. ii. 489. 3 See hereafter, under " Heriots and Reliefs." 4 As in Herefordshire, tom. i. fol. 180. " Ibi moliii de vi. solid. 7. 1. porcari9 7. 1. uacarius:" and among the lands of the Church of Evesham in Worcestershire, GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 89 yet in the generality of entries in which they Principal J ° J J Matters noticed are mentioned they appear in the rank of free in this Record. occupiers, who rented the privilege of feeding § i. Persons. pigs in the Woodlands, some for money,1 and some for payments in kind.2 15. The Homines, who are so frequently mentioned, included all sorts of feudatory te nants. They claimed a privilege of having their causes and persons tried only in the Court of their Lord : 3 to whom they owed the duty of submission and professed dependance. 4 tom.i. fol. 175b. " In Oleberge sunt. xii. acrae trae. 7 ibi sunt 11. rustici porcarii." 1 In Devonshire, at Otrei, " Ibi v. porcarij redd. xxx. sot. 7. xv. deii." tom. i. fol. 104. 2 At Cadeberie in Somersetshire, " un9 porcarius redd. xii. porcos p anii." tom. i. fol. 97 b. At Lideford, " una leu siluae in lg 7 la?. 7 porcarius redd x. porcos." Ibid. fol. 99. At Peintone in Devonshire, " Ibi v. por carij redd. l. pore." At Nimetone " xvii. porcarij redd qa?. xx'1. 7 x. porcos." Ibid. fol. 102. In Here fordshire we find a porcarius who had held half a hide in the time of the Confessor : " Isd. Rog. [de Luci] ten dimid hid qua tenuit un9 porcarius T. R. E." At Write- lam in Essex, tom. ii. fol. 5 b. " in tepr haroldi fuit 1. porcari9 reddens consue? huicmanerio sedens sup. 1. uirg trae. 7 xv. ac. S3 Rob grino p9g_ rex venit accepit eum de manerio. & fee foristariii de silua reg." 3 Kennett, Par. Antiq. p. 152. and Glossar. 4 Consult Du Cange v. Hominium. Homage. In Hertfordshire, tom. i. fol. 133. under Daceuuorde, among the lands of the See of Canterbury we read " Hanc terram tenuit Aluric Blac de abbate Westmonasterii tempore Regis Eduuardi nee poterat earn ab ascclesia 90 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal That the tenure of a Manor was not incom- i^tMsRreoTd. patible with the service of a homo, may be seen § i."iww. m an entry in the account of Huntingdon. " Dicunt [homines qui juraverunt in Hunte- dune] ?ra Wluuini chit de Westone p se fuisse maneriii. 7 non pertinuisse ad Kenebaltone. sed tam eu fuisse hoem haroldi comitis." l 1 6. Angli and Anglici occur frequently in the Survey among the under tenants, holding in different capacities. At Hanlege in Dorset shire we have " duo Angli liberi." 2 " Angli liberi homines " likewise occur at Dorchester in Oxfordshire. The Angli and Francigenae were alike called upon in the valuation of property before the Conqueror's Commissioners, as we learn from the Ely Inquest. At Newentone in Wiltshire, among the possessions of Alured de Merleberge, we read of certain land held by Girardus. " Valuit x. lib. modo. xviii. lib. Ab anglis appciatr xii. lib."3 The " Angligenaa separare ut Hundred testatur sed pro aliis terris Homo Stigandi archiepiscopi fuit ;" and in the same volume, fol. 225 b. in Northamptonshire, among the lands of William Pevrel, " Sochi de Risdene 7 Irencestre 7 Rande fuerunt homines Burred et iccirco G. eps clamat hominationem eorum." In the Abingdon Chartulary, MS. Cotton. Claud. C. ix. fol. 140. we have this explanation of homo ; "• Abbas Picotum in hominem, id est homagium, sus- cepit, eo tenore ut militis unius servitium ab eo ubique ecclesiae debitum inde exhiberet." 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 208. 2 Ibid. fol. 78 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 70. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 91 burgenses" of Shrewsbury will be hereafter Principal , Matters noticed noticed. in this Record. Such are the different descriptions of Te- § i.~peTsons. nantry, and their rights, more particularly noticed in Domesday. 17- Among the Offices attached to names we find Accipitrarii or Ancipitrarii, Arbalistarii or Balistarii, Arcarii, Biga,1 Comer arii2 Campo, Coci Coqui or Koci,3 Constabularius,4 Cubicularius, Dapifer, b Dispensator, Equarius,6 Forestarii, Huscarli,7 Ingeniator, Interpres, Lagemanni,8 Latinarius,9 Legatus, Liberatores, Marescal or 1 An Officer appointed to provide Carriages, &c. for the use of the King. See De Bigariis capiendis. Rym. Feed. vol. ix. p. 261. Kelham, Domesd. Book. Illustr. p. 163. 2 Tom.i. fol. 151 bis. 3 Glouc. tom. i. fol. ] 62 b. " Hanc [dimid. hidam] dedit W. com. cuidam Coquo suo." Tezelinus coquus, at Addington in Surrey, is supposed to have originated the tenure of the dish of Malpygurnon, produced by the owner of that manor at the coronation-banquet of our Kings. See Lyson's Environs of London, in loco. * Domesd. tom.i. fol. 151. 5 " Ivo Dapifer Hugonis de Grentemaisnil." Tom.i. fol. 218. 6 " Quidam equarius regis." Tom. i. fol. 218 b. 7 These were domestic Servants, although among them we find Thanes, and some of the higher tenantry. " Huscarle regis E." is not an uncommon entry. Hus- carles, however, were not confined to the King. Tom. i. fol. 213. we have Auti " huscarle comitis Algari." 8 Lagemanni. Law-men, or lesser Thanes. 9 Latimer had the same meaning. " Gilbertus Late- mer, id est interpres." Reg. Men. Abingd. MS. Cotton. Claud. C. ix. fol. 139 b. 92 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Marescalcus, Medici, Monitor,1 Pincerna, Pres- Matters noticed in this Record, by ter R. E.2 Rector navis Regis, Scutularius, § 1. Persons. Stalre,4 Stirman or Stiremannus Regis5 Thesau- rarius, and Venatores, of a higher description.6 Offices of an inferior description, and Trades, are, Aurifabri, Carpentaria7 Cementarii, Cer- visiarii, Fabri, 8 Ferrarii, Figuli, Fossarii, Fos- 1 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 104 b. 2 Tom. i. fol. 151. 3 Tom. i. fol. 85. 4 Kelham, p. 339. says " Master of Horse, Constable, Standard-bearer." He quotes Seld. Tit. Hon. p. 612. In a curious Manuscript enumerating the possessions, relics, abbats, &c. belonging to the monastery of Wal- tham in Essex, I find the following interpretation of Stalre. Harl. MS. Brit. Mus. 3776. " Esgarus regiae Procurator Aula?, qui et Anglice dictus stalre, id est Regni Vexillifer." Bondi stalrus occurs, Domesd. tom.i. fol. 218 b. 6 Vlfech Stirman regis E. Tom.i. fol. 217b. 8 The officers of the King, it is to be observed, had great deference paid to them, and the meanest situations about the court entitled them to a high degree of pre eminence. When Hardicnute sent persons to dig up the body of Harold, he appointed for that purpose iElfric archbishop of York, Godwyn the eorl, Styr master of the household, Edric the steward, Trouhd his cook, and others of high Dignity. See Sim.Dunelm. col. 180. 7 Tom. i. fol. 202. we have, " Duo Carpentarii Regis," among the tenants in chief in Cambridgeshire. 6 Faber ; Kelham says, " a Smith, also a Carpenter." In the account of Herefordshire, however, tom. i. fol. 187. these are distinct persons; " Ibi pposit9 J fab' 1 carpentari9." In general the Fabri seem to have been Smiths ; though in one or two instances the men GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 93 sator, Granetarius, Hostiarius,1 Inguardi, Jocu- Principal . . Matters noticed lator Regis, Jocidatrix,2 Lauatores, Loricati, in this Record. Lorimarius, 3 Loripes, Mercatores, Missatici, § i. Persons. Monetarii,4 Parcher,5 Parm't, Piscatores, Pis- tores, Portarius, Potarii 6 or Poters, Prebend- arii,7 Prefecti, Prepositi,8 Salinarii,9 Scutu larius, Servientes, Sutores, Tonsor,10 and Vigilantes homines. Among ecclesiastical Offices, we have Capi- cerius iEccl. Winton. the Sacrist ; and Malri- employed in fusing and working iron ore are cer tainly intended. Dr. Nash, Obs. on Domesd. for Wore. p. 16. remarks, " A person who could shoe horses and work in iron was a valuable appendage to a manor." 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 98 b. 2 Joculator and Joculatrix were minstrels. " Bardic joculator Regis," tom. i. fol. 162. Under Cladford in Surrey, tom. i. fol. 38 b. " De isto manerio tenet Abbas de Lire nr. virg. terrae et decimam villa? et Adelina joculatrix unam virgatam quam Rogerus Comes dedit ei." 3 Tom.ii. fol. 117. 4 See the section upon " Moneyers and the Liberty of Coinage," hereafter. * Tom.i. fol. 98 b. 6 Tom. i. fol. 65. " Ibi potarii reddt. xx. sot. p annii." 7 Purveyors. " Vluard prebendarius Regis," tom. i. fol. 74. " Quidam prebendarius Regis Vlsi," tom. i. fol. 218. 8 " Prefecti " and " Prepositi " were synonimous. See Domesd. tom.i. fol. 218 b. 9 Com. Dors. tom. i. fol. 80. "xvi. Salinarii." 10 Durandus tonsor. tom. i. fol. 49. 94 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal cularius Mcc\. S. Johannis Cestriae. Buzecarls Matters noticed in this Record, were Mariners : l Hospites, occupiers of Houses. §1. Persons. is. Among the Assistants in Husbandry ~ we find Apium custos, Arantes homines,2 Ber- quarii3 Bovarii,4 Caprarum mediator,5 Daia, Granatarius, Mellitarii,6 Mercennarius,7 Por carii,8 and Vacarius. 1 Under Malmesberie in Wiltshire, " Q'do rex ibat in expedition i tra t mari i habefe de hoc burgo aut xx. solid: ad pascendos suos buzecarV. aut unu homine ducefe secii p honore. v. hidaru." When Earl Tosti was driven from the Humber, where he had arrived with sixty ships, by Earl Edwin, it is said in the Saxon Chronicle p. 172. J?a Bufcre-canlar hine popr ocan. His sailors left him. 2 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 176 b. 3 A corruption or rather abbreviation of Berbicarii. Shepherds. See Du Cange, pp. 1128. 1129. 11S0. 4 Neat-herds. 5 Hantesc. Domesd. tom. i. fol. 47- in Neteham hundr. " Wilts de Braiose ten de rege dim hida. Wenesi tenuit de rege E. ad csuetud sic ej9 antecessor tenuit qui fuit mediator caprarum. Non potuit se vertere ad aliu diim." One who attends the she-goats. A goat-herd, a keeper, or feeder of Goats. Kelham, p. 270. 6 Tom. i. fol. 65. " xxiii. bord 7 ix. mellitarij." 1 Tom. ii. fol. 26 b. A hired servant. Kelham. 8 See p. 89. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 95 Principal Sect. 2. — LANDS. Matters noticed in this Record. 1 . — Their Denominations. § 2 Lands. In the Domesday Survey, four principal ~" descriptions of Land are mentioned : Terra ; Silva ; Pastura; and Pratum. Terra, put simply, uniformly signifies arable land, as distinct from wood, meadow, and com mon pasture. l " Cultura Terras, " " Frustum Terrae," " Lucrum Terrae, " " Membrum Terrae, " " Particula Terrae," and " Parum Terrae," were names for inferior parcels or slips of land. Among the King's lands in the Isle of Wight, it is said, tom. i. fol. 39 b. " In insula ht rex ufi frustii rrae. unde exeunt vi. uomeres." " Plan," " Planum," or " Plana tVa," was plain, or open ground, opposed to woods and cop pices. In Worcestershire, tom. i. fol. 176 b. it is said, " T. R. E. fuit numerata pro xv. hid. intr silud 7 planu." In folio 8. of the first volume of the Survey, we read of " 11. Mansurae trrae in Cantuaria de 1 See Kennett, Glossar. Par. Antiq. Terra arabilis, however, is nevertheless occasionally mentioned j several times in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, and once in Essex. In one or two entries in the first volume of the Survey, ( terra arabilis duplex" or " ad duplum" occurs : and once, " terra duplicn: ad arand." Once the phrase occurs " xli. ac. de aratura." tom. ii. fol. 2 b. Tom. i. fol. 306. we have " campus arabit." 96 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal xn. denar." as appertaining to the manor of Matters noticed /-> . , in this Record. Otrmgdene. Hasted says that these were § 2. Lands, pieces of land of no determined size. Thorn, — '¦ Script. X. Twysd. p. 180 b. speaks as if the Solidata and Mansura terrae were the same, sub ann. 1144. "Illas uero tres solidatas terrae quas monachi in curia Romana conventionati sunt reddere, sicut exitus ipse probat, praedicti abbas et monachi de proprio jure suo dederunt prae- fato Archiepiscopo et Ecclesiae suae extra aqui- lonalem portam civitatis Cant, tres videlicet Mansuras simul conjunctas contra scilicet aus- tralem angulum cimiterii Sancti Gregorii juxta magistram viam a dextris sicut itur in civi- tatem." Silva and Nemus are the usual terms in the Survey for wood : and in a few entries Silvula. The woodland appears to have been every where carefully entered. " Not that the timber was . at that time of great value," says Nichols, " but principally on account of the acorns and beech mast, which, when the country was in a very imperfect state of cultivation, had a degree of importance of which we can form a very in adequate idea at this time."1 At Broteham in Kent, tom. i. fol. 3. we have, " Silua qdo fructific. q'ngent. pore." At Ma- rovrde in the same county, fol. 14. " tan!. 1 Diss, on Domesday Book. Introd. Vol. Hist. Leic. p. xliii. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 97 siluae unde exeunt, lx. pore de pasnag." At Principal Seneorde in Hampshire, fol. 44 b. " Silua de in this Record. nn. pore, maxima pars ej9 uento corruit." Of § ffifands. the manor of Adelingham in that county, fol. 50. it is said, " De isto CD. e. una hida in foresta regis. 7 tantu siluae unde exibant. xx. pore de pasnag." At Fuleham in Middlesex, fol. 127 b. on the land in the Bishop of London's demesne, " Silua mille pore " occurs ; and on the tenemental land of the See held by Ful- cheredus on the same manor, "Silua ccc. pore.' At Totehele in the county of Middlesex, we have, "Silua cl. pore;" and at Westminster, " Silua c. pore." Ibid. 127 b. 128. At Mun- dene in Hertfordshire, " Silua cl. pore. 7 altera Silua unde. cc. pore. pascerentV At Cestre- hunt in the same county, "Silua mille ccti3 pore 7 xl. denar." Ibid. fol. 137. Pasnagium, or Pannage, had a double accep tation in the Survey. It meant first the running and feeding of Hogs in the Woods, and, in a secondary sense, the price or rate of their running. In one or two entries it is termed Pastio. In Huntingdonshire, under the possessions of Thorney Abbey, the abbat of Bury is stated to have held of that monastery a fishing vessel, two fisheries, two fishermen, and a virgate of land, " 7 p his dat pastione sufficiente cxx. porcis. 7 si pastio deficits de annona pascit & H 98 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal impinguat lx. porcos :" ' and at Stanlei in War- Matters noticed r ° r „ ^ in this Record, wiclcshire we ' have "past ad n° mil pore. §s.~Ws. Among the rents of Patricesy, belonging to the abbey of Westminster, it is said " De uirlo habente x. pore, un pore9, si min9 nil dat."3 And again at Leofminstre in Herefordshire, " Quisq, uillanus hns x. porcos dat un porcii de pasnagio." 4 Under Cedesfelle in Sussex, we have " Silua in. pore. 7 herbag' v. pore." 5 So at Cherchefelle in Surry, " Silua cxl. pore de pasnag. 7 de herbagio J. xliii. pore." 6 and in numerous other instances. Under Wochinges in Surry, it is said, " Istud CO habet 7 habuit csuetudine in silua regis de Wochinges hoc e qd dns uillae huj9 potest habe in ipsa silua cxx. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 205. 2 Ibid. fol. 238. = Ibid. fol. 32. * Ibid. fol. 180. Bishop Kennett says, " In Scot land the tithe or tenth hog was paid for pannage ; as in those forest laws — e. Iste autem est modus pannagii, videlicet de qualibet cindre, id est de decern porcis, Rex habebit meliorem porcum, et forestarius unum hogastrum.' This custom," he adds, " obtained in England, and was here called Tack. ' Dabit panna- gium vocatum Tack, videlicet, pro decern porcis unum porcum meliorem, et si non habet decern, dabit Domino decimum denarium porcorum suorum cum appretiati fuerint per vicinos suos/ Ex Lib. Baroniae de Sher- born. MS." Gloss. Par. Antiq. 6 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 18. 6 Ibid. fol. 30. § 2. Lands. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 99 pore sine pasnagio." l In the Second Volume Principal of Domesday, Suffolk, fol. 433 b. « In Brictrices fnScorf haga est silva qua poterant pasci xvi. pore. Tempore Regis Edwardi. Modo nn." " Silua infructuosa," " Silua inutilis," " Silua ad ignem tantum," " Silua nil reddens," and " Silua sine pasnagio," are terms of frequent occurrence in the Survey, indicating that the woods so described afforded nothing that could, comparatively speaking, become an object of attention. The Saxons, Nichols observes, even estimated the value of a tree by the number of Hogs that could lie under it.2 In the laws of Ina, it is said, " Si quis autem detruncet arborem sub qua triginta porci consistere que- unt, et fiat convictus, solvat sexaginta solidos." 3 Even trespasses on the woods were punished with severity. " Si quis in querceto suo porcum 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 31. Of payments in money for Pannage, the following may serve as instances. In Hampshire, at Rincvede, " Silua de c qater xx. 7 ix. pore, de pasnag. Hoc qd rex hi t ualet vn. lift. 7 x. sot numero." tom. i. fol. 39. In Oxfordshire, at Cherielintone, we read, " De patis 7 pascuis 7 pas nagio 7 aliis consuetud vm. lift." Again, under Sciptone, " De patis 7 pasnagio 7 gablo 7 aliis csuetud xn. lift. 7 xvn. solid :" and at Blochesham and Edbvrgberie, " De pasnagio xxiiii. sot 7 vn. den. 7 xl. pore cii onerat^ 7 aliqdo lxvi. pore." Ibid. fol. 154 b. Compare Manwood's Treatise of the Laws of the Forests, 4°. Lond, 1665. chap. x. p. 195. 2 Hist. Leic. ut supra. 3 LL. Inse. 44. Wilk. p. 22. H 2 100 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal absque Domini venia inveniat, sumat tunc sex Matters noticed .. . . . . ^. ., • n in this Record, solidos pignons pretium. Si ibi non fuerint § iTIZnds. plus una vice tunc unum solvat solidum proprius ejus Dominus, et confirmet per capitale suum, quod amplius non sit intraturus ibi. Si duo ibi fuerint, solvat duos solidos. Si pasnagium a porcis sumatur, de tridigitali tertius, de duo digitali quartus, de pollicis crassitudine quintus porcus sumatur." • The laws of Hoel Dha, which were written not long before the time of the Survey, afforded similar protection to Wood-land. It must not however be passed over that wood, such as might be useful, even for domestic purposes, is occasionally particularly specified in Domesday. " Silua ad clausuram," for mak ing fences, is commonly noticed : as well as " Nemus ad sepes reficiendas." " Nemus ad sepes et domos," "Nemus ad domos Curiae," and " Silua ad faciendas domos," also occur. "Silua in defenso," or " in defenso Regis," implied that it was fenced in to secure its growth. " Silua minuta "or " modica " was underwood or coppice. Once we have " Ris- palia ad sepes." 2 And in a few entries " Broca" or brushwood,3 and " Grava." 4 " Alnetum " 1 LL.Ina3.50.Wilk.p.22. 2 Domesd. tom.i. fol.l40b. s In Dorsetshire at Lichet " Brocae i. leu in lg 7 lat" occurs : tom. i. fol. 80 b. and at Bortone in Lindesig we have " lxx. ac brocae." tom. i. fol. 347. * See tom. i. foil. 155 b. 156. 157. 157 b. 158 b. 159. § 2. Lands. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 101 occurs several times, and at Spallinge in Lin- principal colnshire, " Silua alnorum." l " Fraxinetum," X£ a grove of Ash trees, a furlong both in length and breadth, is mentioned at Langeport in Northamptonshire.2 " Querci," Oaks, are men tioned by name but three times : yet the great encouragement which the cultivation of the oak received is not proved merely by the entries already quoted concerning pannage : in Dorset shire, under Bridetone, it is said " Boscus ten Havocumbe. ptifi ad Bridetone. ita qd T. R. E. duae partes ej9 erant in firma. regis tcia u° pars I tlcia quercus erat Edwini comitis quae m° ptinet ad Frantone CD S. Stefani Cadofnsis." 3 At Tovetune in Nottinghamshire we have " paruum Salictum," and in Ciluuelle in the same County " nn. ac Salicti : " plantations of Osiers.4 " Spi- netum" occurs several times,5 according to Kelham for thorney ground,6 or perhaps for a Spinney, as it is provincially called, or young plantation.7 In two entries we have " Virgul- tum :" and once, " x. ac Runceti."8 " Dena 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 351 b. e Ibid. fol. 226 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 75. " Ibid. foil. 287 b. 289 b. 6 Tom.i. foil. 156. 158. 6 Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 338. 7 Nichols's Dissert, on Domesd. ut supra. 8 " Roncaria, or Runcaria," says Lord Coke, " signi- fieth land full of brambles and briers, and is derived of Roncier, the French word, which signifieth the same." Runcalis, Roncalis, Roncaria, ager incultus, runcandus H 3 102 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal siluae," a Valley or low ground of wood, occurs inathURecord. in different entries in both volumes of the Sur- § %L~ands. vey. At Tarentefort in Kent we have " de Silua viii. denae paruae 7 in. magnae." l We have also " Silua pastilis per loca," in many instances, where the woods appear to have been mixed with pasturage. Once the word "Lucus" is used.2 In the mention of « Essarz" we have pro bably the earliest notices of increasing cultiva tion. In the account of Merchelai in Hereford shire we read, " In eod 03 sunt lviii. acrae tVae pjectae de silua. 7 ppositus 7 alii 11. hoes ten plures acas de ipsa ?ra." 3 Under Leofminstre it is said " de Exsartis siluae exeunt xvn. solid 7 nn. denar." 4 At Wibelai in the same county " tra ad 1. car de Essarz" occurs.6 Essarts was a forest-phrase for a cultivated spot, from the French assartir, to make plain.6 Pasture was another of the leading features into which the Domesday Survey appears to have divided the face of the country. " Pastura a noxiis et inutilibus herbis et sentibus, quas inde Bonces vocant Galli." Du Cange. Bunco, is a weeding-hook. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 2 b. 2 At Bedwinde in Wiltshire, tom. i. fol. 64 b. u In hoc 55 fuit T. R. E. lucus hfis dimid:. leu lg. 7 in. q% la?." — " Modo tenet eu Henricus de Ferreres." 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 179 b. * Ibid. fol. 180 b. 5 Ibid. fol. 184 b. 6 See Spelm. Glossar. v. Essartum. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 103 ad pecuniam Villae " perpetually occurs,1 and in Principal n • , ,, t> ,, a /-\i> Matters noticed a few instances " rasturae communes. * Of a in this Record. small parcel of land at Svere in Dorsetshire we § ¦ffEands. read " prius erat pascualis m° seminabilis." 3 At Sunburne in Hampshire the King's bailiff claimed for the manor a virgate of land and " pascua qua. vocant duna," a Down.4 " Herbagium" is a term also used for feed. " Pratum bob3 " or "Carrucis," is to be inter preted Meadow sufficient for the Oxen employed in tilling the arable land, or proportionable to the ploughlands. " Pratum sufficiens carucis," tom.i. fol. 162 b. At Fuglemsere in Cambridge shire we have " Patum ofnib9 car." s Maresc, Mersc, or Mora, is Marsh or Fen Land, and occurs principally in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, and Lincolnshire, the rent being chiefly paid in eels. Forests, Parks, fyc. Forests, being no objects of assessment, and being of private and especial jurisdiction, are rarely noticed in the Domesday Survey ; the 1 The different acceptations of Pecunia will be noticed in another page. 2 In Suffolk, Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 339 b. " In Hund. de Colenes est quaedam pastura communis omnibus hominibus de Hundret." 3 Ibid. tom. i. fol. 80 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 39 b. 5 Ibid. fol. 196 b. H 4 104) GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal names of four only, exclusive of the New Forest Matters noticed . . _ in this Record, in Hampshire, being discoverable m that ite- § 2.~x7nds. cord : viz. Windsor Forest in Berkshire,1 the — Forest of Grauelinges in Wiltshire,2 Winburne in Dorsetshire,3 and Hucheuuode or Whichwood in Oxfordshire.4 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 58 b. Neither the Forest of Middlesex, nor the forest of Essex are mentioned, though both must have existed : " Forestarius de silva Regis " occurs under Writtle in Essex, tom. ii. fol. 5 b. We have evident notices of forest land also in Worcester shire. 2 Ibid. tom. i. fol. 74. " Forestarii Regis ten. i. hid. 7 dim in foresta de Grauelinges. vat. xxx. sot." 3 Ibid. fol. 78 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 154 b. " In Scotorne. Stauuorde. Wode- stoch. Corneberie. j Hucheuuode dnice forestae regis St.. hfit. ix. leu lg. 7 totid la?." In Gloucestershire, tom. i. fol. 166 b. under the lands of William de Ow at Wigheiete, " Alestan tenuit T. R. E. Nc est jussu Regis in foresta sua." At fol. 167 b. under Dene, among the lands of William Fitz Norman, it is said, " Has terras concessit rex E. quietas a geldo pro foresta custod'," evidently alluding to what is now the forest of Dean. In Langebrige Hundred in Gloucestershire, another Forest is men tioned. A Forest also in Herefordshire, but without a name, is several times alluded to, foil. 179 b. 181. 184. 186. Lewis, in his " Historical Inquiries concerning Forests and Forest Laws," 4°. Lond. 1811. p. 2. says, " At the time of the Conquest, the number of Forests in this kingdom, according to Cowel, was sixty- eight." Cowel, however, only says that " besides New Forest, there are sixty-eight Forests in England." He GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 105 The formation of The New Forest has added Principal , , ,i i i j? i i-i ,i Matters noticed much to the load of reproaches laid on the in this Record. memory of the Conqueror. Our historians con- § 2. Lands. cur in accusing him of laying waste the country in Hampshire to a very large extent, of expelling the inhabitants from their houses, seizing their property, and even destroying Churches, without giving the sufferers any compensation for the injury. Knyghton, who makes William Rufus a partner in the devastation with his father, re presents opinion to have varied in the number of Churches destroyed, from twenty-two, beside dependent Chapels, to fifty-two.1 Voltaire raised a doubt on this occasion. He thought he had found a sufficient argument against the story, in the little likelihood there was that William should hope to see trees which he had planted when he was sixty-three, grown up to shelter beasts of chace.2 Domesday however itself bears testimony to the afforestation. William was acquainted with a speedier method of making a Forest than that of waiting for the growth of trees, as we learn by perpetual entries in the Survey, and numerous entries occur in which portions only of Manors appear to have been afforested. Under Borgate we read, " Silua took his list from Spelman's Glossary, and Spelman says nothing of the Conquest, or its time. 1 Script. X. Twysd. col. 2354. 2373. 2 Essaye sur l'Histoire Generale, tom. i. p. 240. 106 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal hui9 CO*, e in foresta regis i"1 under Avere, " Tot Matters noticed ' r> , .« •— 1 „ ¦ j in this Record. nemy huj-^ CD est in foresta regis : J under § blinds. Bichetone, " Pastura huj9 CD est in foresta Regis. 7 quaedam pars siluae :"3 under Riple, " De isto CCi. sunt in. hidae in foresta regis. 7 totu nemus :" 4 under Esselei, " Silua. huj9 CD. de viii. pore, teii rex in sua foresta."8 Besides these, the lands " in Nova Foresta et circa earn" form a distinct division of Hampshire in the Survey, in the Hundreds of Rodbridge, Rodedic, Egeiete, Rincuede, and Bovre.6 The enquiry after the condition of property in the time of Edward, and the circumstance that numerous plots of land were in part only afforested, were perhaps the reasons why so much notice was taken of the forest. On the destruction of Churches by the Con queror, we have only to observe that the fact is allowed even by his own chaplain, Willelmus Gemeticensis ; who, speaking of the death of William Rufus and his brother Richard,7 in the 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 39. 2 Ibid. fol. 44 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 50 b. * Ibid. fol. 51 b. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. fol. 51. 51b. 7 In that part of the Survey which relates to Hert fordshire, Aldene is said to hold Teuuinge under Peter de Valoines. " Hoc 53," it is added, " tenuit isd teign9 R. E. 7 uende potuit. Sed W. rex ded hoc 53 huic Aldene 7 matri ef pro anima Ricardi filii sui, ut ipsemet dicit 7 p breue suu ostend. Modo dicit Petrus qd habet hoc 53 ex dono regis." tom.i. fol. 141 b. See GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 107 Forest, says, " Ferunt autem multi, quod ideo Principal . . . . . Matters noticed hi duo filij Willielmi Regis in ilia silva judicio in this Record. Dei perierunt ; quoniam multas villas et Eccle- § 2. Lands. sias, propter eandem Forestam amplificandam, in circuitu ipsius destruxerat." ' It is remarkable, that out of seventy-three allotments of territory noticed in this part of the Survey of Hampshire, two Churches only occur, one at Melleford, and the other at Bro- ceste, while, in the rest of the county, we find no fewer than a hundred and fifteen. a similar entry in the Exeter Domesday for Dorsetshire, p. 20. 1 Will. Gemeticens. lib. viii. c. 9. Hist. Normann. Script, antiqui a Duchesne, fol. Par. 1619. p. 296. From the following passage in the Abingdon Char tulary, " De pUATUOR hidis de Winckefeld," Wil liam the Conqueror appears to have extended the limits of Windsor Forest. " Preterea de villa Winckefeld versus Wildeshoram sita Regis arbitrio ad forestam illic amplificandam iiij. hidae tunc exterminatae sunt. Adeo autem saltus ille Abbatiae noxius illo tempore extitit quod non solum loca dudum hominum habitacula nunc ferarum fierent cubilia : verum etiam super hoc major oppidi quod in vicino super flumen Tamisise locatum nomen silvae continet, duas silvas quarum una Jerdelea altera Bacsceat dicebatur illi villa? Winckefeld attinentes sibi usurparet. Dicebatur is Walterus filius Oti, cujus potestati illo obniti parum profuit, cum esset illius Castelli et forestarum per comitatum Berkescire ubique consitarum primas et tutor, et milites nostri penes eum excubias oppidi observarent. His itaque causis quod sibi ille contraxerat tunc retinuit." MS. Cotton. Claud. C. ix. fol. 134 b. 108 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal It has been clearly proved that the names of Matters noticed , , 7 . i. , in this Record, places, such as Church Place in one walk, ana § zTHnds. Church Moor in another, Castle Malwood, Peel Hill, Castle Hill, Lucas Castle, the castle in Burley, Thomson's Castle, Roe Castle, and Queen's Bower, are not the only indications of former edifices within the present circuit of the Forest. These different spots, by ridges and inequalities of surface, and by fragments of building materials which have been found within them, upon digging, shew strong marks of for mer foundations. At the castle in Burley the foundation of a church or chapel is said to have been formerly visible. l Gough, in his edition of Camden,2 and War ner, in his Topographical Remarks relating to the South-western parts of Hampshire,3 gave, each, a tabular estimate of the quantum of injury which William was supposed really to have occasioned to the population and agricul ture of this part of England by the afforestation, abstracting the quantity of land in hides, vir- gates, and acres, with the respective values of the different allotments of property in the Con fessor's and the Conqueror's reigns. A third 1 See the Researches of Mr. William Stewart Rose, as they are detailed in his Notes to the Red King. pp. 204-208. 9 Addit. to Camden's Britannia, edit. 1789 vol. i. p. 129. 5 8°. Lond. 1793. vol.i. p. 182-189. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 109 tabular arrangement was made by the late Principal hit t>' 1 l • ..• f Matters noticed Mr. Bingley, among his preparations for a ;n this Record. history of Hampshire. From this table it jsfzTnds. appears, that at least a hundred and forty hides had been afforested between the time of Edward the Confessor, and that of the Survey. These, reckoning four virgates in each hide, and thirty acres to make a virgate, will amount to nearly seventeen thousand acres. The greater part of the additions, thus made, appear to have been on the borders of an anterior forest, mentioned by several writers under the name of Ytene, and, in the making of them, there can be little doubt of the destruction of numerous habitable places. The latter is evident, from the names of many of them terminating in ham and ton, or tune : as Truham, Greteham, Adelingeham, Wolne- tune, Bermintune, and others, all indicating former villages or hamlets. Two hundred and fifteen hides, four virgates, four acres of land, producing in the reign of Edward the Con fessor £3QS. 19. 10. appear to have been re duced by the Conqueror to seventy-six hides, one virgate, twenty-six acres, yielding only .€129. Gough's Table was the least extensive of the three already mentioned; taking in only that part of the Survey which in itself purported to relate immediately to the New Forest and its environs, and omitting all the other parts of 110 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal the Survey of the county in which lands are in this Record, stated to have been afforested : thus reducing § zTTands. tne quantity of land really added by the Con- queror almost an half. Of certain manors in the Hundred of Broc- tone, it is said, " De istis CD habebat olim pposit9 mel 7 pastura ad firma, sua. 7 silua. ad faciendas domos. Modo hfit h forestarij. ppositi nichil." l Under Edlinges, we read, " T. R. E. ualb. xxxviii. lib. 7 vin. solid 7 nn. den. 7 post 1 similitr. Modo 1 xx. lib. 7 tain redd. lii. lib. 7 vi. sot. 7 un den. cii illis reb3 quce cadunt in Foresta." 2 The Venatores in the Survey are numerous. They appear frequently among the officers of the great barons. Waleran the huntsman is entered in Hampshire as holding several manors in that county in capite : with still larger pos sessions held in chief in Wiltshire and Dorset shire. 3 He also held lands in Hampshire under the abbey of Saint Peter Winchester.4 Croch the huntsman likewise occurs among the tenants in chief in Hampshire.5 Eduinus the huntsman held two hides in Hampshire, which had been given to him by King Edward the Confessor.6 Vluiet, Wluuinus, and Wigot are mentioned as 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 38b. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. foil. 48 b. 72. 82. 4 Ibid. fol. 42 b. 5 Ibid. fol. 49. 8 Ibid. fol. SO b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Ill huntsmen to the Confessor.1 Aluuin9 was the Principal Venator to Editha the Confessor's Queen.2 inathisSRe°cord. Richard the Forester, who is also called Richard § ffffands. Venator and Richard Chinen, is said to have held his lands in Warwickshire, of the gift of the Conqueror, by the service of keeping the forest of Kenoc in Staffordshire, and paying to the King ten marks yearly.3 Among the customs of Berkshire, as existing in the time of Edward the Confessor, it is said> " qui monitus ad stabilitionem venationis n ibat. l. sol. regi efndabat."4 The " Stabilitio in silua," mentioned under Hereford, will be noticed among the customs of the Burghs. The " Stabilitio Venationis " also occurs in the ac count of Shrewsbury.5 Stabilitio meant stalling 1 Domesd. tom.i. foil. 64 b. 190 b. 217. 2 Ibid. fol. 139 b. 5 Kelham, Illustr. of Domesd. Book. p. 112. from Dudg. Warw. 4 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 56 b. In the Laws of Henry I. we have one " De Placitis Forestarum." " Placitum quoque Forestarum multiplici satis est incommoditate vallatum, de essartis, de caesione, de combustione5 de venatione, de gestatione arcus et jaculorum in Foresta, de misera canum expeditatione. Si quis ad Stabili- tatem non venit. Si quis pecuram suam reclusam dimiserit de sedificiis in Foresta, &c." Wilk. 245. 5 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 252. " Quando rex jaceft in hac civitate seruabant eu vigilantes, xii. hoes de meliori- bus ciuitatis. Et cii ibi venationem exerceret similit! custodiebant eu cii armis meliores burgses caballos habentes. Ad stabilitionem u° mittebat uicecomes. 112 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal the Deer. To drive the Deer and other Game Matters noticed in this Record, from all quarters to the centre of a gradually §2. Lands, contracted circle where they were compelled to stand, was stabilitio. Malmesbury, Script. post Bedam. edit. 1596. p. 44. speaking of the mildness of Edward the Confessor's temper, says, " Dum quadam vice venatum isset, et agrestis quidam Stabulata ilia, quibus in casses cervi urgentur, confudisset, ille sua nobili per- citus ira, per Deum, inquit, et matrem ejus tan- tundem tibi nocebo, si potero." At Fledberie in Worcestershire, the Bishop of Worcester had a Wood, " n. lew lg 7 dimict laL de qua M eps quicquid de ea exit in uena- tione et melle." l Among the lands of Osbern Fitz Richard, " in Marcha de Walis " it is said, " excreuer silua in quib3 isd Osbnus uenatione exercet. 7 inde ht qd cape potest. Nil aliud." 2 At Chingestune in Herefordshire, upon the King's demesne, we read, " Ibi silua noe Triue- line, nulla, reddens csuetudine nisi uenationem. Villi T. R. E. ibi manentes. portab uenatione ad Hereford, nee aliud seruitiu facieb ut scira dicit."3 The Forests, consisting of woody and desert tracts which had never been disposed of in the xxxvi. hoes pedites. quadiu rex ibi esset. Ad parcu aut de Marsetelie. inueniefc. xxxvi. hoes p csuetudine viii. dieb3." 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 172 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 186b. 3 Ibid. fol. 179 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 113 first distribution of lands, were considered, even Principal . , „ Matters noticed in the Saxon times, as belonging to the Crown, in this Record. Freeholders, however, had the liberty of sport- § 2. Lands. ing on their own territories, as is fully expressed ' in the following law of King Canute : " Volo etiam, ut quilibet homo sit dignus venatione sua in sylva, et in agris sibi propriis, ac abstineat quilibet a venatione mea ubicunque pacem ha- beri volo pro plena mulcta." ' So, also, in the laws of the Confessor : " Et omnis sit venatione sua dignus in nemore, in campo, in dominio suo, et abstineat omnis homo a venariis Regis, ubi cunque pacem eis habere voluerit, super plenam witam, i. e. Forisfacturam." 2 These laws, it is probable, gave rise to the Parks, which we find entered in the Survey ; some of which were of considerable extent. The persons who are enumerated as holding Parks, beside the King, are the Bishop of Baieux, the Earl of Ow, Earl Roger, the Bishop of Winchester, Ernulf de Hesding, Hugh de Grentemaisnil, Peter de Valongies, Walter Gif- fard, Urso, Roger de Laci, the Countess Judith, Hugh de Belcamp, Suein of Essex, the Earl of Moretaine, Robert Malet, and Robert Blund. The usual term is " Parcus," " Parcus bestium siluaticarum," or " Parcus ferarum siluatica- 1 Leg. Canut. 77- LL. Anglo-Sax- Wilk. p. 146. a Leg. Edw. Conf. 35. Ibid. p. 205. 1 114 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal rum." The Monastery of Saint Alban appears Matters noticed J m i; in this Reco.d. to have had a Park in the vill adjoining.1 Stow, § 2. Lands, in his Annals,2 and Sir William Dugdale in the History of Warwickshire, appear to have been mis-led by John Ross into the opinion that the Park of Woodstock in Oxfordshire, said to have been made by King Henry the First, was the earliest in England.3 The Haije noticed in the Survey occur chiefly in Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shrop shire, and Cheshire. In the first of these counties, under Chintune, we find, "r. Haia in qua capiebantr ferae." 4 In Herefordshire, under Rviscop, it is said, " Ibi e una Haia in una magna silua:"5 and under Bernoldune, " Silua e ibi magna, sed qtitas n fuit dicta. Ibi e una Haia., in qua qd potest cape captat." This is among the lands of Hugh Lasne.6 In Shrop shire, at Lege, " in. Haias firmae" are noticed:7 at Wrdine, " Silua in qua sunt nn. Haia? :" 8 at Cortune, " Ibi e Haia capreolis capiend :" 9 and at Lingham, on the land of Ralph de Mortemer, " in. Haia? capreol capiendis." 10 In Cheshire, 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 135 b. 2 Edit. 1631. p. 143. s Joannis Rossi Hist. Regum Anglias, edit. Hearne, 8°. Oxon. 1716. p. 138. 4 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 176. 5 Ibid. fol. 185 b. 6 Ibid. fol. 187. 7 Ibid. fol. 254 b. 8 Ibid. fol. 255 b. » Ibid. fol. 256 b. 10 Ibid. fol. 260. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 115 at Wivreham, " n. Haiae capreolorum : " ' at Principal tt ¦ ,, <> t -itt ¦ i 1 Matters noticed Chingeshe, " nn. Haias. 2 In Warwickshire, in this Record. upon the Earl of Mellent's lands at Dornelei, § 2. Lands. we read, " Ibi haia hns dimid leuii lg. 7 tantd lat."3 At Lailand in Lancashire, among the lands between the Ribble and the Mersey, it is said, " Hoes huj9 CD 7 de Salford non opa- bunf ad aula, regis. Tantm0; 1. haia in silua facieb."4 and, among the possessions of Saint Peter Gloucester at Hamme and Norf une in Gloucestershire, it is said*, " Ibi habuit ^Ecctia uenatione sua. p in. haias." s Beasts were caught by driving them into a hedged or paled part of a wood or forest, as elephants are in India, or deer in North America. This is the Haia.6 1 Domesd, tom. i. fol. 263 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 267 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 240. * Ibid. fol. 270. 6 Ibid. fol. 165 b. 6 " HAIA, Sepes, Sepimentum, Parcus, a Gall. Haie et Haye. Rot. Inquisit. de Statu Forest, in Scaccar. 36 Edw. III. tit. Woolmer et Aisholt Hantisc. ' Domi nus Rex habet unam Capellam in Haia sua de Kingesle.' Bract, lib. ii. cap. 40. nu. 3. ' Vallatum fuit et inclau- satum fossato, kaya, et Palatio. Hinc extensius illud Rete quo e campis redeuntes cuniculos intercipiunt, an Haye dicitur ; eosque sic intercipere et prasdari, to haye\ a Gall, haier, i. sepire." Spelm. Gloss, edit, foh Lond. 1687. p. 272. The well-known Rothwell Haigh, near Leeds, was the Park belonging to the Manor house of the Lacies at Rothwell. The out park of Skipton Castle is called the Hawe-Park ; and that of Knares- borough the Haye-Park. Whitaker's Hist, of Whalley: 4. Blackb. 1800. p. 175. I 2 116 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal In one instance only, at Hache in Lincoln- in this Record, shire, on the lands of Earl Alan, we have § 2. Lands. Warenna Leporum.1 Vineyards. A Controversy arose a few years ago, relating to the culture of the Vine in England. Agard first started a doubt, whether by Vineae we were not to understand Orchards.2 The lovers of paradox encouraged the interpretation, which was patronized by Sir Robert Atkyns in his History of Gloucestershire, 3 and pursued at con siderable length by Daines Barrington, first in his Observations on the Statutes, and afterwards in the Archaeologia of the Society of Antiquaries.4 Dr. Pegge, however, considered the question still farther, and proved from undeniable autho rities, that by the term Vineaa true and proper Vineyards only could have been intended.5 Domesday furnishes, at least eight and thirty times, in the different counties, entries of Vine yards, which are usually measured by the 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 347. 2 Spelm. Glossar. edit. 1687. p. 44. v. arpennis. 3 Antient and present State of Gloucestershire, edit. 1768. p. 17. 4 Observ. on the Statutes. 4to. Lond. 1775. 4th edit. p. 233. Archaeol. Soe. Antiq. vol. iii. p. 67. b Archaeol. vol. iii. p. 53. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 117 Arpent, or Arpenna.1 At Bistesham in Berk- Principal r ¦"¦ Matters noticed shire, on the land of Henry de Ferrieres " xn. in this Record. arpendi uineae " are entered.2 At Wilcote in § 2. Lands. Wiltshire, " iEccta noua 7 dom9 obtima 7 uinea bona."3 At Holeburne in Middlesex, it is said, " Witts Camerarius redd uicecomiti regis p annum vi. sot. p terra ubi sedet. uinea sua."4 In the village of Westminster, at Chenetone in Middlesex, and at Ware in Hertfordshire, Vine yards recently planted occur.5 At Hantun in Worcestershire, " uinea nouella."6 Under Ra- 1 In several entries in Wiltshire the Arpenz or Ar- penni are used as measures of Meadow-land, tom. i. foil. 73. 74 b. and once we find " n. arpenz siluae." ibid. fol. 74 b. The Arpen, Arpent, or Arpenna, pro perly signified an Acre or Furlong of Ground. Cowel, however, quotes the Register of Wormsley Priory in a passage where it seems to be a quantity something less than an Acre. In England, probably, as in France, the measure of the Arpenna was various. See Spelman's and Du Cange's Glossaries. The latter, from Gregory of Tours, Hist. lib. v. cap. 29. says, " statutum fuerat ut possessor de propria terra unam Amphoram Vini per Aripenne redderet." Quoting the Vetus Regestum Cameras Computor. Paris, the same -writer says, voce Acra, " xl. perticas terrae faciunt virgatam : duae vir- gatae faciunt Arpentum." Compare also the Glossary to the Codex Legum antiquarum of Lindenbrogius, p. 1358. v. Aripennis. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 60 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 69. 4 Ibid. fol. 127. 5 Ibid. foil. 128. 129 b. 138 b. 0 Ibid. fol. 175 b. I 3 118 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal geneia, in the second volume of the Survey, Matters noticed ° , in this Record, among the lands of Suein of Essex, we have the § zTHrnds.. most remarkable of all. " M°. i. pare9 7 vi. — arpenni uineas. 7 reddit xx. modios uini si bene procedit."1 At Wdelesfort in Essex, on the land of Ralph Baignard, "n. arpenni uineaa por- tantes. 7 alij fi portantes " are entered.2 Again, under Stabinga, " n. arpenni uineae 7 d". 7 dimidi9 portat :" 3 and lastly, on the property of Alberic de Ver, at Belcamp in Essex, " M°- xi. arpenni uineae, 1. portat."4 In four instances, Vineyards are measured by the acre.5 That our records and historians were as well acquainted with the words Pomerium and Hortus as with Vinea, cannot be questioned. Pomerium, indeed, occurs but once in the Domesday Sur vey, but that once is quite sufficient for our purpose. At Nottingham, it is said, " Wirlmo Peurel ccessit rex x. acras terrae. ad faciendu Pomeriu." 6 1 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 43. b. The Cottonian Manu script Galba E. iv. mentioning the Vineyards belonging to the Monks of Christ Church Canterbury, in France, " apud Sanctum Bricium," fol. 30. says, " Item. Memo randum quod una Arpenta Vini quando vinum com- niuniter bene se habet, respondebit de viij. mod vini, et aliquando de vj. et aliquando de x." 2 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 73 b. » Ibid. fol. 74. * Ibid. fol. 77. ¦>¦ Tom.i. foil. 69 b. 86 b. 212. tom. ii. fol. 71. „ . . i • -r< 1 J j- in this Record, the Vine as a fruit has continued m England at § 2. Lands, all periods. Mills. In Domesday Book wherever a Mill is spe cified we generally find it still subsisting.1 Mills antiently belonged to Lords of Manors ; and the tenants were permitted to grind only at the Lord's Mill. This circumstance suffi ciently accounts not only for the great number of Mills noticed in the Survey as objects of profit to the landholder, but for the large sums which they are continually stated to yield. Sometimes even the site of a Mill is mentioned, which had formerly existed, evidently as a valuable capability. In one instance, " fract9 molin9 q1 nichil redd"," a broken Mill, that is out of repair, occurs : 2 and at Merchelai in Herefordshire, " Molin nil redd: nisi tanf. uictu ej9 qui eii custodit."3 The "Molinum hiemale n aestivum " meant a Mill, the water-course of which was dry in summer. The produce of Mills is variously stated in the Survey ; sometimes in money, sometimes in grain, sometimes partly in money and partly in grain, and occasionally from the fishery in the 1 Warton's Hist, of Kiddington. p. 30. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 210 b. s Ibid. fol. 179 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 123 Mill stream. In one instance we have " i. Principal _ ._.. . Tr Matters noticed Molmde v. Ores. l At Lohngeston in Kent in this Record. we have, " Uii Molifi. de xv. solid. 7 cl. an- § zTTands. guili."2 At Wichendone in Buckinghamshire, " 1. molifi de xxtt. sol. 7 qa? xx". anguitt."3 At Maurdine in Herefordshire, " Molifi de xx". solid. 7 xxv. stiches anguitl." 4 At Avretone in the same county, " Molin. redd. nnor. modios annonse 7 xv. stiches anguitt." At Wasmertone in Warwickshire, it is said, " Ibi molifi de xx. sol. 7 nn. sum sal. 7 mille anguitl."5 At Dovere in Kent, " Hugo ten ufi moliii. qui reddit. xlviii ferlingels de frufnto. 7 fi pti.fi ulli Manerio." 6 At Arundel Castle, we have " Ufi molifi reddens x. modia frufnti. 7 x. modia grossae annonae. Insup. iincr. modia."7 The 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 146 b. At Stamford, in Lin colnshire, we have " 1. molin de xxx- solid." 2 Ibid. fol. 6. 3 Ibid. fol. 147. 4 Ibid. fol. 179 b. * Ibid. fol. 239. 6 Ibid. fol. 11. ' Ibid. fol. 23. In Herefordshire, tom. i. fol. 186 b. we have, " tcia pars molini reddtis xiiii. sot. 7 viii. denar." Mills are mentioned, in Records of a later date, as things of considerable value. In Stratford upon Avon, the Bishop of Worcester had in the year 1291, two carucates of land rated at twenty shillings, and one Mill yielding a hundred shillings. In the year 1299, part of the Bishop's revenues there consisted of eleven score acres and an half of arable land, at five pence per acre yearly ; twenty-seven acres of meadow at two shillings and sixpence per acre yearly ; seven acres of pasture value seventeen shillings and eight-pence; his Mills 124 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal average payment for each in Sussex, where Matters noticed O- r J in this Record, were a hundred and forty-eight Mills, was eight § 2. Lands, shillings and two-pence. ~ In the very first page of the Survey, we are told, " In introitu portus de Douere est unu molendih. qd oifis pene naues confringit p magna, turbatione maris. 7 maximu danu facit regi 7 hominibj. 7 non fuit ibi. T. R. E. De hoc dicit nepos Herberti. quod eps baiocensis concessit illu fieri Auunculo suo Herberto filio luonis." This must have been a Tide- Mill ; probably worked by a reservoir filled at high water. Another complaint relating to a Mill erected after the time of Edward the Confessor, occurs among the Clamores in Lincolnshire. " In Crosbi debet habe Witts blund9 unit hortii. in rra luonis tallebosc sed impedit ppr Molendin qd non fuit ibi T. R. E." L Barrington, in his Observations on the Statutes,2 there nine pounds per annum. See Nash's Observ. on the Return of Domesday for Worcestershire, p. 12. from Dugd. Warw. Thomas's edit. p. 683. col. a. In the eleventh and twelfth years of K. Henry III. the bishoprick of Durham was in the King's hands. Master Stephen de Lucy accounted to the Crown for the issues and revenues of it arising in the vacancy. He answered to the King, amongst other issues, " de DCCCC & xxvj I. xij s. Ik xd. ob. de firmis Molendi- norum de eodem tempore." See Madox, Hist. Excheq. 4t0. edit. vol. ii. p. 717- note I. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 376. 2 4°. Lond. 1775. p. 212. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMllSDAY. 125= says, " less is to be found with regard to Mills Principal in the laws of England, than perhaps those in this Record. of any other European country." l The Statute § aTTa'nds. de Pistoribus, between the 51st of Hen. III. and 13th of Edw. I. is the first in which they are mentioned. The toll is directed to be taken according to the custom of the land, and accord ing to the strength of the water-course, either to the twentieth or four and twentieth Corn.2 At Cetelingei, in Sussex, we find the miller valued with the Mill.3 Molinarii occur, tom. i. foil. 176 b. 180 b. 260 b. 264. 1 Mills form one of the principal heads of the Law of Scotland. To thirl, in the Scottish dialect, which in its primary sense signifies to enslave or thrall, in a secondary meaning signifies " to bind, by the terms of a lease, or otherwise, to grind at a certain Mill." Thir- lage is the Scottish term for the servitude by which lands are so astricted. The jurisdiction attached to a Mill, or that extent of ground, the tenants of which are bound to bring their grain thither, is called in the Scottish Law the Sucken of a Mill. Probably from the Anglo-Saxon yocne, privilegium. Compare Jamieson's Etym. Diet, of the Scottish Language. See also Erskine's Instit. B. ii. tit. 9. s. 20. For the Laws of the more ancient nations concerning Mills, the inquisitive reader may consult the Codex Legum antiquarum of Lindenbrogius, fol. Francof. 1613. LI. Wisig. lib. vii. Tit. 2. 12. p. 145. viii. Tit. 4. 30. p. 174. Lex. Sal. Tit. 24. p. 324. LI. Longob. lib.i. Tit. 19. 4. 5. p. 547. See also Spelman, Glossar. edit. 1687. p. 4 J 6. 2 Stat, of the Realm, vol. i. p. 203. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 22 b. 126 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal The " Molini reddentes plumbas ferri" ' were Matters noticed # -1 in this Record. Mills belonging to Iron Works. 2. Lands. Salt Works. The frequent occurrence of Salt Works in the Domesday Survey, requires explanation. Those mentioned in counties bordering on the coasts, were, unquestionably, ponds and pans for pro curing Marine Salt by evaporation. Those in more inland parts Were what are called the Re fineries of Brine or Salt Springs. At the time of forming the Survey, Rock or Fossil Salt was not known in England. The first pits of it were accidentally discovered in Cheshire, (on the very spot where Domesday mentions Brine Springs,) as late as the year 1670.2 In the Returns for Kent and Sussex, Salinae occur frequently : though in Surrey, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Buckinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Warwickshire, and Shropshire, we find them more sparingly entered. In the earlier counties returned in the Survey, the Salt Works do not seem to have been objects of the greatest importance ; some times yielding scarcely any thing. Two hun dred and eighty-five Salinas in Sussex averaged 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 91 b. 94. 2 See the Philos. Transact, vol. v. p. 2015. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 127 the payment of two shillings and five-pence Principal halfpenny each. At Stollant in Dorsetshire,1 i^thisRemrd. thirty-two Salt-pans yielded only forty shillings. § 2~La~nds. In Devonshire, at Flueta, eleven Salinae yielded but eleven pence per annum.2 At Ermentone in the latter county, however, we have a Salina yielding thirteen pounds ten shillings " ad pensa 7 arsura." 3 Berkshire, Wiltshire, Cornwall, Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Northamptonshire, Leicester shire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and Yorkshire, seem to have been, some almost, and some entirely, without them. At Sopeberie in Glou cestershire, it is said, " Ad hoc CD ptin una v in Wiche. quae reddeb. xxv. sexl salis. Vrsus uicecoin ita uastauit hoes, qd m° redde h possunt sal." 4 In Worcestershire, the Salinae are very nu merous. AtBremesgrave, in theKing's demesne, thirteen Salt Works were appendant to the 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 80. 2 Ibid. fol. 104. 3 Ibid. fol. 100 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 163 b. Lysons says, " The Survey of Domesday for Cornwall mentions ten Salt Works at Stratton. Dr. Borlase speaks of a place in the parish of Sennen, near the, Land's-end, where traces of Salt Works were to be seen ; and adds, that, according to the tradition of the place, the Works were discontinued; not through any deficiency of materials, or incongruity of situation, but through the neglect or dishonesty of the persons employed." Mag. Brit. Cornw. p. ccxiii. 128 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Manor, and three Salinarii, wallers or boilers of IW titters noticed *in this Record, the Salt,1 who rendered three hundred mitts, or § ^TTands. measures, for which, in the time of King Edward, three hundred cart-loads of wood were given by the managers of the timber. In the Conqueror's time here were six " plumbi," or leaden vats for boiling the Salt.2 In Wich, in the same county, also in the King's demesne, King Edward is stated to have had eleven houses, and his share in five Salt Pits. At one Pit, Upewic, fifty- four Salinae and two Hocci yielded six shillings and eight-pence. At another Pit, Helperic, were seventeen Salinae. At a third Pit,3 Midel- wic, twelve Salinae and two portions of a Hoccus, or lesser Pit,4 yielding also six shillings and eight-pence. At five other Pits there were fifteen Salinae. Of all these, it is said, King Edward had for rent fifty-two pounds. In 1 From the Anglo-Saxon tyeeWan, fiirere, bullire. A lead-walling, Bishop Kennett says in his Manuscript Glossary, is the brine of twenty-four hours boiling for one house. MS. Lansd. Brit. Mus. num. 1098. Dr. Nash was of opinion, that Salina, in Worcestershire, meant a portion of Brine rather than the Seal or Furnace in which the Brine is boiled. See his Collect, for Worcest. vol. i. p. 296. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 172. 3 From the Pit the brine was pumped into the Salt Pans for evaporation before boiling. 4 Dr. Nash, in his Observ. on Domesd. for Wore. p. 10. conjectures that Hoccus signified a small measure of Salt-water. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 129 these Pits Earl Edwin had fifty-one Salinae and Principal i ir- j £• ^1 tt ¦ 1 •n- i Matters noticed a haft, and from the Hocci six shillings and in this Record. eight-pence. The whole paying twenty-four § sTUnds. pounds rent. At the time of forming the Sur- — — vey, King William had in his demesne both the share of King Edward and that of the Earl. The Sheriff, to whose care the Salt Works seem to have been consigned, paid thence sixty-five pounds,1 and two measures of Salt when he was allowed wood. If the wood (used in boiling the Salt) was not allowed, the rent went unpaid.2 In Terdeberie were seven Salinae and two Plumbi, paying twenty shillings and a hundred measures of Salt.3 In Norwiche in the same county, a Salina paid a hundred measures of Salt for a hundred cart-loads of wood. 4 Dr. Nash observes that a Salt-pan in Droitwich was worth four shillings, when a house at Worcester was valued at one.5 1 " lxv. lib ad peis." 2 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 172. 3 Ibid. fol. 172 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 1 73 b. It is afterwards said, " Ad eund ffi ptin in Wicti. in. dom9 reddt. in. mittas Salis 7 de fabrica plumbi. ii. solid." De fabrica plumbi is pre sumed to mean, upon the construction of a new leaden pan or vat for boiling the Salt. In very early times we find conveyances made of salt-pans, or places to boil salt in ; as, " with four vessels for the boiling of suit," and " with all the utensils and wells of salt." See Heming. Chart. Wigorn. pp. 144, 48. Nash, Observ. on Domesd. for Worcest. p. 10. K 130 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal The Salt Works "of Cheshire, however, were Matters noticed „. , .. in this Record, those of the greatest consequence. Ine detail § ZTands. of the laws and customs of the Cheshire Wichks = form a singular and a very curious article in the Survey.1 In Warmundestrou hundred, it is said, in King Edward's time, was a Wich with a Pit for making Salt, and eight Salinae. Of the rents and profits of these Salinae, King Edward had two portions, and Edwin Earl of Chester the third : beside which, the Earl had a Salt Work 1 Norden in his Historicall and Chorographicall De scription of Middlesex," 4to. Lond. 1593. p. 27. gives an explanation of the word Wyke or Wiche. He says " Kingston wyke. It is a hamlet neere Kingstone upon Thamis, standyng in Myddlesex, and is so called, for that it is a rowe of houses leading into Kingstone, which rowe of houses in Latin is called Vicus, in our toong Vyke or Wyke, of the Saxon pyc. Vadianus, an excellent Geographer, saith that Vicus in oppido via est domorum seriem complexa, Vike is a way or passao-e in a towne being orderly compact of houses, which we also call a streete. In Rome are divers of these streets, as Vicus Affricus, &c." Bullein in his Bulwarke of Defence against all Sicknes, 4t0. Lond. 1562. p. Ixxv b. says " Much Salt is made in England, as of Sand and Salt-water in pits, in Hollande in Lincolnshire ; and onely by a marvellous humor of water, at the Witch, far from the Sea. And in the North there is Salt made at the Shiles by Tinmouth Castle. I Bullein, the author hereof, have a Pan of Salt upon the same water. At Blithe in Northumberland is good Salt made, and also at Sir Jhon DelavaFs panes." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 131 of his own, adjacent to the Manor of Acatone, Principal n L " L 1. ¦ l 111 ti Matters noticed from which nis own household was supplied, in this Record. If the Earl sold any from it, the King had two- § ^TZands. pence as toll, and the Earl the third penny. The owners of private Salt Works were also permitted to have Salt, for the use of their families, toll-free; but paid toll for all which they sold, whether at the works or in any other part of the county of Chester. The Salinae, both in and out of demesne, were encircled in one part by a stream, and on the other by a foss. In King Edward's time the rent of this Wich, including the profits of the hundred, amounted to twenty pounds. When Earl Hugh received it, one Salina only was productive : the rest of the Wich was disused. At the time of forming the Survey the rent was reduced to ten pounds. In Mildestvich, now Middle- wich hundred, was another Wich, the Salt Works of which had also belonged jointly to King Edward and Earl Edwin, though none were in demesne. In King Edward's time this Wich had yielded a rent, excluding the profits of the hundred, of five pounds. When Earl Hugh received it, in King William's time, the disuse of the Wich had reduced the rent to twenty-five shillings. A third Wich, called Norwich, in Mildestvic hundred, likewise be longing in the Saxon time to King Edward and Earl Edwin, also produced eight pounds. When Earl Hugh received this Wich it was k 2 132 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal totally unproductive ; but at the time of making Matters noticed . in this Record, the Survey it produced thirty-five shillings.1 § 2. Lands. It is probable, say the authors of the new — Magna Britannia, that the chief exportation of Salt at this early period, from Cheshire, was to Wales ; the people of which country are said to have called Nantwich, Hellath Wen, or the White Salt Pit, from the whiteness of the Salt there made.2 It is singular that at Lentune, now Lymington, in Hampshire, no Salt Works are entered in the Survey, although in the year 1145 a tithe of the Salt manufacture there was granted by Richard de Redvers to the abbey of Quarre in the Isle of Wight.3 Lymington has still the most con siderable manufacture of Marine Salt of any place upon the Southern coast of England. In fol. 265 b. of the first volume of the Survey, William Malbedeng is said to hold Actune of 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 268. 2 Lysons's Mag. Brit. vol. ii. part ii. p. 409. » Dugd. Mon. tom. i. pp. 760. 763. Warner in his " Topographical Remarks relating to the South-western parts of Hampshire," vol. ii. p. 28. speaking of Hurst Castle, says, " The coast from hence to the westward, for four or five miles, was anciently occupied in some degree by salt-works, as appears from Domesday Book, in which mention is made of' the Salinas, both in Mil- ford and Hordle manors. They have long since dis appeared ; though by certain wooden stakes, which may be discovered at very low ebbs, as I am informed, their former situation is nearly ascertained." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 133 Earl Hugh, " 7 in Wich. 1. domii quieta ad sal Principal „ . , a ci it • t • ii. a Matters noticed faeiendii. At Spallinge in Lincolnshire " Area in this Record. Salinarum " occurs.1 § zTHnds. In Essex and Norfolk, in the second volume of the Survey, the Salinae are numerous ; but not so numerous in Suffolk. The Measures of Salt noticed in the Survey, are Ambra?, Bulliones, Mensura?, Mittcv, Sextaria, and Summa?. An Ambra was four bushels.2 At Wassinge- ton, in Sussex, we have " v. salinae de ex. ambris salis." 3 Bulliones occur but once in the Sur vey : fifteen are said to have made a Summa or Horse-load of Salt.4 Mensurcv are mentioned at Muceltude in Gloucestershire : " xxnn. men- surae Salis in Wich."8 The Mitta, according 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 368. 2 See the Registr. Honoris de Richm. App. p. 44. where in an Extent of the Manors of Crowhurst and Fylesham, in Sussex, 8 Edw. I. we read " xxnn. Ambrae salis, qua? faciunt xn. quarteria secundum men- suram Londonias." Ibid. p. 258. it is added " Quarterium Londinense octo Modios sive Bussellos continet, Ambra igitur quatuor modios." It is singular that Cowel, and Kelham in his Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 154. should represent the Ambra as a Measure the quantity of which is not now known. Wilkins, LL. Anglo-Sax. Glossar. p. 389. considered the modern Firkin as coming nearest to it. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 28. * Ibid. fol. 268. b Ibid. fol. 166. " Mensurse frumenti" occur, tom. i. fol. 255. K 3 134 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal ^0 some writers, was ten bushels.1 At Hadesore Matters noticed in this Record, m Worcestershire, seven Salinae yielded a hun- § 2. Lands, dred and eleven Mits of Salt.2 The Sextarium ~ appears to have been of uncertain quantity. In most of the entries in the Survey in which it occurs, it is mentioned as a measure of honey,3 and two or three times for corn or flour.4 The Summa, Seme, or Horse-load, is used in the Survey for Salt, Corn, Flour, Malt, Peas, and Fish.5 Its relative quantity for Salt has been already noticed under Bulliones. 1 Kelham, Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 275. 2 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 177- ' For honey, at least, there seem to have been sextaries of different capacities. In King Edward's time, the city of Gloucester, among other rents, paid " xii. sex- taria mellis ad mensura ejusd. burgi." Domesd. tom. i. fol. 162. Under Chenemartune in the same county, we have " vni. sextaria mellis ad mensuram regis." Ibid. fol. 166. And in the account of Warwick, it is said, " Modo inter firma regaliu Manerio^ 7 placita Comitat3 — redd xxiiii. sextaf meit cu majori mensura. 7 de Burgo. vi. sextar melt. Sextaf scilicet pro. xv. denar." Ibid. fol. 238. 4 Domesd. tom. i. foil. 179 b. 254 b. 257 b. Compare Seld. Jan. p. 98. Tit. Hon. p. 618. Spelm. Glossar. in v. s The abbat of St. Peter Westminster had in Lewes, " p forisfactura uillanoi. ix. life 7 m. sumas de pisis." Domesd. tom. i. fol. 17 b. At Holecome in Devonshire, We have " in. salinarij. reddt. mi. solid 7 ix. denar. 7 v. siimas salis. 7 una siima piscium." Ibid. fol. 115. A Seam of Corn is still a term used in some parts of England. See Kennett's MS. Glossary. Spelman says GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 135 Iron and Lead Works. Matters noticed The circumstance that the arts of refinery and working Metals could not have been un known even in the Saxon times, renders it sin gular that so few notices should occur in the Domesday Survey_ concerning the mineral pro ductions of the country. No mention whatever of Tin occurs in that part of the Survey which relates to Cornwall ; l but Iron is mentioned in Summa Annonse was an horse-load or eight London bushels. According to Mat. Paris, in anno 1205, " Suma frumenti duodecim solidis vendebatur." 1 The conquest of Cornwall by Athelstan, it will be remembered, was not completed till the year 935. In 997 the province was ravaged by the Danes : and again in 1068 by Godwin and Edmund the sons of Harold, in their return to Ireland. These convulsions will probably account for the neglect of the Cornish Tin Mines in the Eleventh Century. Certain it is, that from the time when Cornwall was governed by its native Earls, till after the formation of the Domesday Survey, its product of Tin must have been inconsiderable. Had Edward the Confessor received any revenue from the Mines, there can be no doubt but it would have been noticed in the Survey. Madox informs us, Hist. Excheq. 4°. edit. vol. ii. p. 132. that " in the tenth of K.Richard I. William de Wroteham accounted at the Exchequer for the ferm and issues of the Mines of Devonshire and Cornwall, and for several receipts as well in money as in tin, for one whole year." Mag. Rot. 10 R. I. rot. 12 b. He adds, " In the fourteenth year of K. John, William de Wrotham accounted for CC. marks, the ferm of the K 4 in this Record. § 2. Lands. 136 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal different Counties ; and Blomes, Masses, and Matters noticed „ , , p T , . j in this Record. Plumbm of Iron, are several tunes noticed as § ZHnds. rents. In Somersetshire, under " Terra Regis," — at Sudperet, we read, " Huic CD" reddebatr T. R. E. de Cruche p ann csuetudo. hoc. e. vi. oues cii agnis totide. 7 q'sq, lib ho. 1. bloma ferri." l In the same county, under the head of " Terra Epi Sarisberiensis," under Seveberge and "Seveberge alia," it is said, "jacuef in Crvche QD regis. 7 qui teneb inde ii poterant separi. 7 reddeb in Crvche p consuetud. xn. oues cii agnis. 7 una bloma ferri de unoquq, libo homine."2 Among the Earl of Moretaine's lands, at Stantune, we have, '•' cclx. ac siluae. 7 l. ac pasturae redd. nn. blomas ferri ." 3 at Bichehalle, " Hoc CD debet p csuetud in Cvri CD regis, v. oues cii totidem agnis 7 q'sque lib ho una bloma ferri ." 4 and at Aldedeford, " de uitiis. viii. blomas ferri." 5 At Alwintune in Stannary of Cornwall for the 13th and 14th years of that King; and for CC/. the ferm of the Stannary of Devonshire for the same space of time ; and for Dxlij /. vs. for the Marks proceeding from the Tin of Cornwall and Devon for the 13th year, and for DClxviij /. xij s. had. for the like for the 14th year." Mag. Rot. 14 Joh. rot. 8 b. post Devenesciram. These seem to be the earliest notices we have of the Tin Mines of Cornwall, during the reign of the Norman Princes. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 86. 2 Ibid. fol. 87 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 91 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 92. s Ibid. fol. 92 b. Bloma, Sax. metallum. Irener- bloma, massa ferri. Bloom of Iron. From a Sow of GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 137 Herefordshire, we read, " In dnio sunt n. car Principal ¦u- - ~ J*i. 7.7 u- ¦ Matters noticed 7 xii. uifti cu. ix. car 7 redat. xx. blomas Jerri in this Record. 7 viii. sextar mellis." l At Pulcrecerce in § 2. Lands. Gloucestershire, belonging to Glastonbury Abbey, it is said, " Ibi x. serui. 7 vi. hoes reddt c. massas ferri. x. minus." 2 In Herefordshire, at Merchelai, in the King's demesne, we find a single hide yielding fifty massae. " De hoc CD est una hida ad Turlestane quae T. R. E. reddeb l. massas ferri. 7 vi. salmones." 3 The plumbce ferri occur in two entries only, in Somersetshire. Among the lands of Earl Eustace at Lecheswrde, we read, " Ibi. n°. molini redd. n. plubas ferri ;"4 Iron rolled into the fire, the workmen melt off a piece called a Loop, which they beat with iron sledges, and then hammer it gently, which forces out the cinder and dross, and then beat it thicker and stronger till they bring it to a bloom, which is a four square mass of about two feet long. This operation they call shingling the Loop. Kennett's Glossary. MS. Lansd. num. 1098. fol. 43. Blomary or Bloomery is still the name for the first forge in an Iron work, through which the metal passes after it is melted out of the Ore. 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 185b. 2 Ibid. fol. 165. In the time of Edward the Con fessor the Burgesses of Gloucester paid to the King, in part of rent for their Burgh, thirty-six dickers of Iron and a hundred iron rods for making nails for the King's Ships. Macpherson, Annals of Commerce, vol. i. p. 295. observes, " The copious Mines of Iron near Gloucester are noted in the following century by Giraldus Cam- brensis." Itin. Cambriae. lib. i. c. 5. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 179 b. * Ibid. fol. 91 b. 138 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal and at the same place, in the enumeration of the Matters noticed , in this Record, possessions of Baldewin de Execestre, " Ibi § 2. Lands, molifi redd", n. plubas ferri." 1 In Cheshire, in the Hundred of Atiscross, we find Robert de Roelent holding, beside a moiety of the castle and burg of Roelent, " medietatem aecclae 7 monetae. 7 Minaria? ferri ibid' inuenta?. 7 medie- tate aquae de Cloith." &c.2 In Lincolnshire, at Westbitham, seven foreigners appear to have held two carucates of land and three Iron-forges, yielding forty shillings and eight-pence. " Ibi vn. francigene hiit 11. car. 7 in. fabricas ferri de xl. solid 7 vin. defi." 3 Fabri, smiths, occur several times in the Survey, as will be hereafter noticed ; but in two instances, in the Return for Northamptonshire, from the great sums paid, they seem to have been rather Iron-workers. At Norton in that County, it is said, " Fabri reddeb vn. lib. T.R.E." In the same page,4 at Tovecestre, " Fabri reddeb c. sot m° nichil." The Lead-Works mentioned in the Survey are almost all upon the King's demesne in Derby shire. In Mestesforde, we read, " Ibi vin. ac pati 7 una Plubaria."5 In Werchesworde, " Ibi sunt 111. plumbaria?" " In Badeqvela, una plumbaria." ' ' In Aisseford, una plumbaria." 6 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 94. 2 Ibid. fol. 269. 5 Ibid. fol. 360 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 219 b. 5 Ibid. fol. 272. 6 Ibid. fol. 272 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 139 After Badeqvella, Aisseford, and Hope, it is Principal said, " H. tria maneria reddebant T. R. E. xxx. in this Record. lib. 7 v. sestarios mefl 7 dimidiu 7 v. plaustratas § ^Tla'nds. plubi de l. tabulis. Modo reddunt. x. lib. 7 vi. — solid, Witls Peurel custodit." l Kelham trans lates " v. plaustratas plubi de l. tabulis," five ca/t-loads of Lead of fifty tables. Pilkington, speaking of the pieces, or blocks of Lead cast in moulds, of which two make a pig, says, " Lead is not always disposed of in this state and form. Sometimes it is first rolled into sheets at works erected for that purpose in the neighbourhood of the furnaces." 2 The Tabula? of Domesday Book, for rooting Cathedrals, must have been cast at the Foundery. Stone Quarries or Stone Pits, are mentioned in the Survey in but fewinstances. Tom. i. fol. 23. we have " Quadraria de vi. sol. 7 vin. d." Ibid. fol. 23 b. " Quadraria de x. sol. 7 x. denar." Ibid. fol. 9Q b. " Quadraria de ix. sot. 7 nn. defi." In Surrey, tom. i. fol. 34. " Dua? fossa? Lapidum de n. sol." occur in the property of Battle Abbey at Limenesfeld. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 273. Among the lands of Ralph Fitz-Hubert in Derbyshire, tom. i. fol. 277. at Criche, we have " una plumbaria." 2 Pilkingt. View of the present State of Derbyshire, vol. i. p. 123. 140 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Matters noticed Fisheries. in this Record. « 2~L~a~nds. Fisheries form another of the more important sources of rent noticed in the Domesday Survey. Where the produce in kind is mentioned it seems to have consisted chiefly in Eels, Herrings, or Salmon. The rent in Eels appears sometimes to have been paid numerically, as at Thapeslav, one of the Bishop of Bayeux's manors in Buckingham shire, " De piscaf. mille anguitl."1 At Archelov in Shropshire, we have, " Piscaria de mille 7 q'ngent, 7 n. anguitl magnis :" 2 and in Yorkshire, under Bevreli, " Piscaf. vn. miliu Anguillaru."3 Sometimes they were paid by stiches or sticks, every stick having twenty-five.4 Among the Bishop of Lincoln's dependents at Dorchester in Oxfordshire, we find, " Piscator redct. xxx. stich anguitl." 5 At Leofminstre in Hereford shire ninety stiches were paid to the King, which were not included in the computation of the rent of the manor.6 The payment of Eels in rent from mills has been already noticed in a former page ; it was then that they were usually 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 144. 2 Ibid. fol. 253 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 304. 4 In the Chartulary of Christ Church Canterbury, MS. Cotton. Brit. Mus. Galba E. iv. fol. 28 b. we read, " Bind Anguillaru m constat ex x. stikes et quelibet stik ex xxv. anguillis." 5 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 155. ' s Ibid. fol. 180. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 141 measured by stiches. At Patricesham in Surrey, Principal we have, " Piscaf de mille anguitt 7 mille i/thkRecord. Lampridul."1 jsTZn*. The Herring Fisheries occur in Kent and Sussex, once in Norfolk, and very numerously in Suffolk. Sandwich in Kent, which belonged to Christ Church Canterbury, yielded annually forty thousand Herrings for the refectory of the monks.2 The church of Saint Peter Winchester had thirty-eight thousand five hundred Herrings from the villeins on their manor at Lewes in Sussex.3 William de Warene had sixteen thou sand Herrings from the burgesses of Lewes.4 He had also four thousand " de gablo" from the villani and bordarii of Bristelmestune.6 The manor of Beccles in Suffolk, in King Edward's time, yielded thirty thousand Herrings to the abbey of Saint Edmund. This rent in the Con queror's time was increased to sixty thousand.6 Hugh de Montefort's manors in Suffolk yielded numerous rents of Herrings.7 Salmon are mentioned in the Survey, by name, but in few entries. Among the possessions of Judhel de Totenais in Devonshire, we find two Fisheries, one at Lodeswille, and the other at Corneorde, each yielding thirty Salmon as rent.8 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 32 b. l Ibid. fol. 3. 3 Ibid. fol. 18. 4 Ibid. fol. 26. 6 Ibid. fol. 26 b. 6 Ibid. torn. ii. 370. 7 Ibid. tom. ii. foil. 407. 407 b. 8 Ibid, tom.i. fol. 109. 142 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. MaUers'noticed B°th "* ^ time °f Edward> and in King Wil- in this Record. Ham's time, the Church of Saint Peter Gloucester § 2. Lands, received sixteen Salmon in part of rent from its ~— own burgesses in the city.1 A hide of land be longing to Merchelai in Herefordshire, in the time of King Edward, yielded six Salmon in part of rent to the crown.2 Earl Hugh had a Fishery at Etone in Cheshire, which yielded annually a thousand Salmon.3 Fisheries in the Severn and the Wye, no doubt principally for Salmon, are frequently noticed in Gloucestershire. Under Tedeneham, among the lands belonging to the crown, we find, " In Sauerna. xi. piscariae in dnio. 7 xlii. piscariae uillano^. In Waia. i. pis- caria. 7 uillano^ n. piscariae 7 dimidia. Roger9 comes creuit in Waia n. piscarias." 4 At Mortelage in Surrey, " Una Piscaria sine censu " occurs. It is added, " Hanc Piscaria habuit Heraldus comes in Mortelaga T. R. E. 7 Stigand9 arch habuit diu. T. R. W. 7 taffi diit qd Herald9 ui construxit ea. T. R. E. in terra de Chingestune. 7 in terra S. Pauli."5 This Fishery was a Weir. There are Haias for fishing at Kingston now. At Saham in Cambridgeshire, we find, " vn. Piscatores reddentes regi fPsentation Pisciu ter in anno scdm quod possunt."6 The abbey of 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 165 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 179 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 263 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 164. 5 Ibid. fol. 31. 6 Ibid, fol 189. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 143 Ely appears to have enjoyed great advantages Principal from the fisheries in the two Hundreds of Ely : in^hURecorf. as, "CD Dodinton. De piscariis. xxvii. mil § ZTands. anguitl. 7 cl. De psentationib9 xxnn. sol." " CD* Litelport. De piscaf. xvn. mil anguitl. De p>sen- tatioii pisciu S xn. sol 7 ix. defi." " In Stun- tenei. De Piscaf. xxnn. mil Anguitl. De p>senL xviii. soT." ] At Saham, also, " una nauis quae piscaf in mara p consuetud" is reckoned, with the demesne there, belonging to the abbat. 2 At Saham too, the abbat of Saint Edmund had his Fishery. " In Saha. ten. ipse abb. vi. acras rrae. Ibi e un9 piscator hiis. 1. sagena in lacu ejusd uillae." 3 At Wisbece in Cambridgeshire, it is said, " ht. abb de Ramesi. vin. piscatores. redd", v. mil 7 cclx. anguili."4 Of the bur gesses of Nottingham, it is said, " In aqua Trente soliti erant piscari. 7. m° querela faciunt eo qct piscari phibentr." 5 In the second volume of the Survey Piscatio, occurs twice for Piscaria.6 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 191 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 190 b. ' Ibid. fol. 192. 4 Ibid. fol. 192 b. The Fisheries and Meers, « pis cariae 7 mara?," in Huntingdonshire, belonging to the abbat of Ramsey, were valued in the Survey at ten pounds ; those of the abbat of Thorney at sixty shillings ; and those of the abbat of St. Edmund at four pounds. See tom. i. fol. 205. 5 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 280. 6 In the Exeter Domesday, p. 97. Piscatia occurs more than once for Piscaria : and p. 105. Piscatoria. 144 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Twenty-four fishermen in Gernemutha [Yar- Matters noticed „ in this Record, mouth J were appendant to the royal manor ot § 2. Lands. Gorlestuna in Suffolk.1 The Piscina? or Vivaria were stews or fish- pools, the greater number belonging to the religious. At Tudeuuorde in Yorkshire, among the possessions of Robert Malet, it is said " lb1 xx. Piscinae redd xx. milia anguillaf ." 2 The Abbat of St. Edmund had " n. vivaria I piscinae in villa ubi quiescit humatus Scs Eadmundus" appropriated to the refectory of his monastery, " ad victum monachorum."3 At Svafam in Cambridgeshire, the Abbat of Ely is said to have received six shillings, " de theloneo retis :" 4 and Walter de S. Waleri, at Hamntone in Middlesex, " de Sagenis et Tractis in Aqua Temisiae in. sot." s The Heiemaris was a Sea-hedge, now called a Pitched Net, or Choll Net. It is mentioned in the following entry under Sudwolda in Suffolk, among the lands belonging to the abbey of Saint Edmund : " Medietas uni9 Heiemaris. 7 qf ta pars alti9 medietatis. Tc reddebat xx. miti. 1 Domesd. torn. ii. fol. 283. 2 Ibid. tom. i. fol. 321. 3 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 372. * Ibid, tom.i. fol. 190 b. s Ibid. tom. i. fol. 130. Sagena. Dr. Dunham Whit- aker, quoting some Household Accounts of the Cliffords of Skipton Castle of the sixteenth century, gives this extract in his History of Whalley. " Item there is in the Gallary nets, viz. a great sene and less sene as draught nets." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 145 alletiu. m°. xxv. ml. s. e. soe. 7 sac." J Saint Principal Edmund having the Soe and Sac seems to imply ShRecord3 more than a mere inclosure of the sea. „ %LZnds. 2. — Measurement of Land. The following is Bishop Kennett's definition of the Hide. " Hide of Land. Not as Poly- dore Virgil fancies, from the hide of a beast, as if an English hide of land were like the extent of Carthage, Quantum taurino possint circundare tergo ; but from the Saxon hyb, a house or habitation, from hyban to cover : the word was sometimes taken for a house, as we still preserve the word Hut for a cottage. And what Bede calls Familias (which Familia seems to have been a circuit of ground sufficient for the main tenance of a family) his Saxon interpreter King Alfred calls hybelanber.2 The quantity of it was afterwards described to be as much as was sufficient to the cultivation of one plough. " Hida Anglice vocatur terra unius Aratri cul- 1 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 371 b. Kelham, p. 229. noticing this passage, says, " Lector ! tu tibi CEdipus esto." 2 Compare Bedae Hist. Eccles. cura Jo. Smith, lib. iii. cap. 24. lib. iv. cap. 13. 16. 19. The Hide was a very old denomination of Land among the Saxons. It is mentioned in the Laws of Ina. LL. Inse, 14. Wilk. p. 17. L 146 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal turae sufficiens," whence our term of Ploughland. Matters noticed „,. - T -• in this Record, ihe quantity of a Hide was never expressly l ffTands. determined. The Dialogus de Scaccario makes it one hundred acres.1 The Malmsbury manu script cited by Spelman, computes it at ninety- six acres : one hide four virgates, and every virgate four acres. And yet the history of the foundation of the Abbey of Battle2 makes eight virgates go to one hide. But Polydore Vergil blunders most, who reduces a hide to twenty acres. The truth seems to be that a hide, a yardland, a knight's fee, &c, contained no certain number of acres, but varied in different places. In the Domesday Inquisition the first enquiry was how many hides." 3 Selden says, the just value of a hide that might fit the whole kingdom never appears from Domesday, and was ever of an uncertain quan tity.4 From an entry in Buckinghamshire, one might suppose the hide in that county at least had been measured with peculiar exactness. Latesberie, it is said, " ten Eps Lisiacensis 1 " Ruricolse melius hoc norunt; verum sicut ab ipsis accepimus, Hida a primitiva institutione ex centum acris constat." Madox, Hist. Excheq. 4°. Lond. 1769. vol. ii. p. 399. 2 Mon. Angl. tom. i. p. 313. from MS. Cotton. Domit. A. ii. 3 Glossar. Par. Antiq. 4 Seld. Tit. Hon. p. 622. Kelham, Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 231. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 147 de Epo Baiocsi i. hid: r. pedes minus." l Principal Hutchins, in his Dissertation on Domesday SSaf Book, prefixed to the History of Dorsetshire, § ffl~ands, says, " The Hide was the measure of land in the Confessor's reign ; the Carucate that to which it was reduced by the Conqueror's new standard." Among the possessions, however, of Goisfridus de Werce in Leicestershire, we read, " Ipse G. ten Medeltone. Ibi si. vn. hidae 7 una car rrae 7 una bouata. In unaqaq hida. st.. xnn. car rrae 7 dimict." 2 In the same county, under Cilebi, we read, " Ogerus Brito ten de rege. n. partes uni9 hidae. id est xir. car rrae." 8 And, in the lands between the Ribble and the Mersey in Lancashire, it is expressly stated, " in unaquaque hida sunt. vi. came rrae." 4 Even at Odetun in Dorsetshire, we read, " Bricsi tenuit. miles regis E. 7 geldb p xn. hid. T'ra est xvi. car. De ea st in diiio nn. carucatae." 5 Agard takes considerable pains to prove, that both before and after the conquest, six score acres went to the Hide. He quotes a manuscript entitled, " Restauratio ecclesiae de Ely," in 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 145. Under " Terra Epi Con- stantiens" in Gloucestershire, it is said, " Isd Eps ten uii maner de una hida 7 Goismer9 de eo. In ista hida q.do arat non sunt nisi, lxiiii. ac trae." tom. i. fol. 165. 2 Ibid. tom. i. fol. 235 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 236. 4 Ibid. fol. 269 b. * Ibid. fol. 83. L 2 148 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal which were these words : " Et non invenerunt in^hirRraord. de terra quae mulieris jure fuisset, nisi unam § ffUnds. Hidam per sexies xx. Acras, et super Hidam xxiv. Acras : " and again, " In Wilberham emit Abbas ab Alfuuino et uxore ejus duas Hidas duodecies xx. Acrarum, et totum Hun- dredum unius cuj usque emptionis fuit in tes timonium." ] In illustration of the same measure, as having been used for the Hide subsequent to the Con quest, Agard quotes the " Placita de Jur. et Assis. coram Joh. de Vallibus et aliis Justic. Itin. apud Cant. 14 Edw. I. Dicunt quod 1 Reg. Honor. Richm. Append, p. 10. The circum stance that six score went to the hundred, is countenanced by an entry relating to the mansiones in Lincoln. " Ex pdictis mans quae T. R. E. fuer hospitatae. sunt m° waste. cc. anglico numero. CCXL." Domesd. tom. i. fol. 336. So, before, in the same folio, " In Civitate Lincolia erant tepore regis Edwardi nouies centu 7 lxx. man siones hospitata?. Hie numerus Anglice computaV 1. centu' p ctu'. xx"." Hence probably the old Saw, " Five Score of Men, Money, and Pins, Six Score of all other things." Of this remarkable mode of computation by the greater decads, or tens which contain twelve units, called the Tolfrcedic, see Hickesii Thesaurus. Gramm. Isl. p. 43. The Hundred of six score occurs in one of the Harleian charters of Kirksted Abbey, A.D. 1159. in a Grant of Stephen Fitz Herbert chamberlain of the King of Scotland (marked 47 I. 8.) " pro quingentis ovibus per MAJUS CENTUM." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 149 sunt in Hokinton xn. Hidae terrae, quarum quae- Principal libet Hida continet in se sexies v^ginti acras in^isReco'rd. terra?. § 2 Lands_ Under Caplefore, in Herefordshire, a dis- tinetion is made in Domesday between the English and Welsh Hides.2 Bishop Kennett says, that in the 15th of Henry the Second, A.D. 1169, a hide of land at Chesterton con tained sixty-four acres. He adds, the yearly value of a hide of land at Blechingdon in Ox fordshire, in the 35th of Henry III. was forty shillings.3 In the account of the lands of the cathedral church of St. Mary of Rouen, in Devonshire, tom. i. fol. 104. we find the Hide as a measure applied both to pasture and wood, " viii. hide pastura?," "xx. acr. prati et dimid. hida silua?" The Carucata, which is also to be inter preted the plough-land, was as much arable as could be managed with one plough and the beasts belonging thereto in a year ; having meadow, pasture, and houses for the house holders and cattle, belonging to it.4 The Ca- 1 Reg. Honor. Richm. ut supr. 2 " In Caplefore sunt. v. hidae Anglicae geld. 7 in. hidae Waliscaj." Domesd. tom.i. fol. 181 b. " Hida Walesca" also occurs, fol. 182 b. So previously in fol. 181. in Arcenefeld, under Westuode we have " Ibi vi. hidae. una ex his ht Walisca csuetud. et aliae Anglicam." 3 Paroch. Antiq. edit. 1818, vol. i. pp. 173. 345. 4 Hence the expressions " Patu xxx. car" [i. e. caru- L3 § 2, Lands. 150 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal rucate was of Norman introduction, and usually, inlhisRecord. in the Domesday Survey, follows the measure of the Hide. Thus, in most parts of the Survey, the vill or place is said to have paid geld for so many hides T. R. E. and then follows its pre sent measure of so many carucates. It has been already shewn that with reference to the Hide the measure of the Carucate was various, even in the Survey. It probably differed ac cording to the nature of the soil, or the custom of husbandry in every county. Agard thought that in those counties of Domesday where no Hides are mentioned, the Carucate and the Hide were co-extensive : J as in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutlandshire, Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire. 2 He quotes Walter Wyttlesey, a monk of Peterborough, who, as far as one eis.] " Patu bob}." " Ibi patu sufficiens carrucis." "Tra e. nn. bob9. 7 patu totid bob9." tom. i. fol. 196 b. 1 Reg. Honor. Richm. Append, p. 10. 2 In the Survey of Dorsetshire, tom. i. fol. 77. of sixteen Carucates of land at Shirburn, it is said " H' tra nunq. p hid diuisa fuit." It is possible this might have been the case with the Counties above mentioned. In the Chartulary of Whitby Abbey in Yorkshire, MS. Donat. Mus. Brit. 4715. we have a Grant of King Henry the First to the Cell of Godeland belonging to that Monastery, fol. 171 b. which mentions the Carucates of Pikering. The charter says, " Sciatis me concessisse Fratribus de Godeland cum omnibus pertinentiis suis ipsum locum de Godeland, et unam carucatam terrae arandam secundum carucatas de pikering." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 151 county is concerned, writes, " In provincia Principal T . . rT, . . . Matters noticed Emcolma? non sunt Hidae sicut m alns Pro- in this Record. vinciis, sed pro Hidis sunt Carucata? terrarum, §2.~«&. et non minus valent quam Hida?" He also cites a passage from Knyghton, " de qualibet Hida, id est Carucata terrae." Bishop Kennett informs us from a Deed in the Monastieon that a Carucate in the reign of Richard the First was computed at sixty acres.1 " Yet," he adds, " another charter, 9 Rich. I. allots a hundred acres to a Carucate. And Fleta temp. Edw. I. says, if land lay in three common fields, then nine score acres to a Carucate, sixty for winter tillage, sixty for spring tillage, and sixty for fallows. But if the land lay in two fields, then eight score acres to a Carucate, one half for tillage, and the other for fallow." 2 " The measure of a carucate," he continues, " was different according to time and place. In 32 Edw. III. one carucate of land in Burcester in Oxfordshire, contained a hundred and twelve acres ; and two carucates in Middleton were three hundred acres." 3 1 So Carpentier in the Supplement to Du Cange. " Charta Richardi reg. Angl. an. 20 regni ejusd. in Chartul. abbat. Boniportus : ' Dedimus circa locum ilium xx. carrucatas terrae, scilicet unicuique carrucatae lx. acras terrae ad perticam nostram, scilicet xxv. pe dum.'" 2 Fleta, lib. ii. cap. 72 .§ 4. 3 Glossar. Par. Antiq. L 4 152 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Of certain lands in Wales, tom. i. fol. 162. in this Record, it is said, " In eodem feudo dedit Willelmus § 2. Lands, comes Radulfo de Limesi l. earueatas terrae sicut ft in Normannia." In abbreviating the Domesday returns, the Norman scribes appear occasionally, even in the same county, to have used the contraction car or car both for caruca and carucata: al though the one signified the plough and team, and the other, as Dr. Nash expresses it, the team's tillage. The omission to observe this has led many of the translators of Domesday into error. In different parts of the Survey we have frequent intimations that the land could main tain more ploughs, that is, was capable of improvement. As in Herefordshire, at Bertune, " In diiio possent esse n. car plusqua. sunt." J Again, at Moneslai, in the same county, " una car plus potest esse." 2 In Yorkshire the entries of this description are extremely numerous. As " x. carucatae 7 vi. car poss ee :" " xn. carucatae 7 vn. car poss esse :" " xxv. carucatae 7 xmcim. carucae poss ee:" " qual xx. 7 xvi. carucatae rrae in q^ poss esse lx. carucae." 3 These latter entries are perhaps to be ascribed to the slow recovery of Yorkshire from devastation. In Norfolk, at Caustituna, after the description 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 181 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 185 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 303. 305 b. 302 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 153 6f the manor in the time of King Edward the Principal ~ „ . . -j ,, m~ o ~ . Matters noticed Confessor, it is said, " Ine 7 p-' 1111. car in in this Record. dnio. m° in. & due possnt restaurari." " The 7 § ffTands. p9 xxvi. car. horn, [belonging to the tenemental lands] m° xvi. & alie pOssent restaurari." ' The Solin is a measure of land only found in Kent. In the Register of Battle Abbey, pre served among the Cotton Manuscripts in the British Museum, the Manor of Wi in Kent, which was given to that monastery by the Con queror, is noticed, " cum omnibus appendiciis suis septem Swulingarum, id est Hidarum."2 In the second folio of the Survey of Kent is this entry : " In comuni tra S. Martini sunt ccccte acrae 7 dimid. quae fiunt n. solinos 7 dimid." " Now," says Agard, " this word dimidium first named, must have relation to half an Hundred, and not to half an Acre. For in all the whole book there is not named half an Acre.3 And then I take it, that a Solin of ground, after English account, containeth two hundred and sixteen Acres. If after Norman tale, then nine score Acres. And to this agreeth somewhat near a 1 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 115. 2 MS. Cotton. Domit. A. ii. fol 13 b. So Somner, from a Charter granted to Christ Church Canterbury : " Terram trium Aratrorum, quam Cantiani Anglice dicunt three Swolinges." Antiq. Cant. p. 21. ' In this assertion Agard was incorrect ; See Domesd. tom.i. fol. 23. under Treverde. Ibid. fol. 26 b. under Wintreburne, " una aca pati 7 dim'." 154 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Note taken out of a Leiger Book, which the Matters noticed ° in this Record. Bishop of Norwich Dr. Redman hath, in these § 2. Lands, words : ' Item Abbas dicit quod in libro vocato Domesday Sancti Edwardi apud Westm. sic habetur, Abbas Sancti Augustini tenet Manerium de Langeport. Ibi est unum Solin et unum Jugum, &c. Et ulterius idem Abbas dicit secundum interpretationem antiquorum termi- norum unum Solin continet cc. Acras.' " 1 The Carucate probably bore the same variety , of proportion to the Solin as to the Hide. Sometimes when it is said of land, " rj uno Solin se defd." it is added, " Terra e vi car." At others, " T'ra e in. car." " T'ra e v. car." " T'ra e nn. car." " T'ra e n. car." On the Jugum, or Yoke of land, a measure likewise confined to Kent in the Survey, the opinions of writers also differ. Matthew Paris, Ralph de Diceto, Bromton, and the Annalist of Dunstaple, write as if the Jugum and the Hide were the same. But this is not the case in the Domesday returns. Agard notices a passage in which the Jugum appears to have been equi valent to half a Carucate. It is among the entries relating to the property of the Bishop of 1 Registr. Honor. Richm. Append, p. 9. " Unum Solinum, or Solinus terrae," says Sir Edward Coke, Inst. fol. Lond. 1628. part i. sect. i. fol. 5. " in Domesday Booke, conteyneth two plow lands and somewhat lesse than an half, for there it is said, 'septem Solini or Solinas terras sunt xvn. carucat.' " GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 155 Baieux. " Odo ten de epo in Hadone I. jugum. Principal T'ra e dim car."1 From another entry, however, in'thu Record. it should seem as if four Juga went to the Solin. § 2.~re&. " Hugo de Montfort ten uh 03 Estwelle. qd tenuit Frederic de rege E, 7 g uno Solin se defd. Tria Juga sunt infra divisione Hugonis. 7 qartii jugii e extra. 7 e de feudo epi Baioc."2 The Virgate, it is probable, differed from itself in different places at the time of the Survey, as much as at subsequent periods. In the Account of Oxford, the "uirg quae csuetudinariae erant T. R.E." are mentioned.3 Webb, from the consideration of the Ely and Exeter Manu scripts, decides that four virges or virgates must have formed the Hide of the Survey : 4 although the Register of Battle Abbey,5 which is of early authority, says eight Virgates made the Hide. Agard says, " Virgata is taken diversly, as I find in a Register Book of Ely, which now the Dean hath, in sundry towns sundry measures, as in Leverington a Yard-land is lx. acres, in Fenton xxx. acr., in Tyd xxxn. acr. In bun- dello Eschaet. 26° E. 1. infra Turrim Lond. sunt 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 9. 2 Ibid. fol. 13. 3 Ibid. fol. 154. 4 Short Account of Danegeld, p. 27. It may also be gathered from the entries respecting Werste in Sussex, Domesd. tom.i. fol. 20. and Svei in Hampshire, tom.i. fol. 51. Dr. Nash quotes two Records of the time of John, to shew the same. 5 Registr. Honor. Richm. Append, p. 11. 156 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DQMESDAY. Principal ibi vii. Virgatae terrae in dominico continentes Matters noticed . . , „i:X,«i in this Record, qumquies xx. & xn. acras, quarum quaehbet § zTTands. Virgata valet vin. s. prec. Acr. vi. d. Ergo xvr. Acr. pro Virgata. In Coin Virgata operabilis xv. Acr. And in another Town, not named by my note, xx. Acr. And so I have seen in Ex tents."1 Dr. Nash says, the Virgata is explained in a MS. t. Hen. V. to contain thirty acres, some times twenty-four, and sometimes fifteen. He adds, in the Receipt of the Exchequer is an antient Deed from John Wace to St. Mary's of Stanleig of a Virgate of land in Henton, where the Virgate appears to be eighteen acres.2 The Bovata, or Oxgang, was originally as much as an Ox-Team could plough in a year. Eight bovates are usually said to have made a Carucate : but the number of acres which made a Bovate are variously stated in different records, from eight to twenty-four. Dr. Nash says, " Bovata terrae continet vm. acras terrae in campis Doncastriae." Trin. 21 Edw. I. Rot. 26. Ebor. coram Rege. " Una Bouata de xvi. acris, et alia bovata continet xvn. acras." Trin. 26 Edw. I. Ebor. de Banco.3 In a few entries of the Survey we find the Ferding mentioned as a measure of Land. At 1 Nash, Obs. on Domesd. for Wore. p. 9. 2 Wilts bag. 3 Nash ut supr. In another place, p. 15. he says, Masura, when applied to land, contained four Oxgangs. For further information consult Spelman and Du Cange. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 157 Dolvertune in Somersetshire, it is said, " Huic „ Prin<='pai , , _ o Matters noticed CD st additae. n. hidae rrae dimid ferding min9." 1 in this Record. It is, no doubt, the same with the Ferling which § 2. Lands. occurs several times in Somersetshire and Devon- shire, and evidently in its original signification meant the peopolmg, or fourth part.2 From a comparison of different entries it appears to have been even less than the Virgate. Agard con sidered it of the same dimensions with the Oxgang, about fifteen Acres.3 Lord Coke is certainly wrong in making the Ferling and Quarentena the same.4 Acra an acre, from the Anglo-Saxon ,/Gceji a field, and that from the Roman Ager, appears originally to have signified no determined quan tity of land. It is mentioned however as a measure at a very early period ; and from a passage in the Battle Abbey Register, so often quoted, it appears that the Normans had an Acre confessedly differing from that of the Saxons. We find a grant in it of " triginta acras prati, ad mensuram Normannia? dimensas, in fundo 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 86 b. See also in Hampshire, fol. 50 b. 2 The Ferlings at Huntingdon were a different thing. They were the quarters or Wards into which the town was divided. " xlviii. Ferlingels de fru- mento," tom.i. fol. 11. were Quarters of Corn. 3 Registr. Honor. Richmond. App. p. 11. 4 Instit. fol. Lond. 1628. part i. sect. i. fol. 5 b. 158 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal manerii sui vocabulo Bodeham." 1 The different Matters noticed . . . n -tr- in this Record, proportions of the Acre in the time of King § iTiZnds. Edward the First, with the intermediate admen- surations, are laid down in the " Statutum de Admensuratione Terrarum :" when the Acre was ten perches in length, it was to be sixteen in breadth ; and when eighty perches in length, to be two in breadth.2 The elementary Acre, however, was forty perches long by four perches wide. The Perca, or Pertica, according to the Register of Battle, consisted of sixteen feet.3 Agard says, in the Arrentations of Assarts for Forests* made in the reigns of Henry the Third and Edward the First, for forest ground the commissioners let the land " per perticam xx. pedum."4 Spelman says, the Pertica Regis upon the Close Rolls of the 11th of Henry the Third was of twenty-four feet.8 Different mea sures of the Perch, from ten to twenty feet, may be found in deeds in the Monastieon. 6 Abroad, it extended to twenty-five, and even 1 MS. Cotton. Domit. A. n. fol. 30. 2 Stat, of the Realm, vol. i. p. 207. 3 MS. Cotton. Domit. ut supr. fol. 14. 4 Registr. Honor. Richm. ut supr. Compare the Glossary to Kennett's Parochial Antiquities. 5 Glossar. ut supr. Rot. Claus. 11 H. III. m. 6. 6 Mon. Angl. last edit. tom. iii. p. 241. tom. vi. pp. 281. 282. 332. 417. 1025. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 159 twenty-seven feet.1 By the Statutum de Ad- principal mensuratione Terrarum five yards and a half of i^this Record? the Ulna Regis, or yard of three feet, were to § 2ff2nds. make a Perch.2 The Leuca and Quarentena of the Survey were most commonly applied to Woodland. The Leuca, Leuga, and Leuua, according to the Register of Battle Abbey, consisted of four hundred and eighty perches, or twelve Qua- ranteines. Ingulphus, however, who is good authority, speaks of the Leuca as a mile. 3 The ordinary mile of England, it will be re membered, in former times, was more of a traditionary than an ascertained measure. It was nearly a mile and a half of the present standard.4 1 v. Du Cange. 2 The Cottonian Manuscript, Galba E. iv. of the time of Edw. III. fol. 28 b. says, " Recta Mensura Ulnae et Perticatae. Memorandum quod Ulna continet quinque pedes. Et quinque Ulnae et dimidia faciunt unam Per- ticatam, secundum standard um Mariscallias domini Regis." A larger Perch than that fixed by the Statute of Measures is still in use for wood-land. 3 Compare Spelm. Glossar. edit. 1687. p. 356. See also Dr. Nash's Observ. on Domesday for Wore. p. 9. 4 Blomefield, in his History of Norfolk, renders Leuua a league, meaning by the term a distance not exceeding two miles, which appears to have answered in the generality of places he examined as to their extent. Du cange says, Leuca, Leuga, Lewa, vox et mensura itineraria Gallica, 1500 passuum, uti passim testantur Scriptores. Leuga Anglica duodecim quarenteinis 160 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal The Quarentena, called Quadragenaria in Matters noticed _ . in this Record, the Exeter Domesday, was the Forty long, or § ZHnds. Furlong : from the French Quarente, forty. A measure of forty Perches.1 The mention of it occurs very frequently in our ancient Laws. confici dicitur in Monastico Angl. (ed. vet.) tom. i. p. 313. It must not be forgotten that Leuua or Leuga has another meaning in a few entries of the Domesday Survey. The Leuua or Lowy, as it is called, of Ton- bridge Castle in Kent, will be found noticed hereafter. See a particular account of the " Leuga S. Wilfridi," in Yorkshire, Domesd. tom. i. fol. 303. The " Carucata S. Johis lifea a geldo regis" in Beverley, ibid. fol. 304- was the same thing. 1 Kennett, Glossar. Par. Antiq. In this computation the Perch, according to the Monastieon Anglicanum, new edit. tom. vi. p. 1025. consisted of twenty feet. " Quaelibet Virga unde Quarentenae mensurabuntur, erit viginti pedum." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 161 Sect. 3.— MONEY. 1. Different Denominations. The different Computations of Money in the Ma£™70*jced Survey are by the Libra or Pound, the Mark, in this Record. the Ora, the Shilling, the Penny, the Half-penny, § s. Money. the Farthing, and the Minuta. The Libra?, or Pounds, appear to have been of three kinds, the Libra? ad numerum, the Libra? ad pensum,1 and the Libra? ad ignem et ad pensam. The Libra ad numerum, was the pound of ready money, made up not of shillings but of Orae, and, as we ascertain by different entries, was valued at the rate of twenty-pence to the Ora. The Libra? alba?, de albo argento, bianco?, Candida?, de albis denariis, denariorum candidorum, alborum nummorum, or candidorum nummorum, appear to have been the same with the Libra? ad numerum, as may appear from several quotations, in which they are likewise valued at twenty-pence to the Ora.2 The Libra? ad pensum, were by weight. 1 " Vrsouicecoin reddid xxnn. lib. adpeis." Tom. i. foil. 172. 172 b. « Redd. c. lib. ad pondus." ibid. fol. 337 b. 2 Tom. i. fol. 164. we read " xxv. life de xx. in ora 7 albas." Again, " xl. life albox niimo& de xx. in ora." And, in a third passage, " xxnn. life candidoj? nfimos de M 162 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal The Libra? ad ignem et ad pensam, arsa? Matters noticed ° -1 in this Record. ef pensata?, or ad pensam et arsuram, formed § s. Money, the payment when the coins offered at the Exchequer were defective in fineness as well as in weight. On this occasion the Receivers at the Exchequer either melted a sample of the money paid, or received sixpence or a shilling over every twenty in lieu of actual combustion. Madox tells us, that in cases where the money had a baser alloy than ordinary, the King's officers required even a larger sum than the shilling in every pound for a compensation. The money so melted, or having the supplemental payment added, was said to be dealbated or blanched.1 Brady, in his History, says " When Domesday was com piled, there was always a fire ready in the Ex chequer, and if they liked not the allay of the xxt! in ora." Tom. i. fol. 39 b. " redd xn. life blancas de xxli in ora." Madox, Hist. Excheq. edit. 4°. 1769. tom. i. p. 284, makes a variation in some cases between the payments blank and de numero. He recites some precedents wherein the two are compared together, but acknowledges his inability to adjust the difference. He ascribes it to the temporary corruptness of the money paid; and considers the difference to have varied in some measure after that proportion. In one instance in Domesday, tom. i. fol. 220. we have " xl. life ad pondus de xx" in ora." 1 Madox Hist. Excheq. 4°. edit. tom. i. p. 275. « Life ad pondus & combustionem" is occasionally the language of the Exeter Domesday, pp. 78. 89. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 163 money, they burnt it, and then weighed it." • Principal J „ , n • i , Matters noticed One of the entries of money paid ad pensam et m this Record. 1 See Kelham's Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 157. Madox says, "As the Revenue in ancient times was wont to be paid in at the Exchequer, sometimes by weight, and sometimes by tale, so there were proper officers and utensils provided there for weighing, telling, essaying^ and laying-up of the Money. There was a Pesour or weigher, a Fusor or melter, Goldsmiths, and others." Hist. Excheq. ut supr. Among the Escheats in the County of Southampton, temp. R. Joh. Harl. MS. 313. fol. 32. we read, " Thomas de la Fede tenet villam de Fede per ponderacionem denariorum ad Scaccarium." Of the mode of making the Assay we read the following in the Dialogus de Scaccario. Lib. i. cap. 6. " Quid ad Militem Argentarium. Porro Miles Argentarius ab in- feriori Scaccario ad superius defert loculum examinandi argenti, cujus supra meminimus; quern cum intulerit signatum sigillo Vicecomitis, sub omnium oculis effundit in Scaccario quadraginta quatuor solidos, quos de acervo sumptos prius signaverat, factaque commixioneeorundem, ut ponderi respondeant, mittit in unum Vasculum trutinas libram ponderis, in alterum vero de denariis quod opor- tuerit, quo facto nutnerat eosdem, ut ex numero constare possit, si legitimi ponderis sint ; cujuscunque vero pon deris inventi fuerint, seorsum mittit in Ciffum libram unam, hoc est xx. sol. ex quibus examen fiat ; reliquos vero xxiiij sol. mittit in loculum. Item duo denarii praeter libram examinandam, dantur Fusori, non de fisco sed de parte Vicecomitis, quasi in praemium sui laboris. Tunc eliguntur a Praesidente, vel a Thesaurario si ille absens fuerit, alii duo Vicecomites, ut simul cum Argentario nee non et Vicecomite cujus examen facien dum est, procedant ad ignem ; ubi Fusor ante prae- monitus praeparatis necessariis eorum praestolatur ad- M 2 § 3. Money. 164 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal arsuram seems to indicate a great depreciation Matters noticed ~ c in this Record, of the currency at the time of the Survey. § 3. Money. Under Boseham in Sussex we read, " Totu OD. T. R. E. 7 post S ualuit xl. lib. Modo similir xl. lib. Taifi reddit l. lib. ad arsura 7 pensu qua? ualent lxv. lib." l Under Godalminge in Surrey, it is said, " T. R. E. ualb xxv. lib. 7 post r' xx. lib. Modo xxx. lib. ad numeru 7 tain reddt ad pensu 7 arsura xxx. lib." 2 The Marka Auri is noticed in the following and probably in other passages. Tom. i. fol. 23. Of the Manor of Salletone in the County of Sussex, it is said, " Modo appciat, qt xx41 7 xiii. lib. 7 una mark auri. Tam redd" cxx. lib. 7 una mark auri." Fol. 32. At Totinges in Surrey, " Hanc tra. accep. Comes Wallef de Suan. p9 morte regis E. 7 inuadiauit rj 11. mark, auri Alnodo Lundoniensi." Fol. 50. Of a small portion of land at Herlei in Hampshire it is said " Qui ten hanc tra dicit q'a emit ea de Wirlo comite 11. mark auri. sed nunquam ante habuerat earn." Tom. ii. fol. 287 b. " Rog dicit qd ventum : ibi ilerum praesente Fusore et hiis qui a Baronibus missi sunt, diligenter computantur, et Fusori traduntur. Qtiid ad Fusorem. Quos ille suscipiens manu propria numerat, et sic disponit eos in Vasculum ignitorium cinerum quod in fornace est. Tunc io-itur ai tis fusoriae lege servata redigit eos in massam, conflans et emundans argentum." Hist. Excheq. ut supr. vol. ii. p. 377. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 16. 3 Ibid. fol. 30 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 165 reddebat plus xl. sol ad numerii 7 una. marca. Principal Matters noticed auri." : in this Record. The Marka Argenti occurs several times in § 3. Money. the first page of the Survey of Dorsetshire. In the account of Bertvne in Gloucestershire,2 it is said, " Hoc CD 7 Bristow reddt regi c. 7 x. mark argenti. Burgenses diit qd eps G. ht xxxiii. mark argenti 7 una. mark auri pter firma regis." The Half-Mark, both of Silver and Gold, occurs in numerous passages referred to in the Index Rerum. Both the Mark and the Half- Mark were computations of money only. Such also was the Ora, whatever it might have been in other parts of Europe. In the Domesday Survey, and (as Dr. Hickes assures us) in many articles of bargain and sale, it is 1 Wilkins LL. Anglo-Sax. Gloss, p. 416. says " Aurese Marcae valor, Saxonum £evo, me adhuc latet, Normannorum autem ex sequentibus colligendus : ' Ebrardus dapifer Willielmi de Albanian reddit com- potum de 11. Marcis auri, ne sit amplius dapifer Wil lielmi in Thesauro vi. lib. pro 1. Marca, et debet 1. Mar- cam auri.' Sic in Rot. Mag. Pipse 1 Hen. 2. rot. 3. membr. 1. in tergo. Hinc patet Marcam auri sex argenti libras, aut circiter valuisse, cum in Charta quadam Johannis Regis dat. 7 Junii, anno regni sui primo, Marcam auri decern argenti Mareas valere doceamur : ' Capiatur (charta loquitur) una Marca auri vel decern Marcae argenti ad opus Cancellarii.' " 2 Tom.i. fol. 163. M 3 •*66 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Ma^tLd used for the ounce> or twelfth part of the in this Record, nummulary pound. • § 3. Money. The Shilling of the Domesday Survey, like the Pound, the Mark, and the Ora, was only Money of account. Tom. i. fol. 180. we have 1 Clarke on the Connexion of the Roman, Saxon, and English Coins. 4°. Lond. 1771. p. 316. says, " The perpetual valuation of the Ora at twenty pence is, as Ducange has observed, an abundant proof that there were, or had been, several sorts of Oras then in use; and therefore, to prevent all ambiguity or dispute between the Crown and the subject, the sums payable lo the Exchequer were fixed at a certain value in their current cash. In Domesday, tom. i. fol. 2 b. " cxi. solid de deii. xx1'. in Ora." Fol. lib. " cxxv. life 7 x. sot de xx1'. in Ora." Fol. 64 b. " De Wiltescire ht rex x. life p accipitre. 7 xx. solid pro sumario. 7 p feno c. solid 7 v. Oras." Fol. 145 b. " Ipsi in. [teigni] reddider p annu v. ores de csuetudine ad monasterium de Stanes." Fol. 146 b. " 1. moliii de v. Ores." Fol. 150 b. " 1. moliii. de v. Oris argenti." Fol. 177- " Salina de 11. Oris." Fol. 179 b. " Orae denariorum." Fol. 264. " T. R. E. uatt vi. life. xn. Oras qas uifti reddefe." Fol. 336 b. " xl. Orae argenti." In earlier times an Ora had been used of sixteen pence. Gloss, ad Script. X. ap. Twysd. See also Clarke, ut supr. p. 308. In a manuscript Collection for a Glossary, in Sir William Dugdale's hand-writing, MS.Harl. 1129. fol. 46. under Ora it is said, " Nota quod ora significat uncia ; sic enim reperi in antiquo Registro MS. nuper Abbatiae de Burton in com. Staff, expositum. Et hoc tempore Uncias valor numerabatur aliquando pro xvjd. et ali quando pro xxd. Unde provenit haec differentia de xx. in Ora toties in Libro de Domesday. " Homines de GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 167 " c. sol. de alb denar." The Saxon Shilling Principal consisted of five-pence.1 That of Domesday in this Record. Book is always twelve-pence. § 3. Money. The Penny was the only coin known in England till long after the date of Domesday Book. In the Survey it is usually called Denarius ; but in a few instances Nummi occur for Denarii.2 In one entry we read of the Berkholt in com. Suff. dicunt quod tempore Regis H. avi domini Regis nunc, solebant habere talem consue- tudinem quod quando maritare volebant filias suas, sole bant dare pro filiabus suis maritandis duas horas quae valeant xxxij. denar." Plac. coram Rege term. Mich. 37 Hen. III. rot. 4. 1 See Wilkins LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 415. 8 Tom.i. fol. 164. Of Chenvichelle in Gloucestershire, we read, " Modo reddt xl. life albo£ niimo^ de xx. in Ora." And, in the same page, of Tochintune, " Modo redd xxnn. life candidoa numo^ de xxu in Ora." Fol. 189 b. Under Chavelai in Cambridgeshire, " nn. deii de albis nummis." Tom. ii. fol. 5. Under Stanuega in Essex, " reddebat unoq°q, anno huic maner xxxn. nomos." Fol. 309 b. In Coteduna in Suffolk, " v. acr 7 uat. dece numos." The " Denarii S. Petri " are only once noticed, tom. i. fol. 87 b. They are mentioned in the Laws of William the Conqueror. Wilk. p. 222. The Wardepeni also occurs but once ; under Lidlintone in Cambridgeshire. " Hoc 55 tenuit com Algar9. Hoes huj9 55 reddefe Warpenna vicecomiti regis, aut custodiam faciebant." tom. i. fol. 190. It occurs however in various Charters of the Conqueror. See Madox. Formul. Anglic, p. 176: and in the Monast. Anglic. M 4 168 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal penny of Rouen. Of the manors of Otrei and Matters noticed A ^ in this Record. Rovrige in Devonshire, belonging to St. Mary's § s. Money. Church at Rouen, it is said, " H'. n. Maner. last edit. vol. v. p. 35. vi. pp. 64. 65. 66. 244. 980. in different charters of the Norman period. " Wardpeni, Wardepeni, Warpeni, Denarii Vicecomiti, vel aliis Castellanis persolvi solid, ob castrorum wardas sea custodias." Du Cange. The " Denarius tertius Comitis," or " de Scira," is thus commented upon by Bishop Kennett. " In the fines and other profits arising from the County Courts, two parts were allotted to the King, and a third part or penny to the Earl of the County, who either received it in specie, at the Assizes and Trials, or had an equivalent composition paid from the Exchequer." Glossar. Par. Antiq. Madox, Baron, p. 137. says, the most ancient way of creating Earls was by Charter; the King thereby granted the Earl " tertius Denarius Comitatus," the third penny of the County, and then girded him with the sword of the County or Earldom. See Kelham, p. 193. In Domesd. tom. i. fol. 69. in Wiltshire, under " Redditus Edwardi Sarisbef." we read, " Edward9 uicecomes ht p ann de denar q' ptin ad uicecomitat '. cxxx. pore. 7 xxxii. bacons. Frumti n. mod. 7 vin. sextaf. 7 tntd brasij. Auenae^ v. mod 7 nil. sextaf. Mellis xvi. sextaf. uel p melle xvi. solid. Gallinas i ccccta'. 7 qt xxli. Oua t mille 7 sexcenta. Caseos ? cent.. Agnosr1 liios. Vellera ouiii t cc13. XL. Annonaef clxii. acas." Under Piritone in Dorsetshire, it is said, " Huic etia 53 piretone adjacet tcius denaf de tota scira Dorsete," tom. i. fol. 75. So in Cheshire, under Maclesfeld, " T'cius denarius de Hundret ptin huic 55. T. R. E." See the receipt of the third penny further illustrated GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 169 reddt p annvi lxx. lib denar rodmensium." ¦ Principal The Exeter Domesday, p. 178. reads " Rotho- in this R^ml. magensium." Librae Rodomenses are more § dfoney. than once mentioned by Ordericus Vitalis, Hist. Norm. Script, antiq. fol. Par. 1619. pp. 468. 583. The Obolus, or Halfpenny, and the Ferding, Ferdinc, Ferting, or Quadrans, were literally fractions, or broken parts of the penny. Parcels of coins, from the Saxon times to the reign of Edward the Third, are rarely found without containing some of these. A remarkable in stance occurred a few years ago at Winterslow in Wiltshire ; where an earthen pot was dis covered, containing a large assemblage of pennies from the Saxon times to the reign of Stephen, many of which were found neatly and accurately cut into halves and quarters. The same occurred in the immense find of pennies of the time of Edward the First at Tutbury in Staffordshire, in 1831. The cross, sometimes double, which appears on the reverse of so many of our early pennies, is presumed to have been intended to facilitate the breaking of the silver. The Minuta occurs once only.2 From the in Serjeant Heywood's Dissertation on the Ranks of the People under the Anglo-Saxon Government, pp. 100. 101. & seqq. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 104. 2 Ibid. fol. 268. col. 1. 170 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal circumstance of its being mentioned in Cheshire, Matters noticed . . . in this Record, it is suspected to have been the small copper §3.~Mb»^. coin used by the Northumbrian Kings, called the Styca. The words " duo Minuta " in the Latin Gospels, Mark xii. 42. are translated in the Saxon version zye%en Stycar. Leake, in his Account of English Money, Introd. p. 14. speaking of the Saxons, says, " They had copper Stycas also, smaller than the penny, having the King's name on one side, and coiner's on the other, eight of which made a penny, and served them for ordinary change. Of these, a vast quantity were found at Rippon in Yorkshire in the year 1695, before which we had much fewer of brass than silver." Com pare also Hickes, Thesaur. Pars iii. Dissert. Epist. pp. 164. 165. tab. x. Ruding's Annals of the Coinage of Britain, 8V0 edit. vol. i. p. 332. The Northumbrian Stycas are the only ones we are now acquainted with.1 It is remarkable that the Etymology of the word Money (from Pecus cattle) should be its usual meaning in Domesday Book, so that the word Pecunia appears to occur but three times as denoting Money. Tom. i. fol. 40 b. " per pe cuniam suam habuit a rege." Fol. 196 b. Under Papeuuorde in Cambridgeshire, " Hanc tra. Ricard9 sup rege occupauit 7 de ea xx. sot 1 Ruding has engraved a considerable number of them, PI. 10, 1 1, 14, of Saxon Coins. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 171 pecuniae accepit." Fol. 376 b. " ArchiepsiEldred9 Principal 1 L _ Matters noticed adq'siuit Laumtone 7 Schuhntone cu Berew in this Record. Harduic. de Vlf tope sune p peeunia sua. qua, § 3. Money. ei dedit uidente WapenL 7 postea uidef sigillu ; regis." &C.1 In one instance it seems to imply property in general : see tom. i. fol. 1. under Dover, " De latrone qui judicatus est ad mortem, habet Rex medietatem pecuniae ejus." In all the rest it implies Cattle.2 " Pastura ad pecuniam uillae " (for the cattle of the village) is a com mon entry in the accounts of Middlesex, Hert fordshire, Herefordshire, Cambridgeshire, Hun tingdonshire, and Bedfordshire.3 As an appendage to this section the Aurum 1 In the Exeter Domesday, p. 19. Peeunia is used for money, with a specification of pounds, shillings, and pence. 3 The stock of Cattle is probably intended in the entry. Tom.i. fol. 176. " Si quis morte praeuentus non diuisisset qua? sua erant t Rex habefo oinem ejus pecuniam." 3 Tom. i. fol. 32. we read " Ej9 peeunia coputaf supius cu alia." Fol. 63. " Ipse q°q> transportauit halla 7 alias domos et peeunia in alio 55." Fol. 68. " Postea u° reddid eas [hidas] aecctae cii omi peeunia sua." Fol. 74 b. " Terra e in. caf 7 nil pecuniae." Fol. 1 90. in Cambridgeshire, " De peeunia quam inde sumpsit Albericus adhuc retinet cccc oues xx. minus, et unam carucam. ut homines de hund. testantur." Fol. 235 b. " Huj9 terrae peeunia supius e annumerata." Fol. 280 b. " Si tain9 hiis saca 7 soca forisfecit ?ra sua i in? rege 7 comite hiit medietate ?rae ej9 atq, pecuniae 7 legalis uxor cii legitimis ha3redib3 si fuerint hiit alia medietate." 1^2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. MaMerslotLed ^eS^nce> or Queen Gold, must be introduced. in this Record. The following are the principal passages of the § 3. Money. Survey in which it is noticed. At Lestone, in J~ Bedfordshire, under Terra Regis, we read, " Inr totii redrl p annu xxii. lib ad pensum. 7 dimid" die ad firma. regis, in fruifito 7 melle 7 aliis reb3 ad firma ptinentib3. Ad op9 Regina?, 11. uncias Auri."1 Again, under Loitone, " Regina?. mi. unc'. Auri."2 Under Houstone, "Regina?. 11. unc. Auri." 3 Prynne wrote " Aurum Reginae ; or a Com pendious Tractate and Chronological Collection of Records in the Tower and Court of Exche quer, concerning Queen Gold :" dedicated to Katherine Queen-Consort of King Charles II. 4to. Lond. 1668. He defines it to be " a royal debt, duty, or revenue, belonging and accruing to every Queen-Consort, during her marriage to the King of England, due by every person of what quality or calling soever within the realms of England or Ireland, who hath made a volun tary oblation or fine to the King amounting to ten marks or upwards, for any privileges, fran chises, dispensations, licenses, pardons, grants, or other matters of royal grace or favour con ferred on him by the King, arising from and answerable to the quantity of such his oblation or fine ; to wit, one full tenth part over and above the entire fine or oblation to the King ; 1 Tom. i. fol. 209. s Ibid. » Ibid. fol. 209 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 173 as one mark for every ten marks, and ten pounds Principal l^T sifters noticed for every hundred pound fine, and so propor- in this Record. tionably for every other sum exceeding ten § sTmney. marks ; or one mark of gold to the Queen for every hundred marks fine in silver to the King, which sum becomes a real debt and duty to the Queen by the name of Aurum Reginae, by and upon the parties bare agreement with the King for his fine, without any promise to or contract with the King or Queen for this tenth part exceeding it, which becomes a debt on record to the Queen by the very recording of the Fine." Lord Coke, in the twelfth part of his Reports or Institutes, says, having " over-much clipped this Gold Coine, and mistaken or misapplied some Records concerning it," Mr. Prynne wrote his Book upon the subject. " During the reigns of Edward the Sixth, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, a period of sixty years, there being no Queen-Consort, this duty was suspended, but it was again claimed in the fourth year of King James the First by Queen Anne, and, upon a reference to the Judges, it was determined to be her undoubted right. It was also claimed by Hen rietta Maria the Queen of King Charles the First. The oldest account of Queen Gold is that in the Dialogus de Scaccario." ' 1 See Madox's Hist. Excheq. 4° edit. vol. ii. p. 447. Dialog, de Scacc. cap. xxvi. " De Auro Reginae." 174 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Payments " de Gersumma Reginae," as a free- Ivi fAttpr^ not ifprl in this Record, gift to the Queen, are mentioned in the entries § 3. Money, relating to the customary rents of the Counties of Oxford and Warwick,1 as well as in the passage which relates to Norwich in the second Volume of the Survey.2 In the account of the rents from Northamptonshire we have " de dono Reginae 7 de feno x. lib. 7 v. oras." 3 A payment of this sort occurs to the Arch bishop of Canterbury, tom. i. fol. 5. under Edes- ham. " Modo redd. xlvi. lib. &c. et Archiepo c. sol. de Garsunne." 2. Money ers, and the Liberty of Coinage. From the Laws of iEthelstan, we learn that a mint was antiently one of the usual privileges of a Burgh. In Canterbury, it is said, there are seven Moneyers, four belonging to the King, two to the Bishop, and one to the Abbat ; in Rochester three, two belonging to the King, and one to the Bishop ; in London eight ; in Winchester six ; in Lewes two ; one at Hastings ; one at Chichester ; two at [South] Hampton ; two at Wareham ; two at Exeter ; two at Shafts- bury ; and one in the other Burghs.4 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 154 b. 238. 2 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 117 b. 3 Ibid, tom.i. fol. 219. 4 LL. JEthelst. Wilkins. p. 59. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 175 In the Domesday Survey, payments de Mo- Principal . 1 See tom.i. foil. 16, 17, 17b, 20, 20b, 21b, 22, 22 b, 24, 24 b, 25, 26, 26 b, 27, 27 b, 28, 28 b. B Penevesel is in one instance called a Hundred, tom.i. fol. 22. 3 See Henderson's Iceland, 8°. Edinb. 1818. vol.i. Introd. p. xxvii. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 181 Wapentake is given in the laws of King Edward Principal „ -n Matters noticed the Confessor : " De Hundredis et Wapentachiis. in this Record. Ewerwickshire, Nicolshyre,1 Notinghamshyre, § 4. Territorial T ±. i • tvt 1.1. l. _ 1 ' i Jurisdictions and Leycestershire, Northamptonshire, usque ad Franchises. Watlingstrete, et octo miliaria ultra Watling- strete sub lege Anglorum sunt. Et quod Angli vocant Hundredum, supradicti comitatus vocant Wapentachium : et non sine causa : cum quis enim accipiebat praefecturam Wapentachii, die statuto in loco ubi consueverant congregari, omnes majores natu contra eum conveniebant, et descendente eo de equo suo omnes assurge- bant ei. Ipse vero erecta lancea sua ab omnibus secundum morem fcedus accipiebat : Omnes enim quotquot venissent cum lanceis suis ipsius hastam tangebant, et ita se confirmabant per contactum armorum, pace palam concessa. Anglice enim arma vocantur psepnu, et taccajie confirmare ; quasi armorum confirmatio vel, ut magis expresse secundum linguam Anglicam dicamus Wapentac, armorum tactus est ; paepnu enim arma sonat, tac tactus est. Quamobrem potest cognosci quod hac de causa totus ille conventus dicitur Wapentac, eo quod per factum armorum suorum ad invicem confcederati sunt."2 Ranulphus Cestrensis tells us,3 " quod quoties novus esset Hundredi Dominus eiinsubjectionis 1 Lincolnshire. s Wilkins, LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 203. 1 Lib. i. cap. 5. see Cowel. Compare also Chron. Joan. Bromton, ap. X. Script. Twysd. p. 957. N 3 182 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal signum arma redderent Vassalli :" an explanation Matters noticed ° . - . , in this Record, which, in some measure, connects the English § 4. Territorial Wapentake with the Wapinschaw, or Wapin- Jurisdictionsand 7 « n .1 o . , Franchises. SChaiWing, Of the SCOtS. That the Wapentake was one of the earliest terms used by the Saxons in this Country for a district of territory, seems more than probable. It may be traced among the more ancient tribes of the North. Professor Hire tells us that among the Goths Wapntak implied the manner in which decrees were passed by the people at large, by the clashing of their arms. Tacitus, he adds, has described the usage in his time. He further informs us that Wapntak also denoted the confirmation of a judicial edict by the touch of arms. The votes being collected, the Judge reached forth a spear, by touching which all his assessors confirmed the sentence. 2 1 See Jamieson's Etymolog. Diet, of the Scottish Language, 4'°. edit. v. wappin. 2 " WAPNTAK erat modus per strepitum concus- sorum armorum plebiscita olim condendi, uti recte hanc vocem explicat Dolmerus, in Notis ad Jus Aul. Norrw. p. 9. conf. Heinis Kr. tom. ii. p. 313. Their bardo saman wapnom sinom, oc d&mdo tha alia utlaga, arma sua concutiebant, omnesque eos exsules esse jusserunt. Ib. p. 414. Ami beiddi, at men skuldo gera Wapnatak at Thui, at dcema med lagum Sigurd Jarl oc attain Jlock Theirra tdfiandans : Ami ad populum ferebat, ut con- cussis armis plebiscitoque publico Sigurdum Comitem omnesque sectarios illius diabolo adjudicarent. Adde Knytl. S. p. 44. Rem suo jam aevo usitatam describit C. Tacitus de Mor. Germ, cap.xi. " Considunt armati — si displicuit scntentiafrcmitu aspernantur .• sinplacuit, GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 183 The Gemote, or judicial assembly in the Principal different Wapentakes, is expressly defined in the in this Record. Laws of" iEthelred. " Et ut habeantur Con- § 4. Territorial ventus in quolibet Wapentachio, et exeant Se- ^^ST^ nidres xn. Thani et Praefectus cum eis, et jurent super SaiictuariunX^OTod Zeis in manus datur, quod oari^^llum^rrrnocentem accusare, nee aliquem noxium celare." l , That the Wapentake was ^n>§very td$$&cfr"Jifce same, and paid the third penny like the Hundred, is evident from a passage/^n/thV'very first page of ^e account of Nottinghamshire, fol. 280. where it is said, " Duo numi regis 7 rcius Comitis qui exeunt frameas concutiunt." Vocatur assensus hie bellicus Thingtak, in Jure Aul. Norrw. cap. 1. ubi vide a Dol- mero annotata. " 2. Notat confirmationem sententiae in Judicio prolatae per contactum armorum: lectis enim suffrages hastam Judex proferebat, quam Assessores omnes tangentes sententiam confirmabant." Sir Thomas Smith gives an explanation of the Wapentake more consonant to the practices of later times. He says, " Wapentachium e Danorum aut Saxonum sermone emanavit. Totidem quippe ex oppidanis in unum locum convenerunt, ubi Armorum (Anglice Weapon) delectus habebatur; quique idoneis fidejussoribus de probe et pacate in posterum vivendo non satisdabant, illis arma detrahebantur." De Repub. ut supr. Dr. Wilkins, in his Glossary upon the Anglo-Saxon laws, derives Wapentake from peapan arma and teacan docere : as the district where a given number of persons in each county were accustomed to meet and train, themselves in the use of arms. Wilkins. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 117. See also Chron. Joan. Bromton apud X. Script. Twysd. 895. N 4 184 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal de Apletreu Wapent, sunt in manu uieecomitis Matters noticed . , r in this Record, testim duarti scirarii." § 4. Territorial The division of the Hundred has been Jurisdictionsand • -, , „ , ... j Franchises, variously accounted for by our antiquaries and historians. In the Dialogus de Scaccario, it is said, " Hundredus vero ex Hydarum aliquot centenariis sed non determinatis ; quidam enim ex pluribus, quidam ex paucioribus Hidis con stat." 1 In a very ancient Leiger-Book of Peter borough abbey, preserved in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries,2 is the following enu meration of the Hundreds of Northamptonshire and their contents, referring to the time of King Edward the Confessor ; in which every Hundred is made to consist of a hundred hides .- the hides paying geld being particularly dis tinguished from those in the royal occupation, and the waste or uncultivated land. This Document seems to decide the proper explana tion of the Hundred. It is given entire in the note below. 3 Lambard in the Glossary to the ' Madox Hist. Excheq. 4°. edit. vol. i. p. 399. 2 MSS. Soe. Antiq. N°. 60. fol. 47. entitled in the Catalogue " Certificatio Hundredorum in comitatu Nor- thampt. Saxonice." 8 " Dip if inco Suttunef hunbpeb pat if an hunbpeb hiba. f pa it peer on ^Ebuuapber beige kyngef . 7 hep op if ge pepeb an 7 Cuend hibe 7 tpabel an hibe. 7 poupCi lube mlanb. 7 x. hibe per kynger ahhen pepme lanb. 7 vm. 7 xx. hibe pepte 7 ppibbel an hibe. " Dip if inco pepbunep hunbpet f if an hunbpec hiba fpa hit pap on 6abpapbep bege kyngef. 7 pep op if ge pepeb xviii. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 185 second edition of his Archaionomia, and Spel- Principal *• Matters noticed in this Record. hibe buton ape ' geapbe. 7 xl. lube inlanb. 7 1. 7 xl. hibe ju%d^^Zd pepte. 7 1. geapbe. Franchises. " Dip lp into klegele hunbpeb •p ip an hunbpeb hibe ppa it pep on 6bv~ bege kyngep. 7 pep op ip ge pepeb. xvm. hibe 7 poupti hibe inlanb 7. 11. 7 xl. hibe pepte. " Dip ip into gpauepenbe hunbpeb •$ ip an hunbpeb hibe ppa it pep on 6abp~ bege kyngep. 7 pep op ip ge pepeb xvm. hibe 7 1. alp hibe 7 v. 7. xxx. inlanb 7 v. hibae pep kyngep agen pepme lanb. 7 1. 7 xl. hibe pepte. 7 1. healp hibe. " Dip ip into €abbolbep ptope hunbpeb f ip an hunbpeb hiba ppa it pep on 6abp~ bege kyngep. 7 pep op ip ge pepeb. 111. 7. xx. hiba. 7 1. healp hibe 7. v. 7 xl. hibe inlanb. 7 v. hibe pep kyngep. 7 xxvi. hibe pepte 7. 1. healp hibe. " Dip ip into egelpeapbeple hunbpeb. f if an hunbpeb hibe fpa hit pep on Gabpapbep bege kyngef. 7 pep op ip ge pepeb. xvi. hibe 7. 1. healp hibe. 7 xl. hibe inlanb. 7 set noptune peueSe 2 healp hibe ne co nan peni op f ah Opmunb pep kyngep ppitepe. 7 peuen. 7 xxx. pepte. " Dip if into uoxle hunbpeb f if an hunbpeb hiba eal fpa hit pap on Gabp" bege kyngep. 7 pep op ip ge pepeb. xvi. hibe. 7 xxx. hibe inlanb. 7 1. 7 xx. hibe pep kyngep ahhan lanb 7. hi. 7 xxx. hibe pepte. " Dip ip into uycepte hunbpeb. f ip an hunbpeb hiba. ppa hit pep on £bf bege kyngep. 7 pep op ip ge pepeb. xvin. hibe. 7. xl. hibe inlanb. 7. xx. hibe pep kyngep ahhen lanb. 7 1. 7. xx. pepte. " Dip ip into hochep hlapa hunbpeb. f ip. 11. 7. lx. hiba. pup hit pap on jEbp" bege kyngep. 7 pep op ip ge pepeb. vin. hiba. 7. xv. hiba inlanb. 7. vim. 7. xxx. hiba pepte. " Dip ip into pilebpoce hunbpeb. 11. 7 lx. hiba. pup hit per on jGbp~ bege kyngep. 7 pepop hip ge pepeb. vn. hiba 7 xi. hiba inlanb. 7. xm. hiba pepte pip if into •p) healpe hunbpeb 7 f healpe hunbpeb eal un pepeb f heah pe kyng. " Dip ip into pap tpa hunbpeb to uptune gpene pip pySe tpenti hiba 7 nigeoa healp hiba. pup it pap on Gabp~ bege kyngep. 7 hep ip ge pepeb pipti hiba. 7 vn. 7 xx hiba inlanb. 7 vm. 7 1 qu. ane. 3 qu. reuentSe. 186 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal man in his Glossarium Arehaiologicum, think Matters noticed in this Record. § 4. Territorial xx. hiba pepte 7 I. healp hiba. 7 op v. piSe xx. hiba? ip ppibbe ^FrfnlhZs!^ healF h,&e Utl J"3*"58, 7 f heah RlCaI»& enSalSne- " Dip ip into nauepeplunb tpa hunbpeb. vm. py$e tpenti hibe. pup hit pep on 6abp~ bege kyngep 7 pup micel ip ge pepeb into pap tpa hunbpeb. f ip. vim. 7 xx. hiba 7 1. hiba. 7 vim. 7 pipti hiba inlanb. 7 tpelpta healp hibe peptas. 7 op pap. vm pytSa tpenti hiba ip. vm. hiba un pepeb. 7 f eah pi la?pbi pep kyngep pip. " Dip ip into nepeppopba hunbpeb. 11. 7 lx. hiba. pup hit pep on j£bp~ bege kyng". 7 pup micel ip ge pepeb xv. hiba. 7 xim. hiba inlanb. 7. m. 7 xxx. hiba pepta. " Dip ip into pocabpoc hunbpeb. 11. 7 lx. hiba. pup it pap on _ebp" bege kyng~ 7 pep ip. x. hiba pepeb. 7 xx. hiba inlanb. 7 11. 7 xxx. hiba pepta. " Dip ip into Set opep healpe hunbpeb into neopbotle gpaue f ip o6ep healp hunbpeb hiba pep ip inne pip 7 peoppepti hiba buton an healp geapbe pane pea lanb 7 ge pepeb. 7 pep ip healp hunbpeb hibe 7. 11. 7 xx. hibe inlanb. 7 m. 7. xxx. hiba 7 1. healp gepbe pepta. 7 pup hit pep on .Gbp~ bege King". " Dip ip f oo"ep healpe hunbpeb into gilbepbuph. 7 pep ip inne ooep healp hunbpeb hiba. 7 pep ip xvi. hiba pett. 7 ge pepeb. 7 pep ip healp hunbpeb hiba 7 xvm. hibe inlanb. 7 pep ip healp hunbpeb hiba 7 xvm. hibe inlanb. 7 pep ip healp hunbpeb hiba. 7 xvi. pepta. 7 pup hit pep on Gabuuapb* bege kyngep. " Dip ip into ppelhoh hunbpeb poup pySe tpenti hiba 7 x. hiba. 7 pep ip tpenti hiba 7 1. alp hiba pett. 7 ge pepeb. 7 pip. 7 xx. hiba bypiglanb. 7 into habintune. x. hiba. Ricapbep laub ne co nan peni op. 7 into COultune. vi. hiba. UJill'mep lanb ne c5 nan peni op. 7. vm. 7 xx. hiba pepte. 7 an healp. h\ " Dip ip into hpicceplea pept hunbpeb f pynbon poup pySe xx. hiba. 7 pup hit pep on 6bp" bege kyng". 7 pep °F V Se Pepeb. x. hiba. 7 poupti hit inlanb. 7 xxx. hiba pepte. " Dip ip into hpicceplea eapt hunbpeb f pinbon poup pyiSe xx. hibe eal ppa hit pap on j6bp" bcege Kyng" 7 pep op ip xv. hibe pepeb. 7 pep ip poup 7 xxx. hibe mlanb 7 1. 7 xxx. hibepepte. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 187 the Hundred is to be understood of a Hundred Principal Matters noticed Men. Bromton, abbat of Jervaux, that it com- in this Record. __ , - - . § 4. Territorial Jurisdictions and " Dip ip into ptotpalbe hunbpeb f ip an hunbpeb hibe ppa hit pep on 6bp~ baege kyng". 7 pep ip ge pepeb op. vim. hibe 7 1. healp gepbe. 7 pep ip poupti hibe inlanb. 7 pipti hibe pepte 7 pepSe healp gepbe. " Dip ip into ptoce hunbpeb f ip poupti hiba. ppa hit pepon on Gbf baege Kyng". 7 pep op hip ge pepeb eahtetenbe healp hibe. 7 aelleopte healp hibe. inlanb. 7 xn. hibe pepte. *' Dip ip into.oSep healpe hunbpeb into hehham f ip oSep healp hunbpeb hibe ppa hit pep on jGbp" beege Kyng" 7 pep op ip ge pepeb pipti hibe buton an alp hibe. 7 poup 7 poupti hibe inlanb 7 pix 7 pipti hibe pepte. 7 x. hiba mape f liS into anpopbep ho. " Dip ip into malep le~ hunbpeb f ip poup piSe. xx. hiba. 7 pepop if pepeb. xn. hibe. 7 pep if. xxx. hibe inlanb 7 pep if. xxx. hibe pepte. 7. pep if. vm. lube unpepeb f ah pe kyng. " Dip ip into copebi hunbpeb f ip. vn. 7 xl. hibe ppa hit pep on _6bp"' baege kyng. 7 pep op ip ge pepeb. vm. healp hibe 7. xn. healp hibe inlanb. 7 pep ip xn. hibe 7 1. gepbe pep Kyngep pepme lanbe pepte 7 unpepeb. 7 v. hibe unpepeb pa. 111. hibe eah pe Se pcotte Kyng. 7 oSep healp hibe eah py lsepeth 7 vpp. 1. healp hibe. 7 xi. hibe pepte buton ane gepbe. " Dip ip into RoSepelle hunbpeb f if. lx. hiba puf hit pep on 6bp~ baege kyng". 7 pepeop ip. x. hibe pepeb. 7 xx. hiba inlanb. 7 xv. hibe unpepeb pa peuen hibe 7 1. healp hibe eah 5e kyng 7 peuen hibe 7 1. healp hibe eah Sep Kyngep pip 7 Robb'tep pip heoplep 7 fiHelm enganie. " Dip ip into anbuepSep hoh hunbpeb f ip. mi, piSa tpenti hiba. 7. x. hiba. pup hit pap on _ebp~ baege kyn~ 7 pep op ip ge pepeb. v. 7 xx. hibe inlanb. 7. ix. 7 xxx. hibe pepte. " Dip ip into Opblingbaepe hunbpeb. mi. pySe tpenti hibe. pup hit paep on 6bp~ baege kyri". 7 pep op hip ge pepeb. vim. 7 xx. hibe. 7 1. healp hibe 7 mi. 7 xx. hibe 7. 1. healp lube in lanb. 7. v. hibe un pepeb f eah J7illelm enganie 7 piteget ppeopt. 7. 1. 7 xx. hibe pepte. " Dip ip into f oSep healpe hunbpeb in to pimepeplea f ip oSep healp hunbpeb hiba ppa hit pep on _€bp~ baegep kyri". 7 pep op ip pepeb. 1. 7. xl. hibe. 7. in. pySe tpenti hibe inlanb 7. vim. 7 xl. hibe pepte.'' 188 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal prised a Hundred Villages.1 The origin of the Matters noticed in this Record. Hundred is usually ascribed to King Alfred ; § 4. Territorial though we find it among the oldest of the Saxon ¦^kSST* institutions on the Continent.2 The Centenary or Hundredor, an officer who was retained among the Franks, Lombards, and Wisigoths, as well as the Anglo-Saxons, is termed in the Survey Custos, Prefectus, or Prepositus de Hundret.3 A remarkable instance of land assigned to a Hundred being changed by a verdict of the Men of the Hundred occurs in the account of Gloucestershire, tom. i. fol. 165 b. And another still more singular in Bedfordshire.4 Exclusive of what is said in the Survey relating to the legal privileges, services, and transgres sions5 in the different Towns and Burghs, we find the customs of some of the shires occasion- 1 " Hundredus Latine, dicitur Wallice et Hibernice cantredus, et continet centum villas." X. Script. Twysd. p. 957. See, also, Thomas Smithi de Repub. Anglorum, lib. ii. c. 19. 2 Tacitus de Moribus Germanorum, c. 12. " Eli- guntur in iisdem Conciliis et principes, qui jura per pagos vicosque reddunt. Centeni singulis ex plebe Comites, consilium simul et auctoritas, adsunt." Com pare what is said on this subject in the Introduction to the Population Abstract of 1811. pp. xi. xii. 3 Domesd. tom.i. foil. 142 b, 218 b. tom. ii. foil. 66, 99, 120, 266. Of his Office see King Edward's Laws, sect. 28. * Tom. i. fol. 209 b. " Bissopescote pro v. hid." &c. " Hoc 55. tenuit Eduuin9 ho Asgari Stalri. 7 potuit inde facere qd uoluit. Hanc apposuit Radulf9 talliebosc. in Loi- tone CD regis, p crefhtu qdeidedit. 7 foris misitde hund ubi se defendefe. T. R. E. E contra su'psil alias V. hid de alio hund 7 posuit in Flictham hund." " Forisfactura?. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 189r ally entered separately ; in many instances after Principal , . „ . ..,. . Matters noticed the enumeration ot the principal burgh-customs in this Record. in each have been given. The customs agreed § 4. Territorial upon by an inquest of four of the Lests in Kent ^anZT* are enumerated (after what relates to Dover) in the very first page of the first Volume. Those of Berkshire in the time of King Edward follow the account of Wallingford, tom. i. fol. 56 b. Those of Wiltshire, fol. 64 b. The customs of Oxfordshire, in the time of William, are given at fol. 154 b. The customs and services of Worcestershire follow the account of Worcester, fol. 1 72 b. Northamptonshire follows Northamp ton, fol. 219. And the customs of Nottingham shire and Derbyshire precede the list of Tenants in capite of the former county, in fol. 280. Beside which, the customs of the Hundred of Oswal- deslow in Worcestershire are given separately in folios 172 b. and 174. ' The " Consuetudines Walensium in Arcenefeld," in the time of King Edward, in the account of Herefordshire, fol. 179. The laws of the Wiches of Cheshire, fol. 268. And the customsof the Lands between the Ribble and the Mersey, in folios 269 b. and 270. No account of the services and customs of the Shires of Essex, Norfolk, or Suffolk, occur in the Second Volume of the Domesday Survey. 1 The reader may compare these with the " Indicu- lum Libertatis de Oswaldeslawes Hundred " of the time of K. Edgar, printed in Heming's Chartulary of Worcester, by Hearne, vol. i. p. 292; and in the new edition of Dugdale's Monastieon, vol, i. p. 600. 190 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Matters noticed in this Record. Cities and Burghs, and their Customs. § 4. Territorial U FrancTsel The Services, Charges, and Customs of the Cities and Burghs noticed in the Survey, form a valuable illustration of the Saxon laws. A comparison of the two shows in how small a degree the Normans interfered with the ancient institutions of the people.1 London, Winchester, Abingdon, and a few others, were omitted, probably on account of Charters of immunity previously granted.2 They 1 In the account of Dover, as will be presently noticed, it is said, " Omnes has consuetudines erant ibi quando Willielmus Rex in Angliam venit." So under Waling- ford, fol. 56. " Modo sunt in ipso burgo consuetudines omnes ut ante fuerunt." And in what relates to the Hundred of Oswaldslaw in Worcestershire, it is said, " in quo jacent ccc. hida?. De quib} eps ipsi9 asccfias a constitutione antiquorum temporum h? oms redditiones socharum, &c. Hoc attestatur totus comitatus." tom. i. fol. 172 b. 2 For the liberty of London, see Mat. Paris, and the London Charters. It is singular that Ciltecumbe, now Chilcomb, a mile and a half from Winchester, which, according to the Abstract of Answers and Returns to the Population Act of 1811, contains hut twenty Houses, should be entered in the Survey as having nine Churches, tom. i. fol. 41. The manor was " de victu Monachorum Wint." There is no accounting for the difference between the statement of the Domesday Survey and that of the Population Act concerning Chil comb, without adverting to the probability that it must have formerly included a part of the suburb of Winchester. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 191 probably compounded for all Dues and Cus- Principal tomary payments. The City of London does i^thlsR^rd. so now for all Middlesex. Of the following § 4. Tectorial Cities and Burghs, the Customs are particularly ^an^Z^ noticed. In the first Volume, at Dover, fol. 1. . Canterbury, fol. 2. Romney, fol. 10 b. Pevensey, fol. 20 b. Lewes, fol. 26. Wallingford, fol. 56. Dorchester, Bridport, Wareham, Shaftsbury, fol. 75. Taunton, fol. 87 b. Hertford, fol. 132. Buckingham, fol. 143. Oxford, fol. 154. Wor cester, fol. 172. Pershore, fol. 174 b. Hereford, fol. 179. Cambridge, fol. 189. Huntingdon, fol. 203. Northampton, fol. 219. Leicester, fol. 230. Warwick, fol. 238. Stafford, fol. 246. Shrewsbury, fol. 252. Chester, fol. 262, 263. The Wiches, fol. 268. Nottingham, fol. 280. Derby, fol. 280. York, fol. 298. Lincoln, fol. 336. Stamford, fol. 336 b. Torksey, fol. 337. Gran tham, fol. 337 b. and Louth, fol. 345. ; and in the second Volume, at Melduna, now Maldon, fol. 48. Colchester, fol. 107. Norwich, fol. 116. Yarmouth, fol. 118. Thetford, fol. 118 b. Ips wich, fol. 290. and Dunwich, fol. 311 b. At Dover, the Burgesses appear to have had a Guildhall. They supplied the King with The petition of the City of Winchester to King Henry the Sixth in 1450, printed in the first volume of the Archaeologia, enumerates no fewer than seventeen Churches and nine hundred and ninety-seven " house- holdes" which had fallen down, chiefly within the eighty years preceding. 192 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal twenty ships for fifteen days once in every year, Matters noticed , u J in this Record, each vessel having twenty-one persons on board, § 4. Territorial and this, because he had granted them sac and Ju£ltch7esmd soc. When the King's Messenger arrived they paid three pence in winter, and two in summer for transporting his Horse, They also found a pilot and his assistant. Whosoever, constantly residing in the town, paid his customary rent to the King, was free of toll through England. It is expressly added that these customs were found here at the King's coming. The burning of the town at the Conqueror's first arrival in England prevented any computation of its value at the time it was given to the Bishop of Baieux. When the Survey was formed it was appreciated at forty pounds, though it paid considerably more. In Canterbury the larger portion of land held by the burgesses was in the tenure of Allodium : a species of free-hold which will be hereafter explained. At Lewes, if the King sent a force to keep the sea, twenty shillings were collected of every burgess, which were paid to those who manned the vessels. Whoever sold a horse in the town paid a penny to the bailiff, and the purchaser paid another : for an ox, a halfpenny : for a man four-pence, wheresoever the purchase might have been made within the Rape. For blood shed, seven shillings and four-pence were made the mulct : for adultery or rape, eight shillings GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 193 and four-pence by each of the parties ; and, as Principal ., , . . , , Matters noticed in Kent, for adultery, the man became the pro- in this Record. perty of the King, and the woman of the Arch- § 4. Territorial bishop. Upon a recoinage, each moneyer of "^r* this place paid twenty shillings. The customary services of Taunton in Somer setshire, a burgh belonging to the Bishop of Winchester, were, " Biirgheristh, Latrones, Pacis infractio, Hainfare, Denarii de Hundret, et Denarii S. Petri, Circieti, ter in anno Placita Episcopi sine ammonitione, Profectio in exer citum cum hominibus Episcopi."1 At Oxford, in the time of King Edward, the burgesses in the room of toll, gable, and all other customary rents, paid the King twenty pounds and six sextaries of honey ; and to Earl Algar ten pounds besides the mill which he had within the city. When the King went on an expedition twenty of the burgesses went with him for the rest, or they paid twenty pounds that all might be free. At the time of form ing the Survey the city paid sixty pounds in tale, every ora of the value of twenty pence. Within and without the walls of the city two hundred and forty- three houses paid geld ; and beside these, four hundred and seventy-eight houses were so desolated that they could not pay geld. The King held twenty mural man sions, which in the time of the Confessor had ' Domesd. tom. i. fol. 87 b. o 194 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal been Earl Alear's, paying: thirteen shillings and Matters noticed ° r J & . in this Record, ten-pence. They were called mural mansions, § 4. Territorial because, if need required and the King com- UTFrancWhileTd manded, the tenants were bound to repair the city wall. A hundred and ninety-one mansions belonging to individuals, " liberae propter repa- rationem muri " are also enumerated, of which eighty are stated to have been "vastse."1 1 The extraordinary number of houses specified as desolated at Oxford requires explanation. If the passage is correct, Matthew Paris probably gives us the cause of it, under the year 1067, when William the Conqueror subdued Oxford in his way to York. " Eodem tempore Rex Willielmus urbem Oxoniam sibi rebellem obsidione vallavit. Super cujus murum quidam, stans nudato inguine, sonitu partis inferioris auras turbavit, in contemptum videlicet Normannorum, unde Willielmus in iram conversus, civitatem levinegotio subjugavit." Mat. Par. ed. Watts, sub. ann. 1067. p. 4. See also William of Mahnesbury, Script, post Bedam, p. 58. whom Matthew Paris copies. It must not how ever be concealed, that although the Manuscripts of Matthew Paris (MS. Reg. 14 C. vn. and MS. Cotton. Nero D. v.) read Oroniam, three Manuscripts of Wil liam of Malmesbury (MS. Cotton. Claud. C. ix. and Harl. MSS. 447. 528.) read Honiara. The siege of Exeter in 1067 is also mentioned by Simeon of Durham, col. 197 ; Hoveden, col. 258 : Ralph de Diceto, col. 482 ; Florence of Worcester, fol. Francof. 1601. p. 635. and Ordericus Vitalis, p. 510. In the account of Lincoln, Domesd. tom. i. fol. 336 b. there is a remark, which deserves attention, on the " Mansiones wastse," enumerated in that city. " Reli- quas i.xxnii. wastata? sunt extra metam Castelli, non § 4. Territorial Jurisdictions and Franchises. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. ]95 In Hereford, in the time of Edward the Con- Principal fessor there are said to have been a hundred ^^&^mt and three tenants settled within and without the wall of the city, whose customs are very fully enumerated. If any one wished to depart from the city, with leave of the bailiff he might sell his masure, or house and plot of land adjoining, to any other person who engaged to perform the proper service, and then the bailiff had the third penny of the sale. But if any one from poverty could not perform service, he relin quished his house to the bailiff without reward, who took care that no house remained un tenanted, and that the king did not lose his rent. Every entire masure within the wall of the city paid seven-pence halfpenny, and four-pence toward hiring horses, and the tenants did the personal service of reaping at Maurdine three days in August, and of gathering hay, one day, wherever the sheriff directed. Whoever had a horse went three times in the year with the sheriff to the County and Hundred Courts at Vrmlauia. When the King went to hunt, one person went from each house to the stand or station in the wood. Other tenants, not having entire masures, found three men to guard the king when he came into the city. When a burgess serving [in the army] with his horse propter oppressionem vicomitum et ministrorum, sed propter infortunium, et paupertatem, et ignium exus- tionem." O 2 196 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Matters Noticed died, tne King had his horse and arms ; or, if he m this Record. serve(j without a horse, ten shillings, or his land § 4. Territorial an(i houses. If any one had not devised his Jurisdictions and J Franchises, property before his death, the King had the stock belonging to his land. Every man whose wife brewed, either within or without the city, paid ten-pence. Six smiths paid every one a penny for his forge, and made a hundred and twenty nails from the King's iron. Each received three pence by custom ; and these smiths were free from all other service. The moneyers, who will be more particularly noticed hereafter, were seven in number, and performed a service not altogether unsimilar : when the King came to the city, they were bound to coin as much of his silver into pence as he demanded, and had sac and soe. When a moneyer died, the King had twenty shillings for a heriot ; or if he died without having disposed of his effects the King had all. When the sheriff went with an army into Wales the tenants of the burgh went with him : or if any one who was called upon did not go, he paid forty shillings to the King. The King had three forfeitures in his demesne ; the breach of his Peace, Heinfara, and Forestel. Whoever was guilty of either, was mulcted a hundred shillings to the King, notwithstanding his being under the protection of any tenant in capite. At the time of making the Survey, Hereford was the King's demesne. The English burgesses continued with their former customary GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 197 services. The foreigners who were burgesses Principal , n n<-/~- i-ii Matters noticed paid twelve pence tor all forfeitures beside the in this Record. three above mentioned.1 This city paid sixty §4. Territorial pounds by tale to the King " de candidis **%%%£?* denariis." ¦ At the time of the Survey Cambridge was divided into ten wards. The customary pay ments amounted to seven pounds ; and, for Landgable, seven pounds and two orae and two pence. The burgesses in King Edward's time lent their ploughs to the sheriff three times in the year : though at the time of forming the Survey nine turns were exacted. In the time of King Edward they found neither ploughs nor carts, but both appear to have been required by the sheriff at the formation of the Survey. Picot the sheriff had as a heriot of the Lagemen 2 in the town, eight pounds, a palfrey, and the 1 These foreigners must have taken up their residence in Hereford after the arrival of the Conqueror: they would otherwise have continued with the same customary services as the English burgesses. Among the Con queror's Laws there is one which explains this point. " 54. De jure Normannorum qui ante adventum GuiLiELMl cives fuerant Anglicani. Et omnis Franci- gena qui tempore Edwardi propinqui nostri fuit in Anglia particeps consuetudinum Anglorum, quod ipsi dicunt an hlote & an rcoce, persolvat secundum legem Anglorum." Wilk. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 228. There is another allusion in Domesday to the Burgesses of Hereford, tom. i. p. 269. The reader will see it extracted in p. 210. Note2. 2 Lagemanni. See p. 91. 0 3 198 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal arms of a knight. When Aluric Godrieson was in^Record. sheriff, it is said, he took twenty shillings for a §4- Territorial heriOt. ^Fra^Zr" The city of Leicester in King Edward's time paid yearly to the King thirty pounds by tale, every ora of the value of twenty pence, and fifteen sextaries of honey. When the King marched with his army through the land, twelve burgesses of that borough went with him. If the King went over sea against the enemy, they sent from that borough four horses as far as London, to carry arms or such other things as circumstances required. At the time of forming the Survey, King William had, for all Rents from that city and county, forty-two pounds and ten shillings in weight. Instead of one hawk, he had ten pounds by tale ; and instead of a baggage or sumpter horse twenty shillings. At Warwick the King had a hundred and thirteen houses, and his barons a hundred and twelve, of which the King had the geld or tax. The residue of the masures in the city, nineteen in number, belonged to as many bur gesses, who enjoyed them with sac and soe, and all customs, as they had done in the time of King Edward. In the time of the Confessor the shrievalty of Warwick, with the burgh and royal manors, paid sixty-five pounds and thirty- six sextaries of honey, or twenty -four pounds and eight shillings in lieu of the honey. But GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 199 at the time of the Survey, in the firm of the Principal ^ Matters noticed royal manors, they paid yearly one hundred in this Record. and forty-five pounds in weight, twenty- three H- Territorial i n .1 . r* i . .... Jurisdictions and pounds for the custom ot dogs, twenty shillings Franchises. for a sumpter horse, ten pounds for a hawk, and a hundred shillings to the Queen as a fine or gift. Beside this, they paid twenty- four sextaries of honey, of the greater measure, and the Burgh six sextaries, viz. fifteen pence a sextary, and five shillings. The custom of Warwick was, that whenever the King went in person in any expedition by land, ten of the burgesses went for all the rest. Whoever was summoned to give his attendance and did not go, paid a hundred shillings to the King. If the King went against his enemies by sea, the burgesses provided four batsueins,1 or paid four pounds in money. At Stafford, in the time of King Edward, the town paid nine pounds in money for all cus tomary payments. Two portions were the King's; the third belonged to the Earl. At the time of the Survey, the King received seven pounds as rent from the burgh between himself and the Earl : a moiety of the King's own part was paid to Robert de Stadford by grant. 1 Sailors. Bromton in the Laws of .ZEthelred, 23. uses Batus for a Boat. " Qui ad pontem veniat cum bato ubi piscis inest unus ob. dabatur in theloneum." Script. X. Twysd. col. 897. 0 4 200 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Shrewsbury had two hundred and fifty-two Matters noticed u in this Record, houses belonging to the same number of bur- §4. Territorial gesses, paying seven pounds sixteen shillings Jurisdictions and l • i , i n , rn r\ . „ Franchises. and eight-pence by way of rent. 1 he Customs as they stood in the reign of Edward the Con fessor are very minutely enumerated. If any one knowingly broke the peace which the King had given under his hand, he was outlawed. If any one broke the peace which the Sheriff preserved, he was fined a hundred shillings : and he gave the same for Forestel or Heinfare. These three forfeitures, it is added, the King had throughout England, exclusive of rents. When the King rested in the city, twelve of the principal inhabitants formed his guard ; and, in like manner, when he took the exercise of hunting, the principal burgesses who had horses attended him armed. The Sheriff sent thirty- six men on foot to the deer-stand while the King remained there. He also found, by custom, thirty-six men for eight days at the park of Marsetelie. When the Sheriff went into Wales, whoever was called upon to attend him and did not go, paid forty shillings as a forfeiture. A widow receiving a husband, paid twenty shillings to the King ; a maid paid ten shillings. If any burgess's house was burnt, either by negligence or accident, he paid a forfeiture of forty shillings to the King, and two shillings each to his two nearest neighbours. When a burgess in the King's demesne died, the King had ten shillings GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 20] for a heriot. If any burgess broke the time Principal assigned him by the sheriff, he paid ten shillings, in this Record. Whoever was guilty of bloodshed, paid forty § 4. TeTritoriai shillings. When the King (at any time) left *ST the city, the Sheriff furnished him with twenty- four horses, and the King took them as far as the first house in Staffordshire. The English burgesses of Shrewsbury complained that, at the time of forming the Survey, they paid the whole geld, or civil tax for the support of the state, as it was paid in the time of King Edward, although the castle of Earl Roger had occupied the site of fifty-one masures, and fifty others were laying waste. In the time of King Edward too, forty burgesses, who were Erancigenae, held taxable mansions ; and Earl Roger had given to the abbey at its foundation thirty-nine bur gesses, who formerly had paid tax with the rest. The laws of Chester as they stood in the time of the Confessor are enumerated at greater length than those in almost any other city ; and they are as full upon the rights allowed to the Earl as on those of the Crown. The for feitures upon breaking the King's peace are first enumerated. If any freerman committed burglary, and murdered a man, all that belonged to him became a forfeiture to the King, and he was himself declared an outlaw. The Earl had the same forfeiture of any of his own homagers. No outlaw, however, could be restored to the King's peace but by the King. Whoever was 202 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal guilty of bloodshed between Monday morning Matters noticed ° J 7 in this Record, and the ninth hour on Saturday, was to forfeit § 4. Territorial ten shillings ; or, from the ninth hour on Jurisdictions and ci . i -a /r l • . i .11. Franchises. Saturday to Monday morning twenty shillings. The same punishment of twenty shillings fine was inflicted for the twelve days of the Nativity, the day of the Purification of the Virgin, the first days of Easter and Whitsuntide, Ascension Day, the Assumption or Nativity of the Virgin, and the feast of All Saints. On these holidays, whosoever slew a man forfeited four pounds ; though, on other days, only forty shillings. Whoever committed Heinfare or Forestel on these days or on Sunday, also forfeited four pounds ; but on ordinary days, forty shillings. For Hangewithe the forfeiture was ten shillings, or if the King's or the Earl's bailiff was the person, the forfeiture became twenty shillings. Whoever was guilty of Revelach, Latrocinium, or violence toward a Woman, was to forfeit forty shillings. A widow, " si alicui se non legitime commiscebat," forfeited twenty shillings. Whosoever seized upon, or laid claim to, the land of another within the city, and could not prove his right to it, forfeited forty shillings. Whoever wished to have relief either for his own or a relation's land, paid ten shillings ; and the same sum was to be forfeited by him who neglected to pay his gable or rent at the re gulated time. If a fire happened in the city, the person at whose house it broke out forfeited GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 203 three Oras of twenty-pence in the Ora, and to Principal i • • i i i -it /-^.r- n i Matters noticed his nearest neighbour two shillings. Of all these intWsRecord. forfeitures two parts were the King's. The § 4. Territorial third belonged to the Earl. If any vessels came JuttcZTd to or departed from the haven of the city without the King's licence, the King and the Earl had forty shillings from each person on board. If, contrary to the King's peace, and against his prohibition, a ship arrived, both it, the persons on board, and the cargo, were for feited to the King and the Earl. If, however, a vessel came with the King's licence, those who were in it were allowed to trade, but, at its departure, the King and the Earl had four-pence duty upon every Last of the cargo. If the cargo was of Martern skins the King's bailiff was to order, under the penalty of forty shillings, that none should be sold till he had examined them. Any man or woman giving false mea sure, or brewing adulterated beer, forfeited four shillings, or was placed in the dung chair,1 and paid four shillings to the bailiffs. This forfeiture was received by the officers of the King and the Earl in the city, of every person, whether under the protection of the Bishop or of any one else. At this time there were twelve Magistrates of 1 Cathedra stercoris. The Cucking stool ; used in more modern times for scolds. In the Promptorium Parvulorum, an old English and Latin Dictionary com piled about 1440, esyn, or cukkyn, is interpreted by stercoriso. See MS. Harl. 221. 204 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal the citv selected from the homagers of the King, Matters noticed * in this Record, the Bishop, and the Earl. For the repairs of § 4. Territorial the city-wall and the bridge, one labourer was JuTFmnTiZeT demanded by the bailiff for every hide in the county. Whoever neglected to send his homager on this occasion forfeited forty shillings to the King and the Earl. This forfeiture was exclusive of rent. The city paid forty-five pounds as rent and three timbers of Martern skins. At the time of making the Survey the bishop of Chester had also his customs in the city. If any free man worked on a holiday the bishop received eight shillings as a fine ; and from a servus or a maid servant, four shillings. If a trader came into the city with his pack, and opened it, between the ninth hour on Saturday and Mon day, or on any festival, without licence from the bishop's officer, he forfeited four shillings. If one of the bishop's homagers found a stranger carting goods1 within the leuua of the city, the bishop had a forfeiture of four shillings, or two Oxen. At Nottingham, the Trent and the way to York were in the custody of the Town. If any one prevented the passage of vessels in the river, or ploughed, or dug a ditch within two perches of the King's high way, he forfeited eight pounds. 1 Interfering, probably, with the peculiar privileges of the persons under the bishop's protection. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 205 In Derby, there were, at the formation of the Principal Matters noticed Survey, a hundred burgesses, and forty others in this Record. who are called minores. At Martinmas the § 4. Territorial . • 1 ,1 tt-- .,1,1 c Jurisdictions and burgesses paid the King twelve thraves of corn, Franchises. of which the abbot of Bertone had forty sheaves. The King had eight masures in the town with sac and soe In York the burgesses were exempt from pay ments for relief. In Lincoln and Stanford Lagemen occur, as distinct from burgesses. These were an order of men recognised in the laws of King Edward the Confessor.1 In both towns the number of twelve only is mentioned ; so that they probably answered to the xn. Judices Civitatis of Chester, and the xn. Lahmen mentioned in the " Senatus Consultum de Monticolis Walliae." They have been already noticed in Cambridge. Their privileges in Stamford are minutely set down. They were reduced to nine in number in that town at the formation of the Survey. At Torksey, whoever possessed a mansion in the vill was free of toll at entering or departing from it. When the King's Messengers came there, the watermen of the place conducted them as far as York, the Sheriff supplying the pro visions for both " ex firma sua." If any burgess 1 Compare Wilkins. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 209. Dugd. Gloss, in voce. 206 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY; Principal removed from the town he could sell his house Matters noticed in this Record, without licence from the bailiff. § 4. Territorial At Colchester, there were, in common, among ^ranclZT the burgesses, fourscore acres of land, and round the wall of the town eight perches, of all which the burgesses, at the time of forming the Survey, had sixty shillings a year for the King's service, if necessary ; but if not, they divided that sum in common. And the custom was, every year, on the fifteenth day after Easter, for the King's burgesses to pay two marks of silver. This belonged to the King's ferm. Likewise six pence a year was paid out of every house, which might be applied either for the maintenance of the King's soldiers, or for an expedition by sea or land. This payment, it is said, did not belong to the King's ferm. Norwich, in the time of King Edward, paid twenty pounds to the King, and ten pounds to the Earl ; and, beside these payments, twenty-one shil lings and four-pence for measures of provender, six sextaries of honey, a bear, and six bear-dogs. At the time of forming the Survey, it paid to the King seventy pounds by weight, and a hun dred shillings by tale as a free gift to the Queen, a palfrey, and twenty pounds of silver uncoined to the Earl, and twenty shillings by tale as a free gift to Godric. The manumission of Slaves, Turner observes, increased the numbers of the independent part of the lower orders : and, while some of the emancipated became agricul- Jurisdictions and Franchises. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 207 tural labourers, and took land of the clergy and Principal the great, many went to the burghs and towns, kohls Record. and as the King was the Lord of the free, they § 4. TeTritoriai resided in these under his protection, and became free burghers or burgesses.1 From • the entries relating to the different Cities and Burghs it appears that some of their inhabitants were under other lords beside the King. In Romenel eighty-five burgesses be longed to the Archbishop.2 In Bath, beside the burgesses belonging to the King, ninety are enumerated belonging to other persons, who paid sixty shillings.3 At Buckingham, we have a particular enumeration, not only of the superior Lords of the burgesses in that town at the time of forming the Survey, but the names of the persons to whom they had belonged in the time of King Edward.4 Hamo Dapifer had fifteen burgesses in Colchester who had belonged in Edward's time to Thurbernus.5 Many burgesses were attached to particular manors, and some even in the most privileged cities.6 In Norwich 1 Hist, of the Manners, Landed Property, &c. of the Anglo-Saxons. 8°. Lond. 1805. p. 142. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 4. 3 Ibid. fol. 87. 4 Ibid. fol. 143. 6 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 106. 6 Under Tarente, tom. i. fol. 3. it is said, " Ad hoc 53 pertinent v. burgses in Rouecest." Under Salteode, fol. 4 b. " Ad hoc 55 ptin ccxxv. burgses in burgo Hedas." Two of the manors at Beddington in Surrey had, one fifteen houses in London belonging to it, the 208 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal the burgesses had no peculiar corporate rights. Matters noticed . . . , in this Record. The majority paid their custom and rents to the § 4. TeTritoriai King and the Earl. Stigand the archbishop had JutrtnciZTd the rent of fifty> and Harold of twenty-two.1 ¦ — Among the lands held in capite in Bedfordshire, we have " Terra Burgsiu de Bedef." The bur gesses however did not hold in a corporate capacity, but individually. The annual assessments of the towns appear to have varied as much from each other in the time of Edward as in that of William, and pro bably differed according to the circumstances of the different places. London, York, Winchester, and Exeter have been already mentioned as places enjoying superior privileges. In some burghs, Turner observes, the members had been other thirteen, beside eight in Southwark. Under Lan- chei, fol. 34. " Ibi asccia. j xix. burgenses in Londonia qui reddt. xxxvi. sot." Under Sarisberie, fol. 66. it is said, " In Wiltuue vn. burgses ptifi huic 55." Under Mertone, fol. 248. " In Stadford xvm. burgses ptifi huic 03." and in other instances too numerous to quote. In Winchester the Abbey of Romsey had fourteen burgesses, fol. 43 b. The Church of St. Denys at Paris had thirty burgesses in Gloucester, and two in Winch- combe, as belonging to the Manor of Caneberton in Gloucestershire, fol. 166. 1 In the second volume of Domesday, fol. 438. in the account of Suffolk, we read : " Terra Normanni Vice comitis. Dim. ft. de Gepeswiz. In burgo ht Normannus n. burgenses. unu in uadimonio contra eunde. & altera p debito. sed Rex ht suas consuetudines." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 209 so wealthy as to have acquired themselves a „, Prin<=ipai •> x Matters noticed property in the burgh. At Canterbury, the in this Record. burgesses had forty-five masures without the § 4. Territorial „,.,, ,11 r"i 1,1 Jurisdictions and City, of which they took the gafol and the Franchises. custom, while the King retained the legal juris- diction. They also held of the King thirty-three acres of land in their gild.1 The state of sub jection to gafols, customs, and services, the same writer adds, under which the people of the burghs and towns continued, had this great ad vantage over the condition of the servile, that the exacted burthens were definite and certain, and, though sometimes expensive, were never oppressive.2 In many of the Cities and Burghs the Conqueror appears to have raised the tolls and customs. In Norwich meinburgenses are mentioned, 1 Turner's Hist, of the Manners, &c. of the Anglo Saxons, 8°. Lond. 1805. p. 144. The Gilds, or social confederations of the Anglo Saxons, are more frequently mentioned in the contemporary judicial codes than in the Domesday Survey. " They seem, on the whole," says Turner (p. 139.) " to have been friendly associa tions made for mutual aid and contribution, to meet the pecuniary exigencies which- were perpetually arising from burials, legal exactions, penal mulcts, and other payments or compensations." In Canterbury the Clergy had their gild as well as the Burgesses. " In Civitate Cantvaria habet Archieps. xn. burgenses. 7 xxxii. mansuras quas tenent Clerici de villa in gilda sua." 2 Turner, p. 144. P 210 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal answering probably to the burgenses minutt Matters noticed ° r J ° in this Record, of Tateshalle.1 Burgenses minores occur in % 4. Territorial Derby. A hundred poor burgesses in Ipswich Jurisdictions and . •, ,, . , , 1 l . i ,1 Franchises, paid nothing but a penny a head toward the — King's tax, or geltum regis.2 It has been already noticed, that in Hereford the English burgesses enjoyed their ancient customs, while the alien burgesses, who were probably new settlers, were placed under a different arrange ment.3 It may be worth remarking here, that although Burgesses of Tamworth are named under the head of Terra Regis in Domesday Book, both in Warwickshire and Staffordshire, once in the former, and twice in the latter county, yet no other mention whatever occurs there of the Town or its customs. Both the Manor and Castle of Tamworth are unnoticed in Domesday. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 316 b. 1 Ibid. tom. ii. fol.290. 3 Ibid, tom.i. fol. 179. There is a curious entrv concerning the use of the Norman Customs in Cheshire, fol. 269. in Roelend. " Ibi e nouii burgu j in eo xvm. burgs, in? ComrH (Hugonem) 7 Rofetii ut supa- dictu. e. Ipsis burgsib} annuef leges 7 csuetudines quae sunt in Hereford 7 in Bretuill. scilicet qd p to? annu de aliqa forisfactura ii dabunt nisi. xn. denar. pt homicidiu 7 furtu 7 heinfar praecogitata." In the Domesday Sur vey for Gloucestershire, fol. 162 a. Lands are said to have been given " sicut fit in Normannia." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 211 Principal CaStleS. Matters noticed in this Record. Another point on which the Domesday Survey re throws considerable light, is the history of our Jurisdictions and /-ii /-ii n i-i i Franchises. ancient Castles. Castles, walled with stone, and . designed for residence as well as for defence, are said by Grose to be, for the most part, of no higher antiquity than the Conquest. The Con queror himself was sensible that the want of fortified places had greatly facilitated his success. To remedy this defect, and to overawe his sub jects, he erected numerous Castles. Matthew Paris says, " Ad Castra quoque construenda, Rex antecessores suos omnes superabat."1 His reign was in fact a new era in the history of our castellated Structures. In Kent, we have an incidental mention of the Castle at Canterbury,2 and under Elesford an entry relating to the site of Rochester Castle.3 1 Mat. Par. Hist. Major, ut supr. p. 9. So Wilh. Gemetic. cap. xii. " Rex autem monitus quidem pru- dentia qua consule in cunctis regi novit immunita regni providissima dispositione perlustravit, ac ad arcendos hostium excursus tutissima castella per oportuna loca stabilivit, quae militum electissimo robore, et uberrima stipendiorum copia munivit." Camd. Script, fol. Francof. 1602. p. 669. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 2. " pro excambio Castelli." 3 Ibid. fol. 2 b. " Episcopus etiam de Rouecestre pro excambio terras in qua Castellam sedet tantum de hac terra tenet quod xvntem sol. et nii°r. den. valet." From P 2 Jurisdictions and Franchises. 212 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal In Sussex, the Castelry of Hastings is stated Matters noticed . -itt-iv ±1* in this Record, to have been given by King William to tne § 4. TeTritoriai Earl of Ow.1 Under Borne, " custodes Cas- telli" occur;2 and again under Ferle.3 Arundel Castle is noticed as existing in the reign of Edward the Confessor.4 Brembre Castle is said to stand upon part of fifty-nine hides which were released from geld.5 Otringheia in Norfolk is mentioned in the second volume of the Survey as " de Castellatione de Lawes ;" 6 the continual mention of the " Leuua" or " Leuga Ricardi de Tonebrige" in this county, tom.i. foil. 5b. 6. 6 b. 7. 7 b. 8 b. and 9. there can be no doubt of the existence of Tunbridge Castle at the time of the Survey, although it is not noticed by its proper name. The district round the Manor and Castle is even at the present day called the Lowy of Tunbridge. See Hasted's Kent, vol.i. p. 308. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 18. " Bexelei tenet Osbernus de Comite de Ow. T. Regis Edwardi tenuit Episcopus Alricus quia est de Episcopatu, et post tenuit, donee rex W. dedit Comiti Castellariam de Hastinges." 2 Ibid. fol. 20 b. col. i. 3 Ibid. fol. 21. col. i. 4 Ibid. fol. 23. " Castrum Harundel T. R. E. reddebat de quodam molino xl. solid, et de m1"". conviviis xx. solid, et de uno pasticio xx. sol. Modo inter burgum et portum aquae et consuetudinem navium redd. xn. lib. et tamen val. xiii. lib." 5 Ibid. fol. 28. " Ipse Willelmus [de Braiosa] ten. Wasingetune. Guerd comes tenuit T. R. E. Tunc se defend, pro lix. hid. Modo non dat geldum. In una ex his hidis sedet Castellum Brembre." 6 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 163. Otringhithe, now called Meth- wold. See Blomefield, Hist. Norf. fol. edit. vol. i. p. 508. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 213 " Castellum de Lauues " also occurs subse- Principal quently,1 among the possessions of William de in this Record. Warren, no doubt meaning the Castle of Lewes § 4. Territorial in Sussex. " Castellum de La quis," also in- UFra^chisesnd tended for Lewes, occurs, tom. ii. fol. 164 b. 165.2 In Hampshire, in the Isle of Wight, a Castle is noticed at Alwinestune, the lewa, of which was also released.3 This is now Carisbrook, the land on which the Castle stands being part of the manor of Avington.4 In Berkshire, eight hagge were destroyed at Walingford for the Castle works.5 Under Cli- vore, now Clewer, the Castle of Windsor is mentioned.6 In Dorsetshire, we are told that King William built the Castle of Wareham on a hide of land 1 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 163 b. 2 See Kelham's Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 248. Cam den says, there was anciently a Castle in every Rape. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 52 b. 4 Sir Richard Worsley's Hist, of the Isle of Wight, p. 41.1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 56. 6 Ibid. fol. 62 b. Under Draintone in Buckingham shire, we read, " Hoc 53 tenuit Leuuin9 de Neuha. de rege. 7 postea. T. R. W. de eode Leuuino tenuit Radulf9 passaqua. 7 inueniebat. n0s Loricatos in custodia de Windesores." fol. 151 b. William the Conqueror had probably a residence at Old Windsor, tom. i. fol. 62. Under Ardintone in Berkshire we read " Hanc tra ten isd Azor de Roberto [de Oilgi] S3 hoes de Hund. testificanf eu de rege debere tenere. qm rex W. ap' Windesores ei reddidit et breuem suum inde ei dedit." P 3 214 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal belonging to Chingestone, for which he had Matters noticed ° ° ° in this Record, exchanged the church of Gelingeham with the § 4. Territorial nuns of Shaftsbury. " De OD Chingestone ht Jurisdictions and . . , . n ~ . n- -xtlt t_- Franchises. rex. i. hid. in qua tec castellu Warha. 7 p ea ded S. Marie aecclam de Gelingeha. cii appendic suis qe ual xl. solid." ' In Somersetshire, the Earl of Moretaine had his Castle called Montagud at Biscopestone :2 and among the possessions of William de Moion we find a Castle at Torre.3 In Devonshire, under the lands held in capite by the Bishop of Exeter, Havstone and Botin- tone are mentioned. " Haec 11. Maner ded epo Comes Moritoh p excabio Castelli de Cor- nualia."4 Baldwin the sheriff is said to have held Ochementone, (now Okehampton,) "7 ibi sedet Castellum." 5 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 78 b. a Ibid. fol. 93. The Earl of Moretaine had also a residence at Bermundsey in Surrey: " Isdem comes habet in Bermundesy de terra Regis 1. hidam ubi sedet domus ejus." tom.i. fol. 34. s Ibid. fol. 95 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 101 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 105 b. Exeter having been designedly omitted in the Survey, no notice of the castle in that City can be expected. Ordericus Vitalis however men tions the building of it by the Conqueror in 1067. " Locum vero intra mcenia ad extruendum Castellum delegit, ibique Balduinum de Molis filium Gisleberti Comitis, aliosque milites praecipuos reliquit, qui neces- sarium opus conficerent, praesidioque manerent." Hist. Normann. Script, antiq. fol. 1619. p. 510. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 215 In Cornwall, the Earl of Moretaine had one Principal Castle at Dunhevet,1 and another at Tremetone in this Record. with a Market.2 § 4. Territorial In Gloucestershire, at Gloucester, sixteen ^ntZs!"1 houses had been taken down to make a site for the Castle.3 In this County the Castle of Es- trighoiel in Monmouthshire is entered.4 Under Nesse it is said, " In Nessa sunt v. hidge ptinent ad Berchelai q3s W. coin misit exta ad faeiendii uh castellulii h Roger9 caluniat 1 ."5 In Worcestershire, the Castle of William Fitz Ansculf is entered at Dudelei. The manor is said to have been previously held by Earl Edwin.* 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 121. 2 Ibid. fol. 122. Borlase, Obs. on the Antiq. of Corn wall, p. 323. carries the antiquity of Trematon much higher than the Conquest. According to the Exeter Domesday Reginald de Valla Torta held this Castle under the Earl of Moretaine. » Ibid. fol. 162. 4 Ibid. See before, p. 38. The mention of Ships convinced Mr. Coxe that Chepstow Castle was here intended ; Sir Robert Atkyns supposed the Castle of Eastbridge hotel in Gloucester was meant; and Rudder thought it was the Castle of Gloucester, miscalling it Esbrighoiel. See Coxe's Hist. Tour in Monmouth shire, p. 367. 5 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 163. 6 Ibid. fol. 177. The Habingdon MSS. say, Dodo, the famous Saxon, raised a strong fortification here, which remained till the Conquest. Nash. Collect, for Worces tershire, vol. i. p. 358. p 4 216 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Belintones is, afterwards, said to be in the Matters noticed in this Record. CaStelry. ! § 4, Territorial In Herefordshire, Ralph de Mortemer occurs Jurisdictions and r. ., /-i Ai r> tit* t, • Franchises, as possessor of the Castle of Wigemore. It is said to have been built by Earl William, upon waste ground called Merestun, which one Gun- nert had held in the time of King Edward.2 This was William Fitz Osbern Earl of Hereford, who ended his days in prison in 1071.3 The Castle of Monemude is stated to have yielded to the King a hundred shillings annually : the church within it, with the whole tithe and two carucates of land, belonged to the monastery of St. Florentius at Saumur.4 Ralph de Todeni is spoken of as holding the Castle of Clifford. Earl William is said to have built it on waste ground, which in the time of King Edward had been held by Bruning. " Istud Castellu e. de regno Anglie. non subjacet alicui hundret neq^ 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 177. " Isd. W. ten Belintones in caste! laria sua." - Ibid. fol. 180 a. " Radulphus de Mortemer ten Wighemore. Eluuardus tenuit. Ibi dimid. hida. Cas tellum Wigemore sedet in ea." 183 b. " Radulfus de Mortemer ten Castellum Wigemore. Wrflmus comes fecit illud in Wasta terra quae vocatur Merestvn quam tenebat Gunuert T. R. E." 3 Kelham, Domesday Book Illustr. p. 84. 4 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 180b. St. Florent les Saumur was an Abbey of the order of St. Benedict, in the diocese of Angers, founded by the Empefor Charlemagne. Al. Priories, vol. ii. p. 78. See Kelham, p. 318. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 217 in csuetudine." J It had been, no doubt, con- Principal Matters noticed fiscated. The Castelry is represented as ex- in this Record. tensive. The Castelry of Ewias is several times § 4. Territorial .. io „ ii i i TVT1T. a. ~ Jurisdictions and mentioned.2 " Aluredus de Merleberge ten Franchises. castellii Ewias de W. rege. Ipse Rex em con- cessit ei rras quas Witts comes ei dederat qui hoc castellum refirmaverat. hoc est v. earueatas traa ibide. 7 ad Manitone alias v. earueatas. Terra, q°qi Radulfi de bernai ccessit ei rex. qua? ad castellii ptinebat. Hoc castellum Ewias uat x. lib." 3 Osbern Fitz Richard is said to have held the Castle of Avretone : 4 and William de Scohies, eight carucates in this county in the Castelry of Carlion.5 One Roger is said to have held two masures in the castle of Henry de Ferieres.6 In Herefordshire also are two entries intimately connected with the Castles of the county. Roger de Laci is said to hold Herdeslege, situated in the middle of a wood, " 7 ibi e dom9 una defensabilis." 7 Gilbert Fitz Turold is entered, in another page, as holding Watelege, which had been Earl Harold's. He 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 183. a Ibid. fol. 181 b. 184. 186. 3 Ibid. fol. 186. 4 Ibid. fol. 186 b. s Ibid. fol. 185 b. The Ruins of Caerleon Castle in Monmouthshire were remaining in Leland's time. See Gough's Camden, edit. 1789. vol.ii. p. 488. 6 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 185. ? Ibid. fol. 184 b. 218 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. principal also had a " Dom9 defensabilis, 7 silua magna Matters noticed ' in this Record, aduenand. Was! fuit."1 § 4. Territorial In Cambridgeshire, at Cambridge, " pro Castro Jurisdictions and , , l Q 5, 9 Franchises, sunt destructae xxvii. dom-". J In Huntingdonshire, the castle of Huntingdon appears from several entries as of recent con struction.3 In Northamptonshire, " Rex ten Rochingeha. T'ra e in. car. Hanc tra, tenuit Boui cii saca 7 soca. T. R.E. wasta erat qdo rex W. jussit ibi castellii fieri. Modo ual xxvi. sol." 4 In Warwickshire, in the town of Warwick, we find " nn. [masurae] sunt wastae gpr situ castelli." 6 In Staffordshire, it is said, " Henricus de Ferreres ht castellii deToteberie. In burgo circa castellii sunt. xlii. holes de mercato suo tan! uiuentes. 7 reddt cii foro. nn. Ub. 7 x. solid". In Bvrtone hi dimid hida in qua sed: ej9 castellii. In qua T.R.E, erant xn. car. Ibi sunt ra" nn. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 187 a. 3 Ibid. fol. 189. Cambridge Castle is stated to have been built by the Conqueror, while the Isle of Ely was held against him by the English Nobility. Lysons's Mag. Brit. vol. ii. part. i. p. 135. Grose says, in the first year of the Conqueror's Reign. Ordericus Vitalis, p. 51 1. places the building of it in 1068. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 203. See Ordericus Vitalis ut supra. 4 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 220. 5 Ibid. fol. 238. See Ordericus Vitalis, p. 51 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY* 219 car in dnio." 1 In Cebbesio in the same County Principal we read " Ad hoc CD ptinuit tra de Stadford in&thu Record. in qua rex pcepit fieri castellu qd m° est de- § 4. TeTritoriai Strilftfl " 2 Jurisdictions and Franchises. In Shropshire we have this notice of the — - Castle at Shrewsbury : " Dicunt anglig burgses de Sciropesberie. multii graue sibi ee qd" ipsi reddt toi geld sicuti reddebat 1 . T. R. E. quauis castellu comii occupauerit. li. masur 7 aliae. l. masurae sint vastae," &c.3 Earl Roger, who was afterwards advanced to the Earldoms of Arundel, Chichester, and Shrewsbury,4 is said to have held Meresberie, and Rainaldus under him. It is added « Rex E. tenuit. Ibi vn. hidae geld. 7 Ibi fecit Rainald castellum Lvvre."5 One Helgot is said to have held of Earl Roger Stan- tvne : " Ibi ht Helgot castellu." 6 The Castle of Montgomery in this county is expressly said to have been built by Earl Roger : " Ipse coin construx castrii Mvntgvmeri uocatu, ad qd ad jacent. 111. hidae 7 dimid. quas tenuef Seuuar, Oslac, Azor de rege E. q'etas ab omi geldo. ad venandu eas habuef." 7 In Cheshire, the Castle of Roelent is several times mentioned : " In ipso 53 Roelend e factii 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 248 b. » Ibid. s Ibid. fol. 252. 4 Kelham, Domesd. Book Ulustr. p. 31. s Domesd. tom. i. fol. 253 b. 8 Ibid. fol. 258 b. 7 Ibid. fol. 254. 220 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal nouii castellu. similii Roelent appella!." l Matters noticed . 7 in this Record. Among the lands between the Ribble and the § 4. Tentorial Mersey, at Pene verdant, it is said, " Modo e ibi Jurisdictions and -,._ ,, n Franchises. CaStellU. In Derbyshire, " Terra, castelli in Pechesers Willi Peurel tenuef Gernebern 7 Hundine." 3 In Yorkshire, two castles appear to have been built by the Conqueror at York, at an early period of his reign. They are alluded to in the following extracts : " In Eboraco civitate tem pore Regis Edwardi praeter Scyra, archiepi fuef vi. scyrae. Vna ex his. e vasta in castellis. In q^q,, scyris fuef mille & quadringentae & xvint0 mansiones hospitatae. De una harii scyrarii habet archieps adhuc tcia parte. In his nemo alius habebat consuetudine nisi ut burgensis. praster Merlesuain in una domo quae e infra castellu." " Praeterea de una mans Vctred cupda. dicunt burgenses. W. de pci asportasse sibi in castellu poster de Scotia rediit. Ipse u° Wilis terra ej9de Vctred negat se habuisse. sed p Hugone uice- comite domii ipsius dicit se in castellu tulisse p'mo anno p9 destructionem castello^." 4 The building of the two Castles is also noticed by 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 269. This was Ruthelan Castle in Flintshire. See Kelham's Illustr. of Domesd. Book, p. 315. In Duchesnes Scriptores, p. 993. it is called Reuelent. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 270. 3 Ibid. fol. 276. 4 Ibid. fol. 298. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 221 our historians.1 An entry among the " Clamores Principal tt~> Matters noticed de Evrvicscrre m iLstreding" says, " Hoes aute in this Record. de comitatu ta, de ilia qua, de tota terra ej9 § 4. Territorial Willelmu Malet saisitu uidef. donee inuasu est *%%%Z^ castellum."2 One of the Castles of York is undoubtedly here alluded to. In another entry we have, " vi. earueatas ibidem habuit Witts Malet quadiu tenuit castellu de Euruic."3 Under the head of " Terra Rogerii Pictaviensis," we read " GD. in Bernulfesuuic Gamel. xn. car. ad gld. Bereng de todeni. tenuit S3 m° e in castellatu Rog pictauensis." 4 Pontefract Castle is pro bably alluded to in the following entry : " Ornis Tornoure sedet infra meta. castelli Ilbti."8 Ilbert de Laci was the person alluded to. The Castelry of Earl Alan, mentioned in the Summary of the North Riding of Yorkshire, contained a hundred and ninety-nine manors, 1 Simeon Dunelm. Hist. Script. X. Twysd. col. 197- A. D. 1068. " Rex autem Willielmus cum exercitu suo Snotingaham venit ubi castello firmato Eboracum per- rexit, ibidemque duobus castellisfirmatis quingentos milites in eis posuit, et in civitate Lincolnia aliisque locis castella firmari praecepit." Henr. de Knyghton, Ibid. col. 2344. 34. " Hoc quoque anno Rex Willielmus firmavit castrum apud Snotingham et aliud apud Lincoliam, et duo castra apud Eboracum." See, also, Bromton. Ibid. 965, 38. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 373. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. fol. 332. Dr. Whitaker in his Hist, of Craven, 2d edit. 4° Lond. 1812. p. 59. decides that the Castellate of Clitheroe is here intended. 5 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 373 b. 222 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal 0f which a hundred and eight were waste.1 Matters noticed ° in this Record. This undoubtedly alludes to the Castle of § 4. Territorial Richmond.2 Jurisdictions and TT. 7 7 ¦ . t • i i i i j Franchises. In Lincolnshire, at Lincoln, a hundred and — — sixty-six mansions were destroyed " gpter Cas tellum :" 3 and at Stanford, five were laid waste " ppter opus Castri." 4 In the second volume of the Survey, in Essex, at " Rageneia," we are told " fecit Suein suu Castellu." s This was Raleigh, in the hundred of Rochford, the chief of fifty-nine Manors held by the same person who was settled here before the Conquest.6 In Norfolk, we find the only Castle noticed, in the county, is that of Norwich.7 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 381. 2 K Hie Alanus primo incepit facere Castrum et Munitionem juxta Manerium suum capitale de Gilling, pro tuitione suorum contra infestationem Anglorum tunc ubique exhaereditatorum, similiter et Danorum ; et nominavit dictum Castrum Richemont, suo idiomate Gallico, quod sonat Latine divitem montem, in editiori ac fortiori loco sui territorii situatum. Et obiit sine exitu de corpore suo, et apud Sanctum Edmundum sepultus est." Gale. Registr. Hon. de Richmond. Mr. Gough, in his Additions to Camden, vol. iii. p. 91. speaks of the square tower of this Castle, now remaining, as the work of Conan Earl of Richmond, in the twelfth Century. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 336 b. See Order. Vit. p, 511. 4 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 336 b. 5 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 43 b. 6 Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol. i. p. 273. 7 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 116 b. " In ilia ?ra de qua GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 223 In Sitffblk, we are told, " W. Malet fecit suu Principal . Matters noticed castellii ad Eiam 7 eade die qa erat mercatii in in this Record. manerio epi. W- Malet fecit aliii mercatii in suo § 4. Territorial . ii t, 1 Jurisdictions and CaSteilO. Franchises. OF forty-nine Castles here mentioned, one only, Arundel, is noticed as existing in the time of Edward the Confessor. Eight are known, either on the authority of Domesday or our old historians, to have been built by the Conqueror himself. Ten are entered as erected by greater Barons ; and one, by an under-tenant to Earl Roger. Eleven more, of whose builders we have no particular account, are noticed in the Survey, either expressly or by inference, as new. It is singular that the ruins which are now remaining of almost all these Castles have pre served one feature of uniformity. They are each distinguished by a Mount and Keep : marking the peculiar style of architecture intro duced into our castellated fortifications by the Normans at their first settlement. The Castles of Dover, Nottingham, and Dur ham, known to have been built by the Conqueror, Herold9 habebat soca. snt xv. burg. 7 xvii. mansure uacue. que snt in occupatione castelli. & in burgo CLXXXX. mansure uacue in hoc qd erat in soca reg 7 comitis. 7 lxxxi. in occupatione castelli." The Castle of Norwich was besieged by William the Conqueror in 1074. Mat. Par. 1 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 379. 224 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal with the White Tower in the Tower of London, TVTflffpi"*! not ici'ti in this Record, are unnoticed in the Survey.1 § 4. Territorial The walled Towns and Cities noticed in the JUFra^°hZsaml Survey are fewer than the Castles. Canterbury,2 Nottingham, and York, appear each to have been surrounded with a foss. Oxford, Hereford, Leicester, Stafford, Chester, Lincoln, and Col chester, are noticed as walled Towns and Burghs. Manerium. Manors, although in substance, perhaps, as antient as the Saxon constitution,3 are considered by our best writers on English Antiquities as of Norman introduction.4 Dugdale says, the reign 1 How much the number of these Fortresses had increased between the time of the Survey and the reign of King Henry the second, we learn from Matthew Paris. " Castella adulterina, qua? tempore Regis [Henrici secundi] a quocunque constructa sint, diruentur, quorum numerus ad undecies centum et quindecim excrevit." Sub an. 1153. 2 Eleven houses belonging to the burgesses of Canter bury are mentioned " in fossato civitatis." Tom.i. fol. 2. 3 Blackst. Comment, ed. 4°. 1766. torn. ii. p. 90. 4 Compare Kennett. Glossar. Par. Antiq. See also Ducange in voce. Somner, in the Glossary to Twysden's Scriptores, says : " Ante Normannorum tempora, vox apud nos, in chartis aut aliis nostris bonse fidei monu- mentis, frustra quseritur. Egfridus (fateor) filius regis GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 225 of Edward the Confessor is the first in which Principal IWiitters noticed they are mentioned ; ' a circumstance which is in this Record. easily accounted for by the fondness of Edward S4.w»a for_Norman institutions. " Tenuit de rege E. Ju^Z^ p CD" occurs frequently in the early part of the Survey. The name is either from the French Manoir, or from the Latin manendo, as the usual residence of the owner on his land.2 The ancient demesne of the Crown, as re corded in the Survey, consisted of 1,422 manors Oflae donasse dicitur Ecclesias S. Albani terram quinque maneriorum, ut in Vitis Abbatum ibid, per Mat. Paris. pag. 36. Ipsa vero donationis charta, pag. 239. habet, terram quinque manentium. Nee in toto legum anti quarum gentium exterarum Codice, Manerii vocabulum reperitur. A Normannis (inter alia ejus farinas verba) e Gallia hue adductum conjicio, quorum in Anglia prae- cessoribus, Hida, Familia, Villa, Sulinga, Casata, Man- sura, Manens (ut Mansus, Mansio, Mansum, Colonica, et eis, et exteris simul) idem significarunt, ac ipsis et aliis posterioris aavi populis Manerium : quod quomodo differat a Mansione, vide Flet. li. 6. ca. 51." 1 Gloss, in voce. See also Whitaker, Hist, of Whalley, p. 129. who says, " The Lageman habens socam et sacam super homines suos, was indisputably the same character which was afterwards termed Lord of a Manor." 2 Ordericus Vitalis l.iv. says, " Galfridus Constan- tientis Episcopus — dono Gulielmi regis ducentas et octoginta villas, quas a manendo vulgo vocamus obtinuit." In the account of the Wiches in Cheshire, Domesd. tom. i. fol. 268. we read, " Homo manens in isto hund." The term had been previously used in Surrey, tom. i. fol. 30. a unde abstulit rusticum qui ibi manebat." 0. Jurisdictions and Franchises. 226 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal in different Counties, besides some scattered in this Record, lands and farms not comprehended therein, and §4. Territorial quit rents paid out of several other Manors.1 According to Brady's calculation, the Earl of Moretaine, the Conqueror's half brother, held no fewer than seven hundred and ninety-three Manors.2 Alan Earl of Bretagne, who com manded the rear of the army in the battle of Hastings, possessed four hundred and forty-two Manors.3 Odo Bishop of Baieux held four hundred and thirty-nine.4 The Bishop of Cou- tance, who was also a soldier, two hundred and eighty Manors.5 Roger de Busli had a hundred and seventy-four Manors in Nottinghamshire.6 Ilbert de Laci had a hundred and sixty-four Manors, most of them in Yorkshire.7 William Peverel, the Conqueror's natural son, had a hundred and sixty-two Manors.8 Robert de Stadford a hundred and fifty.9 Roger de Laci 1 Lord Lyttelton's Life of Henry II. vol.ii. p. 237. Nichols' Hist. Leic. introd. Vol. p. xxxviii. 2 Brady's Introd. p. 13. His usurpations upon other manors may be found in different parts of the Survey. Some of them are more particularly noticed, tom. i. foil. 68 b. 121. 121 b. 125. See also the Exeter Domes day, p. 491. 3 Brady's Introd. Kelh. Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 40. 4 Hutchins's Dissert, on Domesd. p. 11. His usur pations of other property may be found, Domesd. tom.i. foil. 9 b. 176. 216. 6 Hutchins, ut supr. 6 Kelham, p. 117. 7 Ibid. p. 118. 6 Ibid. p. 48. ' Ibid. p. 49. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 227 a hundred and sixteen Manors.1 Hugh de Principal Montfort more than a hundred.2 William de in^hisRecord. Warren had territorial allotments in Sussex, § 4. Territorial Hampshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, ^^T* Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Bedford- — shire, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk. The assistance which William the Conqueror obtained in his expedition from the Norman Barons was voluntary,3 and evidently given 1 Kelham, p. 50. 2 Ibid. p. 27. 3 William of Malmesbury, edit. Savile, fol. Lond. 1596. p. 56. says: " Papa vexillum in omen regni Willielmo contradidit, quo ille accepto, conventum magnum apud Lillibonam fecit, super negotio singulorum sententias sciscitatus. Cumque omnes ejus voluntatem plausibus excipientes magnificis promissis animasset, commeatum navium omnibus pro quantitate possessionum, induxit. Ita tunc discessum, et mense Augusto ad sanctum Wale- ricum in commune ventum, Portus ita per metonymiam dicitur. Congregatis itaque undecunque navibus, fcelix expectabatur aura, quae illas ad destinatum eveheret." Among the Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, is a small folio, MS. in hyperoo Bibl. Bodl. num. 166., written upon vellum apparently about the thirteenth Century, one article in which, upon a single leaf, is " De Navibus per Magnates Normanniae provisis pro passagio Ducis Willielmi in Angliam." It was printed in Taylor on Gavelkind, as well as in the Appendix to the first book of Lord Lyttelton's History of Henry the Second. Num. 1. Its authenticity, how ever, is doubtful. A fac-simile of it was engraved, for the last edition of Rymer's Foedera : but the plate was cancelled before publication. Q2 228 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal with a view to the possessions which were after- Matters noticed . . in this Record, wards obtained. ' Ihis accounts for the circum- §4. TeTritoriai stance in Domesday, that the King's lands are Jutra1^ZTd almost uniformly those which Edward, Harold,2 Earl Godwin, Ghida the mother of Harold,3 Goda the sister of King Edward, Guert, Tosti, Stigand, Algar Earl of Mercia,4 Earl Edwin, Earl Morcar,5 Edric, or Editha the Confessor's Queen 6 had held : 7 while the lands of the 1 William of Jumieges, speaking of the County of Hereford, says, it fell to Roger " funiculo distributionis." Duchesne, Norm. Script, p. 299. 2 See more particularly torn. i. foil. 120. 143 b. tom. ii. foil. 1. 4 b. 5. 6. 7. 109 b. 111. 114 b. 3 Tom. i. fol. 101. See also one entry, tom. i. fol. 65. 4 See tom. i. foil. 203 b. 246. 246 b. 272 b. 273. 338. tom. ii. fol. 3 b. 4. 129 b. 289 b. 3 Tom. i. foil. 299. 299 b. 337 b. 338. 338 b. 6 See tom. i. foil. 87. 180. 337 b. 338. 338 b. ' " The Terra Regis of Domesday," says Mr. Allen, " was derived from a variety of sources. It consisted in part of land that happened at the time of the Survey to be in the King's hands by escheats or forfeitures from his Norman followers. It was constituted in part of the lands of Saxon proprietors, which had been confiscated after the Conquest, and had not been granted away to subjects. But it was chiefly composed of land that had been possessed by the Confessor in demesne, or in farm, or had been held by his thegns and other servants. Of the last description part was probably the private bocland of the Confessor, which had belonged to him as his private inheritance. But, if we compare the number of manors assigned to him as his demesne lands in Domesday with the estates of bocland possessed by GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 229 Saxon nobles appear to have been doled out to Principal the officers of the Conqueror's army, apparently in this Record. either in proportion to their rank in Normandy, § 4. TeTritoriai or according to the supplies they furnished in u1FTanclZTd the expedition. "Those," says Lord Chief Baron Gilbert, " who held their territories immediately from the Crown, were said to hold in capite ; but those who held in capite had other chiefs, or lords, or barons, subordinate to them ; they also granted to hold of themselves. These intermediate persons were denominated the mesne lords, of whom so much is spoken in our laws. Even these divided their lands among their followers ; and every Lordship or Alfred, it seems incredible that the whole should have been his private property. A great part must have been the folcland or public property of the state, of which, though the nominal proprietor, he was only the usufructuary possessor, and, with the licence and consent of his Witan, the distributor on the part of the public. The land which is called Terra Regis in the Exchequer Domesday, is termed in the original returns of the Exon Domesday, demesne land of the King belonging to the kingdom " Dominicatus Regis ad regnum perti- nens in Devenescira," Exon Domesday, p. 75. In the Exchequer Domesday itself a similar form of expression is to be found. A particular manor is said to have formerly belonged to the kingdom, but to have been since granted to Earl Ralph by the King. Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 119 b." Inquiry into the rise and growth of the Royal Prerogative in England, 8" Lond. 1830. p. 160. Q 3 230 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Manor was itself the similitude of the Kingdom IWnttcrs noticed ^"^ in this Record, at large. The lord divided his Manor, as the § 4. Territorial state had divided the Kingdom, into two parts : Jurisdictions and , , i . « i n i - i Franchises, the one he retained for his own support, and — was partly cultivated by his villeins and copy holders, and was called his demesnes ; ' the 1 Dominium, or that part of an estate which was held to the proper use of the lord, among the Normans, answered to the Saxon Inlanb, as the tenemental land of the Normans, held in service, did to the Outlanb or Neatlanb of the Saxons. See the Laws of Edgar, 1. Wilk. p. 76. Compare also Ingulphus sub. an. 833. Gloss, x. Script, v. demanium. Inland means land taken into culture with the old demesne, yet not abso lutely forming apart of it. In the beautiful Register of Reading Abbey, MS. Harl. Brit. Mus. 1708. fol. 15b. we have Carta Regis Henrici Primi de inlanda de Chaus in dominium convertenda : viz. " H. Rex Angl. episcopo Sar. et com. David salutem. Si vicecomites Berkesire et prepositi de Chels. dederunt aliquid et posuerunt extra dominium de inlanda de Chels. facite totam illam inlandam redire in dominium Abbatis et Monachorum de Rading per sacramentum legalium hominum de Hundredo. T. &c." Among the Bishop of Lincoln's lands at Banesberie in Oxfordshire, it is said, " Ibi st l. hidae. De his ht eps in dnio tra. x. car. j in. hid. prefer Inland." So foil. 155 b. 159. 219 b. Bocheland, or Bocland, occurs but once in the Domesday Survey in its proper acceptation, tom. i. fol. lib. " Rannulf5 de ualbadon ten dimid jugu in Hamestede. qd tenuef. n. lifei hoes, de rege E. in Bochelande." As the name of a place it frequently GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 231 other part was parcelled out among his depend- Principal A * Matters noticed in this Record. occurs. See what Mr. Allen has said of Bocland in his j^tS Inquiry into the rise and growth of the Royal Preroga- Franchises. tive in England, pp. 143. 145. 147. 150. 153. 154. Reveland occurs but three times : tom. i. fol. 69. fol. 179 b. and fol. 181. In the last entry we read, " H' tra fuit tainland T. R. E. sed postea cuersa e. in Reue- land. 7 ido diit legati regis, qd ipsa tra 7 census qui inde exit furtim aufertr regi." Lrejiep-lanb is interpreted by Lye, Diction. Saxon. " tributarium Territorium." See Sir Henry Spelman's comment on this passage; English Works, fol. Lond. 1727. Orig. Growth, &c. of Feuds and Tenures by Knights service, chap. xxiv. p. 39. Reveland, says Mr. Allen, is distinguished in Domesday from villein land and thegn land, and a comparison of different entries lead to the conclusion that it was land attached to the office of the gerefa. When land was fraudulently converted from thegn land into reveland, it was subtracted from the military service of the state, and appropriated by its civil servants the gerefan, to the increase of their own salaries or stipends. Complaints of this abuse are made in Domesday, tom.i. foil. 57 b. 69. 179 b. 181. Inquiry ut supr. Authorities, and Illus trations, p. lvii. Under Toresbi and Alwoldebi in Lincolnshire, " Torueland redd. x. sot " occurs, tom. i. fol. 342 b. Tainland is defined by Spelman, " Terra haereditaria, et colonorum servituti non obnoxia." " Thegn land was distinguished from ferm land, demesne land, and villein land. Domesd. tom. i. foil. 64 b. 76. 86. 90 b. 98 b. 102 b. If a doubt was entertained whether certain lands were thegn land or not, the question was tried and decided in a court of law. Ibid. foil. 98 b. 181. 262 b. Spelman, Glossary, Teinland. But these different species of Q 4 232 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal ants, who returned him their services."1 Such Matters noticed . . ^ in this Record, was the history, and such the multiplication 01 § 4. Territorial Manors in the times immediately succeeding ^FrtncZs!"1 the Norman Conquest. The Statute of Quia Emptores, already noticed in a former page, in 1290, put an end to their farther increase. Aula, Halla, or Haula, a hall or chief mansion house was the usual appendage of a Manor. At Apedroc in Sussex, in the account of the Earl of Moretaine's lands, it is said, " Ibi e una v ubi com ht. aula, sua." 2 At Westone in Not tinghamshire " Wbr Elmer. Eluui. Osbn. Grim. Edric. Stenulf. quiscj, aula. sua. 7 un^q'sq 1. bo ?re." 8 Under Fentone in the same county, " Tfa 1. car. cu saca 7 soca sine aula." 4 In Lincolnshire it is said, " In Burtone hb Godric 11. property might be exchanged ; Domesd. tom. i. fol. 64 b. and in some cases the one appears to have been arbi trarily converted into the other. Domesd. tom. i. foil. 67. 67 b. 76." Allen's Inquiry ut supr. p. lviii. 1 Gilbert on the Law of Tenures, Introd. p. 10. The whole number of the greater Tenants mentioned in the first Volume of the Survey, including Bishops, Churches, Abbeys, Barons, Thanes, Elemosynaries, Ministri, and Servants, amounts to five hundred and ten, exclusive of the lands entered under the title of " Terra Regis." In the second Volume, in which many of the Tenants are again repeated, there are a hundred and sixty-two titles entered. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 21b. 3 Ibid. fol. 285 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 286 b. So again, foil. 12. 293. 307 b. 308. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 233 car rre ad gld". Tra n. car. soca in Scantune. Principal _, f . ., . i,»ix -nil- i Matters noticed s; tam fuit ibi aula. In Berkshire, under in this Record. Ebrige, of Hugolinus Stirman it is said, " Trans- § 4, TeTritoriai portavit Halla 7 alios domos 7 peeunia in "jvanS*1 alio iX)." 2 At Langeton, in Yorkshire, it is said, " Ibi habuerunt Torfin 7 Finegal. 11. haulas. Torfin cu saca 7 soca. 7 tercf9 noe Tor reliq tra cii saca 7 soca S3 non haula."3 In one instance " Halla" is used for a Manor. 'Istos hoes posuit Ingelric9 ad sua halla." 4 In North amptonshire, we have another term for the Hall : under Pihteslea, we read, 5 " Hoc 05. fuit de firma monachorum [Ecelesiae Lincolien- sis] 7 ibi fuit dhicu aedificiu." " Caput Ma- nerii " also occurs several times in both volumes in the same sense.6 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 368 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 63. 3 Ibid. fol. 309. 4 Ibid. fol. 29 b. Under Bocheham in Surrey, tom. i. fol. 32 b. we have " Ferraria quae operaf ad halla:" a smith's forge. 5 Ibid. fol. 222. 6 See tom.i. foil. 11. 26.166. tom.ii. foil. 227.293 b. Bishop Kennett, Glossar. Par. Antiq. says, " Caput Baronies, head of a Barony, was the capital Village of a Barony, where the Baron had his principal seat and common residence." Under Teodechesberie in Glou cestershire, tom. i. fol. 163. we read, " In capite S erant in dnio xn. car." Under the lands of Bucfestre Church in Devonshire, we read, " Bucfestre est caput Abhathiae." tom. i. fol. 104. Of the Manor of Crophille in Nottinghamshire, among the lands of Ilbert de Laci, 234 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Curia, which occasionally seems to have i/thSRecord. implied the Court or Manor house only of the §4. Territorial lord,1 in one or two entries appears to have a JUFSra^ZTd more immediate reference to manorial jurisdic- tion. Tom. i. fol. 35 b. " Robt9 ten de Ricardo Scaldefor. Duo frs tenuef T. R. E. Vn9quisq^ habuit domu sua. 7 tarn mansef in una Curia. 7 quo uoluer ire potuef." Under Actune in Cheshire, it is said, " Hoc W ht suu placitu in aula diii sui." 2 Of the increase and decrease of Manors, and of the removal of lands from one Manor to another, the instances throughout the Survey are numerous. In the account of Surrey, in what relates to the property of the abbey of Westminster, we read, " Abb de Certesi ten " Wapentac por? testini lib? fuisse SaisiL m° e in manu regis, pt tcia parte 7 Tainu q' est cap manerii que tenet Ilfetus." tom. i. fol. 291. 1 In Huntingdonshire, in the account of the posses sions of Thorney Abbey is this singular entry, in which Curia seems to mean the close or court-yard of a Man sion. " In Witelesmare fab abb de Ramesy. 1. naue. 7 abb de burg. 1. naue. 7 abb de Torny. 11. naues. De his duab5 ten una abb. de burg. 7 11. piscarias. 7 11. pisca- tores. 7 una uirg. rrae de abbe de Torny. 7 p his dat pastione sufficients, cxx. porcis. 7 si pastio deficit t de annona pascit 7 impinguat. lx. porcos. Sed & materie inuenit ad una domii. lx. pedii. 7 uirgas ad curia circa domu. Reficit etia domii 7 curia si defecerint. H' conuentio T. R. E. facta, e int eos." tom. i. fol. 205. 2 Tom. i. fol. 265 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 235 una hid. qua pfect9 uillse hui9 TPatricesvl ppt Principal . ... i_ , . 5=5 i i- "... Matters noticed inimicitia qda ab isto CD abstulit 7 misit in in this Record. Certesi." Under Ordie in Hampshire, " Terra. § 4. Territorial „ ^, ._/... i~ •.- ¦ t Jurisdictions and e. 1. car. manenu fuit. modo e. appositu in alio Franchises. 0(5." ' Before this, in the lands of Robert Fitz — Gerold, under Tedorde, it is said, " Duo ltbi hoes tenuef in alodiu de rege E. rj nob. CD. Tc 7 m° geld p. mi°r. hid. Robt9 fecit un. 53." 2 Of two Manors in Essex at Lamers, tom. ii. fol. 74 b. the Record says, " Hgee duas terrae erant sic divisae duobus fratribus T. R. E. Post ea datae sunt Ranulfo pro uno manerio ut dicunt sui homines." Tom. i. fol. 142 b. the transfer of a hide of land from Stansted Manor to that of Hoddesdon in Hertfordshire is mentioned : il Hodesdone. De hac terra tenuit Aluuinus Godton homo R. E. 1. hidam et vendere potuit. Radulfus Tailgebosc accep. earn de Stanestede et apposuit huic Manerio." A curious instance of the formation of a new Manor occurs in the account of Gloucestershire. " In Lindenee fecit com W. uii CD de 1111. tris quas ab earii dnis accepit. De dnio epi Here ford, hi. hid. De dhico uictu monacho^ de P'sore vi. hid. ubi erant vi. uirli cii 1111. car. De duobj teinis accep. in. hid 7. dim."3 In Bura, in the county of Essex, we read, 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 46 b. 2 Ibid. Compare other instances in fol. J 33. 9 Ibid. fol. 164. 236 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal " Huic manerio addite st xl. ac. I regis With' i"1 Matters noticed in this Record, and a similar entry occurs in the same county §4. Territorial under Lallinga.2 In another passage in the Jurisdictions and i ... n -r\ l ,, t c-v Franchises, description of Essex, we read, " In Castes- tuna nn. liberi homines Heroldi. ccim. ac rrae. 7 snt additi huic Manerio postqua. rex aduen. suo precepto." 3 In Norfolk we read, " Est gamera ten& Eluolt. i. lib homo. I. f . e. et fuit libata frederico j> terra ad pficiendii man."4 So again, under Gunatorp, " Haec terra fuit libata ad pficiendii i. manerium. bernai." 8 In Suffolk, under Brantestuna, it is said, " Addite si huic manerio. lxxx. ac. terrae p man. t.r.e."6 Under Wimundwelle, in Leicestershire, we read, "Hanc tra, tenuef. n. frs p n. C75 7 postea emit alter ab altero parte suam. 7 fecit unu CiS de duob5. T.R.E."7 An abstraction from a manor is recorded in Devonshire, tom. i. fol. 112 b. under Newentone, " Colsuen ho Episcopi Coutantiensis aufert ab hoc CD. communem pasturam q ibi adjacebat T.R.E. et etiam T. R.W. quinque annis." Sometimes instances occur of the removal of the " liberi homines," or " sochemanni," from one Manor to another. Tom. i. fol. 137. " Hos (sc. ii.) sochos apposuit isdem Engelric9- huic CO. post adventum R. W. ut homines de hund. 1 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 86. 2 Ibid. fol. 103. 3 Ibid. fol. 110. 4 Ibid. fol. 170 b. s Ibid. fol. 257 b. See also foil. 206 b. 258. 9 Ibid. fol. 431 b. ' Tom. i. fol. 233. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 237 testantur." At Folsham in Norfolk, the record Principal tt • nr • t ~ t^. i Matters noticed says, " Huic Manerio adjuncti snt. n. libi hoes in this Record. p radulfu talibosc. t. r. W." ' Under Stiuecai, §4. Territorial cc TT •_ ~ u*,' 2 «, ^, ,, o a . Jurisdictiortsand " Huic man additi st. nn. socem. ^ Again, Franchises. under Taterforda, " De hoc Manerio st ablati nn. soe. xl. acr. 7 tenet W. de War." 3 In Suffolk, " lxxx. libi 7 in. siit additi de hoc hundret [Wanneforda] ad maneriu de Montfort tepe regis W. de quib3 sfit supadicti. xn. qui fi reddideft ulla. consuetudine :" 4 and under Bura it is said, " In ead. n. libi hoes heroldi et poterant uende. et hfit lx. ac. et 1. car et uat v. sol. et fuer libati ad pficiendii man." 5 A certain num ber of freemen or socmen were necessary to every lord of a manor for holding the pleas of the Manor Court, or Soke.6 1 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 127. 2, Ibid. fol. 122 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 262 b. ¦» Ibid. fol. 282 b. 5 Ibid. fol. 435 b. In several instances in Suffolk, we find the following singular valuations of manors, tom.ii. fol. 357 b. " H' maii exceptis libis uaf. sep. xl. sol." Again, fol. 358 b. " H' man exceptis libis tc [t. r. e.] uat xxx. sot. modo xl." See also tom.ii. foil. 331. 358 b. 359 b. 362 b. 6 In Cambridgeshire, tom.i. fol. 193b. under Terra Rogerii Comitis, it is said, in Orduuelle, " Hanc terram tenuer. vi. socfai. Unus eorum homo regis E. fuit et inuuardum inuenit vicecomiti. Tres istorum soche- mannorum accommodavit Picotus Rogerio Comiti propter placita sua tenenda ; sed postea occupaver. eos homines comitis et retinuer. cum terris suis sine liberatore." 238 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Many of the Earl of Moretaine's Manors in Matters noticed J in this Record. Somersetshire appear to have made payments to §4. Territorial the paramount Manor of Cori, belonging to the JmF^ZTd King.1 So, in the same county fol. 97, among the lands of Ralph de Limesi. Under Aires- ford it is said, " Hoc CO redd: p csuetudine xn. oues p ann in Carentone CD regis. Radulf9 hanc csuetudine usq, m° detinuit." 2 At Leof- minstre in Herefordshire, we read, " Ad hoc 53 ptineb. n. 50. Stanford 7 Merchelai T.R.E. qui reddt m° regi xxx. lib. ut supius dictu est." A large enumeration of lands follows, which in the time of Edward belonged to Leofminstre.3 Among the Terrse Regis in Devonshire, under Alseminstre, we read, " Huic CD debenf xv. denar de Cherletone GO' epi. cstantiens. 7 de Honetone CD comitis Morit. xxx. deii. 7 de Smaurige CO Radulphi de PomereL xxx. den. 7 de Maneberie CD. Willi cheure. xxx. den. 7 de Rouerige CD S. Marie Rotomag. xxx. denar. Hos denar ja p plures annos rex h habuit." 4 The parent Manor had belonged to King Edward. To the King's manor of Mollande in Devonshire, it is said, " Ipsi manerio ptih rcius denarius de Hund Nortmoltone. 7 Badentone 7 Brantone. 7 tciu animal pasturae moraf." So, again, " Ma- Domesd. tom. i. fol. 91 b. 92. Ibid. fol. 97. J Ibid. fol. 180. Ibid. fol. 100. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 239 nerio Mortone ptih ?ci9 denari9 de Tanebrige Principal rr * ,, i Matters noticed XlUnCU in this Record. That Manors were sometimes shifted from §4.jwo«.i one Hundred to another, we have an instance *"%%!%£"* in Gloucestershire, under Wenric, belonging to the abbey of Winchcombe. " Hoc W que ten Elsi de abbe, injuste jacuit in Salemonesberie hd. postq, Bolle mortuus fuit. Modo jacet in Bernitone hd. judicio houm ej9de hund." 2 In Northamptonshire, the Manor of Tingdene, con sisting of twenty-seven hides, was situated in six different Hundreds. " Huj9 (iS t'ra sic jacet. In Hecha. Hund 1 x. hid 7 dim. In Hocheslau Hund J 1. hid 7 dim. In Geritone Hd. una hida. In Rodeuuel hd. in. partes 1. hidaa. In Ordinbaro hd nn. hid 7 una v rrae. In Neues- lund hd. ix. hidae 7 dimidia."3 In Yorkshire, the Manors are frequently measured more minutely than in other Counties : the length and breadth being usually set down.4 Maneriolum occurs once in the Survey, in Lincolnshire : " Remigius eps ht,. 1. maneriolu cu. 1. car. contiguu in ciuitate Lincolia. cu saca 7 soca 7 cu Thol 7 Theim." ' Domesd. torn. i. fol. 101. 2 Ibid. fol. 165 b. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 220. Small parcels of land are sometimes entered as appertaining to no Manor; as tom. i.fol. 30 b. at Dorchinges, " Ex his hid. h? Ricard9 de Tonebrige una. quas nulli CD ptifi." 4 As " Tot maner. 11. lev lg. 7 1. la?."— « Tof. maner. dimid lev lg. 7 in. qaren? Iat." — " Tot x. quaf lg. 7 v. quar. 7 dim lat." 240 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Villa, Principal Matters noticed in this Record. § 4. Territorial In the Domesday Survey, was another term Jutda^cZrd for a Manor or Lordship ; « two or more of which," says Nichols, " were usually united to form a Villata, though in some few cases a Villa was sufficiently large to stand single, when it was said to answer pro villa integra ; and when two were joined together, each was called dimidia villatee." ' A Berewic, or Berewite, according to Dr. Nash, is in some antient Books explained to be used synonimously for Manerium : but it implied rather a member severed from the body of a Manor, as a vill or hamlet of a Manor or Lord ship.2 Bromesgrave in Worcestershire had eighteen Berewicks, Chideminstre sixteen, Ce- deslai eight. Recordine in Shropshire had eight, Membrefeld eighteen. Suduuelle in Nottingham shire had twelve Berewicks. In Yorkshire they occur in greater numbers, and more frequently than in most counties. In two or three entries they appear to be called Members of Manors : as in Leicestershire, under Rodolei, " Huic CO ptih subsequentia mebra," to the amount of twenty.3 So in Warwickshire, " H ? duo 1 Hist. Leic. Introd. Vol. p. xiv. 2 Hist. Wore. Diss, on Domesd. p. 8. See also Chauncy's Hist. Antiq. of Hertf. pp. 30. 330. ' Tom. i. fol. 230. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 241'" mebra jac ad Stanlei &13 regis." ' Cl3 7 B' for Principal Matters noticed in this Record. « Domesd. tom. i. fol. 238. See also, fol. 260 b. !u%J^ls7nd In the first volume of the Survey, fol. 111b. in the Franchises. account of Baentone in Devonshire, it is said, " Huic ?0 adjacet una hida. qua teneb v. taini in Paragio p v. maner. T. R. E." Cowel says, from Spelman, thatParage signifies equality of name, blood, or dignity ; but more especially of land, in the partition of all inheritance between co-heirs. Brady, from Dufresne, says, " Or it is when the younger brothers hold their share of the fee of the elder brother, and he of the lord, and does the homage and service, they contributing their shares." Paragium, however, in the language of Domesday, meant holding in equal portions, as well in rights and privileges as in actual property. So, Du Cange, in one explanation of the word, " Quasvis portio in re aliqua," quotes "Tabularium Vindocinense, fol. 54. '• Guido de Blasone dominicus vassus accedens ad Dom. Odericum Abbatem donavit eis tractum sagenas unius in universis aquis suis, ubicum- que piscaturas habere dinoscitur, ita ut ipse in eadem sagena unius hominis habeat portionem, quam nominant Paragium, reliquae autem portiones sunt S. Trinitatis et Monachorum.' " So in Domesday, tom. i. fol. 7- " Hanc tra tenuef T. R. E. duo hoes in paragio." Fol. 45. Ipse. H. ten. Warneford. Vluric9 7 Oluuard9 tenuer in paragio de rege. E. 7 nas. Aulas habuer." Fol. 46. " Ipse. H. ten in Chenep una hida. 7 Hugo de eo. Tres alodiarij tenuer in paragio de rege. E. 7 mes. aulas fuef." Fol. 63 b. " Tres taini tenuef in paragio. 7 potuef ire cii tern's suis quo uoluef." Fol. 96 b. " Huic 53 additas st. xxii. masuras. quas teneb. xx. hoes in paragio. T. R. E. reddt. xn. solid." Among the " Clamores quae sunt in Sudtreding Lincoliae & Concordia eorii p homines qui iurauer,' R 242 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Manerium et Berewica frequently occur in Matters noticed in this Record. Yorkshire. ' § 4. Territorial Jurisdictions and ¦»«¦ Franchises. MaUSlO. In the Exeter Domesday Mansio is almost constantly used for Manerium: and there is one entry in the second volume of the Great Survey which at least serves to shew that in the return for Essex the two words were considered as synonimous. " Haneghefelda, p uno Man." " In ead: tenuef xxm. libi hoes xmi. hid. q1 possent recede sine licentia dhi ipsius Mansiois.2 torn. i. fol. 375. are two entries explanatory of the tenure. " De calunia int epm dunelm 7 Eudone filiii Spireuuic. portauef testimoniii hoes de Hornecastre Wapen?. annuente toto Treding. qd. in. ffs Herold 7 Godeuert 7 Aluric diuisef dnica terra patris sui aequaliter 7 pari- liter. 7 solum" Herold 7 Godeuert diuisef soca patris sui sine tcio ffe. 7 equalif 7 pariliT. tenuef earn T. R.E." " De soca. vi. bouat! unde. e calunia in? epm 7 Eud in Langetone 7 in torp. dnt hoes de Waragehou Wap qd pdicti duo ffs eqHil 7 parilil habuef soca. T. R. E. s; eo anno quo isd rex mortuus est filii Godeuert habebant soca tota. s; nesciunt qua ratione ea habebant. utrii ui. uel dono patrui sui." Tom.i. fol. 168b. under Wadune we read, " Quinq, ffs tenuef p v. 53 7 poterant ire quo volebant 7 pares erant." 1 See tom. i. foil. 327 b. 328. Compare also the previous folios 299. 299 b. 300. 302. 302 b. 303 b. Fifteen Berewicks are enumerated belonging to the manor of Hovingham. 2 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 25. " Quomodo vocatur Mansio?" are the Words of Enquiry in the Ely Manu script. See p. 22. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 243 In other instances the Mansio seems to have Principal . Matters noticed been but a member or hamlet of the Manerium. in this Record. Under Alnoitone in Kent, we read, " Huic CO §4. Territorial v , tv/i O -T> j.»>i Jurisdictions and adjacent in. Mansiones trae in Koucestre. ' Franchises. In the account of Lincolnshire it is said, " In — Stov. hb Eddiua in. mansion cii saca. 7 soca Rad hi." 2 In Huntingdon, " Siuuard9 com hb 1. mansion cii domo cu saca 7 soca quieta ab omi csuetudine qua, m° ht Judita comitissa."3 So, after the enumeration of the Mansiones and their possessors in Stafford, it is said, "Hi orris hht sacha, 7 socha. Rex ht de omib3 geldu panh."4 Under Cratafelda in Suffolk, it is said, " 7 huic manerio iacent v. franci hoes de xxvi. ac. 7 semp n. car & silua ad vi. pore. 7 ual. vi. sol 7 vin. deii. Et isti redd soca huic maii pterea 11. hoes, de xl. ac. 7 1. car 7 ual. v. sol. 7 soca de istis duob3 in bledeburc. Et has n. mansiones tenet uuilielmus bainardus." s Bracton, de Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae, fol. Lond. 1569. lib. v. cap. 28. De Except, p. 434. gives us the following as an explanation of the difference between the Man sio, the Villa, and the Manerium. " Videndum igitur quid Mansio, quid Villa, et quid Ma nerium. Mansio autem esse poterit constructa 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 8. ° Ibid. fol. 363. 3 Ibid. fol. 203. 4 Ibid. fol. 246. 5 Ibid, tom.ii. fol. 415. R 2 244 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal ex pluribus domibus,1 vel una quae erit habitatio I\ I 'it tors noticed • in thisRecord.. una et sola sine vicino ; etiam etsi alia mansio \ 4. Territorial fuerit vicinata non, erit Villa, quia Villa est ex JUFrtntc1Zrd pluribus mansionibus vicinata, et collata ex .- pluribus vicinis. Manerium autem fieri poterit ex pluribus : vii lis vel una, plures enim villae possunt esse in corpore manerii sicut et una, et ad unam mansionem pertinere potuerunt plura tenementa."2 1 In the account of Nottingham, Domesd. tom.i. fol. 280. it is said, «' Rogerus de Busli h? in Snotingha in. mansion, in quib3 sedent xi. dom9 reddentes nn. sol. 7 vn. den." * In a few entries of the Survey Mansiones seem meant for houses simply. " Mansio and Domus," says Mr. Kelham, Illustr. of Domesd. p. 267. u seem to be distinguished, but wherein the difference consisted is not easy to say." Of the same import was Mansura. Dr. Nash, in his Collections for Worcestershire, says that Mansura, in a town, signified a House; in the country, a Messuage, that is house and land : but he gives no authority for this. Blomefield, in the History of Norfolk, says that Mansura signified a mansion- house in decay, or a place where a mansion-house formerly stood, or a place convenient to make a house in. Cowel says, Mansura and Masura are used in Domesday, and other ancient Records, for mansiones vel habitacula villicorum. In the Survey, tom. i. fol. 3. there are said to have been three hundred and eighty- three mansurae in Sandwich: and in Shrewsbury, a hundred and ninety-three mansurae occur. In Hamp shire, under Edlinges, tom.i. fol. 38 b. it is said, " In Foresta sunt occupatae. xvi. mansurae uillanorf 7 bbr- dariort\" At Thvinam in the same county, fol. 44. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 245 The Prefecti or Prepositi Maneriorum or Villa- Principal Matters noticed rum, were the Reeves, Bailiffs, or Stewards of in this Record. Manors, whose business it was to collect the rents, § 4. Territorial to^ j. , , Jurisdictions and levy distresses, to prevent trespasses, to keep franchises. the peace, and to do all the offices of Equity — and Right between the Lord and Tenants.1 ." In burgo vi. masurae de xiii. sot 7 nn. denar." In the account of Walingford in Berkshire, we read, fol. 56. " In Suttone una acra in qua sunt vi. masuras. de. xn. denaf. 7 in Braio una acra. 7 ibi xi. masuras de in. solid. Rainald9 M una acra in qua sunt xi. masurae de xxvi. denaf. 7 ptiri in Eldeberie quas e. in Oxeneford." In Derby, fol. 280. " Hugo com ht. n. masuras. 7 1. piscaf cu saca 7 soca. Henric9 de ferariis in. masuf cu saca 7 soca simit." " Adhuc in eod burgo sunt. vin. masurae cu saca 7 soca. Hae fuef iElgar. m° sunt regis." Hagae occur principally in the Cities, Burghs, and larger Towns, as at Rochester, Canterbury, Chichester, Lewes, Boseham, Arundel, Rochintone, Walthanv Itratone, Epinges, Guildford, and Winchester. From a passage in tom. i. fol. 30. Haga and Domus appear to have been synonimous : and from one or two entries under Walingford the same opinion will probably be formed in respect of Haga and Masur,a. , In the account of Norwich, however, a distinction seems intended between Mansura and Domus. 1 Kennett, Glossar. Par. Antiq. In the Hundred of Wilge in Bedfordshire, a curious entry occurs in Domes day, tom. i. fol. 218 b. "In eod hund ten Osiet regis pfect9 dim hid de rege. Hanc tra tenuit. 1. socfts. T. R. E. que rex W. cii ?ra hac {Jdicto pYecto coindauit. ut quadiu, uiueret uictu 7 uestitu ei p'beret." Among the posses sions of Robert de Oilgi in Buckinghamshire, we find at Evreham, fol. 149. four fisheries yielding " mille 7 q'ngen? anguift 7 pisces p dies ueneris ad op° p'positi R 3 246 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal The office of the Prepositus Villae1 is more in this Record, particularly explained in the following law of § 4. Territorial King Edward : " 28. De Animalibus et alia re "a™Zrd inventa. Si quis adduxerit animal in villain, vel apportaverit pecuniam, et dixerit se invenisse, priusquam in domum introducat suam vel etiam alterius, ante Ecclesiam ducat, et coram sacer- dote Ecclesiag, et praeposito Villae, et melioribus hominibus totum ostendat inventum quicquid sit. Praefectus Villae mox mittat ad quatuor Villas propinquiores pro Sacerdotibus et Prae- positis villarum, qui adducant secum tres vel quatuor de melioribus hominibus de unaquaque villa, quibus congregatis ostenditur totum inven tum. Postea vero testimonio ipsorum praepositus (de cujus dominio inventor est) custodiat inven- tumusque in diem crastinum. Die autem crastino cum aliquantis vicinorum suorum qui viderunt inventum, ad Hundredi eat praafectum, in quo Hundredo sua villa est, et ipsi ostendat totum. Et si homo alicujus domini sit in cujus terra inventum est hoc, et Dominus in cujus terra inventum est non habet consuetudines suas, uillce." These Prepositi Villa? seem to have had great power. Under Etwelle in Surrey, tom. i. fol. 30 b. we read " Testantur Homines de Hundredo quod de hoc manerio subtracta? sunt duas hidae et una virgata quaR ibi fuerunt tempore Regis Edwardi sed Prepositi accommodaverunt eas suis amicis, et unam denam silvae et unam croftam." 1 Sax. Bunli-^ejiepa. In the first volume of the Survey, fol, 2 b. " Alestan prepositus Lundon" occurs. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 247 scilicet sake et soke, omnia tradat Praefecto Principal TT i i • ? • i i i ¦ , \ i • . Matters noticed Hundredi (si habere voluerit) cum boms testi- in thisRecord. bus. Sed si Dominus habuerit consuetudines § 4. Territorial suas, in Curia Domini rectum teneatur." 1 J^S£* The Bedelli were the Under-Bailiffs of Manors. In Leominstre in Herefordshire, the Manor of which had sixteen members or berewicks, there were eight prepositi and eight bedelli.2 At Feccheham in the same county we find " xxx. uitii 7 xi. bord 7 pposit9 7 bedel." 3 " Prefecti Regis et Bedelli et Elemosinarii " occur at the close of the tenants in capite in Bedfordshire. 4 The following is the enumeration of stock received with a small estate of tenemental land held under Eudo Eitz Hubert, detailed in the Survey in the Hundred of Hertford in Hertford shire. " Cii qua supsit Hunfrid9 qdo de Eudone recep ^ lxviii. Aalia5 7. ccctas. l. oues.6 7 cl. pore. 7 l. capas. 7 1. equa. 7 xiii. sol. 7 1111. den de censu regis. 7 intr pannos 7 uasa J xxts sot." The estate consisted of half a Hide, with one plough in demesne, and another belonging to four bordarii. It had seven cot- 1 Wilk. pp. 202. 203. 2 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 180. 3 Ibid. fol. 180 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 218 b. 5 Cattle. Animalia otiosa were cattle not fit for husbandry. 6 In Norfolk, tom. ii. fol. 206 b. 55. in Einvlvesberie — " In eadem villa est quoddam Ovile sexcent. 7 lxii . ovium." R 4 248 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal tagers, a mill . yielding six shillings and eight- inftkRecord. pence, and wood for fifty porkers. It had §4. TeTritoriai belonged to one of King Edward's bailiffs, and JurF^ZeTd its value both under the Confessor and the Con- • queror had stood at sixty shillings. ' Markets and Tolls. At what period the establishment of public Markets first took place in England, we are not told ; but the constantly increasing severity of the Anglo-Saxon laws against Theft probably multiplied their number. To escape this seve rity, it was necessary that every man, and especially a dealer in goods, should be always able to prove his legal property in what he possessed.2 In the Laws of Ina, it is expressly said, " Si mercator inter vulgus mercetur, faciat hoc coram testibus. Si furto ablatum illud emptum inveniatur, et ipse non emerit id coram bonis testibus, confirmet pcenae loco, quod nee furti conscius, nee furatus sit, vel compenset pcenae loco triginta sex solidos :" 3 and in those of Athelstan, it is enacted, that no one shall make a purchase beyond twenty pennies " extra por- tam ;" but that such bargains should take place 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 139. 2 Turner, Hist. Anglo-Sax. ed. 8°. vol. iv. p. 312. 3 Wilk. p. 18. LL. Inae. 25. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 249 within the town, in the ; presence of the Port- Principal . Matters noticed reve,. or some other person of veracity, or ot the in this Record. reves in. the folc-mote. 1 , § 4. Territorial The following, among the Conqueror's Laws, UFramciZeTd is copied almost verbatim from one of. the Laws of Canute : 22. . " Ne. quis rem aliquam emat sine testibus. . Nemo emat quantum iv. denariis aesti- matur, neque de re mortua neque de viva absque testimonio iv. hominum aut de. Burgo, aut de Villa. Et si quis rem vendicat, et is non habeat testimonium, si nullum habeat Warrantum re spondeat alteri Catallum suum, et forisfacturum habeat qui habere debet, et si testimonium habeat ut jam diximus advocet tribus vicibus, et vice quarta disrationet, aut rem reddat." , In the county of. Kent two Markets are men tioned in the Survey, one at Favreshaunt, which yielded four pounds ;" 2S the other at Newedene, which yielded thirty-nine shillings and seven- pence.3 In Hampshire three Markets occur ; one at Neteham yielding eight pounds,4 one at Basingestoche, of thirty shillings,5 and at Tice- felle, "Mercatii 7 theloneu.^ xl.: solid."6 In Berkshire, we have one t at Wallingford, and another newly established at Cocheham. . " De nouo mercato qd ibi. e modo i xx. sol."7 Under Bertune it is said " x. ; mercatores ante porta. 1 Wilk. p. 58. LL. JEthelst. 12. 2 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 2 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 4. 4 Ibid. fol. 38. s Ibid, fol 39. 5 Ibid. 7 ibid. fol. 56 b. 250 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal asccte manentes redd xl. den." l In Wiltshire Matters noticed __ , . , .. ,n n , .... in this Record, a Market yielding forty-five shillings occurs at § 4. Territorial Bradeford.2 In Somersetshire no less than seven ^tmnclZT1 Markets are mentioned, one at Frome yielding forty-six shillings, one at Mileburne not sepa rately valued, a third at Givelcestre, producing with its appendages eleven pounds, one at Cruche producing four pounds,3 one at Milver- tone yielding ten shillings,4 one at Tantone yielding fifty shillings,5 and one at Ileminstre yielding twenty shillings.6 In Devonshire a Market occurs at Ochementone.7 In Cornwall, among the Bishop of Exeter's lands at Matele, it is said, " Foru huj9 Manerii ht com Moritoii qd" eps habeb T. R. E." 8 There was a Market at St. Germains, held on Sundays, but it pro duced nothing by reason of its proximity to the Market belonging to the Earl of Moretaine.9 Launceston had a Market, it is said, in the time of King Edward, which yielded twenty shillings, but it was taken away by the Earl of Moretaine.10 Other Markets occur at Bodmine,11 at Liscarret yielding four shillings,12 and at Tremetone yield ing three shillings.13 This last is noticed with the Earl of Moretaine's Castle at Tremetone. In ' Domesd. tom. i. fol. 58 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 67. 3 Ibid. fol. 86 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 87. 5 Ibid. fol. 87 b. 6 Ibid. fol. 91. 7 Ibid. fol. 105 b. 8 Ibid. fol. 120 b. " Ibid. <° Ibid. " Ibid. '- Ibid. fol. 121 b. J3 Ibid, fol. 122. Jurisdictionsand Franchises. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 251 Oxfordshire, we find a payment of fifty shillings Principal " de Mercato " at Bentone.1 In Gloucestershire, i/th^Record. a Market is noticed at Berchelai, " Ibi uii foru § 4. tw^™* in quo manent xvn. hoes. 7 reddt censu in firma :" another at Teodekesberie, " qd" Regina constituit," yielding eleven shillings ; and a third at Turneberie, now Thornbury.2 In Here fordshire, a Market recently established occurs at Etune.3 In Bedfordshire, the toll of the Market at Lestone produced seven pounds ; that at Loitone a hundred shillings ; 4 a third at Alriceseie produced ten shillings.5 In North amptonshire, under Vndele, we have a payment " de mercato" of twenty shillings.6 A Market also occurs at Hecham of the same value. In Leicestershire, a Market occurs at Medeltone.7 In Staffordshire, at Tutbury.8 In Lincolnshire, a Market occurs at Chirchetone ; 9 another at Ludes yielding twenty-nine shillings ; a Market in Bolinbroc lately established ; 10 one in Spal linge producing forty shillings ; n in Bertone, 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 154 b. a Ibid. fol. 163. 163 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 181 b. * Ibid. fol. 209. 5 Ibid. fol. 212. 6 Ibid. fol. 221. 1 Ibid. fol. 235 b. See Nichols's Hist. Leic. introd. Vol. p. xl. 8 " In Burgo circa Castellum sunt xlii. hoes de Mercato suo tantum viventes. 7 reddt cii foro nn. lib. 7 x. solid." Domesd. tom. i. fol. 248 b. 9 Ibid. fol. 338 b. 10 Ibid. fol. 351. 11 Ibid. fol. 351 b. 252 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal " i. Mercatii 7 passagiu de nn. lib ;" ' and, in Matters noticed -it i mi- ¦> a in this Record. Partene, a Market yielding ten shillings. At § 4. Tentorial Dumham in Norfolk, we have, " dimidium mer- *JST* catum ;" 3 a Market at Coleneia apparently of recent establishment ;4 and at Turchetel " quarta pars unius Mercati." 5 In Suffolk, one at Tornai ; 6 one at Beccles, of which the fourth part was the King's, with all customary pay ments ; 7 the remainder, as appears by another entry, belonged to St. Edmondsbury abbey ; 8 one at Sutberie ; 9 one in Eia, in which twenty- five burgesses were constantly resident ; 10 and one in Carahalla, " de dono regis." " Under Hoxana we have a curious entry, which seems to shew that the Norman tenants in capite had sometimes the power of establishing a Market for their own advantage. "In h. manerio erat unii Mercatii t. r. e. 7 p9q. Wirlmus rex adueh ; 7 sedebat in sabbato, et W. malet fecit suu cas tellu ad eiam 7 eade die qa erat Mercatii in manerio epi. W. malet fecit aliii Mercatii in suo castello et ex hoc ita peioratu e Mercatii epi tf ut paru ualeat. et m° sedet die ueneris. Mercatii aul de heia sedet die sabbati. m° ten Rob de dono regis." 12 The Bishop, to whose fee the 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 354 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 355. 3 Tom.ii. fol. 137. 4 Ibid. fol. 204 b. 6 Ibid. fol. 207 b. 6 Ibid. fol. 281 b. 1 Ibid. fol. 283 b. 8 Ibid. fol. 369 b. 9 Ibid. fol. 286 b. 10 Ibid. fol. 319 b. 11 Ibid. fol. 330 b. 12 Ibid. fol. 379. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 253 Market had belonged, was Ailmarus bishop of Principal rr-,, n ^ tt i c-ii -, • • i Matters noticed Thetford. Under Clara, it is said, "semper unii in this Record. mercatii :" 1 and under ; Haverhella we have a § 4. TeTritoriai Market, the only one in the second volume of Ju^ZeTd which the value is recorded,, yielding thirteen ¦ shillings and four-pence.2 The Market . of St. Germains in Cornwall is expressly said. to have been held "in die Do minico," on Sunday. This was forbidden by the • Laws of the : Northumbrian Priests, about the year 950 : " Diei solis mercaturam pro- hibemus ubique, et omnem populi conventum, et omne opus, et quamlibet peregrinationem, tam in curribus quam in equis cum oneribus :" 3 Again in the Liber Constitutionum of King jEthelred, and in the Laws of Canute.4 Matthew Paris, however, informs us, under the year 1200, that Fairs and Markets -were constantly so held in England from a remote period. He is speak ing of Eustace abbot of Flai, who came into England in the time of King John. " Nundinas vero et Mercata Dominicae diei adeo interdixit j quod omnia fere, quae diebus Dominicis per 1 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 389 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 428. 3 Wilk. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 101. 4 Ibid, pp.114. 130. In the " Capitul. Karoli et Ludovici Impp." Lib. i. tit. 145. the Sunday Market is also forbidden : " Ut Mercatus die dominico in nullo loco habeatur." See also Lib. ii. tit. 7. Codex LL. antiq. ex bibl. Lindenbrogii. fol. Francof. 1613. pp. 852. 860. Jurisdictions and Franchises. 254 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Angliam fieri consueverant, constituerentur in Matters noticed „ . in this Record, una hebdomadae sequentium feriarum: sicque § 4. Territorial Dominicis diebus fidelis populus divinis solum- modo vacans obsequiis, omne opus servile penitus abdicavit. Veruntamen, tempore pro- cedente, plerique ut canes ad vomitum, sunt reversi." 1 The Statute of the 27th of King Henry the Sixth intended to have abolished the custom entirely : but it continued in use in Wales and its Marches even in the time of Queen Elizabeth.2 1 Mat. Par. Hist. Major, ed. fol. Lond. 1684. p. 169. 2 Among the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum, Num. 79. art. 72. is a Petition from the Preacher at Bishop's Castle in Shropshire to Lord Burghley, which establishes the fact of this late con tinuance. u To the right honourable William Baron of Burgh ley, Lorde High Treasorer of England : " Your suppl' Walter Stephens preacher at Bus- shoppes castle in the Countie of Salop. Where contrarie to the expresse word of God and contrarie also to the Lawes of this Realme, the Fayres holden not onlie in the towne of Busshoppes castle, but also for the moste parte in all other townes in Wales and the Marches thereof happening upon the Sundaie and Saboath daie are holden upon the same Sundaie and Saboath daie on which they fall, to the high displeasure of Almightie God. And where in all the chief citties and townes of this Realme, and in all East, West, and South parts of the Realme, and in many other civill and well ordred places, the same great abuse is reformed, and remaineth unreformed chieflie in Wales and the Marches thereof, which GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 255 On the subject of holding Markets in forti- Principal c , , i . , r. , , . i,. Matters noticed fied places, we read the following in what is in this Record. called, " Carta Regis Willielmi Conquisitoris de § 4. 'rrTtoriai quibusdam Statutis." " Item nullum mercatum J"^^sanrf vel forum sit, nee fieri permittatur, nisi in civi- tatibus regni nostri, et in burgis, et muro vallatis, et in castellis, et in locis tutissimis, ubi con suetudines regni nostri, et jus nostrum commune, et dignitates coronae nostrae, quae constitiitae sunt a bonis praedecessoribus nostris deperiri non possint, nee defraudari, nee violari, sed omnia rite et in aperto, et per judicium et justitiam fieri debent. Et ideo castella, et burgi, et civitates sitae sunt et fundatae et aedificatae, scilicet, ad tuitionem gentium et populorum regni, et ad defensionem regni, et ideirco obser- causeth (no doubte) God's heavie hand over them. Your humble suppf meaneth by your Lordship's favour to exhibite a Peticion unto your Lordship and the rest of the Lords of her Ma'iea most honourable previe Councell for reformacion therein to be had : wherein he most humbliebesecheth your moste honourable Lordship, being one of the chief patrons of true religion, that it would please the same in this so charitable and good a service to give your Lordship's speciall assistaunce and counte nance a worke (no doubte) most acceptable unto Almightie God." This Petition is indorsed with the date of 24 Oct. 1595. Above it in Lord Burghley's own hand is, " Lett this sute be moved to the Counsell, and I will further it. W. Burghley." 256 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal vari debent cum omni libertate, et integri- Matters noticed in this Record, tate, et ratione. § 4. Territorial Feria, a fair, occurs once only, in the serond urFrancWZeT Volume of the Survey, at Aspella, a manor belonging to Ranulph Peverell : "In ead teia pars aeccfiae. & fcia pars feriae." 2 ¦ \ « De Thol. " Thol (quod nos dicimus TholoneumJ est, scilicet i quod habeat libertatem vendendi et emendi in terra sua."3 Tol, Thol, or Theloneum, in the language of. the Domesday Survey, was riot merely the liberty of. buying and selling, pr keeping a market;; it also signified the customary dues or rents paid to the Lord of a Manor for his profits of the Fair or Market,4 as well as a tribute or custom for passage.5 In the very first page of the Survey, the burgesses 1 Wilkins, Leg. Anglo-Sax. p. 229. LL. W. Conq. 61. a Domesd. tom.ii. fol. 418. 3 Wilkins, Leg. Anglo-Sax. p. 202. LL. Edw. Conf. 24. 4, Kennett, Gloss. Par. Antiq. Edmund Earl of Corn wall granted to the Rector and Bonhommes of Asherugee and their Tenants " ut in omnibus burgis et villatis nostris et etiam in singulis nundinis et mercatis nostris libere valeant emere et vendere omnes mercandisas absque ullo theloneo sen stallagio." 5 See Bracton. lib.ii. cap. 24. § 3. So MS. Cotton. Galba E. iv. " Toln. Quite de ton doner." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 257 of Dover are represented in the time of King Principal Edward to have been free of toll through i/thkitecord. England. " Quicunq manens in villa assiduus. §4. Tectorial reddebat regi cosuetudine^ quietus erat de Ju^£Z°fd theloneo p tota, Anglia." Under Cedeorde in — Gloucestershire, Wlward9, who held it in the same reign, is said to have received, " Theloneu sal qd veniebat ad aula."1 At Lestone in Bedford shire, we have, " Theloneu de Mercato redd. vn. lib." 2 Under Northwich in Cheshire, it is said, " Quisq's ex alia scira carru adducebat cii. n. bob3 aut cii plurib} dabat de theloneo. mi. denaf." 3 Among the Clamores in Lincoln shire, several cases occur of the exaction of Tolls unknown in the time of King Edward. Among those of the North Riding of the County, we read, " In Bertune 7 in Ferebi accipiunt hoes Gislebti de Gand Theloneu aliud qua accepunt T. R. E. de pane. piscib3. coriis. 7 aliis reb3 plurimis. unde nunq datu fuit. In Castre faciunt simitr hoes regis." 4 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 164. 2 Ibid. fol. 209. 3 Ibid. fol. 268. 4 Ibid. fol. 375 b. 258 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Skct. 5.— TENURES and SERVICES. 1. Instances and Peculiarities. Tenure in frankalmoigne frequently occurs. MauerslotLed This is the tenure by which the antient Monas- in this Record, teries and Religious Houses held the larger %s.Tenures and portion of their lands. The high and exalted Services. x . ° nature of the Service which they rendered, discharged them from all secular burthens but that of the trinoda necessitas, of repairing the bridges, building castles, and repelling invasions. They prayed for the soul of the donor and his heirs. Among the possessions of the Church of Saint Martin Canterbury, we read, " Terra Nordeuuode 7 tra Ripe. 7 tra Brandet reddt xx. sol. 7 vi. den ad S. Martin in elemosina." ' Under " Terra iEcclae S. Augustini" it is said, " Juxta ciuitate Cantuaf ht S. Aug9tin9 mi. acas fre qas ten. nn. Moniales in elemosina de abbe."2 In Sussex we find several clerici holding single hides of land " in elemosina." 3 The abbey of Almanesches held Clepinges, in that county, of Earl Roger by the same tenure.4 The abbey of Troard, also, held Rochintone of the same Earl in alms.5 In Berkshire, the 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 2. a Ibid. fol. 12. 3 Ibid. fol. 22. ' Ibid. fol. 25. 5 Ibid. fol. 25 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 259 Bishop of Durham held Waltham of the King Principal in alms ; Vluuinus the Canon had before held in this Record. it of Harold.1 Under " Terra Walterii filii §s.zwesonj Ponz," in the same county, at Etone, we read, Smices' " De isto 53. in. hid ded Ponz S. Petro de " Westmonast pro anima sua."2 Of a hide of land at Horcerd in Dorsetshire, it is said, " Hanc hida ded Hugo » anima sua aecclae de Crene- burne." 3 In Somersetshire, we read, " Goduin9 ten dimid hid in (33 qd uocat ^ Ragiol. de rege in elemosina. Valet m. sol." " Eddida monialis ten in elemosina de rege. xn. acas rrae. ibi lit qat xx. acas siluae 7 pasturae. Val v. solid. Duae nonnaeten derege in elemosina 11. v rrae 7 dimid: in Honecote." 4 In Hertfordshire, at Deneslai, we find, " 1. francigena elemosinari9 regis."8 In Wales it is said, immediately after the entry relating to the city of Gloucester, " in Elemosina regis e una uilla quae jj anima ej9 redd aecclae ad fest S. Martini. 11. pore. 7 c. panes cu ceruisia." c In Gloucestershire, it is said, " Eccla de Cire- cestre ten de rege. n. hid in elemosina. 7 de rege. E. tenuit q^tas ab oifii csuetudine." 7 Under Alac and Lene in Herefordshire, " Horum nor 33. aecctas 7 pbros 7 decimas. 7 duos uilios. ten S. Maria de Cormeliis in elemosina de 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 58. * Ibid. fol. 61. 3 Ibid' &•• 8*. * Ibid. fol. 91 b. s Ibid. fol. 132 b. 8 Ibid. fol. 162. 7 Ibid. fol. 166 b. s 2 260 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal rege." ' Under Toruei in Bedfordshire we find Matters noticed ° in this Record. Aluuinus, a priest, holding the third part of §5.Tenuresand half a hide. It is added, " Rex u°. W. sibi postea in elemosina ccessit. unde b anima regis 7 reginae omi edda. n. feria missa psoluit." 2 In Essex, under Estinfort, we read, (C Ad EccTiam huj9 manerii jacent xxx. ac qas vicini dedef in elemosina." 3 In Norfolk, " in Heuincham. i. lib ho pr. xl. ac rrae in elemosina & cantat unaqaq ebdomada tres missas." 4 Again in Wit- tuna, " i. pr xxx. ac in elemosina semp. ix. soe. de xn. ac trae. semp. n. car. 7 11. ac pati. Ex hoc cantat. in. missas n rege & regina. 7 tnc redd. 11. sol. 7 totii ht." 5 Under Bertuna in Suffolk, we read, " Eccfiae huj9 uillae l. ac de liba tfa ptih b elemosina."6 At Saint Edmunds- bury, the abbat had " xliii. Elemosinarii. q'sq ht. 1. bord." 7 The Services performed by the Towns and Burghs have been noticed under a separate head. Firma unius Noctis, one night's entertainment, is a Service which frequently occurs, usually as having been rendered in the time of Edward the Confessor. As at Borne and Beddingham in Sussex : 8 at Cavna, Bedvinde, Amblesberie, Guerminstre, Chepeham, and Theodulveside in Wiltshire : 9 at Warham, Bridetone, Bere, Win- 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 179 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 218 b. 3 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 24 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 133. 5 Ibid. fol. 133 b. 6 Ibid. fol. 361 b. 7 Ibid. fol. 372. 8 Ibid. tom. i. fol. 20 b. » Ibid. fol. 6*4 b. 65. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 261 borne, Pinpre, and Winfrode in Dorsetshire : ! Principal - Matters noticed at Summertone, Cedre, JNordperet, Sudperet, in this Record. Churi, Willetone, Candetone, and Carentone in §5.2^^*™* Somersetshire :2 and at Betune and Wesberie in Gloucestershire.8 Under Wititone in Shropshire we find this Service referred back at least as far as the time of Ethelred. " Tepore Adelredi patris E. regis 1 reddb h tria CD dimid firma noctis."4 At Lintune in Herefordshire " quarta pars firmae unius noctis " occurs.6 At Neuport in Essex, " firma de duabus noctibus." 6 The county of Oxford rendered the entertainment of three nights, or one hundred and fifty pounds.7 In Hampshire, it is said, •' H. tria CD. Basinge- stoc. Clere. Esseborne. reddunt Firmam unius diei." 8 Under Saham, Fordham, and several other manors on the King's demesnes in Cam bridgeshire, we find the entertainment of three Days noticed, " inter mel, frumentum, et bra- sium 5" 9 a service which, in the Conqueror's time, appears to have been uniformly com muted in each for the payment of thirteen pounds eight shillings and four-pence " de albis nummis." In the account of Lanpiran in Cornwall we read, " De hoc maner ablatae st iik. rrae q 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 75. 8 Ibid. fol. 86. 86 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 162 b. 163. 4 Ibid. fol. 253 b. b Ibid. fol. 179 b. 6 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 7. 7 Ibid. tom. i. fol. 159. 8 Ibid. fol. 39. 9 Ibid. fol. 189 b. s 3 262 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal reddeb canonicis TS. Pierani] T. R. E. forma Matters noticed ~ in this Record. im°T. Septimanarum. 7 decano xx. solid p csue- \S.Tenuresand tudine." i The Castle of Arundel yielded in the time of Edward the Confessor " de iiP*. Conuiuiis xx. solid."2 Under Newetone in Surry it is said, " De CD de Mildentone reddit J in Neuuetone una csue- tudo id est xxnn. pensa? Caseofy." 3 The " Con- suetudo Caseoa " occurs again in Berkshire.4 At Chintenham in Gloucestershire a render was made, in the time of Edward, of three thou sand cakes of dog-bread : " ter mille panes canibus." For this at the time of the Survey sixteen shillings were paid in Money.5 From the county of Warwick, in the time of the Con queror, twenty-three pounds were paid " p csuetudine Canum."6 Of the manor of Cumbe in Kent, it is said, " T.R.E. ualeb. lx. sol. 7 post l. sol. Modo mi. lib. & seruitium uni9 militis." 7 The same Service occurs in Surrey.8 This must have been by finding a man for the wars. In Cornwall, " De iEccla S. Germani ablata e 1. hida trae q reddeb p csuetudih una Cupa Ceruisia?. 7 xxx. denaf." 9 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 121. 2 Ibid. fol. 23. 3 Ibid. fol. 14 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 59 b. s Ibid. fol. 162 b. 6 Ibid. fol. 238. 7 Ibid. fol. 10 b. 8 Ibid. fol. 32. 9 Ibid. fol. 120 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 263 The Royal demesne of Portland in North- Principal amptonshire, in the time of Edward, beside in this Record. forty-eight shillings rent, paid ten shillings "pro §s.2w7«; • , t Matters noticed qui minus habuerit, et minus potens fuerit, duae in this Record. librae." The Word Heriot, or JOejie-geat, im- ^s.^enTTesand plies the habiliments of war. These, it should seem, were delivered up to the sovereign on the death of the vassal, who could no longer use them, to be put into other hands for the service and defence of the country.1 The Heriot of the Lagemen at Cambridge has been already noticed in a former page.2 Upon the plan of the Danish Heriot, William the Conqueror fashioned his law of Reliefs. 22. " De Relevio Comitis. De Relevio Comitis, quod ad Regem pertinet vm. Equi ephippiati et fraenis ornati, et Loricae n, et iv. Galeae, et iv. Scuta, et iv. Hastae, et iv. Enses, alii caeteri iv. Veredi, et Palfredi cum fraenis et capistris." 23. " De Relevio Baronis. De Relevio Baronis iv. Equi cum sellis et fraenis ornati, et Loricae ii. et n. Galeae, et Scuta n. et n. Hastae, et n. Enses ; et alii caeteri n. unus Veredus et unus Palfridus cum fraeno et capistro." 24>. " De Vavasoris Relevio. De Relevio Vavasoris ad legitimum suum Dominum. Quietus esse debet per vEquum patris sui talem qualem habuerit tempore mortis suae, et per Loricam suam, et per Galeam suam, et per Scutum suum, et per Has- tam suam, et per Ensem suum, et si adeo fuerit inermis ut nee Equum habuerit nee Arma, per 1 Blackst. Comment, edit. Oxf. 1760. tom.ii. p. 423. "- See p. 197. 270 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal centum solidos." 29. " De Servorum Relevio. Matters noticed in this Record. De Relevio Villani. Melius animal quod habuerit §5.Ten~uresand id (sive Equus sit, sive Bos, sive Vacca) donabit Sermces- Domino suo pro Relevio, et postea sint omnes Villani in franco plegio." 40. « De Relevio eorum qui clientes censum pendunt. Eorum qui fundum suum tenent ad censum, sit rectum Relevium tantum quantum census annuus est." The Relief was, in fact, a fine paid to the King by all who came to the inheritance of lands held in capite or military service, to relieve, or as it were to redeem their estate and obtain possession of it.1 It consisted at first, as we see by the Conqueror's Laws, in horses and arms, till, by the Ordinance called the Assize of Arms, in the 27th year of Henry the Second, every man's armour was directed to be preserved for his heir, and the Relief became payable in money; the fixed rates of which were after wards determined by Magna Charta.2 Such was the difference between the Heriot and the Relief in their origin. " But," says Sir Henry Spelman, " there is great difference between Heriots and Reliefs ; for Heriots were Militia? apparatus which the word signifieth, 1 Kennett, Par. Antiq. Gloss. 8 Ibid. The Reliefs were originally paid in money even in Normandy : as we learn from " La Co.ustume reformee du Pays et Duche de Normandie, anciens Ressorts, et enclaves d'iceluy." 4° Rouen. 1612. pp. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. See also Wright on the Law of Tenures, p. 100. Services. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 271 and devised to keep the conq uered nation in sub- Principal . - Matters noticed jeetion, and to support the public strength and in this Record. military furniture of the Kingdom : the Reliefs §s.Tenuresand for the private commodity of the Lord, that he might not have inutilem proprietatem in the Seignory. The Heriots were therefore paid in habiliments of war; the Reliefs, usually in money : the Heriot for the tenant that died, and out of his goods ; the Relief for the tenant that succeeded, and out of his purse : the Heriot, whether the son or heir enjoyed the land or not ; the Relief by none but him only that obtained the land in succession." " I stand the longer," adds Sir Henry Spelman, " herein, for that not only the Report, but even Doomsday itself, and generally all the ancient monkish Writers1 have confounded Heriots and Reliefs." In the account of Kent in the very first page of the Survey, in what relates to the Customs of Boruuar Lest, Estrelest, Linuuartlest, and Wi- uuartlest, it is said, " Quando moritr Alodiarius it rex inde habet releuatione rrae. excepta tra S. 1 Bromton, in what may be termed a perpetual Com mentary on the Laws of Canute, rather than a transcript of the Code, represents the Heriot and the Relevatio as the same. " Si quis ex hac vita decedat sine distributione rerum suarum, vel per incustodiam, vel per mortem improvisam, non usurpet sibi dominus ejus de peeunia sua, nisi quantum ad justam Relevationem pertinet quas Anglice vocatur Hereget." The Monkish historians were at a loss for a Latin term to express the Heriot, and they adopted Relevatio. 272 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Trinitatis. 7 S. Augustini. 7 S. Martini. 7 ex- in this Record, ceptis his. Godrie de Burnes. 7 Godrie Carle- §5.r^sa«d sone. 7 Alnod cilt. 7 Esber biga. 7 Siret de Senkes- Cilleha. 7 Turgis. 7 Norman. 7 Azor. Sup istos ht rex forisfactura. de capitib3 eo£ tantu m°. 7 de terris eo£ ht releuamen. qui hht sua saca, 7 soca." Which shews that Reliefs were not confined only to the King as prime Lord. In the account of Kingston in Surrey, we read : " De uirlis huj9 uillae habuit 7 lit Hufrid9 camerarius unu uillah in custodia causa codunandi lana. reginae. De ipso etia accep xx. sol in releuafh cu pat ej9 fuit mort." 1 In the account of Berkshire, it is said, " Tainus vel miles regis dhic9 moriens 1! b releuamento dimitteb regi omia arma sua. 7 equu 1. cii sella, aliii sine sella. Qd si. eent ei canes 1 accipitres r' psenta- bant regi ut si uellet accipet."2 In Notting hamshire and Derbyshire : " Tain9 hns plusqua. vi. maneria. non dat trae releuatione nisi regi tantu. vm. lib. Si ht. vi. tantu uel min9 it uice comiti dat releuatione. in. Markas argenti. ubicunq, maneat in Burgo uel extra."3 So, again, in Yorkshire: " Releuatione traru dant solum0 regi. illi taini qui plusq,. vi. maneria habuerint. Releu. e. vm. lib. Si u°. vi. tant man. uel min9 habuerit r1 uicecomiti jj releuat dat. 111. mark argenti. Burgenses aut Eborace ciuit. h dant releuatione." 4 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 30 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 56 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 280 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 298 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 273 Sect. 6.— CRIMINAL and CIVIL JURISDICTIONS. 1. Their Denominations. Saca, Soca, Theim. These terms are thus explained in the laws Principal of Edward the Confessor. " 22. De Sacha — ^thisRecord? Sacha est, quod si quilibet aliquem nominatim § 67criminai de aliquo calumniatus fuerit, et ille negaverit, andcwu ¦*¦ ° Jurisdictions. forisfactura probationis vel negationis (si evenerit) sua erit. 23. De Soca — Soca est, quod si aliquis quaerit aliquid in terra sua, etiam furtum, sua est justitia si inventum fuerit, an non. 25. De Theam — Theam, quod si quispiam aliquid inter- ciet1 super aliquem, & interciatus non poterit warrantum suum habere, erit forisfactura sua, et justitia similiter de calumniatore, si defecerit." Infangthefe follows : after which it is said, " Illi vero qui non habent has consuetudines coram justitia regia rectum faciant in Hundredis, vel in Wapentachiis, vel in Scyris." 2 Saca was the power and privilege of hearing and determining causes and disputes, levying forfeitures and fines, executing laws, and administering justice within a certain precinct. Soca was the territory or precinct in which 1 sc. penes alium deprehendat. 3 Wilkins. LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 202. T 274 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Matters noticed in this Record. § 6. Criminal and Civil Jurisdictions. the Saca and other privileges were exercised. Soca, Soke, says Kelham, generally signifies franchise, liberty, or jurisdiction ; sometimes a territory or precinct ; and sometimes a rent paid for using the land, with some privilege or liberty, or for protection of the land.2 Under Somerdebi in Lincolnshire, we read, « H' Soca talis erat. qd nichil reddebat. sed adjuvabat in exercitu regis in tra 7. in mari."3 At Burtone in Lincolnshire is an entry which indicates that an " Aula" or mansion frequently accompanied the Soca." " In Burtone hb Godrie n. car. tre ad gld. Tfa n. car. Soca in Scantune s; tarn fuit ibi aula." Tom. i. fol. 369. In the second volume of the Domesday Survey, 1 Nichols's Hist. Leic Introd. Vol. p. xlvii. Compare also Fleta, lib. i. c. 47. § 6. Wilkins, LL. Anglo-Sax. p. 427. says, " A soca autem hac, sensu quo privilegium, immunitatem, libertatem signat, venit terrarum ilia apud nos possessionis species Sockagium alias Socagium dicta, sumpto hinc nomine, quod terra eo modo possessa (sub certis scilicet et nominatis servitiis in pacto inter Dominum et Vassallum ejus conventu contends) a qui- buscunque aliis oneribus immunis sit et libera." The jurisdiction of the Soca was sometimes divided. Under Hertesmera in Suffolk, Domesd. tom.ii. fol. 437 b. we read, " De hac tra habuit Abbas [S. Edmundi] tres partes socha?. 7. Rex quarta." Of the manor of Wi in Kent belonging to Battle Abbey, it is said, " De. xxii. hund ptifi isti fi5 saca 7 soca. 7 oiria forisfacta quae juste ptin regi." tom. i. fol. 1 1 b. 2 Domesday Book Illustr. p. 330. 3 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 368. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 275 " Soca falde," the privilege of the Lord's fold, occurs in numerous instances : 1 that is, the privilege of the Lord to take the profits of the fold within his manor. Team or Theame says Cowel, from the Saxon Cyraan propagare, to teem or bring forth, signifies a royalty granted by the King's charter 1 Tom. ii. fol. 203 b. " In ead uilla [Halgatuna] xn. hoes. vi. quoru erant in soca falde. j alii. vi. erant libi." Fol. 206. Bertuna. " Huic man semp jacent. vn. libi hoes ad soca de falda." Ibid, in Stou. " Adja cent huic man. v. libi hoes de 6i consuetudiii. 7 ad soca adjacent etia xvn. libi hoes consueti ad falda. & coindati de xxnn. ac." Du Cange says, " Falda denique sumitur pro libertate habendi Faldam, qua? libertas Faldsoca dicitur. Soe enim Saxonibus libertas. Nulli quippe olim licuit vel in terris propriis Faldam erigere, aut gregem alere, nisi domino feodali, seu manerii, hoc ex jure publico gaudenti. Est igitur libertas Faldse, seu Faldagium, praerogativa dominicalis, tenenti plebeio non competens. Atque hac notione passim usurpari videas in veterib. Chartis. Monasticum Anglic, tom. i. p. 340. ' In Snetesham unam carrucatam terra? cum Falda propria.' Tom. ii. p. 209. ' Et quod oves Canonico- rum eant in pastura cum propriis ovibus ejus ubique, & quod sint levantes et cubantes in propria Falda Canoni- corum prasdictorum.' Ibid. 625. { Quadraginta acras terras .... cum libertate habendi Faldam suam.' Tom. i. p. 302. ' Haberet et Faldas, ubi omnes homines villae prseter Seneschaldum, qui propriam Faldam habet, tenentur ponere Oves suas.' " Faldsoca (faldsogne) occurs Monast. Anglic, last ed. tom. iv. p. 206. " Cum libertate faldas," Ibid. tom. vi. p. 419. Faldagium, Ibid. tom. iii. p. 330. 332. tom.iv. p. 17. tom. vi. 419. Compare also Spelman in voce. T 2 Principal Matters noticed in this Record. § 6. Criminal and Civil Jurisdictions. 276 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal to the Lord of a Manor, for the having, re- Matters noticed in this Record, straining, and judging bondmen, neifs, and vil- § 6. criminal lains, with their children, goods, and chattels, in Jurisdictions, his court.1 Tyman, says Cowel, signifies also to 1 Law Interpr. fol. 1727- in v. Spelman, noticing the occurrence of the word in Saxon Charters, and more particularly in those of Edward the Confessor, says, " Ubi Theam significare videtur jurisdictionem cognos- cendi in Curia sua de advocationibus, sive intertiatis ; hoc est, ut Jureconsulti hodie loquuntur, de vocatis ad Warrantiam. Sic enim ibidem sequitur cap. 25. ' Theam est quod si quisquam aliquid intertiet super aliquem, et intertiatus non poterit Warrantum suum habere, erit forisfactura sua, et justitia similiter de calumniatore si defecerit.' De hujusmodi autem advocatione satis fuse disseritur in fcedere Ethelredi regis cum Anlavo, &c. cap. 10. p. 87- quod Be ceamum, i. de Advocatione inscribitur. Unde hoc Saxonice JDpilom rtob f man jxeolbe Spypa tyman. Sed Team tarn in hujusmodi chartis quam in maneriorum consuetudinibus nuperiores etiam intelligunt pro nativis bondos et villanos ipsoque jure habendi eos eorumque propaginem quam sequelam vocant, ubicunque inventi fuerint in Anglia : coercen- dique et judicandi eos infra Curiam suam. Anonymus in MS. ' Them, hoc est (inquit) quod habeatis totam generationem villanorum vestrorum cum eorum sectis et catallis ubicunque fuerint in Anglia ; excepto quod si quis nativus quietus per annum unum et unum diem in aliqua villa privilegiata manserit, ita quod in eorum com- muniam sive gildam, tanquam civis receptus fuerit, eo ipso a villenagio liberatus est. Qui autem jurisdictionem habent hujusmodi, curiam de Theme, i. de nativis, vel servis dicuntur habere, in qua olim licuit inter casteros cognoscere de statu vassalli sui, viz. utruni liber esset, an servus :' dequfi curia sic ex antiqua lege refert Skenasus, GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 277 advocate. In the " Expositio Verborum Angli- Principal , _. . . _, Matters noticed eorum in the Cotton Manuscript Galba E. iv. in this Record. Theu is explained, " Auer serf, ou uyleyn, ou § sTcriminai neyf, et lur issue." Cowel quotes a similar jurisdictions. explanation of old date from the register of the - — priory of Crokesford. " Them. i. e. Quod Prior habet totam generationem Villanorum suorura, cum eorum secta et catallis ubicunque in Anglia in ven ti fuerint." The names of those who had Sac and Soe and Thol and Thaim, in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire, are enumerated at the beginning of the respective Counties.1 ' Quod si quis teneat Curiam de Theme (scil. de libertate ut is exponit) et ilia querela in ilia curia movetur, ad quam Theme vocantur ; non debet ilia curia elongari, sed ibidem determinari ; et omnes Theme ibidem com- pareant.' v. Glanv. 1. v. c. 2. Reg. Ma. lib. ii. cap. 11." Spelm. Glossar. edit. 1687. p. 533. 1 " In Snotingeham scyre & in Derbiscyre. Hie no- tantur qui habuer soca J saca 7 Thol 7 Thaim 7 consuetudine regis 11. denarioz. Archieps Eborac. super maneria sua. 7 Godeua comitissa sup Neuuerca Wapent. 7 Vlf fenisc sup tra sua. Abb. de Burg sup Colingeham. Abb de Bertune. Hugo comes sup Marcheton. Eps de Cestre. Tochi. Suen f. Suaue. Siuuard Barn. Azor f. Saleuse. Vlfric cilt. Elsi Ulinge. Leuuin f. Aluuin. ^ZElueua comitissa. Goda comitissa. Elsi f. Caschin sup Werchessope. Henric de Ferrar sup Ednodestune 7 Dubrige 7 Breilesfordham. Walterus de Aincurt sup Granebi 7 Mortune 7 Pinncsleig. Horum omnium nemo habe potuit ?ciu denaf comitis nisi ejus concessu. 7 hoc X 3 278 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Matters noticed _. 7. . 7 _. in this Record. 2. Delinquencies and Fines. § I'J^P™?1 The Delinquencies more particularly noticed jurisdictions. in the Laws and Customs of the different dis- " tricts, are Adult erium,1 Burgheristh, Forestel, Furtum,2 Gribrige, Hainfare, Handsoca, Homi- cidium, Raptum, Revelach, and the Forisfactura Sanguinis. g_diu uiueret pter Archiepm 7 Vlf fenisc 7 Godeue comitissa." Tom. i. fol. 280 b. 11 Evrvicscire. Hi habuerunt soca 7 saca 7 Tol 7 Thaim. 7 ofns csuetud. Harold9 comes. Merlesuen. VlfFenisc. Turgod lag. Tochi f. Otta. Eduin9 7 Morcar sup tra Ingold tan?. Copsi sup Cucualt tan?. 7 Cnut. Ex his qui forisfecit nemini cmdauit nisi regi 7 com." Ibid. fol. 298 b. " Lincolescire. Hie notantr qui habuef in Lincole- scire saca 7 soca. 7 To! 7 Thiam. Eps Lincolie. Eddid regina. Abb. de Burg. Abb. de Ramesy. Abb. de Croi- land. Haroldus Comes. Morcar Comes. Waltef Comes. Radulfus Comes. Vlffenisc. Merlesuen. Turgot. Tochi f. Outi. Stori. Radulfus stalrel. Siuuard Barn. Harold stalre. Fyach. Rolf f. Sceldeware. Godricus f. Toruort. Achi f. Siuuardi 7 Wilac ff ej9 sup ?ra patris eo&. Leuuine f. Aluuine. Azer f. Sualeuae. Ailric f. Marsete. Outi f. Azer. Adestan f. Godran. Tori f. Rold. Toll f. Alsi. Azer f. Burg. Wluuard UUite. Vlf. Haminc. Bardi. Suan f. Suaue." Ibid. fol. 337. 1 ec De Adulterio u° p totii chent hr. Rex homine. 7 Archieps muliere excepta tra S. Trinitatis, 7 S. Augus tini. 7 S. Martini de quib3 rex nichil ht." Domesd. tom. i. fol. 1. See also fol. 56 b. 2 " Si q's life h5 faceret furtu. xl. sot enidabat." tom. i. fol. 269 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 279 Burgheristh or Burgeret is a word of rare Principal , . , . . Matters noticed occurrence, and is supposed by our antiquaries in this Record. to be the same with Burghbrech or Bojihbjiece, § ^criminal fidejussionis fractio, mentioned in the Saxon j^Sj, Laws.1 Burgherita occurs in a Charter of Edmund I. A.D. 944.2 Forestel, Forstel, or Foristel, is explained in the laws of Henry the First : " Forestel est, si quis ex transverso incurrat, vel in via expectet et assalliat inimicum suum." 3 It was an assault upon the road, or an hindrance of a traveller going upon his lawful business. At Worcester and Shrewsbury it is said, " Forestellum q1 fecerit c. solid, emd." 4 At Chester, on Sun days, and certain of the higher festivals, "Forestel qui facieb^ in. lib. exsoluebat. in aliis aut dieb3 xl. solid." 5 Gribrige was the same with Pads infractio, a violation of the Peace. In the laws of Canute 6 it is called IrjiyJ?bjiyce, and in those of iEthel- red 7 FniJ;bjiec It is also noticed in the Con stitutions Canuti Regis de Foresta,8 and in the 1 Spelm. Gloss, edit. 1687. p. 92. 2 Will. Malmesb. ed. Saville, 1596. lib. ii. cap. 7. fol. 29 b. A Register of Christ Church Canterbury, MS. Cotton. Galba E. iv. fol. 46 b. explains Burgh' breche : " Trespas des burgeys vers sa commune." 3 LL. Hen. I. c. 80. Wilk. p. 272. 1 Domesd. tom. i. foil. 172. 252. 5 Tom. i. fol. 262 b. 6 P. ii. 58. Wilk. p. 142. : 7 Wilk. p. 105. 8 Spelm. Gloss, p. 241. See also Ducange. T 4 280 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. MaMersloticed -Laws or> Henry the First.1 In the very first page in this Record, of Domesday we read " De Gribrige u° siq's §6. criminal ea fecerit 7 calumniat9 in calle aut divadiat9 jurisdictions, fuerit ^ viii lib regi emdabit. Sin aute quiet9 erit erga rege non erga diim cuj9 homo fuerit." The breach of the peace given under the King's hand or by his seal is noticed in several passages of the Domesday Survey to have been punished with greater severity than that preserved by the Sheriff.2 Hainfare, or Heinfare, appears to have been the flight for murder. Among the Consuetu dines Walensium in Arcenefeld, it is said " Si q's occid hoem regis 7 facit. Heinfaram dat regi xx. sol. de solutione hominis. 7 de forisfactura c. sol. Si alicuj9 taini hoem occiderit it dat. x. sol. dho hois mortui." 3 Under Worcester and Shrewsbury we read " Heinfara q1 fecerit:' c. solid." At Chester the mulcts varied in the same manner as for Forstel. Another interpre tation of Hainfare will be found in the next paragraph. Handsoca, or Hamsocna, occurs but once in Domesday.4 It was a breach of the peace in a man's house. The following is the explanation of it in the laws of Henry the First : " Hamsocna 1 MS. Cotton, ut supr. Grithbreche : "Averamendes de pes enfreinte." * Domesd. tom. i. foil. 252. 298 b. 336. 3 Ibid. fol. 179. 4 Tom.i. fol. 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 281 quod domus invasionem Latine sonat, fit pluribus Principal , . . ... . Matters noticed modis, extnnsecus vel et mtrinsecus accidentus. in this Record. Hamsocna est si quis alium in sua vel alterius § 6. criminal domo cum haraido assailiaverit, vel persequatur j^dkains. ut portam, vel domum sagittet, vel lapidet, vel colpum ostensibilem undecunque faciat. Ham socna est vel Hamfare, si quis praemeditate ad domum eat ubi suum hostem esse scit, et ibi invadat." ' Raptum. In what relates to Worcester in the Survey we read : " Raptu q1 fecerit it n sit emendatio alia nisi de corpore iustitia." 2 This is more fully explained by the Laws of William the Conqueror. " Qui prostraverit foeminam ad terram et ei vim inferat, mulcta ejus Domino est x. solidi. Si vero earn compresserit, foris- facit membra." 3 Revelach occurs in the account of Chester only. " Qui Revelach faciebat it xl. solid eifidabatur." Kelham in his Domesday Book illustrated, p. 315. explains Revelach to have been any traitorous act or insurrection : but its real signification was that of robbery or rapine. 1 Wilk. p. 272. " Heinfar prascogitata," occurs under Roelend in Domesd. tom. i. fol. 269. In an " Expositio Verborum Anglicorum," MS. Cotton. Galba E. iv. before quoted, we have, "Hamsocne. Aver amendes de cely q entre aforce altri maison." 2 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 172. 3 LL. Gul. Conq. 19. Wilk. 222. 282 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal See the Laws of Ina, cap. 10. In Canute's Laws ' Matters noticed in this Record, we read " Si quis rapinam (jieapac) commiserit, § 6. criminal reddat et compenset, et sit aastimatione capitis and Civil j. j v> 1 i • ¦ jurisdictions, dignus apud Kegem, vel apud eum qui nnmuni- tatem illius possidet." Forisfactura Sanguinis was bloodshed. In the account of Lewes in Sussex it is said " San- guinem fundens efridat p vn. sot 7 iinor den." 2 Among the Laws of Berkshire in the time of Edward the Confessor " Si q's occidet homine pace regis habente it 7 corp9 suu 7 ofhem sub stantia, forisfacieb erga rege." * The punishment for bloodshed at Chester has been already noticed in p. 202. In the Wiches of Cheshire homicide and theft were punished with death :4 "Excepto homicidio vel furto de quo ad mortem iudicabat it latro" : 5 and among the Customs of the Lands between the Ribble and the Mersey, " Pugna quae post sacramentum factum remanebat," as Kelham translates it, the continuing a fight after the office of the Sacrament began, or more probably 1 P. ii. 60. Wilk. p. 143. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 26, 3 Ibid. tom. i. fol. 56 h. 4 In the Wiches whoever so loaded his Cart that it broke down within the " leuua" of a Wich, paid two shillings to the King's or the Earl's Officer. Whoever broke his horse's back by overloading him within the " leuua" paid two shillings. Whoever [by adulteration] made two semes of Salt of one, forfeited forty shillino-s. 5 Domesd. tom. Lfol. 268. col. 2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 283 after an oath of agreement or truce, is noticed „ p«nciPai ° _ Matters noticed as a crime for which no smaller mulct than forty inth!s Record. shillings was demanded.1 § 6. criminal The payments for Transgressions are Blode- jurisdictions. uuita, Hangewitha, Homicidium, Latrocinium or Latrones, and Legreuuita. Blodewita, from the Saxon blob, blood, and pite, a fine or penalty, was a customary amerce ment paid as a composition for the shedding or drawing of blood.2 See the Laws of Henry the First, chapters 39- 70- 81. See also Du- cange's Glossary in voce. Hangewitha is explained to have been the offence,3 or rather the amercement for the offence, of hanging a thief without judgement or for letting him escape from custody.4 It occurs in Domesday in the account of Chester only. " Hangeuuitha, faciens in ciuitate it x. sol. dab. pposit9 aut regis uel comitis hanc forisfac tura. faciens it xx. solid emdabatur." 5 The Laws of the Conqueror say : " Is qui prehenderit Latronem absque secta et absque clamore, quem 1 Ibid. foil. 269 b. 270. 2 Kennett's Gloss. Par. Antiq. 3 See Kelham, p. 228. 4 See Rastall. Ducange terms it " Mulcta pro Latrone pra?ter juris exigentiam suspenso, vel elapso." In the Register of Christ Church Canterbury, MS. Cotton. Galba E. iv. it is explained by " Quite de laron pendu abatu ou pendu sanz bailif le Roy." * Domesd. tom. i. fol. 262 b. 284 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal dimiserit ei cui damnum fecerit, et venerit post Matters noticed x in thisRecord. ea, Justitiam postulaturus, rationi conveniens est § 6. criminal ut det x. solidos de Hengwite et finem faciat jurisdictions. Justitiaa ad primam Curiam, et si confirmetur in Curia, absque licentia JustitiEe, sit forisfactura de xc. solidis." l Homicidium,2 in a secondary sense, was the mulct or payment for homicide : called by the Safons COanbote. In the " Decreta et Emen- dationes" prefixed to the Conqueror's Laws, the word occurs in this, sense. " Volumus autem et firmiter prgecipimus, ut omnes homines quos nobiscum adduximus, aut post nos venerunt, sint sub protectione et in pace nostra, per universum regnum praedictum. Et si quis de illis occisus fuerit, Dominus ejus habeat intra quinque dies homicidam ejus, si potuerit : sin autem, incipiat persolvere nobis, xlvi. mareas argenti, quamdiu substantia Domini illius per- duraverit, ubi vero substantia Domini defecerit, totus hundredus in quo occisio facta est, com- muniter solvet quod remanet." 3 1 LL. Gul. Conq. 5. Wilk. p. 220. 2 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 61 b. 3 Wilk. p. 217. So in Ducange : "Donatio Al- phonsi VI. pro Monast. S. Facundi, to. iii. Cone. Hisp. p. 284. Homo percussus si ad mortem venerit, et dixerit Clerico, quia ille homo percussit me unde morior, per testimonium Clerici dabit Homicidium. Charta Willielmi Comit- Ceritan. ann. 1071. in Append. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 285 Latrocinium was also sometimes used for the Principal • Matters noticed mulct as well as the crime. Under Broctune in in this Record. Huntingdonshire it is said : " Isti sochi dicunt se § 6. criminal habuisse Legreuuita 7 Blodeuuita 7 Latrociniu' jurisdictions. suu usque ad nnor. defi. 7 post nn. denaf. habeb abb [de Ramesyg] forisfactura Latrocinij." ' In the Laws of the Conqueror we read " Si Latroci nium sit inventum in cujuscunque terra sit et latro simul, Dominus terrae et Uxor ejus habe- bunt medietatem bonorum Latronis, et vindica- tores eorum Catalla si ilia invenerint, et alteram medietatem ; si repertum sit intra Sache et Soche perdat Uxor, et Dominus habebit." 2 Legreuuita, or Lairwita, is explained by Spelman : " Stupri sive concubitus illegitimi mulcta." 3 The forfeiture for Adultery or Fornication. ad Marcum Hispan. col. 1162. Dono praefato Ccenobio omnes apparatus, sive albergas, sive census, sive usaticos, sive Homicidia," &c. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 204. 2 LL. G11I. Conq. c. 31. Wilk. p. 224. 3 Glossar. p. 349. See also the Laws of Hen. I. 24. 81. The Cottonian " Expositio Verborum" before quoted, says, " Lecherwyte. Aver amendes de sengle home et de femme sans engendrure." 286 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Sect. 7.— ECCLESIASTICAL MATTERS. 1. — Places. MatternsCnoriced It has been already mentioned, that the in this Record. preCept which directed the formation of the ^'EMatte^Stical Domesday Survey, laid no injunction on the — - jurors to make a return of Churches. The mention of them, if at all made, was of course, likely to be irregular. So well acquainted with the Domesday Survey as Sir Henry Spelman must have been, it is somewhat singular that he should have advanced, on the authority of Sprott's Chronicle, that at the time of its formation there were found to be no less than forty-five thousand and eleven parish Churches within the Kingdom,1 whereas in truth the whole number actually noticed in the Survey, amounts to a few more than one thousand seven hundred : and it is remarkable, that while two hundred and twenty-two Churches were returned from Lincolnshire, two hundred 1 Spelm. Glossar. edit. 1687. p. 218. Sprott, edit. Hearne, p. 114. speaking of William the Conqueror, says, " Fecit etiam totam Angliam describi quantum terrae quis baronum possedit, et quot feodatos et milites, quot carucatos et villenni, quotque ecclesiarum digni- tates. Et repertum fuit primo de summa Ecclesiarum xlv. M. xi." Sprott lived about 1274. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 287 and forty-three from Norfolk, and three hundred Principal and sixty-four from Suffolk, one only can be in this' Record. found in the return for Cambridgeshire, and none ^.E^asOcai in Lancashire, (between the Ribble and the Matters' Mersey,) Cornwall, or even Middlesex, the seat " of the metropolis. The whole number of Churches recorded in the Survey falls con siderably under what there are grounds for concluding they must have amounted to about or soon after the time of the Conquest. Unexceptionable evidence has been adduced of the existence of one Church in Kent, and of several others in Northamptonshire, which cer tainly are not noticed in the Survey ; 1 and in Oxfordshire no mention whatever is made of the Church of Dorchester, although the seat of a Bishoprick had been removed from it but a short time before the taking of the Survey.2 1 See Denne's Doubts and Conjectures concerning the reason commonly assigned for inserting and omitting the words Ecclesia and Presbyter in Domesday Book. Archaeol. Soe. Antiq. vol. viii. p. 218. 2 See p. 9. Malmesbury, Script, ap. Savile, fol. 165 b. says " Dorecestria est villa in pago Oxfordensi, exilis et infrequens : majestas tamen Ecclesiarum magna, seu veteri opera, seu sedulitate nova." King William the Conqueror, in his first charter to Westminster Abbey granted in 1067, gives, among other lands and possessions, the Church of Blochesham in Oxfordshire, but no such Church occurs in the Domes day Survey of that County. The words of the charter are, " Deinde vero in Oxenfordscire equali ut supra 288 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal The fourfold distinction of Churches, speci- Matters noticed _ . - 1 • i i r> «~< * x-v i rscta 1 in this Record, tied in the third law of Canute, A.D. 1033/ §7.Ec~cleslastkai seems to import that in his time all these sacred Matters. edifices might together amount to a large num ber; and it is manifest that in the reign of Edward the Confessor, there must have been a very great increase of what were strictly denominated Parish Churches, it being asserted libertatis conditione in Blockesham aliam matrem ecclesiam eidem (sc. Ccenobio) subjeci, et terram unius hidae et dimidise ad earn pertinentem, et pratum et domos et capellas omnes et cimiteria ad earn pertinentia, cunc- tasque alias consuetudines, quietas et liberas sicut egomet eas sub mea propria ditione unquam melius vel liberius habueram." Reg. Westm. MS. Cott. Faust. A. in. fol. 40. In the same Chartulary, fol. 59. a Church at A'ete in Hertfordshire is mentioned in a charter from the Conqueror, which is unnoticed in the entry in Domesd. tom.i. fol. 135. Another instance may be quoted from the Register of Battle, MS. Cotton. Domit. A. n. fol. 26. whence it appears that William the Con queror gave a church in Reading to Battle Abbey which is not noticed in the Survey. 1 " Non sunt omnes ecclesiae aequali modo terreno honore dignse, licet eandem habeant ecclesiasticam con- secrationem. Violatio pacis primaries ecclesiae est eadem ac compensatio rerum pro Regis pace, hoc est, quinque libris, secundum Anglorum leges; et in terra Cantii pro violatione pacis v. libris Regi, et iii. archiepiscopo ; et ¦mediocris ecclesiae cxx. solidis, et idem est pro Regis mulcta ; et tunc adhuc minoris, ubi parvum est minis- terium, et ccemeterium tamen, lx. solidis ; et templi campestris, ubi ccemeterium non est, xxx. solidis." Wilk. Concil. Mag. Brit, tom.i. p. 300. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 289 in one of the laws ascribed to that King, that Principal , ., ,, ,. „. _ Matters noticed in many places there were three or four Churches in this Record. where in former times there was but one.1 And &. Ecclesiastical if) as is commonly reported, thirty-six Churches Matters- were destroyed by the Conqueror, in order to enlarge the new forest in Hampshire, this is an argument that they could not be so few as the number entered in Domesday is surmised to imply.2 It has been further remarked, that if it was the landed property of the clergy that was the object principally in view, we need not be surprised that those Churches, and their incumbents, should be omitted, which did not possess any quantity of Glebe ; or if, as a matter of private observation, Churches without any land annexed to them might be often minuted in the Return, others might be frequently left out as being thought of no consequence in the enquiry.3 The circumstance of Presbyteri occurring most frequently in Counties where scarcely any Ecclesia? are noticed, gives strength to the pre sumption that the officers of the Exchequer who ' abridged the inquisitions considered the entry of the one as in most cases implying the exist ence of the other. In Leicestershire, we have an enumeration of Presbyteri at no less than 1 Wilk. Concil. Mag. Brit, tom.i. p. 311. 2 Denne, ut supra. Archaeol. vol. viii. p. 223. 3 Ibid. p. 228. u 290 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal forty-one places. At Medeltone in that county in\heisSRe0cord. two priests are mentioned ; at Wichingeton two, tf.EcdTslastkai a clericus distinct from the presbyter ; and at Matters. Boseworde two, a presbyter and a deacon. Yet the word JEcclesia occurs in the account of the town of Leicester only, where Hugo de Grente- maisnell is said to have had four Churches, and the Bishop of Lincoln two.1 In Norfolk the .^Ecclesiae are numerous, and the Presbyteri few. In short, Domesday Book cannot be decisively appealed to for the non-existence of Parish Churches in the age in which it was compiled. Inasmuch as the enquiries of the King's Com missioners were probably not meant to extend to Churches un-endowed with land, we need not be suprrised to find the Tithes of Churches entered, for the most part, incidentally : and some counties without the slightest mention of them, even where there are Churches, as if the Churches had been entirely supported by volun tary oblations, dues, or masses. No Tithes are 1 Nichols's Hist. Leic. Introd. Vol. p. xl. In Wilt shire, tom. i. fol. 65. we find the Priest several times identified with his Church. As at Bretford, " Huj5 55 secctam ten Osbn9 pbr cu i. hida trse ptin secctae. Vat. xl. sot." At Aldeborne, " Ad secctam huj9 55 ptin. n. hidae. Tfa. n. car. Has ht pbr ej9d aecclae 7 uat. xl. solid." At Melchesham, u Huj9 55 aecctain cii 1. hida ?rae lit Rumold9 pbr. 7 uat. xl. sot." At Combe, " iEcciam huj9 55 cii dimid hida tree ten Leuric pbr. 7 uat. xx. solid." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 291 noticed in Somersetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, Principal Middlesex, Hertfordshire, or Leicestershire. in this Record. At the end of the enumeration of the lands §7. Ecclesiastical of Toui, in Norfolk, Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 265. Matteri- it is said, " Oifis eccle st in ptio c maneriis," although the names pf none are separately entered. Selden, in his " History of Tythes," 4<°. Lond. 16 18. dwells much on the frequent consecration of them, between A.D. 800 and A.D. 1200, to any Church or Monastery at the owner's choice. He says, " Although, out of any continuance alone of voluntary payment, a kind of parochial right were created, yet consecrations of Tithes (not yet established by a civil title) made to the Church of another Parish at the lay owner's choice, were practised and continued in force." ' In the Domesday Survey, he goes on to say, " frequently enough, Churches are mentioned by the Words of ' Ibi iEcclesia 7 Presbyter,' or such like ; and how many Carues or Hides of land, how many villans and other endowments and revenues belong to them, are reckon'd, with their values. But very rarely any Tithes 1 Chap. vi. p. 72. The payment of Tithes generally is several times enjoined in the Saxon Laws : and in the Liber Legum Ecclesiasticarum, printed in Wilkins's Concilia, vol. i. p. 265. there is an express Law, to which the date of 994 is assigned, " Ut sacerdotes' aliorum parochianos ad se non alliciant ob contrahendas decimas." Still the practice which Selden speaks of continued. U 2 292 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal among those Church revenues are there found : Matters noticed . ., „ , , , , . . . , , in this Record, it none at all had been nam d, it might have §7. Ecclesiastical been thought that they had been omitted as a Matters. more sacred profit than was fit to be taxed in such a Description. But some, although very few, occur in it : as under Terra Osberni Epis copi in Boseham in Sussex, you may there find, that Decimam Ecclesia? Clerici tenent, et valet xl s. where the least value of the Manor is made at xl 1. per annum.1 In Hampshire under Terra Osberni Episcopi, you read Ecclesia S. Michaelis de Monte tenet de Rege in Basingestoches Hun dred, unam Ecclesiam cum i. hida et Decimam de Manerio de Basingestoches. Ibi est Presbyter.2 So, in the same Shire under Terra Regis ; Ipse Rex tenet Wallope, he. ibi Ecclesia, cui pertinent una hida et medietas Decima? Manerii et totum Cur set, et de Decima villanorum xlvi. denarii et medietas agrorum. Ibi est Ecclesiola ad quam pertinent vm. acra? de Decima? And in the same Shire also among the Abbot of Lire's possessions, the Tithe of Cladford is reckon'd, as also of Adrintone : and also the Tithes of Stanham :4 and under Terra Canoni- 1 See Domesd. tom. i. fol. 17 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 43. 3 Ibid. fol. 38 b. 4 Among the lands " de vestitu Monachorum Win- ton." at Stanham, we read, " Hui9 55 ascciam ten Richeri9 cleric9 cii. nabz. aliis secctijs juxta hantone quae ad hanc aeccta matre ptin. 7 ibi adjacet. 1. hida tras. 7 onis deciin ej9d uille 7 etia' de t'ra regis. Vat. xx. sot. qd de epo ten. Qd de rege. xx. sot." Tom. i. fol. 41 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 293 eorum de Twinham is found, Ad hanc Ecclesiam Principal pertinet tota Decima de Twinham, et tertia pars in this Record. Decimarum de Holehest ;l and in the Isle of §7. Ecclesiastical Wight there are vi. Churches, belonging to the Matters. Abbey of Lire, Decimas habent de omnibus red- ditibus Regis.2 So, in Bedfordshire, the Church of St. Mary de Cormeliis hath divers Tithes among its revenues.3 But the mention of Tithes where Churches are nevertheless spoken of, is but very seldom through that whole Descrip tion : and indeed in certain Counties, as Somer set, Devon, Cornwall, and some few others, you shall rarely have a Parish Church noted, but in others, very often Churches are, but very few examples of their having Tithes: sometimes also grants of Tithes by lay owners are there mentioned, out of the use of which, it may be well thought that the moieties or third parts of Tithes belonging to this or that Church, had their beginnings." The arbitrary consecrations of Tithes were finally remedied by Pope Innocent the Third, in a decretal Epistle sent to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and dated from the Palace of Lateran, about the year 1200.4 The following are among the principal pas sages in the Domesday Survey, beside those 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 44. 2 Ibid. fol. 52 b. 3 It should be Herefordshire. See pp. 294, 295. 4 Blackst. Comment. 4°. Oxf. 1766. vol. ii. p. 27. Innocent. III. Opera, tom. ii. p. 452. U 3 294 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Mr. Selden quotes, which add strength to his Matters noticed in this Record, observations. In the account ot Bovecome m ^.Ecclesiastical Hampshire, tom. i. fol. 52. it is said " Huj CD Matters. aecclam cu una ^ £rag tefi monachi de Lire. Ad hanc aecclam adjacent xx. masurae bordario^ 7 reddt xiiii. sol. Ofns decimae Bouecome sunt ipsius aecclae." If alienations of Tithes from their respective Parishes had not been occa sionally made, it would have been unnecessary to have noted here that the whole of the Tithes of Bovecome belonged to the Parish Church. By the testimony of the two shires of Notting ham and Derby, " de Stori antecessore Walterii de Aincurt. dicunt quod sine alicuj9 licentia potuit facere sibi aecclam in sua tra 7 in sua soca 7 sua decima mittere q° uelkt."1 Under Colingeburne in Wiltshire we find the Tithe of a ruined Church transferred to the priest of another Parish. " Ad aecclam ptih dimid" Hida. Huj9 aecclae decima teii Girald9 pbr de Wiltone. 7 uai x. solid. iEccla uasta 7 dissipata."2 Among the Clamores in Chetsteven, we read, " Dicunt ptinere ad iEcclam de Grantha, decimas 7 aecctasticas consuetudines de Winebruge Wap 7 de Treos Wap de omib3 socis. 7 inlandis quas rex habet ibi."3 The Churches and Tithes and even the Priests on many pf the King's manors in Herefordshire are stated to have belonged to 1 Domesd. torn. i. fol. 280. 1 Ibid. fol. 65. 3 Ibid. fol. 377. Matters. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 295 St. Mary de Cormelus. Under Stanford in that Principal Matters noticed county the Tithes only are mentioned as belong- in this Record. ing to the Monastery.1 ^.Ecciesiastkai Among the endowed Churches, that of Bose- ham in Sussex was probably one of the richest. In the reign of King Edward it had land be longing to it to the extent of a hundred and twelve hides, which, at the time of the Survey, was reduced to sixty-five hides.2 The gene rality of Church endowments were infinitely smaller. A hide, a half-hide, or, in different degrees, from five to fifty acres, formed the usual extent of what was to support the Church. At Berchingas in Suffolk, a Church occurs en dowed with eighty-three Acres ; 3 at Barsham in Norfolk, with a hundred acres.4 The Church of Wellingovre in Lincolnshire had a hundred and twenty-nine acres of meadow, beside four teen acres of other land.5 The Church of Stan- tone in Shropshire had a hide and a half belong ing to it.6 Throughout Norfolk the value is added to almost every Church, with the quan tity of land, however small, annexed to it. " ^Ecclesia sine terra " occurs a few times in the second volume of the Survey, in the returns i Domesd. torn. i. foil. 179. 180. 184 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 17. The Church of Boseham is repre sented in the Baieux tapestry as a structure of consider able consequence. 3 Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 382 b. 4 Ibid. fol. 168 b. 5 Ibid. tom. i. fol. 337 b. 6 Ibid. fol. 260 b. U 4 296 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY.' Principal from Norfolk and Suffolk. In the Survey for Matters noticed _. „ . , . •. in this Record. Yorkshire, under Esingetun we find the singular §i. Ecclesiastical entry of " MccV a sine p'b'ro."} Under Mortes- Matters. func\e in Hampshire we read " Thomas Archieps ten una aecclam 7 vi. capellas cu om'i c'suetudine uiuop 7 mortuofy."2 At the beginning of the account of Herefordshire it is said, " In Arcene- felde habet Rex tres aecclas. Presbiteri haru a?ccl'arum ferunt legationes regis in Wales 7 quisq eoa cantat pro rege 11. missas una quaq ebdomada. Siquis eo^ moritur ; rex habet de eo xx. sot. p csuetud'."3 Under Hamme in the same county, " Ad hoc CD ptih una aeccia uocaf Ladgvern. 7 ibi sunt in. car sed non geld' fra huj9 a?ccVa?. Pbr redd 11. sot inde."4 In the account of Hertford we find one layman selling Churches to another. " Petrus de ualongies hi 11. a?ccl'as cu una domo. quas emit de Vluui de Hatfelde redd' om's c'suetudines. Ipse Vluui 7 dare eas 7 uende poterat."5 Under Celsea in Berkshire, the Dues of the 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 305. 2 Ibid. fol. 42. 3 Ibid. fol. 179. * Ibid. fol. 181 b. 5 Ibid. fol. 132. On the estate of Geoffrey de Man- nevile (or Mandeville) at Estralei in Berkshire, tom. i. fol. 62. we find another entry which shows that Churches were frequently in lay hands. " .ZEcciam huj9 55 ten Wibt9 pbr de Goisfrido. cu 1. hida." In the same county, under Waneting, fol. 57- it is said, " In hoc 55. tenuit Petrus eps 11. partes secctae cum im01'. hid ptinenL Tertia pte pdictas secctae ten Wills diacon9 de rege. cii. 1. hida quae n geld." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 297 Church as well as the Tithes appear to be Principal i i t-.i RS ~ a i i • ITU- Matters noticed valued. " De hoc CD ten Abbatia de Monte in this Record. S. Michaelis de rege una aecclam cu hida. Duo ^.Ecclesiastical etia, pbri in ead uilla ten de rege in decima 7 aeccta qd ual. 1111. lib."1 In " Terra Colebni pbri." in Norfolk, it is said, " Fecit Coleb'nus q'da eccl'am sc'i Nicholai. concessu regis 7 si rex concedit dabit. xx. ac. 7. ideo. cantat. missa una quaq ebdomada. 7 psaltiu p rege. 7 11. sol ual."2 In Suffolk, under Tornai, we have an entry of some cu riosity. " Ecclia tpr. R. E. de. 1. car rrae. libe. sed hugo de monteforti. ht de hac carrucata. xxiii. acr. 7 reuocat ad quanda' capella'. qua'. im.fr 's. lib'i ho'es hugonis c'struxer't in p'pKa. t'ra juxta cimiteriu' matris eccl' a?. 7 fuer't - ma- nentes de parrochia matris eccl'a?. q' n' pot' at cap'e tota' parrochia'. H. mat aeccla medietate sepulture ofhi tepe. 7 quarta parte aliaril elemo sinarii q fiebant. habuit p eptione. & b capella si fuit dedicata ul h. hund nescit. In hac car- rucat ecciae fuef v. bord. 7. 1. uni. sep. 11. car."3 In Stanham, in the same county, we find, " 1. aeccla. xx. ac. q&s ibi deder' ix. lib'r' ho'es p' ani- mafa) suis."4 The Mcclesiola? and Capella? of the Survey appear to have been sometimes subordinate to 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 57. 2 Ibid, tom.ii. fol. 263b. 3 Ibid. fol. 28 lb. 4 Ibid. fol. 438. 298 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal the Ecclesia?, and sometimes separately endowed. inthkReco'rd. At Cebeham, in Surry, it is said, " Ibi aeccla %7.Ecc~kslastkai 7 alia capella." l In Suffolk, under Wisseta a Matters. Capella is mentioned as subordinate to the Church.2 In Norwich it is said, " In burgo tenent burgenses xliii. Capellas." 8 After the mention of the Church of Tarentefort in Kent, it is said, « extra hanc sunt adhuc ibi. in. aecclesiolae." 4 At Postinges in Kent, " n. aeccle- siolae" occur without any notice of a Church.* The -ZEcclesiola at Wallope in Hampshire, men tioned in a former page,6 appears to have been independent of the mother Church. Beneficium, as applied to a Church, is a term but once used in Domesday.7 It may be worth remarking, that while many of our antiquaries suppose that the Churches of the Anglo-Saxons, more particularly in the earlier periods, were built of wood, one instance only of a Church so constructed occurs in Domesday, at Begeland in Yorkshire, " Ibi pbr 7 eccla lignea." 8 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 32 b. 2 Ibid, tom.ii. fol. 293 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 117. * Tom. i. fol. 2 b. * Ibid. fol. 13. 6 See p. 292. 7 Tom.i. fol. 158. " pro. i. manerio ten cum beneficio S. Petri." This was St. Peter in the East, at Oxford. 8 Ibid. fol. 320 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 299 Principal 2. PerSOnS, Matters noticed in this Record. Presbyteri occur in several of the counties %i.Eccleslastkai as holding lands like ordinary tenants. In Matters- Leicestershire, under the title of " Elemosinae Regis," we find four priests and a female holding separate parcels of land in capite.1 In Dorsetshire, at Hinetone, it is said, " De hac ead tra tenuit q'da pbr. i. hida, in tainlande (that is, in hereditary succession) 7 poterat cu ea ire q° uoleb. Modo e in dnio regis. De ipsa ead rra ten alius pbr manens in Tarente. una hid: 7 rcia parte. 1. hidae. 7 ibi ht. in. uitlos. 7 nn. bord. cu. 1. car. 7 1. ac pati." 2 In many of the counties, more especially in Herefordshire, Leicestershire, and Warwickshire, Presbyteri frequently occur classed with the villani, rad- manni, and bordarii upon the lord's demesne. As on Earl Aubrey's demesne at Cliptone in Warwickshire, " In dnio, sunt, n . car. 7 xn. uifti cu pbro. 7 xx. bord." 3 So again, more than once, on the lands of the Earl of Mellent. In the account of Worcestershire, at Nadford, among the lands belonging to the abbey of Westminster, we read, " Ibi. e pbr. sine car sine peeunia." 4 In Essex, under Bracteda, we read, " Tc. in. bor. m°. vin. 7 1. pbr." Kelham gives Rector as one interpretation of 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 231. a Ibid. fol. 76. 3 Ibid. fol. 239 b. * Ibid. fol. 175. 300 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Presbyter.1 In tom. i. fol. 141 b. " Turbt pbr Matters noticed _, _ . * s\m t. in this Record. Stigandi arch, occurs, lorn. 1. fol. 151. 210 b. p.EcdTslstkai " Wlmar9 pbr R. E." Ibid. fol. 208. " Vitalis Matlers- 7 Bernardus pbri R. E." and, tom. ii. fol. 343. " Goduuin9 pfb. ho Heroldi." " Pbr qui aecclae seruit" occurs, tom. i. fol. 373 b. The Capellani were frequently domestic priests, as Capellanus R.E. ; Capellani Comitis Rogerii; Capellanus Episcopi de Hereford ; Capellani Radulfi Comitis. The Clerici appear to have been in some instances the same with the Capellani. At Bosegrave, in Sussex, tom. i. fol. 25 b. " Clerici iEcclae" occur, and at Elintone in Devonshire, tom.i. fol. 100 b. " Clerici uillae." AtTaceham in Berkshire, tom. i. fol. 56 b. we read, " iEcclam huj9 05 ten. n° clerici. cu in. hid." In tom. i. fol. 16 b. Presbyteri and Clerici are used synoni- mously. Sacerdos occurs twice in the second Volume of the Survey. At Westberie in Wiltshire, tom. i. fol. 65. we read " iEccla valet l. solid, quidam Clericolus tenet." 3. Church Dues. Circet. Circesset, or Circieti, (pronounced Kirkesset and Kirket) from the Anglo-Saxon Eyjuc rceat, 1 Illustr. of Domesday Book, p. 300. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 301 was Church-payment or Contribution. The Principal Latin writers, says Bishop Kennett, have com- in this Record. monly called it Primitia? Seminum, because it §7. Ecclesiastical was at first a quantity of Corn paid to the Priest Matters- on St. Martin's day, as the first fruits of Harvest ; enjoined by the Laws of King Ina, cap. iv. and King Canute, cap. x.1 So, in the Survey, in the account of the lands belonging to Pershore Abbey in Worcestershire, we read " Dicit comitat9 qd eccla de psore deb habere Circset de ofhib3 trecentis hid. scilicet de unaqq, hida ubi francus ho manet una summa. annonae in festo S. Martini" : 2 and in the page immediately preceding, " Dicit uicecomitat9 qd de unaquaq hida trae. libera uel uillana. quae ad aecclam de Wircestre ptinet. debet eps habe in die festo S. Martini una suma annonae de meliori quae ibide crescit. Qd si dies ille n reddita annona transient 1! qui retinuit annona reddet 7 undecies psoluet 7 insup forisfactura eps accipiet. quale de sua terra habere debet."3 The payments for it, of course, varied. At Epinges in Sussex we read ,e de Circet xl. denaf." 4 At Esseborne in Hampshire, " Circesset qd appciat 1! xiiii. sol."5 At Wadone in Dorsetshire, " De ea habeb aeccla 1 Gloss. Par. Antiq. in v. See also Wilk. LL. Anglo- Sax, p. 396. 2 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 175 b. A similar entry occurs concerning the Lands of the Church of Worcester, in fol. 174. col. 1. 3 Ibid. fol. ] 74. « Ibid. fol. 29 b. » Ibid. fol. 39. 302 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Abodesbef T. R. E. vi. acas messis 7 in. Circsez Matters noticed ' in this Record, de csuetuct." 1 At Besintone in Oxfordshire, %i. Ecclesiastical " de Circet xi. sol." 2 At Hedintone in the Matters. , . t-t same county, an jip GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 305 the church of the Holy Trinity at Canterbury Principal . . Matters noticed is particularly noticed.1 He is stated to have in this Record. bestowed the manor of Melehou in Bedfordshire, § 8. Historical which at the time of the Survey was held by partkidTr the Bishop of Durham, on Harold's foundation f^ltol man op-jier jobr unu rlea oooe hij* gobpsebeji, &c. De eo qui jilium lustricum vel susceptorem suum occidit. " Si quis alterius filium in baptismate susceptum occidat, vel susceptorem ejus, cognati occisio homicidio aequalis sit: Emendatio crescat juxta asstimationem capitis, similiter ac homicidium quod pro Domino solvendum. Si autem Regis filius lustricus sit, testimationem capitis compenset Regi eodem modo ac cognatis ejus; si autem de paren- tela sit qui eum interfecit, tunc subtrahatur compensatio susceptori eodem modo ac mulcta Domino. Si sit Episcopi filius, dimidium hujus sit mulcta." Wilk. p. 26. Leges Hen. I. c. 79. De liberatione filioli vel matrini. " Qui alterius filiolum vel patrinum occiderit, erga eum, et parentes mortui conjunctim reus sit, et crescat emendatio secundum weram sicut manbota secun dum Dominum. Si filiolus Regis sit, per weram emendetur Regi sicut cognationi." Wilk. p. 271- Com pare Dufresne, Gloss, med. & inf. Latin, v. Filiolus. Anstis in his MS. illustration of his Aspilogia, MS. Hargr. Brit. Mus. 104. p. 323. says " Willielmus filiolus seals a deed to the Abbey of Coggeshall with the impression of a Font, on one side whereof is a King, on the other a Bishop holding a child over the font as baptizing. One may be induced to guess that he was godson to the King, such as I take { Baldwinus filiolus Regis,' mentioned in Domesday, to have been." Other notices of Edward the Confessor's gifts to Monasteries will be found, tom.i. fol. 138 b. ii. foil. 288 b. 360 b. 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 3. x 306 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal at Waltham.1 And, in his sickness, to have Matters noticed . - in this Record, given two hides at Amesbury to the Abbess ot § 8. Historical WiltUn.2 particular Once, in the account of Huntingdonshire, we fn this' Record nave an allusion to Edward the Confessor's resi- dence abroad, before he came to the throne.3 In the account of the lands belonging to the See of Chester, King Edward is said to have given all the land beyond the Dee to Grifin ; but when Grifin forfeited it, it was restored to the See.4 This Grifin was Griffith ap Llewellyn, King of North Wales, whose irruption into Herefordshire with Blein or Blethyn, in 1054, had been before noticed, when the land in Arcenefeld is said to have been wasted.6 Eddid or Editha Regina, the Confessor's Queen, is mentioned tom. i. fol. 153. as bestow ing several parcels of land in dower upon one Alsi, who had married the daughter of Wluuard. One of her gifts was made after King William had obtained the kingdom. A gift of eight 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 210 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 64 b. 3 " De v. hid. de Broctone diit qd tra sochemanorum fuit T. R. E. sed isdem rex dedit terram 7 soca de eis S. Benedicto de Ramesy propter unum servitium quod abb' Aluuinus fecit ei in Saxonia 7 postea semper earn habuit." Aluuinus became abbat of Ramsey at the very beginning of King Edward's reign, A.D. 1043. He was abbat at the time of the Conquest. 4 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 263. 6 Ibid. fol. 181. " Rex Grifin 7 Blein uastauer hanc tra T. R. E. 7 ideo nescitur qualis eo tempore fuerit." Events noticed in this Record. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 307 hides of land by her, at Ferles in Sussex, to the Principal Abbey of Grestein also occurs tom. i. fol. 2\ b. in this" Record. She appears to have held the whole of the § s.nlsloricai possessions, which had belonged to her as Queen, ^tkutr till the time of her death in 1075 j1 when they reverted to the Crown. She is uniformly men tioned in the surveys of the different Counties as Edid, Eddid, Eddida or Eddied Regina.2 Goda, the sister of King Edward the Confessor, more frequently called Goda Comitissa, occurs in various entries. The manor of Lambeth which she held3 was afterwards given by King William Rufus to the Church of St. Andrew at Rochester, " ita libere sicut Comitissa Goda prius habuit." 4 1 See Gibs. Chron. Sax. p. 183. 2 Compare the Index of Landholders T. R. E. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 34. 4 The original Deed, signed with a cross in the body of the instrument by King William Rufus himself, is still preserved among the Charters in the British Museum, L. F. C. vn. i. In a List of benefactions to the Church of Rochester, printed in the Registrum Roffense, p. 119. are parti cularized some ornaments belonging to Countess Goda, which were found at Lambeth, by Ralph, the first keeper of the manor there, and brought by him to Rochester. They are thus described : " Feretrum (a pix) partim de auro, partim de argento; Textus Evangeliorum argento et lapidibus preciosis ornatos ; Scampna ferrea plicantia et argentata ; et pallia quatuor ; et baculos cantoriales ; et cruces argenteas et candelabra de cupro deaurata." X 2 308 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal From a passage in tom. ii. p. 379. a fact appears Matters noticed .... . i i r> i • , in this Record, which is unnoticed by any ot our historians or §8.~Hisloricai topographers ; that the bishoprick of Dunwich, TJtkXr some time in the reign of King Edward the Con- Eventsnotked fessor was fixed at Hoxne, at least within the m this Record. ' manor of Hoxne, probably at Eye. " In h. man. e aeccTia sedes Episcopatus de Sudfolc, t. r. e.'" The site of the Bishoprick appears to have been swallowed by the sea between the time of King Edward the Confessor and the taking of the Survey.2 Among the more eminent persons of the reign of Edward the Confessor, mentioned in different parts of the Survey, we find Siward Earl of Northumberland ; another Siuuard " teinus et cognatus regis Edwardi ;" 3 Godeva the cele brated countess of Mercia ; and Edric the admiral, " rector nauis R. E.," who after Wil liam's arrival is said to have lived an outlaw in Denmark.4 Hereward also is mentioned, the mirror of Knighthood in the Saxon period ;5 1 A Seal of Athelwald bishop of Dunwich, found at Eye, was exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries Jan. 10th, 1822. It is engraved in the Archseologia, vol. xx. p. 479. 9 The inroad is noticed in Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 311b. " Duneuuic ten Edricus de Lesefelde. t. r. e. pro uno manerio et modo ten Robertus Malet. Tunc ii. car. terrae. modo i. Mare abstulit alia." 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 180 b. 4 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 200 5 In the Clamores de Chetsteven, tom. i. fol. 376 b. " Terram Asford in Bercha hund. die. Wapent n GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 309 and "iElueua soror Heraldi," of whom, if we Principal _ . Matters noticed may judge from the minute account given by in this Record. Sir William Dugdale of Earl Godwin's family § 8.H~isloricai in the Baronage, no mention has been made by pZtkuiZ our historians.1 S« The exile of Godwin and Harold is once — alluded to in Herefordshire. Godwin, in an interlineation above his name, is occasionally stiled comes, but more generally liber homo, a title which appears, throughout the Survey, to have been given to the greatest and most powerful Earls of the preceding time : 2 and even to Harold himself. There is a remarkable allusion to Earl God win's stripping the nuns of Berkeley of their possessions, in the account of Gloucestershire; tom. i. fol. 164.3 habuisse Herewardu die qua aufugiit." Ibid. fol. 377. " Terra S. Guthlaci qua tenet Ogerus in Repinghale. dnt fuisse diiica firma monachojp. 7 Vlchel attera cofndasse ea ad firma Hereuuardo. sic int eos conueniret unoq°q) anno sed afcfc resaisiuit ea anteq Hereuuardus de patria fugeret. eo quod conuentione ii tenuisset." Ingulphus, Rerum Anglicarum Script. Vet. ap. Gale, tom. i. pp. 67. 68. 70. dwells minutely on the incidents of his life. 1 Dugd. Bar. vol.i. pp. 14. 15. 2 Seep. 63. 3 " Gueda mater Heraldi comitis tenuit Vdecestre. Goduinus comes emit ab Azor et dedit suae uxori, ut inde viveret donee ad Berchelai maneret. Nolebat enim de ipso manerio aliquid comedere pro destructione abbatia?. Hanc terram tenet Eduuardus in firma de Wiltescire. injuste ut dicit comitatus quia non pertinet X 3 310 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal There is a mention also of Earl Godwin's Matters noticed Tim -n ¦ n a a in this Record, name under the lerra Regis ot Sussex, tom. 1. § 8. ~Hhtoricai fol. 16. which deserves a short comment. The partkukZ- Survey says " Rex Willielmus tenet in dominio ttTZort Boseham. Goduuinus Comes tenuit." Florence of Worcester and the Saxon Chronicle inform us that in 1050 Earl Godwin, when he and his sons were banished the kingdom for rebellion, repaired to Boseham, and getting on board all the treasure which haste and the short time allowed him, took ship, and with three of them, Tosti, Suane and Gyth, sailed into Flanders, where they passed the winter; the other two, Harold and Leofwine, went from Bristol to Ireland.1 It is singular that Earl Godwin should be here named as owning Boseham in the time of Edward the Confessor, he having died in 1053 ; and Harold having subsequently possessed the property during the remainder of the Confessor's reign. " Praedium sui juris" are the words which William of Malmesbury and Matthew of Westminster use when noticing Boseham as Harold's possession. Whilst Harold spent some time here in 1059, one day, going out to sea in a fishing-boat for diversion, he was forced by a sudden storm upon the opposite coast. The ad aliquam firmam. De quo manerio nemo Legatis Regis reddidit rationem, nee aliquis eorum venit ad hanc descriptionem. Hasc terra redd. vn. lib." 1 See Flor. Wigorn, sub an. Gibs. Chron. Sax. p. 1 54. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 311 consequence is related by all our historians : Principal 71 J Matters noticed and the event was such as drew upon himself in this Record. his own destruction, and produced that great § 8. Historical Revolution in the Kingdom called the Conquest, partkuiar Throughout the Domesday Survey Harold is inZfltemrd. constantly spoken of as the usurper of the realm : — " quando regnum invasit." l Once only, at Sudbertune in Hampshire, it is said, " quando regnabat." 2 Of William it is as constantly said " postquam venit in Angliam." Once only does the expression occur, " postquam W. rex con- quisiuit Angliam ;" when he conquered, or ac quired England.3 Haroldus invasit is also the language of the Chartulary of Battle Abbey. " Anno ab Incarnatione Domini M.lxvi. Dux Normannorum nobilissimus Willelmus cum manu valida pugnatorum in Angliam transnavigavit, ut regnum Angliae, sibi a suo consanguineo Rege iEdwardo dimissum, de manu Heraldi, qui illud tirannicafraude invaserat, abstraheret." 4 In a 1 Tom.i. fol. 38. 2 Ibid. J Compare Script. Norm, antiq. a Duchesne, p. 204. 4 MS. Cotton. Domit. A. ir. fol. 21. The words " sibi a suo consanguineo Rege iEdwardo dimissum" in this passage, will perhaps justify the quotation, here, of a passage in another Chartulary, that of Abingdon, MS. Cotton. Claud. C. ix. explaining the relationship of King William the Conqueror to King Edward the Confessor. " Duxit autem rex iEthelredus Norman norum comitis Ricardi filiam in conjugium nomine Emmam, quam Angli Elfgivam Immam cognominarunt, de qua Edwardum et alios liberos genuit, magn« X 4 312 . GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal few instances the names of persons are recorded Matters noticed in this Record. § 8. Historical pietatis hominem. Frater vero ejusdem Regina? Ri- partkidar cardus junior dicebatur, de quo natus est Robertas Events noticed Willelmi pater qui Angliam postea aggressus regnum 111 tlliS JxGCOTCl* •if -i • •J)/*l-i/-»i-» . line sibi usurpavit. tol. 126. Richard D. of Norm. jEthelred : : EMMA == Cnut edw. conf. Hardacnut. Richard junior. Robert WILL. CONQ. King William the Conqueror's first Charter to West minster Abbey, MS. Cott. Faust. A. in. fol. 37 b. begins, " In nomine sanctae et individuae Trinitatis, anno dominicae incarnationis M.lx°.vij°. Ego Willelmus Dei gratia Dux Normannorum, per misericordiam divinam et auxilium beatissimi Apostoli Petri pii fauctoris nostri, favente justo Dei judicio, Angliam veniens, in oregladii regnum adeptus sum, Anglorum devicto Haroldo rege cum suis complicibus, qui michi regnum, providentia Dei destinatum, et beneficio concessionis Domini et cognati mei gloriosi Regis Edwardi concessum, conati sunt auferre. Cum ergo," &c. William Rufus went farther than the Conqueror; in an instrument which will be found in the last edition of Dugdale's Monastieon, vol. iii. p. 377, he speaks of his father's hereditary right. The " tirannica fraus" attributed to Harold in the Chartulary of Battle Abbey, above quoted, as relates to GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 313 who fell either in the battle between Harold Principal Matters noticed in this Record. the Kingdom in general, is ascribed to him in minor matters in the Survey, more especially in regard to his violations of the property of the Church. Domesd. tom. i. fol. 2. Kent. " Alnod per violentiam Heraldi abstulit S. Martino Merclesham et Hauschesten, pro quibus dedit canonicis iniquam commutationem." Tom. i. fol. 21b. Sussex. In Apedroc. te Ibi est una virgata ubi comes [de Moritonio] habet aulam suam. Similiter Heraldus comes habuit. et abstulit S. Johanni." Tom. i. fol. 69. Wilts. Under Alentone. « Hanc terram tenuit Heraldus comes. In eadem villa sunt nn. hidae terrae quas injuste abstrax' Heraldus ab aecclesia Ambresberie testimonio tainorum scirae." Tom. i. fol. 75 b. Dors. " Rex ten. Melcome. Heraldus comes abstulit injuste S. Mariae Sceftesberias." Ibid. 78 b. under Ceseburna. " Istum maner. et Sture abstulerat Heraldus comes S. Mariae T. R. E. sed W. rex earn fecit resaisiri, quia in ipsa aecclesia inventus Brevis cum sigillo R. E. praecipiens ut aecclesia; resti- tuerentur cum Melecome." Ibid. fol. 80. under Elsang- tone. " Elnod tenuit T. R. E. per comiiem Heraldum qui earn abstulit cuidam clerico." Tom.i. fol. 121. Corivw. " Heraldus comes abstulit S. Petroco injuste i. hidam terras pro qua W. rex pre- cepit judicamentum teneri, et Sanctum per justitiam resaisiri." Tom. i. fol. 132. Herts, at Wimundeslai. " Hoc manerium fuit in dominio aecclesiae S. Mariae de Cetriz. sed Heraldus comes abstulit inde, ut tota Syra testatur, et apposuit in Hiz manerio suo, tribus annis ante mortem regis Edwardi." Tom. i. foil. 181 b. 182. 182 b. it is said respectively of each of seven manors belonging to the Church of § 8. Historical and otlier particular Events noticed in this Record. 314 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal and the Norwegians, or in the fatal field of Matters noticed in this Record. H astingS. ' § 8. Historical and other particular Events noticed ia this Record. Hereford. " Hoc Manerium tenuit Heraldus comes injuste:" and of another in fol. 182. " De isto manerio tenuit Heraldus comes injuste i. hidam." 1 Domesd. tom. i. foil. 50. 177. 208 ; tom. ii. foil. 275. 409 b. 449. It is true that the mention of these events is merely casual. In two instances however, among the possessions of Battle Abbey,aand almost throughout the lands of the Earl of Ow in Sussex,b the destruction occasioned by the Conqueror's army on its first arrival is apparent ; more particularly under Witinges, Holin- ton,c Bexelei,d Wilesham, Crohest,e Wiltingham, Wat- lintone,f Nedrefelle/ Brunham,h Haslesse, Wigentone, Wilendone, Salhert, Drisnesel, Gestelinges, ' Luet, Hiham,k and Selescome. The value of each manor is given as it stood in the reign of Edward the Confessor ; afterwards it is said " vastatum euit," and then follows the value at the time of the Survey. The reader who takes the Map of Sussex and proceeds eastward from Pevensey, by Bexhill, Crowherst, Hollington, Guestling, and Icklesham, round by Ledescombe, Wartlington, and Ashburnham, will trace a circuit of country very near the centre of which stands Battle, the spot of the Conqueror's victory. It is remarkable that of the places above enumerated from Domesday, several are mentioned as having been originally the property of Earl Godwin, Harold, or the Countess Goda. Thus far the present Note was formerly printed in the General Introduction to Domesday. The writer ¦ Domesd. tom. i. fol. 17. e Now Hollington. ' Wartlington. 1 Guestling 1> Ibid. foil. 17. 18. &e. d Bexhill. ' Crowherst. ' Netherfield. h Ashburnham. Iham, the site of the present town of Winchilsea. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 315 In the account of Canterbury, tom. i. fol. 2. Principal Matters noticed — — — in this Record. of it has since found that the same discovery, that, in the entries alluded to, the destruction occasioned by the Conqueror's army upon its first arrival in England was apparent, had been made by Mr. Hayley of Bright- ling ; who, living in the immediate neighbourhood, had leisure to compare the entries of Domesday deliberately with the face of the country ; and who among his Manu script Collections toward a History of Sussex has left a Memorandum which it would be injustice to give in any other form than that of transcript. " It is the method of Domesday Book," he observes, " after reciting the particulars relating to each manor, to set down the valuation thereof at three several periods, to wit, the time of King Edward the Confessor, after wards when the new tenant entered upon it, and again at the time when the Survey was made. Now it is to be observed in perusing the account of the Rape of Hastings in that Book, that in several of the manors therein at the second of those periods, it is recorded of them that they were waste,a and from this circumstance I think § 8. Historical and other particular Events notked in this Record. • The following are the entries in the Survey alluded to by Mr. Hayley. Domesd. tom.i. foil. 17b. 18. 18b. 19. 19b. In Witingass, " I. virg. terra; wast." Holintun, " I. virg. terra; wast." Bexelei, " Totum manerium T.R.E. valebat xx. lib. et post wasta fuit. Modo xvm. lib. et x. sol." Wilesham, " Totum manerium T. R. E. valebat xim. lib. Postea vastatum fuit. Modo xxn. lib. Crohest, " T.R.E. valebat vm. lib. Modo c. sol. Vastatum fuit." Wiltingham, " Totum manerium T.R.E. valeb. c. sol. Modo mi. lib. Vastatum fuit.'' Watlingetone, " T.R.E. et modo val. *. sol. Vastatum fuit." Nedrefelle, " T.R.E. valeb. v. sol. modo l. sol. Vastata fuit." Brunham, " T.R.E. et modo xx. sol. Vastata fuit." Haslesse, " Totum manerium T. R. E. valebat cxmi. sol. Modo vn. lib. Vastatum fuit." 316 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal it is said, " Radulfus de Curbespine habet nn. Matters noticed in this Record. § 8. Historical and other particular Events notked in this Record. it may upon good ground be concluded what parts of that Rape were marched over by, and suffered from the ravages of the two armies of the Conqueror and King Harold. And indeed the situation of those manors is such as evidently shows their then devastated state to be owing to that cause. The wasted manors on the East were Bexelei (now Bexhill), Wilesham, Luet, and Ges- telinges, which are all the manors entered in the Survey along the Coast from Bexelei to Winchilsea; and this clearly evinces another circumstance relating to the Invasion, which is, that William did not land his army at any one particular spot, at Bulverhithe, or Hastings, as is supposed ; but at all the several proper places for landing along the coast from Bexelei to Winchilsea. After which, in drawing together toward the place of battle, the left wing.of the Army just brushed the manor of Holligton, so as to lay waste a small portion, which after wards fell to the lot of the Abbey of Battle : and after quite over-running the manors of Wittingham and Crohest, arrived at Brunham, in which and the adjoining manors of Whatlington and Nedrefelle the battle was lost and won. " We may trace likewise the footsteps of King Harold's army by the devastations which stand upon record in the same Book. Where they begin we suppose Wigentone, " i. virg. Tunc v. sol. modo x. sol. Vast, fuit." Wilendone, " dim. virg. Tunc et modo xn. den. Vast, fuit." Salherst, " T.R.E. valeb. xx. sol. Modo xxx. sol. Vast, fuit." Drisnesel, " T.R.E. valebat in. lib. Modo im. lib. Vastatum fuit." " i. hid tunc et modo xxx. solid. Vast, fuit." Gestelinges, " T.R.E. et modo c. solid. Vastat. fuit." Luet, " T.R.E. et modo xx. sol. Vastat. fuit." Hiham, " T.R.E. valebat c. sol. Modo vi. lib. Vast, fuit." Selescome, " dim. hid. val. X. sol. Wasta fuit." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 317 mansuras in civitate quas tenuit qusedam Concu- Principal Matters noticed — in this Record. the Army entered the County : and the state of the — — manor of Parkley in the Hundred of Skayswell points andtt'her" out the place, in the parish of Tyshurst. They then partkuiar iii.i- i i ./..,., Events noticed desolated their way through two parcels of land in the in this Record. same Hundred belonging to the manor of Wilendone, and laying waste Wigzell, Saleherst, and another manor in the Hundred of Henhurst, with Hiham and a small part of Sadlescombe in the Hundred of Staple, they came to Whatlington, through which and the manor of Netherfield they extended themselves to face and oppose the invading enemy. " We might attribute a share of the devastation of the places North of the field of battle to the Army of the Conqueror in its progress towards London, were we not assured by one, present at the time, that his route after he had buried the dead and placed a garrison at Hastings, was to Romney, the inhabitants whereof he chastised for the defeat of some of his men, who by mistake had put on shore there ; and then proceeded to Dover.a a Gulielmus Pictaviensis says, " Humatis autem suis, dispositaque cus- todia Hastingas cum strenuo prsefecto, Romenserium accedens, quam placuit pcenam exegit pro clade suorum, quos illuc errore appulsos fere gens adorta prcelio cum utriusque partis maximo detrimento fuderat. Hinc Doveram contendit ubi populum innumerabilem congregatum acce- perat; quod locus ille inexpugnabilis videbatur. At ejus propinquitate Angli perculsi, neque naturse vel operis munimento, neque multitudini virorum confidunt. Situm est id castellum in Rape mari contigua, qua; naturaliter acuta undique ad hoc ferramentis elaborate incisa, in speciem muri directissima altitudine, quantum sagitta; jactus permetiri potest, con- surgit, quo in latere unda marina alluitur. Cum tamen Castellani sup- plices deditionem pararent, armigeri exercitus nostri prasdas cupidine ignem injecerunt. Flamma levitate sua volitans pleraque corripuit. Dux nolens incommoda eorum qui secum deditionaliter agere cceperant, pretium dedit restituendarum aedium, aliaque amissa recompensavit. Severius animadverti pra;cepisset in auctores incendii, ni vilitas et numerositas ipsorum occultavisset eos." Ordericus Vitalis details the same circumstances almost in the same words. 318 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Matters noticed in this Record. § 8. Historical and otlier partkuiar Events noticed in this Record. Una Heraldi : de quibus est saca et soca Regis, sed usque nunc non habuit." The eagerness of his men for plunder would not wait for the form of surrendering the Castle, but during the parley they set fire to the Town, which consumed great part of it (if not the whole) : a circumstance which is likewise confirmed to us by the indubitable authority of the same Record. Speaking of the Privileges and Payments of Dover, Domesday says, f Omnes haa consuetudines erant ibi quando Willielmus Rex in Angliam venit. In ipso primo adventu ejus in Angliam fuit ipsa villa combusta; et ideo pretium ejus non potuit computari quantum valebat, quando episcopus Baiccensis earn recepit.' " Thus far, Mr. Hayley. Mr. Hamper of Birmingham, in his " Observations on certain ancient Pillars of Memorial called Hoar Stones," p. 9. conjectures that either Waterdown Forest or Ashdown Forest, must have been the place of rendezvous for Harold's Army. The passages of Domesday already referred to certainly give the preference to the former. There is another County in the Domesday Survey, in which the word wasta appears to bear a similar im port with that used in the entries under Sussex. In 1069, it will be remembered, Edgar Atheling, Waltheof, Gospatric, Merleswain, Siward, and other exiles from Scotland, with a party of Northumbrians, joined by an Army landed from the Danish fleet, took York by assault, putting the whole garrison, consisting of three thousand men, with a very small exception, to the sword. When King William heard of this, he is stated by our historians to have been inflamed with the utmost rage, and to have sworn that he would lay the whole country in that neighbourhood desolate, and extirpate its inhabitants. To execute this threatened GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 319 Godwin, son of King Harold, occurs in vengeance he invested York; took it; received Waltheof its then governor into favour ; and having past his Christmas there with the usual solemnities, in the beginning of the succeeding year, marked his way toward Durham with a desolation which had been rarely, if ever, equalled in this country before. William of Malmesbury expressly says that the resources of the Province were so cut off that the ground, for more than sixty miles, remained totally uncultivated and unpro ductive even to his time. Ordericus Vitalis is still more minute upon this vengeance, the passage concerning it has been already quoted in p. 38, note 3. William, he says, had never practised such cruelty before. It would be impossible, as well as unnecessary, here to name every place in Yorkshire in the Return re specting which the term wasta is used in the Domesday Survey. It may be sufficient for the general purpose to state that under the title of " Terra Regis," among the lands then vested in the Crown, which had belonged to the Earls Edwin and Morcar, wastd almost everywhere occurs.3 In the manor of Bodeltone, which had been Edwin's, seventy-seven carucates are marked as waste.b In Amundreness, in the same page, after the enumeration of no fewer than sixty-two places, the possessions in which amounted to a hundred and seventy carucates, it is said, " Omnes hae Villae jacent ad Prestune et in. Ecclesia?. Ex his xvi. a paucis incoluntur, sed quot sint habitantes ignoratur. Reliqua sunt wasta." In the folios 303. 303 b. and 304. among the lands belonging to the Archbishop of York wasta is added to numerous places, which, in the time of Edward the Confessor, had Principal Matters noticed in thisRecord. § 8. Historical and otlier particular Events notked in this Record. ¦ Domesd. tom. i. foil. 299. 299 b. b Ibid. fol. 301 b. 320 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal ^g account of Somerset as Matters noticed in this Record. . . holding the § 8. Historical and other partkuiar Events noticed in this Record. had a money value of no small amount. Among the lands of St. John of Beverley ; a in those held by the Bishop of Durham, a part of which had been Morcar's ;b in Earl Alan's lands in Richmondshire; c in the lands of Robert Malet ;a in those of William de Perci;c and in tbe East Riding, among the lands of Odo arbalistarius/ other instances will be found. In several of these the names of Waldef, Gospatric, Siward, and Merleswain occur as the owners in the time of Edward the Con- fessor.e Gospatric was restored to favour ; and occurs both as a tenant in capite and an under-tenant, in York shire, at the time of the Survey. A writer whom Hoveden follows, states the country between York and Durham to have remained without either houses or inhabitants for nine years. Between the time of the Battle of Hastings and the taking of the Survey near twenty years had elapsed : but scarcely more than sixteen from the ravaging of Yorkshire. In Domesd. torn. i. fol. 374. there is an allusion to the Danes who landed in the Humber, previous to the rising of 1069. " Homines de Holdernesse qui juraverunt testificati sunt ad opus Willielmi Malet terras has infra notatas : ita quod viderunt eas saisire in manu ejusdem Willielmi et viderunt eum habentem et tenentem usque de hoc Breve Regis vel Dani ceperunt ilium. Sed sigillum non vider." " Domesd. tom. i. fol. 304. b Ibid. fol. 304 b. « Ibid. foil. 309. 313. d Ibid. fol. 320 b. c Ibid. foil. 321 b. 322. ' Ibid. fol. 329 b. s Compare Domesd. tomi. foil. 298 b. 300. 305 b. 306. 310. 310 b. 311. 311 b. 312 b. 313. The French affectation of murdering names is singularly exemplified in those of the promoters of this Northern rebellion as given by Ordericus Vitalis ; Waldef, Gospatric, Siward, and Merleswain are, in the language of the Norman Historian, Gualefus, Gaids Patbicius, Sigvardus, and Mabihs Swevus. Events noticed in this Record. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 321 manors of Netelcumbe and Langeford in that Principal . Matters noticed COUnty. in this Record . The decision of the cause tried by virtue of § 8. Hhlorkai a special commission in the county court of Kent ™?tkui7r at Pinnenden, about the year 1072, when Arch bishop Lanfranc recovered twenty-five manors in different counties, of which he had been dis seised by Odo Bishop of Baieux and Earl of Kent, is pointedly alluded to.2 The irruption of Trhearn ap Coradoc in 1074 is clearly noticed in Gloucestershire, where we find " iiii. uillse wastatae per regem Caraduech."3 The Conqueror's journey into Wales also, in 1079, is alluded to, tom. i. fol. 31 b. " Quida pposit9 regis noe Lofus hoc CD caluniat 1/ 7 hoes de Hund illi testificant it q'a tenebat illud de rege q'do fuit rex in Wales. 7 post tenuit. donee eps Baioc in Chent prex." 4 It is remarkable, that not a single manor in any part of England, or even the smallest por tion of land, is put down in the Survey as be longing to any of the Conqueror's sons.5 There 1 Tom. i. fol. 86 b. s See Seldeni ad Eadm. et Nota et Spicilegium, p. 197. 3 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 162. 4 See Matt. Westm. fol. Francof. 1601. p. 228. Diceto. Script. X. col. 487. Bromton. ibid. col. 977. 5 Eustace the son of Stephen, at one period at least, at a later time, was not possessed of real property. The bishop of Lincoln's instrument, declaratory of the dedica tion of Godstow Nunnery, says that Eustace gave a hundred Y 322 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Blatters noticed in this Record. § 8. Historical and other partkuiar Events notked in this Record. is one entry, however, which places his second son, William, in the light of an usurper of pro perty. Among the lands belonging to the Bishop and Monks of Salisbury, at Staplebrige in Dor setshire, we read, " De ead etia. tra ten Ma- nasses in. virg qas. W. fili9 regis tulit ab aeccla sine consensu Epi 7 monachorum." ' We have likewise a mention of his son Richard, under Teuuinge in Hertfordshire.2 Mathilda, a daughter of the Conqueror,3 un noticed by any of our historians, occurs in the account of Hampshire.4 shillings in money to it, till he was possessed of land which he could give instead. See Mon. Angl. vol. iv. p. 362.1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 77. Kelham supposes the Ma- nasses mentioned in this entry to have been a Jew : but there was a Manasses Archbishop of Aries, about 1050, and another of the same name Archbishop of Rheims in 1078. 2 Tom. i. fol. 141 b. " W. rex dedit hoc manerium huic Aldene et matri ejus pro anima Ricardi filii sui. ut ipsemet dicit et per breve suum ostend." 3 This is in Hampshire, where among the titles of land we have "lxvii. Goisfridus Caraerarius filise regis.3' Then, tom.i. fol. 49. where the land occurs, Goisfridus is stated to have held Heche : " Tunc se defendebat," 8cc. " Goisfridus vero tenet earn de rege W. pro servitio quod fecit Mathildi ejusfilice." From the title ' Came- rarius filise regis ' it should seem as if the Princess had a household. 4 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 49. Compare Sandford, Ge- nealog. Hist. fol. Lond. 1707. pp.9, 10. Malmesbury says, « Filise ipsius fuerunt quinque; prima, Caecilia GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 323 It seems probable that William the Conqueror Principal built himself a new palace at Winchester. Under in this Record. the lands of St. Peter's Monastery in that City, § 8. mtoncai it is said, " In Clere habet Abbatia S. Petri unam panktZ Ecclesiam et nn. hid. et unam virgatam terras. fnv™£ rI^!? H' dedit secclesiae W. rex pro excambio terra? in qua Domus Regis est in civitate." l There is another entry relating to the Con queror which is more curious ; it represents him as purchasing a ship with a carucate of land, " In campis Lincolige extra Civitatem sunt xn. carucatae terrae et dimidia, prgeter carucatam Episcopi civitatis. De hac terra habent Rex et Comes vm. earueatas in dominio. Ex his dedit unam Rex Willielmus cuidam Vlchel pro una naui quam ab eo emit. Ille uero qui nauim uendidit mortuus est et hanc carucatam terrae nullus habet nisi rege concedente." 2 There is a feature of the Domesday Survey Cadomensis Abbatissa, quas vivit, altera Constantia Comiti Britannia? Alano Fergant in conjugium data, austeritate justitia? provinciales in mortiferam sibi po- tionem exacuit ; tertia Adala Stephani Blesensis Comitis uxor, laudatae in seculo potentise virago, noviter apud Marcenniacum sanctimonialis babitum sumpsit. Duarum aliarum nomina exciderunt ; unius, quas Haroldo (ut diximus) promissa, infra maturos conjugii annos obiit ; alterius, qua? Aldefonso Gallicia? regi per nuncios jurata, virgineam mortem impetravit a Domino. Repertus in defunctse genibus callus crebrarum ejus orationum index fuit." Script, ap. Savile, fol. 62 b. 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 43. 5 Ibid. fol. 336. Y 2 324 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. MatterstotLed wmcn has not yet been commented upon, and in this Record. which in an historical point of view, must not § 8. Historical be passed entirely unnoticed. A large number and other "¦ . ... partkuiar of Foreign Monasteries are represented in it as intlt^rd. holding possessions in England, both as tenants in capite and as sub-tenants. Most of the lands so entered, it will be found, were gifts either of the Conqueror himself, or of his greater followers. A rage prevailed at this time throughout Normandy for the building and endowing of Monastic Establishments ; and it is not a little remarkable that the largest and the most splendid Abbies of France were erected at the cost of the Norman barons within twenty or thirty years of the period of the English Conquest. King Edward's grant of Teynton in Oxford shire to St. Denys 1 has been already noticed in a former page : as well as his Queen's grant of land at Ferles in Sussex to the Abbey of Grestain.2 The Abbey of St. Peter at Ghent held the manor of Lewisham, in the time of Edward the Confessor : 3 the Abbat of Fecamp, it appears, had held Rameslie in Sussex of King Edward : 4 the Church of Rheims had held Le- pelie in Northamptonshire in the time of King Edward:5 and in Staffordshire the manors of Mepford and Redgare had been given to the 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 157. 2 See p. 307- 5 Domesd. tom. i, fol. 12 b, * Ibid, fol. 17. '¦> Ibid. fol. 222 b. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 325 same church by Earl Algar.1 The Abbey of Principal „ „ . , . „t, ... , ,,, , Matters noticed St. Owen in the city ot Rouen likewise held land in this Record. at Meresaie in Essex in King Edward's time, §8.ms7oricai with a house in Colchester.2 But these, it is partkufar believed, are all the entries from which the hold- £%£%%%. ing of lands in England by alien monasteries in the Saxon time, are discoverable from Domesday.3 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 247 b. Lepelie, mentioned in the previous entry, was also granted to Rheims by Earl Algar. A Cell to the Abbey of Rheims was afterwards established there : *' Prioratus de Lapeleia hac occasione sumpsit exordium : Albredo Eboracensi Archiepiscopo Romam jussuEdwardi Regis proficiscente, qui ad limina Apostolorum se personaliter iturum spoponderat, plures e nobilitate secum duxit, inter quos Burchardus juvenis quidem Eetate, sed egregiae indolis, qui Remis in reditu febre correptus occubuit ; hie, antequam expiraret, sepe- liri petiit apud Sanctum Remigium, cui villas et praedia ex patrimonio liberaliter concessit assensu patris Algarii, et Regis Edwardi, unde erectus Prioratus de Lapeleia, cujus meminit Petrus Cellensis Epist. Charta conces- sionis sic incipit, c Notum sit Algarum quemdam, An glorum comitem, consentiente Edwardo Anglorum Rege, Sancto Remigio villam de Lapeleia dedisse pro anima filii sui Burchardi, cujus corpus in polyandrio Ecclesia? quiescit." Metrop. Remensis Historiae, studio Dom. Gul. Marlot. Insul. 1666. 4">. tom.i. p. 345. The Church of Rheims held moreover a hide of land of King Edward in the hundred of Ouvret in Shropshire. Domesd. tom. i. fol. 252. a Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 22. 3 Other early grants to Foreign Monasteries may un doubtedly be found, if sought for, among ancient charters; but they are not numerous, Duchesne has printed one from Y 3 326 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal The Conqueror's grant of the Church of Matters noticed u ° in this Record. Deerhurst in Gloucestershire to the Abbey of § 8. Historical St. Denys in 1069, has been named: he made particular it in the Monastery of St. Swithin, Winchester, Events noticed , ., , i i , • i mi , in this Record, whilst mass was celebrating.1 lhe charter is Duke Bertoald in 792, endowing the Abbey of St. Denys with the Church of Rotherfield, and his ports of Hastings and Pevensey, in Sussex : which was confirmed by Offa and Ethelwulph. Felibien too, in his History of that Abbey, Recueil de Pieces justificatifs, p. lxxix. gives a charter of Edgar to St. Denys A.D. 960, relating to its interest in certain produce in cattle and money from the same places, of which Togred " propositus " of Edgar's household, had deprived the monks. This latter charter is still preserved in the Hotel Soubise at Paris. The Clause Roll of the 7th Joh. recites that the manor of Otrei in Devonshire, which is entered in Domesday as belonging to St. Mary's Cathedral at Rouen, had been given to that church by Earl Otho before the arrival of the Normans in England. See the Monast. Anglic. vol. vi. Pt. ii. p. 1119. 1 From a passage in the Register of Battle Abbey, MS. Cotton. Domit. A. n. it seems as if "William, when he bestowed a charter upon any monastery, usually accompanied it by some impressive speech or ceremonial. Noticing his gift of the royal manor of VVi in Kent to that Abbey the writer says, " Quod cum Ecclesia? eidem conferret, verbum memoriale et merito recolendum ipse ter pra?dicandus Princeps dixisse memoratur. Siquidem quibusdam tanta? largitatis causa mirantibus, Ego, ait, istud corpori meo aufero, et anima? mea? confero. Qua de re, inquit, si corpus illud libere et quiete tenere pra?valuit, multo dignius est ut anima melior pars hominis est, hoc si fieri potest liberius atque quietius possideat." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 327 printed by Felibien : ' but no notice of the Principal 1 J Matters noticed gift occurs in the Domesday Survey. King in this Record. William's gifts indeed to Foreign Monasteries, § 8. Historical are but sparingly mentioned there in direct partkuhr terms. A gift of seven hides of land at Aissele f™htlffd. in Surrey to the Abbey of the Holy Cross at St. Leufroy, in the diocese of Evreux, is parti cularized ;2 a gift of three hides of land at Rov- rige in Devonshire to St. Mary Rouen ; 3 ten hides at Horselei in Gloucestershire to the Abbey of Trouarn in the diocese of Baieux : 4 and a small portion of land at Cratinga in Suffolk to the Abbey of Bernay.5 Of the rest, even where charters are extant which certify that the posses sions described were given by William to different Abbies, the Survey simply says " Ecclesia" or " Abbatia tenet de Rege." As, under Penitone in Hampshire belonging to the Abbey of Gres- tain,6 the Conqueror's gift of which is recited in King Richard the First's charter of confirmation to that Monastery.7 Helingey in the same County,8 belonging to the Abbey of Jumieges, is named as the Conqueror's gift in a confirma- 1 Hist, de l'Abbaye de St. Denys, Recueil de Pieces, p. lxxxviii. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 34. 3 Ibid. fol. 104. 4 Ibid. fol. 166 b. 5 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 389. 6 Ibid. tom. i. fol. 43 b. ' Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. vi. Pt. ii. p. 1090. 8 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 43 b. Y 4 328 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal tion from King Henry the Second.1 The same in IVTn ftp r^ nolicM'Q in this Record, regard of Tarente in Dorsetshire,2 which belonged § 8. liisloricai to the Holy Trinity at Caen : 3 of Rawelle in jmrtimiar Gloucestershire, belonging to St. Evroul, for fn ms Record, which the Conqueror's own charter is extant : and in other instances which might readily be cited.4 Of Queen Matilda's Gifts to Foreign Monas teries, two only are particularly specified in the Survey : the land at Deverel in Wilts,5 which she gave to St. Mary at Bee ; 6 and two hides at Frantone in Dorset, which she gave to the Conqueror's foundation of St. Stephen at Caen.7 No mention occurs of the Conqueror and his Queen having founded the Monasteries of St. Stephen and the Holy Trinity in that City : although their lands in England are specified. 1 Mon. Angl. ut supr. p. 1087. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 79. 5 Edw. II. conf. Charter Mon. Angl. ut supr. p. 1072. 4 Other entries of lands belonging to Alien Monas teries, as held of the King will be found, in Sussex, Domesd. tom.i. fol. 17. Berks, tom.i. fol. 59b. Dors. i. 78 b. Somers. i. fol. 91. Devon, i. 104. In the notice of the Monasteries of St. Mich, de Monte, St. Stephen, and the Holy Trinity at Caen, in Midd. tom. i. fol. 128 b., in Oxf. tom. i. 157. Glouc. tom. i. 166. 166 b. Cambr. tom. i. fol. 193. 6 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 68 b. 6 See also K. Hen. II. charter of confirmation to Bee. Mon. Angl. ut supr. p. 1068. 7 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 78 b. Events noticed in this Record. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 329 The following are the instances enumerated Principal 0 Matters noticed in the Survey, of donations of land in England in this Record. to Foreign Monasteries by the Norman barons : § s. Historical Tom. i. fol. 34 b. St. Mary of Bee holds land pankuiZ- under Richard the son of Earl Gislebert. The confirmation of his grant of this land appears in - a confirmation charter to the Monastery from King Henry the Second.1 Tom. i. fol. 79. Hugh Fitz Grip gives land at Wadone in Dorsetshire to the Nunnery at Villarium. Tom. i. fol. 91. Nigel the Conqueror's phy sician bestows a manor un-named, consisting of five hides, in Somersetshire, upon the Church of Monteburgh. Tom. i. fol. 166. Earl Roger de Montgomery gives Newent to St. Mary of Cormeilles, con sisting of six hides of land. Tom. i. fol. 166. Roger de Laci gives a hide of land at Tantesborne in Gloucestershire to jthe Abbey of Lira. Tom. i. fol. 174. William Fitz Osbern Earl of Hereford is recorded to have given a half hide at Tametdeberie to the Abbey of Cormeilles. He died in the fifth year of the Conqueror's reign. Tom. i. fol. 228. Gilbert de Gant gives a half hide in Eston in Northamptonshire to the Abbey of St. Peter sur Dive. 1 Mon. Angl. vol. vi. Pt. ii. p. 1068. 330 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Matters noticed in this Record. § S. Historical and other particular Events noticed in this Record. Tom. i. fol. 229- The Countess Judith gives to the Abbey of St. Vandrille " concessu Regis," three hides and a half in Buchedone in the same County. These extensive donations to Convents abroad, which increased for a large portion of the time during which Normandy and Anjou were sub ject to England, formed a nucleus for discon tent. The Priories abroad, for the better management of their estates and rents in Eng land, established Cells subordinate to their respective Houses. These were called Alien Priories. The produce of their estates was probably magnified in popular opinion ; but, whether more or less, in the wars between Eng land and France, their revenues were regularly seized. At a later period their suppression was made legal : and the confiscation of their lands formed the precedent which led to the general Dissolution of Monasteries in the reign of Henry the Eighth. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 331 Sect. 9.— ILLUSTRATIONS op ANCIENT MANNERS. There are a few passages in Domesday Principal ... .,, , ,. c. . .-ax Matters noticed peculiarly illustrative of ancient Manners. in this Record. In Berkshire, tom. i. fol. 57 b. is this singular § 9. jj^., entry under the royal demesnes at Henret, now "{lan^rT. Hendred : " Henric9 ten ibi i. hid qua? fuerat in firma regis. Godricus tenuit. Aluric9 de Taceha. dicit se uidisse breuem regis qd ea dederit feminae Godrici in dono. eo q'd nutriebat canes suos. Sed nemo e in Hund qui breuem uiderit pter Aluricum." l In Warwickshire, the Abbey of Malmesbury is said to have held the Manor of Niwebold. It is added, " Vluuinus monach9 tenuit. 7 ipse ded aecclae q'dofactus est monachus." 2 Gifts of lands " de uictu et uestitu Monacho- rum" frequently occur. In the account of Wiltshire it is said, " Ipsa aeccla [Wiltun] tenebat n. hid T. R. E. quas Toret dederat ibi cu duab9 foliab9 suis 7 ex eis sep fuef uestitae donee eps Baiocsis injuste abstulit aecclae." 3 1 In thePlac Coron. 13 Edw. I. one Hardekynus held a tenement in Wodeham Mortimer in Essex " per ser- jantiam ad nutriendam unam Brachettam domini Regis cum Dominus Rex ei illam miserit ad nutriendam." See Blount, p. 26. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 239. 3 Ibid. fol. 68. Other instances of the granting of lands for the support of daughters in Monasteries will be found tom. i. foil. 59 b. 73. •ations 332 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal jn the account of Berkshire, tom. i. fol. 59. Matters noticed _ in this Record, there is an entry equally worthy notice. It § 9. Illustrations — _- of Ancient Manners. Among the ancient Charters preserved in the British " Museum, is one in the Cottonian Collection, marked xi. 16. from Waleran Earl of Warwick to the Nuns of Pinley. It is the grant which he made to these Religious at the time when his daughter and niece entered the Nunnery for education, where the daughter, at least, was afterwards professed. Waleran became Earl of Warwick in the 7th Rich. I. This Deed is here transcribed at length, because it shows the conditions which usually accompanied such grants as Toret's to the Abbey of Wilton. The Seal of Earl Waleran is appended to it. " Omnibus ad quos presens scriptum pervenerit Walerannus comes Warwie. salutem. Notum sit vobis omnibus, me concessisse et hac presenti carta mea con- firmasse Monialibus de Pinnelei duas mareas argenti de redditu meo de Claverdona, a senescallo meo singulis annis percipiendas, unam marcam ad festum Sancti Michaelis, et alteram ad festum Sancta? Maria? in Marcio, quamdiu scilicet Moniales ipsa? Gundredam filiam meam et Ysabellam neptem meam, quas eis commendavi, habuerint nutriendas et custodiendas. Si vero una illarum puellarum a nutritura et custodia Monialium fuerit amota, Moniales non nisi unam marcam annuatim percipient. Si autem utraque fuerit ex vdluntate mea amota quietus ero de duabus illis marcis. Quod si aliquo casu praedicta? dua? marca? prefatis Monialibus sub prescripta forma non reddantur, Moniales illae memoratas puellas mihi vel heredibus meis tradent. Preterea concessi, et hac presenti carta mea confirmavi predictis Monialibus dePinnelea, red ecimationemdominii mei de Waltona in puram et perpetuam elemosinam pro salute animae mea? et Margeriae Comitissa?, uxoris mea?, GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 333 relates to ten hides of land ' at Spersholt, which Principal IMflttcr^ noticed one Edric, in the time of King Edward the in this Record. Confessor, had given to his son, who was then a §9. ilusTrations monk of Abingdon, to provide himself with %£^^. maintenance. The gift was for his life. He died before the taking of the Survey, and the Abbey was called upon by the Conqueror's inquest, to show by what title it continued to hold the land. " Anschil teii Spersold de abbia. Edric tenuit in alod de rege E. De hoc manerio scira attestatur quod Edricus qui eum tenebat deliberavit ilium filio suo qui erat in Abendone monachus, ut ad firmam illud teneret. 7 sibi donee viveret necessaria uitae inde donaret. post mortem uero ejus Manerium haberet. 7 ido nesciunt homines de scira quod Abbatiae perti- et R. Com. patris mei, et G. Com. matris mea?, et W. Com. fratris mei, et aliorum predecessorum et successorum meorum. Hiis testibus Th. Priore, Johanne de Kibbeclive, Ric. capellano meo, Willielmo senescallo, Rogero Murdac, Rad. Selvein, Widone de Oilli, Rogero clerico, Symone camerario, et aliis." Among the entries of the lands of St.Benet Holm, in Norfolk, we read, « In Estuna tenuit Rad. Stalra T.R.E. 1. car. terrae et dedit earn T. R. WTillielmi, cum uxore sua, ad Abbatiam, concessione Regis." Domesd. tom.ii. 218. 1 The [Cottonian Register of Abingdon Monastery, Claud. C. ix. has a charter of King Edgar to his cham berlain vEthelsie, granting to him these ten cassates (as they are called) in perpetuity, and to give them to his heirs. A.D. 963. This seems to have been Edric's title to the land at Spersholt. 334 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal neat. Neque enim inde viderunt brevem regis Matters noticed ± ° in this Record, vel sigillum. Abbas vero testatur quod in T. R. E. §9. lausTrations misit ille Manerium ad ecclesiam unde erat. 7 Manners. mde habet brevem et sigillum R. E. attestantibus — omnibus monachis suis." Instances of holding lands for three lives occur several times. Tom. i. fol. 46 b. Ordie. " Hoc CD. T.R.E. extra Ecclesiam emptum fuit eo pacto et conventione ut post tertium haeredem cum omni peeunia CD. Ecclesia S. Petri de Episcopatu reciperet. N'c qui tenet Radulfus est tertius ha?res." In the account of the manor of Hiwi in Wiltshire, belonging to Ralph de Mortimer, " Toti emit ea T.R.E. de aeccla Malmesbiensi. ad etate triu ho'um. 7 infra he t minu poterat ire cu ea ad que uellet dhm." ' So, among the lands held under Pershore Abbey at Wadberge by Urso. " Hanc emit qJda Godricus tein9 regis E. uita triu ha?redil. 7 dabat in anno monachis. 1. firma g recognitione. Modo ht hanc tra. Pcius haeres. scilicet Vrso qui ea tenet. Post cuj9 morte debet redire ad aecctam S. Mariae."2 Another mention of this custom occurs at Escelie in Worcestershire.3 It is, however, older than Domesday. We find it noticed in the « Indi- culum Libertatis de Oswaldes Lawes Hundred" of the time of Edgar : " per spatium temporis 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 72. 2 Ibid. fol. 175. 3 See also Hearne's edit, of Heming's Chartulary, vol. i. p. 293. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 335 trium hominum, id est, duorum post se heredum." Principal t -,-v . . t c-~i t i 1 Matters noticed In Dorsetshire, under Catesclive, the purchase in this Record. of a lease for life occurs. " Hanc tra similit §9. lUuTTations emit Alnod ab epo Aluuoldo. ea cuentione ut "{£%%£ post ej9 morte ad aecclam rediret." ' Somersetshire is the first County in the Survey in which we have mention of the Ordeal. Of certain lands connected in customary rents and services with Taunton we read, " De his omib3 tris facturi sacramtu ui Judiciu portaturi ad Tantone ueniunt." 2 In the account of Lincoln, also, in contradiction of the testimony of the burgesses of the city, it is said, " Sed his juran- tib3 contradicit Vluiet pbr 7 offert se portaturil Judicium qd non ita est sicuti dicunt." 3 In the second volume of the Survey the readiness of claimants to prove by Ordeal or by Battle occurs in a greater variety of instances. In Norfolk, " In Matelesc ubi comes Alan9 ten calupnia!. 1. ho regis, xvi. ac terrae offerendo Juditiu' \ Bellu' conta hund. qd testaf eos comiti. s; quida ho comitis uult gbare qd hund ueru testatur I Juditio \ Bello. Ribald9 ten&." 4 In the same County, under Biskele it is said, " Hanc terra caltipniatur Godricus Dapifer p homine suum Juditio X Bello. Radulfu scilic&. qd tenuit ad feudu comitis. R. 7 hund testatur ad feudu 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 80. 2 Ibid. fol. 87 b. 3 Ibid. fol. 33 b. « Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 146 b. 336 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal ft. Bigot." ' And among the lands belonging to Matters noticed ° ° ° ° in this Record, the Monastery of Ely in Photestorp we read, §9. illustrations " Hanc tra. calumpniat esse libam Vlchetel ho Mannm. Hermeri. q°cqj m° judicet1 1 Bello I Juditio. 7 — ali9 e psto rjbare eo m° qd jacuit ad eccham die qa rex E. obiit. S; totus hund testaf ea fuisse t. f. e. ad scam adeld."2 Land in Dower occurs in Gloucestershire among the property of Roger de Laci. " Isd 1 Domesd. tom. ii. foil. 176. 176 b. 2 Ibid. fol. 213. See other instances, tom. ii. fol. 110 b. 137. 162. 166. 172 b. 193. 208. 277 b. 332. The Ordeal, it is well known, was of two kinds, Fire- Ordeal and Water-Ordeal. The ceremonies attend ing both are described in the Laws of Ina. Wilk. Leg. Anglo-Sax. p. 27- See also the Laws of iEthelstan, Edward the Confessor, and the Conqueror. Ibid, pp.60. 198. 229. " Ferri candentis Judicium," the takino? a piece of red-hot iron in the hand, is the only Ordeal noticed in the Survey. The reason of this is given by Glanville, Tract, de Leg. & Consuet. Regni Anglia?, 12°- Lond. 1604. 1. xiv. c. 1. " In tali autem casu tenetur se purgare is qui accusatur per Dei judicium, scilicet per callidum ferrum, vel per aquam, pro diver- sitate hominum, scilicet per ferrum callidum si fuerit homo liber, per aquam si fuerit rusticus." Throughout Domesday, the claimants of land were likely to be of the higher rank. We have not a single instance in the Survey of the Ordeal by Water. The trial by battle was entirely of Norman introduction. See Blackst. Comment. 4°. Oxf. 1766. vol. iii. p. 337. For the abolition of the Ordeal in the reign of Henry the Third, compare Rymer, Feed. tom. i. p. 228. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 337 Rog ten Svintone. 7 mar ej9 ten de sua dote'' ' Principal /-ip 1 1 , x • xi •,• • i t Matters noticed Of land at Legra m Essex it is said, " Iste in this Record. Scalpin9 dedit uxori suae in dote, uidentibj n°Z>3 § 9. mulTations ho'ibj, scit Rogo Marescalco & q°da anglico." 2 %£££. In the account of the Customs of Oxfordshire we read, " Si quis alique interfecerit intra curia ul domu suam, corpus ejus et omnis substantia sunt in potestate regis pter dotem uxoris ejus si dotata habuerit." 3 The following entries are to the same purport, without the mention of dower. In Surrey, tom.i. fol. 36. " De eisdem hid. habet quidam faber regis dim. hid. quam T. R. E. accep'. cum uxore sua. sed nunquam inde servitium fecit." In Hampshire, tom. i. fol. 153. Sortelai. " Hoc CD tenuit Wluuardus homo reginae Eddid T. R. E. et ipsa dedit huic Alsi cum folia Wluuardi." Ibid. Sibdone. " In Sibdone tenet Alsi 11. hid. hanc terram sumpsit cum uxore sua." In Oxfordshire tom. i. fol. 160 b, In Minstre. " Sauuoldus ten. de rege 11. molinos quos rex ei concessit cum uxore sua." In Gloucestershire, tom.i. fol. 167. " Isdem W. [Gozenboded]] tenet Getinge. Rex E. tenuit et accommodavit eu Aluuino uice comiti suo ut in uita sua haberet. non tamen dono dedit ut comitatus testatur. mortuo vero Aluuino rex W. ded Ricardo cuidam juveni ux- OKEMejus et terram. NuncWillielmus, successor 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 168. 1 Ibid. tom. ii. fol. 59. ' Ibid, tom.i. fol. 154rb. z 338 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Ricardi, ita tenet hanc terram." Ibid. tom. i.l7°. Matters noticed in this Record. " Has terras 7 Winestan 7 lantesborne, supenus §¦ 9. illustrations scriptas, habuit Ansfridus de Walterio de Laci ManL^s! cum ejus neptem accepit. alias vero terras tenet de Rege." In Bedfordshire, tom. i. fol. 214 b. " De ista terra tenet Pirotus in. hid. de mari- tagio sucefemina?. Again in the same county, fol. 218. in the lands of Azelina the wife of Ralph Taillebosc, ' ' Ha?c terra est de maritagio." " Ha?c est de suo maritagio." In Worcestershire, under Escelie, we have a remarkable instance of a nuncupative Will. "Hoc CD emit isd Wluuin9 T. R. E. de epo Cestrensi ad aetate triu houm. Qui cu infirmat9 ad fine uitae uenisset it uocato filio suo epo. Li.1 7 uxore sua & plurib3 amicis suis it dixit. Audite uos amici mei. Hanc tfa qua. ab aeccla emi it uolo ut teneat uxor mea du uixerit. 7 post morte eiusr1 recipiat aeccla de qua accepi. 7 qui inde abstulerit it excomunicat9 sit. Hoc ita fuisse testificanf meliores hoes toti9 comitat9." 2 In the same County we have two re markable instances of the ancient Method of giving Seisin. Under Witene, of certain land belonging to Urso de Abetot, it is said, " Hanc tra. donauit q'da. Vluiet eid aecclae de Euesha. 7 posuit donu sup' Alt are qdo fili9 ei9. Aluiet fact9 1 Dr. Nash, Obs. on Domesd. for Wore. p. 16. sup poses the Bishop of Lisieux to have been here intended. 2 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 177. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 339 est ibi monachus. Hoc factu e q'nto anno regni Principal • -n -r. , „ • . • „ „, . o , Matters noticed regis E. Postea u° praestitit abb 7EluumJ hanc in this Record. tra. suo auunculo quadiu ipse ho uiueret. Qui §9. ionizations postea mortuus fuit in bello Heraldi ctra Nor- "iannts! renses. 7 aeccla recep fra. sua antequa, rex. W. — in Anglia uenisset. 7 tenuit isd abb qdiu uixit. 7 etia. successor ei9 Walterius abb similit tenuit amplius qua. vn. annis." ' And under Hantune, " Hoc CD emit abb ei9de aecclae [X e. Euesham] a q°da taino qui tra. sua. recte poterat uendere cui uellet. T. R. E. 7 emptu donauit aecclae p unii Textu2 positu super Altare. teste Comitatu."3 An entry not unsimilar occurs in the second Volume, under Breccles in Norfolk : "In Breccles xxv. ac semp difn car. v. soe in Saham & pposit9 de Saham uendidit t. r. With per unum frenum." 4 In Huntingdonshire we have a reference to a custom still in part retained among our Colleges and corporate societies. Turchil, who held Coninctune of the Countess Judith, had also held six hides of the land of the abbat of St. Mary Thorney, for which, it is said, " Kari- 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 177 b. 2 Dr. Nash, p. 17- says, Du Cange confines the word Textus to the Gospels; but by an instance which he cites, and the name of Textus RofTensis given to the Register of the Church of Rochester, he considers it to mean, generally, a Deed or Instrument. 3 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 177 b. * Ibid, tom.ii. fol. 110b. Z 2 340 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal tatem reddebat," he made an allowance of liquor, Matters noticed . T. » in this Record, which was drank at festivals by the religious in § 9.-niustrations commemoration of their founders and benefac- ManneT'l tors. " Homines de hundredo," it is added, ~ " nesciunt quantum."1 The " Poculum Chari- " tatis," or Grace-Cup, is still retained under the same designation in our Universities. The Sport of Hawking is illustrated by numerous entries. In several places we find a sum, no less than ten Pounds, made the optional payment for a Hawk : 2 and at Worcester a Norway Hawk is particularly specified.3 In the account of Surrey we read, under Pechingeorde, " Hoes epi Baiocsis calunianf sup hanc tVa. ad op9 regis p singtos annos nas. mark. auri. vel nos. accipitres. 7 hoc p ccessione abbis ffis Osuuoldi."4 In Gloucestershire, we find it said of certain Villae, " Hi reddunt xlvii. sextaria mellis. 7 xl. pore. 7 xli. uaccas 7 xxviii. solid pro accipi- tribj." 5 Among the possessions of Battle Abbey at Limenesfeld, " ///. nidi accipitr' in silua" are mentioned.6 Aeries of Hawks are noticed in Buckinghamshire/ Gloucestershire,8 Worcester shire,9 Herefordshire,10 Shropshire,11 and, more 1 Domesd. tom. i. fol. 206 b. 2 Ibid. foil. 134 b. 172. 230. 3 Ibid. fol. 172. 4 Ibid. fol. 36 b. 5 Ibid. fol. 162. 6 Ibid. fol. 34. 7 Ibid. foil. 144. 152. 8 Ibid. fol. 163 b. 9 Ibid. fol. 172. 10 Ibid. fol. 180. 11 Ibid. foil. 252 b. 256 b. 257- GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 341 frequently than in other Counties, in Cheshire : ' Principal i t 1 i i -r> -i i Matters noticed as well as among the Lands between the Kibble in this Record. and the Mersey.2 An Aery, says Dr. Nash, §9. WusTrations includes not only the nest or brood, but the MaZ^! place destined for the breeding or training of Hawks.3 The liberty of keeping these Aeries, he adds, was in early times granted as a privilege to some great persons ; as in a Charter of Henry the Third to the Church of York : "In nemore deBlideward habebat Archiepiscopus et Canonici de Ebor' proprios forestarios suos, et mei, et airas accipitrum et noisorum."4 The custom of a Widow not marrying again till after a year, seems noticed in the Survey of Norfolk, under Plummesteda : "p9q rex.W. uenit in hanc terra, inuasit Almarus eps j) forisfactura. quia mulier que tenuit nupsit intra annu p9 morte uiri."5 This was in conformity to the Saxon Laws. In the " Liber Constitutionum " of 1008, it is said, " Quaelibet Vidua quae seipsam in pace cum Deo etRege tenuerit, permaneatxn. menses absque marito ; postea eligat quemcunque ipsa voluerit." 6 Here, however, it was only an 1 Domesd. tom. i. foil. 264. 265. 265 b. 266 b. 267- 267 b. 268. 268 b. 269. 2 Ibid. fol. 270. 3 Collect, for Worcestershire, vol. i. p. 151. 4 Obs. on Domesd. for Wore. p. 9. 5 Domesd. tom.ii. fol. 199. 6 LL. Anglo-Sax. Wilk. p. 109. Compare also the " Concilium JEnhamense," Ibid. p. 122. The same Injunction occurs among the Longobardic Laws. Z 3 342 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Principal Injunction. Canute's laws imposed the absti- Matters noticed . in this Record, nence under a severe penalty : " Et vivat quae- § 9. iliusTrations libet Vidua absque marito duodecim menses, de- Manmrt inde eligat quem ipsa velit. Et si ilia, intra anni spatium, maritum eligeret, tunc perdat ea dotem mariti sui, et omnem possessionem, quam ipsa per priorem maritum habebat. Et capiant proximi amici terram et possessionem quam ilia prius habuit ; et sit ille maritus capitis aestimationis reus apud Regem, vel apud ilium, qui immunitatem concesserat. Et licet ipsa vi sit rapta, perdat earn possessionem, nisi ilia a marito post haec recedere et nunquam ipsius uxor esse velit. Et nunquam vidua sacris nimium festinanter initietur. Quae- libet etiam vidua praestet armamentum intra annum, nisi prius mulctae ex aliquid opportune fecerit." l Of the marriage of Ecclesiastics in the Saxon times, we have a remarkable memorandum in the second volume of the Survey, fol. 1 95. In the notice of the manor of Plufelda in Norfolk, it is said " h man accep Almar us cum uxore sua antequam esset Episcopus ; et postea tenuit in Episcopate. Modo tenet Willielmus Episcopus." In tom. i. fol. 336. in the account of Lincoln, " Uxor Siuuardi presbyteri" occurs. 1 LL. Anglo-Sax. Wilk. p. 144. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 343 III.— ORIGINAL USES and CONSEQUENCES of this SURVEY. By the completion of this Survey the King original . i l i p 1 • Uses and acquired an exact knowledge ot the possessions consequences of the crown. It afforded him the names of the landholders. It furnished him with the means of ascertaining the military strength of the country : and it pointed out the possibility of increasing the revenue in some cases, and of lessening the demands of the Tax Collectors in others.1 It was, moreover, a Register of Appeal for those whose titles to their property might be disputed. 1 Under Eldewincle in Northamptonshire, tom. i. fol. 222. we read, " Valuit. xx. sot. Modo. xxx. sot. Si bene exerceref. c. sot ualet." Instances of sinking in the value of property may be found in almost every County. In Yorkshire, which had been laid waste by the sword, the instances of depreciation are exceedingly numerous even among the " Terra? Regis." Of the Manor of Walesgrif, torn. i. fol. 299. it is said " T. R. E. uat lvi. libras m° xxx. sot." Of Picheringa, ibid. " H' Man uat T. R. E. qa? xxli 7 vm. lib m°. xx'1 sot. 7 1111. den." Of Drifelt, fol. 299 b. " T. R. E. uat xl. life. M° hi rex & est wash" Of these, with sixteen other Manors in this County, all belonging to the King, (fol. 299. 299 b.) which appear to have been collectively valued in the reign of Edward the Confessor at ^565. 2. three appear in the time of the Conqueror to have been completely wasted, and the rest to have produced the comparatively small sum of ^38. 9. 4. z 4 344 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. of this Survey. Original Sir William Blackstone has observed that Uses and ... ti v i Consequences from the prodigious slaughter of the English nobility at the battle of Hastings, and the fruit less insurrections of those who survived, such numerous forfeitures had accrued, that William was able to reward his Norman followers with very large and extensive possessions.1 Eadmer, Ingulph, and Henry of Huntingdon complain heavily of the extirpation of the English from offices of honour, power, and emolument, in Church and State. Yet this must have been the natural consequence of such a change as that which was occasioned by the arrival of the Normans. The Soldiers and ministerial de pendants of the Conqueror were to be rewarded : and we cannot wonder to see them form the larger portion of the tenants in capite. We find the Churches and Monasteries however still retaining their ancient patrimony, with changes, it is true, but in some cases with considerable additions from the grants of the Conqueror himself.2 Edgar Adeliug, the grandson of Edmund Ironside and the real heir to the Crown after 1 Blackst. Comment. 4°. Oxf. 1766. tom. ii. p. 48. 2 See Domesd. tom. i. foil. 43. 78 b. 87 b. 135. 167 b. 176.211. 222. 273. 298. tom.ii. foil. 14. 210. 359b. The favoured Churches and Monasteries, exclusive of Battle Abbey, were those of Winchester, Durham, St. Paul's, Westminster, St. Edmundsbury, Shaftesbury, Evesham, and Burton. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 345 Edward the Confessor, occurs as a tenant in original capite in Hertfordshire.1 consequences Godeva, the widow of Leofric Earl ofMercia, '_ occurs as a tenant in capite in Leicestershire : 2 and Alveva, the mother of Earl Morcar, con tinued at the time of the Survey to hold lands in the same County.3 So also in Suffolk, although the land noticed in this latter entry must have been under sequestration : « Terra Matris Mor- chari Comitis quam Willielmus Camerarius et Otho Aurifex servant in manu regis." 4 Rembaldus, the Chancellor of Edward the Confessor, and Dean of the Collegiate Church of Cirencester, besides his ecclesiastical prefer ments, is entered as holding considerable estates : 8 and very numerous instances might be adduced of property held by men who had been either Thanes or Ministri in the Court of Edward the Confessor.6 1 Domesd. tom.i. fol. 142a. 2 Ibid. fol. 231 b. She occurs in Warwickshire, also, tom. i. fol. 244. and at Nottingham, ibid. fol. 280 b. » Domesd. tom. i. fol. 231 b. 4 Ibid. ii. fol. 286 b. 5 Ibid. i. foil. 68 b. 91. 146. 160. 166 b. See also Kelh. Domesd. Illustr. p. 51. Rudder Hist. Glouc. p. 357. 8 In Wiltshire, under "Terra Odonis et aliojp Tainox Regis," foil. 73 b. 74. we read : " Brictric ten Wochesie. Pat ej5 tenuit T.R.E. J geldb p x. hid. Aluric ten Wadone. Ipse tenuit T. R.E. 7 geldb p in. hid. Aldred ten Bimertone. Ipse tenuit T.R.E. 7 geldb p 11. hid. Cvdvlf9 ten Wintreburne. Ipse tenuit T.R.E. Ibi habt. 346 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Original The Sub-feudatarii, or under-tenants were Uses and consequences disturbed, perhaps less extensively: though it of this Survey. vi. hid. Cheping ten Haseberie. Ipse tenuit T. R. E. 7 geldb p una v. tra?. Cola ten Gramestede. Pad ej9 tenuit T. R. E. 7 geldb p 1. hida. 7 dim. Godrie ten Hertha. Pal ef tenuit T. R. E. 7 geldb p in. virg 7 dim. Gode ten 1. hid in Stotecome. Ipsa tenuit T. R. E. Tra. e. in. car. Edvin9 ten Chigelei. Ipse tenuit T. R. E. 7 geldb p una v. tra?. Edward9 ten Widetone. Pal ef tenuit T. R. E. 7 geldb p in. hid. Filius Aiulf ten Gramestede. Pal ej3 tenuit T. R. E. 7 geldb p una hida. 7 dim. Wenesii uxor ten Titicome. Vir ef tenuit T. R. E. 7 geldb p n. hid." In Dorsetshire, tom. i. fol. 84 b. ten Thanes held the same land which they had possessed in the previous reign. In Hampshire the instances are very numerous. Osbern Fitz Richard, whose possessions in capite are noticed, tom. i. foil. 176 b. 186 b. 244. 260. 292. had held a large portion of them in the time of Edward. The reader, however, who wishes for more ample information on this point has only to consult the marginal notes of the Index of Landholders in the time of King Edward the Confessor. Very few indeed are the Families of England who can at this time find their direct ancestors either among the Tenants in Capite, or the Under-tenants of land in Domesday. Though it is probable that a diligent search into evidence may produce many which are at present unknown. The Messrs. Lysons, in the new Magna Britannia, have pursued this inquiry in the few Counties to which their work extended. The result may serve as an example of what may be expected in others. In Bedfordshire and Berkshire, no estates appear to have remained with the descendants from Tenants in GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 347 must be owned that the Index of Under-Tenants in the time of William the Conqueror, whatever Original Uses and Consequences of this Survey. Capite beyond a few generations. In Buckinghamshire and Cambridgeshire we come a little later down ; the Earl of Oxford, in the time of Queen Elizabeth, alienated the last of the possessions in Berkshire which his family had derived from Hugh de Bolebec ; and in Cambridgeshire, in 1580, the same Earl alienated Castle- Camps, the last estate in that county which had descended to him from Aubrey de Vere. He sold it to a citizen of London. In Cheshire, the barony of Kinderton con tinued in the family of Venables till 1676. In Cornwall we find no descents to a late period : and the only estates in Derbyshire which have continued in the descendants of those who were their possessors at the time of the Domesday Survey are some manors of the Gresley family, which have passed to them in uninterrupted succession from their ancestor Nigel de Stafford. The remarkable instance of the Berkeleys, however, of Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, must not be omitted : they have descended in a direct line from Roger de Berkeley, the Conqueror's companion. Among the numerous Under-Tenants mentioned in the Survey, very few have sent their direct descendants down. Hugh Burdet, indeed, held lands in Leicester shire under the Countess Judith, which are said to be still in the possession of his descendant Sir Francis Burdett: and although the Grenvilles of Buckingham shire are unnamed in the Survey, the Messrs. Lysons assure us, that the manor of Wotton in Buckingham shire, which belonged to Walter Gifard earl of Bucking ham at the time of the Survey, was brought in marriage, about the year 1097, by Isabel daughter and co-heir of Walter the second earl, to Richard de Grenville, from 348 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Original allowance may be made for a change of thirty Uses and Consequences or forty years, presents a set of names very urvey. w^e]y different from that of the Occupiers in the time of King Edward the Confessor. There is a remarkable allusion in the Second Volume of the Survey to the time when the English com pounded for their lands. It relates to Stanham in Suffolk, an estate in the possession of the Abbey of Bury : " Hanc terram habet Abbas in vadimonio pro duobus marcis auri, concessu Engelrici quando redimebant Anglici terras suas." i whom it has passed in an uninterrupted line of male succession to the present Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. What the Lysons's have said upon this subject in re lation to the families of Devonshire, is applicable, as far as the descendants of under-tenants are concerned, to every County in the Kingdom. They say it1) is by no means improbable that the ancient families who, according to the custom of the period, took their names from the places of their residence, in the reigns of King John or King Henry the Third, may have inherited their estates in direct descent from the Ralphs, Rogers, Walters, and Williams, who are so continually entered as sub-tenants under lords-paramount in the time of William the Conqueror. 1 Tom. ii. fol. 360 b. In the Survey of Surrey, tom.i. fol. 36b. we have a detailed instance of a person, who was a tenant in capite in the time of Edward the Confessor, becoming an under-tenant of the same property in the time of William GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 34,9 Of the importance which William himself original attached to the completion of the Survey we consequences have a sufficient evidence at the close of a °fthlsSurvey- grant which he made soon afterwards to the Abbey of Westminster. It gives the Monks their possessions at Piriford ; and finishes, " Testibus W. Episcopo Dunelmensi & F. Tail- lebosc, Post Descriptionem totius Anglia?." l And that the value of the Great Survey was thoroughly perceived at a time but little subse quent to the Conquest, we learn from Robertus Montensis, who informs us it was imitated in Normandy by Henry the Second.2 Matthew of Westminster, and Matthew Paris after him, say that a Tax of six shillings was raised upon every hide in consequence of the Survey ; but they say nothing of its having been raised for any specific purpose. The author of the Saxon Chronicle, however, Hove- the Conqueror. " In Copedorne Hund. ten. Seman unam virg. terrae, quam tenuit de Rege E. sed ex quo venit W. Rex in Angliam servivit Osuuoldo. redd. ei xx. den. Hie se potuit vertere quo voluit T. R. E." 1 Madox, Formul. Anglic, num. cccxcvi. ex autogr. penes Dec. et Cap. Westm. 2 " Rex H. II. fecit investigari per Normanniam terras quas Rex H. avus ejus possidebat die qua obiit. Fecit etiam inquiri quas terras et quas sylvas et qua? alia dominia Barones et alii homines occupaverant post mortem Regis H. avi sui, & hoc modo fere duplicavit reditus Ducatus Normannise." Rob. Montensis An. Dom. 1172. See MS. Lansd. 312. fol. 1. 350 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Original den, Henry of Huntingdon, the Chronicle of Consequences Mailros, and Simeon of Durham, separate this of this survey. T&x from any connection with the Survey. They represent the Tax to have been levied at the end of 1083, or the beginning of 1084, imme diately after the death of Queen Matilda : and place the formation of the Survey at a later Time. In the Inquisitio Geldi for the five western counties in the Exeter Manuscript, Danegeld is throughout computed at six shillings per hyde, and wherever it differs it is only in small frac tions, owing to the mistakes of the writer or copier, to which, by the manner in which they at that time expressed their sums and quantities, they were very liable.1 By this Survey the Conqueror was enabled to fix the proportion of Danegeld on the property of each landholder. Danegeld, from the pay- 1 Webb's short account of Danegeld, p. 16. He adds, u In Wiltshire, in the Hundred of Mare (Exeter MS. p. 288.) the Danegeld for fifty-one hides is 151. 6 s. 51x6=306 shillings. In Somersetshire, p. 237 b. in the Manor of Torlberg, three hides paid the King 18 s. for this Tax, 6x3=18. In Devonshire, p. 311a. in Hertiland Hundred seven hides paid 21. 2 s. and in Toritone 24 hides are rated at 7 1. 4 s. In Dorsetshire, p. 297 a. in Henoltune Hundred, 14^ hides paid 4 1. 7 s. 14| x 6 = 87 shillings. In Cornwall, p. 304 a. in Win- nentone Hundred, six hides paid 1 1. 16 s. and in Fanurcone Hundred, 304 b. 11^ hides paid 3l. 9 s. 11^x6 = 69 shillings." GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 351 ment of which the Confessor had absolved the original English, was revived at an early period of Wil- consequences liam's reign : and it had become subject to cfth!sSurvey- numerous exemptions. The demesne lands of churchmen and religious houses were uniformly excused. The demesne lands of the great lords, and barons, and others who held by military service, were likewise exempted : and partial exemptions were made in favour of the barons of the exchequer, the sheriffs of counties, and the assessors and collectors of the Tax : a few exemptions, also, were claimed under especial grants from the King : by means of all which, it will be readily believed, the produce of the Tax had been much diminished. The Geld is never once mentioned in the county of North ampton.1 In Somersetshire, out of a hundred and thirteen hides of land in Witestane hundred, Danegeld was answered to the crown for no more than fifty hides. Out of a hundred and four hides in Camesham hundred, for only fifty hides. In Devonshire, out of twenty-five hides in the hundred of Plintone, it was paid only for nine hides and a virgate. In Dorsetshire, out of thirty-four hides and a half in Pimpire hundred, it was answered only for thirteen hides. In Wiltshire, out of fifty-two hides in Stapla hundred, it was paid only for fourteen hides and half a virgate. And, in Cornwall, ' Nichols' Hist. Leic Introd. Volume, p. xxxv. 352 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Original out of forty-four hides in Pantone hundred, Uses and ^ Consequences Danegeld was answered for only eight hides.1 of this Survey. _ , . j-7 Danegeld occurs but once in the Survey, by its own name : tom. i. fol. 336 b. under Stamford in Lincolnshire. 1 Webb's short account of Danegeld, pp. 21. 23. 24. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 353 IV.— ITS CONSERVATION and AUTHORITY in COURTS of LAW. " Libek de Wintonia," the very name by ^Conservation which the Domesday Survey, in one passage, in Courts of designates itself, is a sufficient evidence of the first place of its deposit. Ingulphus, who lived in the reign of the Conqueror, however, appears to have obtained extracts from it at London : ' and the History of the foundation of Burton Abbey, gives a description of land more than once, " ut habetur in Libro de Domusdie, apud Wintoniam et Westmonasterium.2 The exact time of the removal of the Record, if there was originally but one copy, cannot 1 Hist. Ingulphi. edit. Gale. pp. 80. 85. 3 Dugd. Mon. Angl. tom. i. p. 272. Rudborne also, who is however a late authority, speaks of two copies of the Survey. " Eodem tempore factus est magnus Liber qui habitus est in Thesauro Westmonasterii, et alius in Thesauro Ecclesia? Cathedralis Wyntonia?, vocatus Domysday." Anglia Sacra, tom. i. p. 257. In corroboration it may be observed that a tourist of ¦ the year 1634, MS. Lansd. Brit. Mus. 213. fol. 369 b, describing Winchester Cathedral, after mentioning the Monument of a Knight-templar in the North Cross aile, says, " And by this warlike Knight is Domesday- VaUlt, where the Evidence of this Kingdome was kept of old." The Chron. Joh. Abb. S.Petri de Burgo, ed. Sparkes. fol. 1723. calls Domesday, by mistake, " Rotulus Wir- CESTRIjE." A A Law. 354 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. itsConservation now be ascertained. Certain it is, that at a and Authority in courts of very early period it is described, in the Dialogus de Scaccario, as the inseparable companion of the Royal Seal.1 And, it is possible that the name of Liber de Wintonia might only allude to the place where the Returns from the different counties were breviated ; and that the original, immediately, or very soon after its completion, was removed to Westminster. At Westminster it was kept with the King's Seal, by the side of the Tally-court in the Exchequer, under three locks and keys, in the charge of the auditor, the chamberlains, and deputy chamberlains of the Exchequer ; 2 till in 1696 it was deposited among other valuable Records in the Chapter House, where it still remains. Appeals to the decision of this Survey occur at a very early period. Petrus Blesensis notices an appeal of the Monks of Croyland to it in the Reign of Henry the First.3 Others occur 1 Dialog, de Scacc. lib. i. cap. xvi. 2 In the Abbreviatio Placitorum Trin. 18 Edw. I. Bedf. rot. 39. p. 222. we read " Et profert Librum de Domesday sub Sigillo Scaccarii." 3 " Pra?fato siquidem Abbati Eveshamii Mauricio successit ad dicti Eveshamensis Monasterii regimen pastorale Dominus Reginaldus monachus Gloucestria? ; cujus primis diebus cum terminus centum annorum firma? de Baddeby compleretur, venerabilis abbas Croylandia? Joffridus, licet occupatus multuni fuisset suam Ecclesiam necnon alia magna et sumtuosa a?dificia nuper ab igne GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 355 in the Abbreviatio Placitorum. In the first itsConservation year of King John, it is said, " Abbas Sampson in Courts of [S. Edmundi] queritur quod Osbertus de Wechesham, miles episcopi Eliensis, injuste levavit furcas et suspendium fecit in manerio de Hecham infra libertatem Sancti Edmundi et contra libertatem quam habuit beatus Edmundus a tempore Regis Edwardi et ex ejusdem Regis dono, et inde protulit Cartas diversorum regum, et preterea ponit se inde super Rotulum Win- tonije."1 Another instance, in a case of antient consumta rea?dificando, tamen cum jurisperitis commu- nicato consilio, et longo libramine examinans quid circa manerium de Baddeby Conventus suus decerneret faciendum : licet Charta? originales combusta? fuissent, et Charta restaurationis dictum manerium continens quo in loco per praedecessorem suum Ingulphum abbatem fuerat reposita, penitus ignoraret; censebant tamen et consentiebant universi Monachi Croylandenses, Evesha- mium fore adeundum, et manerium de Baddeby in jus monasterii Croylandia? repetendum ; ac Rotulum Regium Domesday nuncupatum allegandum. Ille ut viri religiosi si conscientiam haberent regulatam, cito redderent; sin autem confidentes in peeunia seu exemtione sua, cau- teriatam cupidamque possiderent, et per nefas retinere contenderent ; Regis justitias esset adeundum, et ibi pro jure sui Monasterii viriliter decertendum. Quod et factum est. Venerabilis enim abbas Joffridus Evesba- miumadiens, et manerium repetens, transcriptum Charta? restaurationis Croylandia? ostendit, et inter caetera, etiam auctoritatem Regii DOMESDAY praetacti in suum auxilium allegavit." Rer. Anglic. Script. Vet. a Gale. tom. i. p. 124. 1 Abbrev. Plac. 1 Jofcis. Suff. rot, 7. p. 22. A A 2 Law. 356 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. itsConservation demesne, occurs in the eleventh of King John. and Authority in Courts of " Robertus Camerarius ponit se super Rotulum Wintonias quod terra ilia pertinet a Conquestu Anglia? ad feudum quod ipse habet tenere in capite de Domino Rege." l In subsequent reigns the pleadings upon antient demesne are extremely numerous, as may be seen in the Index to that work.2 The proof of 1 Ibid. Pasch. n. Jonis. Line rot. 6. p. 65. 2 Abbrev. Placit. Mic. 1 Ed. I. Sutht. rot. 9. p. 185. Mic. 4 Ed. I. Midd. rot. 36. p. 188. Tr. 4 Ed. I. Leyc. rot. 24 d. p. 191. Pasch. 6 Ed. I. Surr. rot. 6. p. 194. Mic. 7 Ed. I. Nott. rot. 23. p. 197. Hill. 8 Ed. I. Sussex rot. 8. p. 198. Tr. 18 Ed. I. Bedf. rot. 39. p. 222. Hill. 20 Edw. I. Oxon. rot. 42. p. 228. et alibi passim. In the Year Book, an. 2 Edw. III. p. 15. we read " Auncien demesne doit estre averre per Record de Domesday quant al gros et nient a parcel, mes parcel puit este averre per pais et ceo que le Court poit averrer per Record, ne serra jaines trie per pais. Et fuer al averrenient que le lieu ou le pris fuit fait, fuit franke fee, etc." Compare ann. 40 Edw. III. pp. 45. 46. 49 Edw. III. p. 7. See also Kitchin's Jurisdictions, 8°. Lond. 1651. p. 193. Instances relating to the search whether Towns belonged to the King's antient demesne in Domesday will be found in Madox's Firma Burgi, p. 5. A re markable one, also, concerning Tavistock, will be found in the Abbrev. Placit. Mic. 7 Ed. I. Devon, rot. 7. p. 270. in which the words of the Survey are quoted. Upon a trial 37 Hen. VI. it was certified by the book of Domesday, that London was not antient demesne. Year Books 37 Hen. VI. p. 27. Kelham says, " A question arising in the 12th of Edward the Third, whether the lands of Roger de GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 357 antient demesne still rests with the Domesday itsConservation J and Authority Survey. in Courts of Other cases in which its evidence is yet ' appealed to in our courts of law, are, in proving the antiquity of Mills, and in setting up pre scriptions in non decimando. By the statute of the 9th of Edward the Second, called Articuli Cleri, it was determined that prohibition should not lie upon demand of Tithe for a new Mill.2 The Mill therefore which is found in Domesday must be presumed older than the 9th of Edward the second, and is, of course, discharged, by its evidence, from Tithe.3 Huntingfeld were holden of the King ut de Corona or ut de Baronia vel Honore ; the Treasurer and Barons of the Exchequer were directed by the King's writs to search Domesday and other Records, and to call to their assistance the Judges and others of the King's Council, and to make their return thereof; they accord ingly returned to the King in his Chancery a certificate, by which they set forth several things which were found upon the search, and (inter alia) verbatim what they found relating thereto in Domesday ; but as to the words contained in the said book of Domesday, they set forth they were not able to make a declaration or interpreta tion of them, unless just as the words sounded : ' Nesci- mus interpretationem facere nisi quatenus verba inde sonant.' Terra Roberti Gernon, Domesday, p. 197. Mad. Baron, p. 175." Domesd. Book Illustr. p. 245. 1 See Burrow's Reports, vol. ii. p. 1048. Trin. Term 33 & 34 Geo. II. 8 Stat, of the Realm, vol. i. p. 171. 5 See Hughes v. Billinghurst, Wood's Decrees of the A A 3 358 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. itsConservation On the discharge of Abbey lands from tithes, and Authority , , _-^ 1 • t j. in courts of as proved by Domesday, it may be proper to > aw' state that Pope Paschal the Second, at an early period, exempted generally all the religious from paying tithes of lands in their own hands. This privilege was afterwards restrained to the four favoured Orders, the Cistercians, the Templars, the Hospitalers, and the Premonstratensians. So it continued till the 4th Council of Lateran in 1215, when the privilege was again restrained to such lands as the Abbies had at that time, and was declared not to extend to any after- purchased lands. And it extends only to lands dum propriis manibus coluntur? From the paucity of dates in early documents, the Domes day Survey is very frequently the only evidence which can be adduced that the lands claiming a discharge were vested in the Monastery before the year expressed in the Lateran Council.2 Court of Exchequer in Tithe Causes, vol. ii. p. 208. Weatherhead v. Bradshaw, ibid. vol. iii. p. 430. 1 Decret. lib. iii. tit. 30. c. 10. See Gwillim's Reports of Cases respecting Tithes, vol. iv. p. 1311. s Compare the Case of Claville v. Oram. Gwillim, vol. iv. p. 1354. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. 359 V. — PUBLICATION of the SURVEY. In 1767» in consequence of an Address of the Publication of House of Lords, His Majesty was graciously pleased to give directions for the publication, among other Records, of the Domesday Survey.1 In the following year, specimens, one executed with types, the other by engraving,2 were sub- 1 See the Report on Public Records, A.D. 1800. p. 40. Compare also Journ. H. of Lords, 29 Jun. 1767. * Council Books, Soe. Antiq. The following was the general Plan of the Expence of engraving the Domesday Survey, according to Mr. Bayly's Estimate, submitted to the Society of Antiquaries. " To tracing and engrav-^ SU^tShe"^'988160 6'98816° for one or two colours J To Copper Plates for 1 -ori „ . , > 582 8 0 one colour - - J To Copper Plates fori , ... ,„ . two colours J " l'16* 16 ° For rolling off 1 2501 Copies, in one colour J For rolling off 1 2501 . _ Copies, in two colours J To Paper at 25s. perl 2550 0 0 Ream, for one colour / ' To Paper at 30s per". _ . 00 Ream, for two colours J Totals 12,681 4 0 18,443 12 0 Smallest Expence. Largest Expence. " Time of finishing the Work, viz. 1st Year, Six Men - 180 Plates -» 2d Year, Fifteen Men 450 Plates . D 3d Year, Fifteen Men 450 Plates \At pi^y P 4th Year, Fifteen Men 450 Plates 5th Year - - 134 Plates J 1,664 Plates." A A 4 360 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY. Publication of mitted by command of the Lords of His Majesty's Treasury to the President and Council of the Society of Antiquaries, for their opinion : and an engraved copy of the work appears to have been at first considered as the most proper and advisable. At the close, however, of 1768, the fairest and most perfect Letter having been selected from different parts of the Survey, a resolution was taken to print it with metal types. A fac-simile type, uniform and regular, with tolerable exactness, though not with all the cor responding nicety of the original, was at last obtained,1 and the publication was entrusted to Mr. Abraham Farley, a gentleman of learning as well as of great experience in Records, and who had had almost daily recourse to the Book for more than forty years.2 It was not however till after 1770 that the Work was actually commenced. It was com pleted early in 1783, having been ten years in passing through the Press. The Type with which it was executed was destroyed in the fire which consumed Mr. Nichols's Printing-office in the Month of February 1808. 1 It was projected by Mr. John Nichols, and executed by Mr. Joseph Jackson. 8 He was for many years the Principal Deputy in the Tally Court of the Receipt of the Exchequer. INDEX OF TENANTS IN THE TIME OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, WHO HELD THEIR LANDS IMMEDIATELY FROM THE KING: ORDINARILY STYLED TENANTS IN CAPITE. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Abbatissa [sc. de Leofminstre],1 Heref. 180, 180 b. Abedesberiensis Abbatia, Dors. 78.2 Abendon, Abbatia S. Mariae de, Berks, 56,3 58 b.* Oxf. 156 b.5 Ghuc. 166.a Warw. 239.7 1 The Abbey of Leominster, as far as its foundation as a Nunnery was concerned, was dissolved in the time of King Henry the First. 2 From the words « T. R. E. geldabat " to the different properties, it may be presumed that all the Abbey manors of Abbotsbury had been held in the time of King Edward the Confessor. Of one portion of land only it is said, " ii erat de victu monachorum T. R. E." 3 " Abb. de Abendone habet n. acras (in Walingeforde) in quibus sunt vn. masuras de nn. solid, et pertin. ad Oxeneford." 4 " Semper fuit in abbatia," or " semper tenuit,'' are the terms which accompany most of the Berkshire manors be longing to the Abbey of Abingdon. 5 Of the Oxfordshire manors of Abingdon it is said, " Haec terra tota fuit et est de dominio S. Mariae Aban- doniensis." 6 Of the manor of Dubentone in Gloucestershire, belong ing to Abingdon, it is said, " Hoc 55 geldabat T. R. E." 7 Hille, the manor referred to in Warwickshire in this 364 INDEX OP TENANTS IN CAPITE. Abetot, Vrso de,1 Glouc. 169 b. Wore. 177 b. Here/. 180, 180 b. 187 b. Warw. 243 b. Accipitrarius, Bernardus, Berks, 63. Edricus, Norf. 272. Godvinus, Hants, 50 b. Osbernus, Hants, 49 b. Achebranni S. Canonici, Cornw. 121. 2 Adam filius Durandi malis operibus, Essex, 94. Adeldreda, Sancta, Norf. 212 b. v. Ely. Adeling, Edgar, vide Edgar. Adelingi sive Adelingiensis Abbatia, Dors. 78 b. Somers. 91.3 Adeliz seu Adeliza 4 uxor Hugonis de Grentemaisnil, Hertf. 142 b. iei'c. 236 b. 244 b. Adobed, Rualdus, Dev. 114 b. Adreci, Norman de,5 Line. 361 b. Clam. W. R. Line. 376 b. folio, was probably a recent purchase. " Abbatia de Aben- done habet in Hille n. hid. quas emit Abbas de feudo Turchilli." 1 See an account of him in Dugd. Bar. p. 462. Kelh. Illustr. of Domesd. p. 89. He was alive in the time of Hen. I., to several of whose charters in the Monastieon he signs as witness. He was sheriff of Worcestershire. Hence he is called "Vrso de Wirecestre in the Survey, tom. i. fol. 169 b. 2 The Canons of St. Keverne in Cornwall, in the hundred of Kirrier. 3 The manor referred to in this entry was in the Abbey, T.R.E. 4 She and her husband held their lands in capite sepa rately. Adeliza died at Rouen in 1091, and was buried in the monastery of St. Evroul, which her husband had founded. Neustr. Pia, p. 119. 5 The progenitor of the family of D'Arcie. Kelh. p. 124. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 365 jEldeva libera femina,1 Berks, 63 b. .ZEldredus Archiepiscopus,2 Clam. Ebor. 373 b. Agelricus, Somers. 99. Agemund, Hants, 50 bis.3 50 b.4 51 b.5 Line. 336. Agemundus alter, Hants,6 50. Agemundus presbyter, Line. 371 b. Ailmarus filius Goduini, Norf. 272 b. Ailrvn, Dors. 84. Ailuuard, Dors. 84. Aincurt, Walterius de,7 Northampt. 226. Derb. 276 b. Nottingh. 280 b. 288 b. Yorksh. 326. Line. 361. C/am. m Cftefe*. 376 b. 377 b. Yorksh. 379. Aiulfus, Dev. 116. Aiulfus camerarius,8 Dors. 82 b. His posterity were long settled at Nocton in Lincolnshire. He was alive in the 6th of William Rufus, and a benefactor to the Abbey of St. Mary York. Dugd. Bar. i. p. 369. i " Tenuit T. R. E." 2 Archbishop of York, A.D. 1061-1069. 3 " Ipsemet tenuit in alodium de rege E." 4 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 5 " Godrie et Agemund I. hid. in paragio." 6 " Ipse tenuit in alodium pro CO de rege E." 1 Dugd. Bar. i. p. 385. Kelh. p. 104. Bridges, Hist. Northampt. ii. p. 441. Edmund Deincourt, the last of the elder branch of this family, died early in the reign of Edward the Third. Lysons, Mag. Brit. Derb. p. lxi. 8 Hampreston, one of Aiulfus's possessions in Dorset shire, has retained the epithet of Chamberlain to the pre sent time. In the list of Tenants in capite prefixed to this county he is called Vice-comes, which, as well as a passage in Dors. 83. col. 1, identifies him with the Aiulfus who stands next to him in the Index. He had been sheriff in the time of King Edward the Confessor. 366 index of tenants in capite. Aiulfus vicecomes, Berks, 63. Wilts, 73. Alanus Comes,1 Hards, 44. Dors. 79. Hertf. 132, 136 b. Cambr. 189. 193 b.2 Northampt. 224. Der6. 273 b. Nottingh. 282 b. 298, 298 b. YorfeA. 298, 298 b. 309. Linc.34>7. Clam. S. Line. 37 5. Clam. N. Line. 376. Clam, in Cketst. 377, 377 b. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. 380 b. 381, 381 b. Essex, 35. Norf. 144. Suff. 293. Albamarla, Comitissa de,3 Essex, 91b. Sw^ 430 b. Albani, S. Abbatia, Berks, 56 b. 59 b. Hertf. 135 b. Buckingh. 145 b. i Alan Earl of Britany and Richmond. He married Constance, daughter of the Conqueror, and commanded the rear of the army at the battle of Hastings. See Dugd. Bar- i. p. 46. His greatest possessions were the lands in the North Riding of Yorkshire, which had belonged to Earl Edwin, constituting Richmondshire. An illumination in the Registrum Honoris de Richmond, MS. Cotton. Faust. B. vn., represents the Conqueror delivering the grant of these lands to Earl Alan. " Ego Willielmus cognomine Bastardus, Rex Angliae, do et concedo tibi nepoti meo, Alano Britanniae comiti, et heredibus tuis imperpetuum omnes, villas et terras quae nuper fuerunt Comitis Edwyni in Eboracshira, cum feodis militum et ecclesiis et aliis libertatibus et consuetu dinibus, ita libere et honorifice sicut idem Edwinus ea tenuit. Dat. in obsidione coram civitate Ebor." 2 The Messrs. Lysons, in their Magna Britannia, Cambr. p. 24, say, " A small part of the vast property of the Earl of Britany in this county, consisting of the manors of Ful- bourn and Swavesey, continued in his descendants of the male line, the Zouches, as late as the year 1400, and after wards passed by female heirs to the families of Botetort, Burnel, Boteler, and Carey." 2 Adeliza, half-sister of the Conqueror, and wife to Odo INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 367 Albemarle, Robertus de,1 Dev. 1 13. Albericus camerarius, Hants, 49 b. Wilts, 74 b. Albericus camerarius Reginae, Wilts, 63 b. Albericus Comes,2 Wilts, 69. Bucks, 143. Oxf. 157 b. Northampt. 224. Leic. 231 b. Warw. 238, 239 b. Yorksh. 379. Albertus, Berks, 63. Line. 336 b. Albertus capellanus, Kent, 14 b. Albertus clericus, Surr. 36 b. Rutl. 294. Albertus Lothariensis, Heref. 186. J3e$; 216 b. Albingi, Nigellus de,3 Bucks, 151 b. Z?ee^I 214. Leic. 236. Jftaro. 244. Earl of Champagne and Albemarle. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 60. She was whole sister to Odo Bishop of Baieux, and to the Earl of Moretaine. 1 Ancestor of the Damarells, who gave name to Milton Damarell and Stoke Damarell in Devonshire. Lysons, Mag. Brit. Dev. p. li. A branch of his family remained to Sir William Pole's time, but in mean condition. 2 There was an Albric or Albericus, a Norman, who, ac cording to Simeon of Durham, was made Earl of Northum berland about the year 1080, but who soon afterwards re turned to Normandy. See also Dugd. Bar. i. p. 56. The Earl Aubrey of the present references seems to have been a different person, though of what county he was Earl does not appear. Dugdale, in his Bar. tom.i. p. 188, thinks there is little doubt but that this Albericus Comes was the pro genitor of the Veres Earls of Oxford. Alberic de Ver, however, their real progenitor, occurs in other parts of the Survey; in Middlesex, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Essex, and Suffolk. At the time of the Survey all Earl Aubrey's lands were " in manu Regis." Of those in War wickshire Geoffrey de Wirce had the custody. 3 Dugd. Bar. i. p. 118. He died 3 Steph. Roger, his eldest son, by command of King Henry the First, took the 368 index of tenants in capite. Albus, Robertus, Northampt. 225 b. Alden, Derb. 278 b. Nott. 292 b. Alden presbyter, Line. 371. Aldene, 293 bis. Line. 371. Aldit, Norf. 271. Aldred, Wilts, 73 b. bis.1 Aldreda, S. v. Ely. Aldvi, Somers. 99.2 Alestan, Wilts, 73 b. Alfhilla, Dev. 1 18 b.3 Alfildis,4 Wilts, 74. Alfredus, Norf. 270 b. Algar, Wilts, 73 b. Dev. 118 b.s Nottingh. 292 b. Z/iwc. 371. Algar presbyter, Dev. 104. Alis, seu Alisius, Willelmus, Hants, 48 b. Almar, Wilts, 73 b. Almarus, Dors. 84 b. Bedf. 218.6 Staff. 250 b. JVcv/: 272. Almer, Hants, 50 b. surname of Mowbray, from whom the Dukes of Norfolk are descended. Among his under-tenants we find, " In Siuui- lesson ten. quaedam concubina Nigelli ii. hid.'' Nigel de Albini's estates in Bedfordshire went to a younger son, who had a castle at Cainhoe in the parish of Clophill, and passed by a female heir to the St. Amands. i " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 2 " Idem ipse tenebat T. R. E." 3 " Ipsa tenebat T. E. E." 4 " Vir ejus tenuit T. R. E." 6 " Ipse tenebat T. R. E." 0 " Hanc terram pater ejusdem hominis tenuit, et rex W. ei per brevem suum reddidit.'' INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 369 Almundus, Sanctus,1 Shropsh. 252, 253. Alnod, Dev. 118. Alric, Hants, 50 b.2 53 b.3 Wilts, 73 b. Dev. 118 b.4 Staff. 250 b.5 Alric et nepos ejus,6 Hants, 53 b. Alricus, Bedf. 218,7 218 b.8 Alricus coquus, Bucks, 153. Alselin, Goisfridus,9 Northampt. 219, 227. Leic. 235 b. Derb. 276 b. Nottingh. 280, 289. Yorksh. 326. Line. 336. 369 b. Cto. Ebor. 373 b. 374. For&sA. 379. 10 Alselin, Goisfridus, et Radulphus nepos ejus, Northampt. 219." 1 The Collegiate Church of St. Alcmund in Shrewsbury, the estates of which were surrendered for the foundation of the Priory of Lilleshull. See the last edit, of Dugd. Monast. vol.vi. p. 261. 2 " Hanc tenuit pater ejus de rege E. sed hie regem non requisivit post mortem Godrie sui avunculi qui earn custo- diebat." 3 " Tenet et tenuit." 4 " Ipse tenebat T. R. E." 5 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 6 " Ipsimet tenuerunt in alod. de rege E." 7 " Istemet tenuit T. R. E." 8 " Isdem qui tenet tenuit T. R. E." 9 Kelh. Illustr. p. 105. His estates after two generations went by a daughter to the Bardolphs. 10 The lands in Northamptonshire, Leicestershire, Derby shire, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire, granted to Geoffrey Alselin, had all belonged to a Saxon named Tochi. 11 They had two houses in Northampton only. B B 370 index of tenants in capite. Alst, Hants, 53 b.1 Bucks, 153.2 Oxf. 160 b. Warw. 244 b.3 Yorksh. 330 b.4 Alsi Berchenistr. Hants, 50, 50 b. Alsi filius Brixi, Hants, 49 b. 50, 53 b. Alverd, Somers. 99.5 Aluers, Robertus de, Northampt. 219. Alueua, Dev. 118 b.6 Alveva Comitissa,7 Leic. 231 b. Alvied, Wilts, 74. Aluiet presbyter, Somers. 91b. Aluredus, Line. 336 b. Aluredus Brito, Dev. 1 15 b. Aluredus Hispaniensis, Ispaniensis, seu de Ispania,8 Wilts, 73. Dors. 82 b. Somers. 97. Dev. 115 b. Glouc. 162. Heref. 186.9 1 " Ipsemet tenuit de rege E. in alod." 2 Cestreham. " Hoc ES tenuit Eddid regina, et ipsa dedit eidem Alsi post aduentum regis W." Of another manor, Sortelai, it is said, " Hoc CO tenuit Wluuardus homo reginae Eddid T. R. E. et ipsa dedit huic Alsi cum filia Wluuardi." 3 " Idem ipse tenuit." 4 " Alsi et Chetelber hh." 5 " Idem ipse tenebat T. R. E." 6 " Ipsa tenebat T. R. E. et geldabat pro una v. terrae." 1 The mother of Earl Morcar. See other lands belonging to her, Suff. 286 b. She occurs as iElveva Comitissa, Nott. 280 b. At the formation of the Survey, all Alveva's lands- were in abeyance. In Leicestershire, it is said " Comitissa Alveva tenuit." In Suffolk, her lands are expressly stated to have been placed in the custody of William the cham berlain and Otho the goldsmith. 8 Of the family of Ispania, or Hispaine, in Essex, see Morant, ii. pp. 301, 363, 480. 9 Except the land in Herefordshire, and one other manor, all Aluredus de Ispania's lands had belonged to a Saxon of the name of AluuL :> index of tenants in capite. 371 Aluredus de Lincolia, Bedf. 215 b. Clam. N. R. Line. 375 b. Clam, in Chetst. 377 b. Aluredus presbyter, Hants, 49. Aluredus nepos Turoldi, Line. 336 b.1 Aluredus nepos Wigot, Oxf. 160. Aluric, Hants, 49 b. Wilts, 73 b. bis.2 Dors. 84, 84 b. ter.3 Somers. 99 bis. Dev. 118 b. bis.4 Oxf. 161. Warm. 244 b. Staff. 250 b. Nott. 292 b. ter.5 293 bis.6 Aluric et duo Alodiarii, Hants, 51b. Aluric et Wislac, Hants, 54 bis.7 Aluric et Brictric, Dors. 84 b. Aluric parvus, Wilts, 73 b. Aluric petit, Hants, 50 b. Aluricus presbyter, Leic. 231. Alward, Dors. 84. Dev. 118.8 Aluuard collinc, Wilts, 73 b. Aluuard mert, Dev. 118.9 Aluuardus, Wilts,1l3h.10 Dors. 84," 84b.11 Staff 250b. Alwardus et Dernman, Hertf. 142. 1 " in. toftes (in Lincolia) de terra Sybi quam rex sibi dedit, in quibus habet omnes consuetudines preter geldum regis de monedagio." 2 In the second entry it is said, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 3 In all three entries we read, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 4 In both, " Ipse tenebat T. R. E." 6 In two of the entries it is said, " habebat," he had been the former possessor. 6 Again, " hfe." 7 In the first of the two entries we read, " Ipsi tenuerunt in paragio de rege E." 8 " Ipse tenebat T. R. E." 9 " Dimid. virg. terrae Regina dedit ei in Elemosina." i° Also, T. R. E. 11 In both instances, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." bb 2 } 372 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Alwardus et fratres ejus, Somers. 99.1 Alwardus aurifaber,2 Berks, 63 b. Aluuardus de Merde,3 Hertf. 142 b. Alwi, Hants, 50.4 Oxf. 161. Alwi filius Saulf,5 Hants, 50. Alwi filius Torber, Hants, 50. Alwi f. Turber, Wilts, 73 b. Alwi Vicecomes, Oxf. 160 b.6 Aluuine, Hunt. 207 b.7 Aluuinus, Hants, 50 b.8 Dev. 118 b.9 Bedf. 218 h. Alwinus filius Cheping, Berks, 63 b. Aluuinus Dodesone, Hertf. 142.10 Aluuinus praefectus Regis, Bedf. 218 b. ter. Alwinus presbyter, Wilts, 73 b.11 Bedf. 218 b.12 Alwinus Wit, Hants, 50 b.13 Alwold, Glouc. 170 b.14 Line. 336.15 i " Pater eorum tenebat T. R. E." 2 "Pater ejus tenuit de regina Eddid." 3 " Istemet tenuit T. R. E." 4 " Isdem tenuit in alod. de rege E.'' 6 " Pater ejus tenuit in alod. de rege E." 6 " Hanc terram emit ab eo Manasses sine licentia Regis." 7 " frfo," habebat, he was the former possessor. 8 " Vluiet pater ejus tenuit.'' 9 " Ipse tenebat T. R. E." 10 Wermelai. " Hoc 5B tenuit Wluuardus homo Asgari stalri et vendere potuit. Hoc CD fuit uenditum in. mark. auri post adventum regis Will'i." 11 Apparently also T.R.E. 12 " Istemet tenuit T. R. E. et potuit facere de ea quod voluit. Rex vero W. sibi postea in elemosina concessit, unde pro anima Regis et Reginae omni ebdomada n. feria missam persolvit." 13 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 14 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 15 Sac and soe in Lincoln. ikDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 373 Alwold camerarius, Berks, 63 b. Alwoldus, Staff. 250 b.1 Ambresberie, Terra Mcclesiaz de, Berks, 60. Wilts, 68b. Andeli, Richerius de, Hants, 52. Angli quatuor, Hants, 50.2 Anschitil, Wilts, 74 b. Anschitil f. Ameline, Dors. 83.3 Anschitil filius Osmundi, Hants, 49 b. 52. Anschitil parcher, Somers. 98 b. Ansger, de Montagud, seu Ansgerius, Dev. 116. Somers. 99. Ansger coquus, Somers. 98 b. Ansger Fouuer, Somers. 98 b. Ansgerus, Dev. 117 b. Ansgerus capellanus,4 Northampt. 222 b. Ansgerus capellanus Regis, Northampt. 219.a Ansgerus coquus, Wilts, 73 b. 1 Ansgerus cocus, Ess. 97. J Ansgerus de Montagud, v. Ansger. Ansgot, Dev. 118.6 Ansgotus interpres, Surr. 36 b. Arbalistarius, Bernerus, Norf. 267 b. Gislebertus, Norf. 268 b. : O. Ebor. 381 b. Odo, Yorksh. 329 b. Line. 365 b. 1 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E. et liber homo fuit.'' 2 Wallope. " Pater eorum tenuit in alodium de rege E." 3 " Hanc terram tenuit Anschit' de regina ut dicit. sed post mortem ejus regem non requisivit." 4 In the entry itself he is called " Ansgerus clericus.'' 5 " i. domum (in Northantone) de qua Rex debet habere socam." 6 Three properties, of small extent, are set down to him ; of one, a half hide at Madone, it is said, " Ipse tenebat T. R. E." BB 3 374 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Arbalistarius, Radulphus, Norf. 269. Robertus, Norf. 269. Warinus, Wilts, 74 b. Arcarius, Rainaldus, Oxf. 160b. Arches, Osbernus de, Yorksh. 329. v. Arcis. Archil, Yorksh. 33 1.1 331b. ter.2 Line. 371. Yorksh. 379. Archis, Osbertus de, Yorksh. 298.3 379. t Arcis, Osbernus de, Line. 364. Clam. J- v. Arches. Ebor. 374.4 379 b. J Arcis, Willelmus de, Suff. 431 b. Arcuarius, Willelmus, Hants, 48 b. Aregrin, Yorksh. 33 1.5 Aretius, Oxf. 160 b. Argentomago, David de,6 Cambr. 202. 1 Argento mo, David de, Bedf. 216 b. J Artifex, Rabellus, Norf. 269 b. Artor presbyter, Yorksh. 330 b.7 Arundel, Rogerius,s Dors. 82 b. Somers. 94 b. Aschil, iei'c. 236 b. i Also, T. R. E. 2 In each instance also, T.R.E., but the property small. 3 " n. mans, in Eboraco civitate." 4 " nn. bov. terrae in Monechetone de terra Merlesuen quam tenet Osbernus de arcis.'' 5 He had been the former possessor, though it is not said, T.R.E. 6 Kelh. p. 96, says, " He was probably ancestor of Regi nald de Argenteon, sheriff of Cambridge and Huntingdon shire, 5 Ric. I. A family which continued of great note for several generations." 7 He had been the former possessor ; " hb." 8 Dugd: Bar. ii. p. 422. Kelh. p. 157. The ancestor of the Lords Arundel of Wardour. index of tenants in capite. 375 Ascuit Musard, Derb. 277 b. v. Hascoit. Hasculfus. Asinus, Hugo, seu Lasne, Wore. 177 b. 1 Asne, Hugo, Heref. 180, 180 b. J Audoenus, S.1 Essex, 22. Augustini, S. [Cantuar.] Ecclesia, Kent, 2,2 12.3 Aurifaber, Grimbaldus, Wilts, 74. Otto, Essex, 97 b. Teodricus, Surr.4 36 b. Oxf. 160 b.s Autbert, Yorksh. 330 b.6 Azelina uxor Rad. Tailgebosch, Buck. 153.7 Cambr. 202 b. Bedf. 218. Azor, Wilts, 73 b. AzoaT. Saleuae, Nott. 280 b.8 1 The Abbey of St. Ouen, or Owen, in the city of Rouen ; the date of the earliest foundation of which is disputed. To the second structure, which was destroyed by fire, Richard Cceur de Lion was a benefactor. The Abbey of St. Ouen had held the land referred to in the Index, T.R.E. 2 sc. burgenses in civit. Cantuar. T. R. E. 3 The chief of the possessions of St. Augustine's Abbey had belonged to it T. R. E. 4 "i Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 5 Three estates are here put down to Teodricus, amount ing in quantity to five hides : of the two first, comprising three hides, it is said, " Has n. terras uxor ejus libere tenuit T. R. E." 6 He had also been the previous possessor. 7 The death of Ralph Tailgebosch, or Tailebosc, is al luded to in Domesday, tom. i. fol. 213. He had been sheriff of Bedfordshire. Ibid. fol. 218 b. Several of the lands here entered to Azelina were in dower, " de suo maritagio." " Filia Radulfi Tailgebosch" also occurs as a tenant in capite in another part of the present Index. 8 Soe and sac in Nottingham and Derby shires. bb 4 376 index of tenants in capite. B. Bade, Ecclesia S. Petri de, Somers. 89 b.1 Glout. 165. Badpalmas, Radulphus de, Line. 336. Baignard, Radulfus,2 Ess. 68b. Suff.\v. Bangiard, 413 b. j Baniardus. Bailgiole, sive Balgiole, Rainaldus, Staff. 250 b.3 Baiocenses Canonici, Cambr. 196.4 Baiocensis Episcopus,5 Kent, 6. Surr. 31. Wilts, 64 b. 1 " Tota haec terra jacuit in ipsa aecclesia T. R. E. nee poterat inde separari." 2 The head of his barony is said to have been Baynard's Castle in the city of London. Kelh. pp.73, 130. 3 Kelham says, he was probably nearly allied to Guy de Bailliol, who was enfeoffed, by William Rufus, of the Barony of Bywell in Northumberland, and from whom descended John de Baliol who was King of Scotland in 1292. Illustr. p. 376. 4 The manor in Cambridgeshire which the Canons pos sessed had been Earl Algar's ; it must, therefore, have been a comparatively recent acquisition. Earl Algar died in 1059, leaving Edwin and Morcar his sons. 5 Odo Bishop of Baieux is a personage remembered by all readers of English history. He was uterine brother to the Conqueror ; the son of Herluin de Contaville and Har- leta the concubine of Robert Duke of Normandy. The Earl of Moretaine and Adeliza, or Adelaide, countess of Aumarle, were his brother and sister. He became Bishop of Baieux in 1049, and died at Palermo, on his way to the Holy Land, in 1097. The particulars of his connection with England may be found in Dugd. Bar. i. p. 22. and in numerous passages of Bouquet's Recueil des Historiens des Gaules, tom. xii. One of the Manuscripts relating to Waltham Abbey, in a chronological succession of events, says, "A.D. 1084. Rex Anglorum Willielmus fratrem suum, Odonem Baiocensem Episcopum, Normanniae in custodia posuit.'' INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 377 66. Dors. 77. Somers. 87 b. Hertf. 134. Bucks, 143, 144. Oxf. 154, 155 b. Wore. 176. Bedf. 209 b. Northampt. 219, 220. Warw. 238 b. Nottingh. 284. Lmc. 342. Clam. S. Line. 375. Clam. N. Line. 376. .Esse*, 22 b. Norf. 142. %f. 373, 450. Balastarius, Gislebertus, Suff. 444. Balduinus, Glouc. 170. Northampt. 21 9.1 line. 370.2 Baldvinus quidam serviens Regis, Hertf. 142. Balduinus Vicecomes,3 Dors. 81. Dev. 105 b. v. Ex ecestre. Balistarius, Heppo, Line. 369. Nicolaus, Dev. 117.4 JFara;. 238.5 Odardus, Surr. 36 b. Odo, Yorksh. 298.6 1 This entry is in the town of Northampton, " Balduinus- (habet) dimid. mansionem vastam.' 2 Of the lands here put down to Balduinus, it is said, " Haec terra omnis pertinet ad Dodintune CD. S. Petri West- mon. hanc tenet Balduinus de Rege. Abbas vero clamat ad opus S. Petri, testimonio hominum totius comitatus." 3 He was one of the sons of Gilbert Earl of Brion (who was murdered in Normandy). This Baldwin, who was one of the King's generals at the battle of Hastings, was called Baldwin de Molis, Baldwin de Brion, and Baldwin de Sap, and sometimes, at a later period, Baldwin de Exeter. He had the barony of Okehampton, which was his chief seat," and the castle of Exeter, which he had built at the King's command. His father, Earl Gilbert, was the son of Godfrey Earl of Ewe, a natural son of Richard Duke of Normandy, the Con queror's grandfather. Lysons, Mag. Brit. Dev. p. 1. note. 4 Eight out of eleven estates here entered had belonged to one Ordric. 5 A masure in Warwick. 6 " in. mans, in Eborac." " " Ipse Balduinus tenet de rege Ochementone, et ibi sedet castellum." Domesd. tom. i, fol. 106. ¦}¦¦ S78 index of tenants in capite. Balistarius, Radulfus, Suff. 445. ¦ Rainaldus, Ess. 97 b. Walterius, Gkruc. 169. Bangiard, Radulfus, Hertf. 138. Baniardus, Radulfus, Hertf. 132. Norf. \-v. Baignard. 247 b. Bans, Radulfus de, Cambr. 189.1 Barbatus, Hugo, v. Hugo. Bastard, Robertus, Dev. 113.2 Batailge, Ecclesia de la,3 Kent, 1 1 b. Sussex, 18. Surr. 34. Berks, 56, 59b. Dei?. 104. Oxf.151. vide Bello. Bech, S. Maria de, * Wilts, 68 b. Bech, Goisfridus de, Hertf. 140. Bedeford, Burgenses de, Bedf. 218.5 1 " Habet in. burgenses nichil reddentes in burgo de Cantabrigia." 2 Sir William Pole observed, that the family remained in Devonshire in his time, although no longer possessed of the lands they held at the time of the Survey. John Bastard Esq. member of parliament for Dartmouth, is its present representative. 3 Battle Abbey in Sussex, founded by the Conqueror. 4 The Benedictine Abbey of Bee in Normandy, originally founded by Hellouin or Herluinus, its first abbat, in 1034, and refounded by Lanfranc, its prior, afterwards arch bishop of Canterbury, in 1060. See Du Monstier's Neustria Pia, p. 435. Dacherii Op. Lanfranci archiep. Cant. fol. 1648. and Dom Bourget's Hist, of the Abbey, 8°. 1779. The land here entered as belonging to the Abbey of Bee, was at Deverel in Wiltshire, and was given during her lifetime by Mathilda the Conqueror's queen. 5 These burgesses, eight in number, who held lands in the half-hundred of Bochelai in Bedfordshire, are all sepa rately entered in the present Index ; six had held the whole or the larger portion of their respective lands T. R. E. Of each of two it is said, " Hanc terram tenuit pater hujus hominis.'' INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 379 Bedeford, Canonici S. Pauli de, Bedf.1 211. Bedeford, Goduuidere de, Bedf. 218 b.2 Bedeford, Osgarus de, Bedf. 218. Bedellus quidam Regis, Bedf. 218 b.3 Bedellus, Goduinus, Bucks, 153. Belcamp, Hugode,4 Hertf. 138 b. Bucks, 150 b. Bedf. 212 b. Belet, Willielmus,5 Hants, 48 b. Dors. 85. Bella Fago, Rad. de, Norf. 278 b. Suff 354. Bello, S. Mart, de,6 Ess. 20 b. v. Batailge. 1 The stalls of the Canons of St. Paul, Bedford, were sub sequently removed to Lincoln, though their houses remained in Leland's time. The land for the support of these Canons was at Bidden- ham. Of Canon Osmund's portion it is said, " Hanc terram tenuit Leuiet presbyter in elemosina de rege E. et postea de rege W. Qui presbyter moriens concessit aecclesiae S. Pauli i. virg. de hac terra. Radulfus vero Tailgebosc alias duas virg. addidit eidem secclesiae in elemosina." Of Canon Ansfrid's, a virgate only, it is said, " Hanc apposuit Rad. Tallebosc in elem. aecclesiae S. Pauli." The endowment of these stalls must, of course, have been made in the reign of the Conqueror. 2 " Istemet tenuit T. R. E." 3 " Hanc terram tenuit pater ejus qui nunc tenet.'' 4 He was the great ancestor of the noble family of Beau- champ. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 122. The barony of Bedford was given to Pain de Beauchamp by King William Rufus. 5 Kelham, Illustr. p. 43, says, he was probably the progenitor of Hervey Belet, who lived in the time of King Stephen. 6 Battle Abbey in Sussex. " An. 1067," says Matthew of Westminster, " Rex Gulielmus, exultans de victoria dedit laudem Deo. Eodem anno idem Rex construxit Abbatiam 380 index of tenants in capite. Bello Fago, R. de,1 Norf. 225 b. v. Bella Fago. Belmont, Rogerius de,2 Dors. 80. Glouc. 168. Belot, Willelmus, Dors. 84 b. Belvaco, Goisbertus de, Hertf. 140 b. Benz, Osmundus,3 Derb. 278 b. Benzelinus, Oxf. 160. Berchelai, Radulfus de,4 Somers. 99. Glouc. 162, 168. quam appellavit, pro bello ibi commisso, Bellum, in qua, in perpetuum, Deo gloria et laus et gratiarum actio pro victoria obtenta solverentur." Although William the Con queror founded and endowed this abbey, Florence of Wor cester tells us the church was not dedicated till 1094, when William Rufus stopped at Hastings in his way to Normandy. 1 Parkin, the continuator of Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, vol. v. p. 1065, says, Ralph de Bellofago, or Beaufoe, was a near relation if not son of William de Beaufoe bishop of Thetford, chaplain and chancellor to the Conqueror. He left a daughter and heiress, Agnes, who was married to Hubert de Rie, castellan of the Castle of Norwich. 2 He was ancestor of the Earls of Leicester. Dugdale, from Ordericus Vitalis and William of Jumieges, says, he was " grandson to Turolf of Pont-Audomare, by Wevia, sister to Gunnora, wife of Richard, the first of that name, Duke of Normandy, great-grandfather to King William the First ; and by Adelina, his mother, heir to the earldom of Mellent, she being daughter of Waleran and sister to Hugh, both Earls of Mellent." Dugd. Bar. i. p. 83. 3 He had been the possessor previous to the Survey, though it is not said T. R. E. 4 He is expressly named in Domesday as the brother of Roger de Berchelai, " frater ipsius Rogerii," though Kelham says he has been omitted by the genealogists in the pedi gree of the Earls of Berkeley. INDEX of tenants in capite. 381 Berchelai, Rogerius de,1 Wilts, 64 b.2 72 b. Glouc. 168. Berchinges, Ecclesia de, Surr. 34. Midd.~\ 128 b. Hertf. 146. Bedf. 211. I3 Berchingis, Abbatia S. Mar. de, Ess. 17, 107.J Berevile, Nigellus de, 151 b. Bernai, Abbatia de,4 Suff. 389. Bernardus accipitrarius, Berks, 63. Bernardus camerarius, Hants, 51b. Berneres, Hugo de, Cambr. 199. 1 Dugd. Bar. i. p. 349. In the Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. i. p. 545, in a passage relating to the faulty entry of some lands in the Domesday for Gloucestershire, he is called " Rogerus senior de Berkelee." He became a monk of Gloucester in 1091. See Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. i. p. 550. 2 " Una masura (in Malmesberie) de firma regis." This house in Malmesbury is mentioned in the entry of Roger de Berchelai's estate, in capite, at Foxley. 3 The Nunnery of Barking in Essex. Of the manor of Tyburn in Middlesex, fol. 128b. the Record says, "Hoc CO. jacuit semper et jacet in Ecclesia de Berchinges." So of Slapton in Buckinghamshire, fol. 146, and of Litlington in Bedfordshire, fol. 211. Of the estates in Essex, fol. 17? it is said of most, " Semper tenet Sancta Maria." Three houses in Colchester, Essex, 107, had belonged to the Abbess T.R.E. In the account of the manor of Barking itself, the record says, " Hoc manerium valuit T. R. E. lxxx. lib. et modo simi liter ut dicunt Anglici, sed Franci appreciantur c. lib." 4 A Benedictine Abbey in the diocese of Lisieux, founded, A.D. 1013, by Judith wife of Richard II. Duke of Nor mandy. Kelh. Illustr. p. 140. Neustria Pia, p. 393. Order. Vitalis, 1. 3, sub. ann. 1030. Of the land in Cratinga, no ticed in the entry referred to, it is said, " Rex dedit de feudo Harduini." The Conqueror was the donor. 382 index of tenants in capite. Bernerus arbalistarius, Norf. 267 b.1 Berrione, S. Canonici,2 Cornw. 121. Bersers, Vrso de, Bucks, 152. Bertone, Ecclesia sive Abbatia de, Warw. 239.3 Staff. 246,4 247 b.5 Derb. 273. Natt. 280, 280 b. Bertram, Willelmus de,6 Hants, 47. Bevraria, Bevreire, seu Bevrere, Drogo de,7 Nor thampt. 228. Leic. 236. Yorksh. 323 b. Line. 360. Clam, in Chetst. 377, 377 b. Norf. 247. Suff. 432. Bevrelei, S. Joh. de, Clam. Ebor. 373, 374.8 Yorksh. 381 b. 382. 1 Bernerus arbalistarius, Gislebertus arbalistarius, Ra dulfus arbalistarius, Robertus arbalistarius, and Rabellus artifex, follow each other as tenants in capite in Suffolk. 2 The Collegiate Church of St. Burien, in the deanry of Trigge Minor in Cornwall, founded by King Athelstan. 3 Aldulvestreu, " Hanc terram dedit Leuric comes eidem ecclesiae." 4 "Abbatia deBertona habet v.mans.in burgo de Stadford." 5 No mention is made in the Staffordshire entries of any anterior possession to the Survey. Of one of the Derby shire manors, Caldwell, it is said, " Hoc manerium dedit Rex W. monachis pro beneficio suo." 6 The founder of the Priory of Brinkburn in Northum berland, and ancestor of the Mitfords. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 543. Compare Kelh. p. 42. 7 A Fleming by birth, who accompanied the Conqueror in his invasion. He is believed to have been the ancestor of William Briwere, who stood in favour with King Henry the Second. See Kelh. p. 105. Dugd. Bar. i. p. 700. In Lincolnshire, Domesd. tom.i. fol. 360 b. at Hacberdingham, " In ipsa villa habet Drogo aulam, cum saca et soca." Here was one, at least, of his places of residence. 8 King William the Conqueror's confirmation charter to INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 383 Bigot, Rogerus, Ess. 87 b. Norf. 173. Suff. 330 b. Bituricensis, Herveus, Suff. 440 b. Blundus, Robertus, Midd. 130 b. Ess. 103. Suff 438 b. Blundus, Willelmus,1 Line. 366. Clam. S. Line. 375. Boci, Robertus de, Northampt. 219.2 Bohum, Humfr. de,3 Norf. 262 b. Bolebec, Hugo de, Bucks, 143.4 Bolebech, Hugo de, Berks, 56 b. Bucks, 150 b. Oxf. 157 b. Hunt. 205 b.6 Bolle, Hants, 54.7 •1 St. John at Beverley is alluded to in this folio : " Omnem terram quam calumniabatur Drogo super Johannera testi- ficata est ad opus ipsius S. Johannis per homines de Treding, et per donum regis W. quod dedit S. Johanni tempore JEl- dredi archiepiscopi. De hoc habent Canonici sigillum regis Edwardi et regis Willielmi." 1 Kelham says, he is supposed to have been the brother of Robert Blundus, le Blund, or Blount. Ulustr. p. 125. See also Dugd. Bar. i. p. 518. 2 " i. dom. in Northantone et nil reddit." 3 Humphrey de Bohun, ancestor of the Earls of Here ford. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 179. 4 " nn. burg, in Bochingeham." 5 In this entry it is said, " Hugo de Bolebec tenet de comite Willelmo." 6 Hugh de Bolebec left two sons, Hugh and Walter, who both succeeded to his barony, and with the latter of whom it expired. Isabel, the daughter of Walter, married Robert Vere Earl of Oxford. She survived him, and afterwards became the wife of Henry de Novant. See Dugd. Bar. tom.i. pp.451, 452. Kelh. Illustr. p. 78. 7 " Bolle tenet de rege unam v. in Apleford, et pro tanto se defendebat T.R.E. etmodo." There is a previous entry, 384 index of tenants in capite. Bollo, Dors. 84. Bollo presbyter, Dors. 84.1 Boloniensis seu Bononiensis Comitissa,2 Surr. 34.3 Dors. 85. Somers. 91b. fol. 51 b. of land held by Bolle, which had been thrown into the New Forest : " Bolle habuit in Greteham dim. hid. de rege. Waleran venator tenebat modo, et pro una hida se defendebat. Modo est in foresta." 1 " Ipse tenuit cum aliis vn. liberis tainis T. R. E." 2 The Somersetshire entry says Ida Countess of Boulogne. Eustace Earl of Boulogne, the second of the name, sur named " aux Grenons," from his mustachoes, became Earl of Boulogne in 1049. His first marriage was with Goda daughter of Ethelred the Second, widow of Walter Earl of Maine, or Maunt; this marriage, according to the manu script chronicle of Lanercost, Cotton. Claud. D. vn., took place in the month of September, A.D. 1051. When Goda died is not noticed by the English historians, but the " Art de verifier les Dates," 8V0 edit. tom. xii. p. 350, from foreign sources of intelligence, says, " Eustache, vers le meme tems (1054), perdit sa femme; du moins il est certain qu'il etait veuf lorsque en 1056 il reconduisit a Rome le Pape Victor II. qui venait de tenir un Conseil a Cologne. En revenant d'ltalie, le Comte de Boulogne passa par la basse Lorraine, et s'etant arrete a Bouillon, lieu de la residence du Due Godefroi le Barbu son parent, il lui demanda Ide sa fille en marriage." He married in 1057- See Bouquet, tom. 3 This was the manor of Notfelle. The Countess Ida seems to have given this manor very soon to the Monastery of St. Wlaur or Vulmar. See King Henry the First's con firmation of the gift in the new edition of Dugdale, vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 1114. index of tenants in capite. 385 Bomene, Presbyteri de,1 Dev. 117 b. v. Petroc. Bonvalest, Willelmus, Warw. 238.2 Bordarii duo, Dors. 84 b.8 tom.xi. p. 384. Chantereau le Fevre, however, edit. 1642, p. 218, who is particular upon the circumstances of the marriage, places it in 1059. Ida, daughter of the Duke of Lorraine, the second wife of Eustace, is the lady whose property is recorded in the entries above referred to. Her children by Earl Eustace were, the celebrated Godfrey of Boulogne and Baldwin the First, Kings of Jerusalem ; Eustace, who succeeded his father in the earldom of Boulogne ; William, of whom a charter exists in the British Museum, granted to the Monas tery of Sautrey ; and Ida, wife of Baldwin Count or Earl of Berg, and mother of Baldwin the Second, King of Jerusalem. The work entitled " Gallia Christiana," vol. x. p. 1594, represents Ida Countess of Boulogne as a widow in 1082, at which time she restored the Church of St. Vulmar, or Wlaur, now Saraer near Boulogne. The date of her death does not appear to be recorded : that of her widowhood is important, as it would show that the Eustace Earl of Bou logne, whose English estates are recorded in the Domesday Survey, must have been the third of the name, and not the father, who fought with the Conqueror at the battle of Hastings. 1 The secular priests of Bodmin, who were settled there upon the foundation of the priory, other of whose lands are -entered under S. Petroc. Of their lands at Holcome in Devonshire it is said, " Ipsi tenebant T. R. E." Both before and after the Norman Conquest, many alienations of the lands of this monastery took place. See the Monast. Angl. last edit. vol. ii. pp. 459, 460. 2 " i. dom. in burgo de Warwie.'' * " Ten. mi. partem unius virg. terrae. Ipsi libere tenu erunt T. R. E." c c 386" INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Bosch herberti, Hugo de, Dors. 83. Boscnorman, Rogerus de, Northampt. 21 9.1 Braiosa, Willelmus de,2 Sussex, 28. Surr. 35 b. Hants, 47. Berks, 61. Wilts, 72. Dors. 82. Bretevile, Gislebertus de, Hants, 48,52. Berks, 61 b. Wilts, 71. Bricteua, Line. 371.3 Brictoward, Somers. 99. Brictric, Wilts, 73 b.4 Somers. 99. Gfowc. 170 b.5 Brictric et Aluui frater ejus, Wilts, 73 b. Brictric et Vluuardus, Somers. 98 b.6 Brictuin, Dors. 84 ter.7 84 b.8 Brictuinus, Dors. 84. Brimov, Rainerus de, Line. 364.9 Clam. S. R. Line. 375. Clam. N. Line. 375 b. 1 " i. dom. de xvi. den. in Northantone." 2 A benefactor to the Abbey of St.Florent at Saumur; and the founder of Sele Priory in Sussex. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 414. His family continued in the male line till the latter end of the reign of Edward the Third. 3 Ipsa ht). She had been the previous possessor. 4 Nine separate estates are entered in this folio to Bric tric ; in four, amounting to thirty-seven hides, it is said, " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E." In one, " Brictric ten. et frater ejus de eo." In another, " Brictric et Aluui frater ejus ten." 5 Also, " Brictric ten. de rege nn. hid. — Ipse n. hid. T. R. E. et Ordric tenuit alias iias. Rex W. utranque eidem Brictric concessit, pergens in Normanniam." 6 " Idem ipsi teneb. T. R. E." 7 In all it is said, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 8 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." '¦' Eleven out of thirteen manors held by Rainer de Brimov had belonged to a Saxon of the name of Jalf; two had belonged to Code, index of tenants in capite. 387 Brismar,1 Somers. 99. Brito, Aluredus, Dev. 115 b. Brito, Gotzelinus, Bucks, 152. Glouc. 162, 170. Bedf. 217. Brito, Maigno, seu Maino, Bucks, 143,2 151b. Leic. 236. Brito, Ogerus, Leic. 236. Line. 364 b. Brito, Rainaldus, Suff. 445. Brito, Waldinus, Line. 365. Clam, in Chetst. 377. Britto, Tihellus, seu Tehelus, Ess. 81b. Norf. 261 b. Bruis, Robertus de,3 Yorksh. 332 b. 333.4 Brun presbyter, Oxf. 157.5 Bruning, Hants, 54.6 Bucfestre, Ecclesia de, Dev. 103 b.7 Buci, Robertus de, Northampt. 225. Leic. 234. Budi, Gislebertus de, Warw. 238.8 1 " Idem ipse tenebat T. R. E." 2 In this entry of " nn. burgenses " in Buckingham, he is called Manno Brito. 3 The founder of the family of Brus of Skelton, from whom the Kings of Scotland and the family of Bruce Earl of Ailesbury are descended. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 447- Kelh. Illustr. p. 121. His seal is engraved in the Registrum Honoris de Richmond, p. 98. 4 " Hie est Feudum Rotberti de Bruis quod fuit datum postquam Liber de Wintonia scriptus fuit." 5 Three virgates, " Idem tenuit T. R. E." 6 " Vlnod et Bruning dim. hid. Ipsi tenuerunt in paragio." 7 The entries under Bucfestre in this county show the Abbey to have existed, at least, as early as the time of King Edward the Confessor. In the last it is said, " Bucfestre est caput Abbatice, nunquam geldavit.'' Dugdale, Tanner, and Oliver uniformly state Buckfastre Abbey to have been founded by Ethelwerd, the son of William Pomerei, as late as 1 137. 8 He held a house in the burgh of Warwick. cc 2 388 index of tenants in capite. Buenvaslest, Willelmus, Leic. 235. Warw. 243. Buge, Nottingh. 292 b. Bvivile, Hunfridus de, Heref. 187. Burci, Serlo de,1 Dors. 82 b. Somers. 97 b. Burg, Abb. S. Petri de, Huntingd. 205.2 Bedf. 210 b. Northampt. 219,3 221. Leic. 231.4 Nottingh. 280 b.5 284. Line. 336, 336 b. 345 b. Clam. W. R. Line. 376. Clam, in Chetst. 376 b. Homines ejusdem Ecclesias, Northampt. 221 b. Burun, Ernegis seu Erneis de, Yorksh. 298,6 328 b.7 Line. 362.8 Clam. S. Line. 375, 375 b. Burun, Radulfus de, Derb. 277 b. Nottingh.280 bis. 290. Buruolt, Line. 336.9 1 He had a daughter who was a nun at Shaftsbuvy. " Ecclesia S. Edwardi tenet de Serlone Chelmetone pro filia ejus quae ibi est.'' Domesd. tom.i. Somers. 98. 2 Of the manor and land of Ovretune it is said, " Haec non pertinuit ad Abbatiam T. R. E. sed in diebus W. regis data est ad Ecclesiam S. Petri." 3 " xv. dom. in Northantone." 4 Of the land of twelve carucates in Estone in this county, it is said, " Radulfus Comes dedit S. Petro." 5 Sac and soe at Colingeham, the manor of which occurs fol. 284. 6 " mi. mans, in Eboraco civitate." 7 Seventeen manors, nearly all of which had been Gos- patric's, with two or three which had belonged to Turgot, Aschil, and Grim. 8 Ten manors ; four of which had belonged to Eddeva, four wholly or in part to Grim, one to Gamel, and one to the Countess Gudeta. 9 He had sac and soe in Lincoln, at the time of the Survey, as a Lageman, " loco patris sui Leuuine qui modo est monachus." index of tenants in CAPITE. 389 Busli, Rogerus de,1 Dev. 113.2 Leic. 234 b. Derb. 278. Nottingh. 280, 284 b. Yorksh. 319. Line. 336,3 337, 352 b. Clam. Ebor. 373 b. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. c. Cadomo, S. Audoenus de, Ess. 22.4 Cadomo, Ecclesia Monialium de, Glouc. 166 b. Cadomo, S. Steph. de, Dors. 78 b.5 Somers. 91. Dev. 104.6 Ess. 22. Norf. 221 b.7 Cadomo, S. Trin. de, Dors. 79. Dev.104,. Ess. 21b., 1 Roger de Busli had his principal residence at Tikhill Castle in Yorkshire; Dugd. Bar. i. p. 455; in which county and in Nottinghamshire he had his largest possessions. He founded the Priory of Blythe in Nottinghamshire, in 1088. Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. iv. p. 620. The barony termi nated in John his grandson, who left one daughter. 2 The manor of Sanforde : " Regina dedit Rogerio cum uxore sua." 3 " i. mans, in civitate Lincolia." 4 St. Ouen at Caen held the same land T.R.E. 5 Queen Matilda is chronicled as the benefactor of two hides of the land, here mentioned, at Frantone. 6 This entry relates to the manor of Northam : King William the Conqueror's grant of which to the Abbey at its foundation is printed in Opera B. Lanfranci, a Dacier. fol. Lut. Par. 1648. 7 Stigand had held this land T. R. E. 8 Two Abbeys only are included in these three titles at Caen; the "Ecclesia Monialium" and " S.Trin. de Cadomo" being the same foundation. William of Jumieges, who was living at the time, has given a particular account of the origin of these two royal Abbeys. The marriage of Duke William (who afterwards conquered England) with Matilda daughter of Baldwin Earl of Flanders, the son of his father's sister, cc 3 390 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Cahainges, Willelmus de,1 Cambr. 201 b. Northampt. 225 b. was within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity, and scandalized the clergy of the duchy. The clergy remon strated with their duke upon the subject, and at length succeeded so far that he was induced to despatch ambas sadors to Rome, to consult the Pope upon the steps it would be proper to adopt. The Pope, fearing war might be excited between the Flemings and the Normans, had recourse to a pacific expedient, and consented to grant the parties absolution upon condition of their performing penance. The penance enjoined was the erection of two- Monasteries ; one for the religious of either sex. Grate fully, we are assured, did the Duke and Duchess accept the terms, and they applied themselves at once to the fulfilment of the task. The Abbey undertaken by the Duke was St. Stephen's. It is stated by Huet, and other writers, to have been com pleted in 1064, two years prior to the conquest of England. According to Ordericus Vitalis, it was not dedicated till 1077. But upon this latter point authors are not agreed. Some stating the dedication to have taken place in 1073, and others in 1081. However this may be, it seems certain that the foundation charter was granted subsequently to the year 1066, for in it William takes the title of King ; and among his many princely donations are enumerated properties and privileges in various parts of England, at least affording proof that he was at that time in possession of the island. William the Conqueror, during the whole of his life, honoured this monastery with his especial favour, and at his death bequeathed to it other lands, with numerous ornaments and reliques. T - , 1 Lantrank, 1 He was sheriff of Northamptonshire in the reign of William Rufus. Bridges, Hist. Northampt. ii. p. 107. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 391 Cailgi, Willelmus, Berks, 61. Cambrai, Godefridus de, Leic. 235 b. Camerarius, Aiulfus, Dors. 82 b. Albericus, Hants, 49 b. Wilts, 74 b. Albericus, Reginas, Wilts, 63 b. Alwold, Berks, 63 b. Bernard, Hants, 51b. Goisfridus, Hants, 49. Gondwinus, Suff. 436 b. Herbertus, Hants, 48 b. Hunfridus, Surr. 36 b.1 Hants, 49. Berks, 63. Wilts, 73. Dors. 83. Somers. 98 b. Glouc. 170. ie^c. 236. Suff. 433. - Siric, Hants, 50. Turstinus, Hants, 48. TOte, 74 b. .Beo# 216b. Lanfrank, who has been already mentioned as prior of Bee, and afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, was the first abbat of St. Stephen Caen. The Convent of the Holy Trinity was founded by Ma tilda in 1066, and its church dedicated on the 18th of June that year, by Maurilius archbishop of Rouen. Duke Wil liam, on the same day, presenting at the altar his infant daughter Cecilia, devoted her to the service of God in this monastery, where she became the second abbess. Matilda, at her decease, in 1083, left to the monastery her crown, sceptre, and ornaments of state; an example which was shortly after followed by her royal consort with regard to the Abbey of St. Stephen. See a copy of her will in Essais historiques, tom.ii. p. 437- by the Abbe de la Rue, and in Mr. Dawson Turner's text to Cotman's Views of Antiquities in Normandy. The charters relating to both these Monasteries will be found in Dugd. Mon. last edit. vol. vi. pp. 1070, 1072. i Hunfridus ten. de feuo Reginae. " T. R. W. femina quae hanc terram tenebat misit se cum ea in manu Regina?." cc 4 392 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Camerarius, Willelmus, Bucks, 151. Glouc. 167. Bedf. 216. Canonici S. Achebranni, Cornw. 121.1 Baiocenses, Cambr. 196. de Bedeford, Bedf. 211. See Bedeford. S. Berrione, Cornw. 121. S. Carentoch, Cornw. 121.1 de Cicestre, Sussex, 17. Constantienses, Dors. 79. S. Constantini, Cornw. 121. Eboracenses, Yorksh. 302. de Handone, Staff. 247 b. : Lisiacenses, Wilts, 68 b.2 S. Martini Lond. Ess. 20 b.3 S. Martini de Dovre, Kent, 1 b.4 2. — S. Neoti, Cornw. 121.1 de Oxeneford, Oxf. 157.5 S. Pauli Lond. Midd. 127.6 Hertf 136. 5e^ 21 1.8 Ess. 12 b.9 i Also T.R.E. 2 The father of Agemundus, one of the Canons of Lisieux mentioned in this entry, had held the same land of King Edward the Confessor in alms, which his son still held. 3 At Easter, or Estra, Earl Eustace had given the land here to St. Martin. 4 They had held the greater portion of their lands also T. R. E. 0 " Ipsi tenuerunt T. R. E." 6 The lands belonging to the Canons of St. Paul's in Mid dlesex had belonged to them " T. R. E." 7 Of two of their manors in Hertfordshire it is respec tively said, " Hoc E6 jacuit et jacet in Ecclesia S. Pauli." 8 The manor of Cadington. They held it T. R. E. 9 Of twelve manors in Bedfordshire, it is said of three index of tenants in capite. 393 Canonici S. Pierani, Cornw. 121.1 S. Probi,2 Cornw. 121. xiii. in Statforde, Staff. 247 b. S. Stefani, Cornw. 120 b. de Thvinham, Hants, 44.3 • 'de Waltham, Hertf. 136b.4 Ess.5 15. Canto rberia, Monachi de, Ess. 103. Mon. S. Trin. Ess. 8.6 ¦ Augustini S. Ecclesia, Kent, 12.7 respectively, " Tenuit Sanctus Paulus T. R. E. ;" of four others respectively, " Tenet semper S. Paulus ;" four more are left uncertain. ' Also T. R. E. 2 St. Just. 3 They also held T. R. E. 4 Of the two manors which the Canons of Waltham held in this county it is respectively said, " Hoc 53 jacuit et jacet in Ecclesia Sanctae Cruris de Waltham." 5 " Tenet semper" is put to each manor belonging to Waltham Abbey in Essex. 6 They had held T. R. E. 7 The lands of St. Augustine's Monastery were exclu sively in Kent, and the greater part had been held T. R.E. To one manor, Lanport, there belonged no fewer than lxx. burgesses in the city of Canterbury. An exchange had been made of half a solin and forty-two acres, at Warwin* tone, with the Bishop of Baieux, for the enlargement of the Bishop's park. In Fordwich, two portions of the burgh had been given to St. Augustine by King Edward the Con fessor ; a third, which had belonged to Earl Godwin, had been given to St. Augustine by the Bishop of Baieux, with the consent of King William. The monks had also six bur gesses in Fordwich. In the neighbourhood of Canterbury four nuns held four acres of land of the Abbat of St. Augustine. 394 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Cantuariensis Archiepiscopus,1 Kent, 3. Sussex, 16. Surr. 30 b. Berks, 56. Midd. 127. Hertf. 133. Bucks, 143 b. 0^154,155. Gfowe. 164 b. Suff. 372 b. . Terra Militum ejus, Kent, 4. Terra Monachorum Episcopi,2 Kent, 4 b. Canut, Rainaldus, Wilts, 73. Capellanus, Albertus, Kent, 14 b. ¦ Ansgerus, Northampt. 222 b. Giroldus, Dev. 117. . Radulfus, vide Uxor. Stefanus, Somers. 91b. Carbonel, Heref. 187 b. Carentoch, S. Canonici,3 Cornw. 121.4 Carle, Yorksh. 330 b.5 Line. 370.6 Carnot', Radulfus, Leic. 231 b. Carpentarii duo Regis, Cambr. 202. Carpentarius, Durandus, Dors. 85. Landricus, Yorksh. 298. Rabellus, Ivor/. 279 b. Raynerus, Heref. 187 b. 1 Lanfrank. He has been already mentioned as prior of Bee and abbat of St. Stephen at Caen. He was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury, Aug. 29, 1070. He died June 4, 1089. See Godw. de Praesul. p. 74. 2 Hasted, in his Hist, of Kent, vol. ii. p. 23. informs us, that Archbishop Lanfrank separated his revenues from those of the monks of his cathedral; and that, after hi 3 example, several bishops did the same ; but that before his time the bishop and his monks lived in common as one family. 3 St. Karentoc or Crantoc, near Padstow. 4 " Et tenebant T. R. E." 8 " Idem ipse habuit." 6 He had also held the land of this entry. index of tenants in capite. 395 Carpentarius, Stefanus, Wilts, 73 b. Cecus quidam, Derb. 273. Cedda, S.,1 Shropsh. 252, 253. Censores ii., Yorksh. 331. Censorius unus, Yorksh. 298 b.2 Cernel, S. Petrus de,3 Dors. 77 b. Certesyg, Ecclesia de, Surr. 32 b. Hants, 43 b. Berks, 59 b. Cestre, Episcopus de,4 Warw. 238,5 238 b. Staff. 246,6 247.7 Shropsh. 252. Chesh. 263. Derb. 273.8 Nott. 280 b.9 i The Collegiate Church of St. Chad in Shrewsbury. The time of its foundation is unknown ; but from an entry in Domesday, under Earl Roger's lands, tom. i. p. 259, it ap pears to have existed before the time of King Edward the Confessor. Of each manor belonging to the church it is said, " Ipsa ecclesia tenuit et tenet." 2 In Skeltun : " De hac terra tenuit Torber. n. car. cum halla. et vi. bouatas. Nunc habet sub rege unus cen sorius." 3 The same land appears to have been held T. R. E. 4 The see of Lichfield had been removed to Chester, by Bishop Peter, in 1075 ; subsequent to which, it was called for a time the See of Chester. 5 " vn. masur. in burgo de Warw." 6 " xnn. mans, in burgo de Stadford. una vasta." 7 The lands in Warwickshire, fol. 238 b., do not appear to have belonged to the bishoprick in King Edward's time. In Staffordshire it is almost uniformly said, " Ecclesia," or " Ipsa aecclesia,'' or " Sanctus Cedde tenuit T.R.E." and the same in Cheshire, " Idem episcopus tenet et tenuit T. R. E." 8 Apparently also T. R. E. 9 " Episc. habet socam et sacam super terram- suam in Nott. et Derbysc." ,}¦ 396 INDEX OF tenants in capite. Cestre, Robertus Episcopus de,1 Hertf. 135.2 Cestre, Eccl. S. Wareburg, Chesh. 263 .3 Ceterith, Abbatia de, Suff. 389. Cetriz, Abbatia de, Hertf, 136. Cambr. 193. Chaua, Leuuinus, Buckingh. 153.6 Chelbertus, Bedf. 218 b.6 Chenvin, Staff. 250 b.7 Cheping, Hants, 49 b. Wilts, 73 b.8 Chetel, Wilts, 73 b. Dors. 84. Buckingh. 153.9 Glouc. 170 b.10 Yorksh. 331 b.11 Chetel venator, Surr. 36 b.12 1 Robert de Limesy was nominated to the see of Chester, according to Florence of Worcester and Simeon of Durham, in 1085 ; and was consecrated by Archbishop Lanfrank in 1086. He did not like the situation of his see at Chester, and removed it to Coventry. 2 This land in Hertfordshire was probably the personal possession of Bishop Robert de Limesy. No mention of his church occurs in it. And of one manor, Mimmine, it is distinctly said, " Hoc 55 non est de episcopatu, sed fuit Raynerii patris Roberti episcopi." 3 " Tenet et tenuit T. R. E." occurs to all the manors which belonged to the Church of St. Wareburg. 4 The Abbey of Chateris in Cambridgeshire. 5 He had been the previous possessor. " Hanc terram tenuit ipse Leuuin prefectus regis, et vendere potuit." e Also T.R.E. i " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 8 Of this possession it is said, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E.'' 9 " Istemet tenuit T. R. E." 10 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 11 " hfe," habebat, he had been the former possessor. 12 " Pater ejus tenuit de rege E." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 397 Chetelbern, Line. 370 b. Chetelbert, Huntingd. 207 b.1 Chetelbertus, Line. 336. Chievre, Willelmus, Dev. HO.2 Chilbert, Yorksh. 331. Ci cestre, Episcopus de,3 Sussex, 16 b. Canonici de, Suss. 17. Cioches, Gunfridus de,4 Bucks, 152 b. Bedf. 216. Northampt. 219,6 219 b.6 227 b. Leic. 235 b. Line. 336 b.7 366 b. Clam. Chetst. 376 b. Cioches, Sigar de,8 Hertf. 142. Glouc. 170. Bedf. 216. Northampt. 228. Cirecestre, Ecclesia de, Gfowc. 166 b.9 i " hfe. idem ipse tenet de rege." 2 Lysons calls him William Capra or Chievre. Mag. Brit. Dev. p. li. 3 Stigand was made Bishop of Selsey by King William the Conqueror, according to William of Malmesbury and Diceto, in the year 1070. He translated his see to Chi chester some time after 1082 ; and died in 1087. The pos sessions of the Church of Chichester had belonged to it T.R.E. 4 Dugd. Bar. i. p. 405. 5 " vin. domus in Northantone. tres sunt vastae.'' 6 Hardingestorp. " Will's, peurel et Gunfridus de Cio ches habent ibi n. hid. et lx. acras prati dono Regis ut dicunt." 7 " vn. mans, et dimid. molin. in Stanford. Ad has pertin. lxx. acrae extra villam.'' 8 Kelham presumes him to have been related to Gun fridus de Cioches. 9 " n. hid. in elemosina, et de rege E. tenuit quiet, ab omni consuetudine." 398 index of tenants in capite. Cirecestre, Reinbaldus de,1 Berks, 63 ? v. Reinbal- dus. Renbaldus. Clamores in Huntedune, Huntingd. 208. de Evrvic Scire, Yorksh. 373. . ¦ ¦ in Lincolescire, Line. 375. ¦ in Chetsteven, 376 b. Clavile, Walterus de,3 Dors. 82 b. Dev. 112. Clec, Godvinus, Wilts, 74. Clerici, Dev. 104. de Handone, Staff. 247 b. S. Neoti, Cornw. 121." Clerici Regis, Somers. 91, 91b.5 Clericus, Albertus, Surr. 36 b. Ruth 294. Clibert, Yorksh. 330 b. 331 bis.6 1 Leland, speaking of Cirencester in his Itinerary, says, " There was afore the Conquest a fair and rich College of Prebendaries in this town, but of what Saxon's foundation no man can telle. Rumbaldus, chauncelar to King Edward the Confessor, was dene of this house, and buried in the body of the chirch, as it appeareth by the epitaphy on his tumbe." Itin. vol. ii. p. 49. See also vol. v. p. 66, where the epitaph of Rembald is given ; " Hie jacet Rembaldus presbyter, quondam hujus Ecclesiae Decanus, et tempore Edwardi Regis Angliae Cancellarius." He signed King Edward the Confessor's charter of confirmation to Ramsey Abbey. " >J< Ego Reinbaldus Cancellarius consigillando commodum duxi.'' Reinbaldus canceler occurs in Domesday, in the time of King Edward the Confessor, Heref. 180 b. 2 " Ipse tenuit de rege E." 3 His male descendants continued to possess lands in Dor setshire till of late years. The last heir male died in 1774. Lysons, Mag. Brit. Dors. p. li. 4 " Tenebant T. R. E." 6 Of one, Liofus, it is said, " Tenuit de rege E. ;" of another, Turstinus, " Pater ejus tenuit de rege E.'' 6 He had been the previous possessor, though it is not said T. R. E. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 399 Coci, Albericus de, Yorksh. 329 b. Cocus, Ansgerus, Essex, 97. Galterus, Essex, 95. (^ ^^ Gislebertus, Northampt. 229. ¦ Hunfr., Glouc. 170. Cola, Berks, 63 b. Wilts, 73 b.1 venator, Hants, 50, 50 b.2 Colebernus presbyter, Norf. 263 b.3 Colecestre, Burgenses de, et Commotum Civitatis, Essex, 104. Colegrim, Line. 371. Clam, in Chetst. 377 b. Collinc, Aluuard, Wilts, 73 b. Colsvain, Line. 356 b. Colsuan, Clam, in Chetst. 377. Colsuen, Line. 336 b.4 Clam, in Chetst. 377 b. Colsuin, Clam, in Chetst. 377 b. Columbels, Rannulfus de, Kent, 1 bis. 2 bis. Colvinus, Dev. 118.5 Constant' Ecclesiae Canonici,6 Dors. 79. 1 " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E.'' 2 " Cola venator ten. dim. hid. de Vluiet patre suo in Langelie. Hanc tenuit de Rege in paragio." 3 " Fecit Colebernus quandam Ecclesiam Sancti Nicholai concessu Regis, et si rex concedit dabit xx. acr. et ideo cantat missam unaquaque Ebdomada et Psalterium." 4 " Colsuen habet in Lincolia civitate nn. toftes de terra Cole nepotis sui, et extra civitatem habet xxxvi. domos et n. aecclesias in quibus nichil adjacet, quas hospitavit in wasta terra quam Rex sibi dedit, et quae nunquam ante hospitata fuit. Modo habet rex omnes consuetudines de eis." 5 Of two, out of eight entries of land, it is said, " Ipse teneb. T. R. E." 6 The Canons of the Church of Coutance in Normandy. From the words " T. R. E. geldb. pro vm. hid." it may be inferred, that this land belonged to the same Canons in the time of King Edward. 400 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Constantiensis Episcopus,1 Berks, 58 b. Wilts, 66. Dors. 77. Somers. 87 b. 88,2 90, 90 b. 91. Devon, 102. Bucks, 143, 145, 151b. Oxf. Ibi. Glouc. 165. Huntingd.204<. Bedf. 209b. Northampt.219,s 220 b. Leic. 231. Warw. 238,4 238 b. Constantinus, Sanctus,5 Cornw. 121. Coquus, Alricus, Bucks, 153. ^ Ansger, Somers. 98 b. J- a. Cocus. Tezelinus, Surr. 36 b. J Corbutionis filius, v. Robertus. 1 Geoffrey de Montbray became bishop of Coutance in 1048. He was chief justiciary of England, and presided at the great trial in the county court, held at Pinendene in Kent, between Lanfrank archbishop of Canterbury and Odo bishop of Baieux. He was also one of the party who joined in Duke Robert's favour, in 1088, against William Rufus. He died Feb. 4th, 1093. See Kelh. Illustr. p. 46. Richard et Giraud, Bibliotheque Sacree, tom. xxviii. p. 264. In Glouc. fol. 165, in the body of the entry, the Bishop of Coutance is called " Episcopus de Sancto Laudo ;" which Kelham explains, " St. Lo, a vill in Lower Normandy, in the diocese of Coutance." " Episcopo Golfrydo de Seynt Loth " (Geoffrey de Montbray) occurs as a witness to King William the Conqueror's charter to St. Augustine's Monas tery at Canterbury, Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. i. p. 144. 2 Of three manors in fol. 88. it is said, " H. in. Maner' erant de aecclesia Glastingberie T. R. E." One or two other manors in fol. 88 b., possessed by the Bishop, appear to have belonged to Glastonbury. 3 " xxiii. dom. in Northantone." 4 " i. dom. in burgo de Warwie." 5 Constantyn in the deanry of Kerrier in Cornwall, since appropriated to the dean and chapter of Exeter. The church of Constantyn had held the land T. R. E. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 401 Corcelles, seu Cvrcelles, Rogerius de,1 Wilts, 72 b. Dors. 80. Somers. 93. Cormelies, Gozelinus de, Hants, 49. Cormelus, Ansfridus de, Glouc. 169 b.2 Heref. 186. Cormeliis, Ecclesia S. Maria; de,3 Hants, 52. Glouc. 166. Wore. 174.4 Heref. 182 b. Corniole, Willelmus, Wilts, 73 b. 74 b. Coventreu, Ecclesia sive Abbatia S. Mariae de, Glouc. 166. Wore. 174. Northampt. 219,5 222 b. Leic. 230,6 231. Warw. 238,7 238 b.8 Crassus, Normannus, Line. 336 b. 362. Clam. W. R. Line. 376. Clam. N. Line. 376 b. Cratel, Godricus, Bucks, 153. 1 Kelham makes him the ancestor of the Chnrchills. lllustr. p. 54. Collins, Peer. vol. i. p. 191. 2 Of certain of the lands possessed by Ansfrid de Cor meliis, ten hides, or thereabout, appear to have been given to him in dower with his wife. " Has terras, et Wine- stan et Tantesborne supenus scriptas, habuit Ansfridus de Walterio de Laci cum ejus neptem accepit. Alias vero terras ten. de Rege." 3 Cormeilles in the diocese of Lisieux, a Benedictine abbey, founded about the year 1060 by William Fitz Osbern, afterwards Earl of Hereford in England. See Neust. Pia, p. 595. Dugd. Mon. Angl. vol. vi. P.ii. p. 1075. 4 Tametdeberie. " Willielmus Comes dedit aecclesiae." 6 " nn. domus in Northantone." 6 " x. domus in civitate de Ledecestre.'' 7 " Abb. de Couentreu xxxvi. (masuras in burgo de War wie) et nn. sunt vastae propter situm castelli." 8 Bilveie. " Hanc terram abbas emit ab O. filio Ricardi." In another entry it is said, " Huic aecclesiae dedit Aluuinus uicecomes Cliptone concessu regis E. et filiorum suorum pro anima sua, et testimonio Comitatus. Comes Albericus hanc injuste invasit et aecclesiae abstulit." In a third, in fol. 239, land at Edbvrberie is described as " vasta per ex- ejcitum regis." D D 402 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Credun, Wido de,1 Leic. 235. Line. 367. Clam, in Chetst. 377 b. Creneburne, Radulfus de, Dors. 83. Creneburnensis Ecclesia, Wilts, 67 b.2 Dors. 77 b. Dev. 104.3 Crispin, Milo,4 Surr. 36 b. Berks, 56, 61 b. Wilts, 71. .Bwc£s, 149 b. Oxf. 154, 159. Gfowc. 169 b. Bedf. 212. Cristina,5 Otf/". 160. Warw. 238, 244. 1 Dugd. Bar. i. p. 412, calls him Wido, or Guy de Creon. The seat of his barony was at Frieston in Lincolnshire. His estate in that county came afterwards, by a female, to the Barons of Ross. Kelh. p. 108. 2 Also T. R. E. 3 The manor of Lesbere, from the words " T. R. E. geldabat," must have belonged to Cranburn in the time of Edward the Confessor. 4 He married Maud, the daughter and heir of Robert de Oilgi, through whom he became possessed of the honor and castle of Wallingford. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 413. Kelh- Illustr. p. 36. 5 Cristina was one of the sisters of Edgar Atheling. See Chauncy's Hist, of Hertf. p. 256, who says she built a church in the town of Hertford. The Register of Furness Abbey in Lancashire, in the " Progenies Regis Stephani," mentions Margaret and Christina as Edgar's sisters. Mar garet became Queen of Scotland. Christina was the grandmother to Matilda the Queen of Stephen. She be came a nun at Rumsey in 1085, when her brother went to Apulia. The words of the Saxon Chronicle are, " An. mlxxxv. Cristina, Clitonis soror, intravit Monasterium de Rumesia, et suscepit sanctimonialis vestem." Chron. Sax. edit. Gibs. p. 130. See also Sim. Dun. col. 213. Annal. Winton. Angl. Sacra, tom. i. p. 295. Matilda Queen of Henry the First was the daughter of Margaret the elder sister. Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. v. p. 247. One of Cristina's possessions in Warwickshire seems to have been bestowed upon her by King William. Of land, INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 403 Croc, Wilts, 74 b. Croch venator, Hants,i 49. Croch, Rainaldus filius, v. Rainaldus. Croiland sive Cruiland, Abbatia S. Guthlaci de, Cambr. 192 b. Hunt. 204. Northampt. 222 b. Leic. 230,231. Line. 346 b. Clam, in Chetst. 377, 377 b. Cubicularius, Herbertus, Dors. 85. Cudulfus, Wilts, 73 b.2 Cvenild monialis, Glouc. 170 b. Curbespine, Radulfus de, Kent, 1, 2 bis. Curcelle, Rogerus de, v. Corcelles. Curci, Ricardus de,3 Oxf. 154, 159. Cutbertus, Sanctus, Yorksh. 298.4 to the extent of twenty-four hides, in Icentone it is said, " Valuit xn. lib. Modo xx. lib. Quando Rex dedit Cristince reddeb. xxxvi. lib." 1 Croc venator occurs in a charter from the Conqueror to the Abbey of Malmesbury, printed in the last edition of the Monastieon, vol. i. p. 261, respecting the Abbat 's woods in the forest of Bradene, " Willelmus Rex Angl. O. Epis- copo, et W. Hosato, et C. Venatori, et A. Falconar. salutem. Sciatis me abbati Godefrido silvas suas ad custodiendum commendasse. Nolo ergo ut aliquis forestarius meus de eis se intromittat. Et Croco venatori precipio ut de lx. sol. quos homines suos placitaverat eum et suos clamet quietos. T. Willelmo Episcopo et T. fil. Ham. et R. capellano apud Hasting'." 2 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 3 He was of Courcy in Normandy, and progenitor of the noble family of Courcy, Barons of Kinsale in Ireland. Kelh. Illustr. p. 82. He occurs as a witness to various charters of the Conqueror, printed in the Monastieon. 4 " Sanctus Cutbertus habet in Eboraco Civitate I. do mum quam semper habuit, ut plures dicunt, quietam de omni consuetudine, sed burgenses dicunt non earn fuisse quietam tempore R. E. nisi sicut una burgensium, nisi tan tum quod propter earn habebat theloneum suum et canoni- dd 2 404 index of tenants in capite. D. Dalmari, Willelmus de, Dors. 84 b. 85. Dapifer, Eudo,1 Line. 336 b. Essex, 49, 106, 107 b. Norf. 239 b. 279 b. Suff. 402 b. Godricus, Norf. 202. Suff. 355 b. Hamo, Essex, 54, 100 b. 106. Radulfus, Line. 336 b. David, Northampt. 229. David interpres,2 Dors. 83. Derman, Hertf. 142. Derman Lundoii. Midd. 130 b. Deus salv^t Dominas, Rogerus, Ess. 96 b. Diaconus, Galterus, Essex, 86. Glouc. 169. Suff. 426. Goduinus, Essex, 98 b.3 Diaconus, Willelmus, Essex, 94 b. Dispensator, Robertus,4 Leic. 230, 234 b. Warw. 242 b. Line. 363 b. Clam. S. Line. 375. eorum. Pragter hanc habet Episcopus Dunelmi de dono Regis iEcclesiam Omnium Sanctorum et quae ad eam per tinent, et totam terram Vctred, et terram Ernuin quam Hugo vicecomes deliberavit Walchero Episcopo per brevem Regis. Et burgenses qui in ea manent dicunt quod eam sub rege tenent." 1 See an account of him under Eudo dapifer, p. 415. 2 Interpres. Latimar, Latiner, or Latinarius was a term of the same import. Radulphus Latimarius occurs among the Tenants in capite hereafter. Blount says, " Beneath Whittington in Shropshire, one Wrenoc, son of Meuric, held lands by the service of being latimer (trucheman or interpreter) between the English and the Welshmen." Latinarius; one whose skill in the Latin, says Bishop Kennett, was presumed to enable him to under stand all other languages. 3 " Tenuit et tenet ix. acr." 4 He was, as his name implies, steward to the Conqueror, and was the ancestor of the Despensers Earls of Gloucester. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 405 Dive, Ecclesia de, v. Super dive. Doai, Walterus de, v. Dowai. Dodesone, Aluuinus, Hertf. 142. Dodin, Northampt. 229.1 Dodo, Dors. 84,2 84 b. Somers. 99. Dolfin, Der6. 278 b. Yorksh. 331 b. Donne, Dev. 118.3 Donno, Somers. 99.4 Dons, Glouc. 170 b.5 Dovre, Canonici S. Martini de, Kent, 1 b. 2.6 Dowai, Walscinus de, v. Dwai. Dowai, Walterus de,7 Surr. 36. Wilts, 72. Somers. 95. Dev. 111b. Essex, 91. Dreuues, Amelricus de,8 Wilts, 73 b. Dreuues, Herman de, Wilts, 73. Heref. 187. Drogo, Clam. Ebor. 374. Clam. N Line. 376. Drogo de Montagud, Somers. 99. Drogo filius Ponz,9. Wilts, 72b. Glouc. 168b. Worc.U1. Heref. 180, 180 b. 186 b. He was brother to the Earl of Montgomery, and to Urso d'Abetot, sheriff of the county of Worcester. See Dugd. Bar. i. p. 389. 1 In the account of Northampton, fol. 219, it is said, " Dodin. n. domus de xx. den. una £St de Judita comitissa altera de Winemaro." 2 " Dodo teneb. dim. hid. et pro tanto geldavit T. R. E." 3 " Ipsemet tenebat T. R. E." 4 " Idem ipse tenebat T. R. f." 5 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." ¦¦'„ 6 They had held T. R. E. 7 Kelham says, he was a great Baron and Lord of Bamp- ton and Were ; his grand-daughfer Julian was married to Richard Paganel. Illustr. p. 35. 8 He is charged with an invasion of a small portion of land, in fol. 71- col. 2. 9 Drogo, or Dru, a noble Norman, was son of Walter de Ponz, and brother of Richard, ancestor of the noble family dd 3 40C index of tenants in capite. Dunelmensis Episcopus,1 Berks, 58. Bedf. 210 b. Northampt. 220. Yorksh. 304 b. Line. 340 b. Clam. Ebor. 373. Clam. S. Line. 375, 375 b. Clam, in Chetst. 377. Yorksh. 381, 381 b. Essex, 15 b. Dunning, Staff. 250 b.2 Derb. 278 b. Durandus carpentarius, Dors. 85. Durandus de Glowecestre,3 Hants, 47 b. 52. Wilts, 64 b.4 Durandus tonsor, Hants, 49. Durandus Vicecomes, Glouc. 162, 162 b. Heref. 180, 180 b. v. Durandus de Glowecestre. Dwai, Walscinus de, Dors. 82. Dyonisii S. Parish" Ecclesia,5 Oxf. 157.6 Glouc. 166. Wore. 174. of Clifford. The Messrs. Lysons say, " he seems to have had the largest possessions of any person in Devonshire," whereas in that county he is expressly named as the under tenant only to the Bishop of Coutance. Domesd. tom.i. fol. 103. " Has lxxiii. terras tenet Drogo de Episcopo ;" and the lands are all in small quantities. Baldwin the sheriff held immense property in that county. i William de Karilepho, consecrated Bishop of Durham Jan. 3, 1082. He held the office of Chief Justice of Eng land under William I. He was driven from his See for a considerable time by William Rufus. He died Jan. 6th, 1095. Surtees's Hist. Durh. vol. i. p. xviii. 2 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E."' 3 He was Sheriff of Gloucester at the time of the Survey. Kelh. p. 43. In the account of Herefordshire he is called Durandus Vicecomes. See lie entry below, 4 " i. masur. et dim. in burgo Malmesberie." 5 The royal Abbey of §§. Denys, near Paris, was founded by Dagobert King of France, A.D. 639. Its history has been -written in a folio volume, by Dom Michel Felibien, published at Paris in 1/ 06. See also Mon. Angl. among the Alien Priories, vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 1077. 6 Teynton. See the present volume, p. 304. index of tenants in capite. 407 E. Eadmundi S. Abbatia, Oxf. 154. Cambr. 192.1 Bedf. 210 b.2 Northampt. 219, 222.3 Essex, 19 b. Norf. 209, 275 b. Suff. 356 b.4 Eadmundus filius Pagani, v. Edmundus. Eboracenses Canonici, Yorksh. 298, 298 b.5 Eboracensis archiep.6 Leic. 230, 230 b. Nottingh. 280 b. 283. Yorksh. 298, 298 b. 302, 302 b. Line. 339 b. Clam. S. R. Line. 375 b. Clam. N. R. Line. 376. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. 380, 380 b. 381, 381 b. 382. Eboracensis, S. Petrus, Clam. Ebor. 373. Ebrardus, homo W. de Perci, Yorksh. 380. 1 Of the manors in this county it is said of each, " Jacet et jacuit semper in dominio ecclesiae S. Eadmundi." In Wisbeach a fisherman belonging to the abbat paid a rent of five thousand eels. 2 Of the Abbey estate at Chenemondewich we read, " Hanc dedit Wallef comes et Uxor ejus in elemosina, tempore regis Willielmi." 3 Of the manor of Aldwincle it is said, " Haec terra fuit T. R. E. de victu monachorum. Ferron tenet per. jussum Regis contra voluntatem abbatis." A hide and three virgates of land at Scadewell in this county are said to have been given to Saint Edmund by King William, " pro anima reginae Mathildas." 4 The chief of the possessions of St. Edmundsbury in these latter counties had been held by the Abbey T. R. E. Broc, however, which had bfn Guert's, " Rex W. dedit Sancto E. quando primum venit ad Sanctum." fol. 210. King William also gave Porringelant, ibid., with Prestetune, Sumerledetuna, and lands at Anhrfs, in Suffolk, fol. 59 b. 60 b. 5 Some of the lands had been held T. R. E. 6 Thomas Archbishop of York, the successor of Arch bishop Aldred, had been a Canon of Baieux. He was con secrated Archbishop in 1070; and died Nov. 18, 1100. n d 4 408 index of tenants in capite. Ebroicensis Comes,1 Hants, 52. Berks, 56 b. 60. Oxf. 154, 157. Ebroicensis Episcopus,2 Gislebertus, Suff. 388 b. Ebrulfi S. Ecclesia,3 Glouc. 166 b. EccLESiiE aliquorum Sanctorum, Cornw. 120 b. Eddeva, Hants, 50 b. Eddeve quaedam femina, Wore. 178.4 Eddid, Warw. 244.5 Eddida monialis, Somers. 91 b. Eddiet, Glouc. 170 b.6 Eddvlf, Hants, 50.7 Edeua uxor Eduuardi filii Suani, Essex, 98 b. Edgar presbiter, Wilts, 74. 1 Earl of Evreux in Normandy. William, son of Richard, succeeded to the earldom of Evreux in 1067. He is stated to have fought by the side of his father at the battle of Hastings. He died April 18, 1118. L'Art de verifier les Dates, fol. edit. tom. ii. p. 804. 2 Gislebert, the second of the name, surnamed Grus, Canon and Archdeacon of Lisieux, was made Bishop of Evreux in 1071 . He had served William, when Duke of Nor mandy, in the celebrated embassy to Pope Alexander II. in 1066. He attended the Conqueror's funeral at Caen in 1087, and died himself in 1118. Richard et Giraud, Bibliotheque Sacree, 8°. Par. 1827. tom. xxviii. p. 292. 3 The Abbey of St. Evrau or St. Evroul, called in Latin Monasterium Uticense, in the Diocese of Lisieux, was one of the most renowned foundations of Normandy. It was founded by St. Ebrulf, A.D. 1,75. The first building having been destroyed, it was restwed by William Gerouis and his nephews Hugh and Robert de Grentemaisnel. King William the Conqueror's^ charter to this house, printed in the Monastieon, vol.' vi. pt. ii. p. 1078, bears date A.D. 1081. 4 " Ipsa tenuit T. R. ¥." r- " Ipsa tenuit T. R. E." 6 " Ipsa tenuit T. R. E. ' 7 " Pater ejus tenuit." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 409 Edgarus Adeling,1 Hertf. 142. Ediet, Shropsh. 212. 1 Edgar Atheling, or Adeling, sometimes called Edgar cilt or clito, the grandson of Edmund Ironside, and the heir to the crown by descent upon Edward the Confessor's de cease. Edward originally intended him for his successor, and brought him from Hungary for the purpose. See Bromt. col. 908. Knyghton, col. 2338. The particulars of his pedigree are in Sim. Dunelm. col. 201, Ailred of Riev. col. 366, and Bromt. 907, in Twysden's Scriptores. William the Conqueror, who took Edgar Atheling to Normandy with him in 1067, is said to have given him many and large possessions ; but Hertfordshire affords the only entry of his name as holding lands of the King in Domesday. He went to Normandy in 1086, and again, upon a difference with William Rufus, in 1091. In the Saxon Chronicle, A.D. 1106, he is mentioned as one of the prisoners taken at the battle of Tenerchebrai. Malmesbury, edit. 1596, fol. 58, tells us that he went to the Holy Land, and remained there for some time : that he afterwards returned to England, where, says Malmesbury, he now grows old in privacy and quiet. His words are, " Edgarus amisso milite regressus, multaque beneficia ab imperatoribus Graecorurn et Alemannorum adeptus (quippe qui etiam eum retinere pro generis amplitudine tentassant) omnia pro natalis soli desiderio sprevit. Quosdam enim profecto fallit amor patriae, ut nihil eis videatur jocundum nisi consuetum hauserint coelum. Unde Edgarus fatua cupidine illusus, Angliam rediit, ubi (ut superius dixi) diverso fortunae ludicro rotatiyi, nunc remotus et tacitus canos suos in agro consumit.'' "Malmesbury is believed to have written this part of his History about or before the year 1125. Dr.Sayers,in his Disquisitions, 8°. Norw.1808, p. 296, states, from the Spelman Manuscripts, then in the possession of J.Pat- teson Esq., that Edgar Atheling again visited Scotland at a very advanced period of life, arid died in that kingdom in the 410 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Edmundi S. Abbatia, v. Eadmundi. Edmundus, Hants, 50,1 50 b. 51 b. Wilts, 74. Derb. 278 b. Edmundus filius Aiulf, Wilts, 74.2 Edmundus filius Algoti, Essex, 93 b. Edmundus filius Pagen, Hants, 50 b. Somers. 98 b. Suff. 264.3 Edred, Dev. 118.4 Edric, Hants, 53 b.5 Wilts, 74. Dors. 84 b. Heref. 187 b.° Nott. 280. Edric cecus, Wilts, 74.7 Edric f. Chetel, Glouc. 170b.8\ Chetel Edric f. Ketel, Glouc. 170 b.s ) Edricus accipitrarius, Norf. 272. Eduin, Dev. 118 b. Edvinus, Wilts, 74.9 year eleven hundred and twenty. For the exact date, Dr. Sayers refers to Bryant's Genealogical Table: but whether in manuscript or print is not said. Edgar Atheling had evidently not held the small portion of land put down to him in Domesday, six or seven hides only, earlier than the reign of the Conqueror. The Con queror's forbearance towards him is to be ascribed, in part to his feebleness of talent, and in part to his alliance, through his sister Margaret, with Malcolm King of Scotland. 1 " Pater ejus tenuit de rege E." 2 Here are two entries of land ; to one it is added, " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E." 3 In this entry he is calle)'^ Eadmundus filius Pagani ; and it is added, " Tenuit Paganiis T. R. E." 4 " Ipsemet tenuit T. R.fE." 5 " Ipsemet tenuit de rL-ge E." 6 " Ipse tenuit de rege E." 7 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 8 In each entry it is ffaid, " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E." 9 " Ipse tenuit T. R. £." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 411 Eduardus filius Suani, v. Edeua. Edwardus, Wilts, li,1 74 b. Glouc. 170 b. Bedf. 218.2 Edwardus Sarisberiensis,3 Sarisberise, seu de Sarisberie, Surr. 36. Hants, 46 b. 51. Wilts, 69. Dors, 80 b. Somers. 98. Midd. 130 b. Bmc£. 150 b. 0^160. v. Edwardus vicecomes. Eduardus venator, Dors. 84 b. Edwardus vicecomes,4 Wilts, 64 b.5 69. Hertf. 139. Oa/ 154. Edwi, Hants, 53 b.6 Edwinus, Hants, 49 b.7 Edwinus presbyter, Hants, 49 b.8 Edwinus venator, Hants, 50 b.9 1 " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E." 2 " Hanc terram tenuit Pater hujus hominis et vendere potuit, T.R.E. Hanc rex W. in elemosina eidem concessit, unde et brevem Regis habet, et testimonium de Hundr." 3 He was younger son of Walter de Ewras, or Eureux, Earl of Rosmar, and surnamed Sarisberie, from the lordship of Sarisberie, where he dwelt: or, as Hutchins, in his Ac count of Domesday for Dorsetshire, says, where he was born. He was standard-bearer to Henry the First, in the twentieth year of his reign, at the famous battle of Bre- nevill in Normandy. Ela, great grandchild to this Edward, was married to William Longespee, son to King Henry II. See Chauncy's Hist. Hertf. p. 558. Kelh. Illustr. p. 35. 4 He was the same person with Edwardus Sarisberiensis, mentioned above. In fol. 69 we have an account of Edward of Salisbury's profits as sheriff. See the present volume, p. 168, where they are enumerated in the note. His , daughter Maud married the second Humphry de Bohun. 5 " in. masur. in burgo Malmesberie." 6 " Ipsemet tenuit de rege E.'' 7 " Edwinus tenet Acangre et dicit quia emit de rege W. sed scira nescit hoc." 8 " Isdem tenuit de rege E. in alodium." 9 " Ten. de firma regis n. hid. Rex E. dedit ei." 412 INDEX of tenants in capite. Eglesham, Ecclesia de,1 Oxf. 154. Glouc. 166? 1 Eynsham in Oxfordshire. Other lands belonging to this monastery are entered among the estates of the see of Lincoln, Oxf. fol. 155, to which it was in a great degree subordinate. " Ipse episcopus [Lincoliensis] tenet Eglesham, et Co- lumbanus monachus de eo ; ibi sunt xv. hidae et dimid. per- tinentes eidem ecclesiae. " Idem Columbanus tenet de Episcopo Scipford, ibi sunt in. hidae. " Idem Columbanus tenet de Episcopo v. hid. in parva Rollandri." Again, fol. 155 b. " Rogerus de Ivri tenet de Episcopo Hardintone. Haec est de ascclesia Eglesham. Ibi sunt ix. hidae et dim." These possessions, with one exception, are mentioned in King iEthelred's charter to Eynsham Abbey, dated A.D. 1005. The lands of the destroyed Monastery of Stow, or Ma- riestow, in Lincolnshire, also mentioned among the posses sions of the bishoprick of Lincoln, Line. fol. 344, 345, were bestowed upon Eynsham. King William the Conqueror's short charter on this occasion is attested by one of the tenants in capite of the present Index : " Willielmus Rex Angl. hominibus abbatiae de la Stou salutem. Praecipio vobis omnibus, ut ita sitis obedientes domino vestro Colum- bano abbati sicut fuistis Remigio episcopo in omnibus rebus. Teste Ricardo de Curci." Mariestow had been founded in the reign of Edward the Confessor by Godeva Countess of Mercia ; Edward himself condescending to be a witness to her charter. See Mon. Angl. vol. iii. p. 14, from the Register of Fynsham, in the archives of Christ Church, Oxford. Columbanus, mentioned in the first of the entries of Domesday above quoted, and in the Conqueror's charter, was made Abbat of Eynsham, according to Ingulfus, before the year 1076. 2 " Eadem secclesia tenuit T. R. E." index of tenants in capite. 413 Eldild,1 Wilts, 74. Eldit qusedam femina, Berks, 63 b.2 Eldred, Sussex, 29 b.3 Somers. 99.4 Dev. 118.5 Eldredus frater Odonis, Hants, 50 b.6 Elemosina Regis,7 Midd. 130b. Leic. 231. Warw.24,4,. Elemosinarii Regis, Dors. 79.8 Midd. 130 b. Bedf. 218 b. Northampt. 222 b. Elfain, Line. 371. Elmer, ITere/ 187 b.9 Elnod, Hants, 54.10 Elric, Hunt. 207 b. Leic. 231 b. Elricus, Yorksh. 330 b. Elsi, Glouc. 170 b.11 i " Vir ejus tenuit T. R. E." 2 " Ipsa tenuit T. R. E." 3 Aldred, in the entry itself. 4 " Idem ipse tenebat T. R. E." 5 "Ipse tenebat T.R.E." 6 " Ipse tenuit de rege E. et tunc se defend, pro dim. hida, modo pro una v." 7 Madox, in his History of the Exchequer, has a section upon the Eleemosyna Regis. He says, " Now we are upon the subject of the regal Revenue, we must do some right to the piety of our ancestors. Upon perusal of the ancient revenue rolls, it appears that, in those times, many branches of the King's fixed revenue were charged with alms. Out of this fixed or settled revenue there was generally some portion consecrated to pious uses. This alms was called the ' Eleemosyna constituta,' the settled alms : to which may be added the ' Decimae constitutes.' " Hist. Exch. fol. edit. p. 238. 8 One of the elemosinary priests of this entry held T. R. E. 9 " Ipse tenuit de rege E." 10 " Ipse tenuit in paragio T. R. E." 11 « Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 414 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Elsi de Ferendone, Glouc. 170 b. Elsi f. Caschin, Nott. 280 b. - Elward f. Reinbaldi, Glouc. 170 b. Ely, Abbatia S. Etheldredse de, Hertf. 135. Cambr. 190 b. Hunt. 203,1 204. Line. 336 b. Essex, 18 b. Norf. 212 b. 276. %f. 381 b.2 Equarius quidam Regis, Bedf. 218 b. Erchenger, Somers. 91 b. Erchenger seu Erchengerius, pistor, Cambr. 202 b. Erchengerus, Cambr. 189.3 Eric, Hunt. 207 b. Erleching, Wilts, 74. Ernaldus, Essex, 101 b. Ernebernus presbyter, Leic. 231. Erneis, Ebor. 379, 379 b. 380, 381 b. Ernui, Der6. 278 b.4 Nottingh. 293. Ernuin, Nottingh. 293. Line. 371. Yorksh. 379. Ernuin presbyter,5 Nottingh. 293. YorAsA. 330 b. 331. Line. 336. Cto. Ebor. 374. Ernuinus, Nottingh. 293. Ernuinus presbyter, 2?ec^ 21 1.6 r. Ernuin. Ertaldus, Line. 336. Esnebern, Yorksh. 331 b.7 1 " Abb. de Ely habet i. toftam in burgo Huntedone cum saca et soca, praeter geldum regis." 2 The Abbey of Ely had held the greater part of its possessions in all the counties T. R. E. 3 " i. burg, in burgo de Greatebrige." 4 " hfe," he had been the previous possessor. 5 He occurs as holding a manse in Stanford in Line. T. R. E. 6 " Hanc terram tenuit pater hujus praedicti hominis : homo regis E. fuit." 7 " CO in Stollai. Esnebern hfe. Isdem habet nunc de rege." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 415 Eudo Dapifer, Hertf. 132.1 Line. 336 b.2 .Esse*, 49,' 106, 107 b. Norf. 239 b. 279 b. Suff. 402 b. Eudo filius Huberti, Hants, 47. Berks, 61 b. Hertf. 139. Cambr. 197 b. Hunt. 205 b. Bedf. 212. Northampt. 227. 1 " Eudo dapifer habet n. domos quae fuerunt Algari cochenac et tunc et modo reddentes consuetudinem, et ter- ciam domum habet isdem Eudo quae fuit Vlmari Etone. non redd, consuetudinem." 2 " xxm. mans, habet modo Eudo dapifer. Super eas habebat rex omnem consuetudinem. modo non habet." 3 Eudo Dapifer and Eudo filius Huberti were the same person. The former name was obtained from the office of sewer or steward which Eudo held at court. Hubert de Rie, the father of Eudo, was a great favourite with Duke William in Normandy, who sent him ambassador, with a large retinue, to Edward the Confessor, who was induced by Hubert's dexterity to appoint William his successor in the throne of England. The father was promised the office of steward of the household as soon as William should be possessed of the crown; but after his conquest, William being apprehensive of commotions in Normandy, sent Hu bert back with his three eldest sons to maintain that country in quiet. Eudo, the fourth son, remained in England, re ceived very large possessions, and was shortly after made steward of the household in the room of William Fitz Osbern. His wife was Rohaise, daughter of Richard son of Gilbert Earl of Eu. Eudo founded the Abbey of St. John at Col chester in 1096, and was in favour with King William Rufus. He died at Preaux in Normandy, but his corpse was brought to England, and buried in his Monastery at Colchester, February 28, A.D. 1120. See Morant's Hist. of Colchester, p. 139. Adam, the brother of Eudo Dapifer, was one of the commissioners for making the Conqueror's Survey. See p. 20. " Terra Evdonis filius Huberti," stands as a title to Eudo's lands in Berkshire, Hertfordshire, Cam- 416 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Eudo filius Spireuuic,1 Line. 359 b. Clam. S. Line. 375. Eudo filius Spiruwin, Norf. 245 b. Eudo filius Spirvic, Suff. 434. Evesham, Ecclesia S. Maria? de, Glouc. 165 b.2 Wore 175 b. Northampt. 219,3 222 b. Warw. 239.4 Eustachius, Northampt. 228. Eustachius Cpmes,5 Kent, 14. Surr. 34. Hants, 44 h bridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, and Bedfordshire. But the entries themselves uniformly begin " Eudo Dapifer tenet de Rege.'' 1 Kelham, from Blomef. Norfolk, fol. vol. iii. p. 187, says, he was the founder of the Tatershall family in Lincoln shire. 2 The changes which took place in the property pos sessed by the Abbey of Evesham, between the time of King Edward the Confessor and the Survey, will be again noticed hereafter. At the Survey, in Gloucestershire, the Abbey possessed one burgess in Winchcombe : but at the end of the account of the Abbey lands there, it is said, " In Fer- dingo de Wicelcombe habuit S. Mariae de Evesham lvi. hidas T. R. E." 3 " Abb. de Euesham. i. domum uastam." 4 The possessions of Evesham Abbey in Warwickshire are not entered as having been held T. R. E. 5 Eustace Earl of Boulogne here mentioned has usually been considered as the second of the name, who was wounded at the battle of Hastings in 1066 ; and the time of whose death is variously stated by the French historians, in 1065, in 1080, and in 1093. The main points of his his tory are recorded in " L'Art de verifier les Dates," 8v» edit. vol. xii. p. 350 ; and 1080 was probably the real date of his death, since " Gallia Christiana," in a page already referred to, (and that work was most carefully compiled, chiefly from ancient charters,) expressly mentions his Countess as a widow in 1082. " Quippe post annum 1082, adveniens INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 417 Somers. 91 b. Hertf. 137. Oxf. 157.b. Cambr. 196. Hunt. 205, 208 bis. Bedf. 211. Essex, 26, 104, 106 b. Norf. 151. &# 303. Eustachius Vicecomes, Hunt. 203, 206, 208. Execestre, Baldvinus de,1 Somers. 93. Execestre, Goscelmus de, Dev. 113. Execestre, Episcopus de,2 Dev. 101b. Cornw. 120 b.s Oxf. 155.4 Glouc. 165.5 Exesse, Suain de, v. Suain. Suen. F. Fafiton, Robertus, Midd. 130. Cambr. 201 b. Hunt. 207. Bedf. 215. Faleise, Willelmus de, Wilts, 72. Dors. 82. Somers. 96b. Dew. 111. illuc venerabilis Ida tunc vidua," &c This was at the time of her restoring the Church of St. Vulmar near Boulogne, and furnishing it with books and ornaments. If Ida was a widow in 1082, it follows, that the Eustace of the Survey must have been her son and -not her husband. Eustace, the third of the name, married Mary, daughter of Malcolm the Third, King of Scotland. Their daughter was Maude, the wife of Stephen King of England. 1 He was the same person with Balduinus Vicecomes, of whom an account has been already given, p. 377. 2 Osbern, or Osbert, consecrated March 28th, 1074. He died in 1 103. 3 At the end of the Bishop's lands in Cornwall it is said, " Omnes has terras tenuit Leuric episcopus T. R. E.'' A market at " Matele," however, had been taken away : " Forum hujus Manerii habet Comes Moritoniae quod epis copus habebat T. R. E." 4 " Leuric episcopus tenuit." 5 The lands in Gloucestershire are entered as " Terra episcopi Osberni," and belonged neither to the See nor the Bishop in the time of King Edward the Confessor. E E 418 INDEX or tenants in capite. Feireres, Henricus de, Bucks, 151. v. Ferieres. Felgeres, Radulfus de, Surr. 36 b. Dev. 113 b. Bucks, 151 b.1 Norf. 263. Suff. 432. Felgeres, Willelmus de, Bucks, 151. Femina Saulf, Hants, 51 b.2 Fenisc, Vlf. Nottingh. 280 b. Fereires, Henricus de, Northampt. 219.3 v. Ferieres. Ferendone, Alsi seu Elsi de, Bucks, 63 b.4 Glouc. 170 b. Ferreris, Hermerus de, Suff. 354. Ferieres, Ferreires, Ferrieres, sive Ferrariis, Henricus de,5 Berks, 56, 60. Wilts, 72. Bucks, 151. Oxf. 154, 157 b. Glouc. 169. Heref J18b. Northampt. 219, 225. Leic. 230, 233, 234 b. Warw. 238, 242. Staff. 246, 248 b. Der6. 274.6 Nottingh. 280, 280 b. 291 b. Line. 353 b. Clam. N. Line. 376 b. Essex, 56 b. 103. v. Feireres. 1 In several counties his land had belonged to the Countess Goda. 2 " Saulf tenuit de Rege." 3 " viii. dom. in burgo Northantone." 4 One of two parcels of land at Lierecote was " de dono regis W." 5 He was the ancestor of the family of Ferrers Earls of Derby, and one of the Conqueror's Commissioners for the formation of the Domesday Survey. Tutbury Castle in Staffordshire was one of his possessions. He founded the Priory of Tutbury, according to some accounts, about the year 1080, but more probably in the time of King William Rufus, in whose reign the charter of foundation was evi dently framed. It became afterwards a cell to the Abbey of St. Peter super Divam in Normandy. 6 The Messrs. Lysons say, " The greater number of the estates of Henry de Ferrars in Derbyshire were parcelled out among his retainers, not long after the date of the Survey, by Henry de Ferrars and his son Robert the first index of tenants in capite. 419 Filia Radulfi Tailgebosch, Hertf. 142 b. Filia Rogeri de Ramis, Suff. 422 b. Filii Godrici Mal, Hants, 50 b. 1 Filii Godrici Malf, Hants, 51 b. J Filius Aiulf, Wilts, 74.2 Filius Azor, Nott. 293.3 Filius Eurebold, Dors. 83. Filius Manasse, Oxf. 154. Filius Modberti, Kent, 1. Filius Turstini, Oxf. 160 b. Fiscannensis Ecclesia,4 Sussex, 17. Earl Ferrars. Among those who had grants from the for mer we find the ancestor of the Fitzherberts, who still possess the estates then granted. The manors which were retained by the Ferrars family in their own hands were forfeited by Robert Earl of Derby, in the reign of Henry the Third, and became parcel of the duchy of Lancaster." 1 " Pater eorum tenuit de rege E." 2 " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E." 3 " hfe Azor. nunc filius Azor tenet de Rege.'" 4 The Abbey of Fecamp in the Pays de Caux, fourteen or fifteen leagues from Rouen, was first founded for Nuns by Count Waning, A. D. 664. It was burnt by the Normans in 841, and rebuilt by Richard I. Duke of Normandy, whose son, Robert Archbishop of Rouen, dedicated it in 990. Richard II. Duke of Normandy, removing the nuns to Mont- villiers, placed here in their stead some Canons, and some time afterwards Monks of the order of St. Benedict. The English possessions of Fecamp were not large. The Con queror's grant to it of the land at Steyning is printed in the Monastieon Anglicanum, vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 1082. Except " Rameslie," all the property of the Abbey of Fecamp in Sussex appears to have been given to it after the Conquest. ee 2 420 index of tenants in capite. Flamme, Rannulfus, Hants, 49. Flanbard, Rannulfus, Oxf. Ibi, 157. 1 , Flanbart, Rannulfus, Hants, 51. J Flandrensis, Hugo, Bedf. 216. Flandrensis, Odo, Somers. 99. Flandrensis, Walterus,2 Hertf. 139. Buck. 151. Bedf. 215 b. Northampt. 219, 226 b.3 Flandrensis, Winemarus, Buck. 152. Flavus, Robertus, Wilts, 73. Forestarii Regis in foresta de Gravelinges, Wilts, 74. Forestarius, Peret, Hants, 51 b. Ricardus, Warw. 244 b. Forne, Yorksh. 330 b. 1 Supposed to be Flambere, who became Bishop of Dur ham in 1099 ; and who was at one time Chief Justice of England. In the Oxfordshire entry he is represented as " clericus." In that of Hants, fol. 51, he appears to have held one of three hides of land which are set down to him, in the reign of Edward the Confessor. " Isdem Ran. tenuit in ipsa villa i. hidam et pro tanto se defd' T. R. E." He appears several times as an under-tenant to different persons. 2 Dugdale, in his Baronage, tom. i. p. 425, says, " At the time of the Norman Conquest, Walter Bee, though he had a fair inheritance in Flanders, came over into this realm with Duke William, and of his gift had Eresby in comit. Line. and divers other fair lordships." Whether Walterus Flan drensis and Walter Bek were the same person remains to be ascertained. Lysons says that Walter Flandrensis was the ancestor of the barons Wahul. 3 The lands held by Walterus Flandrensis in Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire belonged to Levenot, a thane of King Edward the Confessor. index of tenants in capite. 421 1 Fossard, Nigellus, Yorksh. 298.1 Clam. Ebor. 373, 373 b. 374. Fossart, Nigellus, Yorksh. 298.2 Fouuer, Ansger, Somers. 98 b. Framen, Radulfus, Leic. 236 b.3 Fratres quinque cum matre sua, Bedf. 218 b.4 Fresle, Ricardus, Nott. 280.5 Frodo frater Abbatis,6 Ess. 92, 103 b. Suff. 354 b. Fulchervs, Dev. 117 b. Fulcherus mala opa,7 Rutl. 293 b. Fvlcredus, Dors. 83. G. G. Episcopus, Hants, 52. Galterus cocus, Essex, 95. Galterus diaconus, Essex,8 86. Suff. 426. 1 " Nigellus Fossard intercepit n. mans, in Eboraco civi- tate sed dixit se eas reddidisse Episcopo Constantiensi.'' 2 " Nigellus Fossart habet n. mans. Modeuas (in Eboraco civitate) et tenet de rege." 3 " Ten. de rege in commendatione in. car. et dim. in Esseberie." 4 " Hanc terram tenuit Lant pater eorum T. R.E. et dare et vendere potuit." 5 " Habet nn. domos in Burgo Snotingeham." 6 Frodo, brother of Baldwin, abbat of St. Edmundsbury, and progenitor of the family of Tylney in Norfolk. He left a son, Gilbertus filius Frodonis. Frodo held several of the lands of St. Edmundsbury Abbey as an under-tenant. 7 Qu. Fulcherus mala op 'a ? 8 Morant, Hist, of Essex, vol. i. p. 466, says, this Walter the Deacon left two sons, Walter surnamed Mascherell, and Alexander styled de Waham or Wix, also a daughter named Editha. From Walter, he adds, descended the noble family surnamed de Hastings, lords of the barony of Hastings, ee3 422 INDEX of tenants in capite. Game, Yorksh. 330 b.1 331.1 Game, cum matre et fratre, Yorksh. 331. Gamel, Staff. 250 b. Yorksh. 331.2 Gand, S. Petrus de, Kent,3 12 b. Gand, Gislebertusde,4 jBerAs, 56, 62.' Buck. 149 b. Oxf. 159 b. Cambr. 197. Huntingd. 203,s 207. Bedf. 21b. Northampt. 227 b.6 Leic. 236. JFaw. 238,7 243 b. which consisted of ten knights fees, one of which lay in Wikes, and for which Robert de Hastings paid to the scutage of Normandy in 1206- 1 In both instances Game held the land T. R. E. 2 He also held T. R. E. 3 The Church of St. Peter at Ghent was founded in the early part of the seventh century by St. Amandus. It re ceived secular priests about A. D. 616, who were succeeded by Benedictine monks, A.D. 618. See Flandria illustrata, ab A. Sandero, fol. Col. Ag. 1641, tom.i. p.119. St. Peter's, Ghent, had held the land set down to it at Lewisham in Kent, T. R. E. 4 Dugdale has given a long account of Gilbert de Gand in his Baronage, tom. i. p. 400. He was son to Baldwin Earl of Flanders, whose sister the Conqueror had married. He was one of the few who escaped with life from York, when the Danes besieged it so furiously in 1069. He was the refounder of Bardney Abbey in Lincolnshire : and is believed to have died about the year 1094. See also Kelh. p. 78, and the " Descensus de Gant," in the account of the Abbey of Vaudey in the Monastieon Anglicanum, vol. v. p. 491. 5 « Vlf fenisc hfe xvm. burgenses (in Burgo Huntedone) modo habet Gislebertus de Gand cum saca et soca preter geldum Regis." 6 A half hide of land at Estone in Northamptonshire is entered as having been given by Gilbert de Gand to the Abbey of St. Peter super Divam. 7 He held two masures in the burgh of Warwick. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 423 Derb. 277b. Nottingh. 290b. Rutl. 293b. Yorksh.. 326. Line. 33*6, 354 b. Clam. S. Line. 375, 375 b. Clam. N. Line. 376 b. Clam, in Chetst. 377 . Yorksh. 382. Gant, Gislebertus de, JFarw;. 238. v. Gand. Gemeticens.1 S. Petri Ecclesia, Hants, 43 b. Gerin, Hants, bi. Gerinus, Warw. 243 b. Gernio, Oxf. 160 b. Gernon, Robertus,2 Midd. 130. Hertf. 137 b. Buck. 149 b. .Here/ 185. Cambr. 196 b. Ghilo frater Ansculfi, Berks, 61b. jBmcA. 152 b. 0^. 159 b. Northampt. 219,3 227. Gifard, Berenger, Mte, 72 b. Dors. 82 b. Gifard, Osbernus, Hants, 52. Berks, 62. JF«7fe, 64 b. 72 b. Dors. 82 b. Northampt. 219. 1 Jumieges. This Abbey, called, in Latin, Gemeticum or Gemeticense, was situated in the town of Jumieges on the Seine, in the diocese of Rouen. It was founded, according to Du Monstier, A.D. 664, by St. Philibert and Clovis II. It was burnt by the Normans in 841 or 851, and its church rebuilt in 1040, by Abbat Robert II. afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. See Neustria Pia, p. 259. Monast. Angl. torn. vi. pt. ii. p. 1086. 2 Robertus Gernon, Greno, or Grenon was a Norman, descended from the house of Boulogne. The head of his barony, and the chief seat of his posterity, was at Stansted- Montfichet in Essex. He had two sons, William and Robert. William was of Stansted, and dropping the sur name of Gernon took that of Montfichet, from the raised mount on which his castle there was built. Robert, the second son, retained the name of Gernon. See Morant's Hist, of Essex, vol.i. p. 158. ii. 576. Robert was the pro genitor of the noble family of Cavendish. 3 " in. dom. in Northantone." ee 4 424 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Gifard, Walterus,1 Berks, 56, 56 b. 60. Wilts,' 71 b. Somers. 95. Buck. 147. Oxf. Ibi, 157 b. Cambr. 196. Hunt. 205 b. Bedf. 211. Norf. 240 b. Gifart, Walterus, Suff. 430. Gilo frater Ansculfi, v. Ghilo. Girardus, Somers. 98 b. Dev. 117. Glouc. 162. Girbertus, ie«e. 236. Giroldus capellanus, Dev. 117. Giroldus mareschalchus, &«$; 438 b. Gislebertus, Line. 336. Gislebertus arbalistarius, Norf. 268 b. Gislebertus balastarius, Suff. 444. Gislebertus cocus, Northampt. 229. Gislebertus de Gand, v. Gand. Gislebertus Episcopus Lisiacensis,2 Glouc. 166 b. Gislebertus filius Richerii, Surr. 36. Norf. 263. Gislebertus filius Salomonis, Hertf. 142. Bedf. 216 b. Essex, 96 b. Gislebertus filius Turoldi, Somers. 98. Glouc. 168 b. Ha was son of Osbern de Bolebec and Aveline his wife, sister to Gunnora Duchess of Normandy, great-grand mother to the Conqueror. The Conqueror made him Earl of Buckingham. See Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 59. Order. Vit. p. 522. He died in 1 103, in England, but was carried to the Abbey Church of Longeville in Normandy for burial. His wife was Agnes, daughter of Gerard Flaitel, and sister to the Bishop of Evreux. 2 Gislebertus de Maminot, chaplain and one of the phy sicians to the Conqueror, was made Bishop of Lisieux in 1077. He assisted at the Council of Rouen in 1096, and died in 1101. See Richard et Giraud, Bibliotheque Sacr6e, tom. xxviii. p. 344. Kelham, p. 256, says, " Hugh de Eu, son of the Earl of INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 425 Wore. 176 b. Heref. 186 b. Cambr. 197 b. JFarw. 243 b. Ess. 93. Gislebertus presbyter, jEss. 98. Glastingberiensis Abbatia, Hants, 43 b. Berk. 59 b. mYfe, 64 b.1 66 b. Dors. 77 b. Somers. 90. Dev. 103 b. Glouc. ]65.2 Glowcestre, Durandus de, v. Durandus. Glowecestre, Ecclesia S. Petri de, Hants, 43.3 Glouc. 165 b.4 Wore. Hi. Heref. 18 1,5 182 b.6 Goda Comitissa, Jfoft. 280 b.7 Gode,8 Wilts, li. Godeboldus, Somers. 98. Dev. 117. Auge,'' was the bishop here intended ; and that he died in 1087. But Hugh de Eu died in a visitation of his diocese in 1077; and Gislebertus, his successor, is expressly men tioned by name, Glouc. 166 b. to which entry the present Note forms an appendage. 1 " n. masur. in Malmesberie." 2 The whole of the lands of Glastonbury Abbey are either recorded, or appear by inference, to have been held in the time of King Edward the Confessor. 3 Linchehov, the only manor which the Church of Glou cester possessed in Hampshire, was given to it by Ernulf de Hesdinc, " concessione regis W." 4 An entry in this county says, " Uxor Walterii de Laci concessu regis W. dedit Sancto Petro pro anima viri sui Dvntesborne, man. de v. hid.'' 5 Of six hides in Westvode it is said, " Haec terra S. Petri dat de firma xxx. solid. Durandus dedit ecclesiae pro anima fratris sui Rogerii." 6 Of William the son of Baderon's manor of Hope in this county it is said, " Tertia pars hujus manerii jacuit in aecclesia S. Petri de Glouuec. T. R. E. teste comitatu." 7 She had soe and sac in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. 3 " Ipsa tenuit T. R. E." 426 index of tenants in capite. Godefridus scutularius,1 Dors. 85. Godescal, Wilts, 73. Godeua, Dev. 118 b. Godeva Comitissa,2 Leic. 231 b. Warw. 239 b. Nott. 280 b. Godmundus, Hertf. 142 b.3 Bedf. 218." Godric, Hants, 51 b.s bis. 54 bis.6 Wilts,1 li. Dors. 84, 84 b. Godric filius Agemundi, Line. 37 1.7 i " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E." 2 Godeva, widow of Leofric Earl of Mercia, and sister to Thorold, Sheriff of Lincolnshire. See Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 9. Hist. Warw. p. 86. This was the lady whom history represents as releasing the inhabitants of Coventry from servile tenure, by riding naked through their town. She has been already mentioned as the foundress of Stow Priory near Lincoln. The Countess Godeva was probably dead when the Survey was taken. In the lands in Leicestershire it is said in all, " Comitissa Godeva tenuit." At the beginning of the lands in Warwickshire it is said, " Comitissa Godeva tenuit T.R.E.;" and at the end, " Has terras Godivae Comitissa- tenet Nicolaus ad firmam de rege." The entry in Notting hamshire relates to soe and sac only in the counties of Nottingham and Derby. Godeva bestowed the chief of her personal wealth upon the Priory of St. Mary Coventry. See Ordericus Vitalis, p. 511. Hoveden, fol. 254 b. Of half a hide in Staffordshire, Madeley, belonging, at the time of the Survey, to Robert de Stafford, it is said, " Hanc tenuit Godiva etiam post adventum Regis W. in Angliam." 3 " Istemet tenuit de rege E." 4 " Istemet tenuit T. R. E." 5 " Godric et Agemund i. hid. in Roweste in paragio." 6 In one entry it is said, " Ipse tenuit de rege E. ;" in the other, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 7 " Pater ejus tenuit T. R.E." index of tenants in capite. 427 Godric presbyter,1 Hants,-53 b. Godric venator, Wilts, li. Godricus, Dev. 118. Nottingh. 292 b. Godricus Cratel, Bucks, 153. Godricus dapifer, Norf. 202. Suff. 355 b. Goduin, Devon, 118 passim.2 Goduinus, Hants, 49 b. Dors. 84 b. Somers. 91 b. 99.3 Dev. 118. Oxf. 160 b. Warw. 244 b.4 Nottingh. 293.5 Godvinus accipitrarius,6 Hants, 50 b. Goduinus bedellus, Bucks, 153. Goduinus burgensis de Bedeford,7 J3e<^ 218. Goduinus filius Brictric, Line. 336.8 Goduinus diaconus, Essex, 98 b. Goduinus presbyter, Northampt. 219,9 222 b. bis, Leic. 231. Nott.280.10 Goduinus presbyter et Vhiuinus, Northampt. 222 b. Godvinus venator, Dors. 84. Goisfridus, Wilts, lib. Oxf. 160 b. 1 " Ipse tenuit in paragio de rege E." 2 In three instances it is said, " Ipse tenebat T. R. E. ' 3 " Ipse et mater ejus tenebat T. R. E." 4 " Idem Goduin libere tenuit T. R. E." 6 " Vlsi et Goduinus." 6 " Isdem tenuit de rege E." 7 He possessed a hide of land and the fourth part of a virgate in Bedford. Half a hide of this land he had held T. R. E., the rest he had purchased after King William's arrival ; but a portion of it was claimed and obtained from him by a Norman. 8 He was among those who had sac and soe in the City of Lincoln. 9 " i. dom. in Northantone." 10 " i. bov. in Burgo Derby." 428 index of tenants in capite. Goisfridus, camerarius filias Regis,1 Hants, 49. Goisfridus episcopus, Huntingd. 203.2 Line. 343 b. Goisfridus marescal, Wilts, 64 b. Goisfridus homo Gisleberti de Gand, Rotel. 293 b. Goizenboded, Willelmus, Glouc. 167. Wore. 177 b. Goismerus, Essex, 101. Golde et Vluric filius ejus, Huntingd. 207 b.3 Gonduinus, Essex, 97 b. Gondwinus camerarius, Suff. 436 b. Gosbert, Hugo, Dors. 84 b. Goscelmus, Dev. 112 b. Cornw. 125. Goscelmus loremarius, Essex, 94. Gospatric,4 Yorksh. 330, 331 b. 379, 380. Gospatric et Vlchil, Yorksh. 331b. Gozelinus, Clam. N. Line. 375 b. 1 Heche. " Goisfridus tenet eam de Rege pro servitio quod fecit Mathildi ejus filiae." 2 " Goisfridus episcopus habet i. aecclesiam et I. domum (in Burgo Huntedone) quas abstulit S. Benedicto Eusta chius et adhuc reclamat isdem Sanctus." 3 They had held the land T. R. E. 4 Kelham says, " Whether this Gospatric is the same Gospatric who was Earl of Northumberland, and had for feited for treason, in taking part with the rebels at York, against the Conqueror, is not certain, as I do not find the exact time of Gospatric's death ; but after an enumeration of many manors in the West Riding of York, it is said, in Domesday, ' Haec omnia habuit et habet Gospatric, sed modo wasta sunt.' " Illustr. p. 121. Dugdale, in his Baronage, tom. i. p. 54, represents the Earl Gospatric to have died in Scotland, leaving three sons, Dolfin, Waltheof, and Gospatric. A different Wal theof, the son of Earl Siward, who had married Judith, the Conqueror's niece, succeeded to the Earldom of Northum berland. index of tenants in capite. 429 Gozelinus filius Azor, Hants, 53. Gozelinus Brito, Bucks, 152. Gozelinus filius Lamberti, Line. 359. Clam. N. Line. 376. Gozelinus homo Hugonis Comitis, Ruth 293 b. Granetarius, Gundvinus, Wilts, li b. Greistein,1 Ecclesia de, Hants, 43 b. v. Grestain. Greno seu Grenon, Robertus, Essex, 63 b. Norf. 25 5. Suff. 419 b. v. Gernon. Grentebrige, Picot de, v. Picot. Grentemaisnil, Hugo de,2 Hants, 52. Hertf. 138 b. Glouc. 169. Northampt. 224 b. Leic. 230,3 232. 1 The Abbey of Grestain, situated near the mouth of the river Seine, was founded in 1040 by Herluin de Contaville, who has been already mentioned as the father of Bishop Odo and the Earl of Moretaine. 2 Hugh de Grentemaisnil is said to have been so called from his seat in Normandy, built by Grento (Grentonis- Maisnel, in Latin Mansio). The Conqueror made him sheriff of Leicestershire and high steward of England. Towards the close of life he embraced the monastic habit at St. Evroul in Normandy, which he had restored and endowed with ample possessions, and where he died A.D. 1094. See Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 425. Nich. Hist. Leicestershire, Diss. on Domesd. p. Iii. Hist. Town of Leic. p. 20, where is a pedigree of his family. 3 In civitate de Ledecestre, " De monetariis xx. lib. per annum de xx. in ora. De his xx. lib. habet Hugo de Gren temaisnil tercium denarium. Hugo de Grentemaisnil habet c. et x. domos et n. aecclesias. praeter has habet in commune cum rege xxiiii. domos in eodem burgo. Exceptis his habet idem Hugo in Ledecestre xxiiii. burgenses perti- nentes ad Hanstigie et xiii. burgenses pertinentes ad Siglesbie et in. domos pertinentes ad Inuuaresbie. et 430 index of tenants in capite. Warw. 238,1 242. Nottingh. 291 b. Suff. 432. Grestain, Abbatia de, Northampt. 222 b. v. Greistain. Greteuilla, Turaldus de, Line. 336. Grifin puer, Heref. 180 b. Grifin filius Mariadoc, Heref. 187 b.2 Grimbaldus, Berks, 63. Grimbaldus aurifaber, Wilts, li. Grimus prepositus, Essex, 98. Gudmund, Dors. 84.3 Gundvinus granetarius, Wilts, li b. Gunfridus de Cioches. v. Cioches. x. domos pertinentes ad Merdegraue. et nn. domos per tinentes ad Brohtone. et ix. domos pertin. ad Stotone. et nn. domos pertin. ad Wichingestone. et vn. domos perti nentes ad Andretesbie. et in. domos pertin. ad Sceltone. et x. domos pertin. ad Burstelle. et in. domos pertin. ad Bru- nestinestorp. et n. domos pertin. ad Diresford. et in. domos pertin. ad Legham quas emit de Osberno. et unam domum pertin. ad Letitone. et i. domum pertin. ad Turchi- telestone. " In eodem burgo habet idem Hugo n. aecclesias et n. domos et nn. domos vastas. Hugo de Wituile tenet de ipso Hugone v. domos cum saca et soca. Hae sunt de mu- tuatione de Wadford." 1 " Hugo de Grentemaisnil (habet in burgo de Warwie) mi. masur. et Monachi Pelardintone habent i. de eo." 2 Of the first manor in this entry, Matevrdine, it is said, " Com. W. dedit Mariadoc regi ;'' and the same expression is repeated under Lege ; at the end of the account of which manor we have, " Silvam hujus manerii cum lvii. acris terrae tenet Radulfus de Mortemer. Rex W. condonavit geld, regi Mariadoc et postea filio ejus." 3 " Idem tenuit (Mideltone) T. R. E." index of tenants in capite. 431 Gurnai, Hugo de, Essex, 89 b.1 Guthlaci S. Ecclesia, Wore. 176. Heref. 182 b.2 Guthlaci S. de Croiland Ecclesia. v. Croiland. H. H. fil. Bald. Yorksh. 379 b. 380 b. 381b. 382. Hagheburnus, Essex, 96. Hago, seu Hagonus, prepositus regis, Norf. 269 b. v. Radulfus. 1 Hugh de Gurnai was a benefactor to the Abbey of Bee. See King Henry II.'s Charter of Confirmation, Mon. Angl. vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 1068. He was a witness also to both of King William the Conqueror's Charters to St. Stephen Caen ; to that granted before, and that after the dedication. Ibid. p. 1071. He founded the Abbey of Gaille Fontaine, in the Pais de Bray and diocese of Rouen, about the year 1050. Rrid. p. 1088. 2 This was St. Guthlac at Hereford. Domesday distinctly recognizes the existence of two ecclesiastical foundations in that city : one, a house of secular canons dedicated to St. Guthlac, which had existed in the time of King Edward the Confessor, and had been plundered of some of its pos sessions in that reign by Earl Godwin and his son Harold : tom. i. fol. 185 b : the other, a Benedictine Priory dedicated to St. Peter, which had been founded and endowed by Walter de Laci, who consolidated these two foundations into one. Walter de Laci died in the 19th Will. Conq. The circumstances of his death are recorded in the Cot tonian MS. Domit. A. viii. When the building of his Church of St. Peter there was almost finished, in climbing a ladder, he fell to the ground and was killed, 6 kal. April, A.D. 1084. 432 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Haimericus, Dev. 117 b. Haldein, Goduinus, Norf. 271. Haluile, Radulfus de, Wilts, li b. Hamelinus, Yorksh. 298. Hamo Dapifer, Essex, bi b. 100 b. 106. ¦\l Hamo, seu Haimo Vicecomes, Kent, 14. Surrey, 36 b. J Handone, Clerici de,2 Staff. 247 b. Hardinc, Glouc. 170 b.s Som. 98 b. 99. Harding, Wilts, li, ter.4 Harding fil. Alnod, Somers. 98 b. Hardingus, Buck. 153. Hardulf, Yorksh. 331 b.5 Haregrin et Siuuard, Yorksh. 33 1.6 Harold, Warw. 238.: ! 7 1 Hamo Dapifer, and Hamo the sheriff, were the same person. Hasted says his family name was Crevequer. He was one of the Judges in the County Court when the great cause' was tried between Archbishop Lanfrank and Odo. He died some time in the reign of Henry the First, without issue. His lands went to his brother Robert Fitz Hamon, to whom King William Rufus gave the Honour of Gloucester. 2 The foundation of the monastery of Wolverhampton by a widow named Wulfruna was confirmed by King Ethelred A.D. 996. In the time of K. Edward the Confessor, and at the Survey, it was held by secular canons. 3 Hardinc tenet in uadimonio de Brictric Witenhert. Ipse Brictric tenuit T. R. E." 4 In each, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 5 He had previously possessed it. 6 They had previously held. 7 " n. masur. in burgo de Warwie." v. Ascuit. "Hasculfus. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 433 Haroldus filius Radulfi Comitis,1 Glouc. 169.2 Wore. 177. Warw. 244.3 Hascoit Musard,4 Buck. 152 b. Glouc.' 169 b. Hascoith, Berks, 61b. Hascolfus Musard, Oxf. 159 b. Warw. 244. Helion, Herveus de, Dev. 117. Henricus filius Azor, Bedf. 216 b.5 Henricus Thesaurarius, Hants, 49. Heppo balistarius, Line. 369. Heraldus filuis Radulfi Comitis, v. Haroldus. Herbertus, Leic. 236 b. Herbertus Camerarius, Hants, 48 b. Herbertus filius luonis, Kent, 2. Herbertus fil. Remigii, Hants, 48 b. Herbertus prefectus Regis, Bedf. 218 b. 1 He was son of Ralph Earl of Hereford, whose father, Walter Earl of Maine or Mante, married Goda the sister of King Edward the Confessor, of whom particular mention has been already made in the notice of Ida Countess of Boulogne. Ralph was disgraced in 10.55 for cowardice, when opposed to Griffin Prince of Wales and Algar Earl of Mercia, who over-ran Herefordshire. See Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 21. Will. Malmesb. The mother of Harold, " Gethe uxor Radulfi Comitis," will occur again hereafter in the Index of Land-holders in the time of King Edward the Confessor. 2 " Radulfus pater ejus tenuit." 3 " Haroldus tenuit T. R. E." 4 Kelh. Illustr. p. 48, says, " His principal seat was at Musarden in Gloucestershire." 5 Willelmus filius Azor occurs in another part of the present Index. f r 434 INDEX OF tenants in capite. Herbrandus, Hants, 49, 53 b. Herding, Berks, 63 b.1 Buck. 153. r)*-H%- *3 Hereford, Ecclesia de, Heref. 181 b.2 Hereford, Episcopus de,3 Oxf. 154. Glouc. 165. Wore. 174.4 Shropsh. 252. Essex, 26. Herion, Tehellus de, Suff. 427 b. Hermerus,5 Norf. 205 b. Herveus, Wilts, 74 b. Oxf. 160 b. Herveus Bituricensis, Suff. 440 b. Herveus cubicularius, Dors. 85. Herveus de Helion, v. Helion. Herveus legatus, Buck. 152 b. Hesding, Ernulfus de,6 Hants, 46 b. Berks, 62 b. Wilts, 64,66,69 b. Dors. 80 b. Somers. 98. MiW. 129 b. 1 " Harding tenet I. hid. in Bvrlei. hanc Ipse tenuit de regina Eddid." 2 Of the lands of the Church of Hereford in Hereford shire it is said, " Robertus Episcopus quando venit ad Episcopatum invenit xl. hid. vastatas et ita sunt adhuc.'' The lands of the Canons follow those of the Bishop in this county. 3 Robert Lozing was consecrated Bishop of Hereford, Dec. 29, 1079. He died June 26, 1095. 4 Bishop Walter is twice mentioned in this county. In one entry it is said, '¦' Isdem Episcopus tenet Inteberga. Heraldus comes tenuit injuste. Sed rex W. reddidit Wal terio Episcopo quia de Episcopatu erat." 5 Parkin, the continuator of Blomefield, says, that the possessions of this Hermerus came afterwards to the Lords Bardolf. Hist. Norf. vol. v. p. 1233. 6 He was the first Earl of Perch, and father of Earl Rotrock, who married Matilda the natural daughter of King Henry the First. See Sandford's Genealog. Hist. p. 32. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 435 Buck. 143. Oxf. Ibi, 160. Glouc. 169. Hunt. 205 b. Bedf. 212.1 Hghebernus, Essex, 96. Hispaniensis, Aluredus, v. Alvredus. Holmo, S. Bened. de, Norf. 216.2 Homines duo, Yorksh. 331 b. Homines tres, Buck. 153.3 1 In the account of Suffolk in the Survey we have men tion of Hugo de Hosdenc, who, under other circumstances, might have been included in the list of Tenants in capite : " Sed ipse est in captione Regis et non potest respondere." He witnessed the Conqueror's charter confirming the liber ties of Ely Monastery, with Ivo Taillebois, Peter de Valoines, and Picot the Sheriff. See Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. i. p. 478. 2 " Tenuit T. R. E.," or " Semper tenuit Sanctus Bene- dictus,'' occurs to most of the lands of this Abbey in Domesday. In Saisselingham, however, fol. 217, it is said, " Tenuit Edric liber homo Stigandi i. car. terrae et dim. sub eo T. R. E. cum soca et saca. Postquam Rex venit in An gliam, ut autem se redimeret a captione Walerami, inva- diavit eam idem Edricus pro I. marca auri et pro vn. lib. in Sancto Benedicto. Modo tenet Johannes nepos praedicti Walerami de Sancto Benedicto in feudo." Of thirty acres in Racheia, fol. 217 b., it is said, " Haec terra forisfacta est tempore regis Willielmi, sed quidam monachus dedit dim. marcam auri pro forisfactura praepo- sitis, scilicet Alwi de Colecestra, et sic habuit terram absque licentia Regis." Ralph Stalre is recorded to have given a carucate of land, with King William's consent, at Estune, " cum uxore sua." Probably she took up her residence in this monas tery. She could not have been professed here, as the abbey was for monks. 3 '•' Istimet tenuerunt T. R. E. et uendere potuerunt." F.F 2 436 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Hortone, Ecclesia de, Dev. 104. -> Hortunensis Abbatia, Dors. 78 b. J Hosed, Willelmus, Somers. 99. Hostiarius, Johannes, Somers. 98 b. Robertus, Leic. 235. Willelmus, Dev. 117 b. Nottingh. 292. Hugo, Dors. 84 b. Somers. 99. Line. 311. 1 Clam. N. Line. 375 b. Hugo filius Baldri, Hants, 48. Yorksh. 298? Clam.~\ N. Line. 375 b. I Hugo filius Baldrici,3 Berks, 62 b. Wills, 73. Nottingh. j 291 b. Yorksh. 327. Line. 336, 336 b.< 356. J Hugo barbatus,5 Hants, 49 b. 1 " hfe," habebat, he had been the previous possessor. 2 " Hugo filius Baldri habet nnor. mans, (in Eboraco civi- tate) Aldulfi, Hedned, Turchil et Gospatric, et xxviiii. minuta hospitia, et aecclesiam S. Andreae quam emit." 3 Hugo filius Baldrici also occurs in Nottingh. 280, with the word " Vicecomes" written above. Kelham says he was Sheriff of Northumberland. 4 " Hugo f. Baldrici habet n. toftes (in Civitate Lincolia) quas Rex sibi dedit." 5 This sort of name was not uncommon in the Norman times, as we have seen in Hugo Asinus, who is usually called Hugo Lasne. The Consuetudinarium of the Abbey of St. Edmundsbury, MS. Harl. 3977, fol. 19, illustrates the practice of bestowing these appellations. " Erat quidam vir strenuus Reynaldus Stanceberd Denasez, sic vocatus quia nasum in belh cum rege Willielmo seniore amiserat, cui Rex multa pro suis laboribus, ac inter cetera Lidgate dederat, qui pro remedio animae suae dum Jerusalem adire vellet, Sancto Edmundo praedictam villam dedit." Hugh barbatus, as will hereafter be seen, was one of the names of Hugh de Montefort. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAFITE. 437 Hugo Comes,1 Hants, 44 b. Berks, 56, 56 b. 60. Wilts, 68 b. Dors. 80. Somers. 91 b. Dev. 101b. Buck. 143, 146 b. Oxf. 157. Glouc. 166 b. Hunt. 205 b. Northampt. 219, 224 b. Leic. 230, 237. Warw. 239. «esA. 262 b. 263 b. Derb. 273 b. Nottingh. 280, 280 b. 282 b. Yorksh. 305. Line. 336, 349. Clam. S. Line. 375. Clam, in Chetst. 376 b. Yorksh. 380 b. 381b. 382. .Nor/: 152. Suff. 298 b. Hugo Flandrensis, Bedf. 216. Hugo Gozeri filius, Buck. 153. Hugo latinarius, Hants, 50 b. Hugo pincerna, -Seo^l 216. 1 Hugh de Abrincis, or Avranches, surnamed Lupus, re ceived the Earldom of Chester from the Conqueror, A. D. 1070, to be held as free by the sword, as the King held England by his crown, " tarn libere ad gladium, sicut ipse Rex tenebat Angliam ad coronam." Hence, in Cheshire it is not said, Hugo comes tenet de Rege, but " tenet in dominio," tom. i. fol. 262 b ; and the Tenants in capite of that county are entered in like manner as holding, not " de rege," but de Comite. Hugh Lupus, it is probable, received this earldom in sovereignty, that he might be the better enabled to restrain the incursions of the Welsh. In 1098, with Hugh Montgomery Earl of Shrewsbury, he took the isle of Anglesey from the Welsh. He refounded the Abbey of St. Sever in the diocese of Coutance in 1085; and re- ¦endowed the Monastery of St. Werburgh, Chester, A. D. 1093. He died July 27th, 1101, having been professed a monk of Chester four days. See Ormerod's Hist. Chesh. vol. i. p. 10. Other particulars of Hugh Lupus, with a character not much to his advantage, may be found in Ordericus Vitalis, p. 787. ff 3 438 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Hugo filius Rogerii Comitis, Staff. 246. l Hugo filius Osmundi, Hants, 49 b. 51 . Hugo Silvestris, Dors. 83. Hugolinus interpres, Somers. 99. Humfridus filius Albi, Norf. 262. Hunfridus, Hants, 53 b. Wilts, li b. Somers. 99. Hunfridus filius Alberici, Suff. 436. Hunfridus Camerarius, Surr. 36 b.2 Hants, 49. Berks, 63. Wilts, 73. Dors. 83. Somers. 98 b. Glouc. 170.3 Leic. 236. &#. 433. Hunfridus coquus, Glouc. 170. Hunfridus frater Aiulfi camerarii, Hants, 52. Hunfridus loripes, Kent, 1. Hungerus f. Odini, Dors. 85. PIuntedune, seu Huntindune, Eustachius de, Cambr- 199 b. Huscarle, Somers. 99.4 I&J, Ida Comitisa Boloniensis, Somers. 91b. v. Boloniensis- Comitissa. Jeanio, Oxf. Ibi. Ilbertus, Heref. 180, 180 b. Ebor. 379, 379 b. Ilbertus et Egburg, Ebor. 379 b. Ilbertus filius Turoldi, Heref. 187. 1 " Tenet de comitatu v. mans, et pertin. ad Guruelde," i. e. Worfield in Shropshire. 2 He held the manor of Combe in Kingston " de feuo Reginae." 3 " Has n. villas dedit Regina Hunfrido, Actune et Wichen." 4 " Huscarle tenet unam virgatam terrae quam ipsemet tenebat T. R. E. in Estrope." ) index of tenants in capite. 439 Ilbodo, Essex, 95. Ilbodus, Oxf. 160. Illinge, Elsi, Nott. 280 b.1 t Ingald, Leic. 231. Ingania, Ricardus de,2 Buck. 151 b. Oxf. 160 b. Hunt. 208. Inganie, Ricardus, Northampt. 219.3 Ingania, Willelmus, Hunt. 207. Ingeniator, Waldinus, Line. 365 b. Ingulfus monachus, Surr. 34. 4 Insula, Hunfridus de, Wilts, 64 b.5 70 b. Insula, Radulfus de, Bedf. 217. Interpres, David, Dors. 83. Hugolinus, Somers. 99. Invasiones super Regem in Exsessa, Essex, 99 Invasiones in Nordfolc, Norf. 273 b. Invasiones super Regem, Suff. 447 b. Johannes, Dors. 85. Johannes hostiarius, Wilts, li b. Somers. 98 b. Johannes filius Waleranni, Cambr. 201 b. Johannes filius Walerami, Essex, 84, 104, 108 b. Suff. 435 b. Johannes nepos Walerami, Essex, 94 b. Norf. 265 b. Isac, Norf. 264. Suff. 437 b. 1 Soe and sac in Nottingh. and Derbyshire. 2 The barony of Ingania or Engaine continued in this family till the 41 Edw. III., when Thomas Engaine dying without issue, his three sisters became his heirs. Kelh. 79. Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 466. 3 " nn. domi de nn. sol. in Northantone." 4 " Abbas Wandregisili tenet Wandesorde per Ingulfum monachum." 5 " i. masura in burgo Malmesberie." FF 4 440 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Iseldis, Dors. 84. Ispania, Aluredus de, v. Aluredus. Judhel de Totenais,1 Dev. 108 b. Cornw. 12&. Judita Comitissa,2 Midd. 130 b. Buck. 152 b. Oxf. 1 Judhel de Totenais ; the Messrs. Lysons say, " nothing is known of this person but that he possessed the baronies of Totness and Barnstaple, which intimates that he was a Norman, and high in the Conqueror's favour." Mag. Brit. Dev. p. 1. 2 She was daughter of Odo Earl of Champagne and Ade liza half-sister of the Conqueror : and the wife of Waltheof Earl of Huntingdon, Northampton, and Northumberland, whom she betrayed to her uncle in 1074. The entries of some of the Countess Judith's lands in Buckinghamshire are followed by the words " Istemet tenuit T. R. E." Few, however, of the manors entered in any of the counties to her, comparatively speaking, had belonged to Waltheof, who is usually called in the record " Wallef Comes." She succeeded him at Tottenham in Middlesex ; in various lands in Leicestershire ; in two manors in Rutlandshire; in three or four in Lincolnshire; and in the manor of Walthainstow in Essex ; the rest of her lands had belonged to miscellaneous persons, among whom were Harold, Guerth, Tosti, and numerous retainers, ho magers, and sochmen of the Earls Waltheof and Algar. William the Conqueror seems to have been profuse in his grants to her. She founded the Nunnery of Elnstow in Bedfordshire, her gifts to which are twice recorded in the Survey. She left three daughters, Matilda, Judith, and Alice. The first was married to Simon de St. Liz, with whom he had the counties of Northampton and Huntingdon ; the second to Ralph de Toni Lord of Flamstead ; and the third to Robert, fourth son of Richard de Tonebridge. Kelh. Iliustr. p. 71', from Mills, Cat. Hon. p. 713. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 441 160. Cambr. 202. Hunt. 203, 206 b. Bedf. 217. Northampt. 219, 220, 228. Leic. 230, 236. Rotel. 293 b. Line. 336, 336 b. 366 b. Clam, in Chetst. 376 b. 377, 379 b. Essex, 92. Iveri, Hugo de, Oxf. 157 b. Iveri, Rogerus de,1 Berks, 62 b. Buck. 143, 151b. Oxf. 154, 158 b. Glouc. 162 b. 168.2 Hunt. 205 b. Warw. 238, 242. Ivichel presbyter, Suff. 438. \ Ivikel presbyter, Norf. 263 b. J 1 This Roger was the son of Waleran de Ivery, who held one knight's fee in the bailiwic of Tenechebrai in Nor mandy, by the service of cup-bearer to the Duke, and three other fees within the said liberty, as also eight fees and a half of the town and castle of Ivery. He enjoyed the same honour of cup-bearer to William King of England, which his father had done to him while Duke of Normandy. He married Adeline, eldest daughter of Hugh de Grente maisnil. This family, de Ivery, was descended from one Rodulph, half-brother to Richard the first Duke of Normandy, who killing a monstrous bear when hunting with his brother the duke, was by him for that service rewarded with the castle of Ivery on the river l'Evre, and had from thence the title of Comes de Ibreio. Kennett's Paroch. Antiq. edit. 1818, vol.i. p. 79. 2 Roger de Iveri appears to have been on terms of friend ship with Odo Bishop of Baieux. Of Hasedene, one of the manors entered to him in Gloucestershire, it is said, " Hoc manerium tenuit quidam homo Rogeri de Episcopo Baio- censi pro xvi. lib. Postea dedit Episcopus eidem Rogerio cum firma." Of another of Roger de Iveri's manors, Cu- bintone in Warwickshire, fol. 242, we read, " Hoc est de feudo Episcopi Baiocensis." 442 INDEX OF TENANTS in capite. Juliana, Sancta, Sciropesc. Shropsh. 253. Justen,1 Line. 37 1.2 K. Ketel Monasterium, Clam, in Chetst. 377 b. L. Labatailge, Ecclesia de, v. Batailge. Bello. Laci, Ilbertus de,3 Berks, 56 b.4 Nottingh. 291. Yorksh. 315. Line. 353 b. Clam. S. Line. 375. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. Laci, Rogerus de,5 Berks, 56 b.6 62 b. Glouc. 167 b. Wore. 176 b. Heref. 180, 180 b. 181, 184, 162, s 187 b. col. 1. Shropsh. 260 b. 1 He had been the former owner, though it is not said T.R.E. 2 " hfe," he was the previous possessor. 3 See Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 98. He received from the Conqueror all that part of the county of Lancaster since called Blackburnshire. His residence was at the castle of Pontefract in Yorkshire. 4 " i. domus in Walingeford." 5 This Roger was the son of Walter de Laci, who died in 1084. He was banished from England in the fifth of William Rufus, for joining the rebellion in favour of Robert Court- hose, when his lands were given to his brother Hugh. See Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 95. Walter, the father, is mentioned incidentally in one of the entries of Roger de Laci's lands in Herefordshire, fol. 184, under Acle. " De hac terra dedit Walterus de Laci S. Petro de Hereford ii. car. ter-rae concessu regis W. et unum villanum et unum bordarium cum terra eorum." Roger de Laci's gift of land in Glouces tershire to the Abbey of Lira has been already mentioned, p. 329- 6 " i. haga de n. den." in .ZEldremanestone. index of tenants in capite. 443 Lanchei, Ecclesia de,1 Surr. 34.2 v. Lanheie. Landri, Yorksh. 33 1 b. Landricus, Yorksh. 33 1 b.3 Clam. Ebor. 37 4. Lanfrancus archiepiscopus,4 Kent, 12. Berks, 56 b. Buck. 143 b. Suff. 372 b.5 v. Cantuariensis archiepiscopus. Lanheie, Ecclesia S. Marias de,1 Glouc. 166 b. v. Lanchei. Lasne, Hugo, Wilts, 73.6 Glouc. 169. Wore. Ill b.7 Heref. 187. Shropsh. 260 b. v. Asinus. Asne. Latimarus, Radulfus, Essex, 101.8 Latinarius, Lewinus, Heref. 180 b. Lawirce, Goisfridus,9 Yorksh. 326. v. Wirce. 1 Lambeth in Surrey. 2 The record says, " De isto manerio habet Episcopus Baiocensis unam culturam terrae quae ante et post mortem Godas jacuit in ista aecclesia." 3 He is probably the same person with Landricus car- pentarius, mentioned in the account of York, tom.i. fol. 298. " Landricus carpentarius habet x. mans, et dimid. quas ei prestitit Vicecomes." 4 He was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury Au gust 29th, 1070. He died June 4th, 1089. He has been already incidentally mentioned more than once. 5 " Terrae Lanfranci archiepiscopi ad victum Mona- chorum." 6 In one of the entries in this county it is said, " ^Ecclesia S. Mariae Winton. tenet de Hugone (Lasne) Chenete pro filia ejus." 7 In the body of the entry of his lands in this county Hugo Lasne is called " Hugo asinus." 8 " In Pherneham tenuit liber homo xxx. ac Modo tenet Rad. Latimarus ; sed celavit et id'o dedit vadimonium." 9 He is called Goisfridus de Wirce in the body of the entry, as well as in other parts of the Survey. 444 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Lauuire, Go.de, Yorksh. 379 b. Leduinus, Line. 371. Leduuinus filius Reuene, Line. 336.1 Lefstanus, Northampt. 219.2 Legatus, Herveus, Buck. 152 b. Legatus, Ricardus, Glouc. 168 b. Leueua, Line. 371 b. Leveve monialis, Warw. 244. Leviet,3 Wilts, 74. Levild, Staff. 250 b. Leving, Staff. 250 b. Leuric, Dev. 118 b.4 Leuric, Willelmus, Oxf. 160. Gbuc. 167 b. .Essea;, 93, 103. Leuricus, Line. 371. 5 Leutfredus, S.6 Surr. 34.7 Leuuin filius Aluuin,8 Nott. 280 b. Leuuine monachus, Line. 336. Leuuini filius, Derb. 278 b.9 1 He had sac and soe in Lincoln, " loco Aldene pres byteri." 2 " i. domus in Northantone." 3 " Vir ejus tenuit T.R.E." 4 " Ipse tenebat T. R. E." 5 He had been the possessor previous to the Survey. 6 The Abbey of St. Leufroy in the diocese of Evreux, founded by a saint of that name at a very early period. See Neustria Pia, p. 346. 7 This land at Aissele was " de dono regis W." The record adds, " Post Sanctus habuit nunquam geld, dedit." 8 He had soe and sac in Nottingham and Derby shires. '' Leuuinus, the father, had been the last possessor. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 445 Leuuinus, Hants, 50b.1 Buck?lb3. O«/160b.3 Warw. 244.4 Der6. 278 b.5 Line. 336 b. Leuuinus Chaua, Buck. 153.6 Lewinus latinarius, Heref. 180 b. Lewinus presbyter, Northampt. 222 b. Liber homo unus, Essex, 101. 7 Liberi homines Regis vn. Essex, 99.8 Liberi homines de Sudfulc in manu Regis remanentes, Suff. 447. Liberi homines Regis, Norf. 272, 272 b.9 > " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 2 " Dim. hid. in Wandene. Istemet tenuit T. R. E. et vendere potuit. Hanc terram apposuit Radulfus in Wan- doure. sed non fuit ibi T. R. E." 3 Of two out of three entries of land it is said, " Idem Leuuinus tenuit has terras libere T. R. E." 4 The two entries in Warwickshire are of land in Fle- chenho. Of one, a hide and half, it is said, " Hie Leuuinus emit ab Aluuino fratre suo." Of the other, two hides and a half virgate, it is said, " Hanc terram dixit Leuuinus se tenere de Vlstano episcopo, sed episcopus ei defecit in placito, unde ipse Leuuinus in misericordia Regis." 6 " i. mans, in Stanford." 6 " Hanc terram tenuit ipse Leuuinus prefectus regis et vendere potuit." 7 " In Bolintuna tenuit 1. liber homo xx. acr. T. R. E. et adhuc tenet, sed celavit et ideo dedit vadimonium." 8 " In Hundret de Laxendena habet Rex vn. liberos homines, et hos prepositus hund. habet, tenentes dim. hid.'' 9 Viz. 1. " Isti sunt liberi homines T. E. R. ad nullam firmam pertinentes, quos Almarus custodit, qui additi sunt ad firmam T. R. W." 2. " Isti sunt liberi homines Regis." Hund. de Hapinga. Hund. East de Flee. Hund. de Humi- liart. Hund. Depwade. Hund. Gnaueringa. 446 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Limesi, sive Limeseio,2 Radulfus de, Somers. 97.3 Dev. 113 b. Hertf. 138. Glouc. 162. Northampt. 225 b. Warw. 238,4 243. Nottingh. 289 b. Essex, 90. Norf.2ib. Suff. 428. Lincolia Eccl. S. Mariae de, Clam. N. Line. 375 b. 376.6 1 He had been the holder previous to the Survey. It is not said T. R. E. 2 Kelham, in his Illustrations, mentions Ralph de Limesi in two places. In p. 62, he says, " He was the son of the sister of the Conqueror, and held forty-one lordships, with the lands of Christina, one of the sisters of Prince Edgar." In the other, p. 73, he says, " He was probably related to Robert de Limesey Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry." Dugdale, in his Baronage, tom.i. p. 413, makes no mention of Ralph de Limesi's relationship to the Conqueror. 3 Eight manors in Somersetshire are entered to Ralph de Limesi. Two had belonged, in Edward the Confessor's time, to Queen Editha ; two to Edric ; two to Vlward ; one to Liuuara ; and one to the Abbey of Athelney. Of one of Edric's manors, Alresford, it is said, " Hoc Manerium red didit per consuetudinem xn. oves per annum in Carentone manerium Regis. Radulfus hanc consuetudinem usque modo detinuit." Of Bosintune, belonging to Athelney, it is said, " Quando rex dedit terram suam Radulfo erat aecclesia saisita de hoc manerio." 4 " ix. masurae in burgo de Warwie." 5 Viz. " Wapentac testatur quod aecclesiam de Castre dedit rex W. S. Mariae Lincoliae in elemosinam, ad quam aecclesiam pertin. n. bov. terrae in dominio." " Episcopus Baioc. et Episcopus Lincoliensis debent habere socam super n. bovat. terrae et dimid, quae jacet in aecclesia de Wingeham." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 447 Lincolia, Aluredus de, v. Aluredus. Lincolia, Norman de, Nott. 280. ] Lincolniensis, Episcopus, Buck. 143 b.2 Oxf. 154, 155. Cambr. 190. Hunt. 203,3 203 b.4 Bedf. 210. Northampt. 221. Leic. 230 b. Nottingh. 283 b. Line. 336, 337, 344. Clam. S. Line. 375. Clam. N. Line. 376. v. Remigius. Liofus, Somers. 91 b.5 Lira, Ecclesia S. Mariae de,6 Hants, 39 b.7 52,8 52 b. Glouc. 166.9 Heref. 182 b. Liseman, Wilts, 74.10 Lisiacenses Canonici, W^fts, 68 b. Lisiacensis Episcopus, Wilts, 66. Dors. 11 b. Hertf. 134 b. Buck. 145 b. Oxf. 156 b. v. Gislebertus Episcopus Lisiacensis. Loges, Uxor Geri de, Glouc. 176. i " Norman de Lincolia habet I. aecclesiam quae fuit Brun." 2 iEcclesia burgi de Bochingeham. 3 " Episcopus Lincoliensis habebat in loco Castri (de Huntedone) I. mansionem, cum saca et soca, quae modo abest.'' , 4 Under Sticiltone (now Stilton) it is said, " Haec terra fuit data Vluuino Episcopo T. R. E." 5 " Tenet Bera quae et tenuit de rege E." 6 This Abbey, situated on the river Rille in the diocese of Evreux, was founded A. D. 1045, by William Fitz- Osbern. William of Jumieges, the historian, details the particulars of its foundation. See also Neustr. Pia, p. 534. 7 The Church of Adrintone in Hants, with the tithe of the manor. 8 " i. domus in Hantone." 9 A hide and a virgate of land at Tantesborne, " Hanc terram dedit ipsi aecclesiae Rogerus de Laci." w " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." ] 448 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. LondonivE S. Martinus, v. Martinus. Loremarius, Goscelmus, Essex, 94. Loripes quidam, Buck. 153.1 Loripes, Hunfridus, Kent, 1. Lorz, Robertus de, Leic. 236 b.2 Loswardus, Line. 336. *7(- Lovet, Willelmus, Berks, 56,3 61. Bedf. 216. Northampt. 226. Loveth, Willelmus, Leic. 235 b. Luith monialis, Warw. 238.4 Lundon', Derman, v. Derman. Lundon, Canonici S. Pauli de, Hertf. 136. Bedf. 21 1.5 Essex, 12 b. Lundoniensis Episcopus,6 Dors. 11 b. Midd. 127. Hertf. 133 b. Essex, 9 b. II.7 v. Mauricius. Luri, Hugo de, Dors. 83. Northampt. 224 b. Lusoriis, Fulco de, Clam. Ebor. 373 b.8 1 " Ten. de rege in elemosina Euresel pro una hida. Iste met tenuit T. R. E." 2 " Robertus vi possidet." 3 " Unum frustum terrae de nn. den. in Walingeforde. " 4 She was the same person with " Leveva monialis," men tioned in a preceding page. 5 The manor of Cadendone. " Canonici habent brevem Regis in quo habetur quod ipse hoc manerium dedit aecclesiae S. Pauli." 6 Maurice Bishop of London was consecrated in 1086. He died Sept. 26, A.D. 1107- 7 Of the Bishop's manor of Wareleia in this county it is said, " Hoc manerium dedit Willielmus Rex Willielmo Epis copo postquam mare transivit, quia in antiquo tempore fuit de Ecclesia Sancti Pauli." 8 " n. bou, de terra Vlfmer." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 449 M. Madoc, Heref. 187 b. Madoch, Glouc. 170 b.1 Magnavilla, Goisfridus de, v. Mannevile. Maigno seu Maino Brito, v. Brito. Maino seu Manno, Northampt. 228. Mal, Godrici filii, Hants, 50 b.2 v. Malf. Mala opa, Fulcherus,3 Ruth 293 b. Malcolun, Yorksh. 330 b. Maldoith, Gunfridus, Wilts, 73. Maldred, Yorksh. 331. Maldvith, Willelmus,4 Hants, il b. Malet, Durandus, Leic. 236. Nottingh. 291 b. Line. 365. Malet, Robertus,5 Surr. 36 b. Nottingh. 291 b. Ruth i " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 2 " Pater eorum tenuit de rege E." 3 Qu. Mala opera, Fulcherus. 4 William Maldvith, or Mauduit. Dugdale, in his Baron age, tom. i. p. 398, says, he was afterwards chamberlain to King Henry the First. 5 He was the son of William Malet, to whom the Con queror, after the battle of Hastings, committed the body of Harold to see it buried. See Ordericus Vitalis, p. 502. William Malet's death is twice alluded to in Domesday, tom. ii. foil. 294 and 332 b. In the latter entry, under Cidestan in Suffolk, it is said, " Ex hoc erat seisitus Wil lelmus Malet quando ivit in servitium Regis ubi mortuus est." In Norf. 133 b. under Hapesburc, it is said, " Hanc terram calumpniatur Robertus Malet, et dicit quod pater suus eam tenuit quando ivit in Maresc, et hoc testatur hun- dret, et tamen non tenebat ea die qua fuit mortuus." Men tion is made of " Mater R. Malet" in the same volume, folios 305, 317 b. 323 b. 324, 326. Robert Malet, the son, was the founder of the monastery of Eye. G g 450 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 293 b. Yorksh. 298,1 320 b. Line. 368. Clam. Ebor. 373. Clam, in Chetst. 377. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. 380, 381b. Essex, 88, 103 b. Norf. 153 b. Suff. 304. Malf, Godrici, filii, Hants, bl b.2 v. Mal. Malmesburiensis Ecclesia, seu Abbatia, Wilts, 64 b.3 66 b. Glouc. 165. Warw. 238,4 238 b.5 Maminot, Gislebertus,6 Yorksh. 298.7 Mannevile, Goisfridus de,8 Surrey, 36.9 Berks, 62, Mdtf. 129 b.10 fler*/! 132,139. Oxf.lb9b. Cambr. " viii. mans, in civitate Ebor." 2 " Pater eorum tenuit de rege." 3 In burgo Malmesberiae. " Abb. Malmesberie habet nil. mas. et dimid. et foris burg. ix. coscez qui geldant cum burgensibus." 4 The Abbey of Malmesbury had a single house in War wick. 5 Of the manor of Niwebold, the only territorial posses sion of the Abbey in Warwickshire, we read, " Vluuinus monachus tenuit, et ipse dedit aecclesias quando factus est monachus.'' 6 His great-grandson, Wakelin de Maminot, died without issue. Hasted's Kent, vol.i. p. 118. Gislebertus Maminot, Bishop of Lisieux, has been already mentioned in the pre sent Index. 7 " n. mansiones in civitate Ebor." 8 Geoffrey de Magna-villa or Mandeville, the ancestor of the Mandevilles Earls of Essex. He occurs as an under tenant to the Archbishop of Canterbury, in Middlesex, tom. i. fol. 127. He endowed the Church of St. Mary at Hurley in Berkshire with certain lands adjacent to it, and made it a cell to Westminster Abbey. 9 The homagers, at the time of the Inquisition, declared that Geoffrey de Mandeville held the manor of Clopeham, now Clapham, in Surrey, unjustly. It nevertheless conti nued, as is shown by records, in him and his heirs. 10 Geoffrey de Mandeville's manor of Eye, in Middlesex INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 451 197. Northampt. 227. Warw. 238,1 243 b. Essex, 57 b. 100, 106 b. Suff. 411. Mantel, Turstinus, Buck. 151b. Mappesone, Godric, Heref. 181. Marescal, Goisfridus, Hants, 49. Marescal, Robertus, Wilts, 73. Marescalchus, Rogerus, Essex, 94. Mareschalcus, Giroldus, Suff. 438 b. Maria, S. Sciropesc. Heref. 180 b. Shropsh. 252 b.2 Martinus, Buck. 152. Line. 365. Martinus, S. Londoniae,3 Essex, 20 b. has been already spoken of, p. 42. In an entry in this county of a half hide of land in the hundred of Spelthorne, held in alms by iElveva the wife of Wateman of London, it is said, " De hac terra Goisf. de Mannevile erat saisitus quando ivit trans mare in servitium Regis, ut dicunt homines sui et totum hundret." Midd. 130 b. 1 A house in Warwick. 2 There is a very singular entry in this folio, relating to the church's manor of Brunfelde ; it illustrates the history of the mal-appropriation to which ecclesiastical property in early times was frequently liable. " In hoc manerio T. R. E. erant xx. hida? et totum habebant xn. canonici ipsius eccle siae. Unus eorum, Spirtes nomine, tenebat solus x. hid. sed cum fuisset exulatus ab Anglia, dedit rex Edwardus has x. hidas Roberto filio Wimarch sicut Canonico. Ro bertus vero dedit eandem terram cuidam suo genero. Quod cum Canonici indicassent Regi, confestim praecepit ad ^Ecclesiam terram reverti, tantummodo inducians donee ad curiam instantis Natalis Domini Roberto juberet ut genero suo terram aliam provideret. Ipse autem Rex in ipsis festis diebus obiit ; et, ex eo usque nunc, iEcclesia terram perdit. Hanc tenet modo Robertus de Comite Rogero, et vasta est et vasta inventa est." 3 St. Martin's le Grand: a college of a dean and secular canons or priests. gg 2 } 452 index of tenants in capite. Matheus Mauritaniensis, v. Moretania. Mathildis Regina,1 Cornw. 120.2 Buck. 152 b.3 Glouc. 163 b. 164.4 Mauricius Episcopus,6 Somers. 91. Mauritaniensis, Matheus, v. Matheus. Mauritanio, Comes de, Norf. 143 b. Suff. 291. v. Mo- ritoniensis Comes. Medehal, Hunfridus de, Glouc. 170. Medicus, Nigellus, v. Nigellus. Melchesan, Aluric de, Wilts, 73 b.6 Mellend, Comes de, Northampt. 224. Leic. 231 b.7 ¦ Warw. 238.8 Mellent, Comes de, Warw. 239 b. Mellent, Homines Comitis de, Leic. 237. Merde, Aluuardus de, Hertf. 142 b.10 Mereuuine sune, Norman, Clam, in Chetst. 377. Merleberge, Aluredus de, Surr. 36 b. Hants, il b. Wilts, 64 b. 70. Somers. 97. Devon, 101. Heref. 186. Mert, Aluuard, Dev. 118.11 1 See p. 6. 2 These had been the lands of Brictric. 3 Marlow and Hambleden in Buckinghamshire. These had belonged to Earl Algar. 4 The manors held by the Queen in this county had also been Brictric's. He was the son of Algar. 5 Maurice Bishop of London. Seep. 448. 6 In one of these entries it is said, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 7 The Earl of Mellent's lands in this county had belonged to Saxi. " Has terras omnes tenuit Saxi, et potuit ire quo voluit." 8 vi. sextar' mellis et v. solid, de burgo de Warwie. 9 " He was eldest son to Roger de Bellomont ; exceeded the rest of the peers in riches and power, and died in 1118, 19th Hen. I." Kelh. lllustr. p. 103. His great possessions went to Henry de Neubergh, the first Earl of Warwick, his brother. See Dugd. Warw. p. 69. i» " Istemet tenuit T. R. E." n « Terra est n. car. Regina dedit ei in elemosina." Bb.l i. J INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 453 Micelenie, Ecclesia de,1 Somers. 91. 2 Michaelis S. Ecclesia,3 Cornw. 120 b. Michaelis S. de Monte, Ecclesia,4 Hants, 43. Wilts, 65. Dev. 104. Middeltune, Ecclesia de, Hants, 43 b. Middeltunensis Abbatia, Dors. 78. Milburg, Ecclesia S. Sciropesc. Shropsh. 252 b. Milo Crispin, v. Crispin. Milo portarius, Hants, 49 b. Ministri Regis, Ricardus et alii, Oxf. 160 b. Moduinus, Essex, 95 b. Moion, seu Moiun, Willelmus de, Wilts, 72. Dors. 82. Somers. 95 b. Dev. 110. Molebec, Hugo de, Berks, 56, 56 b.6 1 The Abbey of Michelney. 2 In the entries in this folio these parcels of land are marked A. B. C, which had been bestowed upon the abbey subsequent to the time of Edward the Confessor. 3 The Priory of St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall was founded by King Edward the Confessor in 1085. It was afterwards annexed to the Abbey of St. Michael in Pe- riculo Maris in Normandy, whose other property is referred to in the next entry. 4 The Abbey of St. Michael in Periculo Maris, in Nor mandy, was founded at an early period. Tradition says about the year 708. Rollo, the first Duke of Normandy, displaced the secular canons of the first foundation A. D. 966, and put Benedictine monks in their room. Richard IL, Duke of Normandy, rebuilt the church in 1024. Al. Pri. vol. i. p. 146. 5 Milton Abbey in Dorsetshire, founded by King Athel- stan about the year 933. Its possessions appear to have been the same which had belonged to it in the time of King Edward the Confessor. 6 These entries relate to houses in Walingford. gg 3 454 index of tenants in capite. Monneuile, Nigellus de, Yorksh. 298.1 Montagud, Ansgerus de, Somers. 99. Montagud, Drogo de, Somers. 99. Monte, Ecclesia S. Michaelis de, v. Michaelis S. de Monte Ecclesia. Monteburg, S. Maria de,2 Somers. 91. Montecanisio, Hubertus de,3 Suff. 436. Montefort, seu Monteforti, Hugo de,4 Kent, l,5 13. Essex, 52 b. 106 b. Norf. 237. Suff. 405 b. 1 " Nigellus de Monnevile habet i. mansionem cujusdam monetarii." 2 An abbey in the diocese of Coutance in Normandy, founded, according to Dugdale, in 1090, by Baldwin de Redvers ; but the mention of it in Domesday shows it must have been founded at least as early as 1086. The land entered to this monastery in Somersetshire, was given to it by Nigel the Conqueror's physician. 3 Of Hubert deMunchensi, see Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 561. He was a benefactor to the monks of Eye in Suffolk ; and is believed to have lived to the time of King Stephen. Kel ham says, the last baron of this family was William de Mont- chensi, who was killed in service against the Welsh in the time of Edward the First. He occurs as Hubert de Mont- canisi in the first volume of Domesday, fol. 298, possessing a manse in the city of York. 4 Hugh de Montefort was the son of Thurstan de Basten- bergh, a Norman, and, according to William of Jumieges, was commonly called Hugh with a beard, the Normans at that time being usually shaved. He fought at the battle of Hastings, and was afterwards joined with William Fitz- Osberne and Odo Bishop of Baieux in administering justice through the kingdom. He lost his life in a duel with Walcheline de Ferrers. See Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 407. See more of him, Brady, Hist. pp. 140, 187. Somner on Gavel kind, pp. 68, 191. '¦' A house in Dover. index of tenants in capite. 455 Montgomery, Roger de, v. Rogerus Comes. Montgumeri, Hugo de, Staff. 248 b. Moretania, Mathiu (seu Maci) de, Berks, 63. Wilts, 73. Dors. 82 b. Somers. 98. Glouc. 170. Essex, 91b. Morinus, Devon, 117 b. Moritoniensis Comes,1 Sussex, 20 b. Surr. 34. Hants, 44 b. 52. Berks, 60. ^"fts,68b. Dors. 79. Sowers. 86, 86 b. bis. 87 b. 90 b. 91, 91b. Dev. 104 b. Cornw. 120 b. 121 b. Midd. 129. Hertf. 136 b. Buck. 146. Ok/". 154, 157. Glouc. 166 b. Cramor. 189, 193. Northampt. 219, 223. Nottingh. 282 b. Yor£sA. 298, 305, 379, 379 b. 380, 380 b. 381 b. 382. .Nor/: 143 b. Suff. 291. Mortemer, Radulfus de,2 Hants, 46 b. 51, 52bis. Berks, 1 Robert Earl of Moretaine in Normandy was advanced, soon after the Conquest, to the earldom of Cornwall. Wil liam the Conqueror finishes a charter, granting Islip in Oxfordshire to Westminster Abbey, with " T. Odone epis copo et Rodberto Comite de Moret' fratribus meis." MS. Cotton. Faust. A. in. fol. 54. Reg. Ab. Westm. The Earl of Moretaine married Matilda the youngest daughter of Roger de Montgomery Earl of Shrewsbury. He was a great benefactor to the Abbey of Grestein in Normandy, founded by his father ; and annexed the Priory of St. Mi chael's Mount in Cornwall, as has been already mentioned, to the similarly situated Norman Abbey of St. Michael in Periculo Maris. Dugdale, Bar. tom.i. p. 25, is igno rant of the time of his death. Kelham says he died in 1091. lllustr. p. 31. Robert Earl of Moretaine's charter, granting away the Priory of St. Michael's Mount in Corn wall, will be found in the Monastieon Anglicanum, vol.vi. pt. ii. p. 289. 2 Ralph de Mortimer's alliance, by the mother's side, with the Conqueror is explained in Dugdale's Baronage, GG 4 456 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 62 b. Wilts, 64 b.1 72. Somers. 96 b. Oxf. 159. Wore. 176 b. Heref. 180,2 180 b. 183 b. Leic. 235. Warw. 2i3. Shropsh. 252, 260. YorfoA. 325. Lino. 363. CTam. JS6or. 373, 380 b. 381b. 382. Mucelgros, Rogerius de, Heref. 185. Musard, Ascuit, Derb. 277 b. Musard, Hascoit, Buck. 152 b. Glouc. 169 b. v. Hascoit. y Hascoith. Musart, Hascoius, Buck. 143. Hasculfus. Musard, Hascolfus, seu Hasculfus, Oxf. 159 b. Warw. 244. Derb. 211b.3 . Musardus, Hugo, Line. 336 b. N. Neoti, S. Clerici, Cornw. 12 1.4 Neweham, Lewinus de, Buck. 143,5 153.6 tom. i. p. 138. He received Wigmore Castle from William, for his services in subduing and taking prisoner Edric Earl of Shrewsbury. He founded Wigmore Abbey ; and died some time toward the close of the reign of Henry the First. i " i. masura et dimid. in Malmesberie." 2 " Radulfus de Mortimer tenet Wighemore. Ibi dimid. hida. Castellum Wigemore sedet in ea.'' 3 The Messrs. Lysons say, " The estates of the Barons Musard in Derbyshire passed by coheiresses in the reign of Edward the Second ; a marriage with one of them increased the property of the Frechevilles." 4 « Tenebant T.R.E." 5 " Leuuinus de Neuueham habet v. burg, in burgo de Bochingeham et T. R. E. habuit. Hi reddunt ei mi. sol. per annum, et Regi xn. den." 6 Of five manors here entered, it is said at the end of the INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 457 Nicolaus balistarius, Dev. 117. Warw. 238,1 244. Nicolaus, Sanctus, Hants, 52 b. Nigellus, Staff. 250 b. Nigellus Medicus,2 Hants, 49, 52.3 Wilts, 73. Heref. 183. Shropsh. 260 b. Niger, Robertus, Kent, 1. Nonne duae, Somers. 91 b. Norman, Yorksh. 331, 331 b.4 Norman filius Siuuard presbyteri, Line. 336. Norman Mereuuine sune, Clam, in Chetst. 377. Normannus, Leic. 231 b. Normannus crassus, Line. 336, 336 b. 362. Clam. W. R. Line. 376. Clam. N. Line. 376 h. Normannus Vicecomes, Suff. 438. Norwic, S. Michael de, Norf. 201. o. O. arbalistarius, v. Odo. Oaura, Leuuinus, Buck. 153.5 Oburvilla, Rogerus de, Suff. 403 b. Odardus balistarius, Surr. 36 b. Odburvile, Rotbertus de,6 Somers. 98 b. account of each, " Hoc manerium tenuit istemet T. R. E. et vendere potuit." Mater Leuuini de Niuueham, Warw. 244> appears to have held land in the Confessor's time. 1 A house in Warwick. 2 The Conqueror's physician, already mentioned. 3 Four houses in the burgh of Southampton. 4 He had been the possessor previous to the Sutvey. 5 " Istemet tenuit T. R. E. et vendere potuit.' 6 Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 499. 458 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Odburvile, seu Odburguille, Willelmus de,1 Hertf. 139. Ode, Hants, 49 b. 51 b. Odinus camerarius, Wilts, li b. Odo, Sussex, 29 b. Dev. 118. Odo arbalistarius, Yorksh. 329 b. 381 b. Line. 365 b. Odo Baiocensis Episcopus, v. Baiocensis Episcopus. Odo balistarius, Yorksh. 298.2 Clam. Ebor. 373 b. Odo filius Eurebold, Dors. 83. Odo filius Gamelini, Somers. 98. Dev. 116 b. Odo Flandr. Somers. 99. Odolina, Wilts, li. Ogerius Brito, Line. 364 b. Ogerus, Northampt. 228. Ogerus Brito, Leic. 236. Ogerus filius Vngemar, Rotel. 293 b. Oilgi, Robertus de,3 Berks, 56,4 56 b. 62. Hertf. 137 b. Buck. 143, 149. Oxf. 158. Glouc. 168 b. Bedf. 215. Northampt. 225. JFara;. 242.5 1 Kelham says, his barony, which was at Berlai in Hert fordshire, expired in the time of King John in William his grandson. lllustr. p. 74. 2 " in. mans, in Eboraco civitate." 3 In the chartulary of Oseney Abbey in Oxfordshire, MS. penes Dec. et Cap. iEd. Chr. Oxon. fol.i. Robert de Oilgi and Roger de Ivri are registered as sworn companions in assisting the Conqueror's invasion. " Memorandum, quod Robertus de Oleio et Rogerus de Iverio fratres jurati, et per fidem et sacramentum confoederati, venerunt ad Con- questum Angliae cum Rege Willielmo Bastard." It adds, " Iste Rex dedit dicto Roberto duas Baronias quae modo vocantur Baronia Doylivorum et S. Waleria." 4 " nn. masurae in burgo de Walingeford." 5 " .Aluricus libere tenuit T. R. E. Hanc terram (n. hid. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 459 Oilgi, Wido de, Oxf. 154, 160. Oirant, Hants, 53 b.1 Olaf, Northampt. 229. Ordgar, Oxf. 161. Ordric, Warw. 244 b. Ordui, Bedf. 218 b. bis.2 Orduui burgensis de Bedeford, Bedf. 21 8.3 Orlatele, Goisfridus, Surr. 36.4 Glouc. 168 b.5 Orm, Yorksh. 330 b.6 Orme, Yorksh. 331, 331 b. Osbernus accipitrarius, Hants, 49 b. Osbernus filius Bosonis, Yorksh. 298. in Merstone) emit ab eo Robertus licentia regis W." Robert de Oilgi is incidentally mentioned in an earlier folio than any of these, Surr. 35, under the lands of Ricardus filius Gisleberti Comitis : " Vna hida in Meldone remanet in Calengio quam tenet Robertus de Wateuile, et dicunt homines de Hund. quod Eduardus Sarisberie et Robertus de Oilgi dirationaverunt earn Ricardo de Tonebrige et remansit quieta in manu Regis." 1 " Pater ejus tenuit de rege E." 2 In both entries it is said, " Istemet tenuit T. R. E. homo regis fuit, et cui voluit vendere potuit." 3 " In eadem uilla tenet Orduui burgensis de rege I. hid. et tertiam partem dimidiae hidae. Dim. hid. et quartam par tem i. *irg. de hac terra tenuit T. R. E. isdem qui nunc tenet et potuit dare cui voluit. Unam virg. vero in vadi- monio tenuit T. R. E. et adhuc tenet, ut homines de hoc hundredo testantur. Idem ipse emit i. virg. et quartam partem unius virgatae postquam Rex W. in Anglia venit, et nee regi nee alicui servitium redd'." 4 " Tenet Belgeham sine dono regis, et sine waranto." 5 Where he is called Orleteile. 6 Also T.R.E. 460 index of tenants in capite. Osbernus Episcopus,1 Sussex, 17. Surr. 31. Hants, 43. Berks, 58 b. Glouc. 165. Norf. 201 b. Osbernus Legatus Regis, Clam, in Chetst. 311? Osbernus presbyter, Wilts, 68 b. 73. Line. 366 b. Osbernus presbyter et Radulfus dapifer, Line. 366 b. Osbernus filius Ricardi, Heref. 180, 181b. 186 b.3" Bedf. 216 b. Warw. 238, 244. Shropsh. 260.4 Nottingh. 292. Osbernus filius Ricardi Scrupe, Wore. 176 b.5 Osbernus de Salceid, v. Salceid. 1 Malmesbury de Gestis Pontif. fol. 145 b. gives a parti cular account of him. He was consecrated Bishop of Exeter, March 28th, 1074. He died A.D. 1103. In the Domesday account of Critetone, or Crediton, in Devonshire, it is expressly stated that Bishop Osbern produced charters to substantiate the rights of his church. Kelham says, he was kinsman to King Edward the Confessor, and allied to William the Conqueror. William Fitz-Osbern Earl of Here ford was his brother. 2 " Osbernus legatus regis clam. I. car. terrae in Turo- luebi quam testimonio Wapent. debet habere et socam in Achelei reddere manerium Judita? Comitissae." 3 Here are eleven entries of land. Of two it is said, " Ipse tenuit T. R. E. ;" in four others it is said, " tenet et tenuit." 4 Out of nine entries of land ; of one it is said, " Ricardus pater ejus tenuit;" of another, ¦- Ipsemet tenuit de rege E.;" of another, " tenet et tenuit." The rest had been held in King Edward's time by different persons. 5 " Ricardus pater ejus tenuit." 6 Osbernus filius Ricardi and Osbernus filius Ricardi Scrupe are the same person. His principal seat was at Ricard's Castle in Herefordshire, so called from Richard his father, the builder of it. See Dugd. Warw. p. 13. Nash, Collect, for Wore. vol. i. p. 15. Kelh. lllustr. p. 91. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 461 Osbernus filius Walterii, Bedf. 216 b. Osbernus piscator, Bedf. 216 b. Osgot, Wilts, H. Osiet, jBedy. 218 b.1 Osiet Regis prefectus, Bedf. 218 b. Oslac, Northampt. 229. Osmer, Somers. 99.2 Osmer presbyter, Nott. 280. Osmundus, Hants, 50.3 Wilts, 73 b. Osmundus Episcopus.4 Berks, 56 b.5 Line. 343 b. Clam. in Chetst. 377 b. v. Sarisberiensis Episcopus. Osmundus pistor, Dors. 85. Osmundus presbyter, Oxf. 157.6 Ostreham, Rogerus de, Kent, l.7 Osward, Wilts, li? Glouc. 170 b.9 Yorksh. 331. 10 i " Istemet tunc (T. R. E.) tenuit et dare potuit." In another entry in the same page it is said, " In eodem hund. (sc. Wilge) tenet Osiet regis prefectus dim. hid. de Rege. Hanc terram tenuit unus sochmannus T. R. E. quem rex Willielmus cum terra hac praedicto prefecto commendavit, ut quamdiu viveret victum et vestitum ei praeberet." 2 " Pater ejus tenebat T.R.E." 3 " Isdem tenuit de rege E. in alodium." 4 Osmund became Bishop of Salisbury in 1078, and died in the month of December 1099. 5 " vn. hagae in burgo de Walingeforde." 6 « Idem tenuit T. R. E." 7 " Rogerus de Ostreham fecit quandam domum super Aquam Regis (apud Dovere), et tenuit, hue usque, consue tudinem Regis. Nee domus fuit ibi T. R. E." 8 " Pater ejus tenuit." 9 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 10 He had held it previously to the formation of the Survey. 462 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Osuuard et Rodmund, Yorksh. 331. Oswoldus1 et alii Taini, Surr. 36 b. Otburvilla, Rogerus de,2 Essex, 52, 103 b. Suff. 405. v. Oburvilla. Otha, Staff. 250 b. Otho, Wilts, li? Otto aurifaber,4 Essex, 97 b. 1 " Ipse tenuit de rege E." 2 Kelham says, this Roger de Otburville, or Auberville, held eighteen lordships in Essex and Suffolk, and was bro ther of William de Otburville, who possessed Berlai in Hertfordshire. lllustr. p. 129. See the present Index, under Odburvile, p. 458. 3 " Pater ejus tenuit T.R.E." 4 He occurs in Essex, fol. 3 b. where it is said, " Celde- fordam tenuit Comes Algarus t. r. e. Postea tenuit Regina. Modo Otto aurifaber ad censum, in manu Regis." He is again mentioned as making payment of a rent, fol. 106b. And in Suffolk, fol. 286 b. we have " Terra Matris Morchari Comitis quam Willielmus camerarius et Otho aurifex ser vant in manu Regis." Morant and Kelham agree that this Otto the goldsmith was ancestor of Thomas Fitz-Otho, mint-master or engraver for the King's mint ; and that the last of the male line of his family died in 1282. lllustr. p. 132. Otto the younger, by a charter still remaining in the Tower, and directed to Maurice Bishop of London, in or before the 7th Hen. I., had " the mystery of the dies " restored to him, which his father had held, together with all other his offices, and cer tain lands. The same privilege was afterwards confirmed by the same King to William Fitz-Otto the grandson. See Ruding's Annals of Coinage, 8° edit. vol. i. p. 110. The office which these persons successively held appears to have been that of cuneator or manager of the dies. Madox, in the Hist, of the Exchequer, 4t0 edit. vol. ii. p. 38, says, INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 463 Ou, Comes de, Essex, 63. v. Ow. Outi, Line. 371. Ouus prepositus Regis, Glouc. 162. Ow, Comes de,1 Sussex, 18. Hunt. 205 b. Ow, Willelmus de,2 Hants, il, 51. Berks, 61. Wilts, 64 b. 71b. Dors. 80 b. Somers. 96 b. Dev. 111b. Hertf. 138 b. Glouc. 162, 166 b. .Beo^ 211 b. Oxeneford, Canonici de, Buck. U6? Oxf. 157.4 he claimed the old and broken dies as his fee ; which claim was allowed to Thomas Fitz-Otto in the 49th Hen. III. on his petition to the King in the Court of Exchequer, that they belonged to him of right and inheritance, and that his ancestors had been accustomed to have them. This, upon examination, was found to be true. The serjeanty con tinued in a female branch of Otto's family at least as late as the 1st of Edw. III. In the Testa de Nevill, p. 362, it is said, " Willelmus fil. Ote tenet in Lilleston, Midd. in serjean. unam carucatam terrae quae valet xls per servicium servandi signa R. monetae et facit servitium per totum annum." 1 Robert Earl of Eu in Normandy, one of the chief coun sellors of William's invasion. The Conqueror gave him the castelry of Hastings. Among his lands in Sussex, which were very numerous, various portions, chiefly single vir gates, had belonged to the Nunnery of Wilton. 2 William de Ow, or Eu, was the son of the Earl of Eu just mentioned. He married the daughter of Hugh Earl of Chester. He at one time favoured the succession of Robert Courthose to the English throne, but afterwards forsook his cause. He was executed at Salisbury in 1096, with unusual cruelty, for conspiring against William Rufus. See Sim. Dunelm. Col. 222. 3 Witchende in Buck. " Hoc CO jacuit et jacet in do minio aecclesiae Canonicorum de Oxeneford." 4 " Ipsi tenuerunt T. R. E." 464 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. P. Pagen, Hants, 51 b. bis. Pagenel, Line. 336.1 Pagenel, Radulfus,2 Somers. 96 b. Dev. 113 b. Gbuc. 168. Northampt. 225 b. Yorksh. 298, 325 b. Line. 336, 362 b. Clam. N. Line. 376. Clam. W. R. Line. 376 b. 377, 377 b. Yorksh. 379, 380 b. 381, 381 b. 382. Pancevolt, Bernardus, Hants, 47 b. 51 b. 52. Parcher, Anschitil, Somers. 98 b. Parish, Eccl. S. Dionysii, Oxf. 157.3 Gbuc* 166. Wore. 174. Pauli S. Lond. Canonici, Surr. 34. Hertf. 136. Bedf. 209, 211.5 Essex, 12 b.6 Percehaie, Radulfus, Berks, 56 b.7 i " I. mans, in civitate Lincolia quae fuit Merlesuen quieta ab omni consuetudine." 2 Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 431. He founded the Nunnery of the Holy Trinity at York, in 1089. At this time he was sheriff of Yorkshire. William Paganel, the last of this family, was summoned to parliament as a baron in the reign of Edward the Third. Compare Lysons, Mag. Brit. Deo. p.li. Ralph Paganel appears to have had all the lands granted to him in Devonshire which had been Merleswain's. 3 See the present volume, p. 304. 4 See p. 326. 5 The manor of Cadendone, given to the church by the Conqueror; " Canonici habent brevem Regis in quo habetur quod ipse hoc manerium dedit aecclesiae S. Pauli." 6 Of Nortuna, in the hundred of Ongar, which had been held in the Confessor's time by a female of the name of Godid, it is said, " Hanc terram dedit Godid Sancto Paulo postquam rex venit in Angliam, sed non ostendunt brevem neque concessum Regis." 7 " vn. hagae in burgo de Walingeford." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 465 Perci, Willielmus de,1 Hants, 46 b.2 Nottingh. 291 b. Yorksh. 298, 321 b. Line. 353 b. Clam. Ebor. 373, 373 b. 374. Clam. S. Line. 375, 375 b. Clam. N. Line. 376. Yorksh. 379, 379 b. 380, 380 b. 381, 381 b. 382. Peret forestarius, Hants, 51 b. Persore, Ecclesia S. Mariae de, Glouc. 166. Wore, lib? i The founder of the Abbey of Whitby in Yorkshire, where his brother Serlo was the first abbat. He married Emma de Port, by whom he had three sons, Alan, Walter and William. Dugdale gives a minute account of the de scent of the first William from Mainfred de Perci, who came out of Denmark into Normandy previous to the arrival there of Rollo. Baron, tom. i. p. 269. William de Perci's lands in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire seem to have been given to him after the suppression of the rising in 1069. Of three carucates of land in Lincolnshire, Which had belonged to persons of the names of Alsi, Chetel, and Turver, it is said, " Terram Chetel et Alsi habebat Willielmus Perci de rege ; terram autem Turver emit isdem Willielmus ab Anschitillo quodam coquo T. R. Willelmi." 2 Ambledune. " Cum femina sua accepit." 3 The early history of Pershore Abbey is obscure. Os wald, nephew of Ethelred King of Mercia, is, however, stated to have been the real founder of a religious house here, A.D. 689, which consisted at first of secular canons, then of monks, and then of secular canons again and nuns, who were finally dismissed by King Edgar. Wanley dates King Edgar's charter, which establishes this house as an abbey of Benedictine monks, in 972. It recites the endow ment of the abbey minutely. Between this time, however, and the formation of the Domesday Survey, Pershore lost a large portion of its revenues. Many of the places noted in King Edgar's charter are found entered in the Survev among the Wor cestershire possessions of the Abbey of Westminster, Malmesbury expressly says, that Pershore had lost move H h v. Piperellus.5 466 index of tenants in capite. Petroc, S. Ecclesia,1 Cornw. 120 b. v. Bomene Petrus S. [Ebor.J Yorksh. 298 b. Petrus quidam burgensis, Hertf. 142. Peverel, Willelmus, Berks, 61 . Buck. 148. Oxf. 154, 157 b. Bedf. 212 b. Northampt. 219? 219 b.3 225 b. Leic. 235. Derb. 273 b. 276. Nottingh. 280,4 287. Peverell, Rannulfus, Berks, 56. Oxf 159. Norf. 254. Suff. 416. than half of its endowment. Part, he says, had been de voured by the ambition of the rich ; another part had been lost by neglect, " sepelivit oblivio ;'' and the greatest por tion of all had been bestowed by King Edward the Con fessor and King William the Conqueror upon Westminster. (Script, post Bedam, fol. 162.) Even property in the vill of Pershore had been granted from the monastery. The revenue of the monastery, at the formation of the Survey, appears to have amounted to seventy-nine pounds, falling short by near a third of the annual produce of its lands in the time of King Edward the Confessor. 1 The Church of Bodmin, which had existed and held the chief of the lands set down to it in the time of Kins- Edward the Confessor. These are followed by a minute enumeration of the lands usurped from St. Petroc by the Earl of Moretaine, which the church had held in King Edward's time. St. Petroc, to whom the church of Bodmin was dedicated, was Bishop of Cornwall in 850. 2 " Willielmus Peurel xxxn. domos de xxviii. solid, et viii. den. in Northantone. Tres ex his sunt vastae." 3 " Willielmus Peurel et Gunfridus de Cioches habent ibi (in Hardingestorp) n. hid. et lx. acras prati, dono Regis ut dicunt." 4 " Willielmus Peurel habet xlviii. domos mercatorum (in Snotingeham) reddentes xxxvi. sol. et xn. domus equi- tum, et vin. bord." 5 Dugdale, in his Baronage, tom. i. p. 436, has the follow- INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 467 Pi cot, Hants, 50 b. Yorksh. 309 b. Picot de Grentebrige,1 Cambr. 200. Pictaviensis, Rogerus,2 Inter Ripam et Mersam, 269 b. ing opening to his account of the family of Peverel of Not tingham. It embraces the history of the two Peverels of the Domesday Index. He says, " The first of this name, of whom I find mention, is Ranulph Peverell, who, at the time of the Conqueror's Survey, held four lordships in com. Salop, six in Norfolk, nineteen in Suffolk, and thirty-five in com. Essex. Which Ranulph was the reputed progenitor of the several families of that name; for having married the daughter of Ingelric (founder of the collegiate church of St. Martin's le Grand in the city of London), who had been a concubine to William Duke of Normandy, not only those children which he had by her, but that very William begotten on her by the same Duke, before his conquest of this realm, had the name of Peverell." Of William Peverel he gives a separate account, partly from Ordericus Vitalis. William was in great trust with the Conqueror ; had the castle of Nottingham ; and appears to have lived at least till the 7th of Stephen. He founded the Priories of St. James near Northampton, and Lenton. His castle " in Pachesers " is mentioned, Derb. 276. His lands to a great extent, in Northamptonshire, had belonged to Gitda T. R. E. The Messrs. Lysons say, " The estates of William Peverel, Geoffrey Alselin (the heiress of whose family married Bar- dolf), Ralph de Burun, and Roger Busli, in Derbyshire, passed out of their families at an early period." Mag. Brit. Derbysh. p.xlvii. 1 Brune, or Bourne, was the seat of Picot de Cambridge's barony. Most of his estates passed by female heirs to the families of Peverell and Pecche, the last of which became extinct in the male line about the end of the fourteenth century. Lysons, Mag. Brit. Cambr. p. 241. 2 Third son of Roger de Montgomery Earl of Arundel- HH 2 468 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Der6. 273 b. Nottingh. 290. Yorksh. 332. Line. 352. Essex, 89, 106 b. Norf. 243. Suff. 346. Pierani S. Canonici,1 Cornw. 121. Pilardintone, Monachi de,2 ^rw. 238. Pincerna, Hugo, .Beo^ 216. Pinel, Radulfus, Essex, 97. Suff. 437. Piperellus, Ranulfus, 22sse#, 71 b. 99, 107. v. Pe verell. Piperellus, Willelmus, Essex, 90. v. Peverel. Piscator, Osbernus, Bedf. 216 b.3 Pistor, Erchengerius, Cambr. 202 b. Poillgi, Willelmus de, Dev. 111. Pointel, Tedricus, Essex, 96. v. Puintel. Pomerei, Radulfus de,4 Somers. 96 b. Dev. 113 b. and Shrewsbury. So called, it is said, because he had married a Poictevin woman. His lands between the Ribble and the Mersey in Lancashire, in Derbyshire, and in Not tinghamshire, appear to have been in the King's hands at the time of the Survey. In Norfolk they are stiled, " Terras quae fuerunt Rogeri Pictaviensis. His lands in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Essex, and Suffolk are entered in the Survey as if he had them then in actual possession. i They had held T. R. E. . 2 " Hugo de Grentemaisnil (habet) nn. domos in Burgo de Warwie. et Monachi Pilardintone habent i. de eo." 3 This entry relates to Sharnbrook. " Cum ista terra reclamat isdem Osbertus unam virgatam et quartam partem unius virgatae quas tenuit antecessor ejus T.R.E. Sed post quam rex W. in Angliam venit, ille gablum de hac terra dare noluit, et Radulf Taillgebosc gablum dedit, et pro forisfacto terram sumpsit et cuidam suo militi tribuit." 4 See Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 498. His largest property was in Devonshire, where Berie-Pomerai was the head of his barony. See also Lysons's Magna Britannia, Cornw^ p.lxxix, who makes particular mention of those descen- INDEX OF- TENANTS IN CAPITE. 469 Porth, Hubertus de, Hants, 46 b. Porth, Hugo de,1 Hants, 44 b.2 50 b. 51, 52. Berks, 62 b. Dors. 83. Cambr. 199? Porto', Willelmus, Dev. 1 17 b. Pratellensis, Abbatia,4 Oxf. 157. Prefectus de hund. [de Flictha], Bedf. 218 b. dants of Ralph de Pomerei who settled in Cornwall, where Tregony Castle continued to be their residence in the reign of Edward the Fourth. 1 See Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 463. His largest property was in Hampshire, where Basing was the head of his barony. In the 9th of William Rufus he took the habit of a monk at Winchester. He was ancestor of the St. John's of Basing. 2 Of a small manor, consisting of two virgates and a half only, it is said, " Istam terram calumniatur Willielmus de Chernet, dicens pertinere ad Manerium de Cerdeford feu- dum Hugonis de Port, per hereditatem sui antecessoris, et de hoc suum testimonium adduxit de melioribus et antiquis hominibus totius Comitatus et Hundredae. Et Picot contraduxit suum testimonium de villanis et viii plebe et de prepositis qui volunt defendere per sacramentum aut per Dei judicium quod ille qui tenuit terram liber homo fuit et potuit ire cum terra sua quo voluit. Sed testes Willielmi nolunt accipere legem nisi regis E. usque dum diffiniatur per Regem." 3 The record states of one of Hugo de Porth's manors in this county, Snailwell, that it was claimed by Symeon Abbat of Ely. Wharton says it was recovered by Nigellus, Abbat Symeon's successor. 4 Preaux, in the diocese of Lisieux. Here were formerly two Benedictine abbies ; one for monks, the other for nuns ; both founded, about 1040, by Hunfridus de Vetulis, (father of Roger de Bellomont,) and Albreda his wife. See Neustr. Pia, p. 520. Kelh. lllustr. p. 81 . hh 3 470 index of tenants in capite. Prefectus Regis, Herbertus, Bedf. 218 b. Prepositi Regis et Elemosynarii, Bedf. 218 b. Prepositus, Grimus, Essex, 98. Turchillus, Essex, 98 b. Prepositus de hundret [de Bradewatre], Hertf. 1421 b. Presbyter, v. Agemundus. Alden. Algar. Aluiet. Aluredus. Aluricus. Alwinus. Artor. Bollo. Brun. Edwinus. Ernebernus. Ernuin. Er nuinus. Gislebertus. Godric Goduinus. Ivikel. Lewinus. Osbernus. Osmer. Osmun dus. Rainbaldus. Reinbaldus. Renbaldus. Seuardus. Siuardus. Presbyter quidam, Hertf. 142.2 bis. Presbyter quidam et soror ejus, Hertf. 142.3 Presbyteri quatuor, in elemosina, Dev. 104. Presbyteri de Bomene,4 Dev. 117 b. Probi S. Canonici, Cornw. 121. Pugnant, Ricardus, Hants, 52. ""j Puingiant, Ricardus, Hants, 48. Berks, 62. Wilts, > 73. Oxf. 159. Bedf. 216. J Puintel, Tedricus, Essex, 99, v. Pointel. Q. Quintin S. Hugo de, Dors. 83. Essex, 93, 99. R. R. abb. Berks, 56 b. Rabellus artifex,6 Norf. 269 b. 1 " Istemet tenuit T. R. E." 2 " Istemet tenuit de rege E. et adhuc tenet in elemosina." 8 " Istimet tenuerunt T. R. E. de soca ejus [R. E.] et vendere potuerunt." 4 Bodmin. " Ipsi tenebant T. R. E." fl The continuator of Blomefield, Hist. Norf. vol. v. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE, 471 Rabellus carpentarius, Norf. 279 b. Radulfus, Dors. 83. Leic. 231 b. Radulfus arbalistarius, Norf. 269. Radulfus balistarius, Suff. 445. Radulfus Comes,1 Suff. 284 b. Radulfus filius Comitis, Berlis, 62 b. Radulfus dapifer et Osbernus presbyter, Line. 366 b. Radulfus Hagonis filius, seu filius, Norf 270. Radulfus filius Huberti, Leic. 235. Staff. 250 b. Derb. 211? Nottingh. 289 b. Line. 369. p. 1558, says, he had the command, as an engineer, of all the engines or brakes, and the direction of them at the battering of forts, &c. i " Terra Radulfi Comitis quas Godricus dapifer servat in Suthful in manu Regis." This was Ralph Waher, or Guader, whom the Conqueror had constituted Earl of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk ; and whose rebellion, in the middle of the Conqueror's reign, proved the ruin of the Earls of Northumberland and Hereford. His lands in other counties of England had been given away. These re mained in the Crown. Ralph Guader married Emma the daughter of William Fitz-Osbern Earl of Hereford. Upon his first defeat, he sailed to Denmark to obtain an auxiliary force. William the Conqueror outlawed him. He then went to the duchy of Britany, where he possessed the two castles of Guader and Montefort, which, in Ordericus Vitalis's time, were inherited by his sons. He afterwards joined the Crusade against the Saracens, where he lost his life. His daughter, Amicia, (who had been contracted to the natural son of Henry the First,) married Roger de Bellomont Earl of Leicester. 2 " Ralph Fitzhubert," say the Messrs. Lysons, " was an cestor of the Frechvilles, who continued to possess estates in Derbyshire till the extinction of the family in the reifri of Charles the Second. Mag. Brit. Derb. hh 4 472 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Radulfus nepos Goisfridi Alselin,1 Line. 336. Radulfus filius Osmundi, Hunt. 207. Radulfus filius Huberti, Nott. 280.2 Radulfus filius Seifride, Berks, 56, 62 b. Hay*f>s. ^|j> Ragenald, Line. 311? Rainaldus, Northampt. 222 b. Rainaldus arcarius, Oxf. 160 b. Rainaldus balistarius, Essex, 97 b.4 Rainaldus Brito, Suff. 445. Rainaldus filius Croch,5 Hants, 49, 52. Rainaldus filius Ivonis,6 Norf. 230, 275 b. Rainbaldus de Cicestre, v. Cicestre. Rainbaldus presbyter, Berks, 56 b.7 Wilts, 68 b. v. Reinbaldus. Renbaldus. Rainburgis, Wilts, li. Rainbuedcurt, Wido de, v. Reinbuedcurt. Ramechil, Yorksh. 330 b.8 Ramechil et Archil, Yorksh. 331 b.9 1 He held the hall, or mansion, in the city of Lincoln which had belonged to Tochi the son of Outi. 2 " xi. domus in burgo Snotingeham. in his manentes in. mercatores." 3 " hfe." he had previously held. 4 Rainaldus is recorded to have seized a portion of the land here entered, from the monks of Ely : half a hide which he had taken " post adventum regis Willielmi " is said to have been worth thirty shillings a year. 5 He was son of Croc, or Crock, the huntsman. 6 He was a Norman. The lordships granted to him by the Conqueror came into the family of the Earl of Clare. Blomef. Hist. Norf. fol. edit. vol. iii. p. 807. Kelh. lllustr. p. 136. 7 " i. hag. de nn. den. in Walingeforde." 8 " hfe." he had had possession previous to the Survey. 9 They had also been the previous possessors. index of tenants in capite. 473 Rames, Rogerius de, Midd. 130 b. v. Ramis. Ramesy, Abbas de, Hertf. 136.1 Ramesyg, Ecclesia seu Abbatia S. Bened. de, Cambr. 192 b. Hunt. 201, 208. Bedf. 210 b. Northampt. 219, 222. Line. 346 b. Clam, in Chetst. 377, 377 b. Norf. 215. Suff. 318b. Ramis, Rogerus de, Essex, 82 b. Norf. 263. Suff. 421b.2 v. Rames. Rannulfus, Oxf. 160 b. Rannulfus frater Ilgerii, Midd. 130 b. Hert/: 138 b.3 Cambr. 201 b. H«?tf. 207. Bedf. 215. .Essea;, 79 b. Norf. 260 b. Si# 423 b. Ravelin, Hants, 50 b.4 Raven, Leic. 236 b. Ravenchil, Yorksh. 331 b.5 Ravenchil et Torchil, Yorksh. 330 b.6 Raynerus carpentarius, Heref. 187 b. Redvers, Ricardus de,7 Dors. 83. Reinbaldus, Wilts, 68 b. Somers. 91. Oa/I 160. Reinbaldus presbyter,8 Bucks, 146. v. Cirecestre. Rainbaldus. Renbaldus. 1 The manor of Furreuelde here entered had been held T. R. E. 2 " In villa de Gepesuiz habet Rogerus i. ecclesiam S. Georgii et nn. burgenses, et vi. uastatas mansuras." 3 From an entry in this county it appears, that Rannulf married the niece of Ralph Taillgebosc. 4 " Ipsemet tenuit T. R. E." 5 " hfe. et isdem habet." 6 " Rauenchil et Torchil n. car. Ipsi habent adhuc, sed wasta est." 7 The eldest son of Baldwin de Brion, of whom an ac count has been already given. See p. 377- Compare Dugd. Baron, tom. i. p. 254. 8 See the present volume, p. 398. '¦] 474 index of tenants in capite. Reinb'curt, Wido de, Northampt. 226 b. Reinbuedcurt, Wido de, Oxf. 154, 159 b.1 Cambr. 199 b. Northampt. 219? Leic. 23b. Rembudcurt, Wido de, Line. 336 b.3 363 b.4 Clam in Chetst. 377 b. Remigius Episcopus Lincoln.5 Berks, 56, 56 b. Buck. 1 This was the manor of Wroxton in Oxfordshire. In- gelrannus his son held under him. 2 Four houses in Northampton, producing a rent of sixty- four pence. 3 A manse in the burgh of Stamford. 4 Ingelran, the son, also held the three manors in Lin colnshire, as under-tenant to his father. 5 Remigius de Fescamp, last Bishop of Dorchester, and translator of the See to Lincoln. He succeeded Winn, who died in 1067- Bishop Tanner very justly remarks, that there is scarcely any point of so late history wherein our Chronicles so much vary as in the year of this translation; some, as Ingulfus, placing it in 1072 ; and others, as the Chronicle of Mailros, as low as 1092 ; and others in several of the intermediate years. The resolution to remove the See of Dorchester was probably taken immediately after the decree of the Council of 1072 ; and many years might be passed in finding out a proper place, settling the claim of the Archbishop of York, in building, &c. It is certain that the Cathedral of Lincoln was not consecrated when Remigius died ; but the See was as certainly translated in the time of King William the Conqueror, as appears from his own charter. Tanner has therefore placed it about A.D. 1086. Brompton, who is particular on this occasion, makes it in the year 1088. The Domesday Survey, Line. 336, expressly mentions the bishoprick as translated: " Residuam dimidiam earueatas terrae habuit et habet Sancta Maria de Lincolia, in qua nunc est Efiscopatus." The Survey was finished in 1087. The index of tenants in capite. 475 143. Bedf. 210. Line. 336, 366.1 Clam. S. Line. 375. Clam. N. R. Line. 376. Clam, in Chetst. 377. Remigius S. Staff. 247 b. Shropsh. 252. -\a Remis, Ecclesia S. Remigii, Northampt. 222 b. J Renbaldus presbyter, Glouc. 166 b. v. Cirecestre. Reinbaldus. Restoldus, Line. 366. Rex Willielmus, Kent, 2 b. Sussex, 16. Szot. 30. Hants, 38, 50 b. 51, 52. Berks, 56 b. M#s, 64 b. Dors. 75. Somers. 86. Devon, 100. Cornw. 120, 121. Mirfd. 127. jHer^. 132. £mcA. 143. O^ 154 b. Glouc. 162 b. FForc. 172. Heref. 179, 179 b. 180, 180 b. 181. Cambr. 189. £Tmk*. 203. Bedf.209. Northampt. 219, 224. Leic.230, 231b. fl^rw. 238. Sfc# 246, 247 b. Der6. 272. Nottingh. 280,281,286 b. Roteh 293 b. Yorksh. 298 b. 299. Line. 336 b. 337, 337 b. Clam. Ebor. 373, 373 b. absolute removal of the See, according to Matthew Paris, took place in 1085. Remigius died May 9th, 1092, two or three days before the consecration of his cathedral. He had been one of the Conqueror's Commissioners for the formation of the Domes day Survey. 1 Of the manor of Wivelesforde, among the lands of Geoffrey de Cambrai, it is said, " Hoc 53 emit R. episcopus de Godefr. ad aecclesiam S. Mariae de Lincole.'' 2 The Church of Rheims was founded about the middle of the sixth century, although the building of it was not finished till A.D. 880. It was rebuiltin 1018. King Edward the Third's confirmation charter of the possessions of this abbey in England, reciting the charters of our Norman kings to it, will be found in the Mon. Angl. vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 1099. 476 INDEX OF tenants in capite. 379b. 380, 380b. 381, 381b. 382. Essex, lb. 104, 107. Norf. 109, 119 b. 135 b. 277, 277 b. Suff. 281, 284 b. 286 b. 287, 288. 289 b. 290, 446, 446 b.1 1 No title of " Terra Regis " occurs in Shropshire, Cheshire, or in the lands between the Ribble and the Mersey. Suffolk begins with " Terra Regis de Regione quam Rogerus Bigot servat." At fol. 289 b. of the same county we have " Terrae Regis de Regno quas Picot custo dit," and fol. 290, " Hoc custodit Rogerus Bigot in manu Regis.'' The sources whence the " Terrae Regis " of Domesday were derived, have been already specified in general terms, from Mr. Allen's " Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal Prerogative in England." See vol. i. p. 228. To the remarks which are there made upon " the folc- land or public property of the State," may be added, that, in Norfolk, fol. 119 b., in the notice of lands which had belonged to Ralph de Guader Earl of that county and of Suffolk, it is said, " H. de Grenehov. De xnn. letis Sparle tenuit rex iEdwardus et hoc manerium fuit de Regno, sed rex Edwardus dedit Radulfo Comiti." As nearly as can be ascertained, King William himself held twelve hundred and ninety manors, exclusive of bere wicks and sokes. Of these, about three hundred and fifty had in some shape anciently belonged to the Crown ; they are spoken of as the King's, or had been old demesne, " de firma Regni." About a hundred and sixty-five are entered as having been held by King Edward the Confessor. A hundred and eighteen manors, in King William's hands, had belonged to Harold ; nine to Earl Godwin ; eighteen had belonged to Gheda the mother of Harold ; seventeen to Tosti ; and numerous others to Guerth. Thirty-nine manors had been Queen Editha's ; forty-two had belonged INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 477 Ricardus, Somers. 99.1 Northampt. 229. Staff. 250 b. Ricardus filius Erfasti, Yorksh. 298, 327, 379 b. Ricardus filius Gisleberti Comitis,2 Kent, 14. Surrey, 34 b. Wilts, 12. Dev. 113. Midd. 130. Cambr. 196 b. Bedf. 216. .Essez, 36b. 101b. Suff. 389b. 447 b. to Queen Mathilda ; twelve had been Stigand's ; thirty-nine had belonged to Earl Algar; three to Earl Wallef; and three occur under Terra Regis, which had belonged to the Bishop of Baieux. The lands of Earl Edwin also in Ox fordshire and Warwickshire had become the property of the Crown, with some of his revenues in the Wiches. The " Terra Regis " of Yorkshire presents a large list of for feitures, amounting to more than three hundred and fifty manors; out of which nine had been Earl Morcar's, ten had belonged to Turchil, thirteen to Vlchel, nine to Leising, eleven to Gamel, ten to Ulf, nine to Cnut, and eighteen to Gospatric. The rest were single manors, belonging to individuals of less note. This examination of the possessions entered in Domes day, under the title of Terra Regis, shows that William the Conqueror had a landed revenue immensely exceeding that of King Edward the Confessor, and no doubt exceeding that of any of the Saxon Kings his predecessors. i " Ricardus tenet in Rode I. hid. quam ipse tenuit de Rainboldo presbytero licentia Regis ut dicit. Reinbold vero tenuit T. R. E." 2 He was one of the witnesses, by this name, of King William the Conqueror's charter to the Abbey of St. Ed mundsbury, in 1081. See Mon. Angl. last edit. vol. iii. p. 141. He was, however, known by other names. A further account of him will be given in one of the notes to the present Index, under the name of Ricardus de Tonebrige. 478 INDEX of tenants in capite. Ricardus forestarius,1 Warw.2Hb. Staff. 250b. Ricardus legatus, Glouc. 168 b. Ricardus filius Turoldi,2 Dev. 113 b. Ricardus venator, Warw. 238, 244 b. Richerius, Somers. 91. 3 Riueire, Gozelinus, Wilts, 73. Robertus, Leic. 231 b. bis. Robertus arbalistarius, Norf. 269. Robertus filius Corbutionis, Essex, 85.4 Norf. 258 b. Suff. 425 b. Robertus Dispensator, Glouc. 168. Leic. 230, 234 b. Warw. 242 b. Line. 363 b. Clam. S. Line. 375. Robertus fil. Giroldi, Hants, 46 b. Berks, 62. Wilts, 72 b. Dors. 80 b. Somers. 91. Robertus filius Goberti, Essex, 97 b. Robertus filius Radulf, Wilts, 74 b. Oxf. 160 b. 1 Dugdale says, this Richard the forester is also called Richard Chineu and Richard venator. If so, the references below, under Ricardus venator, may belong to him. He held his lands by the service of keeping the forest of Kanoc, in Staffordshire, and paying to the King ten marks yearly. Dugd. Warw. Kelh. lllustr. p. 112. 2 It is hardly probable that Turoldus here named was Thorold the sheriff of Lincolnshire, who founded Spaldinc Priory in 1052, as is suggested by Kelham from Brady. In the body of the entry Ricardus filius Turoldi is called Ricardus filius Turolf. 3 " Richerius tenet aecclesiam de Waverdinestoch deRege." 4 Lysons says, the manor of Leyton, or Leyton Grange, one of those included in this county in the estate of Robert de Corbutio, was given by Walter Corpechun to the abbat and convent of Stratford Langthorne, and confirmed by Ralph de Arderne about the year 1200. Envir. of London, edit. 1811, vol. i. pt.ii. p. 672. index of tenants in capite. 479 Robertus filius Radulfi de Hatingis, Essex, 1 07 b. Robertus filius Murdrac, Oxf. 160. v. Rotbertus. Robertus, seu Rodbertus, filius Rolf, Berks, 63 b. Wilts, 12b. Robertus filius Rozelin, Midd. 130 b. Essex, 97. Robertus filius Turstini, Oxf. 160 b. Robertus filius Willelmi, Der6. 278. Nottingh. 292. Robertus niger, Kent, 1? Rodmund, Yorksh. 331. Roelent, Robertus de, 269 ? Rogerius, Oxf. 160 b. Rogerius Comes,3 Sussex, 23. Surr. 34. Hants, 44 b. 1 He held six mansurae in the town of Dover. 2 Robert de Roelent held North Wales of King William in farm for the payment of forty pounds a year : " Rotbertus de Roelent tenet de Rege Nortwales ad firmam pro xl. lib. praeter illam terram quam Rex ei dederat in feudo, et praeter terras Episcopatus. " Isdem Robertus calumniatur unum Hundr. Arvester quod tenet Rogerius Comes. Walenses testificantur istum Hundr. esse de his Nortwalis. " In feudo quod ipse Robertus tenet de Rege, Ros et Reweniov, sunt xn. leuuae terrae long, et nn. Ieuu. lat. Terra est xx. car. tantum. Appreciata est xn. lib. " Omnis alia terra est in Silvis et Moris, nee potest arari." Robert de Roelent was the son of Humphry de Telliolo, whom the Conqueror made governor of Hastings. His seat was at Roelent or Rhuddlan Castle in Flintshire, whence he took his surname. 3 Roger de Montgomery, son to Hugh de Montgomery and Josceline his wife, daughter of Turolf of Pont-Audo- mare, by Weva, sister to Gunnora Duchess of Normandy, great-grandmother to the Conqueror. He led the centre of the army at the battle of Hastings, and was afterwards 480 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 51. Wilts, 68 b. Midd. 129. Hertf. 137 b. Gfoac. 1 66 b. Wore. 176. Camor. 193. Warw. 239. Sto# 246, 248. Shropsh. 252, 252 b. 253.1 Rogerus Mareschalchus, Essex, 94. Rogerus Pictaviensis, v. Pictaviensis. Rogerius filius Radulfi, Glouc. 170. Rogerius de Rames, Midd. 130 b. Rogerus homo episcopi Remigii, Cambr. 189.2 Rogerus filius Renardi, Norf. 266. governor of Normandy. William the Conqueror gave him the Earldoms of Arundel and Shrewsbury. He also was one of the party who joined against William Rufus in favour of Robert Courthose, but was afterwards reconciled to the King. He was a great founder and endower of monas teries : he founded the Abbey of St. Peter and St. Paul at Shrewsbury, and three religious houses in Normandy ; one in the suburb of the city of Sais, the second at Troarn upon the river Dive, and the third at Almanacha, for nuns. See more of him in Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 26. He died on the sixth of the kalends of August, A.D. 1094. Powel says he was slain by the Welsh between Cardiff and Brecknock. 1 In Shropshire, tom. i. fol. 254, it is said, " Ipse Comes Rogerius tenet de Rege Civitatem Sciropesberie et totum Comitatum et totum dominium quod Rex E. ibi habebat cum xn. CO. quos ipse Rex teneb. cum lvii. Berewich ibi pertinentibus, et alios xi. CO habet idem Comes in eadem Scira. Inter totum id est Civit. et CO. et Hund. et placita Comitatus reddunt ccc. lib. et cxv. solid, de firma." This affords an estimate of at least one portion of Earl Roger's income. Tom. i. fol. 253 b. in Archelov, we find a present of mo ney made whenever his Countess came to the manor. " Per consuetudinem, veniente Comitissa in CO, afferebantur ei xvm Orae denariorum." 2 " in. burg, in Burgo de Grentebrige." index of tenants in capite. 481 Rogerus Deus Salvast dominas, Essex, 96 b. Rogerus filius Seifride, Berks, 62 b. Rolf, Norf. 272 b. Romana Ecclesia, Somers. 91. J Romenel, Robertus de, Kent? 1,2 bis. Romesyg, Abbatia de, seu Romesiensis, Hants, 43 b. Wilts, 68. 3 Rotbertus filius Murdac, Hants, 49 b. v. Robertus. Rothais uxor Ricardi filii Gisleberti,4 Hertf. 142 b. Hunt. 207. Rotomag. Abb. S. Trinit.de Monte, Midd? 128 b. Rotomago, S. Maria de,6 Devon, 104. 1 " Ecclesia Romana beati Petri Apostoli tenet de Rege Peritone. Eddid Regina tenebat T. R. E." 2 " n. mansurae in Dovere." 3 The Nuns of Rumsey had held their possessions in both counties T. R. E. 4 She was daughter to Walter Giffard Earl of Bucking ham, and wife of Richard Fitz Gilbert, ancestor to the great family of Clare. After the death of her first husband, Dug dale says, she married Eudo Dapifer. Baron, tom. i. pp. 60. 143. In the second of the entries in Domesday here re ferred to, she is called simply " Uxor Ricardi filii Gisle berti " only. 6 The Benedictine Abbey of the Holy Trinity, which stood upon St. Catherine's Hill at Rouen; founded A.D. 1030, by Gosselin Viscount d'Arques and de Dieppe, who became its first abbat. Mon. Angl. vol.vi. pt. ii. p. 1064. Kelh. lllustr. p. 69. Neustria Pia, p. 405. 6 St. Mary de Pre, at Rouen. This Abbey was founded by Matilda the Queen of William the Conqueror, at the soli citation of St. Anselm, in the year 1060. Tradition asserted that Matilda here received the news of the Conqueror's victory in England, in 1066; in consequence of which this abbey was also called " Notre Dame de Bonnes-Nouvelles." i i 482 index of tenants in capite. Rovecestre, Episcopus de, Kent, 5 b. Cambr. 190 b. 1 1 Rovensis Episcopus, Suff. 381. J Rualdus Adobed, Dev. 1 14 b. S. Saiet, Bedf 218b? Saieva, Wilts, H. Saisselinus, Suff. 436 b. v. Sasselinus. Salceid, Osbernus de, Dev. 116b. Salceit, Radulphus de, Heref. 181. Salebi, Abb. de, Northampt. 21 9.3 Salmur, S. Florentius de, Heref. 180 b.4 Mon. Angl. tom. vi. pt. ii. p. 1099. Hist, de la Ville de Rouen, 4°, Rouen, 1731, tom.ii. p. 150. 1 Gundulfus was consecrated Bishop of Rochester, March 19th, 1077. He died March 8th, 1108. At the end of the entry relating to the manor of Estoches in Kent it is said, " Hoc manerium fuit et est de Episco patu Rofensi, sed Goduinus comes, T. R. E. emit illud de duobus hominibus qui eum tenebant de Episcopo, et, eo ignorante, facta est haec venditio. Postmodo vero, regnante W. rege, diratiocinavit illud Lanfrancus archiepiscopus contra Baiocensem Episcopum, et inde est modo saisita Rofensis aecclesia." The land which is entered in Cambridgeshire to the Bishop as a tenant in capite was really held " sub Lanfranco archiepiscopo." The Suffolk manor of Frakenaham had been added to the bishoprick by the King's direction. 2 " Istemet tunc (T. R. E.) tenuit, et potuit inde facere quod voluit." 3 " Abb. de Salebi n. domus (in Northantone) de xxxn. denar." 4 This monastery held the church and whole tithe within the castle of Monmouth, with two carucates of land. See p. 216. INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 483 S. Quintino, Hugo de, Hants, 50 b. 51 b. Dors. 83. Sancto Walerico, Galterus de, Midd. 130. Suff. 432 b. Sanson, Staff. 247 b. Saric, Wilts, li? Oxf. 160 b. Sarisberiensis, Edwardus, v. Edwardus. Sarisberiensis Episcopus, Berks, 58. Wilts, 66. Dors. lb b. Somers. 87 b.2 Oxf. 155. Line. 343 b.3 v. Os mundus Episcopus. Sariz, Hants, 50. Sasford et Siuuard, Yorksh. 331. Sasselinus, Essex, 92 b. v. Saisselinus. Saulf, Hants, 51 b. Wilts, li? Dev. 118 b.6 Saward, Wilts, li. Sawardus, Dors. 84 b.a Sawinus, Hants, 50. Nottingh. 292 b. Sauuinus presbyter, Dev. 104. Sawoldus, Oxf. 160 b.7 Sbernus, Wilts, li. Scalers, Harduinus de, Hertf. 132, 141 b. Cambr \ 191b? 1 Two entries ; in one it is said, " Gest frater ejus tenuit T. R. E." 2 Of two manors here mentioned in Seveberge the record says, " Hae n, terrae non sunt de Episcopatu Sarisberie. Osmundus episcopus tenet pro uno manerio." 3 In the entry in Lincolnshire the bishop occurs by his Christian name, without that of the See : '* Terra Osmundi Episcopi." 4 " Pater ejus tenuit." 5 " Ipse tenebat T. R. E." 6 "Ipse tenuit T.R.E." 7 " in. hidae in Ropeford. Hanc terram habet R. de Oilgi in vadimonio." 8 Whaddon in Cambridgeshire, the seat of the barony of Scales or D'Echallers, continued in the male descendants n 2 484 index of tenants in capite. Sceptesberiensis Ecclesia,1 Sussex, 17 b? Wilts, 67 b. Dors, lb, 78 b. Somers. 91. Schelin, Dors. 83. Somers. 99. Scireburne, Monachi de,3 Dors. 11? Sciropesberie, Eccl. S. Almundi in, Shropsh. 253. Eccl. S. Cedde in, Shropsh. 253. of Hardwinus de Scalariis till the death of Sir John d'Echa- lers, or de Scalers, in 1467. Whaddon, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was in the family of Moor, descended from D'Echallers in the female line. Among the entries of Hardwine de Scalariis's property in Cambridgeshire, we have the mention of two monasteries, of neither of which we find any other notice. Under Escelforde (now Shelford) we read, " De hac terra duae hidae et dim. et ix. acrae, et unum monasterium fuerunt in dominio Ecclesiae de Ely, T. R. E. et in die quo isdem Rex obiit : et sunt de dominica firma modo, ut Hundr. testatur.' Tom.i. fol. 198. In Melrede, fol. 198 b. "Ibi i. monaste rium ;'' the patronage belonged to Hardewine. 1 The Abbey of Shaftesbury held, in different counties, no less than three hundred and forty-four hides and a half of land. The total amount of its rents, including the tenanted lands, was 347/. The houses belonging to the Abbess in the town of Shaftesbury, in King Edward's time, are stated to have been in number one hundred and fifty- three. At the time of the Survey, the Abbess had a hundred and fifty-one burgesses there, besides twenty vacant manses. 2 Entered as " Terra Sancti Edwardi," both in this county and in Somerset. 3 Wlsin Bishop of Sherbourn, in 998, changed the secular Canons of his cathedral for Benedictine Monks. See the charters printed by Hearne, Lei. Itin. edit. 1770, tom.ii. pp.80, 81. 4 " Haec novem descripta Maneria sunt de victu Mona- chorum Scireburn'." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 485 Sciropesberie, Eccl. S. Julianas in, Shropsh. 252, 253. Eccl. S. Maria? in, Heref. 180 b. Shropsh. 252 b. Eccl. S. Michael in, Shropsh. 252 b. Eccl. S. Milburgee in, Shropsh. 252 b.1 Monasterium S. Petri de, Shropsh. 252b. Scohies, Willielmus de, Dors. 82. Heref. 180, 180 b 185 b. Essex, 88 b. Norf. 221b? Suff.3b3. Scrope, Osbernus filius Ricardi, Wore. 176 b.3 Scudet, Willelmus, Wilts, lib. Scutularius, Godefridus, Dors. 8b? Sedret, Derb. 278 b. Sericus, Nottingh. 293. Servientes Regis, Wilts, 73, 73 b. Dors. 84 b. Somers. 98 b. Dev. 1 17 b. Leic. 236 b. Seuardus, Line. 331. Seuardus presbyter, Line. 371. Seuuardus, Line. 371. Siboldus, Northampt. 228. Sigards de Cioches, v. Cioches. 1 The Churches of Shrewsbury, excepting St. Michael, are all entered as holding the same property in the time of King Edward the Confessor which they held at the Survey. Possetorn, a virgate of land only, had belonged to Chetel ; and Suletune, a hide, had belonged to Brictric ; these two portions of land formed the endowment of St. Michael's. The half hide held by St. Juliana is spoken of, in the first page of the preceding folio, as paying geld in the Confessor's time. 2 Blomefield's continuator, Hist. Norf. vol. v. p. 1249, says, that William de Scohies sold the greater part of his pos sessions in the county of Norfolk, in the reign of Henry I. to Walter Giffard Earl of Buckingham. 3 " Ricardus pater ejus tenuit." 4 " Pater ejus tenuit T. R.E." n 3 486 INDEX OF tenants in capite. Si ric Camerarius, Hants, 50. Siuardus presbyter, Line. 371. Si uuard, Somers. 98 b. Nottingh. 292 b.1 Yorksh. 331? Clam. S. R. Line. 375 b. Si uuard barn, Nott. 280 b.3 Siuuard presbyter, Line. 331. Siward venator, Oxf. 160 b.4 Siuuardus, Somers. 99.5 Soartin, Hants, 54.6 Sochemanni xi. Willielmi Regis, Bedf. 218 b.7 Sochemannus unus Regis, Hertf. 142 b.8 Sortebrand, Line. 336, 370 b. Clam, in Chetst. 377. Sortebrand et alii Taini, Line. 370 b. Sortebrand filius Vlf, Line. 336 bis.9 Sortebrant, Line. 370 b. bis. Clam. W. R. Line. 376. Spech, Willelmus,10 Bedf. 214 b. 1 " hfe," habebat, he had been the possessor previous to the Survey. 2 " Tenuit et tenet de rege." 3 He had soe and sac in Nottinghamshire. 4 " Ipse S. tenuit libere T. R. E." 5 Two entries. In one it is said, " Idem ipse tenebat." s " Soartin tenet Drodintone de rege. Ipse et alter liber homo tenuerunt in alod. de rege E." 7 " Hanc terram tenuerunt T. R. E. idem ipsi qui nunc tenent Sochemanni, et cui voluerunt dare potuerunt. Hanc terram apposuit Rad. (Taillgebosc) in ministerio Regis, ubi non fuit T. R.E." 8 " Istemet tenuit T. R. E." 9 He had soe and sac of three mansiones in the city of Lincoln, " loco Vlf patris sui." 10 He is presumed to have been related to Walter Espec, of whom particular mention is made by Ailred of Rievaux. See Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 590; and who founded Warden Abbey in Bedfordshire in 1135. index of tenants in capite. 487 Sperri, Staff. 250 b. Stadford, presbyteri de Burgo de, Staff. 246.1 Stadford, Robertus de, Northampt. 225. Warw. 238.2 Staff. 246.* Clam, in Chetst. 376 b. 377, 377 b. v. Statford. Stratfort. Stanardus liber homo, Essex, 984b. Stanardus filius Alwii, Suff. 445 b. Starcolfus, Norf. 271 b.5 Statford, Robertus de,6 Berks, 62. Oxf. 158. Wore. 176 b. Warw. 242 b. Staff. 248 b. Line. 368 b. "v. Stadford. Stratfort. Statford, Nigellus de,7 Der6. 278. Statford, Canonici prebendarii de, Staff. 247 b. Stefani S. Canonici, Cornw. 120 b.8 Stefanus, Heref. 187 b. Warw. 243 b. Stefanus capellanus, Somers. 91b. 1 They possessed fourteen mansiones in the town, with soe and sac. 2 Six masures in the burgh of Warwick. 3 " Robertus de Stadford (in Burgo de Stadford) habet xiii. mans, de honore Comitum et pertin. ad Bradelie. Ex his vi. sunt vastae. Idem Robertus habet de feudo suo xli. mans. Ex his xvn. sunt vastae." 4 " Tenuit et tenet de Rege." 5 " Tenuit idem T. R. E." The continuator of Blomefield says he was a Dane. 6 Of Robert de Stadford, Statford or Stafford, the an cestor of the Staffords Dukes of Buckingham, see Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 156. 7 Robert de Statford and Nigellus de Statford are sup posed by Dugdale to have been brothers. Baron, tom. i. p. 156. The Gresley family derived their descent from Nigel de Statford. 8 Lanscavetone. " De hoc 53. abstulit comes Moriton. unum mercatum quod ibi T.R.E. jacebat." 1 1 4 488 index of tenants in capite. Stefanus carpentarius, Wilts, 73 b. Stefanus filius Eirardi, Berks, 63 b. Stefanus Stirman, Hants, 52. Warw. 238.1 Steinulf et Dunning, Derb. 278 b. Stigandus Archiepiscopus. " Terrae Stigandi Episcopi 2 quas custodit W. de Noiers in manu Regis." Norf. 135. Suff. 288. Stirman, v. Stefanus. Stirman, Hugolinus, Berks, 63. Stratfort, Robertus de, Suff. 445 b. Sturmid, Ricardus, Hants, 48. Wills, lib. Svain, Wilts, li? Dors. 84,4 84 b.5 bis. Northampt. 228. Suain filius Azur, Northampt? 219. Suain de Exesse, Hunt. 205 b. v. Suen. Suain Vicecomes, Oxf. 160. Suan et Vluiet, Nottingh. 292 b. Suanus, Essex, 10 1.7 Suardinc, Line. 336? Suartinc, Line. 336? Suarting et Herding, Bucks, 153. 1 " i. masur. in burgo de Warwie." 2 A brother and a sister of Stigand are mentioned in the Survey. Tom.ii. Norf. 195. " Stigandus abstulit, et dedit Almaro fratri suo." Ibid. Norf. 116, among the burgesses and others resident in Norwich, we have " una mulier soror Stigandi." 3 " Pater ejus tenuit T.R.E." 4 " Pater ejus tenuit T.R.E." 5 In one entry, " Pater Suain tenuit T. R. E."- 6 " xxi. domus de x. sol. in Northantone, pertin. ad Stoches." 7 " Invasio Suani." 8 " Saca et soca in civitate Line, loco Hardecnut patris sui." 9 " Saca et soca in civ. Lincolia." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 489 Suenvs sen Svanus, de Excessa,1 Essex, 42. Suff. 401. Suen f. Suaue, Nott. 280 b. Sueno, Essex, 106 b. Superdive, Ecclesia de,2 Berks, 59 b. Surdeual, Ricardus de, Yorksh. 298.3 Clam. Ebor. 373 b. Suuen, Yorksh. 330 b.4 1 Suein of Essex is supposed by Morant, vol. i. p. 273, to have been of Danish origin. Robert the father of Suein, however, occurs in Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 47 b. ; and his grandfather, Wimarc, is mentioned by Morant, vol. i. p. 155. His castle was at Rageneia, now Raylegh, in the hundred of Rochford. Robert fitz Wimarc, the father of Suein, occurs in numerous entries of Domesday, which will be found in the first Index of the succeeding volume to the present. Henry de Essex succeeded him. He is called son and heir, but it is more probable that Robert de Essex was his son, and Henry his grandson. Henry being hereditary standard-bearer to King Heftry the Second, in an expedition against the Welsh, about A.D. 1163, deserted his stand ard, and caused the King's defeat. He was in consequence charged with treason by Robert de Montford, and being vanquished in a solemn trial by battle, had his life spared, but was shorn a monk by the King's order in the Abbey of Reading. See Gerv. Dorob. col. 1380. Madox, Hist. Excheq. fol. edit. p. 20. Dugd. Bar. tom. i. p. 463. His honor of Raylegh became forfeited to the crown. Edward, the son of Suein of Essex, and Edeua his wife, both occur in Domesd. tom. ii. fol. 98 b. 2 The Church of St. Peter sur Dive, in the diocese of Seez in Normandy ; a Benedictine Abbey, founded by William Earl of Eu, and Lescelina his wife, A.D. 1046. William the Conqueror, in 1067, attended the ceremonial of the dedication of the church by Mauritius Archbishop of Rouen. See Neustria Pia, pp. 496, 498. 3 " n. mans, in Eboraco civitate." 4 " hfe." He had previously held. 490 index of tenants in capite. Tailgebosch, Radulfi, filia, Hertf. 142 b. Tailgebosch, Willelmus, Line. 370. Taillgebosc, Ivo,1 Line. 350. Norf. 244 b. v. Tal- LEBOSC. Taini tres, Yorksh. 330 b.2 Taini decern, Dors. 84 b.3 Taini Regis, Hants, 49 b. 53 b. Dors. 84. Somers. 1 Ivo Tailbois, lord of Hoyland, or Holand, who, having married Lucia their sister, inherited the great possessions of the Saxon Earls Edwin and Morcar. Ingulphus gives a long account of his quarrels with the monks of Croyland. Script, post Bedam. p. 513. Leofric's genealogy, (ad calcem Florentii Wigorn. MS. penes Archiep. Armachanum an. 1649,) printed by Dugdale in the Monastieon, says, " Algarus tertius, tempore regis Edwardi, saepius exle- gatur, et toties strenuissime cum Rege reconciliatus, genuit Edwinum et Morcarum, postea comites, et filiam nomine Luciam postea comitissam. " Edwinus comes Warwike, et Morcarus comes Ebora censis, ambo fratres dimicabant contra Willielmum Con- questorem, et tandem suorum insidiis occisi sunt ; obtinuitque Lucia soror eorum terras paternas, quae nupta est primo Yvoni Taylboys, e qua nullam suscepit sobolem, tempore Willielmi Conquestoris et Willielmi Rufi. " Lucia Comitissa, tempore Henrici primi nupta Rogero filio Geroldi Romara, peperit filium nomine Willielmum postea comitem de terris paternis, et Lincoln, comitatus; nupta etiam tertio viro, tempore regis Stephani, id est Ranulfo Comiti Cestriae, peperit filium Ranulfum postea Comitem Cestriae. Ista Lucia jacet apud Spalding." 2 " hfer. in. taini. Ipsi adhuc habent et colunt eam." 3 " Ipsi tenuerunt T. R. E." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 491 98 b. Dev. 118. Her tf. 142. Glouc. 170 b. Hunt. 207 b. Northampt. 229. Staff. 250 b. Derb. 278 b. Nottingh. 292 b. YbrAs^. 330 b. Taini Regis et Elemosinarii, Buck. 153. Tainus Reginae, Line. 37 1.1 Tallebosc, Ivo, Clam. N. Line. 375 b. v. Taillege- bosc. Tavestoch, Abbatia de, Dors. 78 b. Dev. 103 b. Cornw. 121.2 Tedfordensis Episcopus,3 Norf. 191. Suff. 379. feudum Episcopi deTedfort,4 Norf. 193b. &# 379 b. Tedfort, Ailuinus de, Norf. 181 b. Tehellus de Herion, Suff. 427 b. Tehelus Britto, Essex, 81 b. Norf. 261 b. v. Tihellus. 1 " ftfe," habebat, he was the possessor previous to the Survey. 2 At the end of the entry relating to the Cornish pro perty of Tavistock, the Earl of Moretaine is stated to have usurped from the church four manors; Brietone, Elent, Trebichen, and Trewent, all of which were claimed by the Abbat. 3 William Galfagus, Belfagus, Beaufoe, or de Bellofago. He was nominated by the King to the see of Thetford on Christmas-day 1085, and died in or about 1091. He has been already mentioned, p. 380. 4 Kelham, lllustr. p. 140, from Blomef. Norf. p. 274, says, " Not as belonging to the original revenues of his bishop rick, but as part of those revenues that his predecessors had been enfeoffed in by other pious benefactors." This is wrong. It was the bishop's private property. The greater part of the possessions, both in Norfolk and Suffolk, which Bishop Beaufoe held individually as a tenant in capite, he left, at the time of his death, to the see of Thetford. 492 index of tenants in capite. Teodricus aurifaber, Surr. 36 b.1 Oxf. 160 b. v. Theo- dricus. Terra in Elemosina data, Midd. 130 b. Tetbaldus et Hunfridus, Wilts, li b. Tetbaldus filius Bernerii, Dev. 115. Tetfort, Episcopus de, v. Tedfordensis Episcopus. Tezelinus coquus, Surr. 36 b.2 Theodricus aurifaber, Berks, 63. Thesaurarius, Henricus, Hants, 49. Thomas Archiep.3 [Ebor. J Hants, 42.4 Gbuc. 164 b.5 Clam. N. R. Line. 375 b. 376. Thvinam, Canonici S. Trinitatis de,6 Hants, 44.7 Tihellus Britto, Essex, 81b. 1 " Ipse tenuit de rege E." 2 See the present volume, p. 91, note 3. 3 See the mention of him under Eboracensis archiepis copus. ¦* " Antecessor ejus similiter tenuit de rege E." 5 The whole of the lands in Gloucestershire, thirteen manors, appear to have been granted to Archbishop Thomas after the Norman invasion : five had belonged to Arch bishop Stigand ; two had been held by Archbishop Eldred, under the Abbey of Gloucester ; three by the Priory of St. Oswald, Gloucester; and the remainder by Gundulf, Pin, and Vlchetel. 6 Thvinam, Twinham, or Christ Church Priory, in Hamp shire : here were a dean and twenty-four secular canons in the time of King Edward the Confessor, who continued after the Conquest ; their college being rebuilt by Ralph Flambard, who was at one time dean there. Baldwin Earl of Devon, about A. D. 1150, procured the seculars here to be changed into regular canons of the order of St. Augus tine. See Monast. Anglic, vol.vi. p. 302. 7 " Hae hidae semper fuerunt in ipsa ascclesia." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 493 Tison, Gislebertus, Nottingh. 291. Yorksh. 326 b.1" Linc.3bi. Clam. Ebor. 313,313b. Yorksh.319, 380. Tisun, Gilbertus, Yorksh. 381 b. Tochi, Nott. 280 b.2 Todeni, Berengarius, Berenger, or Berengerius de,3 Oxf. 154, 159. Nottingh. 291 b.4 Yorksh. 298,5 314.6 Line. 353 b. Clam. N. R. Line. 376. Yorksh. 380, 380 b. 382. Todeni, Radulfus de, Hants, 52. Berks, 62. Hertf. 138. Glouc. 168. Wore. 116? Heref. 180, 180 b. 181, 183.8 Essex, 91. v. Toenio. 1 The lands of Gislebertus Tison, consisting of twenty- nine manors, were evidently forfeited upon the ravaging of Yorkshire ; ten had belonged to Gamelbar, and one to Gamel. Of six which had belonged to Gamelbar, it is said, " Has terras habet Gislebertus Tison, sed wastae sunt omnes : tantummodo Biletone redd. in. sol. redd." Of several manors in Craven no estimated value is given. 2 He had soe and sac, and other privileges, in Nottingham shire and Derbyshire, but no estates are put down to him. 3 Second son of Robert de Todeni, hereafter mentioned. 4 " Modo habent Berengerus de Todeni et Willielmus de Perci." 5 " n. mansiones in Eboraco civitate Gamelcarle et Aluuini." 6 These also, twenty -nine manors, were forfeited lands. Eighteen had belonged to Gamel, and five to Torbrand. Of eleven of Gamel's manors it is said, " Has terras habuit Gamel, et nunc Berengarius habet, sed wastae sunt omnes." All estimated value is omitted. 7 " Isdem Radulfus tenet Eslei, et aecclesia S. Taurini de eo. Ibi vi. hidae geld. De his tenet S. Taurinus nn. hid. quietas et solutas ab omni consuetudine quae Regi attinet, sicut ipse W. rex concessit quando Rad. eam Sancto dedit." 8 " Radulfus de Todeni tenet Castellum de Cliford. Wil- 494 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Todeni, seu Todeneio, Robertus de,1 Hertf. 138. Buck. 149. Oxf. 159. Gbuc. 168. Cambr. 196 b. Bedf. 215. Northampt. 2 19,2 225. Leic. 233 b. Ybr&sA. 314. Line. 352 b. Ctora. m Chetst. 376 b. 377. jEsse,*, 90 b. Suff. 429. Toenio, Rad. de, Norf. 235. v. Todeni. Toli, Derb. 278 b.3 Tona, Yorksh. 331 b. Tonebrige, Ricardus de, Kent, 14.4 lielmus Comes fecit illud in wasta terra quam tenebat Bru ning T.R.E. Istud Castellum est de regno Angliae non subjacet alicui hundret neque in consuetudine. Gisle bertus vicecomes tenet illud ad firmam, et burgum, et car. de toto reddit lx. solid." 1 The founder of Belvoir Castle, and of the cell of monks there, which he annexed to St. Alban's Abbey. In the Cottonian Register of St. Alban's Abbey, quoted in the Monastieon, he is called Robert de Belvedeir. Matthew Paris, edit. 1684, p. 1002, calls him Robert de Thotenei. He died in 1088. See Nichols's Leic. yol. i. pt. i. p. 23. Dugd. Bar. tom.i. p. 111. 2 " iiii. domus in Northantone." 3 He had previously held the same land in conjunction with Cnut and Gladuin. 4 He has been already entered in this Index for the same property as " Ricardus f. Gisleberti ;" both names occurring in the same column. Dugdale, in his Baronage, tom. i. p. 206, giving an account of the family of Clare, says, " The first of this great and noble family that settled in this realm was Richard the eldest son of Gislebevt, surnamed Crispin, Earl of Brion in Normandy, son of Geffrey, natural son to Richard, the first of that name, Duke of Normandy." According to Ordericus Vitalis, in 1073, when he was joined with William de Warren in the administration of INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 495 Tonsor, Durandus, v. Durandus. Tor, Yorksh. 330 b.1 Torber et Vchtred, Yorksh. 33 1.2 Torbern, Yorksh. 331 b.3 Torchil, Dors. 84. Torchil et Ravenchil, Yorksh. 330 b.4 Tored, Yorksh. 331.5 Tornyg, Ecclesia sive Abbatia de, Cambr. 192 b. Hunt. 205. Bedf. 211. Northampt. 222 b.a justice through England, he was called William de Bene- facta; but toward the close of the Conqueror's reign he assumed the name of De Tonebruge, from his seat at Tun bridge in Kent, the town and castle of which he had ob tained from the Archbishop of Canterbury in exchange for the castle of Brion in Normandy ; they being measured out to him, according to William of Jumieges, to the same extent as was contained in Brion. In Suffolk he seems to have had the name of Clare, from one of his lordships in that county, at which he fixed his residence. Rohais, or Rothais, his wife, has been already men tioned. i " life," he had previously held the same land. 2 They had previously held the same land. 3 « fefe," he had before held it. 4 They had before held it. 8 He had held previous to the Survey. 6 The Northamptonshire property alone of Thorney Abbey has no mention of the time of King Edward the Confessor. In the other counties, the holding was dis tinctly previous to the Survey. Of Bolehestre (Bolnhurst) in Bedfordshire it is said, " Hoc 51 tenuit iElfleda de rege E. potuit dare cui voluit. In Monasterio de Torni jacuit die quo rex Edwardus vivus et mortuus fuit. Hoc homines de hund. testantur." 496 INDEX OF tenants in capite. Totenais, Judhel de, v. Judhel. Tovi, Hants, bi? Wilts, 64 b.2 Norf. 264. Troarz, Ecclesia S. Martini de,3 Gbuc. 166 b.4 Turbern, Yorksh. 331 b. bis.5 Turbernus, Essex, 103. TURBERTUS, WiltS, li b. / Turbertus venator, Hants, 51 b. 3 " Ipse tenuit T. R, EJ' index of tenants in capite. 501 Vluiet venator, Hants, 501 b. Vluiet et Suen, Nottingh. 292 b. Vluiet et Uxor ejus, Line. 34 1.2 Vluric, Hants, 50.3 51 b. Wilts, li, passim.4 Dors. 84.s Vluric venator, Hants, 50 b.6 Dors. 84.7 Vluricus, Dors. 84.8 Nottingh. 293. Essex, 100. Ulward, Hants, 53 b. Wilts, 74. Vlward prebendarius Regis, Wilts, li. Vluuardus et Brictric,9 Somers. 98 b. Vluuiet, Line. 371. Vluuinus, Dors. 84. Staff. 250 b.10 Uxor Aluuine, Hunt. 207 b.11 Uxor Boselini de Dive, Cambr. 202 b.12 Uxor Edric, Wilts, 64 b.13 Uxor Geri de Loges, Glouc. 170.14 1 " Ipsemet tenuit in alod. de rege E." 2 " Tota haec terra fuit matris uxoris ejus.'' 3 " Pater ejus tenuit in alod. de rege E. pro 55." 4 In one of the entries it is said, " Pater ejus tenuit T.R.E." » " Pater ejus tenuit T.R.E." * " Pater ejus tenuit de rege E." 7 " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E." 8 " Pater ejus tenuit T. R. E." 9 " Idem ipsi tenebant T. R. E." 10 The same person with Wluinus. n Her husband had previously held the land. 12 " i. hid. et dim. (in Hochintone) quam ei liberavit Epis copus Baiocensis ; sed homines de hund. nesciunt qua ratione." 13 A masure in the burgh of Malmesberie. 14 The head-title of this entry is " Terra Uxoris Geri" only. Kelham, from William of Jumieges, p. 272, says, (if the same person is really intended,) " Geroius duxit Gislam filiam Turstini de Monteforti." See more of Geroius and his descendants in Will. Gemmet. Hist. Norm. lib. vii. cap.xi. kk3 502 INDEX of tenants in capite. Uxor Hugonis de Grentemaisnil, Hertf. 142 b.1 Bedf; 217 b. Leic. 236 b. Warw. 244 b. Uxor Hugonis filii Grip, Dors. 83 b.2 Uxor Hervei de Helion, Dev. 117. Uxor Manasses coqui, Somers. 98 b. Uxor Quintini, Leic. 231.3 Uxor Radulfi capellani, Heref. 187 b.4 Uxor Radulfi Tailgebosc, Buck. 153. Cambr. 202 b. Bedf. 218, v. Azelina. Uxor Ricardi filii Gisleberti,6 Hertf. 142 b. Hunt. 207. Uxor Rogerii de Ivri, Oxf. 160.6 i Where she is called Adeliz uxor Hugonis de Grente maisnil. 2 This lady is mentioned in a previous folio as detaining one hide of land at Abbotsbury, and a virgate at Portesham, which had been given for the support of the monks' table at the Abbey, Dors. 78. Abedesberie. " Huic ffi pertinet una hida T. R. E. ad victum monachorum erat. Hanc Hugo accepit injuste et retinuit. et adhuc uxor ejus vi detinet." Portesham. " Huic CD pertin. una virgata terre quam Hugo f. Grip injuste accepit, et uxor ejus adhuc vi tenet. Haec erat in victu monachorum T. R. E." Of a hide and half of land at Horcerd, it is said, " Hanc hidam dedit Hugo, pro anima sua, .ZEcclesiae de Creneburne, et valet xx. solid. Dimidiam vero hidam tenet Uxor Hugonis." 3 She occurs under the head of " Elemosinas Regis." 4 Two holdings are recorded to her. One, Erdesope, of three virgates ; the other was Ruedene. " In Rvedene tenet eadem mulier cum filio suo Waltero dim. hid. geld. wasta est et tamen reddit n. sol." 5 See the note under Rothais. 6 She held five hides at Letelape, supposed to be Islip. She was Adelina, the eldest daughter of Hugh de Grente maisnil. index of tenants in capite. 503 Uxor Wenesii, Wilts, li? Uxor W. Comes, Yorksh. 379 b. W. W. Comes, Oxf. Ibi. Wadardus, Kent, 1, 2.2 Wado, Wilts, li? Walarico, Rannulfus de Sancto, Line. 364 b. Walchelinus Episcopus Wintoniensis,4 Hants, 51, 52 b. Berks, 56. Cambr. 190. v. Wintoniensis Episcopus. Waldinus, Yorksh. 29 8? Waldinus Brito, Line. 365. Clam, in Chetst. 377. Waldinus Ingeniator, Line. 365 b. Waleramus, Essex, 101 b. Waleran venator, Hants, 48. Wilts, 72. Walerannus, Dors. 82. Waleri, S., Walterius de, seu de Sancto Walerico. Midd. 130. Suff. 432 b. Walericus, S., Essex,6 20 b. ' " Vir ejus tenuit T. R. E." 2 He held six mansurae and a mill in Dover. 3 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." 4 Walchelin, chaplain and related to the Conqueror, was made Bishop of Winchester, upon Stigand's deprivation, in 1070. He undertook the rebuilding of his cathedral, with the adjoining monastery, in 1079; and brought the latter to its completion in 1093. He died in 1098. 5 " Waldinus intercepit n. mans. Ketel presbyteri pro una mans. Sterre." 6 The Abbey of St. Valery in Picardy, situated four leagues below Abbeville, at the mouth of the Somme, in the diocese of Amiens ; founded by King Clothaire, A. D. 613. See Mon. Angl. vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 1106. KK 4 504 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Walterius, Hants, 50.1 Walterius balistarius, Glouc. 162, 169. Walterius diaconus, Glouc. 169. Walterius fil. Other,2 Surr. 36.3 Hants, 48 b. Berks? 56,4 61 b. Midd. 130. Buck. 151. Walterus Flandrensis, Hertf. 139. Buck. 151. Bedf. 215 b. Northampt. 219, 226 b. v. Flandrensis. Walterus fil. Ponz,5 Berks, 61. 6 Orf. 160. Gfoac. 168 b. Walterus fil. Rogerii, Hants, 48 b. Gbuc. 169? i " Modo tenet eam (terram) Walterius in vadium de filio Cole de Basinge." 2 Dugdale, Bar. tom.i. p. 509, from a MS. in the pos session of Thomas Lord Windsor, says, " This Walter being warden of the forest of Berkshire and castellan of Wind- sore, assumed his surname from that place." 3 There is a singular entry under the Surrey property of Walter Fitz Other at Kingston. " Ipse Walterius tenet unum hominem de soca in Chingestun cui commendavit equas sylvaticas Regis custodire, sed nescimus quomodo. Hie homo tenet n. hid. sed non habet rectum in ipsa terra." 4 Six hagae in Burgo de Walingeford. 5 Son of Walter Ponz, the brother of Drogo, or Dru. Of whom see p. 405. 6 Land at Etone, three hides of which Walter Fitz Ponz had given to St. Peter, Westminster, " pro anima sua." This donation does not appear to be included in the Berk shire property of the Abbey, mentioned in a previous column of the Survey. 7 Of Cerni, one of two manors in this county entered to Walter Fitz Roger, the Survey says, " Hoc Ci3 calumniatum est ad aecclesiam S. Mariae de Abendone, sed omnis Comi tatus testificatus est Stigand. archiep. x. annis tenuisse vivsnte E. rege. Hoc manerium dedit W. Comes Rogerio vicecomiti, patri Walterij." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 505 Walterus frater Seiheri, Bedf. 216. Walterus de S. Waleri, seu Sancto Walerico. Midd. 130. Suff. 432 b. Waltham, Canonici S. Crucis de,1 Hertf. 136 b. Essex, 15 b. 1 Waltham Abbey was founded, for Secular Canons, by Earl Harold, afterwards King, who, according to Edward the Confessor's charter of confirmation, endowed it with no less than seventeen manors ; Passefeld, Walde, Upminster, Wallifare, Tippedene, Alwartune, Wodeford, Nasingan, Brikendune, Melnho, Alricheseia, Wormleia, Lambehithe, Nethleswella, Hicche, Lukintone, and West- Waltham. It continued a college for about a hundred and fifteen years, from 1062 to 1177, when King Henry the Second changed the Seculars for Regular Canons of the order of St. Au gustine. In the Domesday Survey, the manors recorded as be longing to the Abbey are, Wermelai and Brichendune in Hertfordshire ; and Epinga, Nasinga, Wdefort, two estates in Lochintuna, Passefeld, Alvertune, Tippedana, Welda, Upmonstra, and Walcfara, in Essex. Melnhou and Alri cheseia, in Bedfordshire, had passed to the Bishop of Dur ham. In the entries of these manors to whom, Bedf. 210, of Melehou, it is said, " Hanc terram dedit rex Edwardus aecclesiae Sanctae Crucis de Waltham, ut homines de Hund. testantur :" of Alricesei it is said, " Hoc manerium tenu erunt Canonici S. Crucis de Waltham in elemosina T. R. E." Former property of the Abbey also occurs, Surr. 34, under " Terra Comitis Moriton'." " Comes Moriton. tenet Lanchei (Lambeth). Canonici de Waltham tenuerunt de Heraldo. Tunc se defendebat pro vi. hid. et dim. Modo pro nichilo." Again, " Ipse Comes tenet Estrekam. T. R. E. se defendebat pro v. hid. Modo pro nichilo. Heraldus tenuit i. hid. et dim. Canonici de Waltham i. hid. et dim." Under the Bishop of Durham's lands in Berkshire, we 506 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Wandregesili, S. Abbatia,1 Surr. 34. Dors. 78 b. Cambr. 193. Wanz, Aluric, " Terra Regis quam Aluric Wanz custodit," Suff. 287. Warene, Willelmus de, Sussex, 26. Hants, il? Berks, 56. Buck. 148. Oxf. 157 b. Cambr. 196. Hunt. 205 b. Bedf. 211 b. Yorksh. 321. Line. 351b. Yorksh. 379. Warenna, Willelmus de, Essex, 36. A7br/! 157. 276 b. Se# 398. read of what is now White-Waltham ; " Episcopus Dunel- mensis tenet de rege Waltham in elemosina. Vluuinus canonus tenuit de Comite Heraldo, et JEcclesiae de Waltham pertinuit. Tunc et modo pro in. hidis." 1 The Abbey of Vandrille, anciently called Fontenelle, in the diocese of Rouen, situated about six or seven leagues from that city. It was founded, according to Du Monstier's Neustria Pia, by St. Wandregisillus, A. D. 654. The Dukes of Normandy were considerable benefactor's to it, particu larly Duke Richard II. William the Conqueror's benefac tions to it, in Normandy, are recited in Neustria Pia, p. 167. 2 William de Warren, Earl of Warren in Normandy, who came into England with the Conqueror, was made Earl of Surrey in England by King William Rufus. He and his wife Gundreda founded the Priory of St. Pancras at Lewes, in 1078, as a cell to the great Abbey of Clugni in France. Ordericus Vitalis, and Sir William Dugdale after him in the Baronage, say, that Gundreda was the sister of Gher- bode, a Fleming, to whom the Conqueror had given the city and earldom of Chester. Ordericus Vitalis's words are, " Cestram et Comitatum ejus Gherbodo Flandrensi jam- dudum Rex dederat: qui magna ibi et difficilia tam ab Anglis quam a Gallis adversantibus pertulerat:" adding, lower in the page, " et Guillelmo de Guarenna, qui Gun- INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 507 Warinus arbalistarius, Wilts, li b. dredam, sororem Gherbodi, conjugem habebat, dedit Sutregiam." Gundreda, however, was really a daughter of the Con queror. William de Warren's second charter of foundation, granted to Lewes Priory in the reign of Rufus, states this fact distinctly : " Volo ergo quod sciant qui sunt et qui futuri sunt, quod ego Willielmus de Warrenna, Surreiae Comes, donavi et confirmavi Deo et Sancto Pancratio et monachis Cluniacensibus, quicunque in ipsa Ecclesia Sancti Pancratii Deo servient imperpetuum, donavi pro salute animae meae et animae Gundredae uxoris meae et pro anima domini mei Willielmi Regis qui me in Anglicam terram adduxit, et per cujus licentiam monachos venire feci, et qui meam priorem donationem confirmavit, et pro salute Dominae meae Matildis Reginae matris uxoris mes;, et pro salute domini mei Willielmi Regis filii sui, post cujus ad ventum in Anglicam terram hanc Cartam feci, et qui me Comitem Surregiae fecit." Gundreda is also acknowledged by the Conqueror him self as his daughter, in the charter by which he gave to the monks of St. Pancras the manor of Walton in Norfolk, the original of which is preserved in the Cottonian Manu script, Vespasian, F. in. fol. 1. He gives it, " pro anima Domini et antecessoris mei Regis Edwardi — et pro anima Gulielmi de Warenna, et uxoris suae Gundreda fills: mEjE, et heredibus suis." Gundreda died in child-bed at Castle Acre in Norfolk, May 27th, A.D. 1085, and was interred in the chapter house of Lewes Priory. Her tomb was found, many years ago, at Ifield Church in Sussex, (annexed to the monu ment of one of the Shirley family,) whither it was supposed to have been taken at the dissolution of Lewes Priory. It was again removed, in 1775, to the Church of Southover. It was ornamented in the Norman taste, and the inscription was obscure and mutilated ; the names of Gundreda and 508 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Warwelle, Ecclesia de,1 Hants, 44, 52. Warwic, Turchil de, v. Turchil. Wateman de Lond', iElveva femina de, Midd. 130 b. Wateuile, Robertus de, Surr. 30. Watevilla, Will, de, Essex, 106 b. Suff. 435. Waula, Vluric, Wilts, li. Wellensis Episcopus,2 Somers. 89.3 Wenesii uxor, Wilts, li? Westmonasterii, S. Petri Abbatia,5 Sussex, 17. Surr. 32. Hants, 43 b. Bucks, 59 b. Wilts, 67. Midd. 128. Hertf. 135. Buck. 145 b. Gbuc. 166. Wore. 174 b. Bedf, 211. Northampt. 222. Staff. 2ilb. Line. 346. C&rare. in CAefot 377. Essex, 14, 100, 106 b. St. Pancras, however, appeared upon it. See Sir William Burrell's Collections for the History of the Rape of Lewes in Sussex, MS. Donat. Brit. Mus. William de Warren himself died June 24th, 1088. The Register of Lewes Priory, MS. Cotton, Vesp. A. xv. pre serves the epitaph which was formerly upon his tomb, also at Lewes. The Monks of St. Pancras, Lewes, occur in Domesday, not as tenants in capite, but as under-tenants to William de Warren; see Sussex, fol. 26, col. 1, 2. 1 The Nunnery of Wherwell in Hampshire. It had held the same lands in the time of King Edward the Confessor. 2 Giso Bishop of Wells witnesses the Conqueror's charter of 1077, to Westminster Abbey. 3 The Bishop held no less than two hundred and sixty- five hides of land in this county : all but two estates, one of thirty, the other of twenty hides, had belonged to the see in the time of King Edward the Confessor. 4 " Vir ejus tenuit T. R. E." 5 Two or three benefactors to the Abbey of Westminster, in the early part of the eleventh century, are mentioned in INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 509 Wibertus, Wilts, li b. Widuile, Hugo de, Northampt. 219.1 Wielardus, Essex, 101 b. Domesday, who are no where else noticed. Daneham in Buckinghamshire appears to have been given to the Abbey before King Edward's death, by Vlstan, a Thain. Land in Totinges in Surrey is said to have been granted, after King Edward's death, by Alnod of London, " pro sua anima." And in Essex, fol. 15, under Pachesham, we read, " Hanc terram dedit unus teignus Ecclesiae, quando ivit ad bellum in Eurewic cum Haroldo." On the other hand, King Wil liam the Conqueror's first charter to Westminster Abbey, in 1067, mentions a hide of land at Mertune in Wiltshire, given by a religious woman of the name of Odelina, which does not occur in the Domesday Survey : " unam hidam terrae in Wiltunscire in villa Mertune dicta." Reg. Westm. MS. Cotton. Faust. A. in. fol. 42. The exchange for the manor of Windsor, however, which is more than once alluded to in the Domesday entries, is also mentioned in the same charter. Four charters from King William the Conqueror to Westminster Abbey still remain unprinted. The second of these, after an enumeration of the principal people of the kingdom as witnesses, finishes, " Multis praeterea illustrium virorum personis et regni principibus diversi ordinis omissis, qui similiter huic confirmationi piissimo affectu testes et fautores fuerunt. Hii etiam illo tempore a regia potestate e diversis provinciis et urbibus ad universalem Synodum pro causis cujuslibet Sanctce Ecclesia audiendis et tractandis ad praescriptum celeberrimum Cavnobium quod Westmonaste- rium dicitur convocati, hanc eandem, co-operante sibi in omni bus divina pietate honorifice perficienter compleverunt. Quorum igitur memoriam et nomina singulatim exprimere, et huic paginulae, longum et eastidiosum videtur inserere. Anno Dominica incarnationis Millesimo Septuagesimo Septimo." i " ii. domus de xxxii. denar. in Northantone." 510 index of tenants in capite. Wigar, Berks, 63 b. Willelmus, Dors. 84 b. Oxf. 160 b. Bedf. 216. Northampt. 229. Willelmus filius Ansculfi,1 Surr. 35 b. Berks, 60 b. Wilts, 74. b. Midd. 130 b. Buck. 148 b. Oxf. 157 b. fTorc. 177. Cambr. 201 b. -Hwnf. 207. Northampt. 226. JFarw. 243. Stajf. 246,2 249 b. Willelmus arcuarius, Hants, 48 b. Willelmus filius Azor,3 Hants, 53. Willelmus fil. Baderon, Hants, 48 b. Glouc. 167. Heref. 185 b. Willelmus camerarius, Buck. 151. Glouc. 167. JBec^ 216. i He was the son of Ansculf de Pinchengi, who, in the property at Esenberge in Buckinghamshire, tom. i. fol. 148 b., is noticed by that name. " Hoc S3 tenuit Heraldus comes ; et ipsum S3 excambiavit Ansculfus de Pinchengi pro dim. Risenberga contra Radulfum Talgebosch jussu regis Willielmi." In Surr. fol. 36, under Wendelesorde, it is said, " Hanc terram habuit Ansculfus postquam recepit Vicecomitatum.'' His shrievalty is again alluded to in Buckinghamshire, fol. 148 b. col. 2. William Fitz-Ansculf's principal seat was at Dudley in Worcestershire. " Isdem Willielmus tenet Dvdelei, et ibi est castellum ejus. Hoc manerium tenuit Eduinus Comes." The Messrs. Lysons say, " Fitz-Ansculf's estates in Berk shire descended from the Paganels to the baronial family of Somery, and eventually became divided among coheirs.'' Mag. Brit. Berksh. p. 178. 2 In Burgo de Statford, " Willielmus f. Ansculfi habet de Comitatu nn. mans, quae pertin. ad Pennam S3. Comitis. Ex his una tantummodo est hospitata." 3 Henricus filius Azor occurs in another part of the present Index. index of tenants in capite. 511 Willelmus Comes, Oxf. 161.1 Willelmus filius Constantini, Buck. 151. Essex, 97. Willelmus filius Corbucion, seu Corbuzon,2 Berks, 61. Wore. Ill b. Warw. 238, 243. Staff 250. Willelmus diaconus, Essex, 94 b. Willelmus Episcopus Tedfordensis,3 Norf. 191. Willelmus filius Goisfridi, Kent, 1? Willelmus hostiarius, Dev. Ill b. Nottingh. 292. Willelmus filius Manne, Hants, 48 b. Buck. 151. Oxf. 160. Willelmus filius Norman, Glouc. 167 b.5 Heref. 180, 180 b. 181, 185 b. i " Hae infra scriptae terrae sunt de Feudo Willielmi Comitis." William Fitz Osbern, sewer of Normandy, and Earl of Hereford, is the person here alluded to. Dugdale has enlarged upon the circumstances of his life in the Baronage, tom. i. pp. 26, 66. Ordericus Vitalis, p. 536, relates the particulars of his death abroad in 1070. The earldom of Hereford, with all Earl William's lands in Eng land, descended to his third son Roger de Britolio, who, joining in Ralph de Guader's rebellion, was condemned to the loss of his possessions, and to imprisonment for life. The lands in Gloucestershire mentioned in the present entry seem to have been a part of the fee of Earl William, retained as such, and at the time of the Survey let out to farm by the King. 2 Kelham says, he was a person of eminence, and had been sheriff of Warwickshire. lllustr. p. 48. Dugd. Warw. p. 553.3 William Galfagus, or Beaufoe, of whom an account has been already given, p. 491. 4 Of the masures in Dover he held three " in quibus erat gihalla burgensium." 6 The custody of the Forest of Dean had been attached 512 INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. Willelmus filius Ogeri, Kent, 1? Willelmus filius Tedaldi, Kent, 1 bis.2 Willelmus Rex, v. REX. Willelmus fil. Ricardi, Berks, 61. Willelmus fil. Stur, Hants, 48 b. 52, 52 b. Willelmus Tedfordensis Episcopus, v. Tedfokdiensis Episcopus, Norf. 191, 193 b. Suff. 379. Willelmus filius Widonis, Wilts, 72. Somers. 96 b. Gbuc. 167. Willelmus porto', Dev. 117 b.3 Wiltune, Giraldus de, Wilts, 68 b.4 Wiltune, Herveus de, Wilts, li b. Wiltune, S. Maria de, Hants, 52 b.6 Wiltuniensis Abbatia, Wilts, 67 b. Dors. 79. Wincelcumbe, Abbatia de, Oxf. Ibi.6 Glouc. 165 b.7 Warw. 239.8 .} to the holding of some of Fitz Norman's lands, in the time of King Edward the Confessor. In Herefordshire, fol. 181, it is said, " Rex habet in Herefordscire ix. CD. wasta de xix. hidis. De Forestis quas tenet Willielmus filius Nor- manni redd. xv. lib. Regi." i He held a masure in Dover. 2 He also held one masure by himself in Dover, and six in conjunction with Robertus Niger. 3 Probably the same person with Willelmus hostiarius, who follows him in the next entry of land in the Survey. 4 " In elemosina. Idem tenebat T. R. E." 8 Watingewelle. " Semper fuit in Monasterio." 6 The manor of Henestan, or Lnstone, consisting of twenty-four hides. 7 The record says, " T. R. E. defendebat heec Ecclesia pro lx. hid." Seventy-three hides and a half 'are put down to it as the property at the time of the Survey. 8 Six hides in Alne. index of tenants IN CAPITE. 513 Wincestre, Odo de, Hants, 49 b. Berks, 63 b. Wilts, 13 b. Winemarus,1 Northampt. 219,2 226 b. Winemarus Flandrensis, Buck. 152. Wintonia, Abb. S. Mariae de, Hants, 43 b.3 Berks, 59 b.4 Wilts, 68? Wintonia S. Petrus de, Sussex, 17 b. Hants, 42, 42 b. 43. Berks, 59 b. Wilts, 67. Dors. 11 b. Wintoniensis Episcopus, Surr. 31. Hants, 40, 51, 52 b. Berks, 58. Wilts, 65 b. Somers. 87 b. Hertf. 133. Buck. 143 b. Oxf. Ibi, 155. Cambr. 190. v. Walchelinus. 1 Chief Steward to the Earl of Britany. 2 In Northantone. " Winemarus xn. domus de in. sol. ex his quatuor sunt uastae." 3 The whole of the property here entered to the Nuns of Winchester in Hampshire had been held by the Abbey T. R. E. From a passage in another part of the Domesday Survey for Hampshire, however, it appears that more had belonged to them. Of the manor of Icene, belonging to Hugh the son of Baldri, Hants, 48, it is said, " Hoc manerium tenuit Abbatia Monialium S. Mariae Winton. tempore regis Edwardi. Tunc se defendebat pro xn. hid." " Hoc manerium,'' it is added, " calumniator Abbatissa S. Mariae ; et totum Hundr. et insuper totus Vicecomitatus testimonium perhibet quod in abbatia fuit tempore regis Edwardi et regis Willielmi, et juste esse debet.'' In the margin, in smaller characters, we read, " Rex W. reddidit eidem Ecclesiae." 4 The manor of Coleselle. " Walterius de Laci dedit aecclesiae cum filia sua. Scira nescit quomodo." 5 The Wiltshire property seems also to have been pos sessed by the Nuns of Winchester T. R. E. L L 514 index of tenants in capite. Wintoniensis terra de victu Monachorum Winton. Hants, 41. Wintremelc, Alricus, Bedf 218 b.1 Wirce, Goisfridus de,2 Northampt. 219,3 227 b. Leic. 230,4 235 b. Warw. 238,5 243 b.6 Nottingh. 291. Line. 369.7 v. Lawirce. Wirecestre, Ecclesia de, Gbuc. 164 b. Wore. 172 b. Warw. 238, 238 b. Wirecestre, Episcopus de,8 Warw. 238.9 Wislac, Hants, 54. Wislac et Aluric, in paragio, Hants, 51 b. Wit, Alwinus, Hants, 50 b.10 1 This entry relates to a half hide of land in Coldentone ; the entry adds, " Iste qui nunc tenet, tenuit T. R. E. homo regis E. fuit, et potuit dare cui voluit : quam postea Ca- nonicis S. Pauli sub W. rege dedit, et ut post mortem suam haberent omnino concessit.'' 2 Kelham, lllustr. p. 105, says, " He was of Little Brit tany in France, and assisted William Duke of Normandy in the Conquest of England.'' Dugd. Warw. p. 50. 3 Four houses in Northampton. 4 Two houses in Leicester, appertaining to his manors of Dalbi and Pichewelle. 5 A house in Warwick. 6 Geoffrey de Wirce's manors in Warwickshire, twelve in number, amounting to seventy-six hides of land, had all belonged to a Saxon of the name of Leuuinus. 7 Geoffrey de Wirce's property in Lincolnshire also con sisted of twelve manors. 3 Wulstan II. consecrated Sept. 8th, 1062. He died Jan. 19th, 1095. 9 The Bishop of Worcester had nine masures in Warwick. 10 " Ipse tenuit T. R. E." INDEX OF TENANTS IN CAPITE. 515 Witbvrga, Sancta, Shropsh. 252 b. Wlmarus, Suff. 445 b. Wluinus, Staff. 250 b.1 Wlwi venator, Surr. 36 b.2 Wrehantune,3 Presbyteri de, Wore. 116? 1 The same person with Vluuinus. 2 " Ipse tenuit de rege E." 3 Wolverhampton. 4 " Ipsi tenuerunt T. R. E." END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. London : Printed by George Eyre and Andrew Spottiswoode, Printers to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1833.