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Front Chapmans K Spann'$ Foner Fre$g,
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA.

CONTENTS.

Boundaries, Extent and area,

Page. 9

Natural Divisions,

10

Face and Peculiarities of the Country,

- 12

Natural History,
Lakes and Rivers,

- ' 14 19

Public Lands,

22

Internal Improvements, -
Agricultural Productions,
Manufactures and Commerce,

- 25
3438

Climate and Health,

40

Education,

42

Political Institutions — Civil Divisions,

64

Population, Religious Denominations,

- 6768

Antiquities,History,State Institutions,

8283
- 131

Second Part, containing Topography and Statistics, -

151

ENGRAVINGS.
Fagc
State House, Indianapolis, (Frontispiece.)
State Bank, Indianapolis, 134
Deaf and Dumb Asylum, near Indianapolis, - 137
Asylum for the Blind, Indianapolis, - - - 142
Insane Hospital, near Indianapolis, - 146
State University, Bloomington, - - 167
Wabash College, Cra-wfordsville, .... 201 --
CouKT House, Connersville, - - 222
Franklin College, Franklin, .... 231
AsBURY University, Greencastle, - - 238 ¦
Hanover College, Hanover, ... . 243
First Presbyterian Church, Indianapolis, 258
Wesley Chapel, Indianapolis, - - - 260
Hon. 0. H. Smith's Residence, Indianapolis, - - 263
Branch Bank, Madison, - - 296
Christ Church, Madison, - - 299
Residence of A. W. Morris, Esq., Indianapolis, - - . 304
State Sentinel Building, Indianapolis, 307
State Journal Buildings, Indianapolis, - - - 309
MJASO.Nic Hale, Indianapolis, - - . - 328
Map of Cannelton, Cannelton, - - . 352
Cotton Mill, Cannelton, - - 354
Hon. A. T. Ellis's Residence, Vincennes, - 412
Market House, Vincennes, 414
Market Street, Vincennes, .117

INTRODUCTION.
The publisher of this work commenced about tivo years since to pre
pare the materials for it, and he has spared no pains or expense to obtain
such information as could be relied on. For this purpose he has visited
many of the counties in person, that he might excite the necessary inte
rest, and he has addressed circulars containing numerous interrogatories,
with blanks for the answers, to the county auditors in all cases, and also
to many df the leading citizens, and from their replies the substance of
this Book has been compiled. From the counties of Boone, Bartholomew,
Decatur, Jennings, Laporte, Ohio, Owen, Perry, Posey, Ripley, Rush,
Tippecanoe, Union , and some others, full and satisfactory returns were
made, and had similar reports been made from the other counties, it would
have been the fault of the compiler if a more useful book had not been
made. But no returns, whatever, could be had, either for love or money,
from the counties of Knox, Shelby, or Washington: that from Tipton was
lost or mislaid before the compiler saw it.
The articles in reference to the counties and principal towns will not
be found to correspond in length to their importance, but in no instance
has the compiler neglected any means within his power to do justice to
the different places attempted to be described. He has been long a resi
dent of the State, and at different, though mostly distant periods, has
visited nearly every county and town in it; and though at the time he had
no thought of his preseftt undertaking, he was never a careless observer
of any thing that concerned the welfare of his fellow citizens. All his
own recollections he has tasked for this work, and while he regrets its
many imperfections, the blame of them, he thinks, should fall mostly on
the citizens of the counties who, when requested repeatedly and when
compensation was offered them, would not take sufficient interest to com
municate correct information.
There are some circumstances that render it more difficult to prepare a
good Gazetteer of this State than of almost any o,ther. There have been
few books written about the State to refef to, rapid improvements have
been constantly going on, of which little is known,' even in the vicinity;
other improvements are loudly talked bi and supposed to be done almost
before they are commenced, arid the real business men meet at no common
point where they could be consulted and the truth ascertained. Some
of them go only to Cincinnati, others to Madison, Louisville. New

VlU INTRODUCTION.
Albany, Evansville, Chicago, Detroit, or Fort Wayne, and almost to no
other points. They therefore know little of the State, except where their
immediate business lies. The politicians, the speculators in companies and
in town lots, and others without pressing business, who assemble at In
dianapolis, have time to talk, when they meet there, but the information
they give is not always the most certain. These matters render it the
more important that a book like this should be published. It will correct
some errors, it will lead to inquiries as to others, and the tendency will be
to aid in forming a State character of which the citizens may be proud.
Very little may be done at once, but it is important that the movement
should be onward. The resources of Indiana, if properly developed,
will make it one of the best States in the Union. It will have no great
metropolis to attract attention, but it will soon have its scores of cities,
with from 5,000 to 20,000 inhabitants each, the pride and boast of the vi
cinity in which they are located. The compiler has been under the neces
sity of modifying many representations, honestly made, from different
parts of the State, and no doubt many errors still remain. All he can say
is, that under circumstances needless to detail here, he could do no better,
and were they known they would be a sufficient apology.
It may be objected that the sweeping statements as to the richness of the
soil in whole counties is calculated to deceive, as there must be exceptions.
As to this it may be replied, that the purchase of all the land in whole
counties in the central part of the State, soon afterit was offered by the Gov
ernment for sale, is proof of the truth cf the statement. In other parts of
the State, where Government lauds have been long in the market, it may
be presumed that the most of them are but of little value. The reader
therefore, will not be deceived.
It may be said, too, that from the number of preachers of the gospel
and teachers of schools represented to be found in the various counties, it
will be supposed there is much more religious and intellectual instruction
given here than is actually the case. The qualUy is perhaps the only
thing in dispute. A part of it is not inferior to any other, but a part, too,
was correctly described by one who, when receiving furs and skins for his
salary, was asked " whether it was not poor pay?" " Yes," he said, but
he " gave poor preaching in return."
A careful examination of the proof has not always been practicable, and
there may be errors of the press. The paper for the work, which wiil be
seen to be of ,n excellent quahty. was made specially for the purpose by
Messrs. Robertson & Rinehart, of Delphi. f f oy

INDIANA GAZETTEER.
PART FIRST.
GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE.
Boundaries and Extent...Area...Natural Divisions...Face of the Country and
Peculiarities in its Appearance....Natural History....LakeB and Rivers....
Public Lands....Internal Improvements....AgricultUTal Productions....
Manufactures and Commerce....Climate and Health....Education....Politi-
cal Institutions and Civil Divisions....Population....Religious Denomina-
tions....Antiquities....History. BOUNDARIES, EXTENT AND AREA.
The State of Indiana is situated between the parallels of
37 deg. 51 min. and 41 deg. 46 min. north latitude, and be
tween 8 deg. 48 min. and 11 deg. 1 min. west longitude
from Washington. The extreme length from north to
south is 275 miles, and the greatest breadth from east to
west is 176 miles. The State is, however, nearly an ob
long ; the only irregularities being the Ohio River on the
south, and where the Wabash is the dividing line between
it and Southern Illinois. The average length is 240 miles,
the average width 152 miles, making the contents about
36,500 square miles, or 23,360,000 acres.
By the Ordinance of Congress, of April 19, 1816, the
contemplated State was to be " bounded on the east by the
meridian line which forms the western boundary of the
State of Ohio, being a north line from the mouth of the
Miami. On the south by the river Ohio, from the mouth
of the great Miami to the mouth of the river Wabash ;
^ 2

10 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
on the west by a line drawn along the middle of the Wa
bash, from its mouth to a point where a due north line
drawn from the town of Vincennes would last touch the
north-western shore of said river, and from thence by a
due north line until the same shall intersect an east and
west line drawn through a point ten miles north of the
southern extreme of Lake Michigan ; on the north by the
said east and west line until the same shall intersect the
first mentioned meridian line which forms the western
boundary of the State of Ohio." Indiana is therefore
bounded by Ohio on the east, Kentucky on the south,
Illinois on the west, and Michigan on the north.
NATURAL DIVISIONS.
There is such a marked difference |)etween the parts of
the State that lie near its principal rivers and their tribu
taries, that they constitute its proper natural divisions.
The Ohio Valley, embracing that of White Water, con
tains the counties of Wayne, Fayette, Union, the most of
the first tier of counties along the Ohio River, and parts
of Ripley, Scott, Washington, and Orange, which lie in
the second tier, making about 5000 square miles in all.
This is a limestone region ; it was mostly covered with
very heavy timber; the soil in the bottoms, hill-tops
and sides is very rich, but much poorer in the flats
back of the hills and near the heads of the streams. The
hills are abrupt and broken, and have an elevation of
about 400 feet above the Ohio and its numerous small
tributaries that break through the hills, in every direction.
Many of these streams, in dry weather, show only the
marks where torrents have disappeared almost as soon
as the storms which occasioned them. Of this part of
the State, about two-thirds is good farming land : the
other third is either too hilly or the soil too poor for
profitable cultivation. The poorest part is in the flats at
the head of the streams. The White River valley ex-
ends north-west from the Wabash through the centre of
the State to the Ohio line, containing the principal part
of twenty-four counties, and covering about 9,000 sqiar^

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. U
miles. It is almost uniformly level and heavily timbered,
except in parts of the six western countie.?, in which
there are a few prairies and barrens, and ranges of
rugged hills. There is no stone in all the central part of
this valley, except a few solitary boulders; and at least
seven-eighths of the whole has a rich soil capable of
being farmed to much advantage. Most of the streams
are clear and unfailing, and water power is generally
abundant where it is wanted. The Wabash Valley,
covering thirty counties and 12,000 square miles, inter
locks with that of White River, and the eastern part
resembles it. It is equally fertile but more broken, is
interspersed with small prairies and barrens or oak
OPENINGS, but these have mostly a good soil, except some
large ones of very little value that cover about a third
part of the counties of Knox, Sullivan and Clay. For
100 miles along the centre of this valley there is an
abundance of water power, but a scarcity in the upper
and lower part of it. From the river hills on the Ohio
to the Wabash, is a gradually inclined plane which is
apparent even to the eye, except when ascending from
the intervening streams that have been passed. And it
is not a little curious in crossing the State outwards from
Madison and other places, to find the water almost from
the borders of the Ohio wending its way to, the Wabash.
The north part of the State, watered by the two St.
Josephs and the Kankakee, is very similar in its charac
teristics. High, sandy, beautiful prairies interspersed
with others that are wet and spongy ; extensive, rich,
burr oak barrens or openings, having some resemblance
to old orchards; poor, sandy, black oak or pine barrens;
rich sugar tree and walnut forests; white maple, tama
rack and alder swamps; beautiful small lakes and iron
ore and marl bogs are scattered promiscuously together,
and present ever changing varieties of prospects to the
traveller. One half of the country can be cultivated to much
advantage with very little expense, and of the balance,
one half will be reclaimed and the remainder can never

12 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
be valuable. Clay predominates in the Ohio valley;
sand and marl in the north part of the State and near
the Wabash; while clay and occasionally a mixture of
limestone gravel, is most prevalent in the centre.
FACE AND PECULIARITIES OF THE COUNTRY.
About two-thirds of the State is nearly level, and of
course there is not much variety of appearance presented
to give interest to the description.
There are no elevations having any claim to be called
Mountains. Still there are parts of the State well cal
culated to excite attention. That the river hills along
the Ohio should be about as high as any part of the
State, and while generally of about the same elevation,
should still be so diversified in appearance as to have
very little resemblance to each other, is a subject of
much interest to curious inquirers.
Petrifactions of marine animals are found imbedded
in most of the rocks ; in them and on their sides are
benches which show that the river has had various eleva
tions much above its present bed. The land generally
falls off slightly descending from the summits of these
hills, and there are many appearances that even the
small tributaries of the Ohio, have gradually worn out
their present beds from near ihe tops of the hills.
About five miles below the -Falls of the Ohio, com
mences a range of hills called the Knobs, still more
singular, in their appearance than the river hills. They
rise about 500 feet high, are generally from a mile to
half a mile in width, are covered mostly with small
pines which grow no where else in this part of the
State; they are about equal in elevation, each hill sepa
rately is small, often covering less than half an acre ;
they unite generally 100 or 200 feet below their summits;
they extend about fifty miles into the interior,, and the
country behind them at first falls off very little from a
level ; a similar ridge of hills extends into Kentucky from
the south side of the river opposite. It is not unlikely
that they were once united and formed an obstruction,

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 13
the only remains of which at this time are the Falls of
the Ohio.
In the counties of Harrison, Washington and Orange,
is a tract of country called the barrens covering 400 or
500 square miles. The land is nearly destitute of timber,
but in most places thickly covered with wild plum bushes,
oak and hickory saplings, or grass.
For long distances the country would appear nearly
level but for sink holes as they are called, wiiich resemble
old and parlially filled cellars of various sizes, some of
them immensely large. Many of these sink holes lead
to caverns, several of which have been explored and
found to be miles in extent. Considerable streams run
into them and disappear, and Lost River, after running
near eight miles under ground, comes put again in the
form ot a large spring, at which boats are built and
loaded for New Orleans.
On the south-east shore of Lake Michigan, the sand
has been drifted up by winds so as to form a high mound
or wall 150 feet in height, and probably 300 or 400 feet
in width at the base. The sand is kept in- place mostly
by vines and scrubby trees which gro-sv in it, but there
are many places along ii where there is nothing to ob
struct, and the drifts of sand appear to be moved about
like the light snow of winter, by every strong wind.
Another singular feature in the face of the country is,
that there are no dividing ridges, as there are in other parts
of the world, from which the waters flow in different direc
tions. Before, the country was settled there were, a part of
the year, between the streams„immense swamps, where the
water, dammed up by fallen timber and matted leaves, lay
on the ground till the heat of summer caused it to evapo
rate, and the land thus situated was then thought to be
of no value. When cleai-ed up, however, such places
become dry and make the best of farming land, and
where there formerly seemed to be a perfect level, there
is generally found to be a sufficient descent to carry off
the water readily. At one season of the year, the noble
forests, the rich green of the foliage, the flowering shrubs

14 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
and trees, the verdure, scarlet and pink of the prairies,
entranced the traveller, and he represented the countity
as a paradise. At another season the forests were naked,
the prairies were brown, and almost an ocean of mud
was to be waded, and it is no wonder that a very differ
ent description was given. Neither of them was just.
NATURAL HISTORY.
But little attention has yet been given to the Natural
History of Indiana. There are probably aninials here
which have not yet been classed; plants which have
never yet met the eye of the botanist, and the larger
part of the State has as yet been but imperfectly ex
plored by the geologist. The spirit of inquiry is how
ever abroad as to these matters. A brief sketch, all that
the narrow limits of this work will allow,, is submitted.
Of the quadrupeds found in the State, the Buffalo and
the Elk have disappeared for many years. They must
have been very numerous formerly from the great abun
dance of their bones still found in the vicinity of the
Salt Licks, and the traces of their "paths" which still
remain. These were well beaten tracks leading from the
prairies in the interior, where they fed a portion of the
year, to the margin of the laj-ge rivers where the timber
protected and the wild cane fed them in winter. The
Bear, Panther, Wild Cat, Beaver and others, are now
but seldom met with except in the unsettled parts of the
State. Wolves are more numerous. But the Deer,
Opossums, Raccoons and several species of Squirrels, are
sometimes more numerous than when the country was
first sfettled. When nuts and other food they are fond
of in the forests fail, they migrate to the vicinity of cul
tivated fields and supply themselves there, and their
numbers are sometimes immense. Besides these, the
Fox, Porcupine, Pole Cat, Ground Hog, Rabbit, Mink,
Musk Rat, Weasel, Mole, Mouse and Gopher, are found
in particular localities, but not usually in great numbers.
In place of the animals that have left us we have gained
others, by emigration. Rats are not yet found in new

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. ^ 15
parts of the State, but they are becoming very numerous
in other parts. The usual domestic animals are found
here, and for some years the horses, cattle, hogs and
sheep of Indiana, would compare favorably with those
of any of the neighboring States. In clearirig land,
breaking prairies and hauling freight in muddy roads,
oxen have been preferred to horses, but the latter are
now the most generally used on the old farms. A com
plete catalogue of the Birds of the State will not be
attempted. Singing birds were rare a few years since,
but there is now a variety which has rapidly followed
the increase of civilization. Not being carniverous, they
are not usually found except where fields of grain are
cultivated. Of Birds originall)'- found in this country,
the most common are the Wild Turkey, Prairie Fowl,
Partridge or Quail, Pigeons, Geese, Uucks and Cranes.
All these are sometimes found in immense numbers. A
place called the Pigeon Roost, in Scott county, was for
merly so much resorted to by Pigeons, that for miles
nearly all the small branches of a thick forest were
broken off by their alighting in such numbers on them,
and the ground was covered with their ordure several
inches in depth for years afterwards. In the south-east
corner of Marlon county there was a similar Pigeon
Roost, and several others in the State have been men
tioned. In the fall of the year it is not uncommon for
the traveller, on the large prairies in the north-west part
of the State, to pass in a single hour thousands of Sand
Hill Cranes, who stand quietly and gaze at him from a
distance of but a few rods. Pheasants, paroquets, wood
peckers, Baltimore birds, red birds, mocking birds, hum
ming birds, and indeed most of the birds of the,' Eastern
States are found here, but not usually in great numbers.
Of carniverous birds, the Eagle, the Buzzard, Hawk,
Crow or Raven, Owl, &c., are occasionally found. Of
reptiles, the most formidable are rattlesnakes and copper
heads, and their bites are sometimes so poisonous as to
occasion death. In most parts of the State they are now
very seldom found. The fires on the prairies destroy

16 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
great numbers, and the hogs running at large are then-
inveterate enemies. The writer travelled along the
Upper Wabash in 1836, when settlements were sparse,
and he must have seen hundreds of large snakes m a
day. Very few can now be found where they were
once so numerous. The variety of fishes in the State is
not very great. Those in the south part where the
streams empty into the Ohio, are the pike, perch, sucker,
shovel-fish, 'garr, buffalo, &c;., while perch, trout, white-
fish, &c., are found in the northern lakes and small
streams that empty into Lake Michigan.
Of the forest trees in the State, much the most nume
rous are oak and beech. They are not only found in
almost every part of it, but they probably constitute not
less than two-thirds of the whole number of forest trees.
Next follow the sugar tree, hickory, ash, walnut, poplar,
elm, sycamore, cherry, hackberry, linn, coffee tree, honey
locust and white maple, which are found in almost every
part of the State, and the writer has attempted to enu
merate them in the order in which he supposes they are
found, as to number. The black locust is abundant near
the Ohio River, but not found in the interior until ,it is
cultivated, but then grows well in dry, rich soil. The
chestnut is found only in Washington, Jackson, and
small portions of the adjoining counties. The pine is
found only on the knobs and near Lake Michigan, and
the tamarack only in the swamps of the north. The
cypress, catalpa and pecan are found only in Knox and
Gibson counties, and the cottonwood is rare except on
the bottoms of the southern streams. Of the smaller
trees, the dogwood, pawpaw, spice, plum and thorn
bushes, the persimmon and crab apples, either by their
fruits or flowers add to the beauty and interest of the
forests. Poplar, oak,- walnut and sycamore trees are
frequently found from five to seven feet in diameter, and
more than 125 feel in height. Many of the forests of
Indiana are not inferior to any others in grandeur and
beauty. Through the most of the State there is found a variety

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 17
of indigenous fruits. Wild plums, haws, persimmons,
pawpaws, wild cherries, mulberries and crab apples are
found in many of the forests and near the borders of the
prairies. Cranberries are abundant in the north; and wild
grapes, blackberries, gooseberries and strawberries of
excellent qualities grow spontaneously and give assu
rance, which has been confirmed by experience, that the
corresponding domestic fruits can be produced by art to
an indefinite extent. Walnuts, hickory nuts and hazel
nuts are usually abundant; and generally oak and beech
mast is found in such quantities as to contribute largely
both to feeding and fattening hogs.
It appears by the Reports of Mr. Owen, the State
Geologist who made exploratory tours through the State
in 1837 and 1838, that none of the precious metals will
ever be found in Indiana, unless in minute portions in
boulders, or in small quantities in combination with other
metals, because primitive formations in which productive
mines of gold and silver are found do not exist in Indiana.
The only metals that can be expected to be found here
are iron, lead, antimony, magnesia, zinc, cobalt and
some varieties of copper and arsenic ores,
The bituminous coal found in Indiana occupies an area
of 7,740 square miles in the south-west corner of the
State. It commences on the Ohio River 80 miles below
Louisville, thence north-west passing near Putnamville,
and crossing the Wabash near Independence, 15 miles
below Lafayette. It is part of the same field which
embraces eight or ten counties in Kentucky, and the
most of southern and western Illinois. Tbe bituminous
coal of Indiana shows very distinctly its vegetable origin.
Large quantities of argillaceous iron ore and carbonate
of iron are found along the eastern margin of the coal
formation. The best specimens are found on Brouillet's
Creek, Sugair, Raccoon and Coal Creeks, and on Eel and
White Rivers in Clay and Greene counties. There are
also found in the same region fire-clays, potter's clay,
furnace, hearth stones and slates, &c. The burr stone

18 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
has been found in Jennings, Madison and Huntington,
and water-lime in Floyd, Jefferson and Huntington
counties. Several localities aflTord bog iron ore; and there is no
doubt a great abundance of it in St. Joseph, Elkhart,
Laporte, Marshall, Fulton, Allen, Huntington, Wabash
and Miami counties.
In some of the north-east counties of the State, where
the fertility of the soil is much greater than the external
sandy appearance indicates, it has been ascertained that
th^re is carbonate of lime in the upper soil and marl
beneath. The fertility of the soil of Indiana arises mainly from
its geological position. Soil is understood to be the most
productive which is derived from the greatest variety of
difTerent rocks, for thus only is produced the due mixture
of gravel, clay and limestone necessary to form a good
medium of nutritive fluids, whether liquid or seriform, to
the roots of plants.
Indiana is situated near the middle of the great valley
of_ North-western America, and far distant from the
primitive ranges of mountains, and her soil is accordingly
formed from the destruction of a vast variety of rocks,
both chrystalline and sedimentary, which have been
minutely divided and intimately blended together by the
action of air and water. It has therefore all the ele
ments of extraordinary fertility.
The following shows the thickness of the various strata
from the top of some of the knobs near New Albany.
1st. Soil '6 feet; 2d. Soft sandstone passing into indura
ted clay slate, 15 feet 4 inches; 3d. Good limestone for
building, 5 feet 8 inches; 4th. Soft sandstone and indu
rated clay slate, 259 feet; 5th. Ferruginous slaty clay
containing large masses of argillaceous iron ore and
carbonate of iron, 193 feet; 6th. Iron stone, 2 feet; 7th.
Black bituminous aluminous slate, 104 feet; 8th. Chrys
talline limestone, uppermost layer at the Falls, 8 feet 8
inches; 9th. Water-lime 14 feet; 10th. Hard semi-chry-s-
talhne limestone, 40 feet; whole distance 647 feet S

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 19
inches, of which 128 feet 8 inche? was below the high
water mark of the Ohio.
A section from the cut of the Railroad near Madison
will give an idea of the thickness and relative position
of the different strata: 1st. Cliff strata; 2d. Clay or
marl, 3 feet ; 3d. Impure variegated limestone, 35 feet ;
4th. Dark marlite, sometimes called "Hard pan," 27 feet;
5th. FossiliferOus limestone alternating with clay or
marl to low water mark of the Ohio, 340 feet; Total
405 feet.
There is a section near Coal Greek, Fountain county,
in which there are no less than six beds of coal: 1st.
Sandstone; 2d. Good coal, 1 foot 6 inches; 3d. Slaty
clay, 10 feet; 4th. Good coal, 1 foot 6 inches; 5th.
Slaty clay, 10 feet; 6th. Shale or variegated marl, 3 feet;
7th. Good coal, 1 foot 6 inches; 8th. Slaty clay and
shale, 8 feet; 9th. Slaty clay interspersed with argilla
ceous iron ore, 5 feet; lOth. Good coal, 2 feet; 11th.
Fire-clay, white above, dark below, 8 feet;, 12th. Hard
bituminous limestone, 6 feet; 13th. Coal, 4 feet 6 inches;
14th. Soft sandstone passing into indurated clay slate,
15 feet; 15th. Coal beneath the bed of the Wabash,
thickness, not known.
Section on Hughs's bank Vermillion River: 1st. Shale,
1 foot 6 inches; 2d. Good coal, 2 feet; 3d. Fire-clay, 1
foot 6 inches; 4th. Coal, 3 inches; 5thi Fire-clay, 1 foot
8 inches; 6th. Coal, 4 feet 6 inches.
On section 22, township 14, range 10, in Vermillion
county, is a very fine bed of coal, exposed at one place
8 feet, and is still thicker.
LAKES AND RIVERS.
The north-west corner of the State is in Lake Michi
gan, 10 miles north of its extreme southern boundary,
and 36 miles west of where the State line leaves the
Lake on its eastern shore. The width of the Lake in
the State averages six miles. Theie are many small
lakes in the State, but they nearly all lie north of the
Wabash and within fifty miles of the north line of the

20 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
State. Several of them have no outlets, but they are gen
erally very clear, with sandy shores and bottoms. They
are mostly but a few acres in extent, though some of
those near the head of Tippecanoe River and Turkey
Creek, and near Laporte, cover several hundred acres.
Mexancukkee Lake in Marshall county, three miles long
and a mile and a half broad, is a beautiful sheet of water,
pleasantly situated. Beaver Lake, 6 miles long and 3
miles wide, covering over 10,000 acres, borders on the
Kankakee marshes and near the west line of the State.
All these lakes abound in fish.
The Ohio River meanders the south-west border of the
State for 380 miles, though it is only 216 miles in a
straight line from the mouth of the Miami to that of the
Wabash. During the whole distance, the only streams
that empty into the Ohio from the north are small, none
of them exceeding 30 or 40 yards in width at their
mouths. Laughery, Indian Kentucky, Silver Creek, In
dian Creek, Blue River, Anderson and Big and Little
Pigeon Creeks are the principal. They are all from 40
to 50 miles in length. White Water River rises in Ran
dolph county, and after receiving a number of branches,
most of them excellent mill streams, unites with the East
Fork at Brookville, passes into the Stale of Ohio near
Harrison and unites with the Miami at Elizabethtown,
six miles from its entrance into the Ohio. Its width
below Brookville is generally about 100 yards, and its
whole length 100 miles. Patoka is about the same length,
rising in Orange county and running west through Du
bois, Pike and Gibson, into the Wabash. But the waters
of the Ohio come so near it on the south, and the branch
es of While River on the north, that the Patoka drains
but a narrow tract of country, and it is therefore small
for its length.
The longest branch of White River, the West Fork,
rises near the Ohio line in Randolph county, and after
running south-west more than 300 miles empties into
the Wabash 100 miles above its mouth. The only con
siderable tributary from the west is Eel River, 120 miles

f GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 21
in length. From the east, 50 miles from the Wabash,
Comes in the East Fork of White River, 225 miles in
length, whose principal branches are Salt Creek, the
Muscatitac, Sand Creek, Clifly, Flat Rock and Sugar
Creek, all which are excellent mill streams. Fall Creek,
eighty miles in length, empties into the West Fork of
White River at Indianapolis.
The Wabash rises in the State of Ohio, runs first
north, then north-west, then west, then south-west, then
south, and again south-west, making the whole distance
about 600 miles, of which over 450 have been navigated
by steamboats in high water.
The principal branches of the Wabash from the south
and east are the Salamony, Mississinnewa, Wild Cat,
Sugar Creek or Rock River, Raccoon, White River and
Patoka. On the west and north are the Little Wabash
and Embarras in Illinois, Vermillion in both States, and
the Tippecanoe, Eel and Little Rivers altogether in Indi
ana. The last is now a short stream, though from ap
pearances the St. Joseph, now the principal branch of
the Maumee, once ran in Ihe bed of Little River, and
formed the main stream of the Wabash.
The St. Mary rises in Ohio, runs north-west 100 miles
to Fort Wayne, there unites with the St. Joseph, which
comes about the same distance from the north-east and
they form the Maumee, which then takes a contrary
direction to Lake Erie. The St. Joseph of Lake Michi
gan is a very beautiful stream, but runs only 50 miles in
Indiana, receiving there from the south-east the Elkhart,
its principal tributary, 100 miles in length.
The Kankakee, the principal branch of the Illinois
River, rises near South. Bend and runs very sluggishly
in the State 100 miles.. It receives Yellow River from
the south-east, 50 miles in length.
Deep and Calumic Rivers lie near and south of Lake
Michigan, and in some places are only separated from it
by banks of sand. It has been thought that an entrance
might be made through them where they once emptied
into the Lake, and a good harbor obtained. The sands

22 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
however drift about so much that to make and maintain
a good harbor will be very expensive.
The Iroquois or Pickamink River rises south of the
Kankakee and runs nearly parallell with it about 50
miles in the State. PUBLIC LANDS.
The lands in this State originally belonged to various
Indian tribes, the principal of which were the Dela-
wares, the Miamies and the PottaWatamies. The latter
inhabited the northern, and the others the central and
southern parts of the State. The titles to lands have
from time to time been procured by treaties with the
Indians, and they have all passed through the General
Government, except the French grants near Vincennes
confirmed to the descendants of the early settlers there,
and the grants near the Falls of the Ohio made to Clark's
Regiment by the State of Virginia for their services in
Indian campaigns in the Revolutionary war.
In all the new States and Territories, the lands which
are owned by the General Government are surveyed and
sold under one general system. In the surveys, Meri
dian lines are first established running due north from
the mouth of some liver. These are intersected at right
angles by lines running east and west, and called Base
lines. The ^rst principal Meridian is a line running
due north from the mouth of the Miami, and is in fact
the east line of the State. The "second principal Meri
dian" is a line due north from Little Blue River eighty-
nine miles west of the former. The only base line
running through the State crosses it from east to west in
latitude 38 deg. 30 min., leaving the Ohio twenty-five
miles above Louisville, and striking the Wabash four
miles above the mouth of White River. From this base
line the congressional townships of six miles square are
numbered north and south, and from the second principal
meridian, (crossing the base line six miles south of Paoli,)
all the ranges of townships are numbered east and west
except the counties of Switzerland, Dearborn, and parts

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE.

23

of Franklin, Union, Wayne, and Randolph. This part
of the State, attached to the Cincinnati Land Office, was
surveyed in townships from a base line fifteen miles north
of the former, and in ranges west of the first principal
meridian. Townships are subdivided into thirty-six
equal parts or thirty-six square miles containing 640
acres each, called sections. These sections are subdivided
into halves of 320 acres, and quarters of 160 acres each,
which last are again subdivided into halves of eighty
acres, and quarters of forty acres each. Fractions are
parts of sections intersected by streams or confirmed
claims or reservations, and are of various sizes.
The following diagram represents townships laid off
north and south of a base line, and ranges laid off east
and west of a meridian.

03

; 2

B a
IV III

II

1 I

II

III

IV

•H

V

p-
'o c

24 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
The figures north and south of the l?ase line represent
the townships in their proper order. The Roman letters
the Ranges, East and West.

The Township is laid oflf into Sec
tions, commencing at the north-east
comer and numbering from the right
hand to the, left, as in the annexed
diagram:

6| 5| 4] 3| 2|
"7| 8| 9|10|lljl2

18|17|I6|i5|t4|13

19i20j21|22j23|34

30|29|28|27|26-|2§

31|32|33|34 35|36

Besides the lands heretofore mentioned as sold at the
Cincinnati Land Office, there are x)ffices for the sale of
United States lands at Jeffersonville, Vincennes, Craw-
fordsville, Indianapolis, Fort Wayne and Winamac.
In every land district is a land office where all the
public lands belonging to that district are sold. The
officers of each district a,re a Register and Receiver,
appointed by the President of the United States and
confirmed by the Senate.
The following exhibits the quantity of land surveyed
in the State, the quantity sold in the State by the United
States, the amount for which it was sold, and the quan
tity of unsold land still within the bounds of the State,
together with the disposition of lands in the State other
wise than by sale by the United States.
Lands surveyed in the State, 21,359,707 acres: quan
tity sold up to 1st. January, 1849, 15,477,628 acres:
amount received by the United States for lands sold in
the State, $21,316,079.87: lands reserved for common
schools, 631,863 acres: donated for State University,
46,080 acres: granted for internal improvements, 1,609,-
861 acres: to individuals, &c., 863 acresr for seat of
government, 3,560 acres: for military bounties late war,
t)»,776 acres: for Mexican war, 189,540 acres: saline
reserves, 24,435 acres: Indian reserves, 126,220 acres:
grants ^ companies, &c., 150,000 acres: private claims

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 25
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.
The prairies, rich bottoms, and many parts of the
State, were so easily prepared for cultivation, at the
out-set, that a larger surplus of agricultural productions
was found in most parts of the country soon after their
settlement. At first the surplus was disposed of to other
new settlers; but they too, in a few years, not only sup
plied themselves, but added largely to the stock on" hand.
A loose and porous soil, wide swamps, streams occasion
ally impassable, and in most, places very little lime stone
or gravel to make good roads, offered very little encour
agement for their construction, and therefore it appeared
that many of the products of the farmer were likely to
become worthless on his hands.
The understanding that New York, Pennsylvania and
Ohio, were prosecuting internal improvements success
fully, gave a strong impulse to the feeling that something
must be done in this State, and when to this was added
the influence of those who hoped to profit by the in
creased value of lands and town lots, or who wished to
be commissioners, engineers or contractors, on public
works, it became irresistible, and the so called system of
internal improvements was adopted at the session of
1835-6, alnriost without objection, except by those who
could expect no benefit from it. If attempts had been
made merely to facilitate communication and the trans
portation of surplus produce, and a prudent course had
been pursued, much good might have been done. The
resources of one part of the Stale after another might
have been developed, and the business and prosperity of
the whole vastly increased. But instead of this, if all
the works authorized had been completed, they would
have cost $30,000,000, and the whole tolls would not
have paid for repairs the first twenty years. In many
places public works were commenced where there was
no surplus of labor or produce, where they did not lead
to a market, and where the lot speculator was the only
person who could be profited. Under such circumstances
3

26 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
it was idle lo look for good results, and it was fortunate
that the credit of the State failed, before all the indebt
edness contemplated had been incurred.
By the Auditor's Report of 1848, it appears that there
has been expended as follows:
For Jeffersonville and Crawfordsville road, - ¦¦ *^73'|4|87
For Lafayette and Indianapolis road, - - " " i4'288'42
For Wabash Rapids, ' ' . . '. I,092,'l75;i3
For White Water canal, - 1 fi94. fin^ ni;
For Madison and Indianapolis railroad, - - ' ^'°„'gpoq7
For Wabash and Erie canal, east of Tippecanoe, - - f'"^^'^°°^^{
For Wabash and Erie canal, west of Tippecanoe, - - 1,^4S,^9U.04
Eor Eel River Cross Cut canal, - - " " ^r'i^K^S
For southern division of Central canal, - - - - 3<o,-D40.*a
For Wabash and Ohio canal, - - cqr r?K^7
For New Albany and Vincennes road, - - - °^°'^i°-*'
For northern division of Central canal, - - - - HBAUBH.a^
For Erie and Michigan canal, ... - lbu,<ue.8l
$10,304,273.34
The following sums appear to have been received for
tolls:Madison and Indianapolis railroad, - .... $85,436.68
Wabash and Erie canal east,  1,174,611.83
Wabash and Erie canal west, - - ... 526,847.61
New Albany and Vincennes road, . - - - - 27,311.34
Northern division Central canal, - - - 15,008.76
$1,829,216.22
Which is about equal to three years interest of their
cost. The amount expended on the Jefiersonville and
Crawfordsville, and the Lafayette and Indianapolis roads,
and on the Wabash rapids, has been abandoned; and all
the work done on the northern division of the Central
canal and the Michigan and Erie canal, is useless, except
a little water power that has been obtained. The White
Water canal will never yield any return, as it has been
granted to a company, and has suffered so much since
by floods, and the cost of repairs has been so great that
it will be no object lo redeem it. The length of the
\Yhite Water canal from Lawrenceburgh to Cambridge
City is seventy miles. The estimated cost of construc
tion to the State was $1,567,470. It was completed by
the State to Brookville at a cost of $664,665, and the

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 27
work above was left unfinished. The company chartered
in 1842 extended the canal fifteen miles, to Laurel, in
October, 1843; to Connersville, twelve hiiles further, in
June, 1845 ; and in October, the same year, it was com
pleted to Cambridge city, the entire cost to the company
being $473,000. The same year a lateral branch was
constructed from Harrison, thirteen miles above Law
renceburgh, to Cincinnati, a distance of twenty-six miles,
by a company chartered by the Stale of Ohio. The
Hagerstown canal, extending seven miles north of Cam
bridge, is nearly finished, and the whole distance thence to
Cincinnati will be ninety miles, or seventy-seven lo
Lawrenceburgh. The high flood of January 1, 1847,
carried off" the aqueduct across Symons's Creek, near
Cambridge, and that across the West Fork of White
Water, at Laurel, besides washing immense channels
round the feeder dams at Cambridge, Connersville,
Laurel, Brookville, the one four miles below, and that
at Harrison, and also did much damage along the whole
line. The expense of making the repairs was estimated
at $90,000, and during the summer and fall of 1847,
about $70,000 was expended for this purpose, and navi
gation had just commenced again, when another flood
came on the 9lh of November, and most of the I'epairs
being incomplete, further damage was done, as estimated,
to the aniount of $80,000. Under these accumulated
disasters the company, by great exertions, commenced
operations again, and the whole line was in a condition
to be used on the 15th of September, 1848, leaving,
however, repairs to be made which were estimated to
cost $30,000.
From these interruptions, there has as yet been no
opportunity to show what the business of the canal will
be. The water power, if all put to use, is estimated to
be worth $25,000 a year, and the fine country through
which the canal runs, and its high state of improvement,
promise not less benefit to the company than to the agri
cultural, manufacturing, and other industry that finds
employment there. <

28 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
The Madison and Indianapolis Railroad will proba
bly pay the State from two to three per cent per annum,
after 1852, on the amount expended. The State com
menced this work and completed twenty-eight miles, and
incurred about half the expense of grading and bridging
the next twenty-eight miles. The heavy work on the
Madison plane, the high embankments and bridges, and
deep cuts south of Vernon, occasioned this part of the
road to cost at the rale of $40,000 a mile; The part
finished by the company, from Six Mile Creek to Indian
apolis, when laid with a flat bar, cost the company less
than $8,000 a mile. The business on this road has in-
creised rapidly as it has been extended. The company
took possession in February, 1843. The first year the
average distance run was thirty-three miles, the passen
gers twenty-five a day, the receipts $22,110. The next
year the average distance run was forty-two miles, the
passengers thirty a day, the receipts $39,031. The year
ending February 1, 1846, the average distance run ^!vas
fifty-one miles, the passengers fifty a day, the receipts
$60,053. The next year the distance run was fifty-six
miles, the passengers seventy a day, the receipts |.-83,122.
The year ending February 1, 1848, the average distance
run was seventy-one miles, the passengers 125 a day, and
the receipts $158,803. The year ending February 1,
1849, the distance run was eighty-six miles, the passen
gers 200 a day, and the receipts about $235,000.
A branch of the Madison and Indianapolis railroad
has just been completed from Edinburgh to Shelbyville,
sixteen miles. The ground was so favorable on this
route that the whole expense of grading and bridging
was only about $800 a mile. From Shelbyville an arm
of this road is commenced extending twenty miles, to
Rushville, and another to Knightstown, twenty-five miles.
Both the routes are very favorable, and the grading is
nearly completed. They will soon be ready for use, and
as they run through a country unsurpassed in fertility by
any part of the west, they will directly and incidentally
add much lo the wealth and prospti-ity of the State.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 29
The capital to complete them has been mostly supplied
by the holders of property in the vicinity who are inter
ested in their construction. Other branches lo run west
towards Nashville and Martinsville are also in contem
plation. As these branches are completed, and other
roads north and west of Indianapolis shall be brought
there, before they reach an eastern market hy any other
route, the business of the Madison and Indianapolis rail-
i"oad will be immensely increased, and even when other
routes are opened to eastern and southern markets, so
much business will have been created along the line of
the road that it will always be profitable and important.
The nature of the business done ori this road and its
rapid increase are not less encouraging to the citizens of
the State than lo the owners of the stock. There can
be no doubt that the increase of the value of real prop
erty, within five miles of the road, has been more than
double the cost of its construction.
The act of Congress making the first grant of lands
for the construction of the Wabash and Erie Canal
was passed in the year 1827. The act of the Legislature
authorizing the commencement of the work was passed
at the session of 1830-31. A second grant of lands for
the continuation of the canal from the mouth of the
Tippecanoe to Terre Haute was passed by Congress in
February, 1841. A third grant of half of the unsold
lands in the Vincennes land district for the continuation
of the canal from Terre Haute to the Ohio River was
made by Congress in May, 1845.
The canal was commenced in 1832 and completed to
Lafayette in 1841: to Covington in 1846: to Coal Creek
in 1847: and will be finished to Terre Haute in 1849.
Below Terre Haute it is under contract as far as New
bury, in Greene county, fifty-eight miles, forty miles of
which are nearly completed. The remainder of the line
from Newbury to Pigeon Dam, in Warrick county, will
be placed under contract the present year, and the whole
canal is expected to be finished to Evansville by the
year 1852.

30 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
The length of the canal in the Stale of Indiana north
of Terre Haute is 225 miles: from thence to Evansville
150 miles: in the whole 375 miles. - The length of the
canal in Ohio is eighty-four miles, making when com
pleted, a continuous line of 459 miles. In addition to
this, it connects with Cincinnati through the Miami canal,
181 miles long.
The collectors' offices are at Fort Wayne, Lagro,
Logansport, Lafayette and Covington, and there will be
another at Terre Haute when the canal is completed to
that point.
The receipts of tolls and water rents on the canal in 1846 were, $105,234.04
The receipts of tolls aud water rents on the canal in 1847 were, 125,982.71
The receipts of tolls and water rents on the canal in 1848 were, 146,148.90
The total tonnage in 1847 was,  117,739
The total tonnage in 1848 was,  157,831
The miles of transportation in 1847 were, - - - 475,927
The miles of transportation in 1848 were, - -
The miles travelled by passengers in 1847 were, - - - 1,022,160
The miles travelled by passengers in 1848 were, - - 1,357,364
During the year 1848, tlie expenditures on the canal
for superintendence, ordinary repairs, &c., were $34,-
833.64. The present trustees of the canal are Charles
Butler, Thomas H. Blake and A. M. Puett, Esqs.
A company has been incorporated to make a Railroad
from Terre Haute, through Indianapolis and Richmond,
to the Ohio line, and $220,000 of stock subscribed mostly
in Vigo and Putnam counties. The portion of this road
lying between Terre Haute land Greencastle, thirty-three
miles, has been put under contract, and the grading and
masonry of this part of the line will be completed by
January 1, 1850. The location of the road from Grteen-
casll6 to Indianapolis, thirty-nine miles, is now being
made, and this part of the line is to be put under contract
this summer. This road is expected to connect with St.
Louis on the west, and it will also connect with the
eastern lines through Ohio, and must become the great
central thoroughfare of Indiana. It runs through the
great coal region, embracing the counties of Vigo, Clay,
and part of Putnam, and will cross the canal contiguous

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 31
to the great coal beds of the Wabash valley, both north
and south of Terre Haute. Some of the veins of coal,
on a level with the road and easy of access, are of a
superior quality and ten or e^leven feet in thickness.
As the whole country near this route from Ohio to
Illinois is without exception fertile, the advantages for
manufacturing and other way business are such as to
secure the early completion of the road at least so far as
Indianapolis, and there it will cjnnect with the Madison
and Indianapolis road, with the Bellelbntaine road, and
the time is not distant when there will also be roads on
nearly direct lines to Pittsburgh and Cincinnati.
The Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad was
originally embraced in the system of internal improve
ments, and was intended to be a part of the railroad
from the Ohio to the Wabash, Madison being one of the
termini and Lafayette the other. When the Stale sys
tem broke down, the Madison and Indianapolis road
became a separate work, and has been completed by a
company. In January 7, 1846, the Legislature passed
an act to provide for the continuation of the Madison
and Indianapolis road to Lafayette, incorporating a
company for that purpose.
The surveys were commenced at Lafayette in January,
1848. At this time the grading is under contract lo
Lebanon, thirty-five miles, and it is expected that the
remaining twenty-eight will soon be placed in the same
condition; the entire length being sixly-three miles, not
one mile over a straight line.
It has been estimated that the whole cost of com
pleting the road with a heavy flat bar rail and equipping
it for use, will be about $.550,000, but with an edge rail
of sixty pounds to the yard, it would be about $800,000.
The earth work is generally light, the best of oak timber
is abundant, and there are only three, bridges on the
route of any moment, viz: those at Sugar Creek, Eagle
Creek, ahd White River, and most probably the latter
might be built in conjunction with the Terre Haute
Road. The grubbing, grading and bridging of the whole

32 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
route will not exceed $2,500 a mile. The country
through which the road will run is not surpassed in fer
tility of soil by any part of the State. The amount
already subscribed for stock is believed to be suflacient
to guaranty the ultimate completion ,of the road.
The Peru and Indianapolis Railhoad is seventy-one
miles in length, and is thought to be on still more favor
able ground for construction, and the country along the
route is very fertile. It will pass through the County
seats of all the counties on the route. The grading has
been nearly completed from Indianapolis to Noblesville,
twenty-two miles of the distance. The estimate of the
cost of the whole road with a flat bar rail, is $469,600,
and the contracts thus far are twenty-two per cent, be
low the estimates.
The Indianapolis and Bellefontaine Railroad, run
ning eighty-three miles in the State, up the valleys of
Fall Creek and White River, from Indianapolis, is in
tended to be one of the links of the great central lines
of railways from the eastern Atlantic cities to St. Louis,
on the Mississippi River. This link will connect at the
Ohio line, about ten miles north-east of Winchester, with
the principal lines that communicate with the great east
ern routes, and unite at Indianapolis with the continuous
line through Terre Haute to St. Louis, while it will be
intersected by most if not all the northern and southern
lines of railway in the Stale. This central line, when
completed, will not only be of great importance to Indi
ana but the whole country, for then at the usual rates of
running on good roads the traveller, in less than two
days and a half, may pass from St. Louis to Boston.
The Indianapolis and Bellefontaine Railroad Company
was chartered in January, 1848, and organized in July
by the election of Oliver H. Smith, President, Austin W.
Morris, Treasurer, and John H. Cook, Secretary. The
^^o^^ J "^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ™" ^^^ found to pass over a route
well adapted to a cheap construction of the work on a
low grade, and with few curves. The first section of
Jwenty-six miles is under contract, and the remainder

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 33
will soon be. The estimated cost with the flat bar is
$6,000 per mile, or $10,000 with a heavy edge rail.
The New Albany and Salem Railroad, thirty-five
miles in length, was put under contract in April, 1848,
the grading is nearly completed, and the superstructure
is now being placed on it. Locomotives have been pur
chased, the necessary shops erected, and the road will be
completed and in operation this season. This road will,
from present appearances, be extended to Bedford at an
early day, and probably hereafter lo Bloomington, and
not unlikely will meet the railroad from the north-west
which is about being commenced at Lafayette, in the
direction of Crawfordsville.
The Jeffersonville Railroad Company have put
twenty-seven miles of their route, in the direction of
Columbus, under contract. From the surveys made, it
appears that a railroad can be made to Columbus, only
two miles longer than a straight line, on which the maxi
mum grade is only twenty-two feet to the mile, the
highest point, at twenty-three miles distance, being only
170 feet above the high water mark of the Ohio. The
grading of the road for the first twenty-seven miles is,
by actual contract, to cost only $43,000, or $1,600 a
mile. This is the only point in the State from which the
interior can be reached at such moderate grades, as in
general the river hills of the Ohio must be ascended over
400 feet before there is any descent towards the interior.
The stock already subscribed on this route amounts to
§231,000, and from the assurances of Mr. Armstrong,
the efficient President, there is every prospect that this
road will progress to completion. Its length will be
about sixty-nine miles. To all the citizens of Indiana
who pride themselves in the prosperity of the Stale, it
must be very gratifying to witness the public spirit and
enterprise that are creating so many important public
improvements. They will develop the resources of the
Slate, encourage its industry, and as the population has
increased three fold within the last twenty years, the
same may also take place in an equal period next to come.

34 , INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Many other railroads besides those that have been
named are projected, and some of them will no doubt
soon be commenced. The country is favorable for con
structing them cheaply, but at this time it is perhaps desi
rable that too much should not be attempted at first.
But they are demanded by the spirit of the age, and as
one part of the country reaps the benefits they diffuse,
other cities and places must become competitors for the
facilities which they afford to travel and business of every
description. When coal can be supplied, at low prices, at Indian
apolis, Lafayette, and other towns situated in a country
where every acre can be cultivated to advantage, we
can imagine no bounds at which the progress of popula
tion and improvement vyill be arrested. There must
soon be a railroad leading west through the State, either
at or north of Fort Wayne, another at Indianapolis, and
another still south of it. The road from Indianapolis to
Lafayette will be extended to Chicago, and also to con
nect with the road running east through Jacksonville
and Springfield. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS.
The first object of the settlers of a new country is to
provide the means of subsistence, and for a considerable
time all the surplus produce is limited to a few articles,
and usually disposed of to other settlers who come in
afterwards. Every one, as soon as he is able, provides
himself with a corn-field, garden or truck-patch, as it
is generally called, a few swine, which breed rapidly, and
one or two horses and cows, which make up the sum of
his substance. Many of the citizens of the State, who
are now rich, commenced at first in this way, without
even being able to purchase land. They frequently en
tered on the public lands, in which case they were gene
rally protected in the improvements they made ; or they
rented land on improvement leases, by which they were
to have the use of from ten to twenty acres from seven
to ten years, and often at the end of that time they were

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 35
able to buy land for themselves. The wild grass, nutri
tious i-oots, and several kinds of nuts and acorns, were
so abundant that neither horses, cattle, nor hogs required
much more corn than was sufficient to prevent their
straying off"; and often the flocks and herds of the set
tlers would seem to have been scarcely less numerous
than tho.se of the patriarchs of old. The tendency of
this slate of things was to produce a surplus of corn,
beef, pork, &c., and then when any new article was in
demand, every farmer turned his attention to it, and a
surplus of that also was soon produced. Low prices at
length brought regular customers, and now the supply of
most kinds of produce has become abundant and uni
form, and the trader can make his arrangements in ad
vance and calculate with much certainty on carrying
them out, wherever there is any access to a market.
There are still, however, frequent gluts in the market of
some kinds of produce; the farmer often doubts as to the
proper objects on which to expend his labor, and it has
become very desirable that he should have a greater di
versity of crops than he has had hitherto. The soil, even
when very rich, requires this ; and occasionally the wheat
is killed in winter or by the fly, or the corn or grass suf
fers in summer from drought, frost or storms, and lo fur
nish employment for those who wish to labor during the
year, it is becoming very important that there should be
a greater variety of crops on the farms. Hemp was
tried for a few years, but in most instances, too much
was attempted at first. Flax, tobacco, fruit, and vari
ous seeds from which oil can be manufactured, may be
cultivated to any extent, and often with much profit.
Some experiments have been made in beet and corn-
sugar, the grape, silk, &c., but in general there has been
too much carelessness to decide whether they may not
yet be attended to with advantage.
Corn is the great staple of the State. It is easily cul
tivated, and almost every farmer has from 20 to 100
acres. A single hand can prepare the ground, plant and
attend to and gather from 20 to 25 acres, according to

36 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
the state of the ground and character of the season.
The product is usually from 35 to 75 bushels an acre,
averaging about 45, though most of the hnd in the
State, if properly farmed, would produce one-third more
than is generally raised. Corn usually sells at from ten
to thirty cents a bushel, millions of bushels being annu
ally sold in the interior to fatten hogs and cattle, at not
exceeding the former price. It is the main article of food
for man and stock, and can be cooked in a great variety
of ways, so as to be equally acceptable at the tables of
the poor and rich. The cultivation of corn is admirably
adapted to the climate and soil of the State, and to the
habits of the farmers; It has a larger portion of rich,
loamy soil than any other of the Western Stales. With
proper cultivation, the corn does not often suffer either
from cold, deluge, or drought, and our laborers prefer to
work hard in spring and early summer, when the corn
most needs it, and then relax exertions in the latter part
of the season, when fhey are not required, and the heat
is more oppressive. The corn raised in Indiana in 1845
was estimated by the Commissioner of the Patent Office
at 30,625,000 bushels. As last year the cOrn crops were
very large, they cannot have fallen short of 45,000,000
bushels. The cultivation of wheat is much more important
than that of corn in the north part of the Slate, but not
in the others. The amount of wheat estimated by the
Commissioner of the Patent Office to have been raised
in the State in 1847, was 7,500,000 bushels. The wheat
crops do not often average over fifteen bushels an acre,
though most generally good cultivation would increase
the amount from 25 to 50 per cent. In Morgan county
about the year 1831, 244 bushels were produced from
six bushels of seed sown on rather less than six acres.
When sown on new prairies, wheat was seldom winter
killed; but this has been more frequent of late years on
the old prairies. If the wheat were sown earfier, and iA
drills, mstead of broad^cast, the crop would be more
certain. The climate of the State is very favorable to

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 37
domestic animals, especially hogs, cattle, horses and
sheep. Their food is abundant, the population sparse in
many places, and land cheap, the most of it being yet
uninclosed, and affording an immense amount of wild
pasturage. Hogs are now driven or pork exported from
every part of the Stale; but as some of the principal
markets, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Chicago, are not
within its limits, it is not possible to make accurate cal
culations of the number and value of hogs raised for
exportation. Mr. Cist, of Cincinnati, estimated the pork
packing of Indiana for 1847-8, as follows: Wabash
points, 162,641 ; While river, 29,000; Madison, 75,000;
Aurora, 10,000. This does not include any of the hogs
driven out of the Slate to market, nor any of the pork
packed on the White Water Canal, or the Madison and In
dianapolis Railroad, all which, with those before enumer
ated, must have amounted to at least 550,000. In 1848,
the number raised for exportation must have been over
600,000, and the value at least $3,500,000. The hogs in
in the Slate, returned by the Census of 1840, were 1,623,-
608. The number has probably doubled since that time.
The best farmers us^ially procure or provide for having
a good number of stock hogs and pigs in the spring.
The course of feeding is sometimes on early rye or in a
clover field, from the first to the twentieth of June ; then a
late rye field, which requires no other sowing to be used,
as the early one, the next year, then oats, and first early
and then late corn fields ; so that in this way the hog
gathers his food, fattens himself, and then walks to the
market with but little trouble lo the farmer. By proper
attention, they may be made to weigh from 250 to 300
pounds when they are from eighteen months to two
years old ; and others, still better attended to, weigh
from 175 to 250 pounds, net, when they are no more
than twelve or thirteen months old.
A diflferent course is pursued in the thinly settled parts
of the country. Through the most of the year the
farmer pays no other attention to his hogs than to ascer- ,
tain where they range, visit and salt ihem occasionally,

38 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
mark the young ones, and shoot or drive up such as have
become fat on the nuts or mast in the fall of the yean
If killed at the time, the meat is used for home consiimp-
tion, being too oily for foreign markets ; but when they
can be fed on corn for six or eight weeks, their former
mode of feeding is no objection. Sometimes immense
numbers of these hogs are seen far away from any set
tlements, as fierce, and when attacked scarcely less dan
gerous, than the bear or panther. When full grown,
wild and unmarked, they are shot as other game with but
little scruple; but not unfrequently very serious quarrels
arise as to the alteration of marks and other evidences
by which an ownership in these animals is claimed.
In most parts of the State, cattle, horses and sheep are
raised in great numbers, and of a quality to be in de
mand in the best markets.
The agriculture of the State will always, no doubt,
be the most important consideration, and we can as yet
form but very imperfect ideas of the improvements which
only a fe«r years will produce. Much of this may now
be seen in the quality of domestic animals, and in fact^
every species of farming, and evejy year seems to add
to the rapidity of the improvements.
MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE.
The manufactures and trade of the State will be spe
cially noted in the description of the towns and places
where they are carried on. Madison, and some of the
other towns on the Ohio, above the Falls, have much the
same advantages that are possessed and so successfully
employed in Cincinnati, for manufactures. In all the
southwest part of the State, and for 300 miles up the
Wabash, coal is found in abundance; in the centre and
north there is sufficient water power, and in the latter
inexhaustible beds of bog-iron ore, so that whenever
labor for agriculture ceases to be in demand, it wrill be
employed in manufactures. The wheat raised in the
State is mostly manufactured into flour within its limits,
though considerable quantities in the south-eastern part

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 39
are sent \o Cincinnati, and still more is sent from the
north, by the Wabash and Erie Canal and by the lakes,
to Canada and western New York. The manufactures
of Iron, Cotton, Paper, Lard Oil, &c., are becoming im
portant; but as yet large importations of these articles
are still made from abroad. The manufacture of whis
key is not carried on to any extent in the State, except
in and near Lawrenceburgh. Though not extensively
used, the home consumption is supplied most generally
from abroad.
There is no commanding position in the State at which
even a tenth of the whole business will ever centre.
Madison is at present the most important point; but
other places on the Ohio river are not much behind it;
while Indianapolis and Richmond in the interior, Fort
Wayne, Logansport, Lafayette, and Terre Haute on the
Wabash and Erie Canal, and South Bend and Michigan
City in the north, expect soon to equal the present busi
ness of Madison. The railroads and other improvements
now in progress, and the facilities that shall hereafter be
afforded to the business men of the State, leave yet much
in doubt as to the points which will, ten years hence, have
precedence. It is the public convenience and the gene
ral good, not State pride, which is to build our cities.
Pork and flour are at this time the principal articles of
export from the State; the former from the southern,
and the latter from the northern part. To these may be
added horses, mules, fat cattle, corn, poultry, butter, and
most of the agricultural products of the west. The
Ohio, Wabash, White and St. Joseph Rivers, the Madi
son and Indianapolis Railroad, Wabash and Erie arid
White Water Canals, furnish great facilities for trans
portation, and when to these are added the railroads now
in progress, there will be but a small portion which will
not be easy of access.
One of the most objectionable features inthe trade of
the State, is the disposition to monopolize, which has
prevailed too generally of late years in the pork and
wheat business. The prospect of securing a profit on a

40 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
large amount of produce is so exciting, that the flour and
pork trader finds it almost impossible to be moderate in
his calculations, and the result frequently is that he fails
altogether, or makes very large profits. In either case,
the influence'on the community is very unfavorable, for
the farmer suflTers in pocket when the trader fails to pay,
and in feeling when his profits are enormous. It is much
to be regretted that those who len^ capital to produce
dealers should not generally limit their accommodations
to the actual responsibility of the borrower, rather than
to that of his securities. CLIMATE AND HEALTH.
There are usually in the course of ten years, as many
days when the thermometer stands at over 100 deg., and
about as many in which it falls to 15 deg. below zero,
and it has been still lower though very rarely; but several
years sometimes pass, in which there is no day warmer
than 95 deg. above, or colder than 5 deg. below zero.
Except in some of the sandy parts of the State on the
lower Wabash, the climate uniformly corresponds to the
latitude, as there is no elevation of the surface or other
circumstance to make any special exceptions.
South of the 39th degree, which passes near Aurora,
Rockford and Carlisle, ploughing commences early ia
March ; gardens are made, oats sown and planting be
gun. At the 40th degree, which passes near Crawfords
ville and Noblesville, the business of the farmer is com
menced at least two weeks later in the spring, and north
of the 41st, which runs near Fort Wayne and Rochester,
the opening of spring is still later about ten days,
though seasons differ a good deal in these respects. Pro
bably the weather fluctuates at least nine-tenths of the
time from the freezing at 32 deg. of Fahrenheit, to 72
deg., forty degrees above.
J^l Cincinnati in 1819, it never rose above 94 deg., nor
fell below 12 degrees above zero, and the mean heat for
the year was 56 deg. 8 min. The number of clear days
m the year has been found in some parts of the west to

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 41
vary from 200 to 230, the cloudy from 75 to 100, and
those in which rain or snow falls from 70 to 90. There
being no mountains in the Slate either to collect or dis
perse the clouds, it is seldom showery. The rains "are
frequently very heavy for a few days and then follow
perhaps weeks of dry weather. The droughlie however,
do not often begin until the middle of summer, when the
growing crops are so far advanced that they are seldon*
much injured.
The climate is in general very favorable to health, ex
cept where immigrants from mountainous regions locale
themselves in the level and fertile bottoms or prairies.
For many years after the first settlement of these parts of.
the country, there is so much miasma produced by the
rotting of vegetable matter and the exposure of the allu
vion to the sun, that for two or three months in the year
bilious diseases are common. It is found by experience
too, that the ranges of hills or Bluffs, on the margin of
the large bottoms and prairies, are perhaps more un
healthy than the situations they overlook. But when
such places have been long cultivated, the ponds drained
and putrid vegetation lio longer abounds, they acquire a
general character of healthiness. Such has always been
the reputation of a large portion of the State, and there
can be no doubt that at least three-fourlhsi of it are as
favorable lo health as any part of the Union. Long
lives, good constitutions, and large famifies brought up
without ever having recourse to a physician, are com
mon; yet by the exposure and imprudence of immi
grants and others, there have been many instances of
such severe sickness and suffering that portions of the
Slate are still reckoned unhealthy. Affections of the
lungs are however rare where those of the liver prevail
and consumptions which are so common in many parts
of the Union are here comparatively unknown.
Much has been said about the milk-sickness, which is
supposed to prevail occasionally in some parts of the
State; as yet there has been no satisfactory e^lanalion
of the causes of this disease. Whether it originates from
4

42 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
an unknown vegetable, from springs infected by coming
in contact with minerals, or from poisonous exhalations
from the earth of certain districts, is earnestly disputed;
but 'no argument or fact alleged by the supporters of one
theory, has any weight with those of another. All that
is certain is, that if there be such a disease it is local and
more unfrequent as thetountry is improved. The writer
has never seen or heard any trace of it in the central
part of the State where he resides. Some of the coun
ties on the eastern and near the western borders are
thought to be the most affected by it. As the supposi
tion that this disease prevails in any neighborhood is cal
culated to affect the value of property there, and igno
rance and jealousy incline both to understate and over-
slate as to such matters, it is often very difficult to ascer
tain the real truth in relation to them.
There has been a great change in the character of the
diseases within the last Iwenty-five years. Formerly,
the robust and hardy settler and his family feared noth
ing but intermitting and bilious fevers, and those only
from August to October. That season is now, much
more healthy ; but the congestive and typhus fevers are
sometimes very fatal in winter, and most of the diseases
common in other Stales are now occasionally found
here. There can be no doubt that by persons after they are
acclimated, and by those who are born and brought up
in the country, there may be as much health enjoyed,
except where local causes prevent, as in any part of the
United Slates.
EDUCATION.
The ninth article of the Constitution of the State of In
diana, makes it the duty of the General Assembly to « pass
such laws as shall be calculated to encourage intellectual,
s'r'f ntifical and agricultural improvements," and to « pro
vide by law for a general system of education, ascending,
in a regular gradation, from township schools to a State
University, wherein tuition shall be gratis and equally

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. . 43
open to all." These requisitions of the Constitution on
the Legislature, which the members are bound by oath
to support, do not leave the establishment of free schools
to them as a choice, but make it incumbent upon them
as a duty; and no citizen of the State who for the last
thirty-three years has known, or ought to have known,
the injunctions of the Constitution, has any right to ask
them to be violated. He may leave the State if he
pleases, but while here, if he attempts to induce his rep
resentative to be guilty of perjury, he is an accomplice
in the crime.
The tax for a free school system, when properly ap
propriated, is, without question, the most important and
valuable that is ever levied on the citizen, for it- is re
turned to him four-fold, by creating an intelligent and
moral community, and thereby increasing the value and
security of property, and diminishing the expense of crime
and pauperism. The cost of vicious legislation and absurd
schemes, which a well informed constituency would not
endure for a moment, has been five-fold the expense of
giving a good education to every child in the State; but
nothing of this kind will be required to effect the objects
enjoined by the Constitution. The lands donated by
Congress for a State University, the fines assessed on
criminals, which are to be applied for the benefit of
coi^nty seminaries, and the thirty-sixth part of the whole
land in the State reserved in the several townships for
the use of cotnmon schools, would, if well managed, do
much to maintain a good system; and if to these a suit
able tax were added, the whole would be much more
likely to be well attended lo. In many parts of the
State this is now done, and voluntary contributions are
obtained in addition, so that with the public funds on
hand, the means of education are extended to most of
the youth in the vicinity. The inducements for the best
emigrants to purchase and settle in such neighborhoods,
adds so much to the value of real property, that the
owners might adopt this course even as a speculation.
It is much to be regretted, however, that in large por-

44 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
tions of the State a less liberal course has been pursued,
and by the census of 1840, it appears that one-seventh
of the whole adult population-were at that time unable
to read, and probably near one-half of those who can
read, do so very imperfectly. Of the children under
twenty and over five years of age, amounting at that
time to 273,784, only 48,189 were then attending the
primary and common schools; 2496 only were attend
ing the academies, and 322 the colleges.. This would
make only about eight weeks a year for each, if all at
tended a part of the time, and the schools were kept up
forty weeks in the year. Of course, some children at
tend school much more, and others less or none at all,
so that much too large a portion of the rising generation
is uneducated. The industry and enterprise required even from the
children of the early settlers, have frequently enabled
them to become useful and respectable citizens with but
little instruction from schools. But when the children of
the second generation, with more leisure and means, are
left without education, the consequences can scarcely
fail to be very injurious, and the time has now come
when every intelligent and patriotic citizen of the State
has high and important duties lo perform in introducing
such intellectual and moral instruction as will secure lo
future generations the benefits and privileges of our free
institutions. The legislature of the Slate has provided for the or
ganization of the State University at Bloomington, for
county seminaries in the respective counties, and for the
organization of common schools, distribution of school
funds, and raising taxes to build school houses, where
districts shall choose to do so ; but the regulations have
been so inefficient that funds have been often wasted;
there have been no sufficient provisions to secure good
teachers, and much the best schools in the State are
those that have been created by private liberality, and
which derive no benefit from the general law.
An act was passed by the last legislature to increase

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 45
and extend the benefits of common schools, by which a
tax of ten cents on the hundred dollars, a poll tax of
twenty-five cents, and a lax on Insurance companies,
may be annually assessed for common school purposes.
Although the voters of the Stale, by a large majority,
voted last j-ear for the establishment of free schools, and
although the Constitution requires them, yet the law is
not to take effect except in counties where the majority of
the voters shall again give their suffrages in its favor.
There is evidently a great improvement in pubHc opinion
as to the importance of education ; but the politicians of
the Stale are still far behind the spirit of the age. Under
the present law, it is much to be feared that where its
benefits are most needed, they will not soon be enjoyed.
The following is a brief history and description of the
principal Literary Institutions in the State, so far as ihey
could be obtained. Indiana University, Bloomington.
Before the organization of the State government, a
township of land in Gibson county was granted to the
Territory for the endowment of a College; about 4000
acres of this township was sold by the authority of the
Territorial Legislature, and the proceeds were applied for
theJbenefit of the Vincennes University. In 1816, a se
cond township of land, lying in Monroe countyj was
granted by Congress to the Stale, which, with the unsold
part of the other township, was directed to be held by
the Slate in trust for the purpose of establishing a College
or University.
In execution of this trust, the legislature appointed a
Board of Trustees, and authorized them to sell a portion
of the lands, erect a building, and establish a Seminary,
which took place in 1824. After some time, a second
instructor was added, and in 1829, a College was organ
ized under a President and two Professors, who consti
tuted the Faculty. In the winter of 1838, the institu
tion was chartered as an University, and in 1842, a law
department was established.

46 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Meantime, the number of Professors was increased ; a
Library and Chemical and Philosophical apparatus pro
cured, and three additional buildings erected. To defray
the expense in making these improvements, the remain
ing lands were sold and the surplus of the money accru
ing from the sale was vested in a fund, amounting to
about $80,000, which is managed for the University by
the Stale. The interest yielded by this fund, and the tui
tion fees, have so far sustained the University, though
the privilege of being instructed gratuitously has been
granted by the legislature to two students from each
county that may choose to send them.
The institution has not the zeal of any particular body
of Christians to rely on for support, being conducted on
the most liberal principles. Yet it has steadily advanced
from one degree of prosperity to another, until it has
attained its present eminent station of honor and useful
ness. The present officers of the corporation are,
David H. Maxwell, President.
Joseph M. Howe, Treasurer.
James D. Maxwell, Secretary.
Faculty.
Rev. Andrew Wyhe, D. D., President and Professor of Moral and
Mental Philosophy and Belles Lettres.
Daniel Read, A. M., Professor of Languages.
Rev. Theophilus A. Wylie, A. M., Professor of Natural Philosophy.
ReV, Alfked Ryors, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Civil En
gineering.
Hon. David McDonald and Hon. William T. Otto, Professors of
Law.
M. M. Campbell, A. M., Principal of the Preparatory Department.
The number of students in 1848 were,
Seniors, ----.-..g
J"°i,"=  12
bopnomores, "-----.21
Freshmen, ---.-...go
Scientific and Irregular, ----- . 39
Preparatory Department, - - . . - " . 50
Law Students, ---.--.go 177

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 47
The whole number of graduates from 1830 to 1848,
inclusive, was 115; of these fourteen are in the ministry.
The whole course of study in the College proper occu
pies four years. The winter session begins the first Mon
day of November and ends the last Wednesday of
March. The summer session begins the first Monday in
May and ends the last Wednesday in September. Thee
are vacations through the months of October and April.
Each of the four classes attends three recitations a day.
The fees in the College proper are $24 a year — in
the Preparatory department, $17 — in the law depart
ment, $20. Students can board and lodge in pri
vate families at from $1.25 to $1.50 per week. Bloom
ington is beautifully situated; the neighborhood is favor
able to health, and to the promotion of good morals.
Hanovek College.
This institution is located at Hanover, a pleasant vil
lage, with about 300 inhabitants, delightfully situated on
the Ohio River bluffs. It is six miles below Madison,
one mile from the river, and occupies a position of great
beauty and salubrity.
The College was originally established under the pa
tronage of. the Presbytery of Indiana, (then including
also the whole Stale of Illinois,) and was primarily de
signed lo raise up ministers of the gospel to supply the
great and increasing demands of the west. Many of
the rqinisteis who had come out from the east to what
was then a wilderness, had either fallen victims to the
" seasoning," or had returned whence ihey came, and the
few disheartened survivors became satisfied that a supply
could only be obtained by raising them on the ground.
The institution owes its establishment once and again,
and much of all its usefulness, to the zeal, energy and
self-denial of Rev. John Finley Crowe, D. D., the first
pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Hanover. It was
first opened by him as a grammar school, January 1st,
1827, in a log cabin, 16 by 18 feet, with six pupils, all
sons of elders in the church. One of these is now one
of the most distinguished scholars in the west, and two

48 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Others are among the most useful and successful minis
ters in Indiana. The number shortly increased to twenty,
of whom fourteen soon became professors of religion.
The log college was now too strait, and the stone church
was occupied until a suitable building could be erected.
This was effected only by great labor and exertion on
the part of the teacher and students. Aided by a few
with money, and by many with contributions of labor
and materials, an excellent two story brick seminary,
25 by 40 feet, and worth $1000, was erected in 1828,
at a cost, in money, of about $400. The succeeding
winter it was chartered by the legislature under the title
of Hanover Academy, and the ensuing fall the. superin
tendence was surrendered by the Presbytery to the
Synod of Indiana. From the beginning the manual
labor system had prevailed, and the students, with few
exceptions, had paid a great part of their expense by
their labor. Hon. Williamson Dunn and Mr. Crowe
now gave each fifty acres of land, lo form a Manual
Labor Farm ; many shops were soon added, and the sys
tem was conducted by the Board of Trustees for several
years on a large scale, and at an ultimate loss of many
thousands of dollars.
The object, from the first, being to furnish a supply of
ministers for the great west, in 1830, Rev. John Mat
thews, D. D., of Shephardstown, Virginia, became con
nected with Hanover Academy as Professor of Theology.
Dr. Matthews was very comfortably settled in Virginia,
and occupied a high position in the church when invited
to the infant seminary. He gave the matter a conscien
tious examination, deliberately made the exchange, and
from, that time to his death, in 1848, he was connected
with the Indiana Theological Seminary, first at Hanover,
then at New Albany. An example more worthy of imi
tation on the part of eminent clergymen in the older
states, than it has received.
The present College edifice, three stories high, 40 by
100 feet, was erected in 1832, and contained, besides a
chapel, lecture, and other public rooms, a large number
of dormitories for students — a plan soon abandoned, as

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 49
much inferior to the present one, of scattering students
among families. The third story was taken off in 1837,
on account of severe damage which the edifice received
from a violent tornado. In the winter of 1832, a col
lege charier was obtained from the legislature, against
strenuous opposition from the friends of the State Uni
versity at Bloomington. A similar application had been
defeated the previous year by the same opposition, from
a mistaken belief that there was not room for two insti
tutions. Hanover College was, therefore, the first De
nominational College in the State.
Rev. James Blythe, D. D., was the first president, and
held the office from 1833 to September, 1836. Under
his presidency, the manual labor system was in the full
est operation, and the number of students rose in 1835
to 230, the highest number the College has ever had.
His successors have been Rev. John Matthews, T). D.,
pro tern., (1836-37) Rev. Duncan Macauley, D. D.,
(January— August, 1838,) Rev. E. D. McMaster, D. D.,
(1838-43,) Rev. Sylvester Scovel, September, 1846.
The institution had never been endowed, and by the
failure of the manual labor system, the commercial dis
asters of the country, and the desolating effects of the
tornado above alluded to, a heavy debt was incurred,
which ultimately reached $15,000, and caused great em
barrassment, until il was liquidated in 1842, by the exer
tions of president McMaster. For several years, the
attendance during the year ranged from sixty to seventy,
and the institution was only kept up by great privations
and sacrifices on the part of the Faculty. In December,
1843, the charter was surrendered to the legislature
through the influence of president McMaster, and a new
one obtained for a University at Madison. The institu
tion was continued by Dr. Crowe and others, at Hano
ver, for a year, under the old academy charter, (revived
for the purpose by the legislature,) until a new college
charter was procured, of a more advantageous character
in some respects, than the old one. By its provisions, the
College is under the care of the Synod of Indiana, by whom

50

INDIANA GAZETTEER.

One-half of the trustees are appointed. The number of
students at this time was about seventy.
The College continued without a president until No
vember, 1846, when Dr. Scovel entered on the duties of
the office. Shortly after it was visited by a general and
powerful revival of religion, in which about thirty stu
dents were added to the College, and in all about 100
persons were added to the churches of the village. This
revival has continued with scarce an intermission, from
that lime, and is now prevailing in the College to a con
siderable extent.
A plan of endowment was speedily adopted, by which
about $25,000 have been secured, with an encouraging
prospect of making up the amount to $50,000. A very
valuable library has also been recently procured by the
liberality of the friends of the College, and also an excel
lent chemical apparatus, and geological cabinet.
Number of students for the last six years as follows :
1844, (one session)
1845, - - . -
1846, The Faculty consists of the following :
Rev. Sylvester Scovel, D. D., President and Professor of Moral and
Intellectual Philosophy and Evidences of Christianity.
Rev- John Finlky Crowe, D. D., Vice President, and Professor of
Logic, Rhetoric, History, and Political Economy.
S. H. Thomson, M. A., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Science.
M. Stdrgus, M. a., Professor of Greek, Latin, and Alumni Professor of
English Literature.
G. M. McLean, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Natural History.
A. C. Knox, Adjunct Professor of Greek and Latin, and Teacher of
German and Frenxh.
The institution is a Presbyterian Church College, and
conducted on christian principles. All the students are
required to recite regularly in the Bible, and all the Cal-
vinists and sons of Calvinistic parents, also, are required
to recite regularly in the shorter catechism. The Greek
Testament is also a part of the regular College course.
Quarterly reports are made to the parents or guardians,
of every pupil's conduct and progress in study.
The number of the Alumni is 100 ; of these more than

72

1847, -

- 104

89

1848, -

159

£7

1849, (propably) -

- 200

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 51
one-half are ministers of the gospel, or Theological stu
dents, chiefly Presbyterian ; besides a large number who
pursued their preparatory studies here, but did not gra
duate. At least 100 ministers have been trained in this
institution. The present number in attendance is 145. The an
nual expenses of a student, exclusive of books and cloth
ing, should not exceed $100. A considerable number
defray a great part of their expenses by their labor.
The surrounding population is moral and religious.
There are churches of the Presbyterian and Methodist
denominations in the village, and Seceder and Associate
Reformed churches in the immediate neighborhood.
The sale of intoxicating liquor has always been prohi
bited in the township, and cannot be procured nearer than
six miles. Indiana Asbury University.
The Indiana Annual Conference of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, at its session in 1836, determined to
found a University. The citizens of different places in
the Stale being desirous of obtaining the location of the
University, subscribed large amounts for this purpose.
The largest subscription having been procured at Green
castle, and also the place being deemed, from its favor
able position and acknowledged healthfulness, preferable
to any other offered, the location was accordingly made
at this place.
A large amount was subsequently subscribed, in differ
ent parts of the Slate for purposes of building and en
dowment. A considerable part of this was rendered
worthless by the embarrassments of the times that soon
followed. For awhile it was doubtful whether the insti
tution could soon be permanently founded or not. That
doubt has passed away in the success of the present en
dowment plan. One hundred thousand dollars worth of
scholarships has been been sold for the permanent endow
ment of a Faculty of Instruction. This fund is in pro
cess of collection and investment, which it is expected

52 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
will soon be finished. The University vcas chartered by
the legislature at the session of 1836-7. The charter
was amended at the session of 1846-7.
The Literary department of the University was opened
in the summer of 1837, by Professor Null. In 1839,
Rev. M. Simpson was elected the president, to whoise
talented administration, skilful and vigilant management
at home, and eloquence and industry abroad, is greatly
owing the present success of the University. In 1848,
Dr. Simpson was, by the General Conference of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, elected editor of the West
ern Christian Advocate, and resigned the presidency. At
the next meeting of the Board of Trustees; Rev. E. R.
Ames was elected president, but did not accept the
office. At a called meeting of the Board, November 1, 1848,
the Central Medical College of Indiana was made a part
of the University, and a Medical Faculty of seven mem
bers elected.
The Literary and Medical Faculties of the University
at present are as follows :
Literary Faculty.
William C. Larrabee, A. M., Professor of Mathematics.
John Wheeler, A. M., Professor of Latin.
Charles G. Downey, A. M., Professor of Natural Science.
Cyrus Nhtt, A. M., Professor of Greek.
Joseph Tingley, A. E., Tutor.
 Lynch, Tutor. Medical Faculty.
L. DcNLAP, M. D., Surgery and Surgical Anatomy.
J. S^ BoBBS, M. D., Anatomy, General and Special.
R. CuRRAN, M. D., Physiology and General Pathology.
T. W. CowGiLL, M. D., Theory and Practice of Medicine.
ri^pfudlnce""' ^'' ^'"'"" '"^'*"'' ^*'''<'^^«'<'« ^"-^ ^«*cai J"-
u. u. DOWNEY, A. M., Chemistry and Pharmacy.
Since the first opening of the institution, fifty-nine
young men have graduated.

•

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 53
The number of students in the different years is as
follows :

1839, 1840,
1841,1842, 1843,

85

1844,

123

1845,

134

1846,

127

1847,

167

1848,

177161171
237 295

Franklin College.
This College is located at Franklin, Johnson county,
Indiana. The College buildings are two; one a three
story brick, eighty feet by forty, and a small frame ap
propriated to the junior students. They are situated on
the east side of the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad,
on a beautiful eminence, which commands a full view of
the railroad and the town. The College is within one
hour's ride of Indianapolis, and four from Madison. ' It
was chartered in 1835, under the name of the Indiana
Baptist Manual Labor. Institute ; but its name has since
been changed to that of the Franklin College. The
number of students in actual attendance will average
one hundred.
Its Board of Instruction consists of a President, two
Professors, a Tutor, and a Principal of the Preparatory
Department. It is sustained principally by the donations
of its friends. For a few years past its progress has
been rapid, but if will be still more so, if the liberality
and enterprise of its patrons keep pace with the march
of intellect and the spirit of the age. Its moral and reli-
giO|Us character is deservedly high, and it offers the
strongest inducements to all who wish to form good
habits, and at the same time acquire a sound education.
St. Gabriel's College,
At Vincennes, under the control of the Roman Catho
lics, has a charter from the State and valuable buildings,
but is not now in operation. It is expected that it will
again receive pupils before th6 end of the year. There is,
however, at .Vincennes, a Theological Seminary, under

54 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
the care of the Rev. J. B. Chasse, and they have also a
Hbrary for the use of their clergy, containing about
10,000 volumes.
The University of Notre Dame Du Lac,
Also under the direction of the Catholics, is near South
Bend. The Society of Priests, who manage it are called
Priests of the Holy Cross.
The terms of tuition in the common branches for
boarders are $100 per annum ; for half boarders $40.
For classical course, with the higher branches, $20 more.
The French, Spanish, German, and Italian, are taught
for an extra charge of $12. The Priests having charge
of the institution are Rev. Edward Sorin, Superior;
Rev. Francis Cointett, Rev. Francis Gouesse, Rev.
E. Delisle.
The Sisters of Providence, twenty-six in number, with
ten novices and ten postulants, have academies for the
instruction of females at St. Mary's in the Woods, in
Vigo county, at Vincennes, at Madison, at Fort Wayne,
at Jasper, and at Terre Haute, and another will soon be
established at Evansville.Friends' Boarding School.
This institution is situated about half a mile west of
Richmond, in Wayne County. It is built of brick, four
stories high, and is intended to accommodate about 400
pupils, when completed. About two-fifths of the design
is finished, which embraces all west of the centre build
ing. This part will accommodate eighty pupils, an equal
number of each sex. There is attached to it a farm of
130 acres, which affords provisions for the school and
labor for the young men attending it. The institution is
devoted exclusively to the education of the children of
Friends, and all that attend it board in the building. It
went into operation in the summer of 1847. The course
of study embraces those sciences which are usually includ
ed in a good practical English education, and instruction
is also given in the Latin, Greek, and French languages.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 55
There is belonging to the school a well selected library,
of more than 700 volumes, and a good Philosophical and
Chemical apparatus. Indiana Medical College.
The Medical Departmeht of the Laporte University
was organized in January 1841, and a course of lectures
given by Drs. G. A. Rose, Daniel Meeker, J. P. Andrew,
and F. W. Hunt. They commenced with about twelve
students, and during the ensuing summer a building was
erected capable of accommodating 150 students. The
session of 1842 proceeded under the same Faculty, with
the addition of J. B. Niles, A. M., as Professor of Che
mistry, and twenty-seven students. After some changes
of the Faculty diiring the next three years, in which, for
a time. Dr. \V. J. Holcombe and Dr. Brown, of Kala
mazoo occupied chairs, a reorganization was effected in
1845, by Drs. Meeker, Richards, Shipman, Knapp, Hard
and J. B. Niles, Esq., and the present name was assumed.
At the close of the session of 1846-7, the chair of
Materia Medica, previously held by Dr. Knapp, was va
cated by the trustees, and Dr. E. Deming, of Lafayette,
appointed; and Dr. Higby also became one of the
Faculty. The number of students was 104. Graduates
twenty-seven. The session of 1848-9, commenced under the same
Faculty, with 100 students. The new College edifice
has been completed ; large additions have been made to
¦the Anatomical Museum, as well as to the Surgical appa
ratus, with drawings and other facilities for illustrating
the demonstrative branches of .Medical science. The
Chemical apparatus is very good, and the experiments
for illustrating that branch usually performed before the
classes, are numerous, accurate, and satisfactory.
An association called the North-western Academy of
Natural Sciences, was formed in 1846, by the Faculty,
and other friends of general science. It has already a
large collection of specimens in Geology, Natural His
tory, &c., and a valuable library.

56 INDIANA GAZETTEER. '
Wabash College.
• »
This institution owes its origin to a few friends of sound
learning, who were among the early settlers of the upper
Wabash valley. Convinced that the interests of educa
tion demanded the ¦ establishment of a College in the
northern half of the State, they matured their plans and
then made public the long cherished scheme of laying the
foundation of an institution which should be, to the fu
ture generations of this fertile valley, what the older col
leges have proved to the communities in which they have
been located. When it was founded, there were but
two colleges in the Stale, and both of therti were in their
infancy, and in the southern part. It was designed to
supply the educational wants of the prospectively richest
and most densely settled portions of Indiana, and was
located so far from then existing institutions as to show
that its founders were prompted by no sinister motives
and sought no conflict with similar enterprises for the
patronage of their fellow citizens. Aiming at the spe
cial advancement of no particular sect or party, either
in religion or politics, but seeking to promote the moral
and intellectual culture of the rising generation, the
founders of Wabash College evinced the purity of
their motives and the patriotism of their enterprise, by
associating the institution with the name ot the noble
stream from whose fertile valley its future pupils were to
be gathered, and by placing it under the control of no
ecclesiastical association.
Untrammelled and independent of sectarian dictation,
they determined that the Bible, both in the original and
vernacular tongue, should be the text book of morals in
their institution, and its principles should be daily incul
cated as the only true basis of a virtuous character. Con
vinced that Ihey would most effectually accomplish their
object and subserve the best interests of sound learning
and the real welfare of society, not by encouraging ;su'-
perficial attainments through the adoption of an abbre
viated and deceptive course of study, but by requiring

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 57
that length of time and extent of intellectual culture
which would most effectually develop and discipline the
mental powers, they prescribed such a period and variety
of preparatory and undergraduate studies, that those who
completed them, may fearlessly challenge comparison
with the alumni of any College in the Union.
With such enlarged and liberal views and generous
impulses, the trustees of the institution repaired to the
site selected for the College buildings, and there, in the
primeval forest, with uplifted hands and pious hearts,
they commended the infant enterprise to the guidance
and blessing of Almighty God. Thus were its foundations
laid with prayer, and its rising walls committed to the
smiles and protection of a benignant Providence. From
this expose of the motives and views of its founders, its
character and destiny may be readily inferred.
It is situated at Crawfordsville, Montgomery county,
on the great western mail route from Indianapolis to
Springfield, Illinois, forty-five miles from the former, and
twenty-seven miles from Lafayette. Being located at
the intersection of the above mail route with the railroad
from New Albany to Lafayette, it possesses every desir
able facility for access, and is unsurpassed for beauty of
site and salubrity of location, there not having been a
single death among its students for the last ten years,
and only two during the sixteen years of its operations,
and both of them by consumption.
The Preparatory department was opened in Decem
ber, 1833, with twelve students. It was incorporated in
January, 1834, and organized as a College in the autumn
of 1835, by the appointment of Rev. Elihu W. Bald
win, President, and John S. Thomson, E. O. Hovey,
and Caleb Mills, Professors. A large brick edifice, l06
feet long, forty-eight feet wide, and four stories high, was
erected in 1836-7, in the midst of a beautiful native
grove, on the ample grounds appropriated for the Col
lege buildings. This edifice was consumed by fire in
September, 1838, together with the Philosophical appa
ratus, the College and Societies' libraries, of about 3000
5

58 INDIANA GAZETTEER,
volumes. Encouraged by the sympathies and proffered
aid of the patrons of the institution, and the friends of
learning in different parts of the country, the trustees
made immediate arrangements to rebuild and repair the
loss. This was effected in one year, involving an ex
pense which its friends, at that period of commercial
embarrassment, were unable fully to meet, and rendered
it necessary to effect a loan of $8,000 from the Sinking
Fund of the State of Indiana. On this loan the trustees
paid nine per cent, interest, in advance, for three years,
amounting to $2,1«0. By special act of the legislature
of 1841-2, the payment of interest was suspended for
five years, till the amount, principal and interest, in
January, 1847, was $10,620. In the summer of 1846,
a few friends of the institution purchased Indiana State
bonds, without the knowledge of, or any conference
with, the trustees of the College, and presented them to
that body 'on condition that they would be of any ser
vice to them in the settlement of their loan with the
State. If no advantageous use could be made of them
in that settlement, they were to be returned to the do
nors. The trustees presented a memorial to the legisla
ture of 1846-7, requesting the passage of a law autho
rizing the Sinking Fund commissioners to receive eight
one thousand dollar State bonds, with their accumulated
interest, in part payment of the debt. A bill in accord
ance with this memorial was introduced into the Senate,
passed through its several readings, was thoroughly dis
cussed, and passed on the 31st of December, forty-one
voting for it and nine against it. On the 1st of January,
it was received in the House, referred to the committee
on pducation, went through its several readings, and after
thorough discussion, was passed . by a vole of forty-nine
to forty-eight. During the. pendency of the bill in the
House, an effort was made to defeat it by an appeal to
sectarian bigotry and influence. This opposition ac
counts for the vote in the House on its final passage, and
also subsequently led to a motion in the Senate to sus
pend the operation of the law for one year. The result

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 59
of this motion was a^ thorough and searching investiga
tion of the whole subject, which served to demonstrate
the equity and justice of the provisions of the law, and
to exhibit the generosity of the trustees in their offer to
educate, free of charge for tuition, one student from each
county in the State, for five years, to become a common
school teacher. The provisions of the law furnish ample
guaranty, that the Sinking Fund will never lose a cent
by this mode of settlement, unless the State of Indiana
repudiates; for the bonds are held by the commissioners
as evidence of a subsisting indebtedness of the State to
that fund, the suplus of which, alone, is applicable to the
common school fund. The following exhibit of the
mode of settlement, shows that the trustees paid the
State of Indiana every dollar of their indebtedness to
her, either in cash or her own obligations, and then
made a donation to the cause of common school educa
tion in the form of gratuitous instruction of teachers of
more than $9,000. The College debt was $10,620, which
was paid with eight State bonds, and the interest on the
same, amounting to $10,400, and the balance of $220,
in cash. These simple facts will enable every one to ar
rive at a proper estimate of the character of the opposi
tion, and ihe source whence it originated.
The institution is now furnished with a valuable Philo
sophical and Chemical apparatus, a rich Mineralogical and
Geological cabinet, a College library of about 4,000 vol
umes, and Societies' libraries of about 1,500, an aggre
gate of valuable books seldom found in the possession of
a new college in so early a period of its history. The
plan of the building is such that it affords accommoda
tions of a very superior character. It contains forty-
eight suits of rooms for the occupancy of students. Each
suit consists of one study room, of ample dimensions,
and two bed rooms, furnished with chairs, table, stove
and bedsteads for single beds. Provision is made for a
thorough ventilation of the rooms, which has contri
buted in no slight degree to the remarkable health en
joyed by the students.

6i) INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Commencement and Vacations. — The commencement
is on the Thursday nearest the 2&lh of July, follow
ed by a vacation of nine weeks, at the expiration of
which, the college year begins. This is divided into
three terms of about thirteen weeks each, succeeded
by a recess of one week at Christmas, and two weeks
during the first of April, and closed by the long vaca
tion. College Bills . and Other Expenses. — Tuition in the
Preparatory department is $18.00 per annum, or $6.00
per term; and in the- College department is $24.00
per annum, or $8.00 per terni. Room rent is $3.00
per term, and the charge for incidentals is $1.00 per
term. All these bills are payable in advance, each
term. Board in private families is from $1.00 to
$1.25 per week. The expense for board is materially
lessened by associations for the purpose, also by individ
ual self-boarding. The former mode reduces it to an
average of about eighty cents per week, and the latter to
fifty cents. Wood and lights will average $3.00 per
year. Washing is fifty cents per dozen. Text books
in the collegiate course, when procured from the text
book library, will cost about $2.00 per annum. Books
are procured and sold at cost to students, thereby dimin
ishing very materially the expense for the implements of
study. This expose shows that the annual expense for
College bills, wood, board, lights, and washing, is less
than $100. ®'
The Preparatory and Collegiate departments are un
der the sole charge and instruction of th,e Professors,
involving an amount of care, time and labor unknown
in those institutions where the Preparatory department
is placed under the sole and exclusive care and instruction
of an individual. It is the intention of the trustees to
secure an increased attention to the proper training of
those students, who contemplate engaging as common
school instructors, either temporarily or permanently.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 61
The present draft of from four to six hours per day, they
are now compelled to make on each of the Professors,
forbids enlargement in this important department of
their labors ; but they fervently hope that a generous
public will not long permit this desire to remain ungrati-
fied by withholding the means of support for additional
instruction. Some idea of the results of sixteen years' labor may
be obtained from the following facts gathered from its
history. Ten classes have been graduated with high
pronsise of usefulness in the several professions they have
entered, or are preparing to enter. There have been
connected with the institution from its foundation to the
present time, (May, 1849,) 610 individuals for a longer
ot shorter period. Of these more than 230 were hope
fully pious when they left the institution, and more than
ninety of them became so while connected with it, who
subsequently became members of Churches of four denom
inations. Thirl;y-four are ministers of the gospel of seve
ral branches of the church. Ohe hundred and five have
taught schools. Two are professors in two of our colleges,
and Qthersare engaged in various departments of instruc
tion in our own and other Slates. The time required to
complete the preparatory course of, study isfrom two to
three years.
The number Of students during the past year was 148,
being a considerable advance on that of any other year,
showing a gradual and healthful progress, and an in
creasing appreciation of the value of a thorough educa
tion on the part of the community at large.
The present members of the Faculty are,
Rev. Charles White, D. D., President.
Hon. Henry L. Ellsworth, Lecturer on Agriculture.
Edmund 0. Hovey, M- A., Professor of Chemistry and Geology.
William Twining, M. A., Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philoso
phy, and Astronomy,
Caleb Mills, M. A., Professor of Greek.
Samuel S. Thomson, M. A., Professor of Latin.

62 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
New Albany Theological Seminary.
This institution is under the care of seven Synods of
the Presbyterian Church, (Old School), viz: Indiana,
Cincinnati, Missouri, IlUnois, Northern Indiana, Ken
tucky and West Tennessee. It was commenced at Han
over, by the Synod of Indiana, in 1832, and continued
at that place till 1840, since which time it has been car
ried on at New Albany. The first professor, Rev. John
Matthews, D. D., was elected in 1831, and remained in
connection with the seminary from the time he entered
on his duties until his death, which took place in May,
1848. The Rev. George Bishop, A. M., was elected a
professor in 1834, and within about two years was re
moved by death. After his decease, instruction in his
department was procured temporarily until 1839, when
the Rev. James Wood, D. D., was elected professor, and
he occupies that position at the present time. In 1848, the
Rev. Erasmus D. MacMaster, D. D., and the Rev. Daniel
Stewart, A. M., were elected, and the three gentlemen
last named constitute the present Faculty. Dr. Wood
fills the chair of Dogmatic and Ecclesiastical History,
Church Government, the Sacraments and Pastoral The
ology ; Dr. MacMaster the chair of Didactic, Casuistic
and Polemic Theology ; and Professor Stewart the chair
of the Original Languages of the Sacred Scriptures and
Oriental Literature. The chair of Biblical Criticism,
Hermeneulics and Sacred Rhetoric, is to be filled by a
professor to be nominated by the Synod of Kentucky —
the right of nomination having been given by the direc
tors to that Synod on condition that the Synod raise the
endowment requisite for his support. Until the chair is
filled, its duties are discharged by professor Wood.
Since the foundation of the seminary, 124 candidates
for the gospel ministry have pursued their professional
studies within its walls, most of whom are now success
fully laboring in the cause of Christ, either as pastors,
professors and teachers, or missionaries.
The plan of the Seminary and the course of study are

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 63
substantially the same as at Princeton. Three years are
required 10 complete the course. The Seminary year
commences on the last Thursday of September, and
closes on the last Thursday of May. No charge is made
for tuition, but each student is required to pay $8.00 per
year to the general expense fund. The price of board
is $1.50 per week. Other incidental expenses are about
the same as at other places in the west.
The library contains upwards of 2,600 volumes, and
the number is constantly increasing. To these the stu
dents have free access, without charge. Rooms are
likewise provided and furnished with beds and bedding,
and the gratuitous use of them is granted to the regular
members of the Seminary. In order to obtain admission
to the institution as a regular member, the applicant
must be a candidate for the gospel ministry, and furnish
satisfactory evidence of his being a communicant in
some evangelical christian church, and of his having either'
graduated at some college, or gone through a thorough
course of classical and literary instruction. But any per
son who sustains a good moral character is permitted, if
he desires il, lo attend the recitations, lectures, and other
exercises of the Seminary.
Thirty-two thousand dollars have been secured to
wards endowing the institution. Of this sum $10,000
was given by Elias Ayres, Esq., of New Albany, de
ceased, as a foundation for one professorship. The other
$22,000 has been raised in Indiana, Ohio, Missouri, Illi
nois, and in the east. A small amount has been raised
in Tennessee, but no general effort has yet been made to
collect funds for the Seminary in that Slate. The same
remark applies to Kentucky, where it is expected the
entire support of one professor will be obtained as soon
as a suitable man is nominated, and the requisite exer
tions are made to raise the endowment.
A beautiful and conspicuous site has been purchased,
overlooking the three cities of New Albany, Louisville,
and Jeffersonville, and affording a commanding view of
the falls of the Ohio, and of the river itself for several

64 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
miles in extent. As soon as suflScient means are obtained
for this purpose, a commodious building will be erected
on the new site, the library increased to 10 or 12,000
volumes, and every facility furnished to render the insti
tution as attractive to the student as any seminary in the
United States. The present site is pleasant, and the ac
commodations, as far as they go, inviting. They are
sufficient for forty students, and will be enlarged imme
diately, when more than this number shall enter the
Seminary. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS— CIVIL DIVISIONS.
By the Constitution of the State of Indiana, the rights
and privileges usually guarantied in other states to the
citizens, are to be observed and protected here. The
powers of the government are to be divided into Legis
lative, Executive, and Judiciary, and to be confided to
separate bodies of magistracy, neither to interfere with
the other, except when expressly permitted. The Legis
lative authority is vested in a General Assembly, consist
ing of a Senate and House of Representatives; the
former is chosen once in three years; it is not to be less
than one-third, nor more than one-half the number of
the Representatives, and each Senator must be over
twenty-five years of age, and have resided two years in
the district from which he is chosen. The House of
Representatives is not to exceed one hundred in number.
Each member must be twenty-one years of age, and
have resided one year, next preceding his election, in the
county from which he is chosen. Senators and Repre
sentatives are to be apportioned every five years accord
ing to the number of voters in their respective districts;
the election is to take place on the first Monday of Au
gust, and the General Assembly is to meet on the first
Monday of December, annually, unless otherwise directed
by law. Members of the Legislature can hold no office
under the General Government, nor any under the State,
except a mihtia office, nor can any collector or holder of
public money have a seat in the Legislature, until he

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 65
has accounted and paid over all dues. Laws and Reso
lutions passed by the Legislature, hefore taking effect,
are to be presented to the Governor and approved by
him, or being disapproved, are to be passed again by a
majority of all the members elected to both houses.
The supreme executive power of the State is vested in
a Governor, chosen every three years, but cannot hold
office over two terms in succession. He must be at least
thirty years of age, a citizen of the United States ten
years, and a resident of the State five years next preced
ing his election. He is to nominate the Judges of the
Supreme Court, to be approved by the Senate; to fill
vacancies in offices occurring during the recess of the
Legislature, when they are to choose the officers ; and he
has the full power of pardoning and reprieving crimi
nals, and of remitting fines and forfeitures. His salary
is neither to be increased nor reduced during his term of
office, and he is to hold no other office at the same time.
A Lieut. Governor, with the same qualifications as the
Governor, is to be chosen at the same time, who is
merely the President of the Senate, except when a va
cancy occurs in the office of Governor, when he sup
plies it.
A Secretary of State is to be chosen by the Legisla
ture every four years, and an Auditor of public accounts
and a Treasurer of Slate every three years.
All Judges hold their offices seven years. The Presi
dent Judges are chosen by the Legislature, and the Asso
ciate and Probate Judges by the people.. Clerks of
Courts and Recorders are chosen by the people for seven
years. Justices of the Peace for five years, and Sheriffs
for two years. White male citizens of the United States
who have resided in the State for a year, may vote in
the county where they reside.
The Militia choose their own officers, except that the
commissioned officers of the respective brigades and divi
sions choose their own Brigadier and Major Generals.
There is to be but one Bank in the State, which shall

66 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
be denominated the Slate Bank, and which shall not
have exceeding a branch for three counties.
It is made the duty of the General Assembly to pro
vide for a general system of education. Ten per cent.
of the donations for county seats are to be reserved for
County Libraries, and all fines and forfeitures are appro
priated for County Seminaries. Slavery is forever pro
hibited. The State is at this time divided into ninety counties^,
and each county is divided into townships, of which
there are usually from five to fifteen in each county ; the
subdivisions being made by the county authorities, and
for the public convenience. Several cities have been
incorporated in the Slate, by special charters from the
legislature, and a large number of towns have also been
incorporated in the same way, or under the provisions of
a general law which authorizes these incorporations, and
gives them the power, under some restrictions, of making
their own by-laws. These cities and towns usually in
clude but a small part of the civil townships, and the
residents of the city or town, as the case may be, almost
uniformly elect their own officers. All these will be
particularly described under the proper names. The
State is at present divided into ten Congressional Districts,
which, as they will be changed after the election for the
year 1849, will not be specially described. i
The judicial districts, or circuits, are also subject to
change, but the changes hereafter will probably be much
less frequent. The first circuit consists of the counties
of Benton, Clinton, Fountain, Montgomery, Tippecanoe
and Warren ; President Judge, Isaac Naylor; time ex
pires 1852.
The second circuit embraces the counties of Clark,
Floyd, Harrison, Jackson, Orange, Scott and Washing
ton; William T. Otto, President Judge; time expires
1852. * ^
The third circuit embraces the counties Of Bartholo- .
mew, Jefferson, Jennings, Ohio and Switzerland ; Court-
land Gushing, President Judge; time expires 1852.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 67
The fourth circuit embraces the counties of Crawford,
Dubois, Gibson, Perry, Pike, Posey, Spencer, Vander
burgh and Warrick ; James Lockhart, President Judge ;
time expires 1853.
The fifth circuit consists of the counties of Boone, Ham
ilton, Hancock, Hendricks, Johnson, Marion and Shelby;
William J. Peaslee, President Judge; time expires 1850.
The sixth circuit embraces the counties of Fayette,
Henry, Rush, Union and Wayne; J. T. EUiott, President
Judge ; time expires 1851.
The seventh circuit embraces the counties of Clay,
Knox, Parke, Putnam, Vermillion and Vigo ; John Law,
President Judge ; time expires 1852.
The eighth circuit embraces the counties of Carroll,
Cass, Fulton, Jasper, Miami, Pulaski, Wabash and White ;
Horace P. Biddle, President Judge; time expires 1854.
The ninth circuit embraces the counties of Elkhart,
Kosciusko, Laporte, Lake, Marshall, Porter and St. Jo
seph; E. M. Chamberlain, President Judge; time ex
pires 1850.
The tenth circuit embraces the counties of Brown,
Daviess,-Greene, Lawrence, Martin, Monroe, Morgan and
Owen; David McDonald, Pres. Judge; time expires 1853.
The eleventh circuit embraces the counties of Black
ford, Delaware, Grant, Howard, Jay, Madison, Randolph
and Tipton; Jeremiah Smith, President Judge; time ex
pires 1853.
The twelfth circuit consists of the counties of Adams,
Allen, DeKalb, Huntington, Lagrange, Noble, Steuben,
Wells, and Whitley ; James W. Borden, President Judge ;
time expi'res 1855.
The thirteenth circuit consists of the counties of Dear
born, Decatur, Franklin and Ripley; George H. Dunn,
President Judge; time expires 1854.
POPUJjATION.
The population of the Territory of Indiana in 1800, was
4875; in 1810,24,520; in 1816, when the Constitution
was formed, it was estimated at 65,000; in 1820, it was

68 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
147,178; in 1830, 343,081; in 1840, 685,866; and if
there was the same relation to the Presidential vote in 1848
that there was in 1840, the population on the 7th No
vember, 1848, was about 916,000; but as the interest
and excitement were the greatest at the former period,
the population at this time must be about 1,000,000; and
at the next census it will be at least 1,060,000. The
voles for Governor in 1816, were 9,145; at the election
in 1848, they were 153,462.
RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.
There may be found in Indiana the same religious so-
ciieties that prevail in the other Western States, but it is
not practicable to obtain correct statistical information
as to all of them. Great changes are constantly taking
place by immigrations to and from the State, and by the
fitful exertions more common, perhaps, in new countries
than elsewhere, by which new members are induced to
join the different churches, and for a time feel much inte
rest in them ; and then, sometimes, not a few of the new
converts soon after resume their former habits and feel
ings. In many parts of the State, there will be found as
much permanence in the religious organizations as in any
other portions of the Union. A few of the eariy settlers
determined to establish and maintain the regular preach
ing of the gospel, and the spirit they manifested soon
gave them strength, by additions both at home and from
abroad. The efforts of the most of these early pioneers
have been abundantly prospered, both temporarily and
spiritually, and in general, far beyond their most san
guine anticipations. ^,
When one religious society has increased its means
of usefulness by building a good church, patronizing a
high school, or improving the hearts and minds of those
under its influence, other societies in the vicinity must
not falter in their benevolent efforts, and the consequence
is, the tone of moral feeling is elevated, and sectarian
discord almost ceases to distract the community. Many
of the patriarchs, who are thus sending down to future

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 69
generations the impress of their characters, will stand
high as public benefactors when the results of their la
bors are seen hereafter.
There are also other parts of the State in which there
is a very great indifference about religious instruction.
The first settlers, or principal men, were careless on the
subject, or the leaders of the different denominations spent
their strength against each other, or the spirit of true I'e-
ligion, intended to produce zeal and concert of action for
good, was wanting, and the consequences have almost
uniformly been disastrous.
It requires but little observation in this State to see an
intimate connection between attention to religious truth
and worldly prosperity, and the best results are without
question produced where different denominations, each
in its appropriate way, are earnest to effect the objects
of their mission. Thus a community composed of emi
grants from various stales and countries, and with opin
ions, teinperaments and habits exceedingly diversified, is
not unfrequently influenced to act the most efficiently in
promoting, in different ways, the same great objects.
The Methodist Episcopal Church is the most nu
merous religious denomination in the State, and there are
but few parts of it to which their travelling or local
preachers do not, with more or less frequency, preach
the gospel. The Indiana conference embraces that part
of the State lying south of the National road, but includ
ing the Central and Western charges at Indianapolis,
and has 115 Travelling and 290 Local Preachers, 400
Meeting Houses, 33,262 Church Members, 319 Sabbath
Schools,3,030 Officers and Teachers, and 14,901 Scholars.
The North Indiana Conference, embracing the remainder
of the State, has 108 Travelling and 258 Local Preach
ers, 26,302 Church members, 293 Sabbath Schools, 2,260
Officers and Teachers, and 12,744 Scholars. The whole
number of Church Members is now over 60,000.
The Districts and Preachers in the Indiana Confer
ence are as follows:
Indianapolis District. — E. R. Ames, F. C. Holliday,

70 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Wm. Morrow, A. H. Sharpe, J. V. R. Miller, James
Crawford, W. C. Hensley, James Corwin, J. W. Sullivan,'
T. G. Behand, A. B. Nesbit.
Ch-eensburgh District, — James Havens, E. H. Sabin^
C. B. Jones, Wm. McGinnis, James Whiteman, G. H.
McLaughlin, Jacob Miller, Charles Mapes.
Connersville District. — L. W. Berry, H. J. Durbifl?
F. H. Potts, J. L. Winchester, C. H. Kelly, Jacob Myers,
W. W. Snyder, J. C. King, E, Rutledge, Levi JohnsonJ
W. Terrel, Hayden Hays.
Lawrenceburgh District. — E. G. Wood, C. B. David
son, James Jones, B. T. Griffith, J. Bruner, J. R. McRea,
R. P. Sheldon, W. C. Smith, S. P. Crawford, J. Miller,
Benj. Coffin, John Wallace, J. W. Dole, W. M. Fraleyf
Agent, &c. "'
Madison District. — W. M. Dailey, W. Prescott, G.
W. Maylick, J. S. Bayless, J. E. Tiffany, J. Crawford,
Lewis Hurlburt, Seth Smith, Amos Russey, H. S. Tal-*
bolt, C. Curran, J. W. Millander, B. R. Prather. '
New Albany District. — John Kearns, James Hill, T.
H. Rucker, T. M. Eddy, J. A. Brouse, M. Miller, E. S.
Kemp, G. C. Smith, Silas Rawson, A. Wilkenson, George
Havens, G. Gonzales, J. J. Stallord.
Vincennes District. — E. Whitten, J. B. Lathrop, D.
Williamson, Thomas Ray, Z. S. Clifford, E. W. Cddwell,
G. W. Walker, F. H. Carey, Samuel Weeks.
Evansville District. — John Kiger, T. A. Goodwin,
W. V. Daniel, J. W. Julian, C. C. Holliday, M. A. Hesi
ter, F. A. Hester, J. R. Linderman, T. J. Ryan, R. S.
Robinson, H. D. Chapman, J. H. Noble, N. F. Tower.
Putnamville District. — J. Tarkington, L. Forbes, E.
D. Long, E. W. Bemiss, N. Shumate, J. R. Williams,'
Bruner, John Talbott.
Bloomington District. — A. Robinson, J. McElroy, B.
F. Craig, L. Havens, Daniel Mclntyre, J. H. Hamilton,
S. Tincher, J. W. Powell, J. R. Odell, H. S. Dane, Wm.
Butt. The Districts and Preachers in the North Indiana'
Conference are as follows :

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 71
Indianapolis District. — R. Hargrave, G. M. Beswick,
Pi M. Richmond, J. C6zar, Wade Posey, 0. P. Boydon,
J. W. Smith, J.F. McAnnally, W. J. Forbes, J. B. John-
sou, J. B. Mershan, Wm. Pentzer.
C^ntreville District.— S. T. Gillett, J. C. Smith, C. W.
Miller, L. Taylor, J. C. Bobbins, J. R. Tansey, Miles
Huffaker, Daniel Demotl, J. B. Birt.
Peru District. — O. V. Lemon, J. S. Donaldson, L. W.
Munson, J. C. Medsker, M. M. Haun, J. W. Bradshaw,
James Sparr, Wm. Anderson, A. Skillman, E. Doud, A.
Carey. Logansport District.— J. M. Stallard, W. F. Wheeler,
J. W. Barrett, George Guild, B. Webster, H. Bradley, J.
S. Hatfield, R. A. Newton, John Leach, E. A. Hazen,
E. Hall, M. Johnson.
Laporte District. — John Daniel, H. C. Benson, J. P.
Jones, W. G. Stonex, Wm. Hamilton, Abm. Salisbury,
D. F. Stright, W. P. McMillan, F.Taylor, E. J. Kirk» H,
B. Hull, J^ D. G. Pettijohn.
, Fort Wayne District. — Samuel Brentoii, Wmj Wilson,
T. F. Palmer, A. Bradley, S. Lamb, E. Maynard, J. J.
Cooper, J. M. Stagg, J. H. Bruce, Wm. Graham, J. R.
Davis, S. T. Stout, S. C. Cooper, A. Johnson.
Greencastle District. — W. H. Goode, W. C. Larrabee,
Cyrus Nutt, B. F. Tefft, J. H. Hull, W. H. Smith, H.
B. Beers, Enoch Wood, E. S. Preston, T. H. Sinex, Hez-
ekiah Smith, J. C. Read, Nelson Greene, Jesse Hill, S.
T. Cooper.
Crawfordsville District. — James Marsee, M. Mahan,
A. Beech, H. N. Barnes, J. Colclazier, T. S. Webb, D. B.r
Clary, John Edwards, Enoch Holdstock, Thomas Bartlett,
James Rickets.
Lafayette District. — J. L. Smith, G. M. Boyd, B. Wi-
nans, M. Fannimore, S. N. Campbell, James Johnson,
Jos. White, N. E. Manville, J. K. Aldrich, J. B. Demott,
R. D. Robinson, George M. Warner.
The Regular Baptists are numerous. This denomi
nation has, in this Slate, 42 Associations, 665 Churches,
275 Preachers, 95 Licentiates, and 27,200 Communicants.

72 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
In 1812, and for many years subsequent, there was only
one regular Baptist in this Stale* to every thirty-five of
the population. Although the sentiments of Alexander
Campbell and of Parker, were the means, some years
since, of diminishihg this denomination by many thou
sands, yet her proportionate increase has kept pace with
that of the population, and is now even advancing upon
it. They have a "General Association" for Domestic
Missionary purposes, which raises about $1,600 per an-
.num for that object, and aids in the support of more
than thirty Preachers. A large majority of this denomi
nation are Missionary Baptists, and the minority is ra
pidly diminishing. They also have a Foreign Missionary
Society — an auxiliary to the American and Foreign Bible
Society; and an Indian Mission Society for the spread of
the Gospel among the Aborigines of our country, all of
which collect more or less funds^ annually, for the pro
motion of their respective objects. They also have a
flourishing College at Franklin, Johnson county, twenty
miles south of Indianapolis, with a President, two Pro
fessors, one Tutor, a Principal of the Preparatory de
partment, and 120 scholars.
The Christian Church. — Owing to the fact that this
denomination of Christians have neither Conferences,
Associations or Synods, it is found difficult in making up
their statistics, to do more than approximate to their
number. We do not pretend to exactitude. Congrega
tions 150, Ministers about 80, Communicants about
30,000. The Society of Friends in this State may be esti
mated at about 15,000 members, residing in the counties
of Wayne, Henry, Randolph, Fayette, Rush, Hancock,
Grant, Hamilton, Morgan, Hendricks, Washington, Jack
son, Orange, Parke, Montgomery, Vermillion, Tippeca
noe, and more or less in many other counties. They
have nine Quarterly meetings, about 27 Monthly meet
ings, and about 80 Congregations, or meetings for wor
ship in the State. The last assemble regularly twice in
the week and sit together in solemn silence, in case no

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 73
one should believe himself moved by the Holy Spirit to
prayer or to address the meeting in the way of the
ministry. Their Yearly Meeting embraces not only all the mem
bers in this Stale as above, but nearly one-half of the
State of Ohio, and some in other States adjacent. It is
held annually at White Water, near Richmond, in
Wayne county, on the Fifth day preceding the First day
in the Tenth Month, and is a very large congregation,
continuing about a week, in which all the members who
choose to attend, may sit. Matters relating to the disci
pline, welfare and prosperity of the Church are here con
sidered ; and during the meeting, several sessions are
held especially for public worship. Reports are received
from all the Quarterly Meetings, now fifteen in number,
intended to show the state of the Society, in various de
partments, as to religion ; also the condition of the
schools and the progress of education.
The Society have about 5,000 children in this Stale, of
a suitable age to go to school; 52 schools under the care
of the Society, having about 2,500 scholars, and about
the same number of children taught in schools not under
the care of the Society. There are very few, if any,
who are not receiving some education.
A boarding school has been recently established near
Richmond, in which, besides the ordinary subjects, seve
ral of the higher branches are taught.
Internal organizations of committees exist for the en
couragement of education and schools — for the relief
and instruction of the Africans who have had their free
dom — and for the civilization and instruction of the
Shawnese Indians, (amongst whom they have kept up
schools for a considerable number of years,) all of which
give an active attention to the subjects under their care.
The poor of the Society are not permitted to become
a public expense, but are taken care of by the Society.
The Hioksites, or other branch of the Society of
Friends, have a repugnance to the term generally ap
plied to them. Both Societies claim to hold the same
6

74 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
doctrines entertained by the original projectors of the
Society, or as they term it, "Early Friends." In the
enumeration of their members they include men, women
and children, as all children born to members have a birth
right. It is supposed the aggregate members of Indiana
Yearly Meeting is about 20,000. The first Yearly Meet
ing of Indiana was held at Whitewater, in the Slate of
Indiana, in the year 1821. In the Meeting of 1834, it
was agreed that it be held alternately at Whitewater,
(Richmond,) and at Miami, (Waynesville,) in the State
of Ohio. Such is the language of the Book of Disci
pline, reprinted by the Society of Friends, in 1835. By
the term, "Society of Friends," in this case is meant
that religious body which originated about the middle of
the 17lh century, under this designation, and not thai
denomination which is sometimes confounded with it,
but is readily distinguished from it by its acknowledged
title of " Orthodox " Society of Friends. Indiana Yearly
Meeting of Friends consists of three Quarterly Meet
ings, and about fifteen Monthly Meetings, among the
largest of which is While Water Monthly Meeting, held
at Richmond, in Wayne county. This Monthly Meet
ing consists of about 2,000 members. The writer has no
means at command of giving the members belonging lo
the Yearly Meeting, nor to any of its branches except
the above, the Society having always manifested a disin
clination to a parade of numbers.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Ministers
of this denomination in this Slate belong to four distinct
organizations, to- wit: 1. The Synod of Indiana, embrac
ing/ fourteen Ministers, about forty Churches, with a
membeiship of about 3,200. 2. The German Synod, of
Indianapolis, Ministers twelve. Churches twenty, mem
bers about 2,000. 3. Members of the Synod of Missouri,
and adjacent Slates, Ministers twelve. Churches about
twenty, members about 2,000. These Ministers have a
Theological Seminary at Fort Wayne. 4. The Olive
Branch Synod, organized in October, 1848, Ministers
SIX, with four others in the Stale who will unite at its

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 75
next session. Churches about twenty, members about
1,000. Tn addition to the above 48 Ministers, 100
Churches, and 8,200 members, there are two Ministers not
in connection with either of the above Synods, and per
haps 3,000 members not yet organized into churches, and
to a great extent destitute of the means of grace, so far
as their own Church is concerned.
Universalism has been preached in this State, more
or less, for twenty years, but not until within six or seven
has there been much attention paid lo organization; and
at this time if is supposed there are more believers out of
the churches of this denomination than in them. Within
a few years, there has been a rapid increase of the adhe
rents to that form of Christianity, and it now has un
yielding advocates in all parts of the Stale. There are
twenty-nine Preachers, fifteen Meeting Houses, fifty-five
Societies, ten Associations, and one Convention of that
denomination in the State, and they publish two periodi
cals, The Western Olive Branch, Indianapolis, E. Man-
ford, Editor and Proprietor, and the Independent Uni-
versalist, Terre Haute, E. M. Knapp, Editor.
The Old School branch of the Presbyterian Church
is composed of two Synods; the Synod of Indiana, and
the Synod of Northern Indiana. In the Synod of In
diana there are six Presbyteries, viz: New Albany, Vin
cennes, Madison, Crawfordsville, Indianapolis and White
Water, in which there are 64 Ministers, 107 Churches,
and 5650 Communicants. In the Synod of Northern
Indiana, there are four Presbyteries, Logansport, Michi
gan, Lake and Fort Wayne, in which there are 29 Min
isters, 61 Churches, and 2175 Communicants. In both
Synods there are ten Presbyteries, 93 Ministers, 168
Churches, and 7825 Communicants.
The New School branch of the Presbyterian Church
has but one Synod, which includes the whole territory
embraced in the Stale, and does not extend beyond it.
In it there are seven Presbyteries, 75 Ordained Ministers,
six Licentiates, about 120 Churches, and not less than
5,000 members. The names of the Presbyteries are Sa-

76 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
lem, Madison, Crawfordsville, Indianapolis, Logansport,
Fort Wayne and Evansville. Of the Ordained Minis
ters, one is President of Wabash College, four are Pro
fessors in the same institution, three are agents of benev
olent societies; the remainder, with some few exceptions,
are engaged exclusively in the duties of the ministry,
each in connection with one or more congregations,
either as Pastor or staled supply.
The Roman Catholic Church in this State is em
braced within theDioceseof Vincennes, and at this time is
under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Right Rev. Mau
rice De St. Palais, who was consecrated on the 14th Jan
uary last. The Catholic population numbers from 30
to 40,000 souls. The number of Clergymen employed
in their ministry is 38. They have charge of 51 churches
and chapels. The following are their names, together
with the most important missions which they attend:
Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier, Vincennes. — Right
Rev. Maurice De St. Palais, Bishop: Rev. E. Audran,
Parish Priest; Rev. J. B. Chasse.
Church of St. Charles, (German). — Very Rev. Conrad
Schneiderjons. St. Simon's, Washington. — Rev. J. McDermott.
St. Patrick's.— Rev. B. Pierce.
St. Mary's, Mount Pleasant. — Rev. P. Murphy.
St. Joseph's, Jasper. — Rev. J. Rundek.
Ferdinand, ^c— Rev. W. Doyle.
St. John ihe Baptist, Perry Co.— Rev. A. Bessqnies.
Evansville. — Rev. A. Deydrier.
St. Joseph's, Sfc, Vanderburgh Co.— Rev. R. Wein-
zoephlin. St. Michael and Madison. — Very Rev. H. Dupontavice.
Columbus, ^c. — Rev. D. Molony.
Jennings Co., SfC.—A. Munshina.
New Albany, ^-c- Rev. S. Neyron.
Lanesville, <^c.— Rev. J. Dion.
St. John's, New Alsace.— Rev. M Stahl
St. Joseph's, 4-c.— Rev. A. Bennet.
Brookville, ^-c.— Rev. M. Engelm

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 77
St. Nicholas, Ripley Co. — Rev. Joseph Rudolph.
St. Andrew's, Richmond.-— Rev. A. Carius.
Indianapolis, SfC. — Rev. John Guiguen.
St. Mary's, Lafayette, ^-c.^Rev. M. Clarke.
Lagro, 6fC. — Rev. J. Ryan.
Logansport, ^c — Rev. P. McDermot.
Fort Wayne, SfC. — Rev. J. Benoit and Rev. E. Faller.
South Bend, SfC. — Rev. E. Sorin.
Terre Haute. — Rev. S. P. Lalumiere.
St. Mary's of the Woods. — Very Rev. John Corbe.
The country which now comprises the Stale of In
diana, was visited by Jesuit Fathers as early as the end
of the 17th century. They then established missions
among the Indians who had been previously the only in
habitants of the country, and remnants of these mis
sions still exist among the Pottawatamies. Father Mar-
rest is first known as having worked in this field. Fa
ther Marquette is supposed to have been another, the
one in the north, the other in the south. Another was
taken prisoner by the Chickasaws along with Morgan
De Vincennes, in Artaguelte's expedition, and both were
burnt at the slake in 1736. There is, however, not much
certainty as to the labors of these Jesuit missionaries
before the year 1749. The records of the Church of St.
Francis Xavier, at Vincennes, show the existence, at
that time, of a regular mission, composed of converted
Indians, and French soldiers belonging to a little fort
called Post Vincennes, under the care of Father Meurin.
It continued under the care of Priests belonging to the
same religious society until the year 1770, when their
names disappear, and the Rev. M. Gibault, a secular
Priest under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Quebec,
took charge of the Church. He resided, however, mostly
at Kaskaskia, in Illinois. This Priest was of considerable
service to Gen. Clarke, in aiding him to take possession
of Vincennes, which had been previously held by the
English. In 1810, Bardstown, in Kentucky, being made the See
of a Bishop, Indiana fell under his jurisdiction, and was

78 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
supplied with Priests from Kentucky until the year 1834,
when Vincennes received a Bishop, the Right Rev. Simon
Gabriel Brute, a native of France, and highly distinguished
for talents, learning and piety. Until Bishop Brute arrived,
there were but few Catholics in the State, and generally
but one or two Priests. Before his death, in Juiy 1839,
he had supplied his Diocese with Priests, and had estab
lished twenty-five Churches. His memory has been held in
much reverence by his own flock, and all Protestants who
knew him personally. His successors were the Right
Rev. Celestine De la Hailandiere and Right Rev. J. Ste
phen Bazin, who died on the 23d April, 1848. Under
the administration of those Bishops the Church continued
to prosper.
The missions to the Indians have been the most sue-
cessful among the Pottawatamies, of whom there were
about 4,000 in Northern Indiana. The chief village and
the chief mission was at Chilchakos, near the Tippecanoe
river. Their conversion dales about 200 years back.
The Catholic Priests penetrated alone every where, pre
ceding even the traders, and announced fo the wild in
habitants the truths of Christianity. By the spirit of
self-sacrifice they shared in the toils, and hardships of the
ferocious savage, and thereby gained his friendship. At
first the efforts to convert the Indians were almost uni
versally at the expense of the lives of the Priests. But
when the Pottawatamies yielded to conviction, as has
generally been the case with Indians, they were scarcely
less firm and devoted than the primitive Christians.
When the Priests left them and they remained for many
years destitute of spiritual instruction, they taught each
other and attempted to preserve the religious influences
they had enjoyed. When a Priest, who was afterwards
a Bishop, met one of their Chiefs, he erAreated him, if he
would not visit them, at least to pass through their woods,
for the very thought of the "man of prayer" having
been through their country, would, he said, be sufficient
to remind them of their duties and make them better.
iiven those who remained in heathenism retained a rev-

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 79
erence for the "black gown" which scarcely admits of
description. Until a Bishop was appointed for Vincennes in 1834,
they could only be visited occasionally by the Priest of
that place or by Priests from Detroit. One of Bishop
Brute's first cares was lo visit them himself, and provide
for their spiritual welfare. The Rev. M. Desseilles, of
Michigan, provisionally received charge of attending to
them. The fruits of his labors among them was won
derful, for such was the impulse given by the visit of the
Grand Chief of Prayer, (the Bishop) and such their rev
erence for the " Black Gowns," which their fathers had
transmitted to them, that they determined if the Great
Master of Life should again send them a clergyman, that
they would hear his instructions, and they came by hun
dreds to demand them and to ask for baptism. Mr. Des-
seilles baptized the greater part of those who had pi e-
viously been heathens, and 'died soon after in the exer
cise of his glorious mission. The fatigue to which he
was exposed brought on him sickness that left him al
most at the point of death; but feeling that his last mo
ments were approaching, he roused himself, met his
faithful children at the altar, and while attending with
his dying hands to the last duties enjoined by his Mas
ter, expired on its very steps. The good Indians who had
watched him with anxiety, and had followed him lo the
Church, unwilling to believe that their Father was dead,
and hoping that he was only asleep, remained in prayer by
his corpse for four days, when a brother Clergyman, who
had previously been written to, arrived to perform the
funeral obsequies. His successor in the mission was the
Rev. Benjamin Petit, a young Frenchman, who had
abandoned his country and the profession of law, in
which he had acquired distinction, to devote his life as a
Priest. Nothing could exceed the affection they con
ceived for him. When he came among them he did not
know their language. But the ardor of his zeal ena
bled him soon to learn it, and wondering at his kindness
and affability, they said he was not a "black gown"

80 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
from foreign lands, but a red-skin like themselves. He
had spent but a few happy months among them when an
order came from the General Government that the resi
due of the tribe should remove to the Indian Territory
beyond the Mississippi. They had been threatened with
this calamity before, but had always indulged the hope
that they would be permitted to stay. They expostu
lated in vain ; nothing could change tbe determination
of the President. The grief which it caused them seemed
to turn to despair, and it required all the influence. of
their Priest, Mr. Petit, to induce them to submit peace
ably, and they did not consent until he agreed to accom
pany them. Their journey was a melancholy one, and
numerous deaths on the route attested their sufferings.
When arrived at their place of destination, he left them un
der the care of a Priest from the Diocese of St. Louis, but
the fatigues and trials of the journey exhausted him and
he died three weeks afterwards. Tbe devotion of Petit
was, at the time, deeply felt and applauded by many
Protestants who witnessed his self-sacrificing spirit.
An interesting instance of the influence of religion and
of the Missionaries over the Indians occurred about this
time. The government, aware of their repugnance to
remove, had determined to employ force, if necessary,
and accordingly, whilst one of their Chiefs was convers
ing in deep grief on the subject of expatriation, at the
village of Chichipy-outipy, his house and the village was
suddenly surrounded by soldiers, who summoned him lo
surrender as a prisoner. Taken by surprise, his first
thoughts were of noble indignation, and that he would
rather die than submit to be chained as a criminal. He
bounded like a deer, and seizing his rifle and tomahawk,
placed himself in a posture of defence; but on perceiv
ing the cross that glittered on the breast of the " black
gown," his anger at once yielded to resignation, he
dropped his arms and presented his hands to be tied,
meekly saying, " the Son of God submitted to be bound."
No regular missions ever existed among the Miamies.
They were so much addicted to drunkenness that the

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 81
efforts which were made at several times lo convert them,
produced but little effect. A few of them only wefe bap
tized, and even those were not regular; yet they also had
much confidence in the Priests, and willingly entrusted
to their management many of their temporal concerns.
They also asked a Priest to accompany them on their re
moval west.
In 1840, most of the remaining Pottawatamies had
emigrated. A few of them lingered, however, and
finally went to a reserve at Sohegan, forty miles from
South Bend, where they are attended by the Sisters of
Notre Dame du Lac. They have books in the Oltowa
language, teach each other, and cultivate small farms.
The Protestant Episcopal Church of the State of
Indiana is under the charge of the Right Rev. Jackson
Kemper, Bishop of the Diocese.
The Clergymen of that denomination in the State are.
Rev. F. C. BkowN, Rector Trinity Church, Michigan City.
Rev. R. B. Claxton, Officiating at Madison.
Rev. R. B. Croes, Officiating at Terre Haute.
Rev. J. H. Drummond, Officiating at Leavenworth.
Rev. T. B. Fairchild, Officiating at Logansport.
Rev. George Fiske, Officiating at Richmond.
Rev. E. A, Foster, Officiating at Evansville.
Rev. B. Halsted, Officiating at Mishawaka.
Rev. B. B. KiLLiKELLY, D. D., Officiating at Delphi.
Rev. F. H. L. Laird, Officiating at New Albany.
Rev. J. W. McCuLLouGH, D. D., Officiating at Lafayette.
Rev. S. W. Manny, Officiating at Laporte.
Rev. Wm. Vad.x, Officiating at Vanderburgh County.
Rev. A. Wylie, D. D., Officiating at Bloomington.
Rev. C. H. Page, Officiating at Jeffersonville.
Rev. H. P. Powers, Officiating at Fort Wayne.
The number of Communicants in 18 Churches which
made reports to the Convention in 1848, were 509. No
reports were made from the Churches at Crawfordsville,
Lawrenceburgh, Leavenworth, New Albany, New Har
mony, and Peru.
There are several other small religious denominations
in the Slate, as to which no correct information has been
furnished to the compiler. The Cumberland Presbyte
rians are numerous and respectable in many of the

82 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
southern counties of the State. The United Brethren
have also many religious societies, but they object lo
make any statements as to their numbers.
ANTIQUITIES.
Mounds, similar to those in Ohio and other West
ern States, are found in considerable numbers in this
Slate; but there are none that have attracted much
attention, except three in the neighborhood of Vin
cennes. These, at a distance, resemble immense hay
stacks, and on being approached, each appears to cover
about an acre of ground, and to rise gradually to a
point, probably from eighty to one hundred feet high.
It is impossible to conceive, at the present day, for w.hat
object these immense piles were erected. Their situation
is not such as to lead us to suppose that they were con
structed for any purpose connected with war or defence,
and as they were built without the aid of iron tools, it
would not be surprising if, among a sparse population,
their erection required the labor of many years. Hu
man bones have been found in such as have been opened,
and in some of them are strata of earth composing the
mound which differ from each other and from the earth
in the immediate vicinity. The different layers of earth
were about a foot in thickness and between them char
coal and ashes were found, in which human bones lay in
a horizontal position. From these facts it has been con
jectured, that when the monuments were erected, it was
customary lo burn the dead and then cover the bones
with earth, and that probably from time to time this pro
cess was repeated, until the mound was finished. Reli
gious ceremonies and superstitious rites may also have been
connecte.d with these works. They are most frequent in
the vicinity of alluvial bottoms, and where even in early
times the abundance of game, and other advantages,
would accommodate the most population. There are
none of these works which cannot claim a great anti
quity, for the trees on them differ in no respect as regards
age, from those in the venerable forests around. While

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 83
these memorials of an age long past are so distinct, the
large establishment of the Jesuits at Ouiatenon, and the
various military works in the State, formerly so import
ant for defence against Indian hostilities, scarcely show
any remains of what they once were.
On the bottom of Big Flat Rock, in the north-west
corner of Decatur county, is a mound about eighty feet
in diameter, and eight feet high, originally covered with
trees, like the other forests around. An excavation was
made into it a few years since. First there was a mix
ture of earth, sand, and gravel for one foot; then dark
earth, charcoal, lime and burnt pebbles were cemented
together so as to be penetrated with difficulty; then a
bed of loose sand and gravel, mixed with charcoal; then
were found the bones of a human being, in a reclining
position, with a flat stone over the breast and another
under the scull. Most of the bones were nearly decom
posed, but some of them, and a part of the teeth, were
quite sound. From the size of such of the bones of the
skeleton as remain, it must have once been of gigantic
size. A short distance from this mound is a much smaller
one, which contains a great number of skeletons.
HISTORY.
Very few facts that can be relied on are known of the
tribes of Indians that inhabited this State before it was
settled by the whiles. The mounds, and other monu
ments that remain, were constructed so long since, that
even tradition does not pretend to give any certain in
formation respecting the people who made them. For
many centuries the Indians north of Mexico had been
divided into small tribes, which frequently changed their
places of residence, and supported themselves mostly by
hunting and fishing. They had no domestic animals but
the dog, though they afterwards added the horse, which
was a hardy animal of a peculiar description, well
known at the present day by the name of Indian Pony,
and they cultivated no grain but corn, and this only to a
small extent. Their houses were chiefly constructed of

84 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
limbs of trees, covered with bark, and so frail that even
where they had large villages, a few years after there
was very Uttle appearance that any considerable number
of the human race had ever dwelt there.
The primitive languages appear to have been few in
number, yet the dialects were very numerous and varied,
so much 'as to show that the tribes in general had but
little intercourse with each other. Whatever may have
been their origin, the Indians of America had been so
long separated from the rest of mankind, that by their
physical characters they constituted a distinct race. Their
copper color, black straight hair, beard in tufts, square
heads, broad faces, well proportioned figures and gene
ral contour, are such as to be distinguished at once from
other races of people on the earth, and the mental, moral
and physical habits of most of the small tribes have much
resemblance. The Mexicans and some of the larger tribes, such as
the Mohawks, the Chickasaws, &c., have had their pecu
liar characteristics, and the Delawares, Miamies and
Pottawatamies, long the principal tribes in this State,
have, in later years, differed a good deal from each other.
Their connection with the whites, in many respects very
unfortunate for them, rpay have occasioned a part of this
difference. Of all the European emigrants who have come to
America, the French appear to have been the best
adapted to gain the favor of the natives. They adopted
at once many of their customs and soon conciliated
their good will; but though they avoided many of the
difficulties in which the unyielding character of the
Spaniards and English involved them, their colonies, inthe
end, have been far less prosperous. The active, able and
educated Frenchman rejoiced in a few years of wild ad
venture, and hoped then to close his life amid the amuse
ments of Paris. If he could not do this, he would gain
and guide the inclinations of the savages, and though he
improved them, he ceased to advance with other civi-

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 85
lized nations, and not unfrequently conformed in many
things to the habits and customs of savage life.
The consequence was, that the French settlements on
the waters of the Mississippi improved but slowly, and
even in Canada, which became more populous and
wealthy, the standard of civilization was of a low order.
The colonies of Spain and England aimed not to fall
behind the parent country, and they have not, wherever
opportunities for social or moral improvement have been
presented to them.
It was the magnificent scheme of France to secure the
mouths of the St. Lawrence and Mississippi, and then,
by chains of fortresses in the interior, control the savages
and limit the English colonies to the east of the Alle
ghany. The points selected, Quebec, Montreal, Frour
tinac, Niagara, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Fort Wayne, Vin
cennes, Natchez, New Orleans, &c., show the genius and
ability with which the plan was conceived and prosecuted,
and it would no doubt have succeeded but for the war
which terminated in 1763, when Canada, having been
conquered, was ceded to England. Before this time,
most probably about the beginning of fhe Century, se
veral points on the Wabash had been occupied, and a
considerable French settlement had been established at
Vincennes and another at Ouiatenon. These places had
no doubt been often visited by the Jesuits who traversed
the western country, in exploring and missionary
tours, in every direction from about the year 1650
to the end of the century. They passed from the
lower end of Lake Erie to the waters of the Ohio, and
then down that river; they went up the Maumee to
the present site of Fort Wayne, and then by a short
portage crossed over to the waters of the Wabash ; they
passed round to Lake Michigan, up the St. Joseph, that
empties into that Lake, and then a portage of only two
miles took them from the place where South Bend now
stands to the navigable waters of the Kankakee, and
from thence lo the Illinois and Mississippi, and still other
robtes by the way of Chicago and Wisconsin were also
travelled.

86 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
From the observations recorded by the Jesuits as they
traversed these regions, it is evident that they were aware
of their future importance; but they were few in num
ber, they seem to have been limited in means, they were
seldom allowed to locate themselves permanently, and
the few Frenchmen who accompanied or followed them
were engaged only in trade, hunting or trapping, so that
the tendency of the intercourse with the natives Was to
gain their favor, but otherwise to make but a slight im
pression. , Neither the English nor the Spaniards, during this pe
riod, were doing much to increase the prosperity or ad
vance the growth of their colonies. The former discour
aged all mechanical and manufacturing labor; the latter
attempted to monopolize all the profits of the mines, and
both studiously endeavored to prevent all foreign com
merce. While this policy prevailed, enough, it would
seem, was done by France, if the battle at Quebec had
not been unfortunate, to have secured a far different des
tiny to the Mississippi Valley.
It does not appear from the records of the Catholic .
Church at Vincennes, at what time the French settle^
ments were made, or the Church established there. As
early as the year 1749, their records show, however, that
the Church had been established, and it was then under
the care of Father Meurin. The earlier records are
probably at Kaskaskia, where the Priest most generally
resided. It appears that in 1765, on the authority of Croghan's
Journal, quoted in Dillon's History, the only while popu
lation then in the bounds of this' Stale, were eighty or
ninety families at Vincennes, fourteen at Ouiatenon, and
nine or ten at the Twighlwee Village, near Fort Wayne,
in all six or eight hundred souls. In 1778, thirteen years
afterwards, Vincennes had become of considerable im
portance ; for the Militia in the vicinity, as slated in Gen.
Clark's memoir, were then about 400. There could not
have been much regularity in the plan of the town, for
even within the present century, most of the houses were

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 87
built with but little reference to streets, and numbers of
them were constructed by setting hewn logs upright' in
the ground, into which the timbers for floors and roofs
were framed.
Many of the descendants of the early French settlers
yet remain in the vicinity. They are industrious and
economical, but not enterprising, though there are excep
tions for some of them. Dubois, Vigo, Lasselle, and
others, have been among the most useful and respectable
citizens of the State.
There are few names among the soldiers of the revo
lution, so fertile in heroes, that, for meritorious and ar
duous services, can claim to be preferred to that of
George Rogers Clark. Others were placed in more con
spicuous situations, and they did not fail to per.fbrm bril
liant achievements. Their friends, the public and history
gave them full credit, and a grateful country remembered
and repaid their services with offices and honors. But
the theatre of Gen. Clark's exploits was then a distant
and unknown region. Other exciting occurrences at the
time occupied the public mind, and as he was never dis
posed' to be the herald of his own fame, so though he
gained an empire for his country, without any other re
sources than his own great mind, his merits are even now
but imperfectly understood and appreciated. He had
sacrified his private fortune for the public good, and as
his services were too great to be repaid, they could not
well be acknowledged, and therefore the remnant of his life
was spent in. poverty. In a new country, rapidly im
proving, and amid the hurry and bustle of care and busi
ness, when merit and service did not claim their reward,
they were sure to be neglected. These circumstances
are mentioned, not as an apology, but in explanation
why the memory of Gen. Clark has not been honored as it
deserves. He has longsincegonewhere neither the praise
nor censure of this world is'of any value; but the pre
sent generation owe it to themselves and to those who
attempt to serve them, that well-deserved honor, how
ever long<delayed, should at last be awarded.

88 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Gen. Clark was a native of Albemarle county, Vir-
ginia, and was born in 1742. From the likeness of him,
still preserved, his massive features must have exhibited
strongly the peculiar traits of his character. The fol
lowing circumstance that occurred about the year 1786,
is only one of the many proofs of his firmness, correct
judgment and fertility of resources in times of danger.
At the treaty of Fort Finney, near the mouth of the
Miami, where the troops were only 70 in number, all
the Indians in council appeared to be peaceable, except
300 Shawanese, whose Chief made a boisterous speech,
and then threw on the table, at which sat Gen. Clark
and Gen. Richard Butler, the commissioners of the
United Slates, a belt of black and white wampum, lo
intimate that he gave a challenge of war, while his
whole tribe applauded him by a terrific whoop. General
Clark coolly raised his cane and pushed the wampum
from the table to the floor, then rising as the savages
muttered their indignation, he trampled the belt under
his feet, and with a voice of stern authority he bade
them quit the hall instantly, which they obeyed. Sup
posing that Clark would not venture to treat them with
such contempt unless he had assistance or resources near
which they knew nothing of, they came the next day and
made a treaty of peace. If he had faltered in the least,
the whole party of whites would most probably have
been butchered on the spot.
Soon after the commencement of the Revolutionary
war, Vincennes was occupied by the British from De
troit, and a fortification, called Fort Sackville, was erect
ed there. From this, various expeditions of the Indians
and uenegade whiles were filled out against the early
settlers of Kentucky. So much annoyance was expe
rienced from this source, that Mr. Clark, then a resident
of Kentucky, went in person to Virginia for authority
and aid to attack the British establishments on the Wa
bash and Kaskaskia; but neither funds, troops nor am
munition were granted to him, except 500 pounds of pow
der which was at last obtained with much difficulty, and

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 89
even this, after being sent by the way of Pittsburgh, did
not reach Kentucky until some time afterwards, when it
was brought by Clark in person. The first visit to Vir
ginia was made in 1776. A second visit was made the
next year and, after much delay, Clark was appointed a
Colonel, a grant was made to him of £1,200, or $4,000,
of depreciated currency, for the use of the expedition,
and he received authority lo raise men, and an order for
boats and ammunition at Pittsburgh. As there was then
a dispute about the boundaries of Pennsylvania and Vir
ginia, he found it difficult to raise men in that quarter,
and as it was necessary to conceal his real objects, lest
the enemy should be advised of and provide against them,
his difficulties were thereby much increased. Even when
he and his friends had raised men on the Holston, and
other places, and they had collected at the Falls of the
Ohio, a part of them deserted him when they were in
formed of his designs. With his little force, consisting
of only four companies, commanded by Captains Mont
gomery, Bowman, Helm and Harrod, he left his encamp
ment, on an Island at the Falls, in boats for Kaskaskia,
on the 24th June, 1778. By the most prudent manage
ment, not less daring than cautious, he succeeded in sur
prising Kaskaskia and taking it without loss, and then
the other French villages in the vicinity. The French
population, from the most prejudiced and bitter enemies,
were soon converted into zealous and active friends. By
their means Vincennes surrendered also, and the French
settlers there took the oath of allegiance to the United
States. But after leaving garrisons at Kaskaskia and
Cahokia, and sending back a part of his troops whose
time had expired, he could only spare Capt. Helm for
Vincennes; who, almost without assistance, was to be
Commandant of the Post and Agent for Indian Affairs
in the Department of the Wabash.
Capt. Helm was well qualified for the arduous station,
and he did much to conciliate the French and Indians of
the vicinity; but on the 15th December, 1778, Governor
Hamilton, of Detroit, came down the Wabash with a
7

90 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
force of 80 whites and 400 Indians, and Captain Helm,
being alone in the fort, was compelled to surrender. The
French who Were friendly to the United Stales vvere dis
armed, the fort was strengthened and mounted with can
non, and preparations were made for a campaign in the
spring, in which Clark and his forces, now become very
weak, were to be driven from Kaskaskia, and then the
settlements in Kentucky were to be attacked in detail.
If Clark had not anticipated this plan, and the force of
western and southern Indians could have been collected
as was arranged, it is not unlikely that the Ohio river, if '
not the Alleghany mountains, would have been tbe west
ern boundary of the United States. But seeing the im
portance of the emergency, he was at once equal to it.
He collected his small force of only 170 men, and set
out from Kaskaskia on the 5th February, 1779, to attack
the British force, which was sheltered in the fort at Vin
cennes. In mid winter, the season uncommonly wet, he
made his way to the Little Wabash in eight days, with
no great difficulty, although a large part of the country
was covered with water. But from that place to Vin
cennes, the extensive bottoms, or drowned lands, which
reached almost from one stream to another, were covered
with water from three to five feet deep, and day after
day, for eight days more, these bold and determined men
waded, except where some of the numerous tributaries
of the Wabash were to be crossed in hastily constructed
canoes, or where dry ground, large enough for the en
campments at night, could scarcely be found. For the
three last days the only provision for the whole band
was a single deer killed by the hunters. While the
strongest of the party were wading, the weaker, and
those who gave out from time to time, were taken into
the canoes. Fortunately, the circumstances so unfavor
able to Clark and his party, threw Gov. Hamilton and
the garrison entirely off their guard, and as the French
were generally friendly to the designs of Clark, the Wa
bash then rolling a flood that covered its widest bottoms,
was crossed, and the fort completely invested before the

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 91
enemy were aware of his approach. For three days the
siege continued, and as Clark and his Spartan band had
placed themselves under cover, they did not suffer an
embrasure to be opened without firing into it at once and
driving from the guns every man within. Seven of the
garrison were severely wounded, and so warmly was the
firing kept up night and day, that not one of them could
expose himself at any point without suffering instantly
from the marksmen without. So important was it to
obtain possession of the fort before the Indians should
assemble, or a reinforcement then on its way from De
troit, should arrive to aid the besieged, that it would
have been taken by storm if it had not surrendered.
This result put an end, for the time, to the Indian hostili
ties and to the extensive combination that had been ar
ranged for all the Western and South-western Indians to
sweep from the country ail the while settlements west
of the Alleghany. The capture of the fort was followed
up on the next day by an expedition up the Wabash, in
three armed boats, under the command of Capt. Helm,
Major Bussero, and Major Legras, to intercept a party
on their way down the river, with provisions and goods
from Detroit. This also was attended with complete
success, and properly to the value of $33,000 was taken.
This merchandise, which would have been employed in
stimulating the Indians to hostilities, ,was, in part, con
verted into the means of gaining their friendship, and
partly to pay the private soldiers for their fatigues and
exposure, arduous beyond all precedent. The officers
received nothing but a few articles of clothing. It was
Clark's intention to proceed at once and take possession
of Detroit, which was then held only by a small force,
and the French inhabitants there were friendly; but to
secure his prisoners, guard the posts he had taken, and
provide for conciliating the Indians, left nothing further
within his power. Soon after this the country from
Kaskaskia to Vincennes was organized as a part of Vir
ginia, under the name of the County of Illinois.
In 1781, there was a Spanish expedition of sixty-five

92 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
men from St. Louis, against the St. Joseph, then a British
post in North Indiana ; but as this point was far in the inte
rior, and of no territorial importance, it was supposed to
be merely an attempt at occupancy that Spain might, at
a future day, claim some portion of the country east of
the Mississippi.
In 1782, Capt. Laughery, with 107 men, from Penn-
.sylvania, in passing down the Ohio river, in boats, to
join Gen. Clark's forces at Louisville, was enticed on
shore, near the creek since called by his name, and the
whole parly were killed or captured by the Indiatis. It
has been stated that a white man, pretending to be in
distress, was the agent for decoying his countrymen into
the ambush.
In 1783, the State of Virginia, being without funds to
keep up her army in the west, withdrew Gen. Clark's
commission, tendering him, however, "thanks for his
great and singular services," the most of which are not
here referred to, as they were not rendered within the
bounds of the Slate. In the distribution of lands for
revolutionary services. Col. Clark's regiment were allowed
150,000 acres north of the' Ohio, which ihey located oppo
site the falls, and the town of Clarksville was then founded.
The same year the Slate of Virginia relinquished her
claim to the territory north-west of the Ohio, requiring,
however, that the grant to Clark's regiment, and the
rights and privileges of the French settlers near Vin
cennes, should be confirmed. From this lime, all settle
ments on Indian lands, and also private purchases of
lands from the Indians, were forbidden by Congress.
Various attempts were made, in the meantime, to nego
tiate treities, and though some of them were successful,
yet the jealousy of the Indians, and the restless spirit of
many of the emigrants, did not allow of permanent tran
quillity. During the years 1785-6, there were frequent skir
mishes between the whites and Indians near Vincennes,
in which a considerable number of lives were lost, and
in the latter year an expedition, under Gen. Clark, with

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 93
about a thousand men, was undertaken against Ouiate
non, one of the Indian towns near the mouth of the Wea;
bat after advancing as far as Vermillion River, 100 miles
above Vincennes, the whole party returned without
effecting any thing. The want of provisions, the insub
ordination of the troops, and intemperate habits which
it is said Gen. Clark indulged in, from the neglect of the
government to settle his claims, were alleged as the
causes of the failure of the expedition.
About this time the difficulties with Spain, then in pos
session of Louisiana, in reference to the navigation of
the Mississippi, became a matter of much interest in the
west. So hopeless was the prospect of obtaining it ami
cably, that many good citizens were disposed'to embroil
the two countries in war. For this purpose, it was sup
posed by some, that Gen. Clark proceeded to appropriate
to public use the goods of Spanish merchants at Vin
cennes. In 1787, the celebrated Ordinance for the government
of the Territory north-west of the Ohio, received the sanc
tion of Congress, an act of more importance to this State
and the whole region embraced by the Ohio, the Lake*
and the Mississippi, than any that was ever adopted by
that body. The act provided for the immediate legisla
tion and government of the country; for its future divi
sion, at proper times, into independent Slates of the Union,
and that there should never be either slavery or invol
untary servitude within its limits. To the author of this
Ordinance, Nathan Dane, of Beverly, Massachusetts,
will be for ever due a debt of gratitude, growing in
amount as the future millions of the country shall, with
their posterity, enjoy the blessings which have been thus
secured to them.
Various attempts to treat with the Wabash Indians
appear lo have been made during the five years previous
to 1790, but they were all ineffectual. Many skirmishes
took place during this period, among which was one on
Grant's creek, now Switzerland county, in which twenty-
five Kentuckians attacked about sixty Indians, at first

94 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
with every prospect of success; but one of the three di
visions of the assailants, stopping to plunder the Indian
camps, they were in the end defeated, and two brothers,
of the nam'e of Grant, and about half the assailing party,
were killed.
In April, 1790, Major Hamtramck, then commandmg
Fort Knox, at Vincennes, sent a French trader, of the
name of Gamelin, up the Wabash to ascertain the feel
ings of the Indians in relation to peace. The prospect
was not favorable, nor was it probably improved by an
agent who did not go clothed with any authority from
government. The county of Knox was laid off at this time, and for
some years embraced what now constitutes the whole
Stale. There were then at Vincennes 143 heads of fami
lies who had been residents of the place prior lo 1783.
No part of the population in the Territory north-west of
the Ohio appears to have been embraced in the Census, of
1790. Kentucky, at that time, had a population of
73,077, and Tennessee of 35,791. The frequent mur
ders of whites by the Indians along the Ohio river, and
the failure of all attempts at negotiation, occasioned the
expedition of Gen. Harmer, in the autumn of this year,
against the Indian towns near the head of the Wabash
and Maumee. A call had been made upon Virginia for
1,000 militia, upon Pennsylvania for 500, and it was
expected that 300 more would be assembled at Fort
Steuben, (Jeffersonville) to aid ihe troops from Vincennes,
and 1,200 more were to march from Wheeling and Cin
cinnati. With much difficulty, a force of 1,133 militia
and 320 regulars were collected at Cincinnati, who
rharched thence on the 26 Ih September. They succeed
ed in reaching the towns at the head of the Maumee,
burned the principal town and five other villages, with
the crops of the Indians, amounting, it was estimated, to
20,000 bushels of corn; but by carelessness, their pack
horses were stolen, which prevented their going further;
the regulars and militia did not act in concert ; the prin
cipal officers were on bad terms with each other, and in

GENERAL VIEW OF»THE STATE. 95
two battles, fought on the 19th and 22d October, the lat
ter near the present site of Fort Wayn'e, the loss was
severe on both sides. The victory was claimed by the
whites as well as the Indians; but as the former soon
after retreated, and the latter did not pursue, there was
not much justice in the claims of either. That so little
was effected after so much preparation, was, on the
whole, very unfavorable to the United States. Of their
troops, 183 were killed and 31 wounded. Major Ham
tramck, at the same time, marched from Vincennes as
far as the mouth of the Vermillion, and destroyed a
number of the deserted villages, but met with no opposi
tion. The Indian depredations being still continued, two ex
peditions were undertaken, in 1791, against the tribes re
siding on the waters of the Wabash. The first, consisting
of 800 mounted men, commanded by Gen. Scott, of
Kentucky, crossed the Ohio at the mouth of the Ken
tucky river, on the 23d of May. With this force he
attacked and destroyed the towns at the mouth of the
Wea, on both sides of the Wabash ; sent a detachment
eighteen miles to the town of Kith Tipecanonck, or as it
has since been called, Tippecanoe, and destroyed the
town. The horses having been disabled by their long
march, this trip of 36 miles was made on foot by 360
men, in twelve hours, and the object effected.
The distance travelled by the army, from the mouth of
the Kentucky river to the mouth of the Wea, was esti
mated by Gen. Scott at 155 miles, which is about the
exact distance in a straight line, and the nearest route it
can now be travelled must rather exceed that which is
gtated to have been travelled by the army. Thirty-two
Indians were killed and fifty-eight prisoners taken, with
out the loss of a man, five only having been woundeds
and the party returned by the way of the Falls of the
Ohio, after an absence of twenty-three days.
The Indian depredations still being continued, a second
expedition was undertaken by Col. Wilkinson against
the Indian towns on Eel river, which was also successful.

96 INDIAIM GAZETTEER.
He left Cincinnati the first of August, crossed the Wa
bash five miles above the present site of Logansport, or
the mouth of Eel river, then surprised and destroyed the
Indian towns, losing two of his own party, killing six of
the Indians, and taking thirty-four prisoners. He then
proceeded over to the Tippecanoe, and down to Ouiate
non, destroying another Indian village, and the large
fields of corn that had been cultivated after the depa;r-
ture of Gen. Scott, and then went by the same route by
the Falls of the Ohio, making the whole distance, by
estimate, 451 miles in 21 days. Many a traveller, in
later times, through the same region, can testify to the
accuracy of Col. Wilkinson's description of the difficul
ties he met with in marching his troops through "bogs
almost impassable," impervious thickets, wet prairies,
&c., in the vicinity of the Wabash, Eel river and Tippe
canoe. In a wet season, and a trip made in such haste,
it is no wonder that more than half the horses were dis
abled. The expedition of St. Clair, in the fall of 1791, was
even more unfortunate than that of Gen. Harmar; but
the particulars will not be narrated here, as none of them
occurred within the bounds of this State. Until the final
victory obtained by Gen. Wayne, on the Maumee, in
1794, Kentucky, alone, of all the western states, was in
any measure safe from Indian depredations. The spirit
manifested there by Scott, Wilkinson, and others, pro
tected that State from danger. Their expeditions, too,
no doubt, influenced the Wabash Indians to treat with
Gen. Rufus Putnam, at Vincennes, in 1792, while the
other western tribes kept aloof from the Commissioners
of the United States.
The operations of Gen. Wayne in 1793-4, were also
almost entirely without the limits of this State, nothing
being done here but the construction of Fort Wayne, al
the head of the Maumee, in September and October of
the latter year. This fort was well situated for exercis
ing an important control, which it long continued, over
the tribes in the vicinity. At the treaty of Greenville,

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 97
which followed Wayne's victory, the Indians ceded to the
United States, amongst other lands, the following, which
now constitute a part of the State. Ist A tract lying
south-east of a line from the mouth of Kentucky river,
running north-east to Fort Recovery, near the head of
the Wabash, and embracing the present counties of
Dearborn, Ohio, and parts of Switzerland, Franklin,
Union and Wayne, and then various tracts at the head of
the Maumee, the portage of the Wabash, and Ouiatenon.
All claims to other lands within this State were, at that
time, relinquished to the Indians, except the 150,000
acres granted to Clark's regiment, the French grants,
near Vincennes, and other lands occupied by the French,
or other whites, to which the Indian title had been extin
guished. The first Governor of the North-west Territory, then
embracing the country west of Pennsylvania, and
bounded by the Ohio, the Lakes, and the Mississippi,
was Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who continued to act as such
until Ohio was formed into a State Government, which
took place in 1802.
The first Legislature which the people of the North
west Territory had any part in electing, met at Cincin
nati in 1799. From the nominations made by the Rep
resentatives, Henry Vanderburgh, of Vincennes, was
selected by the Governor as one of the five who were to
constitute the Legislative Council.
In 1800, there was a division of the district by Con
gress, the one retaining the former name was composed
of the present State of Ohio, a small part of Michigan,
and a small part of Indiana, being that part in the south
east corner which had been ceded to the United States
by the Indians, in the treaty of Greenville. The other
district was denominated the Indiana Territory, and em
braced all the region west of the former, east of the
Mississippi, and between the Lakes and the Ohio. The
population of all this tract of country, by the census of
1800, was 4,875, of which a small portion, in Clark's
grant, was of English descent ; the remainder mostly of

98 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
French extraction, and residing at or near Kaskaskia,
Vincennes and Detroit.
Previous to the division of the Territory, there had
been but one Court having cognizance of crimes, for five
years, in the three western counties, then called St.
Clair, Knox and Wayne, the first embracing the present
Slate of Illinois, the second the most of Indiana, and the
other the principal part of Michigan.
In 1801, William H. Harrison was appointed Governor
of the Indiana Territory, John Gibson, Secretary, and
Henry Vanderburgh, Thomas T. Davis and John GrifBn,
Judges. The county of Clark was organized the same
year, to accommodate the citizens then residing on
Clark's grant.
In September, 1802, Governor Harrison entered into a
treaty, at Vincennes, with various Indian tribes, to settle
the bounds of former cessions of lands near that place.
This was the first of a series of negotiations which con
tinued for many years, and added so much to the domain
of the United Slates.
The following extract of a letter from Gov. Harrison
to Mr. Madison, dated, Vincennes, 1802, gives some de
tails of one of the land speculations of that period. " The
Court established at this place, under the authority of the
State of Virginia, in the year 1780, assumed to them
selves the right of granting lands to every applicant.
Having exercised this power for some time, without op
position, they began tp conclude that their right over the
land was supreme, and that they could, with as much
propriety, grant to themselves as to others ; accordingly,
an arrangement was made by which the whole country
to which the Indian title was supposed lobe extinguished,
was divided between the members of the Court, and or
ders to that effect were entered on their journal, each
member absenting himself from the Court on the day the
order was to be made in his favor, so that it might ap
pear to be the act of his fellows only. The authors of
this ridiculous transaction soon found that no advantage
could be derived from it, as they could find no purcha-

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 99
sers, and the idea of holding any part of the land was,
by the greater part of them abandoned; a few years
ago, however, the claim was dicovered and a part of it
purchased by some of those speculators who infest our
country, and through these people a number of others,
in different parts of the United Stales, have become con
cerned, some of whom are actually preparing to make
settlements. The price at which the land is sold enables
any body to become a purchaser, 1,000 acres being fre
quently given for an indifferent horse or a rifle gun."
As soon as the Governor discovered the character of
the speculation, and that purchases of large tracts were
being made, recorded and certified as correct, he at once
arrested them by forbidding the Recorder and Clerk to
recofd or authenticate any such papers.
The Territory of Louisiana having been purchased of
France in 1803, was, in the following year, divided, and
all north of the 33d deg. of latitude was placed under
the care of the Governor of the Indiana Territory.
There was, however, no considerable settlements of
whiles in this whole region of country, except in the
vicinity of St. Louis and New Madrid.
The treaty of St. Louis, made by Gov. Harrison in
1804, with the Delawares, Piankeshaws, Kaskaskias, and
with the Sacs and Foxes, provided for the cession of an
immense tract of country, from the Ohio to the Wabash,
and between the Illinois, Mississippi and Fox rivers, in
all about 50,000,000 acres. Portions of this land, how
ever, as much of the other Indian lands, have been from
time to time claimed by other tribes, and, in general,
their right also has been subsequently purchased, for it
has been the policy of the General Government to quiet
all claims peaceably, as far as possible.
In 1805, Michigan was made a separate Territory,
and the same year the first Legislature for the Indiana
Territory was assembled at Vincennes. Until this lime,
the laws for the government of the Territory were, from
time to time, as occasion required, adopted and published
by the Governor and Judges, to be in force until disap-

100 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
proved by Congress, and all the county officers and mili
tia officers, below the grade of General, were appointed
and commissioned by the Governor.
The ordinance prohibiting slavery in the Territory was
not, at first, acceptable to all the people residing in it;
for in 1796, four of the citizens of Kaskaskia petitioned
Congress that slavery might be allowed there, but the
petition was rejected. The subject was brought before
Congress again in 1803, and reported against by Mr.
Randolph. It came up again in 1806-7, on the petition
of the Council and House of Representatives of the In
diana Territory, and the lower House of Congress ap
pear to have adopted a resolution, suspending in a quali
fied manner, the article of the ordinance in relation to
slavery, for ten years; but the Senate refusing to concur,
the resolution did not take effect.
It is apparent, from the early legislation of the Terri
tory, that slavery, to some extent, had been covertly in
troduced, and that the privilege of holding slaves -was
then regarded favorably by the majority of those in
power. At the first session of the Territorial Legisla-
ture,'and again at that of 1807, a law was passed to
authorize bringing Negroes into the Territory, the males
to be apprenticed until they were thirty-five years old,'
and females until they were thirty-two years old. Chil
dren of colored persons, born in the Territory, might
also be apprenticed until the males were thirty and the
females twenty-eight years old. At the session of 1806,
a law was passed authorizing slaves found ten miles from
home, without permission of their masters, to be taken
up and whipped twenty-five lashes.
The practice of apprenticing Negroes, so that they
could be held in a species of involuntary service, even
after they ceased to be minors, was not finally relin
quished until after the adoption of the State Constitution,
when the Supreme Court of the State decided these ap
prenticeships unconstitutional. See Blackf. Rep. 122.
The Borough of Vincennes was incorporated in 18C5,
and the same year on act was passed incorporating Ben-

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 101
jamin Hovey, Josiah Stevens, and others, to make a
canal round the Falls of the Ohio, on the Indiana side.
It was stated to the writer of this article, some thirty
years since, by a gentleman in every respect credible,
and who ought lo have known the facts, that the name
of Aaron Burr was used in obtaining this charter, and
that he was expected to assist in completing the work.
It is known that Col. Burr was at Jeffersonville, Vin
cennes and St. Louis about this time, and that believing
his objects to be laudable, Davi^ Floyd, then a member
of the Legislature, and afterwards a Judge in this Slate
and in Florida, as well as many other estimable citizens
of the western country, were ardent admirers of Col.
Burr at the outset. In addition to Judge Floyd, Col. R.
A. New, the first Secretary of State for Indiana, and
the late A. Ralston, Esq., of Indianapolis, a much re
spected citizen, were in the expedition. The former
once stated that he was present when Burr was first in
formed of Wilkinson's disclosures, and his only remark
was, " what a precious rascal !" On his return from the
expedition. Judge Floyd, who, it was said, was to have
been one of Burr's principal officers, was indicted for a
misdemeanor, and, on being convicted, was sentenced to
be imprisoned for half an hour.
At the session of 180.5,. John Johnson and John Rice
Jones were appointed to revise the laws of the Territory,
and their labors resulted in the Code adopted in 1807,
and printed by Slout and Smoot, of Vincennes, in a
volume of 540 pages. The matter of that volume, as
the type was large, would about equal 225 pages of the
Revised Code of 1843.
There were then five counties in the Territory, Knox,
Dearborn and Clark, within the present bounds of this
State, and St. Clair and Randolph within those of Illi
nois. In 1807, a Census of the free white males of the Ter
ritory, over twenty-one years of age, was' taken, by
whicli it appears that the number then in Knox county

102 INDIAiS-A GAZETTEER.
was 1,080, in Clark county 828, and in Dearborn county
.616, in all 2,524, making a population of about 12,000
within the limits of this State. Of the names returned
from Knox county, about 200 seem to be of French de
rivation. At the session of 1808, the county of Harrison was
formed, and an apportionment of the Representatives to
the Legislature was made, by which three members were
to be elected from the county of Knox, one from the
county of Harrison, two from the county of Clark, and
three from Dearborn county, nine in all. The Territory
was divided in 1809, and the western part denominated
Illinois, after the tribe of Indians who had formerly in
habited it. The boundary then, as now, was the lower
Wabash, and a line running north from Vincennes,
where it last leaves the Wabash.
About this time, Tecumseh and his brother, the Pro
phet, were engaged in extending their influence over va
rious tribes of the western Indians, at first professing
merely to reform their bad habits. They had recently
removed to the banks of the Tippecanoe, where land had
been granted to them by the Pottawatamies and Kicka-
poos. The Prophet, who had been suspected by Gov.
Harrison, paid him a visit of two weeks at Vincennes,
and succeeded in quieting his suspicions; but when they
met again, the following year, the Governor became con
vinced of his treachery, and that through his means and
the influence of British agents, many of the Indian tribes
were becoming hostile to the United Slates.
In the fall of 1809, Gov. Harrison succeeded in ob
taining a further cession of lands on the Wabash, from
the Delawares, Pottawatamies, and other tribes, who
claimed them. The Shawanees, however, protested
against one of the treaties, and Tecumseh availed him
self of this occurrence to increase the irritation of the
Indians against the whiles.
In 1810, the counties of Franklin, Wayne and Jeffer
son were formed, each to have one member in the House

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 103
of Representatives, the two former out of the three pre
viously allotted to Dearborn, and the latter out of the
two allotted to Clark county.
Many of the laws, records, and other papers relating
to the early business of the Territory, are not to be found
in the office of the Secretary of State, where they should
have been filed. Only four of the manuscript copies of
the Legislative Journals, (for they were not then printed)
between 1805 and 1816, can now be found, and some of
the original enrolled laws have been lost or mislaid.
Whether this has happened in some of the various re
movals of these papers, or whether a part of the bundles
were given over to Illinois when the Territory was di
vided, there is nothing to show. If the latter took place,
there could not have been much discrimination in mak
ing the division.
In searching for old documents, the writer has been
forcibly reminded of a circumstance that occurred about
twenty-seven years ago, at Corydon. Some clerk had
complained of being troubled with useless papers, and a
committee was appointed, by the House of Representa
tives, to select and burn papers of this description. Soon
after the task assigned to the committee was performed,
the late Gen. E. Harrison wished to hunt up a paper
relating to a divorce bill that had been passed, and on
being told of its fate, he was much irritated, and de
nounced the committee as being no more fit for their
business than hogs for a parlor.
The plans of Tecumseh were still advancing and be
coming more apparent. In a council held at Vincennes,
he refused to take a chair, stating that as the "earth was
his mother, he preferred to repose on her bosom," as he
threw himself on the ground. Some parts of his speech
were, at the lime, thought to be very eloquent ; but when
Gov. Harrison replied, he became angry, and had not
Gen. Gibson understood his language, and sent for the
guard, it was supposed a contest would have commenced,
and the whites present, not being armed, would have
been massacred. The council was thus broken up; but

104 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
as Tecumseh's object might have been doubted, he was
only commanded to leave Vincennes immediately.
In December, 1810, an act passed the Territorial Le
gislature lo incorporate the " Ohio Steamboat Navigation
Company," by which Daniel D. Tompkins, Robert R.
Livingston, Dewit Clinton, Robert Fulton, and Nicholas
J. Roosevelt, were made a body corporate for the pur-
pose of navigating the western waters under Fulton' aiid
Livingston's patent.' At the same time, Wm. Prince,
John Hadden, James Smith, Harvy Helh, Davis Floyd,
Wm. McFarland, Benj. McCarty, Richard Maxwell and
Elijah Sparks, were appointed commissioners to select a
site for the permanent Seat of Government for the Ter
ritory ; but it does not appear that their action led to
any specific result. By the law under which they were
appointed, it appears that the East Fork of White river
was then called the Embarras Fork.
The difficulties with the Indians continued to increase
in 1811. As there was also a prospect of war with
Great Britain, at the same time, many of the British
agents in Canada and the north-west, were active' in
increasing the excitement, so that all the efforts of Gov.
Harrison lo restore good feeling, were fruitless. Tecuifl-
seh, indeed, paid him a visit at Vincennes in July; but
as he came with three hundred followers, and Harrison
was surrounded also with an armed force, there was no
disposition to conciliate, and no opportunity to take ad
vantage, and though they parted apparently in peace,
they were still more exasperated against each other.
When they separated, Tecumseh went south to enlist
the Creeks, as was supposed, in his cause, and Harrison
finding that delay only was aimed at, marched slowly up
the Wabash, determined either to enforce the treaty of
Greenville, or make some new arrangement that would
secure the frontiers of the Territory from constant alarm.
On his way he erected and garrisoned Fort Harrison,
sixty-five miles from Vincennes and three miles from the
present site.,of Terre Haute, and he built a block-house
for the protection of his boats and baggage, at the cross-

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 105
ing of the Vermillion, thirty-five miles still further up the
Wabash. Though repeatedly visited by the Indians on
his route, their object was not peace, and so apparent
was their hostility, that the French traders, who for
years had been intimate with them, were not willing to
visit them and propose negotiation. This slate of things
continued unti} the evening of the 6th. November, when
Gov. Harrison with tfocfsjjetween 700 and 800 in num
ber, encamped on a little, stream called Burnet's creek,
eight miles from the present site> of Lafayette, and 155
miles from Vincennes.
The encampment was on about three acres of dry
barrens, on a triangular ,spot of ground rather larger,
lying between a wet praii'ie on the east and Burnet's
creek on the west, which formed a junction on the,
south at an angle of about fifty degrees. . The banks of
the cjreek rise. abruptly about twenty feet to a level with
the encampment, and were then and still are covered
thickly with brush; but the bank towards the prairie,
and. at the point, are not so steep. The place where the
troops were encamped was thinly covered with oak trees,
many of them still bearing the marks of the severe con
test which took place the morning of the 7lh November.
From the character of the ground, il was natural that both
the whites and Indians should overshoot each other, and
that the latter did so, was evident from the marks of the
bullets, long afterwards apparent, high in the trees.
The attack commenced at a quarter past four in the
morning, immediately after the Govei-nor had risen to
prepare for the business of the day. But a single gun
was fired byvlhe sentinels, or by the guard,, in the direc
tion of the attack, but they at once retreated into the
camp. As the troops were sleeping on their arms, they
were soon at their stations, thoiigh the war-whoop and
the attack so soon followed the fii'st alarm, that the lines
were broken in several places, and one of the companies,
Capt. Robb's, was either driven, or ordered by mistake,
from its position in the line towards the centre of the
camp. The want of concert among the Indians, and
8

106 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
their irregular mode of warfate, did not allow them to
take full advahtage of their own success, or of the blun-
ders of their opponents, so that as the resistance was
very obstinate along the most of the line, they were, ia
the end, obliged to retreat in great haste. Indian war
fare has usually been found terrible to.a retreating enemy^
but steady and continued resistahce has rarely been over?
come. The activity of Gov. Harrison, the bravery of
t;he regular troops, knd the , unyielding .JBrmness of most
of the volunteers kept the enemy at bay until they were
successfully resisted at all points. A few of them, in*
deed, broke through the lines and attacked the troops as
they came out of their ten1;s; but, contending singly,
they were soon cut down. About forty of thefn were
killed on the spot, and their wounded were carried flff.
Of the whites sixty-two were killed or mortally wounded,
and one hundred and twenty-six others were wounded.
, Among the slain, who were much lamented, were
Maj. Daviess and Col. Owen, of Kentucky, Capt. Spen
der and his two, Lieutenants, McMahan and Berry;
Capt. Warrick and Col. While, then superintendent of
tbe United States' Saline lands, near ShawneetowBj
and Thomas Randolph, Esq., former Attorney Generalpf
the Territory, The two latter served merely as privates
on this occasion. ,
Of the regular troops, twenty were killed, and fifty-
seven Wounded. Among the former was Capt. W. C.
Baen, acting as Major. After burning the town in the
vicinity, which had been abandoned by the Indians, the
army returned to Vincennes, which they reached on. the
17th November. The result of the expedition, was
favorable to the peace of the frontiers, which, for seve
ral months after, were not disturbed by incursions of tlje
enemy. In the month of October, 181 1, the first steamboat
ever built on the western waters, left Pittsburgh for New
Orleans, under the charge of N. J. Roosevelt, one of the
company that had been incorporated the previous year,
There were then no wood-yards, yet as coal was found

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 107
on the first part of the route, and also about one hun
dred miles below the Falls, the first adventure was suc
cessful. The boat, though incapable of much speed,
seems to have gone down the stream at the rate of about
eight miles an hour, and met with no special difficulty,
except a month's detention at Louisville, for high water
to pas3 over the, Falls. As Steamboats were then rare,
even in the east, and still less known in the west, many-
strange reports were circulated in relation to the noises,
then heard for the first time, by the people thinly scat
tered through the dense forests near the river. It is said
that they were accounted for, in some instances, by the
supposition thfit a burning Comet had suddenly fallen
into the river.
The great Earthquake followed shortly after. On tbe
16th of December, and at intervals for two months, the
whole region of the Mississippi valley was convulsed;
lands sunk and became lakes; the beds of lakes were
raised and became dryland; rivers changed their chan
nels ; boats on the river were sunk ; much property was
destroyed and many lives lost. So much of this State
was then unsettled, that little can be known of the effects
of the different shocks upon it. Five years after, they
were visible in several of the good buildings in Louis
ville, and a gentleman now at my side well recollects
seeing the trees of the forest, in Clark county, in a per
fect calm, move and interlock with each other, as if they
were agitated by a violent tempest. This took place
about four hundred miles from New Madrid, where the
effects were the most violent.
In the meantime, the superstitious, and such as were
fond of the marvellous, circulated the most incredible
stories, which, for a time, had their influence. It is
said that while these feelings prevailed, a Kentucky
trader, floating dowii the Ohio, near the mouth of the
Wabash, in his flat-boat, was hailed from the shoJe and
informed that it was not safe to go any further down, for
a little below the whole river pitched into a terrible hole
that had lately been made by an earthquake. "Hard at

108 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
the oars, boys," said the J^entucki^n; "let us latid and
inquire more about it." As he approached the shore, he
concluded to ask the name of his informant, which wais
told him. On hearing the name, he called out to his
men, "backwater, we'll not land; he's the biggest liar
that ever left Kpntuck."
• The war with Great Britain commenced in June,. 1812,
and tended still further to increase the hostihty of the
Indians, by supplying them with the means of more effi
cient warfare. At the time of the surrender of Detroit,
which took place 16th August, 1812, Capt. Heald, the
commander of Fort Dearborn, at Chicago, was directed
by Gen. Hull to abandon that post and proceed to Fort
Wayne, by land. Capt. Wells, of Fort Wayne, was
sent as an escort, with a small force of Miami Indians,
supposed to be friendly. To conciliate the Indians in the
vicinity, a large number of whom had assembled on the
occasion, Capt. Heald,, previous to his departure, distri
buted among, them the public stores, except the ammuni
tion and whiskey, which were destroyed. This gave
offence, and he had scarcely set out on his march, with
fifty-four regulars, twelve militia and fourteen women
and, children, when they were attacked from behind a
sand bank as they marched, and forty-one of their num^
ber were killed. The remainder surrendered on promise
of their lives, haying resisted the whole force of five hukr
dred Indians^ of whom fifteen were killed, until they re
ceived this assurance. Capt. Wells was among the slam,
and his body much mutilated, his Indian allies, the
Miamies, having deserted him at the outset. The Indian
force, consisting mostly of Pottawatamies, proceeded lo
attack Fort Wayne, and they blockaded it from the 28th
Angust to the 16lh September, when it was relieved by
a detachment from the army of Gen. Harrison. This
station, and that at Fort Harrison, on the Wabash, were
then the only remaining fortresses in the Indian country.
The latter, commanded by Capt. Taylor, now the Presi
dent of the United States, was attacked during the. night
of the 4th of September, by a large body of Indians,

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 109
who succeeded in setting fire to the block-house con
taining tho stores, and for soitie time it would seem that
all efforts §it defence must be unavailing. The Captain
himself had just risen from a severe aittack of fever, and
more than half his men were disabled, or nearly so, from
sickness. So great was the alarm occasioned by the
flight attack, the screams of several hundred Indians, and
the fire" that threatened to destroy the whole fort, that
two of the garrison jumped the pickets and attempted to
escape, and many of the others were so nearly paralyzed
as to be almost incapable of making any resistance. The
Captain, however, was every where present, and took
part in all the labor and danger. > Water was brought,
and the roof thrown oft' to prevent the extension of the
fire, and a breast wotk was erected in the rear of the
block-house, as soon as it was consumed. The attack
continued for seven hours; until day-light, when the In
dians retreated out of the reach of the guns of the fort,
and commenced killing the horses and stock of the inha-
bitatits on the prairie. Only two persons wete killed in
the fort; one of those who attempted to escape was cut
to pieces a 'short distance from it, and the other was
received back in the morning, badly wounded. The In
dians continued about the fort for a week after, to take
any advantage, if an opportunity should occur. All
communication 'vvith Vincennes, hy the river, was cut
off, and it was only after some days that two individuals,
one of them the late Judge Floyd, were able to pass
through the' Indians' by night, escape to the settlementSj
and give notice of the danger.'
The bravery and good conduct of Capt. Taylor, who
was ably assisted by Dr. Clark, saved the fort, and thus
protected the country behind it fr6m general devasta
tion. Almost at the same time that Forts Harrison and
Wayne were besieged, an attack was made by Indians,
previously friendly, on the Pigeon Roost settlementj
within the present bounds of Scott county, and twenty-
four persons, mostly women and children^ were massa-

no INDIANA GAZETTEER.
cred. The only persons who escaped were a part of the
family of a Mr. Collins, who defended, their house sue
cessfully with their rifles, and a Mrs. Beadle and her two
young children, who at first concealed themselves in a
sink hole, and when the Indians were engaged in plun.'
dering and burning the houses, escaped on foot six miles,
to the nearest settlement, and carried the first news of
the calamity. A large force was soon collected frona
Charlestown and its vicinity, and the Indians were pur
sued; but they had escaped over the Muscatitac, and
though they were then in sight, the waters of the river
were so high that they could not be pursued further with
any prospect of advantage. The half-burned and other,
wise mutilated bodies at the place of the massacre, and
the still burning houses and furniture, presented such
features of the horrible as had never before been wit
nessed by those who were present.
The Indian depredations still continuing, Geri. Hop
kins, of Kentucky, in October, 1812, led an expedition
of 2,000 mounted volunteers, from Vincennes, against
the Kickapoo villages in Illinois, but returned without
effecting any thing; and in November he led a second
expedition of 1,250 men, up the east side of the Wabash,
as far as Tippecanoe, and destroyed the Indian towns
there, which they had previously evacuated. A company
of sixty horsemen, under the command of Lieutenant
Colonels Miller and Wilcox, were, on the 22d Novem
ber, drawn into an ambuscade, and eighteen of their
number killed. The weather having become intensely
cold, the Indians dispersed, and the expedition returned
to Vincennes.
On the 18th of same month. Col. Campbell, with a
force of 600 men, set out from Pranklinton, Ohio, against
the Indian towns on the Mississinnewa. He succeeded
in capturing thirty-seven prisoners, killing between thirty
and forty, and burning, three of the. villages, in which,
however, there was very little valuable property. Two
officers and six privates were killed, and ' twenty-six
others wounded. As Tecumseh was said to be near.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. Ill
with a large force. Col. Campbell's party returned in
haste to Ohio.
These various expeditions were not without good re
sults, as several of the tribes submitted- to the protection of
the government, and Tecuiflseh and the most warlike and
intractable of the savages, withdrew soon after from the
Territory, ^and submitted themselves entirely to the Bri
tish contrpl. Richardville, the civil Chief of the Miamies,
had always been an earnest advocate of peace, and so
much had his views in this respect Offended Tecumseh,
that his. life was repeatedly assailed.
In 1813, an act passed the Territorial Legislature to
remove the Seat of Government from Vincennes lo Co
rydon, ahd the next year the counties of Gibson and
Warrick were organized. . »
Gov. Harrison having been appointed, in thfe;, fall of
1812, to command the North-western army,. Thomas
Posey, an officer of the Revolution, and afterwards a
Brigadier General in Wayne's army, was appointed Go
vernor of the Territory. No further in.teresting military
occurrences appear to have taken place within the
bounds of this State during the continuance of the war
with England, which terminated early in* the year
1815. There were occasional skirmishes with the In
dians on the frontiers ; several individuals were murdered
by them, and horses were frequently stolen. The militia
or rangers, as they were called, were often out to scour
the woods an,d guard iagainst surprise; every exposed
neighborhood had its block-house, defended with pickets,
to retreat to in case of alarm, and never did persons
exist more resolute to defend themselves in times of dan
ger, or more generous to assist the sick or the suffering,
than could be found along the whole borders of the ex
posed settlements of the Territory. In making out their
accounts against the gqvernment, they were, however,
sometimes accused of keeping in view the wants to be
supplied, rather than the services they had rendered.
The administration of justice, in those times, was fre- ¦
quently of the most primitive character. If an individual

112 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
or family disturbed the peace of the neighborhood, they
received a notice to remove by a set time, and if they
failed to do so, which was not often the case, as they well
knew the consequences, they were then regulated, as' it
was called'. The beech or hickory limb was administeredj
or the cabin roof was quietly removed, and if these did
not answer, the levelling the whole with the ground did
not fail to convince them- that it was useless to contend
with public opinion. The proceedings in sueh cases were
very unlike those of the mobs collected iri cities, for- the
first feeling of a citizen of the west, in those times, was
at once lo joiii with the weaker party, and to give it up
only on being convinced that neither justice nor genp^
rosily required its defence.
At later periods, and in other parts of the western
country, there have been, no doubt, great abuses of at
tempted regulation; but it is not understood that there
have been amongst us. In fact, attempts of the kind
have ceased for many years, except occasionally, when'
an unkind husband is feelingly reminded of his duty to
•his wife.
¦The counties of Washington, Perry, Switzerland and
Posey, were organized in 1814, and the law creating
Jackson and Orange passed in 1815. The increase of
population and wealth, during the war, was continued,
though it was not rapid.
In 1814, it was thought advisable to charter the Bank
of Vincennes, and the Farmers and Mechanics Bank,- of
Madison.. Both these institutions were managed; al first,
with mufeh prudence.
The restoration of peace with Great Britain and the
Indians, in 1815, and the purchase of additional lands
from the latter, brought a great increase of population 10
the Territory, and an application was made to Congress
for the privilege of admission into the Union as an inde
pendent Slate. This privilege was granted by an act of
Congress, passed April 19, 1816, by which the delegates
to a Convention were to be elected the second Monday
of May, for the formation of a Constitution. The popu-

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 113
lafion of the Territory was then about 65;000, eighteen
counties had been organized, and two more, Jackson and
Orange, provided for.
., Of the state of things in the Territory, previous to the
formation of the State Cqnstitution, there is very little
remaining, even to this time, to give us correct ideas.
Of the first Judges appointed hy the President of the
United States, Henry Vanderburgh,Thom,as T.Davis and
John Griffin, who, with th^ Governor, made all the laws
for the Territory until 1806, the two former were dead,
and the latter, a native of Scotland, had returned to that
country to, take possession of a fortune left to him there.
EUjah Sparks, also subsequently a .Judge, and a candi
date for Congress in 1814, was dead. , But Judges Park,
Noble, Holrtianand Taylor, lived for many years to hold
distinguished offices in the State ; and Judge Scott, a
Speaker of the House of Representatives, then a Judge
of the Territory, and afterwar.ds, for fourteen years, a
Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, is still alive;
so also' is Jesse B. Thomas, the second member of Con
gress from the Territory, who was afterwards a Judge
and Senator in Congress from Illinois. The first mem
ber of Congress from the Indiana Territory, was Benja
min Parke; then Mr. Thomas; then, from 1810 to
1816, Jonathan Jennings, who was opposed, at the first
election, by Thomas Randolph, at the second by Waller
Taylor, and at the third by Judge Sparks, All these
men were active and public spirited, and the, most of
them would compjfre favorably with the leading lawyers
and politicians of their tinje..
In the Convention that formed the Constitution, there
were fou.r delegates from the county of W^yne, which
then embraced a part of Union, a part of Randolph, and
of its present limits only to the Indian boundary, which
ran east of Centreville. Franklin, which, in addition to
its present limits, was then composed, of a part of Fay
ette and Union, had four delegates; Dearborn, embrac
ing Ohio county, had three ; Switzerland, one ; Jefferson,
three; Clark, five; Harrison, five; Washington, five;,

114 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Knox, five; Gibson, four; Perry, Warrick and Posey,,
each one ; forty-one in all. Jonathan Jennings, of Clarb
county, was elected President of the Convention, and
William Hendricks, of Madison, Secretary. The Con
vention continued in session from the lOlh to the 29th of
June, 1816, when the present Constitution was adopted,
which has continued to this time without alteration. ¦
Until the close of the Territorial government, more
than three-fourths of the State was in possession of the
Indians, or had been so recently purchased as not to have
been surveyed and exposed to sale. The maps of the
State, even as late as 1818, represented the Indian
boundary as starting from a point in the northern part
of Jackson county, and running north-east to the Ohio
line, near Fort Recovery, and north-west to the Wabash,
a few miles above Terre Ilaute. Vincennes was then by
far the most considerable tovvn in the new State, and
probably its population was not much below its present
amount, though the improvements were far less valuable
than they are at this time. The Indian trade was then
usually considerable; .there was generally one or more
companies of United States troops in Fort Knox at that
place ; tbe business of the Land office and the Bank, and
tbe inclination of the French to settle in a village rather
than on farms, brought together a population, of near
2y000. The buildings, however, were mostly arfanged<
with but little reference to streets, and the beauty of the
situation,. and the amount of business done there, were
the only features in its favor.
Corydon, the Seat of Government, had a good stone
Court House, built by the Speaker of the Territorial Le
gislature, (and a better man the State has never since
had,) who, it was said, was often called frdm the ham
mer and trowel to the Chair. The other buildings there,
not exceeding one hundred in number, were either cabins
or of hewn logs. As the town was but little visited, exr,
cept during the sessions of the Legislature, there was
then often a large crowd, while the means of accommo
dation were not in proportion. The most important

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 115
supplies came from Louisville, twenty-five miles distant ;
but the state of the roads and streams was sUch that no
regularity could be relied on. Whenever any thing was
wanting, the arrival of the wagon from Louisville was
to supply the deficiency. As this explanation was often
given, much merriment was excited one morning, by a
modest boarder's being asked, when he had no plate, knife
or fork, whether hp too "was waiting for the wagon?"
The sites of New Albany and Madison presented, here
and there, a few comfortable houses, and perhaps a hun
dred cabins, and an equal number of fallen poplar trees,
from five to six feet in diameter, lying on the ground.
Jeffersonville and Lawrenceburgh had been longer set
tled; but except the then fine residence of Gov. Posey,
at the former place, still standing, there was no other
good building in either. Charlestown, Salem, Vevay,Ris-
ing Sun and Brookville, were then talked of as having
magnificent prospects for the future, and^ the drafts on
the imagination, in relation to them, were very large.
What ancient citizen of Indiana does not recollect the
glorification of Salisbury, Palestine, Hindostan,' New
London, and many other places, the sites for which must
now be sought for in pastures and corn-fields?
There were very few large farms in the State in 1816.
The range, or wild grass, mast and roots, were so abun
dant in the woods, that hogs, cattle and horses required
but little other food, and that was, in general, corn alone.
It is probable that a single corn-field, of from five to
twenty acres,, constituted at least seven-eighths of the
farms then cultivated in the Slate.
The whole State tax assessed in 1816, was $6,043 36;
in 1817 it was $12,967 58, both together being only about
the amount of the State tax assessed on Wayne county
alone, the present year. The number of acres of land
taxed in 1817, was about 1,750,000.
At the election for the first Governor, Augast, 1816,
the candidates were Thomas Posey, the Territorial Go
vernor, and Jonathan Jennings, the President of the
Convention and late delegate to Congress. The former

116 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
received 3,936 votes, the latter 5,2ll, and was elected.
The contest was very warm in many of the countiesl
Gov. Posey was an amiable man in private life.. He
was a native of Virginia; he had been a Colbnel ih tbe
Revolution in Gen. Wayne's Brigade, ahd was distin
guished in that resolute band at the taking of Stony
Point, and on many other occasions. He had also been
a Brigadier General in the north-western army, com
manded by Gen. Wayne, but he resigned in the. early
part of the expedition, from the annoyance which the
quarrels of Generals Wayne and Wilkinson occasioned
him. Jonathan Jennings was of a family in western Penn
sylvania, in which there were three Other distinguished
brothers. He came to the State a youth, and as soon as
his age would allow, was elected a delegate to Congress.
The emigrants from the eastern and middle States, and
the Friends, from Carolina, gave him their warm supr
port, in the belief that he was more hostile to slavery
than either his flrst or his second opponents, Messrs.
Randolph or Taylor, who -vvere natives of Virginia.
Gov. Jennings was not fluent as a public speaker ; but
in private conversation with voters, he seldom or never
failed to increase the zeal of his friends, and gain those
who had been previously indifferent. Though he had
many personal and very bitter enemies, he was easily
reconciled, and freely extended official patronage to them
whenever the interests of the State appeared to require
it. Political ambition was, no doubt, too much his idol;
but, in pecuniary matters, he was perfectly disinterested.
Having been appointed in 1818, in connection with Gov.
Cass and Judge Parke, a Commissioner to treat with the
Indians, they succeeded in purchasing all the central part
of the State, and, with the exception of the Miami,
Thorntown, and a few other reserves, all the Indian
lands south of the Wabash. This purchase was very
important for the Slate, and sufficiently excused in the
opinions of a majority of the people, the violation of
the clause of the Constitution which forbids the Governoi'

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 117
of theiState to hold "any office under the United States."
In order to ensure success, the contemplated proceedings
were at first kept secret, the negotiations were not pro
tracted, and the offence, whatever it may have been,
was wholly inadvertent on the part of the Governor.
He was, however, much mortified when he learned that
his conduct had been called in question. He threw his
commission into the fire, and left it to his enemies, as he
called them, to sustain their charges. The subject came
up before the Legislature, whether the Governor had not
vacated his office, and thereby devolved it on the Lieut.
Governor, by acting as Commissioner of the United
States. The Legislature, however, appreciating the mo
tives of the Governor, declined any action in the pre
mises, and the Lieut. Governor, Christopher Harrison,
iqn mediately resigned his office. At the August, election
they were cornpetitors, but Mr. Jennings received 9,168
votes put of 11,256, the whole number given.
From the year 1816 until 1819, there was much immi
gration to the State, health generally prevailed, produce
bore good prices, and there was every appearance of
general prosperity. The best mechanics generally re
ceived from $1.50 to $2.00 per day, and common labor
ers, about half that amount. The prices of flour along
the Ohio river were frequently as high as seven and eight
dollars a barrel; corn sold from thirty to fifty cents per
bushel, and. bacon at from ten to fifteen cents per pound.
The price of the United States land, at, this period,
was two dollars an acre, of which one-fourth was to be
paid in hand, and the balance in three equal annual in
stalments, and a year of grace after the last, instalment
became due, was allowed before a forfeiture was exaciedi
If paid at the end of the four years, in terest was exacted-
so that about two dollars an acre was then required.
Lands^ about this time, rose rapidly in price, so that vast
quantities were purchased of the government by paying
only the entrance money, or the first, fifty cents an acre.
About the year. 1818. Congress commenced passing laws
to relieve against forfeitures, requiring interest, however,

1.18 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
to be added for the delay, and in 1819-20, similar laws
were passed. ,
In 1819, the banking system of the west began to be
seriously convulsed. During the war, the General Go
vernment borrowed money occasionally from the Banks
of Ohio, and used their paper at all times. The payment
of the army in the west, and the purchases of provisions
and clothing for it, required a large circulation, which, as
specie payments were suspended in all the States south
of New England, was readily furnished. This held out
a strong temptation to establish Banks on a' fictitious
capital, which was done to a considerable extent, and
was not corrected until the restoration of specie pay
ments, which was first hastened and then sustained by
the branches of the Bank of the United States.
During the war, manufactures had been commenced in
the eastern and middle States, which employed much of
the capital and industry that had previously been engaged
in commerce. This state of things created a demand for
the produce of the west, until the change of times, soon
after the peace, and the large importations of foreign
goods induced many of the manufacturers to relinquish
the business for a time, and engage again in commerce,
or emigrate west. The prices of produce were, how
ever, kept near the previous rates until after 1819.
The debt to the United States, for public lands, having
become altogether beyond the control of legislatioiij by
its large amount, by the numbers from whom it was due,
and, the impossibility of paying it, the subject came up
before Congress in 1821. The plan adopted was as
favorable to the citizens of the west as, under the cir
cumstances,, could have been expected. All interest,
which then amounted to about one-third of the whole
debt, was released; lands entered, and on which part
payments had been made, were allowed to be relin
quished, and the amount advanced applied to pay in full
for other lands; and all lands thereafter were to be sold
for cash in hand; but lest it should bethought that the
improvement of the country would be retarded by sales

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 119
for cash, instead of on credit, the price of lands was re
duced from two dollars to one dollar twenty-five cents
per acre. The immediate effect, however, was to reduce
the value of lands already purchased and owned by indi
viduals, in about the same proportion ; for the" large
amount of valuable lands then thrown into market by
the Government, would have done this without any re
duction of price, and still more was it calculated to do
so, when only three-fifths of the former prices were re
quired. The years 1820, 1821, and 1822, were attended with
more general and fatal sickness than has ever been expe
rienced, either before or since, in the west. Palestine,
on the East Fork of White river, then the seat of justice
of Lawrence county, was nearly depopulated; Vevay,
Jeffersonville, Vincennes, and many other towns, lost
nearly one-eighth of their inhabitants the first year, and
probably one-fourth, in the three years; and during that
time, in most neighborhoods, there were but few persons
who escaped without one or more severe attacks of feven
The prevailing diseases wei:e bilious and intermitting
fevers, the fornier, in many cases, differing very little
from the yellow fever of New Orleans. The tendency
of so much sickness was not to produce neglect or un-
kindness towards the suffering; but though all business
was, in a great measure, suspended, no general serious
ness prevailed. On the contrary, there was much appa
rent levity, such as is rarely witnessed in the chambers
of. death and at the grave. . When the sickness first
commenced, those who drank spirits mostly escaped, and
it was a matter of freqUent boasting among them, that
they ^'kept above fever heat." But they were soon after
attacked much more severely than others, and their taunts
were then returned with interest. The ague, though of
ten a serious matter to the parties concerned, is usually
a subject of merriment to others. Some were charged
with being "too lazy to shake;" others were said to
have " the slows," or the " spring fever lasted the whole

120 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
year," and as medicine often had very little effect, mirth
was perhaps the best substitute.
About the same time, the western Banks had all failed,
and there was no longer any circulating medium. Even
cut silver, which was, in general, an attempted division
of a dollar into five quarters, disappeared. There were
few Bank failures , more discreditable than that of the
Bank of Vincennes, which had become the State. Bank
of Jndiajna, with branches at Corydon, Vevay and Brook
ville. A large amount of the paper became entirely
worthless in' the hands of the holders, and the General
Government never obtained but a small portion of about
$200,000 of its deposits for lands sold. The paper of the
Farmers and Mechanics Bank, at Madison; was ulti
mately redeemed, after passing, at depreciated rates, for
several years.
From 1820 to 1824, the prices of produce were only
from a third to a fourth of what they had previously
been, except where extensive new settlements created
tertipprary demands. All real property fell iii much the
same, and town property in even a greater proportion.
The state of things brought about by the reduction of
the price of public lands, by several unhealthy seasons,
the failure of immigration to the country, and the total
derangement of the currency, rendered it almost impos
sible, to sell property or to pay debts, and was very dis
couraging to all. the efforts of the industrious and enter
prising. There was, no doubt, much wrong feeling and
wrong principle that led to the relief laws, and other
efforts to prevent the collection of debts; yet when pro
perty lo large amounts was sacrificed for costs merely,
as was often the case, eyen the creditors derived no
benefit. It was for the interest of credit(?rs, generally;
not less than of debloi% that , the latter should not be
ruined needlessly, and that as many of the foimer as
possible, should receive at least a part of their dues.
About this lime, the following circumstances occurred;
A farm of 200 acres had been sold for $4,000, of which

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 121
$3,000 was paid in hand, and a mortgage given on the
property for the $1,000. This sum not being paid, the
mortgaged premises were taken and sold to the original
owner for less than half the sum due, and he afterwards
proceeded to collect the balance, with costs, of the mort
gagor. The land would, at any time for the last twenty
years, have sold at from $30 to $60 an acre. There
were many even still harder cases which called, at
least, for such provisions in relation to the sale of real
property as would be best, on the whole, for all creditors
and all debtors. The state of public opinion may well
be imagined, from the fact that many of those who had
so managed the Banks that they became a fraud on
community, still retained, lo a considerable extent, the
respect of their fellow citizens.
By the Census of the Slate in 1820, the population
then amounted to 147,178. From that time there was
very little increase for more than three years; but when,
by industry and economy, the people had accommodated
themselves to what they thought hard times, zoxxxage and
good feeling returned, and there appeared to be no longer
any special cause for complaint.
Gov. Jennings having been chosen to the office of Go
vernor two terms, or six years, being all that the Consti
tution allows, he was elected to Congress in August,
1822, and shortly after resigned the office of Governor
for the small balance of the term. He continued in
Congress until 1831, when, unfortunately, the habit of
intemperance had so grown on him that his capacity for
usefulness was very much impaired. His death followed
soon after, but he retained to the last the ardent friend
ship of large numbers of his fellow citizens.
In 1820, Commissioners were appointed by the Stale
to select the four Sections of land donated by Congress
as a site for the permanent Seat of Government, and the
spot where Indianapolife now stands was chosen. Until
that year, there were no settlements of whites within
fifty miles of the place. The next year, the town was
laid out, the name of Indianapolis was given to it, a part
9

122 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
of the lots were sold at prices varying from $500 down
to $30, and a sale was made of the Congress lands in
the vicinity. Most of these sold at the minimum price,
but a few tracts near town sold at three, four and five
dollars an acre.
At the election of 1822, William Hendricks, who had
been a member of Congress for the six previous years,
was elected Governor without opposition, he having re
ceived 18,340 voles. He continued in office until Feb
ruary, 1825, when he resigned, having been elected to
the Senate of the United States, to succeed Waller Tay
lor, whose term then expired, tie was re-elected to the
same office in 1831.
Gov. Hendricks was, for many years, by far the most
popular man in the State. He had been its sole Repre
sentative in Congress for six years, elected on each occa
sion by large majorities, and no member of that body
probably, was more attentive to the interests of the State
he represented, or more industrious in arranging all the
private or local business intrusted to him. He left no
letter unanswered, no public office or document did he
fail to visit^or examine on request; with personal man
ners very engaging, he long retained his popularity; but
it sunk at last from his indecision in politics, and the sus
picion that selfish objects had obtained controlling influ
ence over him.
For the first five years, the Legislature consisted of a
Senate of ten, and a House of Representatives of twenty-
nine members. At the apportionment of 1821, the for
mer was increased lo sixteen and the latter to forty-three.
The sessions of the Legislature, at Corydon, qsually
lasted about six weeks, the pay of the members was two
dollars a day; there were no general party divisions in
community, and though many matters of policy and
legislation were warmly and even obstinately contested,
they very seldom excited any permanent ill feeling. Those
who had been in earnest opposition one day, were fre
quently found soon after contending for the same object.
Private and local acts of legislation were not so common

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 123
as they have since been; yet even then, they often inter
fered with other important business, for it was very rare
that subjects of general interest could array in their sup
port the warm feelings which private interests frequently
called forth. A Stale Road, or a Divorce Bill, of conse
quence only to a few constituents, and by its being a bad
precedent, often contributed to decide the most important
measures that came before the Legislature. The ques
tion whether the Seat of Justice of Wayne county
should be at Salisbury or Centreville, which was warmly
contested from 1817 to 1822, elected Senators of the
United Slates, formed new counties, and decided much
of the important legislation of the Slate for several
years. While this subject was pending, the advocates of
every exciting measure would "go round," as they said,
" and scare up the Wayne county delegation." One of
them, who most heartily disliked Divorce Bills, was occa
sionally induced, "for a consideration," to vote in their
favor, though he usually contrived, before the bill was
through with, either by absence on the final vote, or by
changing his own vote at that lime, lo undo the mischief
he had previously helped forward.
The negligence with which private legislation was at
tended, and the corruption to which it fed, may be illus
trated by the following circumstances: About the year
1818, a husband obtained a divorce from his wife on an
affidavit that she had been seen in bed with another man,
and covered with the bed clothes. It afterwards appeared
that she had been held there by violence, in order that a
partial statement of the facts might be made. A few
years later, a Senator submitted a petition for a divorce,
on the ground that the wife had borne a colored child,
and as he staled that there was no doubt of the fact, a
bill granting the divorce passed without objection to its
third reading. Before its final passage, however, the
Senator rose and said that there was another fact not
yet slated, which possibly ought to have some influence,
and this was, that both husband and wife were colored per
sons. This, of course, put an end to the bill, as it had

124 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
been prepared merely to show the absurdity of ex park
proceedings in private legislation.
The Indian murders on Fall Creek, thirty miles north
east of Indianapolis, which took place in March, 1824,
excited much alarm, for a time, in all. the new settle-
ments of the central parts of the State, and many fami-
Jies removed altogether from fear of an Indian war.
The circumstances, as far as they could be ascertained,
were as follows : An Indian family of the Shawanese
tribe, consisting of three men, three women, two half
grown girls and two young boys, had spent the winter in
hunting and trapping on Fall creek and White river, and
had collected so large a quantity of skins and furs as lo
excite the cupidity of some of the whites in the vicinity.
A man of the name of Harper, in order to create ill
feeling towards the Indians, took the horses of his neigh
bors and concealed them in iHe woods, and then accused
the Indians of stealing them. He collected together a
party, seven in all. Bridges, father and son, Sawyer,
father and son, Hudson, and to excite them still more,
made them nearly drunk, and then persuaded them lo
join with him in killing the whole family. For this pur
pose, they first went to the Indian camps and asked the
three men to assist them in hunting stray cattle. The
Indians consented readily; but when the whole party had
gone a short distance, two of them were shot down on
a signal from Harper, but the third was only slightly
wounded, and being a fleet runner, he escaped, though
all who had not previously discharged their guns, fired at
him as he ran. The party of whites then returned to
the Indian camps and butchered all the women and chil
dren, mutilating them in such a way as they thought
would induce the belief that other Indians had commit
ted the-murder. This was supposed to be the case al
first ; but the guilty parlies soon after proceeded to di
vide the property of the murdered persons among them
selves, and this "brought out all the facts. They were
then arrested and committed to jail, but by the assist
ance of friends were enabled to escape. All, however.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 125
were recaptured but Harper, who, it was afterwards as
certained, travelled over eighty miles on fool, in twenty-
four hours, and he finally escaped, and nothing worthy
of reliance has ever been heard of him since. Two of
the party,  and young Sawyer, were admitted as
evidence against the others, and were not tried; but
Hudson, a very stupid man, and the least guilty of the
party, was tried and convicted, and executed in the fall,
and Bridges and Sawyer in the spring following. Young
Bridges, only sixteen years of age, was also convicted
and sentenced to be executed; but much sympathy had
been excited for him, and so generally was it supposed
that he would be pardoned, that no preparations were
made for his execution. This did not suit Gov. Ray,
(who being President of the Senate, had become acting
Governor in February, 1825, on the resignation of Gov.
Hendricks,) and by his directions the grave and coffin
were prepared, and the young convict brought out as if
for execution. The acting Governor then, clothed in
uniform and with a sword in his hand, appeared on a
stage that had been erected, and in a longspeech, resem
bling those he usually made in his electioneering tours,
announced the pardon. A similar ceremony, in pardon
ing another person, was performed soon after in Frank
lin county.
In 1825, the Seat of Government was removed from
Corydon to Indianapolis. Though the distance was only
125 miles, such was the slate of the roads that it required
about ten days to perform the journey in a wagon.
Specimens of bad roads that it is thought cannot well
" be beat," may still be found at some seasons of the
year ; but the veterans of those days, unless their memo
ries deceive them, have seen and experienced more of
the depth and width of mud holes, than can well be con
ceived in this " degenerate age." The writer of this ar
ticle, on two occasions, after hours of weary travel,
found himself, very unwillingly, at his starling place in
the morning, and his good friends, the present Post-mas
ter at Indianapolis and the Auditor of State, after a

126 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
day's travel, as Ihey thought, towards Cincinnati, paused
in wonder at evening, at their own town, which' at first
they supposed was some unknown settlement in the wil
derness. A respectable citizen of Ohio having traversed
this Stale about that time, was asked, on his return home,
about his travels, and whether he had been pretty much
through the Slate. He said he could not tell with cer
tainty, but he thought he had been pretty nearly through
in some places.
At the election for Governor, in 1825, the candidates
were James B. Ray and Isaac IBlaokford, when the for
mer received 13,040, and the latter 10,418 votes.
The net amount collected for taxes in 1824, was
$36,010 74, of which fivceighlhs were from the tax on
lands, the other three-eighths from a poll tax. The ave
rage revenue of the Stale, for the ensuing seven years,
did not exceed that of 1824, for so moderate was the
expenditure that, as the amount of taxable properly in
creased, the rates of taxation were reduced. There
were about three millions of acres from which the land
tax of 1824 was collected.
In 1826, a treaty was held on the upper Wabash with
the Miami and Pottawatamie Indians, at which Gov.
Cass, Gen. Tipton and Gov. Ray were the Commissioners
on the part of the United States. The latter solicited
the appointment; but knowing the difficulties in which a
similar case had involved Gov. Jennings^ he requested
that no commission, but only a mere letter of authority,
should be sent him. The land purchased on this occa
sion consisted of ten miles in width, on the north line of
the Stale, and the small tract lying between the Wabash
and Eel rivers, the former of the Pottawatamies, and
the latter of the Miamies. At the instance of Gov. Ray,
a donation to the Stale of Indiana, of one section for
every mile, was obtained from the Indians for the con
struction of a road from Lake Michigan to the Ohio
river. °
The question of the forfeiture of the office of Gover
nor by his accepting an appointment under the United

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 127
State?, again came up before the Legislature; but after
several days of warm discussion, it terminated as before,
in their evading it. The Michigan Road, which, by the
treaty, was to terminate at " some convenient point on
the Ohio river," to be fixed by the Legislature, was, from
that time for several years, a bone of contention, and
the object of much bargain and intrigue; for the citizens
of every town, from the Miami to the Wabash, could see
the convenience of its terminating as they wished il.
Madison was finally selected, but by a circuitous route, so
that parts of the road have never been much travelled, and
as in other, cases of public works, there was much waste
in disposing of the lands and in applying the proceeds.
There were, no permanent party divisions in the Slate
until the Presidential election in 1828, when the friends
of Mr. Adams and Gen. Jackson were warmly arrayed
against each olher; but even then the line was not drawn
at the Governor's election that year. Jarpes B. Ray,
who belonged to neither and to both parties, received
15,141 voles. Dr. Canby, an ardent friend of Gen. Jack
son, received 12,315 votes, and H. H. Moore, a friend of
Mr. Adams, received 10,904 votes. About this period,
steady industry and economy had paid off most of the
individual debt of the country; the commencement of the
National Road in the Stale again turned the attention of
emigrants towards it, and pork, flour and olher import
ant products of the country, were once more in demand
at fair prices. From 1826 until 1834, there was a con
stant though not rapid improvement in prices, which in
duced increased industry and enterprise.
Of the political incidents during the last term of Gov.
Ray, none attracted much attention but his attempt to
remodel the Supreme Court of the Stale, for personal
objects. In 1830, the second term of the Judges expired. Their
official and private characters were entirely unexception
able, and such was the confidence of the public in them,
that if they had been re-nominated by the Governor, no
Senator would have ventured to vote against their con-

128 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
firmation. Except a similar occurrence since, no other
Governor of the State, except the two referred to, has
ever made Judicial appointments which would not bear
a rigid scrutiny. In fact, it has seemed to gratify them,
when occasion presented, to show their approval of
merit, in selecting even from personal and political op-
ponenls for Judicial offices.
The incumbents of the Supieme Court had refused to
exercise any influence in an election for Senator of the,
United States, which was soon after to take place, and
therefore two of them. Judges Scott and Holman, were
unceremoniously passed over. The Senate, at first, re
jected the nominees, not for any thing personal against
them, but they finally yielded, as the Governor gave
them no olher option. His motives were, however, so
apparent, that all popularity which he had previously
possessed, from that time gradually disappeared, and he
who always had had " troops of friends," had no longer
any advocate. Gov. Ray was, however, at one lime, a
brilliant speaker; he occasionally suggested some very
happy thoughts, and among- many wild schemes there
were some which were calculated to promote the inte
rests of the Stale; and he never retained malice even
against those he esteemed as his bitter enemies.
The population of the State in 1830, was 343,031.
In 1831, although the friends of Gen. Jackson had a
majority in the State, the parties were not fully arrayed
against each other at the election of Governor, for Noah
Noble received 17,959 votes,, James G. Read 15,168, and
Milton Stapp, 4,422 votes, the former and the latter, be
ing of the same political party. At the election in 1834,
Messrs. Noble and Read were again opposing candidates,
but the former received 27,676, and the latter 19,994 votes.
Gov. Noble was, in many respects, the most remark-,
able man the State has ever produced. Self-taught,
almost, he readily acquired a capacity for managing all ,
kinds of important business; with a very Jeeble consti
tution, he could endure almost any fatigue, and so much
of an invalid as seldom to be free from pain, and always

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 129
living on the diet of a hermit, he was never otherwise
than cheerful, and few persons ever did so much to pro
mote good feelings in the society in which he lived. His
benevolence was not manifested merely by professions,
but his kind looks and kinder words were always attend
ed by the most substantial aid, whenever distress or dif
ficulty appealed to his sympathy. As a public officer he
was far above all merely party or. selfish considerations ;
yet it must be admitted that, like every other Governor,
he too often pardoned criminals and remitted fines, and
the highest honor the Stale could bestow was as nothing
unless a seat in the Senate of the United States could
follow. Gov. Noble, too, was unfortunate in being, if
not the father, at least the most efficient promoter of the
system of Internal Improvements, from which the Stale
has suffered so much both in character and resources.
Messrs. Burr and Evans, the former a Canal Commis
sioner and the latter the Speaker of the House of Rep
resentatives, were next, after the Governor, the most effi
cient advocates of the system ; but, in a short lime, the
whole community, with but few exceptions, appeared to
be, for a time, nearly deranged on the subject.
In 1834, the net revenue of the State was $45,945, of
which less than one per cent, was unpaid at the treasury
when it became due.
At the session of the Legislature this year, the Statp
Bank of Indiana was chartered, of which many of the
branches have, up to this time, performed most of their
appropriate duties to public satisfaction. A good cur
rency has been furnished to the State, as uniform as the
financial convulsions of the neighboring States would
permit, and it has done much to promote general indus
try and enterprise. Were it lo be chartered anew, but
few amendments would be required to render it as per
fect as such institutions can be made. Among these,
probably, it would be well to prohibit the managers from
being borrowers, to any considerable extent, to forbid
large discounts, that tend to monopoly in business, to
require long loans, to be for the time considered as so

130 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
much withdrawal of capital, and more carefully to guard
against all usurious evasions.
The history of the State from 1S37 to this time, is so
much within the memory of its citizens, that even a brief
sketch is scarcely desirable on their account, and the
effects and results of many measures are as yet unde
veloped, so that it is premature, at present, to decide
upon them. Party spirit is still so warm in relation to
some subjects, that it will hardly be profitable to discuss
them. The facts connected with the system of Internal
Improvements, are mostly set forth under that head in
the General View of the State, and they need not be
repeated here.
At the election for Governor in 1837, a strong effort
was made by Mr. Dumont, the Anti-Improvement can
didate, to limit the public works, or, at least, impose some
barrier to their ruinous extension ; but he was defeated
by Gov. Wallace, the advocate of the more liberal policy,
as it was called, by a majority of over nine thousand
votes. Both the candidates were whigs, for up to this
time, national politics did not exercise much control
over the local elections of the Slate.
When it was fully ascertained, in 1838-9, that the
public works could no longer be carried on, they should
have ceased at once, provision having been made that
the Contractors should be compensated as soon as possi
ble for their dues, and also for such damages as ihey
ought to receive for relinquishing their contracts. From
the indecision of the State authorities, no arrangements
of the kind were made, and large sums were afterwards
paid in the Treasury Notes of the State for work done
after there was not the slightest prospect that it would
be of any public advantage.
At the election of 1840, Judge Bigger was elected
Governor by a majority of 8,000 votes over Gen. How
ard. This was the first time at which national poli
tics had exercised a controlling influence in the election
of Governor. Each party, however, could, with pro
priety, boast, that no belter or abler man was to be

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 131
found in its ranks to advocate its cause and sustain its
principles. The population of the State in 1840, amounted to
685,866, of whom 148,806 were engaged in agriculture,
20,590 in trades and manufactures, 3,076 in commerce,
949 in mining and navigation, and 2,257 in the learned
professions, including engineering. There were 48,189
scholars in the primary and common schools, and 38,100
persons over twenty-one years of age,'unable to read and
write. The election in 1843 terminated in the defeat of Gov.
Bigger, the incumbent, by James Whitcomb, Esq., on
parly grounds, by a majority of 2,000 votes. In 1845,
the Judges of the Supreme Court were nominated in refer
ence to the political divisions of the country, contrary to
the wishes of some of the dominant party. If the old Judges
had been re-appoinled, there can be no doubt their confir
mation by the Senate would have been unanimous, or near
ly so. How this subject will be viewed hereafter, it is, of
course, impossible at present lo determine ; but it is very
apparent that numbers of both parlies do not wish to give
up the common objects of their pride and patronage.
THE STATE INSTITUTIONS,
That require particular notice, are the following, viz:
The State Prison,
The State Bank,
The Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb,
The Hospital for the Insane,
The Institute for the Education of the Blind; and
The State Library. The Indiana State Prison
Is beautifully situated just below the City of Jeffersonville,
within sight of the Falls of the Ohio, and opposite the City
of Louisville. Its outer wall, which is of brick, thirty
inches in thickness and twenty-eight feet high, covers an
area of about four acres, gently undulating to the north.
In the centre of the front, being the south side of the pris
on, is a large and beautiful three story brick building, fifty

132 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
feet square, called the " Guard House," from its being
used for fhe guards and officers of the prison.
The entrance to -the prison is through a hall in the
centre of the Guard house, to an iron grated door which
opens to the Cell house. This building is 150 feet long,
and contains 184 cells, each seven feet long, four wide,
and seven feet high, and the whole building is fire proof.
On the west line is a Cooper's shop, 150 feet long, forty
wide and one story high, and a Warehouse 100 feet by
forty, and one and a half stories high. The north angle
of the buildings is composed of a store house forty hy
twenty-two feet, and one story high, and a Hospital 137
feet by forty, two stories high. On the east range is a
brick building, erected for a hackling house, but now
used for a dry house. There is also, in this quarter, a
two story work shop, 396 by 43 feet, in which wagon
making is carried on, and the dressing of Coopers' stuff,
and turning lathes, and a grist mill, are in operation, all
moved by a large engine ; and other extensive machinery
is also in the process of erection. Upon the wall, at the
north-east and south-west angles, are watch towers,
¦where sentinels are placed, during the day, to give the
alarm in case of danger.
There were in the Prison, on the 30th November last,
140 convicts, of which sixty-two were admitted the pre
vious year. They are lodged in separate cells at night,
each cell being provided with a straw tick, pillow and
covering suitable to the season, and also with a night tub
and bucket of fresh water every evening. The food is
plain, but substantial; constant work, except during
meal times and on the Sabbath, is required in the day
time, and perfect silence is maintained, the prisoners
manifesting all their wants by signs. A Chaplain at
tends the Prison, and preaches to the convicts once a
week, on the Sabbath. The average term for which
the prisoners are adjudged to be confined, is about three
years. Of the 140 convicts, twenty-seven had no edu
cation, twenty could read only, eighty-six could read and
write, six had a good English and one a classical educa-

. ii f t '" i

:s

STATE BANK INDI AN APOLIS^

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 135
tion; fifty had been intemperate, forty had been mode
rate drinkers, and fifty temperate; 124 were whites, and
sixteen blacks and mulattoes ; eighteen were natives of
Indiana, forty-seven from other western and south-west
ern Slates, thirty-two from the Middle States, twenty-
six from the southern Stales, six from New England, and
eleven were foreigners. There were seven deaths among
the prisoners during the year ending November 30, 1848.
From 1824 to 1830, the average number of prisoners
was thirty-five; from 1830 to 1840, it was sixty-two;
since that time it has averaged 124.
When the Slate Prison was located at Jeffersonville,
in 1822, it was then supposed that the labor of the con
victs could be beneficially employed in constructing a canal
round the Falls of the.Ohio, on the Indiana side of the river,
and that object had much influence in determining the
selection. William Lee is Warden, W. F. Collum, Physi
cian, and Charles H. Page Chaplain of the State Prison.
The State Bank op Indiana,
Was chartered in 1834, and commenced business in No
vember of ihc^t year. Its charter will expire in 1859.
At the last Annual Report, December 9, 1848, the capital
owned by the State in the Bank amounted to $982,404 27
Capital owned by. Individuals, - - - - 1,100,506 30
Total capital, - - - - $2,082,910 57
The specie on hand was , - - - - 1,273,895 54
Notes and bills discounted, .... 3,438,944 47
Suspended Debt, State Bonds, and Treasury Notes, - 754,706 91
Bank Paper, Bank Balances, &c., . - - . 1,148,313 68
Real Estate, Banking Houses, &,c., - '¦ .- 382,076 71

Making a total of means, - - - $6,997,937 31
The amount of dues were, circulation, $3,552,210 00
Deposits, - ¦ - 452,624 73
Due to Banks, and on other claims, - 382,342 67

4,387,227 40

Leaving a balance of - - $2,610,709 91
Which will pay back to the stockholders their stock, and
leave for further profits, if all the Bank debts and claims
are good, $527,799 34. The dividends of profits the

136 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
last year were 9i per cent. The office of the State
Bank is kept at Indianapolis, from which all the notes of
the Bank are delivered for issuing, signed by the Presi
dent of the Slate Bank, and to be signed by the Cashier
of the proper Branch. This Bank has ever maintained
a firm and deserved credit, and it is justly deemed one of
the best banking institutions in the Union. The control
of the concern is vested in the Directors of the State
Bank, which consists of a President and four Directors,
chosen by the Legislature, and one Director chosen by
each Branch, thirteen in all. This body meets quarterly,
makes the dividends, and provides for regular examina
tions of the Branches, and limits their business, and may
suspend them altogether whenever they violate the char
ter, or their management is otherwise unsafe either to the
public or the other branches.
All the discounting of bills and notes, redemption of
circulation, and other financial business, is done at the
Branches. The Branches are responsible for each other,
and yet do not share each other's profits. In case of the
failure of any Branch, the individual slock in the Branch
is first absorbed before the State stock is touched. The
individual stockholders of each Branch elect all but three
of their Directors, and these three are appointed by that
part of the State Board which is chosen by the Legisla
ture. The President of the Bank is James Morrison,
the Cashier, James M. Ray. The Branches are located
at Indianapolis, Richmond, Lawrenceburgh, Madison,
New Albany, Evansville, Vincennes, Bedford, Terre
Haute, Lafayette, Fort Wayne, South Bend and" Michi
gan City.
Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb.
The buildings for this Institution, of which an engrav
ing, in part, is annexed, are located a mile east of In
dianapolis, in a direct line with Washington street, and
as the main front, when completed, will be presented to
the west, it will afford a commanding view of the great
thoroughfare of the city. The situation is a fine one, in

DEAF 8 DUMB ASYLUM near INDIANAPOLIS,

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 139
a magnificent grove of native forest trees, and the whole,
when finished, will appear lo much advantage. The ex
terior of the building is to be beautifully stuccoed with
hydraulic cement, and its internal arrangements are not
surpassed by any similar Asylum in the United States.
The whole length of the main building, including the
wings, is 256 feet, and there is a building in the rear con
taining school roofns for eight Classes, and a chapel.
The incipient step towards the commencement of this,
the pioneer of the Indiana Benevolent Institutions, was
taken at the session of the Legislature of 1842^3, by
laying a "tax of two mills on each one hundred, dollars
worth of property in the Stale, for the purpose of sup
porting a Deaf and Dumb Asylum." Allhe same session,
an appropriation of $200 was made to James McLean,
who had been for fifteen months instructing a small
school in Parke county. In the spring of 1843, William
Willard, a former mute teacher in the Ohio Asylum,
though for some time previous out of employmenl, learn
ing of the tax which had been assessed, came lo this
Slate with a view of commencing a school. This went
into operation at Indianapolis in, October, 1844; and
during the year had sixteen pupils in attendance. At the
commencement of its second session, in 1844, it became
a State Institution. The greatest attendance at any one
time, this year, was ¦ seventeen. Qn June 2, 1845, the
present Superintendent,, Mr. James S. Brown, was ap
pointed and took charge of the Asyluni in October fol
lowing. During the session of 1845-6, the attendance
reached thirty-five. During 1846-7, the pupils num
bered- sixty-five; in 1847-8, eighty-two ; and in 1848-9,
ninety-nine. For the last four years, the increase of
pupils has been unprecedented ; and for two years past,
the Legislature and people of Indiana have enjoyed the
satisfaction of sustaining ah Institution educating a
greater number of mutes, in proportion to the popula
tion, than that of any other Slate iri the Union.
This school has been rtiade entirely free, so far as board
and tuition are concerned, to the Deaf and Dumb in the

140 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
State, between the ages of ten and thirty years. This
was done because the receipts from pay pupils were at
all times small, scarcely amounting, in value, to the ex
tra trouble occasioned the parents of State pupils in ob
taining their certificates of poverty in behalf of their
children ; and from the fact that many worthy people
kept their children from school rather than procure these
certificates. The objects of this Institution- are to give to each of
its pupils a sound education, comprising 9II those branches
usually pursued in public schools; and also to furnish to
those whose parents or themselves may desire it, some
useful trade. There is also a farm attached to the estab
lishment, in the cultivation of which it is designed to
imparl lo a portion of the male pupils a knowledge of
scientific agriculture..
The revenue of the Asylum is derived from a tax of
two and a quarter cents, on the hundred dollars. Owing
to a late change in the management, by committing the
financial department to the Superintendent, such a saving
has been ,made as to render an increase of taxation unne
cessary, though the buildings are in progress ; and, after
their completion, a considerable reduction can be made
in the present rate.
The annual session commences on the first Wednes
day of October and closes on the last Wednesday in
July. Pupils are required to enter at the commencement
of the session.
The following are the officers of the Institution. >
Trustees.
Rev. PaiNEAS D. GuuLEY, President of the Board.
L. DnNLAf, M. D., Physician of Hie Asylum.
Rev. Edward R. Ames.
Alfked Harm^on, Esq. ' ¦ . '
Rev. Love H. Jameso.n, Secretary.
3\tsEs S. Bkowh, A.M., Superimtendent.
Instructors.— VfiLUAM Wii-LAnb, First Assistant.
Charles Axtell, Second Assistant.
¦  '  ,* Third Assistartt.
 Mrs. Ellen Bigger, Jlfa/ron.
*A vacancy occasioned by the death of Wm. Breg, Jr., May 15, 1849.

ASYLUM FOR THE BUND INDIANAPOLIS.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 143
?¦
Indiana Institute for the Education of the Blind.
This Institution is located at the capital of Indiana,
occupying a commanding and salubrious site of eight
acres, in the northern suburbs of the city.
It is under the fostering care of the State, and was
founded by Legislative enactment in the year 1847.
The Institute has for its object the moral, intellectual,
and physical training of blind youths of both sexes. The
course of instruotioti pursued, embraces all the Ordinary
branches of an English education, to which are added
Vocal and Instrumental Music, and' the knowledge of
some useful handicraft occupation.
The funds of the Institute are derived from a specific
tax, levied for the purpose of its support; and, conse
quently, no charge is made for the boarding and tuition
of its pupils, excepting where they are residents of olher
Slates. The following is a brief history of its origin: In the
spring of 1844, Mr. James M. Ray, of this city, being
in attendance at the General Assembly of the Presbyte
rian Church, then in session in the City of Louisville, was
invited, with the rest of thai body, lo witness an examina
tion .of the pupils of the Kentucky Institution for the edu
cation of the Blind. Convinced, by this examination, of
the practicability and importance of educating this hith
erto neglected class of his fellow beings, he. naturally
desired lo see some eflTorts making in behalf of the Blind
of his own State; and accordingly invited the Superin
tendent of the Kentucky Ir+stitution' to visit Indianapolis,
in company with some of his scholars, during the ses
sion of the next Legislature, for, the purpose of exhibit
ing before them the progress they were making ih their
several branches of instruction. This invitation was
accepted, and so satisfactory was the exhibition, that it
induced the levying of a tax of two mills upon each one
hundred dollars w'orth of taxable property, the revenue
thus accruing to be applied to the maintenance of seve
ral blind pupils in each of the Institutions of Ohio and

144 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Kentucky, until such time as a school should be established
in our own State. By the succeeding General Assembly,
that of 1845-6, Messrs. James M. Bay and George W.
Mears, together with the then Secretary, Auditor, and
Treasurer of State, were appointed a Board of Trustees
to superintend the application of this fund.
In obedience to the requirements of the act by which
they were appointed, the Trustees advertised in many of
the leading papers of the State, their readiness to recieve
applications in behalf of any blind youths who might
wish to avail themselves of the opportunity to acquire a
useful education, at the same time addressing a circular
to the county officers and olher public men throughout
the State, soliciting their aid and influence in the fur
therance of the benevolent objects of the Legislalurfe.
Finding, howeVer, like all others who have been instru
mental in the founding of similar Institutions, that the
incredulity of ihe iininformed, and the reluctance of pa
rents to intrust their afilicted • children to the care of
strangers, could not be overcome by publications, they
availed themselves of the proffered services of Wm. H.
Churchman, who had recently resigned the charge of the
Tennessee Institution for the Blind, and had also been
engaged for- several years as a teacher in the Ohio Insti
tution, acquiring in both of these Institutions much valu
able experience with the Blind. Mr. Churchman pro
posed to traverse a portion of the Slate as an agent of
the Board, hoping, by public lectures and personal inter
views with the Blind and their friends, to remove the
obstacles in the way of their being sent to enjoy the
benefits of the fund which had been created for the pur
pose of their education.
The mission was crowned with more than anticipated
success; and upon the report of their .agent as to the
number of Blind persons in the Slate, the Trustees were
induced to recommend, in their report to the Legislature
in 1846-7,' the early establishment of an Institution in
Indiana. This report was followed up by, a lecture ft-ora
Mr. Churchman before the General Assembly, accompa-

" ' I * I.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 147
nied with an exhibition of the attainments of several
pupils from the Ohio Institution ; the result of all of
which was the enactment of a law, which passed both
branches of the Legislature without a dissenting voice,
establishing an Institution to go into operation during
the year 1847.,
This act appointed Messrs. Calvin Fletcher, George
W. Mears and James M. Ray, a Board of Trustees to
direct the organization and management of the contem
plated Institute. Mr. Fletcher declining to serve, Mr.
S. W. Norris became his successor by appointment of
the Board.
An appropriation of five thousand dollars was made
for the procuring of the necessary outfit of household
furniture, school apparatus, etc.,, and for aiding in the
purchase of a suitable site for the erection of permanent
buildings. For the current support of the Institute, and defraying
in part the cost of buildings, the tax was increased from
two mills to one cent.
The Institute was opened for the reception of pupils
on the first day of October, 1847, and on the fourth of
the same month, the school exercises commenced with
nine pupils. During the first session, which closed on
the last Wednesday in July, 1848, thirty scholars were
received, a larger number than has entered any other In
stitution for the Blind in the United States during the
first year of its existence.
A rented building was necessarily occupied during the
first year ; but in the. latter part of September, 1848,
part of the permanent improvements having been con
structed, the Institute was removedto its present location.
Indiana HospitaI/ for the Insane.
On the 25th Decerhber, 1843, John Evans, M. D.,lhen
of Attica, and now of Chicago, delivered, before a com
mittee of the House of Representatives and the public,
an address on Insanity, and the expediency of establish
ing a State Lunatic Asylum in Indiana.

148 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
The Legislature thereupon took prompt measures to
establish a°State Hospital for the Insane.
This Institution is beautifully situated on a fine farm of
160 acres, near the National Road, and two miles west
of Indianapolis. For the farm on which the buildings
are erected, $5,458 have been paid, and there has been
expended already, for the erection of buildings, $51,611,
and the estimated cost for completing them is $15,000,
making the entire cost of buildings, farm and improve
ments, when completed, $72,069.
The present edifice is designed to accommodate 200
patients, together with the officers and attendants neces
sary to take care of them. Neariy 100 rooms are al
ready completed and Occupied.
As it is estimated that a large proportion of the recent
cases of Insanity can be restored to health and returned
to "their friends, shortly after their arrival, and as others
will be discharged who become incurable yet remain
harmless, the Institution, when finished, it is hoped, will
comfortably accommodate all the suitable cases that may
apply for several years to come.
When applications are made for the admission of more
cases than the Hospital can receive,, a selection will be
made as follows: 1st. Recent cases, where tfie disease
has been less than one year's standing, shall have the
preference over others in the county. 2d. Chronic cases
presenting the most favorable prospect of recovery.
3d. Those for whom applications have been longest on
file, other things being equal. 4lh. Each county fo have
its just proportion, according to its population,, though
the Commissioners may exercise a sound discretion in
giving a preference to recent cases of one county over
chronic cases of another.
The tax established by law for the Insane will this
year amount to about $20,000, which, it is supposed,
will pay $14,000 towards the building, and $6,000 to
support fifty patients, with the salaries of officers, attend
ants, &c.
The management of the Institution, so far, appears to

GENERAL VIEW OF THE STATE. 149
be very creditable to all the parties concerned. The
building is a noble one; the construction economical, and
a number of patients, it is understood, have already been
much benefited. Applications for admission must be
made to the Superintendent.
The officers of the Institution are L. Dunlap, M. J).,
J. S. Bobbs, M. D., and James Blake, E. J. Peck, S.
Major and John Wilk'mS, Esquires,iCommissioners; R. J,
Patterson, M. D., Superintendent and Physician ; John
Nutt, M. D., Assistant Physician; James M. Bradshaw,'
Steward; Mrs. Laura Ann Elliott, Matron.
State Library.
The first appropriation for a State Library was made
by the Legislature at the session of 1825^ when $50. was
appropriated for binding, and $30 annually for the pur
chase of books. Previous to that time, the only books in the
Library were Benlham's works, presented by the author,
througti J. Q. Adams, then Minister lo London, the laws
and journals of Congress, and of a few of the States,
and about twenty volumes of the American State
Papers. There has been a gradual increase of books every year
since ; but the additions have not been of much value
until within a few years. .Besides duplicates, there are
now at least 5,000 volumes of books, of which more
than half are well selected and very valuable, and the
remainder are generally such as should be found in an
institution of the kind.
They are kept in excellent order by the Librarian, and
every visiter at Indianapolis may spend a portion of his
time at the State Library with much pleasure and profit.
A large Law Library, purchased during the last thirty
years, by , the Gentlemen of the Bar, for tl^eir own use, is
in a separate room ; but it is now proposed that this also
shall be put under the care of the Slate Librarian.
There are several other subjects and articles that might
have been embraced in this General View of the State, that
ipust now of necessity be described in the Topographical

150 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
and Statistical part, as the information relative to then)
was not received by the Compiler in time to be inserted
as he would have wished. They will, therefore, be found
under their proper heads in the second part of the Ga
zetteer, which is alphabetically arranged. The proceed
ings of several of the Railroad Companies recently or
ganized, and also of the Wabash Navigation Company,
can now be referred to only in this way.

PART SECOND.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS,
Containing a particular ;deBCription of all the organized Counties, Cities,
Town's, Villages, Townships, Water Courses, Prairies, &c., iu the State,
Alphabetically arranged. i ' '
Abington, a southern township in Wayne county,
which gave 202 votes at the last Presidential election.
Abington, a. village on the west bank of the eaSt fork
of White Water, in Wayne county, six miles south-east of
Centreville, and near the south line of the county.
Aboite, a small river in the west part of Allen county,
emptying into Little river; not navigable, but affording
good water power.
Aboite, a township on the yvest side of Allen county,
in T. 30, R. 11, with a population of about 300.
Adams County is bounded on the east by the State of
Ohio, on the sOulh by Jay county, on the west by Wells,
and on the north by Allen county. It is twenty-four
miles in length, from north to south, and fourteen in
breadth, and contains 336 square miles. The county
was organized ih the year 1836, though a large tract of
ten itory lying between Allen ahd Randolph had befen
previously called Adams county, after the distinguished
statesman who bore that name; yet no organization had
taken place. The population of Adams county, in
1840, was 2,284; at this time it is near 5,600. ' The face
of the country is generally level. Near the St. Mary's
and Wabash, it is undulating, but not hilly. There are
no barrens in the county, and not exceeding ten sections
of prairiej all wet, and twenty-five or thirty of river

&

152 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
.bottoms. The residue is upland, heavily timbered. The
wet prairies form the sources of the creeks, and from
several of them water runs into the St. Lawrence, and
also the Mississippi. The most of them show traces of
beaver dams. The soil is clay mixed with marl, and ap.
parenlly becomes more fertile the longer it is cultivated,
The timber is oak, hickory, buckeye, ash, beech, elm,
lynp, walnut, sycamore, poplar and cottonwood. The
surplus products consist of wheat, corn and hay, and
horses, cattle and hogs, in considerable numbers, are
raised for exportation. The county is divided into
twelve townships, Preble, Root and Union in the. north;
next, St. Mary's, Washington and Kirkland; then French,
Monroe and Blue Crefek; and in the south, Jeflfersonj
Wabash and Hartford.
There are in Adams county, three Lawyers, five Phy,
sicians, six Ministers ,of the Gospel, five stores, three
groceries, six warehouses, one merchant mill, one oil
mill, one ashery, one tannery, two. saddlers, ten shoei,
makers, seven blacksmiths, two tailors, five cabinet
makers and twenty carpenters.
The principal streams are the St. Mary's and Wabash
rivers, which are about equal in size, and their average
width is about 160 ifeet. The former was frequently
navigated with keel and flat boats; but navigation is now
obstructed by mill dams. The public buildings in the
county consist of a Court house and Jail, both of wood,
fire-prpof oflices for the Clerk, Recorder, Auditor and
Treasurer, and one Presbyterian, one Methodist and one
Roman Catholic Church. The common school districts
are generally organized and support schools from three
to ten months in the )'ear. , The county of Adams, when
properly improved, will be a first rale farming region..
Adams, a township in Allen coijnty, in T. 30, R. 13,
having a population of about 800.
Adams, a township in Carroll county, north-westerB'
part, with a population of about 900.
Adams, a township in Cass county, north of the Wa-
bash.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 153
Adams, a township in the north part of Decatur county,
with a population of about 2,450.
Adams, a township in the south-east of Madison
county. Adams, a township in the north-west part of Morgan
county, with a population of about 1,230.
Adams, a south-eastern township in Parke county,
with a population of 2,000.
Adams, a northern township in Ripley county, with a
population of 1,050.
Addison, an interior township in Shelby county, in
which the county seat is situated.
Aikman's Creek, a mill stream in- Daviess county,
which runs south-west about twenty miles into the east
fork of White river. The current is not sufficiently rapid
to afford much facilities for machinery.
Albany, a small town on the Mississinewa, in Dela
ware county, ten miles norlhreast of Muncietown. It
has a post office, two stores, a Methodist meeting house,
and six or eight other houses.
Albany, a township in the county of Floyd, including
the county seat, and containing a population of about
8,500. Albion, the present county seat of Noble county, laid
out in 1847, in the centre of the county, and is now a
flourishing village. It is situated twenty-six miles north
west of Fort Wayne, and 125 miles notth-east of Indian
apolis. Alexandria, a small town containing about thirty
houses, in Madison county, eleven miles north of Ander
son, and forty-seven north-east from Indianapolis.
Alisonville, a small village in Marion county, east
side of White river, eleven miles north-east of Indian
apolis. It contains a population of about 200.
Allen County is bounded north by DeKalb and No
ble, east by the State of Ohio, south by Adams and
Wells, and west by Huntington and Whitley counties,
It contains 672 square miles and Was organized in 1824.
It was named after the late Col. John Allen, a distin-
11

154 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
guished Kentucky lawyer, who fell at the battle of. the
River Raisin. Allen county is divided into twenty, civil
townships, commencing on the south line at the south.
east corner; Monroe, Madison, Marion, Pleasant and
Lafayette, lie in the first tier; Aboite, Wayne, Adams,
Jefferson and Van Buren, lie inthe second tier; Mau-
mee, Milan, St. Joseph, Washington and Lake, lie in the
third tier; and on the north fine of the county are Eel
river. Perry, Cedar creek, Springfield and Scipio. The
population of the county in 1830, was 1,000; in 1840,
5,942, and at this time over 13,000. ' Its principal streams
are Little river and Aboite, which rise in the western
part of the county, unite near the county line, and ruQ
into the Wabash, and the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's,
both which I'ise in Ohio and run, the former south-west
and the latter north-west, until they unite at Fort Wayne
and form the Maumee, which then runs north-east into
Lake Erie.^ All these streams, except Aboite, were'for-
merly navigable in high water; but the erection of dams
across them, and the construction of ihe Wabasn and
Erie Canal, has superseded the old mode of navigation.
Bee creek, in the south-west, Crooked creek, in the east,:
and Cedar creek, in the north, are considerable mill
streams, and the whole county is well watered.
The soil is generally of an excellent quality, being a
sandy loam near the streams, and clay intermixed with
marl in the interior, and well adapted to the cultivation
of wheat, rye, corn, oats, grass, &c. The land is gene
rally timbered, with occasional wet prairies, easily
drained* In the north-western part of the county are
many oak openings, or barrens, all very fertile and easily
brought into cultivatioh. The most common timber is
oak, beech, walnut, buckeye, maple, ash, hickory, poplar,
&c. Within this county were several Indian reserves,
on one of which lived the famous Indian Chief Richard
ville, till his death in 1840. His wealth and influence
kept olher Indians near him, and many of them con
tinued to reside here until their final removal west of the
Mississippi, a few years since. This kept up a large

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 155
amount of Indian trade, and until lately the agriculture
of the county was not in a good condition. There is
now every appearance that Allen will be one of the
best, as it among the largest, counties in the Stale. In
aid of the business on the canal, plank roads are in the
process of construction in several directions from Fort
Wayne, and that town will soon be surpassed by no
others in the State, except Madison and Indianapolis.
The manufactures' of the county consist of four large
tanneries, one large foundry, one distillery, four brewe
ries, eight flouring mills, ten saw mills, one woollen fac
tory, and one oil mill. There are in the county thirty
dry goods stores, twenty grocery stores, thirteen ware
houses, three drug stores, and one book store; many of
the stores very large. There are also twenty Lawyers,
sixteen Physicians, and twelve Preachers of the Gospel.
Among the different denominations there are three Pres
byterian Churches, one Catholic, two Methodist, one
Dutch Reformed, one Lutheran, one Christian, one Epis
copalian, one African, and one Baptist. The Methodists
have a good Female High School or College, and the
Catholics have a school under the ch,arge of the Sisters
of Providence. The lands in the county returned for
taxation amount to 357,952 acres. -
Allen, a township in Noble county, containing a pop
ulation of 850.
Allensville, a small town in Switzerland county,
eleven miles north-east of Vevay, surrounded by a good
country and very industrious population.
Alquina, a small town in Fayette county, five miles
south-east of Connersville.
America, a small town in Wabash county, twelve
miles south of Lagros, near the north line of Grant
county. Americus, a small town on the Wabash River, in Tip
pecanoe county, ten tniles north-east of Lafayette, con
taining one dry goods and two grocery stores,.and about
fifty frame dwelling houses.
Amsterdam, a village on the Ohio river, in Harrison

156 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
county, near the mouth of Indian creek, sixteen miles
south-west from Corydon. It contains about twenty
families, and has a fine country back of it, known as the
grassy valley.,
Anderson, a river which rises in the west part of
Crawford county, runs into the south-east corner of Du-
bois, then into Perry, and then for sevel-al miles becomes
the dividing line between Spencer and Perry, and emp-
ties into the Ohio near Troy. It is navigated in high
water by flat-boats for about thirty miles,' and it affords
many valuable mill privileges.
Anderson, a central township in Madison county, em
bracing the county seat.
Anderson, a township in Perry county, on the west
side of the , county, north ^f Troy township, and con
taining a population of 1,000.
Anderson, a township in Rush county, south-east part,
with a population of 1,900.
Anderson, a south-eastern township in Warrick
county. ,
Anderson, the Seat of Justice of Madison county,
is situated on a high bluff on the south side of While
river, thirty-four miles north-east of Indianapolis. It
was an old Indian town, named after Anderson, a Dela
ware chief, who formerly resided there. In 1813, it was
burnt by a detachment of troops froni Kentucky, then
on an exploring tour. It has a C(>urt House,, Jail, fire
proof public offices, a good County Seminary, lately
erected, and a population of about 300, and is now ra
pidly improving. Its beautiful situation, the fertile conn-
try around it, and the construction of the Bellefontaine
Railroad through it, will make it an important point. A
Newspaper, called "The Weekly Democrat," is published
at this place.
Angola, the County Seat of Steuben county, is situated
near the centre of the county, twelve miles from the
north-east corner of the State, 152 miles north-east of
Indianapolis, and 70 miles west of Toledo. It contains
eight dry goods stores, and a population of 400, and

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 157
being situated in a fertile and rapidly improving country,
will soon be a thriving and prosperous town.
Annapolis, a flourishing village in Parke county, seven
miles north-west of Rockville. It is surrounded by well
cultivated farms.
_ Armiesburgh, a small village in the same county,
situated on Big Raccoon, near its jdnction with the
Wabash. Akmstrong, a western township in Vanderburgh
county, containing a population of about 600. .
Arnold's Creek, a small stream in Ohio county, emp
tying into the Ohio river two miles below Rising Sun.
It was named after Col. Arnold, who, soon after the
Revolutionary war, was enticed into an ambuscade by
the Indians, and killed by them near this stream.
Attica, a flourishing village on the south-east bank of
the Wabash, ih Fountain county, beautifully situated,
containing eleven dry goods stores, two groceries, one
bakery, five warehouses, about 300 houses, and a popu
lation of about 1,200. It is situated on the Wabash and
Erie Canal, fourteen miles north-east of Covington,
twenty-five south-west of Lafayette, and seventy-five
north-west of Indianapolis. The Shawnee and other
prairies, and, in fact, all the lands in the vicinity, are fer
tile and well cultivated, and they furnish an immense
amount of surplus produce for exportation. The water
power on Shawnee creek, in the vicinity, is very valu
able. AuBuftN, the county seat of De Kalb county, is situ
ated two miles south and three west of the centre of the
county, twenty-two miles north of Fort Wayne, and
134 north-east of Indianapolis. It was first settled in
1836, by W. Park, and how contains about fifty houses,
all of wood, and 300 inhabitants. The public buildings
are a Court House, and offices for the Clerk, Recorder
and Auditor.
Augusta, a small village in Marion county, on the
Tdichigan road, nine miles north-west of Indianapolis.
It contains about 150 inhabitants.

158 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Augusta, formerly the Seat of Justice of Noble county.
It contains the jail and the public offices for the Recorclei?,
Auditor, &c.
Aurora, a small town in the south-west corner of
Clinton county.
Aurora, a beautiful village on the Ohio river, at the
mouth of Hogan creek, in Dearborn county, containing
about 1,600 inhabitants. It was laid out in 1819-, and
having a fine country back of it, has for many years ex
ported large quantities of produce. It is twenty-six
miles below Cincinnati, and eighty-six south-east of In
dianapolis. It has just suffered very severely from' the
ravages of the Cholera. , '
AzALiA, a small village, in a very fertile part of Bai'-
tholomew county, east of White river, and ten miles
south-east of Columbus, on the Brownstown road. Popu
lation 250. , ' '
Back Creek, a small but valuable mill stream in Grant
county, emptying into the JVtississinewa north of Ma
rion. Back Creek, a considerable mill stream, rising in Jack
son county, then running into Lawrence, empties into
Guthrie's creek.
Bainbridge, a township in the west part of Dubois
county, containing 340 voters, and a population of about
1,700. Bainbridge, a stnall village iH Putnan county, nine
miles north of Greencastle.
Baker, a north-eastern township in Martin county,
with a population of 600.
Baker, a southern township in Moi'gan county, with
a population of 360.
Baltimore, a small town on the west side of the
Wabash, in Warren county, three miles above Coving
ton. Barker, a township in Jasper county.
Barr, an eastern township in Daviess county.
Bartholomew County is bounded north by the town
ship line which separates townships ten and eleven, di-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 159
viding it from Shelby and Johnson counties. East by
Decatur and Jennings counties, south by Jennings and
Jackson, and west by Brown county. The county con
tains 405 square miles. Its name was derived from Gen.
Joseph Bartholomew, long a distinguished citizen of
Clark county, and a Senator in the State Legislature
from 1821 to 1824. The name was given at the instance
of Gen. Tipton. Gen. Bartholomew was a Lt. Colonel,
commanding a battalion of infantry at the battle of Tip
pecanoe, where he was severely wounded, for which tie
received a, pension until his death, which took place
exactly twenty-nine years afterward?, on the day
of the Presidential election, 1840. Gen. Bartholomew
was a self-taught, modest, brave and honest man, who
rose from obscurity and obtained distinction solely by his
merits as a man and a soldier. In all the difficulties
with the Indians along the frontier, he was always fore
most in times of danger.
The voters of Bartholomew in 1848, were 2,513, and
the population a little over 15,000. In 1840 it was
1.0,042. The county is divided, for local government,
into fourteen townships, vizj Nineveh, Union, Harrison,
Ohio, Wayne, Sand Creek, Rock Creek, Clifly, Clay,
Haw Creek, Flatrock, German, Columbus and Jackson.
The east and central part of the county is generally level,
the west mostly hilly, and particularly so near the Brown
county line, where the hills resemble broken mountains
or the spurs of the Alleghanies. They are commonly
called the " Salt Creek Knobs." At least one-fourth of
the county is bottom land, on Driftwood or East Fork of
White river, Clifly and Flat Rock. There is not much
poor land in the county, though along the extreme mar
gins of the bottoms there are a few bogs which are unfit
for cultivation. The soil in the bottoms and level lands
is a rich alluvion, mixed with limestone-sand and grdvel.
That part of the county called the " Haw Patch," twelve
miles long and six wide, is not supassed for beauty and
fertility by any part of the western country. Between
Flatrock and Driftwood, there were originally native

160 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
forests for miles, without any undergrowth, and wherg
the tall and thinly scattered, walnut, blue ash, and
sugar trees no more interrupted travellers on horseback
or in carriages, than would open parks, where the trees
had been planted and trimmed for the purpose. The
more hilly part of the county has a claj soil, and the
timber there is white and black oak, hickory, beech, su
gar tree and poplar. In the balance and larger part of
the county, walnut, sugar, ash, buckeye, haw, pawpaw,
burr oak and poplar are the most common. Not ex
ceeding one-fourth of the land is yet in cultivation. The
surplus of agricultural products has increased rapidly
every. year since the completion of the Madison and In
dianapolis Railroad, and as there is now a good prospect
of making a Railroad also to Jeffersonville, and extend
ing another from Columbus in the direction of Blooming
ton, these improvements, in different parts of the cOuntjj
will develop still more its agricultural capabilities, whicb>
at no distant lime, will yield a surplus of five times the
present amount.
There have been exported in a single, year from Bar
tholomew county, 25,000 hogs,' 200,000 bushels of corn,
6,P00 barrels of flour, 20,000 bushels of wheat, and oatSj
hay, beans, barley, rye, hoop-poles, horses, mules and
beef cattle, in all to the value of at least $500,000; and
when such articles are in demand, they may and will be
all largely (increased.
There are in the county ten tanneries, with a capital
of $17,000, which employ 45 hands and yield 4,800
sides of sole, and 6,300 of upper leather, annually.
There is one large distillery, recently erected, nine flour
ing mills, moved by water power, six do. saw mills, five
steam saw mills, four wool carding machines and three
fulling mills. The mill streams in the county. Driftwood,
Flatrock and Ciifty, admit of a large and very valuable
increase of water power, which will be used at no dis
tant day. The taxable land amounts to 218,084 , acres,
6,413 have been entered and are not yet taxable, and
the Congress land still for sale amounts to 34,503 acres,

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 161
lying almost entirely in the western part of the county.
It is much to be regretted that education has been but
little attended to, and that " no certain account can pos
sibly be given of the management of the schools."
Barton, an eastern township in Gibson county, con
taining a population of 500.
Bath, a northern township in Franklin county, con
taining a population of 800.
Baubaugo, a small stream, twenty miles in length, ris
ing in the west part of Elkhart county, and running
north-west into the St. Joseph, near the east line of St.
Joseph county.
Baugo, a western township in Elkhart county, con
taining a population of 300.
Beaver, a township in Jasper county.
Be.vver, a small creek, twenty miles in length, rises in
soulh-we.st part of Lawrence, and empties in While river
in Martin county.
Beaver, a small creek in Pulaski county.
Beaver, a lake abounding in fis|i, in north-west corner
of Jasper county. This lake is the largest sheet of fresh
water in the Slate, except the south end of Lake Michi
gan. It covers about 16,000 acres.
Bean Blossom, a mill stream, forty-five miles in length,
rises in Brown county, and runs weslwardly through
Monroe, and empties into the West Fork of White river
near GospOrt. It runs in a deep bed, and is navigable
about twenty miles in high water.
Bean Blossom, a north-western township in Monroe
county, containing a population of 1,300.
Bear Creek, a small streatti near the south side of
Fayette county.
Bear Creek, a small creek in Perry county, emptying
into the Ohio, near Rome.
Bear Creek, a small tributary of the Mississinewa, in
Randolph county.
Bear Creek, a small stream emptying into Blue river,
in Washington county.
Bedford, the Seat of Jiistice of Lawrence county, is

162 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
beautifully situated on the high ground between iheEa^t
Fork of White River and 'Salt creek three miles from
Ihe former and two miles from the latter; seventy-flve
miles south-west of Indianapolis, twenty-four south from
Bloomington, sixty-six north-west fi'om Louisville, and
forty-eight north from Leavenworth. It was laid out in
1826, by John Lowry, S. F. Irwin, Jos. Glover and John
Owen. Bedford contains thirty brick and 114 frame
houses, and a population of 700. It has an excellent
Court House, surpassed by very few in the State; Presby
terian, Baptist and Methodist Churches; a good building
for a County Seminary, and it has ten stores and two
groceries; . At Bedford is located one of the branches of
the State Bank. The country around is fertile and,
healthy, and a very prudent and industrious popqlafion
have secured to this town and its vicinity an almost un
interrupted course of prosperity. There has, however,
been less attention paid to education here than in many
other towns inferior in size and wealth. A newspaper,
the Bedford Herald, is. published here, and exertions are
now making to continue the Railroad from New Albany
to Salem, to this place. , ,'
Bee Creek, a small tributary of the Wabash, on the
north side, in Adams county.
Beer Creek, a mill stream in Jay county, emptying
into the Wabash.
Bell Crei;.k, a mill stream, rising in HenrV county,
runs north into Delaware and falls into Buck creek.
Belmont, a small town in Noble township; Laporte
county. Belmont, a small town in Craig township, Switzerland
county. Beiville, a flourishing village in Hendricks county,
seven miles south of Danville, on the National road, and
nineteen from Indianapolis. , It contains about fifty houses
and 300 inhabitants.
Benton, a 'town at the crossing of the Elkhart, on the
Fort Wayne road, seven miles south-east of Goshen. It
has a population of 200, a large flouring mill, owned by

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 163
the Messrs. Davis, two stores, two tanneries, two taverns,
with the usual shops of mechanics, and the Methodists
and Baptists have neat and commodious churches.
Benton, a township in Elkhart county, embracing the
above. Benton, a township in Monroe county, with a popula
tion of 600.
Bentonville, a small town in Fayette county, ten
miles north-west of Connersville.
Benton County, named after the celebrated T. H.
Benton, was organized in 1840; it lies on the Illinois
Stale line, and is twenty miles from east to west, and
eighteen from north to south. It contains 360 square
' miles, and is bounded north by Jasper county, east by
White and Tippecanoe, south by Warren, and west by
the' State of Illinois. The population in 1840 was 150,
in 1844, 300, and at this time, 800. The county, for
civil purposes, is divided into three townships. Pine, Oak
Grove, and Parish Grove. One-fifth of the county only
is estimated to be tirhber, one-fifth barrens, and three-
fifths prairie. The prairies are mostly dry, gently undu
lating, and very rich. The timber is mostly oak, walnut,
ash, sugar tree, hackberry, pawpaw, &c. Big Pine, a
good mill stream, rises in the east part of the county.
Little Pine and Sugar creek in the west. The two for
mer unite and empty into the Wabash near Williams-
port; the latter runs west into Illinois. Benton county
offers great advantages to the farmer, by its facilities for
raising stock, and also for wheat, corn, oats, (fee, to
which it is well adapted. There are four schools, one
store, one Universalist and two Methodist Churches, two
Physicians, three Preachers, and no Lawyer in the
county. It is estimated that 4,000 head of cattle, 200
horses; 2,000 hogs, 50,000 bushels of corn, 10,000 bushels
of oats, and 10,000 bushels- of wheat are annually ex
ported, of the value of $50,000. There is a noted mound
in the north part of the county, usually called Mount
Nebo. 30,500 acres of land are taxable, and about
100,000 acres still belong to the United Stales.

164 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Ben Davis, a small mill stream in Rush county, a tri-
butary of Flatrock.
Bennington, a small town in Pleasant township, Swit-'
zerland county.
Bethel, a "small village in Marion county, on the
Michigan road, nine miles south-east of Indianapolis. It
contains about twenty-five houses.
Bethel, a north-western township in Posey county.
Bethel, a small town in Wayne county, recently laid
out ,
Bethlehem, a township in Cass county, north of the
Wabash river, with a population of 600.
Bethlehem, a township in the upper end of Clark
county, on the Ohio river, with a population of 1,000.
Bethlehem, a small towrl on the Ohio river, eighteen
miles below Madison and thirty-two above Louisville,'
with a population of 200.
Bethlehem, a small village inhabited mostly, by
Friends, in the south-west corner of Hamilton county.
Big Creek, a mill stream, thirty miles in length, rises
in Ripley county, runs south west through Jefferson, and
empties into Graham Fork, near the south line of Jen
nings county.
Big Creek, a mill stream, forty miles, in length, rises
in Vanderburgh county and runs south-west through Po
sey, and empties into the Wabash.
Big Blue, see Blue river.
Big Cedar Grove, a mill stream in Franklin county,
rising near Springfield, empties into White water on the
east side, six miles below Brookville.
Bigger, a south-eastern township in Jennings county,
with a population of 450.
Big Indian, a large mill stream about fifty miles in
length, rises near the east line of Floyd county, ahd runs
south-west by Corydon, into the Ohio river, at Amster
dam. Big Pine, see Pine Creek.
Big Raccoon, an excellent mill stream, seventy-five
miles in length, rises in the south-west corner of Boone

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 165
county, runs south-west through Montgomery, Putnam
and Parke, and empties into the Wabash two miles below
Montezuma. The land along the whole course of this
creek is not surpassed in fertility by any part of the
Stale. The manufacturing privileges are very valuable
and are now mostly well improved, and this part of the
State is now very flourishing.
Big Sandy, a small stream in Spencer county, empty
ing into the Ohio eight miles above Rockport.
Big Vermillion, see Verhiillion.
BiLLiNGSviLLE, a Small town in the south part of Union
county, ten miles west of Oxford, five east of Dunlaps-
ville, and six south of Ljherty.
Black Creek, a small stream in Noble county, that
runs south-east into De Kalb, and empties into Cedar
creek. Black, an interior township in Posey county.
Blackford County, named in honor of Judge Black
ford, was organized in 1837. It is bounded north by
Wells, east by. Jay, south by Delaware, and west by
Grant counties, and contains 169 square miles. It is di
vided into four civil townships; Harrison in the noi^th-
east, Jackson in the south-east, Washington in the north
west and Licking in the south-west. The population of
the county is about 2,000. There are five stores in the
county, one grocery, one warehouse, three lawyers, four
physicians, seven preachers, five blacksmiths, three gun
smiths, three wheelwrights, seven shoemakers, three tai
lors and one hatter; two grist mills and five saw mills.
The face of the country is mostly level, but in some
places gently undulating. The soil is best adapted to
the cultivation of wheat, rye, corn, oats, potatoes, &c.,
and the exports consist of wheat and pork, taken to the
Wabash and Erie Canal, and cattle, horses and hogs
driven to other markets. The principal streams in the
county are the Salamonie and Lick creek, the former a
first rate mill stream. Except a few wet prairies, the
country was ajl originally heavily timbered with oak,
beech, ash, poplar, sugar tree, walnut, hickory, cherry,

166 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
&c., and the soil, without any exception, is rich. The pub
lic buildings in the county are a well finished brick Court
House,and Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches,
and Licking and Harrison townships have' each five
schools. '
• The first settlement in the county was made by John
Blount, in 1835. In the winter of 1836, Abel Baldmij,
of Vermont, explored the forests and entered land' for "a
company of emigrants from that State, and in the au-
tumn following they removed to the Salamonie, and soon
after laid off the towii of M'ontpelier, which, was name^
after the capital of their native State. Hartford was
laid off in 1839", and for several years the rival toW
were competitors for the county seat ; but Hartford suc
ceeded ultimately; In March, 1842, a hurricane passed
through the south part of the county, destroying much
tinlber, and leaving marks of desolation for many m'ifa'.
There are 96,945 acres of taxable land in the county.
In the eastern part is the Godfrey Reserve, where, this
war chief of the Miamies long resided, and where' some
of the dwellings of the red men are yet standing. God
frey was a no,ble looking, kind-hearted man, much be
loved both by Indians and whites.
Bloomfield; the County Seat of Green county, is sit-
ated on high ground, one mile east of White river, eighty
miles south-west of Indianapolis. It contains a Court
House, and a population of about 200.
Bloomfield, a central township in Lagrange county,
with a population of 800.
Blooming Grove, a small tovyn in- Franklin county,
eight miles north-west of Brookville, with a population
of 150.
Blooming Grove, a -northern township in Franklin
county. Bloomingsport, a small town in Randolph county,
twelve miles south of Winchester.
Bloomington, a central township in Monroe county,
with a population of 6,200.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 167

'6TATE: UNIVERSITY BLOOMINGTON.
Bloomington, the Seat of Justice of Monroe county,
is beautifully situated on the ridge from which the waters
run into the East and West Forks of While river, twen
ty-four miles from the former and fourteen from the lat
ter, at the head of Clear creek, which runs south, and
near the waters of Bean Blossom which runs north. The
situation is comrrianding, heallhy; and a fertile, undulat
ing country around presents ever changing and most de
lightful scenery. Bloomington has 350 houses, of which
about half are brick, and a population of 1,643. There
are in the town thirteen stores, one gi-ocery, two drug
stores, three excellent taverns, nine lawyers, ten physi
cians, and the Methodists, Baptists, Christians, Presbyte
rians, Reformed Presbyterians, Seceders, Covenanters and
Lutherans have each their house of worship and preacher.
The location of the Slate University at Bloomington,,
and the continued prosperity of that Institution, has con-

168 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
tributed very much to the growth and prosperity of the
town and the improvement of the country; and opening
of new avenues to the place will add still more to its
importance. The students in the College are sometimes
near 200, and there is also a well conducted Female
Academy in town, at which there are usually' between
seventy and eighty scholars in attendance. Contrary to
all previous expectation, it has been ascertained that
though a hilly country, a very cheap Railroad, varying
but little from a straight line, can be made from, Bloorii-
ington east to Columbus, there to intersect with the
Madison and Indianapolis Road ; and the Railroad which
was first attempted only from New Albany to Salera, is
now being extended to Bedford, and will, at no distant
day, reach Bloomington froni the south. There are
three printing offices in the town, one of which publishes
the Herald, another the Christian Record, the other prin
cipally job work. The large foundry of Seward & Sons,
and the spinning, weaving and fulling establishment of
Heaps & Jones, do quite an extensive business. Bloom
ington is fifty-one miles from Indianapolis, twenty-one
from Martinsville, twenty-four from Bedford, forty from
Columbus, sixty from Terre Haute and eighty from Lou
isville. It was first settled in 1819. Among the earliest
settlers were Daniel and Jonathan Rogers, George H.
Johnston and Joshua Lucas.
BluffTon, the Seat of Justice of Wells county, is sit
uated on the Wabash river, near the centre of the county,
twenty -five miles south of Fort Wayne and 101 north-east
of Indianapolis. It contains a good Court House, Jail and
public offices ; Churches' for the United Brethren, Presby
terians, Methodists and Christians, and a population of
500. It was first settled in 1838.
Blue Creek, a small tributary of the St. Mary's,
south-west side, in Adams county.
Blue Creek, a township on east side of Adams
county. Blue River, the main stream or principal branch of
Driftwood or East Fork of White River, and it is usually

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 169
calle^ by the latter name after it unites with Sugar creek
in the lower end of Johnson county. It rises in the north
east part of Henry county and runs south-west through
the counties of Henry, Rnsh, Hancock, Shelby and John
son, about eighty miles, for sixty of which there is at
least one or more good water privileges for every mile.
The stream is unfailing, and for all that distance is usu
ally from thirty to sixty yards in width. The country
along the whole route is very fertile and beginning to
be well improved, and this part of the State is now at
tracting much attention, both from farmers and manu
facturers. Blue River, an excellent mill stream, rises in Wash
ington county, and winding in a south-western direction,
forms the dividing line between Harrison and Crawford
for fifteen miles, then runs south-east into Harrison ten
miles, then south-west and again becomes the dividing
line between the counties for ten miles, and empties into
the Ohio river two miles above Leavenworth. Its whole
length is about 75 miles. There are now many valuable
mills erected on it, and still more may be.
Blue Rjvee, a branch of Eel river, thirty miles in
length, rises in Noble county, then runs south-west into
Whitley, passes through Blue River Lake and empties into
Eel river, two miles below Columbia. It is a lasting
stream. Blue Baby Creek, a branch of the last named river,
in WMlley county.
Blue River, a south-eastern township in Hancock
county, with a population of 850.
BliJe River, a western township in Harrison county,
with a population of 1,500.
Blue River, a south-eastern and very fertile township
in Johnson county.
Blue Grass Run, a small stream in Noble county.
Bogard, a northern tOwnship in Daviess county, with
a population of 675.
BoGGS Creek, a small stream in Martin county,
emptying into the East Fork of White river, west side.
12

170 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Bono, a small town in Lawrence county, on a high
bluff, on the south side of White river. It is fifteen,
miles south-east of Bedford, and has a population of 200.
Bono, a south-eastern township of Lawrence county,
with a population of 1,110.
Boone County is bounded north by Clinton, east by
Hamilton, south by Marion and Hendricks, and west by
Montgomery. It is twenty-four miles long from east to
west, and seventeen miles wide, and contains 408 square
miles. The south-eastern, western and north-western
portions are agreeably undulating; the interior generally
level. The county was organized in 1830, and was
named after the celebrated Daniel Boone, whose love of
forest life, enterprise and disinterestedness were proto
types of much that is still admirable in western manners.
The population of the county was 622 in 1830, 8,121 in
1840, and at this time at least 14,000. It is divided into
eleven civil townships, Marion, Clinton, Washington,
Sugar Creek, Jefferson, Centre, Union, Eagle, Perry,
Harrison and Jackson.
The soil in most parts of the county is a black loam,
usually several feet in depth, on a stratum of clay, and
in some places of sand or coarse gravel. It is- very feiv
tile and well adapted for the production of wheat, corn,
oats, grass, and all kinds of vegetables. There is no part
of the State where the timber is heavier or of a better
quality. It is not uncommon to see, on a single acre,
100 oak trees averaging four feet in diameter, and from 80
to 120 feet in height. The other forest trees which are
most common, are ash, walnut, poplar, beech, sugar tree,
lynn, &c. • The only prairies are Smith's, Hagan's and
Eel, which are small and wet, except a portion of Ha
gan's, which is dry and agreeably undulating. They
may all be drained with a little ditching, and made dry
enough for tillage.
The principal kinds of surplus .produce are wheat,
corn, beef, pork, honey, &c., and cattle, hogs, horses and
mules are driven to market. The annual value of the
exports is estimated at $150,000, which consist of 100,000

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. , 171
bushels of wheal, 5,000 of corn, 10,000 hogs, 2,000 cat
tle, 200 horses and 150 mules. There are in the county
twenty-one stores, one licensed grocery, eight lawyers,
twenty physicians, six Ministers of the Gospel, eighteen
churches of various denominations, about twenty taverns,
sixteen saddle and harness makers, twenty shoe-makers,
thirty carpenters, sixteen cabinet makers, ten coopers,
five wagon makers, twenty-five blacksmiths, eight tan
ners and <:urriers, five brick layeis, two tinneis, one pot
ter and six tailors; eight grist mills,* ten saw mills, one
woollen factory, propelled 'by water, and one steam Saw
mill. All building materials, except rock, are abundant
and of an excellent quality.
, Boone county is situated on the ridge orwhat vvere
formerly called the dividing swamps between White
river and the Wabash. It is the source of Eagle creek.
White Lick and Walnut Fork of Eel river which empty
into the former, and Big Raccoon and Sugar creek which
empty into the, latter. All these streams are quite large
and important near their mouths ; but they are very slug
gish near their sources, and are there not well adapted to
move machinery, though the fprmer and the latter have
some very good water privileges, yet still far from suffi
cient for public use, especially in dry seasons.
The heavy limber, level surface and porous soil of
Boone county were not very attractive to the agricultu
rist at the first settlement, and accordingly the pursuit of
game and the collection of skins, furs and wild honey,
were reckoned far more important than any kind of
farming. The only real necessaries for a family were
then thought lo be two rifles, powder and lead, a barrel
of sail, a camp kettle and a couple of dogs. Deer, tur
keys, bears and wolves were abundant, and the latter
often came into the very door yards of the settler and
took away his pigs and poultry. The only currency was
the skins of deer, raccoons, minks and wild honey, and
even as late as 1841, the trade in these articles was'over
$5,000 a year. It is said that in these early times a tra- .

172 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
veller from Cincinnati, in company with a resident of the
county, fell in with a man whose horse was so covered
and loaded with skins of "varments," as almost to hide
both horse and rider, and the only information he could
get was that this was the Collector of the county, re
turning to the county seat with his " funds," from one of
the townships. At any late, the story found its way
into the newspapers, and those who gave full credit lo
the statement must have supposed the Collector of Boone
had an odd set of customers to collect his " poll taxes"
from. The coon skins, it was said, vvere for Slate, the
deer for county revenue, and the mink for change,
About the same time it was said that one of the Judges,
who, for want of other accommodations, had taken his
luncheon to Court, was supposed at a distance to be
reading a newspaper, when, on nearer approach, it was
ascertained that he was only eating a large buckwheat
pancake. There are few if any counties in the State where
greater- alterations have taken place within the last ten
years; for many of the swamps have disappeared and
first rate farms may now be found in every neighbor
hood. The opening of the Wabash and Erie Canal, and
the proposed continuation of the Madison and Indianap
olis Railroad to Lafayette, which is now in progress, are
giving life and energy to the industry and enterprise of
the citizens.
This county was once the abode and hunting ground
of the Eel river tribe of the Miami Indians; here were
their wigwams, their fields, and the graves of their
fathers and their brave warriors. In 1819, Thorntown
had a population of 400 Indians" and a few French trad
ers, and the large reserve at this place was not finally
purchased until 1828, nor did they remove entirely until
about 1835. Nearly all traces of this Indian population
are now obliterated, and except the marks on the trees
in their sugar camps, nothing Ihey have done remains to
bear witness of their ever having existed.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 173
The whole number of acres of taxable land in the
county^ is.255,000, and there are no longer any lands of
the United Slates or Indian reservations here.
Boone, a township in Cass county, north of the Wa
bash river, with a population of 600.
Boone, a southern township in Harrison county, popu
lation 1,600. i
Boone, a north-west township in'Madison county.
BoOne, a southern township in Porter county. With a
population of 525.
Boone, a central township in Warrick county.
BooNEViLLE, the Seat of Justice of Warrick county, is
situated on elevated table land, near the centre of the
county,, eleven miles from Newburgh, on the Ohio river,
eighteen miles from Evansville, and 170 south-west of
Indianapolis. It contains seven stores and a population
of 300. It was settled in 1817, and was named after
the Hon. RatlifF Boone, formerly a citizen of the place.
Boston, a small village in Wayne county, containing
a population of 150.
Bourbon, a township in Marshall county, with a popu
lation of 260.
Bowling Green, the Seat of Justice of Clay county,
situated on the east sid^ of Eel river, sixty miles south
west from Indianapolis, twenty-four miles south-east from
Terre Haute, and sixteen west from Spencer. Il was
laid out in 1825, and contains a brick Court House, a
county Seminary, two hotels, four stores, 100 houses and
300 inhabitants.'
BoxLEYTOwN, a small village in thei north-west part of
Hamilton 6ounty, on the road from Strawtown to Kirk-
lin, with a population of 125.
Bradford, a small village in Morgan township, Har
rison county.
Brandywine, a good mill stream rising in Hancock,
runs nearly forty miles, and empties into Blue river in
Shelby county.
Brandywine, a small village on the Michigan road, in
Shelby county, near the fcreek of the same name.

174 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Brandywine, a township in Hancock county, with a
population of 750.
Brazil, a small town in Clay county, on the National
road, sixteen miles east of Terre Haute.
Brentonsville, a small village in Owen county, four
miles above Spencer.
Bridgeport, a small village on the National road, nine
miles west of Indianapolis.
Bristol, a pleasant village on the St. Joseph river, in
Elkhart county, ten miles north of Goshen. It contains
four stores, two taverns, a large flouring mill, and apop-
ulation of 200. The Episcopalians are about erecting a
handsome church.
Brookville, a small town in Steuben county, near the
north-east corner of the State, on the road from Toledo
to South Bend. It contains a population of 250.
Brook's Creek, a branch of the Salamonie, in Jay
county. Brookville, the County Seat of Franklin county, so
called after Jesse Brook Thomas, the originaK proprietor.
It is beautifully situated in the forks of While Water,
seventy miles south-east from Indianapolis, and forty-one
north-west from Cincinnati. Il was first settled in 1804
by Lismund Bayse, James Knight, Robert Breckenridge,
John Test and Amos Butler. Brookville has very great
manufacturing advantages, and for many years its man
ufactures of flour, paper, cotton, &c., have employed
much capital and a large number of hands. The popu
lation is now about 1,200. There are the usual public
buildings in the town, a County Seminary and two
Printing Offices.
Brookville, a central township in Franklin county,
containing a population of about ,5,000.
Brouillet's Creek, a small mill stream rising in Illi
nois, then running south-east into Vermillion county,
empties into the Wabash near the north line of Vigo.
It has excellent coal and good iron ore on its banks, in
the vicinity of water power, which is now being im
proved.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 175
Brown County is bounded north by Johnson, east by
Bartholomew, south by Jackson and west by Monroe
counties. It is twenty miles in length from north to
south, and sixteen miles in breadth, and contains 320
square miles. It was organized in 1836, and named af
ter Gen. Jacob Brown, one of the heroes of the war of
1812. Brown county is divided into five civil townships,
Hamblen, Jackson, Van Buren, Johnson and Washing
ton. Its population in 1840 was 2,364, and is now about
4,000. The county is generally hillyj though it is inter
spersed with many fertile valleys or bottoms, which con
stitute near one-third of the whole surface. The timber
on the hills is white and chestnut oak and hickory. In
the bottoms, it is walnut, poplar, sugar, hackberry,
cheny, buckeyei elm, &c. Corn and hemp grow well
in the bottoms; wheat, oals, grass, &c., on the hills.
There are in the county eight tanneries, carrying on bu
siness to the amount of $50,000 annually, and employ
ing twenty-five hands ; five cabinet and two wagon
shops, five house carpenters, seven shoemakers, seven
blacksmiths, four stores, five groceries, one lawyer, three
physicians and eight preachers, and there are eight schools
with about 160 scholars. The articles exported are prin
cipally leather, wheal, pork, hogs, horses, cattle, mules,
hoop-poles, &c., to the value of $100,000 annually.
There are in the county six churches, one for each of
the denominations of Presbyterians, Methodists, United
Brethren, Christian, (or Campbellile) Old Christian, (or
New Light) and Baptists. About 120,000 acres of land
in the county still belongs to the United Slates, the most
of which is not of much value.
Brown, a north-eastern township in Hendricks county,
with a population of 1460.
Brown, a western township in Martin county, with a
population of 575.
Brown, a northern township in Morgan county, with
a population of 1,550.
Brown, a central township in Montgomery county,
with a population of 1,885.

176 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Brown, a south-eastern township in Ripley county,
population 1,850.
Brown, a township in Washington county.
Bkpwnsburgh, sometimes called Harrisburgh, a small
town in Hendricks county, fourteen miles north-west of
Indianapolis, at the crossing of White Lipk, on the Craw
fordsville road. It contains about 30 houses and 200 in
habitants. Brownstown, the County Seat of Jackson county, is
situated near the centrb of the county, one mile south
east of the East Fork of White river, seventy miles
south ^3f Indianapolis, fifty-five miles north of Jefferson
ville, forty north-west of Madison, the same distance
south-east of Bloomington, and twenty-eight east of Bed
ford, in latitude 38 deg. 52 min., and in longitude 9 deg;
west. It contains a Court House, County Seminary, and
public offices of brick, seventy dwelling houses, and a
population of 400. It was, laid off in 1816, and the
first settlers were A. C. Craig, Charles Crabb, William
Williams, William Congleton,, William Crenshaw, John
Milroy and John Ketcham.
Brownstown, a central township in Jackson county,
population 2,000.
Brownsville, a pleasant village in Union county, on
the East Fork of White Water, thirteen miles south of
Richmond, four and a half north-west of Liberty^ and
eight north-east of Connersville. It contains eighty-nine
houses, four of brick, the balance frame, churches for
the Methodists, Presbyterians and Reformers, three drj'
goods stores, and a population of 340. Ii has two min
isters of the gospel and two physicians. The town was
laid out in 1816; the first settlers were James Conway,
John Smith and Elijah Holland.
Brownsville, a north-west township in Union county,
with a population of 1.640.
Brown's Wonder, a small creek in Boone county, a
tributary of Sugar creek.
Bruce's Lake, a fine sheet of water covering 500 or
6t)0 acres, and lying partly in Fulton and partly in Pu
laski counties.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 177
Briiceville, a small village in Knox County, eight
miles north-east of Vincennes, in a very fertile region of
country. Brunerstown, a small village on the west side of Put
nam county.
Brushy Prairie, east side of Lagrange county, Spring
field township.
Bryant's Creek, a small stream in Switzerland county,
running south into the Ohio near Warsaw.
Bryantsville, a small village in Lawrence county,
ten miles from Bedford.
Buck Creek, the principal branch of Richland creek,
in Greene county.
Buck Creek, a beautiful stream that takes its rise on
the west side of Hancock county, then runs into Ma
rion, and pursuing a south course, empties into Sugar
creek, in Shelby county.
Buck Creek, a good mill stream, thirty miles in length,
that rises in the east part of Harrison county and emp
ties into the Ohio at Mauksport.
Buck Creek, a first rate mill stream, rising in Henry
county, runs north-west and empties into the West Fork
of White river, near Yorktown.
Buck Creek, a small stream in Marion county, runs
west into White river, nine miles below Indianapolis.
Buck Creek, a small stream in Tippecanoe county,
emptying into the Wabash.
Buck Creek, a township in Hancock county, with a
population of 450.
Buckhart's Creek, a mill stream in Morgan county,
emptying into White river from the west.
BuENA Vista, a small village in the north-east corner
of Monroe county.
Bull Creek, a small stream in the north part of Clark
county, running south into the Ohio river.
Bull Creek, a mill stream in Huntington county, run
ning south into Little river.'
BuLLSKiN, a wet prairie in Blackford county.

178 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
BuncH Creek, a branch of Eel river, in Clay county,
about twenty miles in length. *
Burlington, a small village on the Michigan road, in
Carroll county, on the south side of Wild Cat, eighteen
miles south of Logansport and fifty-two north of Indian
apolis. It is beautifully situated in a fertile part of the
country, and contains about thirty houses.
Burlington, a small town in Delaware county, on
Prairie creek, seven miles south-east of Muncietown. It
contains two stores, a physician, a tavern, a Presbyterian
Church and twelve families.
Burlington, a small town in Rush county, on the
Indianapolis State road, eight miles north-west of
Rushville. r Burnet's Creek, a small stream in the north-east. cor
ner of Carroll county, emptying into the Wabash on the
north side, near Lockport.
Burnet's Creek, a mill stream in Morgan county,
emptying into While river on the west side.
Burnet's Creek, a mill stream on the west side of the
Wabash, Tippecanoe county, near which the battle of
7th November, 1811, was fought. It empties into the
Wabash four miles above Lafa3''ette.
Bush Creek, a tributary of the Mississinewa, in Ran
dolph county.
BussERO Creek rises in Vigo county, runs south-west
through Sullivan and empties into the Wabash in Knox
county. It is about fifty miles in length, and in high
water may be navigated with flat-boats for half that dis
tance. There are several good mills on this s.tream.
BcssERO PRAiRiE,_^a rich and very fertile prairie, con
taining some 12,000 acres, in the north-west part of Knox
county. A portion of it was formerly well cultivated
by the Shakers, who had a flourishing village on its bor
ders ; but they left the Slate many years since.
Bussero, a north-western township in Knox county.
Butler, a south-western township in DeKalb county,
with a population of 450.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 179
Butler, a township in Miami county, with a popula
tion of 600.
Buttermilk, the name of a prairie in Sullivan county.
Butternut, a good mill stream in Jay county, a tribu
tary of the Salamonie.
Byrneville, a small town in Morgan township, Hai-
rison county. «
'Cabin Creek, a small stream in Randolph county,
rises near Huntsville and runs north-west into White
river, near Windsor.
Cain, an eastern township in Fountain county, with a
population of 1,100.
Caledonia, a small town on Bussero ci'eek, east side
of Sullivan county.
Calf Creek, a small mill stream, running south into
Little river, on the east side of Huntington county.
Calumick is a small river that risei on the west side
of Laporte county, and runs west netyrly parallel With
Lake Michigan through Porter and Lake counties into
Illinois; then a part of it empties into the Lake fifteen
miles north-east of Chicago; the other part returns di
rectly east, parallel with its former course, and only
three or four miles ndrlh of it, and then connects with
the Lake at its extreme southern bdnd. The name was
derived from Calumet, the Indian "Pipe of Peace."
The original Indian name of the river was Ken-no-mo-
konk. • ^,
Cambridge City is on the west side of Wayne county,
where the National road crosses the White Water Canal,
nine miles west of Centreville and fifty-two miles east of
Indianapolis. It is a beautifully situated and flourishing
village, containing a population of 1,200. The frequent
iiiterruplions of the Canal business by high floods, has
heretofore retarded the- improvement of this place to
some extent; but the fertility of the country around, the
water power and other advantages in the viciilily, can
not fail to make it a town of much importance whenever
the banks of the Canal become so firm as to be secure
from accident.

180 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Camden, a pleasant village on the east bank of the
Salamonie, in Jay county, eleven miles north-west of
Portland. It was laid out in 1837; Henry Z. Jenkins
and John D. Jones Were the first settlers. It has an
institution called the Penn Seminary, two stores, and a
population of 250.
Camp Creek, a mill stream in Cla^k county, emptying
into the Ohio three miles below Bethlehem.
Camp Creek, a small stream in the south part of Da
viess county, emptying into the East Fork of White,
river. Camp Creek, a small stream in Jefferson county, run
ning past Dupont and emptying into Big creek.
Campbell's Creek, a small stream in Delaware county.
Campbell's Creek, a good mill stream in Huntington
county. Campbell, a township in the north-west part of War
rick county.
Cannelton, a post town in Perry county, four miles
below the mouth of Deer creek and six above Troy, at
the mouth of Anderson river. It now contains 600 in
habitants ; but the indications of its rapid growth are
evident from the superiority of its position and the rich
ness of its beds of coal, fire-cla,y, , building stone, &o.
During the two last sessions of the Legislature, ten charters,
with ^n aggregate capital of several millions of dollarsj
were obtained for manufactories at this point, presenting
as it does, in the opinion of practical and scientific men,
advantages for the manufacturing of cotton, iron, hemp,
wool, glass and stone ware not found in any other place
in combination. The coal in the hills immediately back
of the town, is of the best quality, is inexhaustible and
easy of access, and is underlaid by excellent fire-clay.
In the same hills, fire-stone and sand-stone, of a superior
quality for building, are found in great abundance ; and
near the bank, common clay and sharp white sand in
large deposites. The vast influence which steam is to
exert upon the growth of the manufacturing skill and
industry of the great Western valley, deficient as it is in

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 181
water power, and the immense importance that will be
attached to coal for the supply of the fleets of steamers
that will bear its commerce over its long diverging ave
nues of trade, extending from points thousands of miles i
asunder, and requiring voyages equal in length to the
passage of the Atlantic, will make coal deposits a subject
of deep interest to the Statesman, and to all who have
an interest in the prosperity of these favored regions.
Most bountiful is the supply of mineral wealth to this
richest seat of nature's munificence, and doubtless will
equal the most extended use Which her other gifts can
ever demand.
The following extracts from the report of Mr. Law
rence, a practical geologist, will be read with interest, , as
containing an accurate description of that part of the
great "Illinois Coal field," which touches the Ohio at
this point.
"The whole coal field, of which the point I refer to
forms a part, occupies a portion of five States, extending
from near Bowlinggreen, Kentuclcy, to the mouth of
Rock river, Illinois, and from St. Louis, Missouri, to iiear
Bloomington, Iowa, being about 500 miles ih length and
200 wide, containing 70,000 square miles. It is not very
likely, fiowever, that any considerable part qf this vast
body of coal will be of any practical value to the pre
sent generation, but there it will lie, where a wise Provi
dence has placed it, a fund of future wealth which no man,
atthis time, can estimate. To the practical miner of the
present lime, the important inquiry is, where in this ex
tended field, is the most favorable combination of cir
cumstances for the employment of labor and capital in
mining coal? Feeling that this subject is every day ac
quiring more importance, I have spent much time in the
study of this great c6al field, and I shall confine the rest
of my remarks to that portion of it which, in my opinion,
offers superior advantages in respect not only to the
quality of the coal, but to the facility and cheapness with
which it can be furnished for use. The point to which I
allude is Cannelton and its vicinity, on the north bank of

182 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
the Ohio. The undoubted health, as well as the beauty
of the location, the abundance and excellent quality of
the coal, its commanding position on the lower Ohio,
where navigation is not often interrupted, either by ice
or low water, renders it a point of uncommon intereist.
The business of mining coal is becoming important, and
whether viewed as a depot for the supply of fuel for na
vigation or domestic purposes, or as a future manufactur
ing city, it must be looked upon as a place of much
futur^ consequence.
"In order to give a definite idea of the exact position
of the coal and of the method of mining il, I give the fol
lowing description of the strata in a section of five miles
along the Ohio. The dip, or incline, is to the west or to
wards the river at this place, at the rate of about fifty feet
to the mile. First, or lowest, is a bed of green argillaceous
shale or slaty clay, containing occasional thin layers of
argillaceous iron ore. It is destitute of fossils, and its
thickness as seen higher up the river is about eighty feet.
Second, is lime-stone, about twenty feet thick, filled with
small organic remains, &c. Third, is a true conglomerate
of mill-stone grit, consisting almost entirely of quartz, gra
vel and coarse sand, without any visible cement. Its thick
ness is thirty-six feel. Fourth, is a fine grained sand
stone of remarkable uniformity of texture, and in the
size of its particles. It has a single stratification, which
causes it to .split readily into square blocks. When first
quarried, it is very soft and easily worked; but it soon
hardens, which renders it an excellent and valuable.build-
ing material, and is the same kind of stone, it is staled
by Dr. Owen, which was used in the construction of
Melrose Abbey, which is 700 years old, and whose cornices
are still as sharp and perfect as if they had been carved
only a few years ago. The thickness of this bed is about
thirty feet. Fifth, is about fifty feet thick, and consists
of a confused mixture of sand, shaly matter and iron
ore.'/ Sixth, is argillaceous shale, including one of the
most valuable beds of coal found anywhere in our coun
try. The whole varis in thickness 'from about twenty

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 183
to thirty feet. The upper and lower portions are light
colored, but grow darker towards the centre, until it be
comes perfectly black in the middle. On the darkest
portions of the shale lies the bed of cOal, the thickness of
which varies from three to four, and sometimes about five
feet. But it is not its thickness that particularly recom
mends it; it is its excellent quality, the freedom of the
mines from water, and its nearness to the river. It
leaves no cinder in the grate, and only 2.11 per cent, is
white ashes. It resembles in appearance and burns
like the Cannel coal, and it has been so called ; but it
is considered by the best judges as belonging fo the bitu
minous variety. Seventh, is sand-stone, about eighty
feet thick. Above this sand-stone is another bed of coal,
but too thin to be worked in this vicinity, though it ob
tains a workable thickness in other places. Tenth, is
a bed of impure liine-slone, and eleventh is sand-stone,
that tops out the hill."
The section of the coal seam at Cannelton increases
in thickness in the interior, as where it is cut by the White,
Eel and Wabash rivers, it is from six to ten feel thick.
At Cannelton each acre now worked will yield 120,000
bushels, so that the amount near that place may be said
to be almost inexhaustible.
Here, then, in this free and rapidly growing Stale, on
the banks of the Ohio, is the power which is already at
tracting capital, enterprise and labor. The strong ten
dency of accessible coal fields, where the climate is favor
able to health and where food is cheap, is to attract a
dense population. All the important manufacturing
cities of England are on or near coal regions. The
100,000 artizans, factors, and others in and about Pills-
burgh, are evidence of the same tendency in our own
country, and it is safe to infer like effects from like
causes. The importance of this coal field to Indiana, the wealth
that is to be dug out of her hills, so long overlooked, the
home market that will here be made for our agricultural
products, the capilal and population which will be al-

184 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
traded from abroad by this affluent combination of man
ufacturing advantages, warrant the anticipa_tion that
Cannelton, at no distant day, may beconie a large .and
important manufacturing city; nor will it be the only
one on the lower Ohio and the other rivers penetrating
the Slate, which, at navigable points, touch this great
coal field. There are now about fifty stone and one
hundred frame houses in Cannelton, and many more are
now in the process of erection. The town was first laid
out in 1835, and settled by colliers under the supervision of
Rhodes and McLane. Afterwards the American Cannel
Coal Company took charge of the concern. A more
particular description of the manufactories in operation
and in progress will be given under the head of Perry
county. Canton, the county seat of. Tipton, fqr particulars see
Tipton county.
Carlisle, the principal town in Sullivan county, is
situated ten miles south of the County Seat and six miles
from the Wabash river, twenty-two miles north-east of
Vincennes and 110 miles south-west of Indianapolis. It
was laid out in 1814, by James Sproul. The first set
tlers were Samuel Ledgerwood and William McFar
land. It has a High School, Presbyterian and Methodist
churches, about 100 houses, and 600 inhabitants.
Carr, a western township in Jackson county, with a
population of 900.
Carroll County was organized in 1828, and contains
376 square miles. It' was named after the venerable
Charles Carroll, then the sole survivor of those who
signed the Declaration of Independence. It is bound
ed on the north by White and Cass counties, on the east
by Howard, on the south by Clinton, and on the westby
Tippecanoe and While. It is divided into thirteen civil
townships. Deer Creek, Tippecanoe, Jeflferson, Adams,
Rock Creek, Washington, Carrolton, Burlington, Demo
crat, Clay, Madison, Monroe and Jackson. The popu
lation of the county in 1830 was 1,614, in 1840 it was
7,819, now it must be about 12,000. The face of the

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 185
country is undulating along the Wabash, Tippecanoe and
Wild Cal, which are the principal streams; in other
places it is level. About one-fifth of the county was
originally dry prairie, the balance forest, consisting mostly
of oak, walnut, poplar, beech and sugar tree. The soil
is generally a rich loam, well adapted to corn, wheat,
hemp, tobacco, rye, grass, &c., and these with cattle, hogs
and horses are the principal surplus articles raised for ex
portation. There are in the county eighteen stores, ten
groceries, eight warehouses, seven lawyers, seventeen
physicians, eighteen preachers, the usual proportion of
mechanics, tWenty-five grist mills, twenty saw mills, one
woollen factory, one foundry, &c.
The Wabash, which is usually navigable four or five
months in the year, and the Wabash and Erie Canal
which runs through the whole length of the county, fur
nish great facilities for trade and the exportation of pro
duce, while the large dam across the Wabash at Pitts
burgh, and the other water power in the county on the
Tippecanoe, Wild Cat and Deer creek, which may be
used to almost any extent, will, with its rich soil and
favorable situation, make Carroll one of the most im
portant counties of the Stale.
There is no land belonging to the United States in the
county, and the number of acres subject to taxation is
227,372. Carrollton, a township in Carroll county, with a
population of 550.
Carter, a northern township in Spencer county, with
a population of 800.
Carthage, the second town in size in Rgsh county, is
beautifully situated on the east side of Blue river, ten
miles north-west of Rushville. It has good water power
and there are excellent mills in the vicinity, and as the
Shelbyville and Knightstown Railroad will soon be com
pleted through the place, it will become an importaat
point. Cass County, named after the Hon. Lewis Cass, was
organized in 1829, and contains 420 square miles. It is
13

186 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
bounded north by the counties of Pulaski and Fulton,
east by Miami, south by Howard and Carroll, and west
by Carroll and White. It is divided into fifteen town
ships, of which Bethlehem, Adams, Clay, Harrison, No
ble, Jefferson, Miami, Eel and Boone lie north of the
Wabash river, and Clinton, Washington, Tipton, Deer
Creek and Jackson, which lie south of the river. The
population of the county in 1830, was 1,154; in 'I840it
was 5,480, and it is now about 10,500. The borders of
the Wabash and Eel rivers are undulating or hilly, the
other parts of the county level. AH the south part is
heavily timbered bottoms or table land, the centre is
mostly bottom or high bluflf land, and the north is prin
cipally prairie. The latter is best adapted to wheal and
small grain, the bottoms for corn, and the high timbered
lands for a fair crop of any kind of grain or grass. .;
There are in the county fifteen saw mills, six flouring
mills, one of which can manufacture 1,000 bushels of
wheat a day, an extensive saleratus factory, fourteen
dry goods stores, six grocery and provision stores, seven
ware-houses, twelve lawyers, nine ministers of the gosr
pel, twelve physicians, twenty-seven blacksmiths, twenty-
eight shoemakers, eighteen tailors, eight saddlers, ten
cabinet makers, fifty carpenters, six wagon makers, four
tanners, three gunsmiths, two chair makers, two hat
ters, &,c.
The Wabash and Eel rivers run swiftly through the
county, have high banks and solid rock bottoms, and af
ford an immense amount of water power that will here
after be broiight into use. Twelve Mile, Pipe and
Crooked creeks are also excellent mill streams, with simi
lar advantages on a smaller scale.
Iron ore is found in abundance in the marshes in the
north part of the county, and also in the Logansport
bluffs. Building stone, of the best quality, is abundant,
and the Court House, County Seminary, and Old School
Presbyterian Church, are fine structures built of stone,
and would appear well in any of the western cities.
The amount of produce exported from the county an-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 187
nually is estimated to be worth $250,000. The articles
consist of 25,000 barrels flour, 50,000 bushels of wheat
and corn, pork, oats, potatoes, &c. The amount of tax
able land in the county is 200,063 acres. There is yet
63,500 acres not taxable, comprising that part of the
Miami Reserve which has been sold within five years, or
which still belongs to the United States.
The only lakes in the county are Georgetown Lake,
near that place, Fletcher's Lake, in the north part of the
county, and Twin Lake, near the centre. None of them
exceed a square mile in size.
In a prairie south-east of Logansport, there is a spring
that boils up from the centre of a mound, six feet above
the level surface of the prairie. Three miles below Lo
gansport, is a stream that turns a saw mill on the top of
a bluff 150 feet high, then pitches down the whole dis
tance with but few interruptions. This stream has its
source only a mile and a half in the rear of the bluff.
The town of Kenapacomequa, or I'Anguille, the French
name, or Old Town, was destroyed by Gen. Wilkinson
in August, 1791, as is heretofore stated in the historical
part of the General View of the State, stood on the north
bank of Eel river, six miles north-east of Logansport.
It -vvas once a considerable town, and extended for two
miles and a half along the stream. It was then called a
village of the Kickapoos.
Cass, an eastern township in Clay county with 370 in
habitants. Cass, a township in the south-west corner of Laporte
county, with a population of 230.
Cass, a southern township in Ohio county, with a
population of 1,000.
Cedar Creek, a mill stream about forty miles in
length, rises in DeKalb county, runs south into Allen",
and empties into the Little St Joseph.
Cedar Creek, a branch of thq Kankakee, in Lake
county, the outlet 6f Cedar Lake. ^
Cedar Creek, a northern township in Allen county,
with a population of 700.

188 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Cedar Lake is situated a little south of the centre of
Lake county, and is three miles long and three-fourths of
a mile wide. It abounds with the various kinds of fish
found in the west.
Cedar LakiJ, In Troy township, Whitley county.
Centre, a township in Boone county, with a popula*
tion of 1,650. _ --
Centre, a township in Dearborn county, w.ith' a popu»
lation of 2,250.
Centre, a township in Delaware county.
Centre, a township in Grant county, population 2,500.
Centre, a township in Green county, with a popula
tion of 1,275.
Centre, a township in Hancock county, populafion
900. Centre, a township in Hendricks county, population
2,170. Centre, a township in Howard county, population
700. Centj're, a township in Laporte county, population
3,070. Centre, a township in Marion county, with a popula
tion of 8,000.
Centre, a township in Marshall county, with a popu'
lation of 1,800.
Centre, a township in Porter county, with a popula
tion of 1,100.
Centre, a township in Rush county, with a population
of 1,400.
Centre, a township in St Joseph county.
Centre, a township in Vanderburgh county, with a
population of 750.
Centre^ a township in Wayne county, population
o,Zoij. Centreville, a small town in Lake county, lying six
miles north of Crown Point.
Centreville, a small town in Spencer county, nine
nine miles north of R(*tkport
Centreville, a small town in Vigo county.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 189
Centreville, the County Seat of Wayne county, is
situated near the centre of the county, sixty-one miles
east of Indianapolis and six miles west of Richmond.
The situation is healthy and pleasant, and .all the country
around is good farming land, highly improved, well wa
tered, and mills, machinery, and other facihlies are. so
abundant as to render this among the most desirable por-'
tions of the State. The population of Centreville is now
1,000, and both the public and private buildings indicate
the taste and wealth of the citizens.
Celestine, a small town in Dubois county, named
after the second Bishop of Vincennes. It contains twen
ty-five houses, and its inhabitants are principally Catho
lics. Cesar Creek, a south-western township in Dearborn
county, has a population of 400.
Ceylon, a small town in Posey township, Franklin
county. Chambersburgh, a small town in Fountain county, on
Goal creek, eight miles east of Covington.
Charlestown,, the Seat of Justice of Clark county, is
pleasantly situated two miles and a-half from the Ohio
river, thirteen miles above the Falls and 106 miles south
east of Indianapolis. It is surrounded by first rate land
in a good state of cultivation. Tbe town contains a
spacious and convenient Court House, a County Semi
nary, a Female High School, recently established by the
Presbytery, both in a good condition; churches for the
Episcopal and Reformed Methodists, and for the Baptists
and Presbyterians; about 200 dwelling houses and a
population of 1,200. Charlestown was first settled in
1808. It has been the residence of many distinguished
men in the State.
Charlestown, a central township in Clark county,
with a population of 4,600.
Charrley's Creei^, a small stream in Wabash county.
Chester, a northerm township in Wabash county.
Chester, a small town recently laid out in Wayne
county.

190 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Chester, a southern township in Wells county. ,
Chipwanic, a branch of Tippecanoe river in Fulton
county. Christiana Creek, a mill stream, is the outlet of a
considerable lake in Michigan, and runs south intothe
St. Joseph, near Elkhart.
Cicero, a mill stream rising in the north-west corner
of Hamilton county, empties into White river near No
blesville. Cicero, a southern township in Tipton county.
CicEROTowN, a small village in Hamilton county, on
Cicero Creek, six miles north of Noblesville, with a pop
ulation of 200.
Clark County was organized in 1801, and named
after the celebrated George Rogers Clark, at one time a
citizen of the county. At that time the boundaries, as
defined by the Governor, were, "Beginning on the Ohio
river at the mouth of Blue river, thence up that river to
the crossing of the Vincennes road, thence in a direct
line to the nearest point on White river, thence up that
river to its source and to Fort Recovery, thence on the
line of the north-west territory to the Ohio at the mouth
of the Kentucky, thence to the place' of beginning."
Clark now contains about 400 square miles, and is bound
ed north by JefferSon and Scott counties, east and south
by the Ohio river and the county of Floyd, and west by
the county of Washington. Its population in 1830 was
10,719; in 1840, 14,595, and atthis time about 16,600.
It is divided, for civil government, into nine townships,'
viz : Charlestown, Jeffersonville, Utica, Wood, Monroe,
Silver Creek, Owen, New Washington and Bethlehem. '
The Surface of the country along the Ohio river, and
from three to five miles inthe interior, is rolling; the
remainder mostly level, except a chain of " knobs," as
they are called, which form a semi-circle along the north
western and western boundary of the county, and strike
the Ohio river just below the city of New Albany.
Only a small portion of the knobs is cultivated, but they
are crowned with fine timber, among which may be

t3

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 191
found large quantities of chestnut, oak, and some pine.
With the exception of the "knobs," all the land in the
county is susceptible of cultivation. The strip along the
river, about thirty-five miles in length and from five to
ten in width, has a lime-stone soil, and though mostly
rolling, is, when well cultivated, equal in productiveness
to any bottom lands. The timber here is composed of
beech, sugar tree, walnut, poplar, sycamore, ash and oak.
In the northern or back part of the county, the land is
more inclined to be wet; oak predominates, and the soil
is well adapted to grass.
There are no prairies in the county. The farms are
generally well improved, and havegOod buildings upon
them. The surplus products and stock, consisting of
wheat, corn, hay, horses, mules, cattle and hogs, are
shipped mostly to the South, often by the farmers them
selves, either on flat or steamboats. There are about
fifty dry goods, provision and drug stores in the county;
six groceries, twelve lawyers, eighteen physicians, twenty-
one preachers, two woollen factories, two printing offices,
sixty-two grist and saw mills, of which about one-third
are propelled by steam, the others by water, five market
houses, ten hotels, six divisions of the Sons of Temper
ance and twenty-two churches, of which one is Episco
palian, and of the others about an equal number arc
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. The schools^ in
the county are generally in a prosperous condition' and
highly creditable to the citizens. There are 209,170
acres of taxable land in the county, and near 50,000
acres belonging to the United States, of but little value.
Iron ore, marble, excellent building rock and hydraulic
cement are found in abundance. There is a Chalybeate
spring, much visited- and with good accqmmodations,
near Jeffersonville, and another spring, called the Buffalo
Licks, in which salts and sulphur are the principal ingre
dients, near Charlestown.
In 1804, Mr. John Work, from Pennsylvania, settled
on Fourteen Mile creek,, three and, a-half miles from
Charlestown, and finding a situation to answer his pur-

192 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
pose, he dug a tunnel through a solid lime-stone 314 feet;
rnaking a mill race six feet deep and five wide, through a
ridge ninety-four feet below its summit, by which he
gained a fall of twenty-seven feet. This work was per,
formed by five men in two years and a half, in whidh'
¦they used 650 pounds of gunpowder. The whole ex
pense to the owner was $3,300. On this seat valuable
mills were erected.
Most of the land within th-s present limits of the county
is embraced in what is called the " Illinois. Grant." This
was made by the Legislature of Virginia in 1786, and
conveyed to certain commissioners 149,000 acres of land
in trust, to be apportioned according to their rank, to
Gen. Clark and the officers and men of the regiment
which he commanded in the expedition to Vincennes and
Kaskaskia.^ It was divided in to. 500 acre tracts and ap
portioned accordingly. One thousand acres more, lying
along the Falls of the Ohio, was also granted at the same'
time for the location of a town to be called Clarksville,
which flourished for a time, but has since gone to decay;
The first settlements of any consequence were made from
1790 up to 1800, in the towns along the river, so that
the inhabitants, on the first notice of the approach of
Indians, might escape into Kentucky.
The first court in the coUnty was held April 7, 1801,'
atSpringville,by Marston G. Clark, Abraham Huff, James
N. Wood, Thomas Downs, Wm. Goodwin, John Gibson,
Charles Tuley and Wm. Harrod, who had been appointed
Justices of the Court of General Quarter Sessions by
Gov. Harrison.
Clark, a north-eastern township in Johnson county,
population 620.
Clakk, a southern township in Montgomery county,
population 270. "
Clark's Prairie, named after Wm. Clark, the first
settler, is in Van Buren township, Daviess county, six'
teen miles north-east of Washington. It contains about
1,50.0 acres, has a clay soil, is very productive, and is
mostly in cultivation.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 193
Clarksburgh, a pleasant village in Fugit township,
Decatur county, ten miles north-easf of Greensburgh. It
contains about 250 inhabitants.
Clarkstown, a small village in Boone county, plea^
santly situatpd fifteen miles north-west of Indianapolis.
Clarksville, once an important town opposite the
Falls of the Ohio, has been supplanted in business by
Jeffersonville just above, and New Albany a short dis
tance below.
Clay County, named after the great patriot and
state'sman, was organized^ in 1825. It hes south of Parke,
west of Putnam and Owen, north of Green and east of
Sullivan and Vigo counties. It is thirty miles in length
from north to south, in the middle sixteen miles, and at
each end^ only ten miles wide, containing 360 square
miles. The county is divided into nine townships, to-wit :
Lewis, Harrison, Perry, Washington, Posey, Jackson,
Cass, Van Buren and Dick Johnson.
The population in 1830 was 1,616, in 184Q 5,567, at
present it amounts to about 7,000, and it is now rapidly
increasing by German immigration. Eel river and its
blanches are the only streams of consequence in the
county. The face of the country is generally level, the
most of it has a good soil, and the usual kinds of timber
common in the west predominate in all but the south
western part of the county, where there are many clay
prairies, some dry and others wet
There are in the county seven stores, four lawyers,
twelve physicians, twelve preachers, four grist and saw
mills, and the usual proportion of the different mechani
cal trades. The surplus articles for exportation are
wheat, hogs, cattle and horses. There is a good Court
House and County Seminary at Bowlinggreen, and the
county is divided into school districts, in each of which a
school is kept a portion of the year. There are numer
ous beds of coal, of a good quality and easy of access,
in the county, and also much iron ore. The completion
of the Cross Cut Canal in the south part of the county,
and of the Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad in the

194 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
north, both which are now in progress, will add much'to
the general wealth and pros*perity.
Clay, an eastern township in Bartholomew county,
with a population of 800.
Clay, a township in Carroll county, population 450.
Clay, a township north of the Wabash, in Cass county,
with a population of 720. •
Clay, a township in Dearborn county, with a popula;.
tion of 800.
Clay, a western township in Decatui- county, wUh a
population of 2,800.
Clay, a south-western township in Hamilton counti^.
Clay, a western township in Hendricks county, with
a population of 850.
Clay, a township in Howard coUnty, with a popula
tion of 250.
Clay, a central township in Lagrange county, with a
population of 300.
•Clay, a southern township in Miami county, with a
population of 270.
Clay, a central township in Morgan county, with a
population of 1,250.
Clay, an eastern township in Owen county, with a
population of 900.
Clay, a western township in Pike county, with a pop
ulation of 510.
Clay, a northern township in St. Joseph county.
Clay, an interior township in Wayne county, with a
population of 1,290.
Clear Creek, a small stream in Huntington county,
running south into the Wabash, three miles below Hunt
ington. Clear Creek, a northern township -in Huntington
county, population 500.
Clear Creek, a beautiful mill stream in Monroe
county, rising near Bloomington and running south into
Salt creek.
Clear Creek, a southern township in Monroe county,
population 980.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 195
Clear Creek, a small stream in Vigo, emptying into
the Wabash from the west.
Clear Lake, a fine sheet of water near Laporte on
the north, containing about two sections.
Clear Spring, a small town in Jackson county, twelve
miles north-west of Brownstown.
Clear Spring, a southern township in Lagrange county,
population 600.
Cleaveland, a township . in Elkhart county, popula
tion 325.
Cleaveland, a south-western township in Whitley
county. Cleaveland, a small town in Tippecanoe county,
twelve miles south-east of Lafayette.
Clifty, a fine mill stream about fifty miles in length,
rises in the south-east corner of Rush, runs through De
catur into Bartholomew, and empties into White river
Ifhree miles below Columbus. The Indian name of this
stream was Es-the,-nou-o-rie-ho-neque, or Cliff of Rocks
River. Clifty, an eastern township in Bartholomew county,
with a population of 900.
Clifty, a small creek in Green county.
Clifty, a small creek in Jefferson county, which falls
into the Ohio one mile below Madison. It is remarkable
for several cascades, at one of which the water falls over
100 feet within a short distance. The dark, deep gulf
and rugged cliffs along this stream, are well worth a visit
from the curious, and they present much picturesque
scenery which the painter should examine.
Clinton County, named after DeWit Clinton, was
organized in 1830, and is twenty-four miles in length
from east to west,- and seventeen in width. It lids south
of Carroll, west of Tipton, north of Boone and east of
Tippecanoe county. It is divided into twelve civil town
ships, viz: Jackson, Kirklin, Sugar Creek, Johnston, Ho
ney Creek, Warren, Michigan, Owen^ Ross, Madison,
Washington and Perry. The population in 1830 was
1,423, in 1840, 7,508, and at present is about 11;000.

I I

196 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
The face of the country is level, except on the banks' of
the Wild Cat, in the south-west corner. There is no barren
land in the county. In the south-west part is the Twelve
Mile or Kirk's prairie, twelve miles in length by about
four broad. The Two Mile prairie lies on the road from
Lafayette to Lebanon, and a small wet prairie, called the
Stony prairie, Hes south-west of Jeflferson. All the bal
ance of the county was a heavy forest of timber, of' a
fine quality and much variety. The soil is mostly allu
vial, with a clay bottom. All the grains and grasses
common in the west, can be produced in abundance.
There is perhaps no county in the State better adapted
to the cultivation of hay and for good pasturage,4han
Clinton. The surplus articles produced are cattle, horses,
hogs and wheat, which are taken either to Logansport or
Lafayette on the canal, or to the Cincinnati or Indianap
olis markets, the value of all which is estimated at
$200,000, annually.
¦ There are in the county five lawyers, twenty-three
physicians, five preachers, the usual proportion of the
common mechanical trades, four merchant mills, eleven
water and two steam saw mills, two carding machines,
and school houses in which schools are kept, a portion: of
the year, in most of the school districts.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 238,919
acres. About 4,000 acres still belong to the United
States, and some 18,000 acres have not yet been entered
five years, so as to be taxable.
, Clinton, a northern township in Boone county, with
a population of 950.
Clinton, a southern township in Cass county, with a
population of 610.
Clinton, a northern township in Decatur county, with
a population of 1,050.
Clinton, a township in Elkhart county, with a popu-
tion of 420.
Clinton, a western township in Laporte county, with
a population of 710.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 197
Clinton, a western township in Putnam county, six
miles square.
CwNTON, a southern township in Clinton county, with
a population of 1,700.
Clinton, a well situated town in Vermillion county,
fourteen miles north of Terre Haute and sixteen south of
Newport, on the west bank of the Wabash. It was laid
out in 1824, by Wm. Harris, and is a point from which
large quantities of produce are exported. A Hall for
the Sons of Temperance is in course of erection at this
place. Cloverdale, a western township in Putnam county,
twelve miles long by four wide.
Cloverland, a small town in Clay county, on the Na
tional road, eleven miles east of ^Terre Haute.
Coal Creek, a fine mill stream, nlostly in Fountain
county, about forty-five miles in length, empties into the
Wabash near the north line of Parke. This creek in its
course waters a large body of as rich land as can be
found in the State. Many of its valuable water privi
leges are improved, and a still larger number will be*
The best cOal bank that has been found in the State is
near the mouth of this stream, where the Wabs^sh and
Erie Canal crosses it.
Coal Creek, a small stream in Vigo county, empty
ing into the Wabash on the west side, seven miles above
Terre Haute.
Cold Creek, a small mill stream in Hamilton county,
emptying into White river on the west side, two miles
above the Marion line.
Columbia, a north-eastern township in Dubois county,
population 600.
Columbia, a southern township in Fayette county,
population 1,050.
Columbia, an eastern township in Gibson county, pop
ulation 1,0C0.
Columbia, a small decayed town in Gibson county,
four miles north of Princeton, on the Patoka.

198 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Columbia, a north-eastern township in Jenningscoun-
ty, population 650.
Columbia, a south-eastern township in Martin county,
population 500.
Columbia, a central township in Whitley county, pop
ulation 500. ^ '¦
Columbia, the Seat of Justice of Whitley Qounly.is
situated on the north bank of Blue river, twenty, miles
west of Fort Wayne, twenty east of Warsaw, and 105
north-east of Indianapohs. It contains seventy houses,
two of brick, the others frame, and a brick Court House
has been commenced that will be equal to any in north
Indiana. The population is about 350.
Columbus, the Seat\of Justice of Bartholomew .county,
is situated on the east bank of the east fork of White
river, just below the mouth of Flatrock, forty-one miles
south south-east of Indianapolis, forty-five north-west of
Madison, forty east of Bloomington, and eighty west of
Cincinnati. The situation is a very fine one, on high
ground which overlooks the valleys of White river, Flat
rock and Haw creek which nearly surround the town;
and each of them embraces a large and very fertile body
of land. Columbus was first settled in 1819, by Luke
Bonesteel and John Lindsey. For several years at fifsti
it was usually visited, each autumn, by bilious and inter
mittent fevers, but a fair portion of health is now enjoyed
here, and the opening of the railroad to Madison, which
took place in 1844, the active commencement of the
railroad from Jeffersonville, and the prospects of com
pleting a railroad to Bloomington, have awakened such
industry and enterprise as will make Columbus one of
the most important points in the Slate. It has now a
population of over 1,000, and it is rapidly improving.. It
has an excellent Court House, good churches built by
the Catholics, Christians, Presbyterians and Methodists,
about twenty good stores, groceries ahd ware-hoiises,
and 250 other houses.
Concord, a township in DeKalb county, with a popu
lation of 750.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 199
Concord, a township in Elkhart county, with a popu
lation, of 1,200.
Connersville; for description of which see Fayelld
county. Conn's Creek, a small mill stream rising in the west
part of Rush, runs south into Shelby, and empties into
Flatrock. Cool Spring, a north-western township in Laporte
county, with a population of 400.
Cornstalk Creek, a branch of Big Raccoon, in Mont
gomery, near to an old Indian village, from' which the
creek has its name.
Corydon, the Seat of Justice of Harrison county, and
the Seat of the Slate, Government until 1825, is located
on a level bottom, near the junction of Big and Little
Indian creeks, 120 miles south of Indianapolis, twenty-
five miles south-west pf Louisville, and twelve from the
Ohio river. The situation is healthy and romantic, and
the hiUs, gradually rising around il, show the town t©
great advantage. The public buildings are a good stone
Court House, fire proof offices for the county now in
progress, a County Seminary, Methodist and Presbyte
rian Churches. The population is now about 600. The
proprietor was Harvey Helh.
Cotton, a northern township in Switzerland county.
, Covington, the Seat of Justice of Fountain county, is
situated on the east bank of the Wabash, on the Wabash
and Erie Canal, where the road from Indianapolis to
Springfield, Illinois, crosses it, seventy-five miles from the
former and 140 from the latter. It was laid out in 1826,
and D. Rawles and J. L. Sloan, Esquires, were the first
settlers. There are now in Covington fourteen dry goods
stores, two drug stores, four groceries, two iron stores,
four, ware-houses, ten lawyers, ten physicians, three
preachers, about 250 houses, of various descriptions, and
1,000 inhabitants. Since the completion of the-Canal in
1847, the town has had a rapid growth, which will be
continued. Craig, a south-western township in Switzerland county.

200 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Crawford County, a southern county bordering on
the Ohio river, lies between Harrison and Perry on the
river, and Orange and Dubois in the interior, and con-
tains about 320 square miles. It was organized in 1818,
and was named after the unfortunate Col. Wm. Craw
ford, the land agent of Gen. Washington in the west,
who was taken prisoner by the Indians and burnt at
Sandusky, in 1782. Crawford county is divided into
eight townships, viz : Jennings, Ohio, Whiskey Run, Ster
ling, Patoka, Union, Liberty and Boone. The popula
tion in 1830 was 3,184; in 1840, 5,282, and atthis time,
about 6,700. The face of the country is very uneven
and broken. Near the river the soil is good ; in the inte
rior it is much poorer. The best of oak and poplar tim
ber is found in great abundance. The principal agricul
tural productions are wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, tobacco
and grass ; and the exports consist chiefly of lumber,
pork, beef cattle, flour, &c., which are annually taken lo
a southern market, to the estimated value of $100,000.
Coal and iron ore abound in the west part of the
county, and there is much valuable water power along
Blue river, where there are now good mills. Near this
stream, four miles from Leavenworth, is a large cave,
which attracts the attention of many visiters, and seve
ral of them have, as they say, explored it more than two
miles without reaching its termination. The bottom of
this cave, as well as several others in the county, were
covered with chrystalized salts, several inches in thick
ness, when they were first visited.
The Methodists, United Brethren and Christians are
the most numerous religious denominations, and there
are usually about fifteen preachers in the county.
About one-third of the land still belongs to the United
States, of which a considerable portion would make good
farming land.
Crawfordsville, the County Seat of Montgomery,
was laid out in 1822, by Ambrose Whitlock and Wil
liamson Dunn, then the Register and Receiver for that land
district, to which place, in 1824, the land office was re-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 201

WABASH COLLECE 'CRAWFORDSVILLE,
moved. The town was named in honor of the Hon.
Wm. H. Crawford, then Secretary of the Treasury.
' Crawfordsville is the site of Wabash College, (of which
see particular description in first part, under the head of
education). Il has also a prosperous County Seminary and
a Female Institute of a high order. There are in the
town about Iwenty-five stores and groceries, 400 houses
and 2,000 inhabitants. The public buildings and many
of the private dwellings are built with much taste. The
fertility of the soil apd the abundant water power of the
vicinity, its beautiful and healthy situation, and the en
ergy and enterprise of its citizens, which have done so
much for education, and are now prosecuting a railroad
to Lafayette with much vigor, give assurance that Craw
fordsville will be. one of the best towns in the State. It
is about forty-five miles north-west from Indianapolis, on
the stage road to Springfield, Illinois, thirty sOuth-east of
Covington, twenty-eight miles south of Lafayette, and
14

^02 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
the same distance north of Greencastle, in latitude 40 deg.
2 min. north, and 9 deg. 50 niin. west longitude.
Crooked Creek, a small mill stream in Cass county,
emptying into the Wabash from the north,, eight miles
below Logansport.
Crooked CBEEK,-a mill stream rising in the north part
of Marion county and emptying into White river, west
side, five miles above Indianapolis. '.
Crooked Creek, a mill stream in the east part of
Spencer county. '
Crooked Creek, a branch of Fawn river, rises in
Steuben ahd runs west through Lagrange into the State
of Michigan.
Crossplains, a small town in Ripley county, on, the
Vevay State road, ten miles south of Versailles. •
Crown Point, the County Seat of Lake county, was
first settled in 1835, by Solon Robinson, Esq.' It now
conla,ins three stores,_OTie hotel, Presbyterian and Metho
dist churches, a good High School kepi by the Rev. Wm.
Townley, and about thirty^five dwelling houses. This
town is about 145 miles northrwest of Indianapolis and
thirty south-east of Chicago.
Croy's Creek, or Cross creek, a small stream in Clay
county, running south into Eel river, eight miles north of
Bowling Green. -
Cumber'land, a small village in Marion conty, on the
National road, ten miles east of Indianapolis, containing
about thirty houses.
Curry, a northern township in Sullivan county, popu
lation 500.
. Cynthiana, a small village in the north-east corner of
Posey' county, twenty-two miles north-east of Mount
Vernon. Cypress Creek, a mill stream in Warrick county,
empties into the Ohio two miles above Newburgh. i
Dallas, a western township in Huntington county,
population 400.
Dalton, a small town in the north-west corner, of
Wayne couty.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 203
Dalton, a north-western township in Wayne county,
with a population of 800.
Danville, the County Seat of Hendricks county, was
named after Daniel Bales, one of the proprietors, and
was first settled in 1825, by Nathan Kirk, Levi Jessup,
James L. Given, James Wood and P. L. Dickens. It is
situated on elevated ground, near the centre of the
county, twenty miles west of Indianapolis, thirty south
east of Crawfordsville, and twenty north-east of Green
castle. It contains a brick Court House and County
Seminary with about sixty students, 125 dwelling houses
and a population of 500.
Darlington, a pleasant village in Montgomery county,
on the south side of Sugar creek, eight miles north-east
of Crawfordsville.
Daviess County, organized in 1817, was na,med after
the distinguished lawyer, Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who
fell. in the battle of Tippecanoe. It is bouijded on the
, north by Greene, on the east by Martin, on the south by
the East Fork and on the west by the West Fork of
While river, and it contains 420 square miles. It is di
vided into ten townships, viz: Washington, Steel, Veale,
Harrison, Reeve, Barr, Van Buren, Madison, Elmore and
Bogard. The population in 1830 was 4,512; in 1840,
6,720, and at this time about 10,000.
Daviess county contains a varietj'' of soil, from a
sandy to a pure clay, adapted to the growth of the arti
cles usually cultivated in the west. The White River
bottoms have a rich, black loam, in some places slightly
sandy, which will produce heavy crops of corn, hemp,
tobacco and small grain, without exhaustion or requiring
a change of crops. These bottoms were originally hea
vily limbered, , and along the West Fork are from one to
two miles wide; on the East Fork about half that width.
The north-east part of the county is rolling and heavily
timbered ; the north-west part level and interspersed
with prairies and skirts of timber, the centre is generally
level, and what is usually called barrens, the south and
east undulating and with heavy timber. Interspersed

204 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
yvith oak, hickory, gum, &c., are occasional districts con
taining from 1,000 to 5,000 acres of walnut, hackberry,
ash and sugar tree limber, and others again , of beech
growth generally, the soil varying as is usual among such
timber in the west The principal productions of the
county are corn, wheal, rye, oals, hay and potatoes,
which are usually shipped to New Orleans in flat boats.
The stock raised consists of hogs, cattle and horses; the
former are slaughtered and sold in Washington to be
shipped south; the cattle are sold to drovers for the
Louisville and Cincinnati markets, and are generally
purchased by persons from other States, so that it is diffi
cult to estimate the value of these articles. The falls on
the West Fork of White river are now offered for sale,
and when improved, which can be done at a small ex
pense, they may propel a large amount of machinery on
both sides of the river.
There are in the county fifteen Methodist Churches
and four Ministers, four Catholic Churches and four offi
ciating Clergynien, six Christian Churches and three
Ministers, five Baptist Churches and one Minister, two
Presbyterian, one Lutheran and three Cumberland Pres
byterian Churches. Common English schools are kept
up from three to six months in the year, but no higher
branches are taught.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 172,000
acres; 50,000 acres of the vacant land were selected for
the Canal grant, and about 45,000 acres still belong to
the United States. The most of this is very poor.
Daviess, a northern township in Fountain county, pop
ulation 700.
Dearborn County was organized in 1802, and named
after the soldier and statesman. Gen. Henry Dearborn,
at that time the Secretary of War. It lies in the southr.
east corner of the State, is bounded east by the Ohio
river and the State of Ohio, south by Ohio county, west
by Ripley and north by Franklin, and contains 307
square miles. In 1830 it had 14,573 inhabitants; in
1840, 19,327, and at this time only about the same num-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 205
ber, as the county of Ohio has since been created from
its limits. Dearborn county is divided into thirteen civil
townships, Lawrenceburgh, Harrison, Logan, Miller,
Centre, Laughery, Manchester, York, Kelso, Jackson,
Sparta, Clay and Cesar's Ci'eek.
The bottoms on the Ohio, Miami and While Water,
about 13,000 acres in all, and the west and north-west
parts of the county, are level or slightly undulating;
the rest broken and hilly. The land in the vicinity of
the rivers and creeks, both in the bottoms and on the
hills, is a rich, loamy soil, and is not surpassed in the
amount of its produce; the interior is well adapted to
hay, wheat, &c. The corn is sold to distillers or fed to
hogs at home, and much of the wheat made into flour
by the millers. It is estimated that three distilleries in
the county make $200,000 worth of whiskey and fatten
$50,000 worth of pork annually. Of the articles ex
ported from the county in a year, it has been ascertained
that they amounted, in 1847, lo 131,318 bushels of wheat,
152,802 bushels of oals, 11,000 tons of hay, 500 cattle,
1,500 sheep and 25,000 hogs. To these add the barreled
pork, flour, whisky, and other articles exported froni the
county, ahd the whole will amount to $1;500,060 a
year, though some of the articles, perhaps one-fourth, are
the products of the interior counties.
There are in the county sixty stores, forty groceries,
forty Ware-houses, eight grist mills, six saw mills, five
distilleries, one oil mill, one woollen factory, 460 me
chanics, fifteen, lawyers, fifteen physicians, fifteen preach
ers of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopa
lians and Catholics. There is a flourishing County Semi
nary, established at Wilmington in 1835, with fifty stu
dents, a good High School in Lawrenceburgh, with about
the same number, and common schools are established
throughout the county.
There is no land belonging to the United States, or
which is not taxable, in the county.
Decatur County, organized in 1821, was named after
the gallant Commodore Stephen Decatur. It is bounded

206 INDIANA GAZET^TEER.
north by Rush, east by Franklin and Ripley; South by
Jennings, and west by Bartholomew and Shelby, and it
contains 400 square miles. It is divided into nine town
ships, Washington, Fugit, Clintoii, Adams, Clay, Jack
son, Sand Creek, Marion and Salt Creek. The popula
tion in 1830 was 5,854, in 1840 15,553, ahd at this time
about 19,000.
There are no barrens or prairie lands ih the county;
the face of the country is mostly level, with gentle un
dulations, though on some of the streams it is hilly; ;the
bottoms are rich, though small ; the soil of the upland is
generally a rich, black loam, and the timber consists
principally of ash, poplar, walnut, sugar tree, oak and
beech. Along- the east and south line Of the county
there is some flat, wet land, good for grass, but not
adapted to grain. The manufacturing eslablishraehts
and ' mechanical trades of the County are merely suffi
cient for home consumption. The Staple productions for
expOrt are hogs, cattle, horses, mules and wheat, and
they are estimated to amount to $150,000 annually.
There are in the county thirty-eight stores and groceries,
twenty grist mills, twenty saw mills, one woollen fac
tory, of which air but six are propelled by water, twelve
lawyers, twenty-three physicians and twenty ministers
of the gospel. The County Seminary, at Greensburgh,
is in a prosperous condition with about seventy-five pu
pils, and the common school system is in moderately suc
cessful operation throughout the county. The following
is the number of churches of the various denominations:
four Old School, two New School and one Associate
Reformed Presbyterian, ten Baptist, ten Methodist, four
Christian and one Catholic. The county of Decatur and
its inhabitants, without making any special parade as 16
literature, morals, or enterprise,, may be said to be self-
sharpeners, steadily progressing in a variety of ways, and
not inferior in respectability tO any part of the Slate.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 224,847
acres, and only between 500 and 1,000 acres still belong
to the United States.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. * 207
I Decatur, a township in the south-west corner of Ma
rion county, with a population of 1,200.
Decatur, the County Seat of Adams county, on the
west side of St. Mary's river, in Washington township,
was first settled in ¦ 1837, by Jacob Huffer, Samuel L.
Rugg arid John Reynolds. There are in Decatur seventy
houses, of which three are brick, twenty-one fr^me, and
the residue of logs* with a population of about 400.
This town is twenty-four miles south-east from Fort
Wayne, twenty-eight miles north of Portland, ten miles
west of Willshire, Ohio, and 110 north-east of Indian
apolis. Decker, a southern township in Knox county.
Deep River, , a branch of . the Calumic, in Lake
county. Deer Creek, a fine mill stream, rises in the west part
of Howard and runs west through Carroll, and empties
into the Wabash near Delphi. It is. about forty miles in
length. ¦ Deer Creek, a central township in Carroll county,
with a population of 2,500.
Deer Creek, a small stream in Henry county.
Deer Creek, a small stream in Miami county, south
of the Wabash.
Deer Creek, a southern township in Miami county,
population 300.
Deer Creek, a small stream in Perry county, runs
into the Ohio.
Deer Creek, a southern township in Perry county,
population 1,000,
Deer Creek, a fine mill stream in Putnam county,
runs south-west into Mill creek. '
Deerfield, a pleasant village on the south bank of the
Mississinewa, in Randolph county, seven miles north of
Winchester ; first settled in 1832.
DeKalb County was organized in 1836, and was
named in honor of the Baron DeKalb, a German Noble
man, who joined the American army dUjringthe revolu
tion, was made a General, and was killed in the battle of

208 • INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Camden. It is bounded north by .Steuben, east by the
Stale of Ohio, south by Allen and west by Noble county,^
Its length from east to west is twenty and a , half miles,
from north to south eighteen miles. The following are
the civil townships, viz: Butler, Jackson, Concord, New-
ville, Stafford, Wilmington, Union, Richland, Fairfield,
Smithfield, Franklin and Troy. '
The population of DeKalb county in 1840 was 1,9,68;
it is now about 6,000. The surface of the country is
generally undulating, and with the exception of a few
wet prairies, covered mostly with heavy timber. The
St. Joseph runs about , twelve miles through the south
east corner of the county, and the other parts of it are well
watered by Cedar creek and its numerous branches. The
timber and soil are generally of a very good quality; and
the latter is well adapted to wheat, corn, oats, grass, &.c.
As yet there are no. manufacturing establishments of aiiy
consequence, and though there are twelve saw mills,
'ihei-e is but one good grist mill. There are five stores,
three lawyers, twelve physicians, six preachers, and the
usual proportion of carpenters, shoemakers, black
smiths, &c.
The home market up to this time has consumed the
products of the county, but the character of the soil is
such, that when it is improved, as it soon will be, there
will be a large surplus of wheat, flour, pork, beef, and
olher articles for exportation. At present, whatever sur
plus is exported is taken to Fort Wayne, Toledo, Ohio,
or Hillsdale, in Michigan. The prevailing religious de
nominations are Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists and
United Brethren, and there are several others, less, how
ever, in number.
The number of acres of taxable land in the county is
194,862, and about 30,000 acres still belong to the United
Stales. Delany's Creek, a small stream in Washington coun
ty, that runs north into the Muscakituck.
Delaware County,, organized in 1826, Was so nanied
from its having been long the home of the largest divi-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 209
sion of the Delaware tribe of Indians. It is bounded on
the north by Grant and Blackford, on the east by Ran
dolph, on the south by Henry, and on the west by Madi
son, and is nineteen miles east and west and' twenty -one
north and south, containing 399 square miles. There
are twelve civil townships in the county, to-wil : Union,
Washington, Delaware, Hamilton, Harrison, Liberty,
Centre, Mount Pleasant, Perry, Monroe and Salem. In
1830, the population was 2,372; in 1840, 8,843, and at
this time about 12,000.
The face of the country is mostly level or gently un
dulating, even the rivers and creeks not having any con
siderable bluffs or hills in their vicinity. In the south
west, south-east, and north-west parts of the county and
near the centre, there are prairies mostly small and not
exceeding one-twelfth of the county. They are usually
called wet prairies, yet they are easily made tillable, and
are excellent for meadow and pasture. The principal
growth of timber is oak, hickory, poplar, beech, walnut,
sugar, linn, &c., with an undergrowth of hazel, dog
wood, spice, and prickly ash; but the oak land is more
extensive than the beech. There are but few acres in
the county which cannot be well adapted to some farm
ing purpose. White river, in the centre, the Mississinewa
in the north. Buck creek, and their numerous tributaries,
supply the county abundantly with water power, and there
are already eighteen grist mills and thirty saw mills in the
county, some of which are not surpassed in the State.
This county has heretofore been so distant from good
markets, and the rcJads so bad a portion of the year, that
it has improved but slowly the last few years. The In
dianapolis and Bellefontaine Railroadj which is now pro
gressing rapidly to completion, has already awakened the
slumbering enterprise of the farmers, and there is now
every prospect that Delaware will soon be among the
richest and best counties in the State.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 249,271
acres. Muncietown, where the Muncie tribe of the Del
awares mostly resided, was on White river, near the pre-

210 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
sent Seat of Justice, though the Indian town was mostly
on the north side of the river. Here the prophet brother
of Tecumseh resided, and here, until it fell by decay a
few years ago, stood ihe post at which he caused his ene
mies, whites and Indians, to, be tortured. David Conner,
an Indian trader, was the first white man Who settled
here. It was through his influence with the tribe that
the former use of the post was discontinued during the
last war. - •'
Delaware, a northern township in Delaware county,
Delaware, a central township in Ripley county, with
a population of 800.
Delphi, the Seat of Justice of Carroll county, is beau*
tifully situated on the high banks of Deer creek, on the
Wabash and Erie Canal, one mile east of the Wabash;
It was first settled in 1828y by Wm. Wilson, Enoch Cox,
D. F. Vandeventer, Aaron Dewey, Andrew Wood and
Jos. Dunham. It is surrounded -by a very fertile and
rapidly improving country, and contains Methodist, Bap
tist, Old. School Presbyterian, New School Presbyterian
and Episcopahan Churches, about 150 dwelling houses,
and 1,000 inhabitants. Delphi is sixty-five miles norlh-
¦v^est of Indianapolis, twenty-two west of Logansp'ort,
eighteen east of Lafayette, and twenty-two north' of
Frankfort. Democra,t, a township in Carroll county,with a popu
lation of 550.,
Derby, a small town in Perry county, on the Ohio
river, at the mouth of Oil creek, ten miles above Kome.
Its population is about 100. '
Des Moines, or as it is usually called Dismaugh, a
beautiful lake in the north-east corner of Laporte county.
Th6 name was given at a very early period, and signi
fies "of the Monks," or Lake of the Monks.
Dewit's Creek, a branch, of Guthrie's creek; in Law
rence county.
Dick Johnson, a north-western township in Glay
county, population 500. ,

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 211
Dillsborough, a small town in Clay township, Dear
born county, fifteen miles south-west qf Lawrence
burgh. Dixon's Lake, in Centre tovynship, Marshall county.
Doan's Creek risfes in the south-east part of Greene
county, and runs west into White river?
Domain, a rich, dry prairie in the south part of La
porte county, containing about two sections of land.
, Door Prairie, in Laporte county, was named from
the narrow gap in the timber at Door Village, which is
a translation of the French name, Laporte. It contains
in all between seventy and eighty square miles, is proba
bly the richest and most beautiful prairie in the State.
Door Village is located in the gap before referred to,
four miles south-west of Laporte.
DoRMiN, a small prairie in Laporte county. The
word in Indian means corn.
Dover, a small town in Kelso township. Dearborn
county. Dover, a new town recently laid out in Wayne
county. Dover Hill, the new County Seat of Martin county,
situated in Perry township, on the road from Mount
Pleasant to Bedford, and contains about fifty inhabitants.
It was laid out in 1845.
Drewersburgh, a small town in White Water town
ship, Franklin county.
Driftwood, or the East Fork of White river, is the
interpretation of the Indian name. In French, it was
called Embarras. Where Blue river unites with Sugar
Creek, though not in all cases until after Flatrock comes
in, it loses its former name, and from thence it is uni
formly called the East or Driftwood Fork of White-
river, until it unites with the West Fork about forty
miles above the entrance of White river into the Wa
bash. This stream is navigable only in high water, and
then flat boats of almost any size can pass down it about
170 miles without difficulty. For further particulars see the
article, " Rivers, &c.," in the General View of the State.

212 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Driftwood, a southern township in Jackson county,
population 700.
Dry Fork, rises in the east part of Franklin county,
then passes into the State of Ohio and empties into White
Water. Dublin, a small town on the National road in Wayne
county, eleven miles west of Centreville. It contains
about fifty houses and 250 inhabitaAls.
Dubois County, named in honor of Toussant Dubois,
who had charge of the guides and spies in the Tippeca
noe campaign, and who for many years was a hospitable,
patriotic and enterprising citizen and merchant of Vin
cennes, was organized in 1818. It is bounded on the
north by the East Fork of White river, east by Orange
and Crawford, south by Perry and Spencer, and westby
Pike, and contains 420 square miles. It is divided into
six civil townships, viz: Columbia, Harbison, Bainbridge,
Hall, Patoka and Ferdinand. The population in 1830
was 1,774, in 1840, 3,632, and at this time about 5,600.
The north-eastern part of the county is rolling, the other
portions level, and about one-fifth of the whole is in the
bottoms of While river, Patoka and olher streams. A
large portion of the county has a very good soil, though
considerable tracts are of a different description, and it
is estimated that one-eighth of the county is occasionally
inundated. There are no prairies in the county, and the
most common timber is white and black oak, poplar,
walnut, sugar, beech, hickory, &,c., with much under
growth of dogwood and spice bush; The principal arti
cles exported from the county are. hogs, cattle, horses,
corn, &c. There are in the county fourteen stores and
groceries, four ware-houses, one brewery, one distillery,
three lawyers, seven physicians, three preachers, three
Catholic, fivfe Methodist and two Cumberland Presbyte
rian Churches, eight grist and saw mills and two carding
machines, and there are fifteen blacksmiths, twenty-nine
cabinet-makers, seventeen house carpenters, five rfiill-
wrights and nineteen tailors.
Coal mines are abundant. White river and Patoka

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 313
both admit of being navigated three or four months in
the year, and there is no reason but want of enterprise
and industry, why Dubois should not be among the rich
counties of the Slate.
Duck Creek, a small stream in Franklin county, run
ning south into the West Fork of While Water, eight
miles above Brookville.
Duck Creek, a small stream in Henry county.
Duchein, a sluggish stream in the south part of Knox
county, which runs south-west into the Wabash, called
River Duchein.
Dudley, a township in Henry county.
DuDLEYTOwN, a Small town in Washington township,
Jackson county, eight miles east of Brownstown. '
DuNLAPsviLLE is in the south-west part of Union
county, five miles south-west, of Liberty, eight south-east
of Connersville, and thirteen north of Brookville, on the
west side of the East Fork of White Water. , It was
laid out in 1817, by John Dunlap, and he, Wm. Nickles
and J. W. Scott, were the first settlers. It contains
three stores, six shops for mechanics, a large and well
finished Presbyterian Church, twenty-five other houses,
and about 100 inhabitants.
DupONT, a pleasant and flourishing village on the Rail
road in Jeflferson county, fourteen miles north-west of
Madison. It contains about forty houses, the most of
which have been built within the last three years.
Durkee's Run, a small stream that enipties into the
Wabash in Tippecanoe county.
Eagle Creek, a fine mill stream rising in Boone
county, runs south about forty miles, and empties into
While river on the west side, four miles below Indian-^
apolis. Its Indian name was Lau-a-shinga-paim-honnock,
or " Middle of the Valley," so called from the beautiful
bottoms that extend along it, sometimes from two to four
miles in width;
Eagle Creek, a tributary of the Kankakee, in the
eastern part of Lake county.
Eagle CiREEK, a small stream in Wabash county.

214 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Eagle, a south-eastern township in Boone county,
vvith a population of 2,000.
Eagle Village, a pleasant town on the Michigan
ro^d, in the south-east corner of Boone county, fourteen
miles north-west of Indianapolis, and the same distance
south-east of Lebanon. It contains about forty houses.
East Fork of White Water. See White Water.
Eberle, a small village in Putnam county, recently
laid out, at present with only six families.
Economy, a small village in the north-west part of
Wayne county, with a population of 400. It is fourteen
miles north-west of Centreville.
Eden, a southern township in Lagrange county, with
a population of 300.
Edinburgh is a flourishing town, containing about 100
houses and 490 inhabitants, situated in the south-east
corner of Johnson county, on the east bank of Blue
river, and where the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad
crosses that stream, and the Shelbyville Branch Railroad
comes in. Edinburgh was settled in 1821, by William
Hunt, W. R. Hensley, John Adams, Israel Watts, Lewis
'Bishop and Alexander Thompson. It is thirty miles
south-east of Indianapolis, ten from Franklin, fifty-six
north-west of Madison, and sixteen south-west of Shel
byville. The health of the place was not good for many
years after its first settlement, but at present there is not
much complaint in this respect, and Edinburgh, from the
great fertility of the country around it, and the water
power in the vicinity, has now become a very important
point. Eel, a township in Cass county, north of the Wabash,
with a population of 370.
Eel River, called by the French L'Anguille, which
means Eel, and by the Indians Sho-a-maque, which
means "slippery fish," rises in the north-west corner of
Allen county, and after running about 100 miles south
west, empties into the Wabash at Logansport As it
has its source in lakes and springs, and runs a rapid
course, it is not surpassed in the west as a mill stream.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 215
For at least sixty miles its average width is fifty or sixty
yards, and the usual depth between one and two feel.
Eel River, a branch of While river, emptying into it
at Point Commerce, in Greene county, is about the same
length and width as the former, though in high water it
runs much more and in dry seasons much less water. It
rises in Boone and runs first south-west and then south
east through Hendricks, Putnam, Clay and Owen coun
ties. Eel River, a north-western township in Allen county,
population 400.
Eel River, a northern township in Greene county,
with a population of 525:
Eel River, a north-west township in Hendricks county,
with a population of 1,370.
Eight, Mile Creek, runs from the south into White
river in Randolph county.'',
Eli's Creek, a good mill stream in Union county,
which rises in Fayette and empties into the East Fork of
While Wa.ter. ' . , .
Eliza Lake, one of the largest of the many small
lakes in Porter county.
Elizabeth, a pleasant, village in Harrison county, on
the South Fork of Buck creek, four miles from; the Ohio,
and twelve south-east of Corydon. It contains 150 in
habitants. Elizabeth, a small town in Spencer county, twenty-
three miles north of Rockport
Elizabethtown, a small town recently laid out on the
Railroad, seven miles south-east of Columbus. It con
tains about thirty houses and 150 inhalsilants.
Elizabethtown, a small town in Jackson county, on
the East Fork of White river, four miles north of Browns
town. Elk Creek, a' tributary of the Muscakituck, in Wash
ington county.
Elkhart County was organized in 1830, and was
named after the river Elkhart, which enters the county
near its south-eastern corner and runs in a north-west

216 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
course through it into the St. Joseph. It is twenty-ltpo
and a half rniles in length from north to south and twen-
ty-^one in width, and is bounded on the north by the
State of Michigan, on the east by Lagrange and A'oble,
on the south by Kosciusko, and on the west by Marshall
and Si. Joseph counties. The population in 1830 was
935, in 1840, 6,660, and at this time it is about 12,000,
The following are the names of the civil townships: Elk
hart, Benton, Harrison, Baugo, Jefferson, York, Osolo,
Union, Clinton, Jackson, Concord, Olive, Middlebury,
Washington, Cleaveland and Locke.
The face of the country is generally undulating, em
bracing every variety of soil and timber, though all but
a small portion is first rate land. About one-ha|f of the
county is covered with heavy timber, such as beech, ma
ple, walnut, hickory, poplar, oak and cherry; the re
mainder is oak barrens or prairie. There are three
remarkably fertile prairies, the Elkhart, Two Mile and
Pleasant Plain. The former stretches south from Go
shen six miles, and is from two to four vride; the lat
ter are in the vicinity of the St. Joseph river, and are in
a high state of cultivation.
The Elkhart and St. Joseph rivers, both which run
through the county a long distance, are unsurpassed as
mill streams, and besides^these there are a. large number
of creeks that empty into them, which abundantly sup
ply every part pf the county with water power. A
number of small lakes are found in the north part of the
county, from half a mile to three miles in circumference.
They are generally beautiful sheets of water, and abourii
with fish. Yellow river, a branch of the Kankakee,
rises in one of them in the south-west corner of the
county, and runs west to the Mississippi, while the othet
streamsevenluallytaketheoppositedirection. Wheatand
corn are the staple products, and from the former some
30,000 barrels of flour are manufactured annually and
sent lo New York by the way of the St Joseph and the
u j' ^'^°^\ °^^^'' gi'ains and grasses are produced in
abundance. The annual crop of wheal is estimated at

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 217
300,000 bushels. In the winter of 1846, an accurate ex-
ammation was made as to the products of twenty-three
farms on Elkhart prairie the previous year, which exhi
bited the following result: wheat 18,704 bushels, corn
24,225, and oats 9,635, or an average of 2,285 bushels
to a farm, the farms all lying in the same vicinity.
Were the BuflTalo and Mississippi Railroad to be made
through the county, as is contemplated, the amount of
grain, as well as hogs, cattle, &c., raised for exportation,
would be immensely increased.
There are about forty saw mills scattered over the
county, and seven flouring mills with twenty-five run
of stones, six carding machines, one oil mill and one
woollen manufactory. The flour manufactured will com
pare favorably with any other in the market. Large
beds of iron ore are found in the county, some of which
has been manufactured at Mishawaka and proved of a
good quality^ There are four practising lawyers, twenty-
five physicians, and a still larger number of preachers of
the gospel in the county, and the usual proportion of the
different mechanical trades are found here.
The county contains 268,000 acres of taxable lands,
and but a few refuse tracts are still owned by the
United States. Elkhart is destined to be one of the
richest and most productive counties, in the State. The
fertility of the soil, the manufacturing and commercial
advantages, and the exemption, in a great measure, hith
erto, from visionary speculations, have kept the prices of
property moderate, and make this a desirable location for
the emigrant, whether farmer, mechanic or manufacturer.
Elkhart River is said to derive its name from an
island at its mouth, which the Indians fancied resembles
the heart of the Elk. It is a very fine mill stream, hav
ing always an abundant supply of water, and for the
last forty miles above its mouth, its usual breadth is from
80 to 100 yards. For a more particular description see
first part under the head " Rivers."
Elkhart, a flourishing town in the county of the
same name, situated at the junction of Elkhart and St.
15

218 INDIANA , GAZETTEER.
Joseph rivers, ten miles north-west of Goshen. It con
tains a very valuable merchant mill, two saw mills, a
distillery, an oil mill, six stores, three ware-houses, adrug
store, one grocery, two taverns, and about 120 houses
and 500 inhabitants. Most of the produce of the county
is shipped here, and the tpwp will ultimately be an im-
portant one. Dr. H. Beardsley was the proprietor.
Elkhart, a township in falkhart county, with a popu
lation of 1,600.
Elkhart, a township in Noble county, with a popula
tion of 775.
Elki-ioen, a mill stream in Wayne county, which
rises in Ohio and runs west into the East Fork of While
Water, three miles below Richmond.
Elliotville, a small town in Monroe county, seven
miles north-west of Bloomington.
Elmore, a north-western township in Daviess county.
English's Prairie, named after John English, the first
settler, is oh the canal, north-west corner of Daviess, a
high, level and fertile prairie.
English Prairie, a dry Prairie in Greenfield town
ship, Lagrange county.
Enochsburgh, a small town in Ray township, Frank
lin county.
Enterprise, a small town in Spencer county, on the
Ohio river, three miles above French Island.
¦ Erie, a township north of the Wabash, in Miami
county, with a population of 390.
Ervin, a township in Howard county, with a popula
tion of 500.
Eugene, a flourishing village in Vermillion county, on
the south bank of Big Vermillion river, seven miles north
of Newport and the same distance south of Perryville.
It Was laid out in 1827, by S. S. Collett, Esq. There is
a Town Hall and a Masonic Hall at this place, and Lea's
mill, on the Vermillion, is the principal water mill in the
county. Eugene, a township in Vermillion county, with a pop
ulation of 1,700.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 219
Evansville, was first settled in 1816, by Hugh
McGary, and was named after Gen. R. M. Evans, one of
the original proprietors. It is situated on a high bank of
the O.iio river, about 200 miles from iis mouth and the
same distance below Louisville, at a bend four miles far
ther north than any part of the river below, and it is also
farther north than any part of tl^e river above for near
sixty miles. It is 180 miles south-west of Indianapolis
and fifty-six south of Vincennes, and is the point at
which the Wabash and Erie Canal is to terminate. The
situation is a fine one, on a slope gently ascending to
Princeton, twenty-eight miles, and a large portion of the
business of the south-west part of the State will always
be done here. The opening of the canal, on the whole
route to Lake Erie, which is expected lo take place in
about two years, mus' vastly increase the importance of
Evansville. At this time, in connection with Lamasco,
which is a part of it, in all respects except in name, it
contains about 1,500 houses, of which one^fburlh are
brick, the others frame, and 5,000 inhabitants. Evans
ville is the County Seat of \''anderburgh county, and
contains the usual buildings for the courts and offices of
the county, a brancih of the Slate Bank of Indiana,
which is a splendid building and cost $30,000, a market
house, seven hotels and seven fine churches, all but one
of brick, for the following denominations, viz: Metho
dists, Old School Presbyterians, New School Presbyte
rians, Episcopalians, Catholics, German Methodists and
German Lutherans, and it has also two well organized
fire companies. The annual amount of exports from
Evansville are about 600,000 bushels of corn, 100,000
bushels of oats, 1,500 tons of hay, and 1,500,000 pounds
of pork and bacon.
Fairbanks, a western township in SulHvan county,
population 1,000.
Fairfield, a northern township in Franklin county,
with a population of 1,200.
Fairfield, a flourishing village in the above named
township, on the East Fork of White river, seven miles
north of Brookville, population 500.

220 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Fairfield, a central township in Tippecanoe county,
population 7,200.
Fairplay, a central township in Greene county, with
a population of 450.
Fairplay, a small village in Greene county, west side
of White river, three mileg north of Bloomfield.
Fairview, a small town in Randolph county, laid out
in 1836.
Fall Creek, an interpretation of the Indian name,
Soo-sooc-pa-ha-loc, or " Spilt Water," so called from the
Falls near Pendleton, where this stream descends twenty-
five feet in a mile, and at one place falls about eight feet,
It rises in Henry and runs south-west through Madison,
Hamilton and Marion counties, about seventy-five, miles,
into White river, just above Indianapolis. It is oa^ of
the best mill streams in the Slate, and many of its water
privileges are Very valuable.
' Fall Creek, a small tributary of the West Fork of
White Water, coming from the west, four miles below
Connersville. Fall Creek, a south-east township in Hamilton
county. Fall Creek, a north-west township in Henry county.
Fall Creek, a southern township in Madison county.
Falmouth, a small town in the north-east corner of
Union township. Rush county, ten miles north-east of
Rushville. Fawn River, a fine mill stream in the north part of
Lagrange county, running north-west into the Stale of
Michigan, and emptying into the St Joseph.
Fayette, an eastern county, organized in 1819, and
named after Gen. Lafayette, is bounded east by Union,
south by Franklin, west by Rush, and north by Henry
and Wayne counties, and contains 211 square miles.
The population in 1830 was 9,112, in 1840, 9,837, and
at this time about 11,000. There are eight civil town
ships, viz: Connersville, Jennings, Jackson,- Columbiar,
Orange, Harrison, Posey and Waterloo.
This county is divided nearly in the centre, from north

222

INDIANA GAZETTEER.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 223
to south, by the West Fork of White Water, which feeds
the canal, and with its tributaries affords an abundant
supply of water power, at all seasons, for machinery.
The surface of the country is rolling in the east and
south, and level or gently undulating in the north and
west, with a large proportion of bottoms, and every part
of the county is susceptible of profitable cultivation.
The dense and majestic growth of the forests, which con
sist principally of walnut, poplar, sugar, beech, hickory,
oak, &c., and the usually abundant crops indicate that
the quality of the soil is not inferior to that of any part
of the State, and for the size of the county, there is pro
bably no one from which the exports are larger in pro
portion. They consist principally of hogs, cattle, horses,
and grain, though since the completion of the White
Water Canal, pork, beef and flour are exported on it, in
large quantities.
Connersville, the County Seat of Fayette county,
was laid out by John Conner in 1817, from whom it toolf
its name. It is very pleasantly situated on the White'
Water Valley Canal, having the river on the east and
south, a beautiful range of hills on the west, from which
there is a very fine view of the town, and a large scope
of rich and well cultivated country stretching off to the
north and east. From its pleasant location, the salubrity
of its climate, its valuable water privileges, the produc
tiveness of the surrounding country, and from the enter
prise of its citizens, Connersville bids fair to be one of
the best towns in eastern Indiana. It has now six law
yers, five physicians, four preachers, six teachers, two
druggists,, thirty merchants and , 139 mechanics. There
are in the town seventy brick and 160 frame dwelling
houses, three churches, one each for Presbyterians, Meth
odists and Christians, fourteen stores, five ware-houses,
one woollen, factory, three grist mills, three sawmills,
and one oil mill. The new Court House, of which the
preceding engraving represents the east front, is one of
the most spacious, convenient, and substantial buildings
of its kind in the State, — all the county officers are loca-

224 ^ INDIANA GAZETTEER.
ted on the first floor, in good sized office rooms. In
connection with each Office 'are ample fire-prppf rooms
for the security of their books and papers. The Court
room, and Juror's rooms, (of which there are four,) are all
on the upper story. In the rear of the centre building
there is attached a wing two stories high, in which are
constructed six dormitories, or cells for prisoners. The
prisoners can be taken to and from, the Court from a rear
passage by a door entering immediately into the Court
room. The building was erected in the years 1848 and
1849, by John Elder, Architect, of Indianapolis, at the
price of $20,000. The Commissioners who made the
contract with Mr, Elder for its erection were David
Molfit, Samuel White, and John Jameson. The popula
tion in 1847 was 1,500; it is now about 1,700, and is
increasing. Connersville is fifty-six miles south-east of
Indianapolis, twelve south of Cambridge City, eighteen
north of Brookville, and twelve west Of Liberty. The
taxable land in the County is 129,903 acres ; the aggregate
value of assessed pro perty^ $2,292,596. In many, respects
the county of Fayette has no superior in the State..
Fayette, a northern township in Vigo county, with a
population of 1,200.
Fayetteville, a small tovvn in Payette, county, ten
miles south-yvest of Connersville.
FERDiNAND,'a southem township in Dubois county,
population 450. ^
Ferdinand, a small tovyn in Dubois county, with
thirty-one houses ; population 150. '
First Creek, a miU stream rising in Martin county
and running west into Daviess, empties into Slinkard's
creek. Fish Creekj a mill stream, rises in Steuben county
and runs through the north-east corner of DeKalb south
east into the St. Joseph.
Fish Lake, in Pleasant township, Laporte county, is
two miles long and one broad. It abounds in fish.
Fisiiback, a tributary of Eagle creek, in Boone county.
Fisher's Run, a small stream in Pulaski county.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 225
Fishing Creek, rises in Orange county and runs north
into White river at Lawrenceport.
Flat Creek rises near the centre of Pike county and
runs south-east into Dubois, and empties into Patoka.
Flat Rock, a large and valuable mill stream, which
rises in the north-east corner of Henry county, runs
south-west through Rush. Decatur, Shelby and Bartholo
mew, and empties into the East Fork of White river at
Columbus. Its whole course, with its windings, is about
100 miles, and the country through which it passes is
rich and fertile the whole distance, and is now becoming
as well cultivated and productive as any part of the
Slate. The Indian name of this stream was Puck-op-ka.
Fleenersburgh, a small town in the north-east of
Monroe county.
Fletcher's Lake, a beautiful sheet of water in Fulton
county. Flinn, an eastern township in Lawrence county, with
a population of 1,560.
Flint Creek, a small stream in Fountain and Tippe
canoe counties, that empties into the Wabash near the
north Hne of Fountain. There is at the mouth of this
creek an immense bed of stone, covering several hun
dred acres of a species of flint, broken and shattered,
and to a great extent ready for use. Those on the sur
face and for about fourteen inches in depth are, in shape
and size, like the fragments of stone beaten and prepared
for Macademizing ; but in excavating this bed for the
canal, it was found that they increased in size as the ex
cavation became deeper, though they retained the same
shape and appearance, but when thrown up and exposed
to the frost and air, they soon became like those on the
surface. This bed of stone has a white appearance, and
has either no covering of earth, or a very slight one, on
which there grow, only a few scrubby forest trees, and a
little underbrush. It is a freak of nature which at first
cannot but strike the beholder as a, great curiosity. As
this bed extends along the canal for some distance, the
material will no doubt be hereafter transported for the

226 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
improvement of the streets of Lafayette, and other towns
alqng its borders.
Flint Creek, a small mill stream that empties into
Little river from the north, at Huntington.
Flint Lake, a beautiful sheet of water in Porter
county. Florence, a small town in York township, Switzer
land county, on the Ohio river, eight miles above Vevay.
Florida, a township in Parke county, with a popula
tion of 1,350.
, Floyd County was organized in 1819, and was named
after Col- John Floyd, of the distinguished Virginia family
of that name, who had been killed by the Indians on the
opposite side of the river.
It is bounded on the south by the Ohio river, on the
west by Harrison, on the north by Washington and on
the east by Clark counties, and contains about 150 square
miles. It is divided into five civil townships, viz: New
Albany, Lafayette, Greenville, Georgetown and Frank
lin. The population in 1830 was 6,363, in 1840, 9,454,
and at this time about 13,500. A range of hills called
"the knobs," from one to three miles in width, runs
through the county from north to south, coming to the
Ohio river a short distance below New Albany. They pre
sent a very uneven surface, and are composed of slate,
clay, soft sand-stone and iron ore. Above the clay and
ore is a stratum of free-stone, valuable for the purposes
of building, and on the pinnacles a stratum of lime-s'tone
which becomes very thick as the countr)^ on the west
falls off nearly level. East of the "knobs," and in pari
of the country west, the land is either level or gently un
dulating, but the general character of the county is hilly
and the soil poor, with the exception of some tracts, of
very good land. Tbe timber varies according to the va
rieties of soil and surface. Much of it has first rale tim
ber, peculiarly excellent for the construction of Steam
boats. On the knobs, the while, black and chestnut
oaks are abundant, and in some places, pine. In the
west part of the county are poplar, chestnut, beech and

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 227
Sugar tree, and in the bottoms of the Ohio and Silver
creek, the timber common in similar situations. Much
of the county is well adapted to the cultivation of corn
and grass, and to raising hogs, horses, cattle and sheep.
The principal, manufactories are a tagging manufactory,
which cost originally about $50,000, three foundries and
steam engine manufactories, on a large scale, one brass
foundry, and usually from five to ten steamboats are
built, and twice that number repaired, annually. There
are in the county eleven giist and nii^e saw mills, mostly
propelled by steam, about 130 stores and groceries, four
teen lawyers, eighteen physicians, fifteen ministers, two
printing offices, and at least 500 mechanics and artizans.
As New Albany, the County Seat, contains more than
half the population of the county, the reader will turn
to that for further information.
The taxable land is 85,691 acres. '
Floyd, an eastern township in Putnam county.
Fort Wayne, the Seat of Justice of Allen county, is
beautifully situated on a high bs^nk, opposite to which, on
the north, the .St Mary's and the St. Joseph, the former
from the south-east and the latter from the north-east,
unite and, form the Maumee, On the site of this town
was the old "Twighlwee village," or principal seat of
the Miamies, in their language called Ke-ki-o-que, a, place
of importance a hundred years ago. Here too was old Fort
Wayne, erected by order of Gen. Wayne, in September,
1794, and just below this Fort, on the opposite side of
.the Maumee, was fought the disastrous , battle of Gen.
Harmar, on the 22d October, 1790. This place, at one
lime, was called "the French Stores," as it was, for a
long time, a place of resort for many of their traders,
and near- it was the carrying place from the navigable
waters of Lake Erie, to those, of the Wabash. Fort
Wayne continued to be a military post until 1819, and
until the removal of the Miamies and Pottawatamies
.yfrest of the Mississippi in 1841, it was extensively resort
ed to by the Indians for the disposal of their furs, and
for the purpose of spending their annuities. The popu-

228 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
lation of Fort Wayne is at this time about 5,000, and
the rapid improvement of the country, the successful bu
siness of the Wabash and Erie Canal, and the opening of
plank roadsinto the interior, which have been commenced
with much spirit, now rank it among the most important
towns in the State. A branch of the State Bank is
located here, which has always been managed with niuch
prudence; the Methodists have a flourishing Female Col
lege, the Catholics have an Institution under the direc
tion of the Sisters of Providence, and there are five
olher good schools in the town. The Methodists, Old
and New School Presbyterians, Catholics, Baptists, Epis
copalians, Lutherans and Africans, have good Churches.
The stores. Ware-houses, and private dwellings are mostly
in good taste, and there is every prospect that for twenty
years to come. Fort Wayne will continue to improve
rapidly. It is situated 112 miles north-east of Indianap
olis, in latitude 41 deg. 5 min. and longitude 8 deg. 7
min. west.
Fountain County was organizeid in 1826, and; was
named, at the suggestion of Judge Watts, in honor of
Maj. Fontaine or Fountain, of Boone county, Kentucky,
who was killed at the head of the mounted militia, in the
battle on the Maumee, near Fort Wavne, on the 22d
October, 1790.
Fountain county is bounded west and north by the
Wabash, which separates it from Vermillion and Warren,
east by Montgomery, and south by Parke, and it con
tains about 400 square miles. It is divided into fen civil
townships, viz: Jackson, Fulton, Wabash, Cain, Van
Buren, Troy, Richland, Shawnee, Logan and Daviess.
The population in 1830 was 7,644, in 1840, 11,218, and
at this time about 13,500. The surface of the country
is mostly level, though the central and southern parts are
occasionally undulating, and it is beautifully variegated
with heavy forests and rich prairies, which latter consti
tute about one-fourth of the county. The soil is gene
rally a black loam, with a mixture of sand and is very
productive, and the crops of corn and wheat here are

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 229
not inferior to those of any part of the Slate. Clay
prevails more in the south portion of the county, which
is best adapted to wheat and grass. The limber here is
principally poplar, sugar and beech, while in the north,
oak, walnut ahd hickory predominate.
The exports from the county are by the way of the
Wabash river and the Wabash and Erie Canal. They^
consist of corn, oals, wheat, .flour, pork, liye hogs, cattle
and horses, and they are not surpassed in value and im
portance by the exports of any of the counties which
have not heretofore possessed superior advantages.
There are in Fountain county ten flouring mills,
twenty saw, mills, one woollen factory, one brewery, one
distillery, one foundry, two printing offices, between fifty
and sixty stores and groceries, ten lawyers, about twenty-
five physicians and fifteen preachers, and the usual, propor
tion of mechanics; coal, iron ore and water power are
abundant, and there is now every appearance that Foun
tain county Avijl soon be one of the best and richest coun
ties in ]the State.
The taxable land anjounts to 245,739 acres, and about
2,500 acres still belong to the United States.
Fourteen Mile Creek, a valuable, mill stream, rising
in Scott and Jefferson, counties, runs into Clark, and
empties into the Ohio, fourteen miles above t^ie Falls,
from which it derives its name.
Foxgrape, the name of a' prairie in Pulaski county.
Frankfort, the Seat of Justice of Clinton county, is
situated near thp centre of the county, on the west side
of Prairie Branch. This lo\yn vi'as laid out in 1830, and
the first house was built by Col. S. D. Maxwell, in Au
gust of that year, but the population did not increase
much until 1832. There are in, Frankfort eight stores,
five lawyers, five physicians, and five churches, one for
each of the following dgpominalions: Old School Pres
byterians, Episcopal and Protestant Methodists, Chris
tians and Associate Reformed. Frankfqrt is fortyrpne
miles north north-west of Indianapolis, fwenty-fpur east

230 . INDIANA GAZETTEER.
south-east of Lafayette, twenty-six north-east of Craw-
fordsville, and thirty-seven south-west of Logansport
Franklin County, named in honor of Dr. Franklin,
was organized in 1810, and is bounded east by the State
of Ohio, south by Dearborn and Riplej', west by Deca
tur and Rush, and north by Fayette and Union counties.
It'is about twenty-seven miles in length from east to west,
and fifteen in breadth, and contains 400 square miles.
In 1830 the population was 10,199, in 1840, 13,349, and
at this time about 18,000. It is divided into eleven civil
townships, to wit: Springfield, Bath, Brookville, White
Water, Posey, Highland,, Ray, Bloominggrove, Fairfield,
Salt Creek an^ Laurel. The north- east part of the
county is level', the central and western rolling, and in
many places quite hilly. The timber is principally oak,
sugar, beech, hickory and black walnut. The soil is
generally good. About one-eighth of the county is bot
tom land, lying along White Water and its bi'anches,
with a very rich soil, well adapted to the growth of corn.
The high lands are better for wheat and grass^ and the
stale of the farming interest is creditable lo the county.
There are twenty flouring mills, thirty-five saw mills,
one paper mill, one fulling mill, two cotton factories, two
printing offices, fourteen lawyers, twenty physicians,
twenty-one ministers of the gospel, a flourishing County
Seminary, and common school districts are organized in
every part of the county. There are numerous monu
ments of ancient population, such as mounds of earth
and structures of stone, embedded in the earth and pre^
pared with apparent skill, so that the deposites of some
very distant period are found in a remarkable slate of
preservation. The abundant water power of Franklin county, the
facilities for trade by the White Water Canal, its vicinity
to Cincinnati and generally very fertile soil, are rapidly
increasing its population and wealth. The taxable land*
at this time, amounts to 245,631 acres.
Franklin, a nprthern township in DeKalb county,
with a population of 570.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS.

231

^"^r^B' r

A li

R'^t ^"

J> J>isii

¦B.Ih

-¦WVr

Ji

FRANKUN COLLEGE. FRANKlTivJ.

Franklin, the County Seat of Johnson county, is
situated on the north side of Young's creek, just above
its junction with Hurricane, near the centre of the
county, on the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, sixty-
six miles north-west of Madison and twenty south-east
of Indianapolis. It was laid out in 1822, and the first
settlers were Samuel Herriotl, Geo. King, John Smiley
and W. G. Springer. Franklin is the site of Franklin
College, a flourishing institution under the control of the
Baptists; it has four good churches, one for each of the
denominations of the Old and New School Presbyte
rians, Baptists and Methodists; it has a fine building
erected for a County Seminary, and about 250 houses,
and a population of 1,750. A plank road is now in pro
gress from Franklin to the bluffs pf White river, which
will probably be extended to Mooresville.
Franklin, a northern township in Putnam county.
Franklin, an eastern township in Ripley county, pop
ulation 1,200.

232 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Franklin, a south-west township in Floyd county,
with a population of 700.
Franklin, an interior township in Harrison county,
population 1,050.
Franklin, a south-west township in Hendricks county,
with a population of 900.
Franklin, a southern township in Henry county.
Franklin, a central township in Johnson county. >
Franklin, a southern township in Kosciusko county.
Franklin, a south-east toWnship in Marion County,
with a population of 1,600.
Franklin, a north-east township in Montgomery
county, with a population of 730.
Franklin, a southern township in Owen county, with
a population of 950. .
Franklin, a tovvnship in Washington county.
Franklin, a township in Wayne county, with a popu
lation of 1,300. -
Fredericksburgh, a small village in the south-east of
Washington county, north side of Blue river, twelve
miles south east of Salem.
Fredonia, the former Seat of Justice of Crawford
county, on a very high bluff of tbe Ohio river, at the
lower end of the Horse Shoe Bend, and four miles below
Leavenworth. French Lick, a western township in Orange county,
population 1,200. Heie is a spring of mineral water,
nine miles west of Paofi, which, with the adjacent lands,
was donated to the State by Congress, on the suppositioii
that salt might be manufactured to advantage, but that
not being found practicable, the lands have been sold
and it is now thought that the springs will be valuable
for their medical properties. The quarries of sand rock
in the vicinity afford excellent material for grind-stones
and whet-stones; which at times have been extensively
manufactured. French, a western township in Adams county, with a
population of 450.
French Island, a small town on the Ohio river, in

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 233
Spencer county, at the head of French Island, eleven
miles by land and twenty by water below Rockport. It
contains eight houses.
FcGiT, a north-east township in Decatur county, with
a population of 2,100.
Fuldah, a small town in Spencer county, on the road
from Troy to Jasper, ten miles from the Ohio river, set
tled by Germans.
Fulton County, named in honor of Robert Fulton,
the inventor of the Steamboat, was organized in 1836.
It lies both sides of the Michigan road, south of Mar
shall, west of Kosciusko and Miami, north of Cass and
east of Pulaski counties, and contains 357 square miles.
Itis divided into eight townships, viz: Tippecanoe, Union,
Wayne, Richland, Rochester, Liberty, Newcastle and
Henry. The population in 1840 was 1,993; al this time
it amounts to about 5,200.
A ridge of small, rugged hills, from one to two miles in
width, extends along the north bank of the Tippecanoe
through the county. With this exception, the i'ace of the
country is level or gently undulating. The north-east
corner and the east side of the county is covered with a
heavy forest of excellent timber; the balance is barrens
and prairie, alternately wet and dry, with occasional
groves of limber. The soil is black and rich in the tim
ber lands; in the barrens it is sandy, but well adapted to
the growth of wheal and corn.
There is art abundance of water power in the county
on the Tippecanoe river, and on Mill, Mud, Owl and
Chipwannuc creeks, but only a small part of il is used
at this time. There are two merchant mills, a saw mill
and a carding machine on Mill creek, and a forge has
been erected on the Tippecanoe, at the crossing of the
Michigan road, where large quantities of excellent iron
ore are found. The quality of the iron ore is very supe
rior; it is delivered at the works at very low rates, and
the manufacture of this article is already becoming im
portant to the county.
There are in the county two lawyers, seven physicians
16

234 ' INDIANA GAZETTEER.
and two preachers of the gospel, and the usual proportion
of merchants and mechanics. The improvenient of
Fulton county has at no time been rapid, but its advan
tages are such that it will steadily continue until it be
comes one of the leading counties in the State.
Fulton, a southern lownthip in Fountain county,
vi'ith a population of 845.
Galena, a northern township in Laporte county, ^Ivilh
a population of 535.
Galena, or Gallien, a small stream rising in the north
part of Laporte county, runs north into Michigan, and
empties into the lake at New Buffalo.
Garrison's Creek, a mill stream that rises in .Fayette
county, runs south-east into Frankfin, and empties into
the west fork of White Water, on the west side.
Geneva, a north-west township of Jennings county,
with a population of 1,100-
Gentryville, a small town in Spencer county, seven
teen miles north of Rockport, on the road to Bloom
ington. Georgetown, a small town in Cass county, laid out
by George Cicot, on the canal, eight miles west of Lo
gansport. Georgetown, a township in Floyd county, with a
population of 1,050.
Georgetown, a small town in Floyd county, nine
miles west of New Albany.
Georgetown, a small town in Randolph county, laid
out in 1835.
German, a northern township in Bartholomew county,
with a population of 1,100.
German, a north-eastern township in Marshall county,
with a population of 295.
German, a northern township in St. Joseph county.
German, a western township in Vanderburgh county,
population 750.
Germantown, a small village in Wayne county, seven
miles west of Centreville.
Gibson County was organized in 1813, and was named

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 235
in honor of Gen. John Gibson, Secretary of the Treas'u-
ry from 1801 to 1816, and repeatedly acting Governor
in the absence of Gov. Harrison. He had been taken
prisoner in early life by the Indians, continued amoncr
them many years, and was familiar with their language
and usages. It was to him that the celebrated speech of
Logan was made. Though far advanced in life, he
would have been still active, but for blindness which
afflicted him during the latter pari of his service. Gibson
county is bounded west by the Wabash, north by White
River, east by Pike, and south by Warrick, Vanderburgh
and Posey counties. It contains about 450 square miles.
Itis divided into eight civil townships, to-wit: Mont
gomery, Patoka, Johnson, Columbia, Washington, White
river, Wabash and Barton. The population in 1830
was 5,417; in 1840, 8,977, and at this time about 11,000.
The surface of the country is agreeably undulating; a
small portion of the county is barrens; about one sixth
is river bottoms on the Wabash, Patoka and White
rivers; the balance is heavily timbered with walnut,
beech, sugar, hickory, ash, oak, &c. The soil is generally
loam and sand, and very productive in corn, v^'heat, and
oatSj which are taken to a southern market in flat boats.
Hogs, horses, and cattle are also raised largely for expor
tation, to the value of $200,000 annually. There are
in the county six grist and saw mills propelled by water;
four steam grist and 4 do. saw mills; about thirty stores
and groceries, two lawyers, physicians and preachers in
every neighborhood, and generally good schools. The
opening of the canal and other advantages for trade
and agriculture presented to Gibson county, though here
tofore loo much neglected, must make this an important
part of the State.
GiLLAM, a township in Jasper county.
Gill, a western township in Sullivan' county, popula
tion 1,150
Gill's prairie, in same county.
Goshen, the Seat of Justice of Elkhart county, was
first settled in 1831. It is beaulifnlly siluatdd on the

236 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
east bank of Elkhart river, a mile and a half south-east
of the centre of the county, 132 miles north of Indian
apolis, 60 north-west of Fort Wayne, and 24 south-east
of South Bend. Goshen contains commodious public
buildings for the county; Methodist and Presbyterian
churches; halls for the Masons, Odd Fellows and Sons of
Temperance; eleven stores, two groceries, four lawyers,
seven physicians, the usual proportion of shops for' me
chanics, 125 dwelling houses, and a population of 700,
which will no doubt continue to increase rapidly! Ad
joining the town are the flouring and saw mills of J. H.
Barnes, which are very little inferior to any in northern
Indiana. GospoRT, the principal town in Owen county, is situ
ated on the west bank of White river, eight miles above
Spencer, and forty-four below Indianapolis, on the direct
road from Bloomington to Greencastle, 16 miles from the
former and 24 from the latter. The proprietor was
Ephraim Goss, and the first settlements in the vicinity
were made in 1818. Gossport has now a population of
450, among whom are six merchants, twenty-three me
chanics, seven physicians, one attorney and two preach
ers. There are three ware houses, two taverns, one mill,
a carding machine, and two churches in the town.
Graham Creek, or Graham's Fork, a mill stream,
rises in Ripley county and runs south-west about seventy
miles through Jennings, Jefferson, and along the north
line of Scott, and empties into the Muscackituck.
Grant County was organized in 1831, and was named
in honor of Captain Samuel Grant and Moses Grant,
who were killed in 1789 in a battle with the Indians near
the creek since called by their name in the N. E. part of
Switzerland county. Grant county is bounded north by
Wabash and Huntington, east by Wells and Blackford,
South by Delaware and Madison, and west by Howard
and Miami. It is twenty-two miles in length from east
to west, and nineteen in breadth, and contains 418 square
miles. It is divided into the following townships, viz:
Van Buren, Washington, Pleasant, Richland, Centre,

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 237
Monroe, Jefferson, Union and Liberty. The population
in 1840 was 4,875 ; at this time it is about 8,000. Except
along the borders of the Mississinnewa, which are beau
tifully rolling, the balance of the county is quite level
and nearly all originally covered with heavy timber.
The soil without exception is rich and well adapted lo
the cultivation of all kinds of grain, grass, fruit, &c.,
suited to the climate. There are in the county eighteen
stores and groceries, fourteen mills propelled by water,
eight lawyers, eight physicians, six preachers, twelve
churches, belonging to the Methodists, Presbyterians and
Friends, or Quakers, and the taxable land amounts to
162,268 acres. A considerable part of Grant lay in the
hounds of the Miami Reserve, and has been but recently
settled ; but except in facilities for the transportation of
produce, there are few parts of the State that are better
calculated to sustain a dense and pro-perous population.
Grant's Creek, a small mill stream in Switzerland
county, which runs south into the Ohio river, four miles
below Rising Sun.
Grant's Creek, a small stream in Wabash county.
Granville, a small town in Delaware county, on the
Mississinnewa, ten miles north of Muncie. It has Metho
dist and New Light churches, two stores, one grocery,
two physicians, and a population of 125.
Grassy Fork, and Grassy Creek are tributaries of the
Muscackituck, in Jackson county.
Greene County, named after Gen. Greene, of Revo
lutionary memory, was organized in 1821. It is bound
ed on the north by Clay and Owen, east by Monroe and
Xawrence, south by Martin and Daviess, and west by
Sullivan, and is thirty miles in length from east to west,
and eighteen in width. The civil townships are Richland,
Plummer, Jackson, Centre, Buck Creek, Highland, Eel
River, Fairplay, Smith, Wright, Stockton and Washing
ton. The population in 1830 was 4,253; in 1840, 8,321,
and at this time about 11,500. It is estimated that one
sixth of the county is barrens, one-lenth prairie, one-
twentieth river bottoms, and the balance upland with

238 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
timber. The soil is sandy near the river and very rich,
and portions of the west are sandy ; the other parts of
the county have a clay soil, which varies very much in
quality. The timber is oak, sugar, walnut, beech, cherry,
persimmon, &c. ; and the surplus products are wheat,
corn, pork, and tobacco, which are exported to tbe
amount of $100,000 annually. There lare in the cpunty
fifteen stores, besides groceries, which are numerous, ten
saw and grist mills, five lawyers, ten physicians, eight
preachers, and seven Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyteri
an churches. Coal and iron ore are found in great abun
dance, and of good quality. , When the canal, which
passes through the centre of the county, is completed, as
it will be in 1851, this part of the country will improve
far beyond what it has ever yet done.
Greene, a northern township in. Hancock cpunty,
with a population of 900.
Greene, a township in Howard county, with a popu
lation of 450.
Greene, a central township in Jay county, settled in
1831, population 425.
Greene, a southern township in Marshall county,
population 570.
Greene, an eastern township in Morgan county, with
a population of 1,360.
Greene, an eastern township in Noble county, popula
tion 350.
Greene, a township in Parke county, with a population
of 1,350.
Greene, a north-west township in Randolph county,
wi;h a population of 900.
Greene, a southwest township in St. Joseph county.
Greene, a township in Wayne county, with a popula
tion of 1,200.
Greencastle, the Seat of Justice of Putnam county,
is beautifully situated near the centre of the county, on
high table land, one mile east of the Walnut Fork of Eel
river, in latitude thirty-nine degrees forty minutes, and
longitude nine degrees forty-six minutes west. It was

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS.

239

ASBURY UNIVERSITY. QREENCASTLE.

laid out in 1822, by Ephraim Dukes and Wesley Clark.
It is the seat of the Asbury University, a flourishing in
stitution under the charge of the Methodists, a county
Sem.inary, a female Academy, and other good schools.
The College, Court House, Churches, and many of the
private dwellings are built with much taste. There are
now 210 dwelling houses in Greencastle, and a population
of about 1,600. The healthy and pleasant situation of
the town and its vicinity, the fertility of the soil, and
valuable improvements continually making, attach to it
much importance and interest through the whole State.
The Terre tiaute and Indianapolis railroad is now under
contract to this place, and that from Lafayette to Craw
fordsville will no doubt in time be extended to il. Green
castle is forty miles west south-west of Indianapolis,
thirty-four north-east of Terre Haute, and twenty-eight
south of Crawfordsville.
Greenfield, the County Seat of Hancock, is situated

240 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
in the centre of the county, near Brandywine creek,
twenty miles east of Indianapolis. It was first settled
in 1828, by Meek and Spillman. It contains the Court
House, county offices, county Seminary, sixty dwelling
houses and 300 inhabitants.
Greenfield, a north-east township in Lagrange coun
ty, population 600.
Greenfield, a southern township in Orange county,
population 700.
Geeensborough, a small town in Henry county, six
miles south-west of Newcastle, with a population of 2,50.
Geeensborough, an interior township in Henry county.
Geeentown, a small town in Green township, How
ard county.
Greenville Creek, a branch of Stillwater, rises in
Randolph county and runs north and then east into the
State of Ohio.
Greenwood, a small village near the railroad, in the
north part of Johnson county. It contains two stores,
Baptist and Presbyterian churches, thirty houses and 180
inhabitants. The situation is pleasant, ten miles from
Indianapolis on the north and Franklin on the south, and
the condition and morals of the people in the vicinity
present many inviting residences.
Gregg, a central township in Morgan county, with a
population of 600.
Guilford, a south-east township in Hendricks county,
with a population of 1,450.
Guinea Run, or Philip's creek, a branch of the Mus
cackituck, in Jackson county.
Guthrie's Creek, a mill stream rising in Jackson
county, runs south and then west into Lawrence, and
empties into the east fork of White river, five miles
south-east of Bedford.
Haddon, a south-east township in Sullivan counl}^
with a population of 3,750.
Hagerstown, is a village eleven miles north-west of
Centreville, in Wayne county, and seven miles north of
Cambridge City, at the head of the White Water Canal.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 241
It contains a population of 500, and from its situation
and the fine country around, is calculated to become an
important point.
Halbert, an eastern township in Martin county, with
a population of 425.
Halfmoon Spring, a noted place in early limes in
Orange county, on the old French lick road, four miles
south-east of Paoli. The spring resembles in shape a
half moon. It rises in a plat of level, rich land, which
extends some distance from the spring on all sides. It is
about 100 feet deep, never freezes, and affords water suf
ficient to turn a mill.
Hall's Branch, a small stream in Pulaski county.
Hall's Creek, a stream in the south part of Dubois,
running into Patoka.
Hall, a south-east township in Dubois county, with a
population of 530.
Hamblen, a north-east township in Brown county.
Hamilton County, was organized in 1823, and was
named in honor of Alexander Hamilton. It is bounded
north by Tipton, east by Madison, south by Hancock
and Marion, and west by Boone and Clinton counties,
and it contains 400 square miles. It is divided into ihe
following townships, viz : Noblesville, Washington, Clay,
Delaware, Fall Creek, Wayne, and White River. The
population in 1830 was 1,705, in 1840, 9,855, and at
this time about 14,000. The face of the country is
either level or gently undulating, the soil without exception
good, and every part of the county well adapted to the
cultivation of either corn, grain or grass. There are along
While River a few dry, rich prairies, and at the heads of
Cicero and Stony Creeks, a number of wet ones, but
they are mostly small. The balance of the, county is
timbered land, with a good proportion of oak, poplar,
walnut, sugar, hickory, and beech. The resources of
Hamilton county have not heretofore been developed
in any manner in proportipn to their capability, but
there is now an appearance of more energy and enter
prise. The Railroad from Indianapolis to Peru will

242 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
shortly be completed to Noblesville, twenty-one miles,
mainly by the citizens of the county, and there is now
reason to believe that their fine soil, water power, and
other advantages, will soon be called into requisition.
It is estimated that 10,000 hogs, 500 cattle, 200 horses,
and 100 mules are annually exported from the county.
The value of the exports may soon be five times what
they have ever heretofore been. All the lands are taxa
ble. Hamilton, a small town in Madison township, Clin
ton county.
Hamilton, a township in Delaware county.
Hamilton, a northern township in Jackson county,
population 1,100.
Hamilton, a small town in Steuben county.
Hamilton, a. small town in St; Joseph county, west of
South Bend, with a population of 150.
Hamilton, a central township in Sullivan county, with
a population of 1,250.
PIammond, a southern township in Spencer county,
with a population of 675.
Hancock County, named after John Hancock, was
organized in 1828. It is bounded on the north by Ham
ilton and Madison, on the east by .Henry and Rush, on
the south by Shelby, and on the west by Marion, and it
contains 307 square miles. It is divided into the follow^
¦ ing townships, viz : Blue River, Brandywine, Brown,
Buck Creek, Centre, Green, Harrison, Jackson, Jones,
Sugar Creek, Union, and Vernon. The population in
1830 was 1,569, in 1840,7,535, and at this time it is
about 9,500.
The surface of the country is generally level, though
it becomes gently undulating in the vicinity of the
streams. The timber is of a good quality, such as is
usually found in the level parts of the State, and the soil
uniformly rich, though some portions of the county re
quire draining before they can be cultivated lo advan
tage. The staple products are wheat, corn, and grass,
of which a considerable surplus, as well as of hogs, cat-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS.

243

tie, and horses, are raised for exportation. The esti
mated value of the surplus is $75,000 annually. There
are in the county twenty stores, eighteen mills, propelled
by water, one woollen factory, one printing office, five
lawyers, fourteen physicians, thirteen preachers, and the
usual proportion of carpenters, smiths, coopers, wheel
wrights, &c., and twelve churches, mostly belonging to
the Methodists and Baptists.
The taxable land amounts lo 192,146 acres.
Hannas Creek, a beautiful mill stream in Union
county, running south-west into the East Fork of White
Water, three miles below Dunlapsville. "

HANOVER COLLEGE.
Hanover, a beautiful town on the high bluffs of the
Ohio in Jefferson county, six miles below Madison. It
was first settled in 1810, by the Hon. W. Dunn, who
was soon after joined by the Rev. J. F. Crowe, D. D.
Under their auspices a flourishing Literary Institution
has been built upj and the village for its accommodation
now contains about 100 houses, and, including students,

244 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
600 inhabitants. Hanover has just suffered severely
from a visitation of the cholera, in which the President
of the College, Dr. Scoville, and several other valuable
citizens, died suddenly ; but no place on the Ohio has
usually been more heallhy, nor is there any one, where
more attention has been paid to the cultivation of the
morals and intellects of the youth.
Hanover, a southern township in Jefferson county.
Hanover, a northern township in Shelby county.
Harbert's Creek, a mill stream in Jefferson county,
running west to the waters of the Muscackituck.
Harbison, a north-western township in Dubois county,
with a population of 750.
Harmony, a township bordering on the Wabash in
Posey county, in which is the village of New Harmony.
Harmony, a south-west township in Union county,
with a population of 1,050.
Harris, a north-east township in St. Joseph county.
Harris's Prairie in the above.
Harrisburgh, a small town in Fayette county, four
miles north-west of Connersville.
Harrisburgh, see Brownsburgh.
Harrison County, named in honor of William H.
Harrison, was organized in 1808. It is bounded north
by Washington, east by Floyd, south-east, south, and
sputh-west by the Ohio river which runs on its borders
for near sixty miles, and west by Crawford county, and
it contains 478 square miles. It is divided into nine civil
townships, viz : Posey, Taylor, Boone, Heth, Washing
ton, Harrison, Franklin, Blue River, and Morgan. The
population in 1830 was 10,288, in 1840, 12,459, and at
this time about 14,000. The face of the country, as well
as the character of the soil, is much diversified in Harri
son county. The chain of knobs on the east, the river
hills and many places along Indian Creek and Blue
River, present as fine scenery as can be found in any
part of the State. The bottoms, valleys, and a portion
of the upland, are fertile and were originally well tim
bered, but some of the barrens have many "sink holes"

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 245
in which are frequently entrances to immense caverns,
and in places the soil is very thin* The surplus products
of the county, consisting of corn, wheat, fruit, potatoes,
and pork, beef, &c., are usually taken away to the south
by the farmers themselves in flat-boats, and are estimat
ed to be worth $250,000 annually. There are in the coun
ty eight large flouring mills, and forty saw miUs, thirty-
eight stores, six lawyers, fifteen physicians, three Pres
byterian, four Baptist, six United Brethren, two Roman
Catholic, and two Universalist Churches, besides Metho
dist Churches in each of the five principal towns, and
several others in the country. The County Seminary at
Corydon is well managed and flourishing, with one hun
dred students ; the Friendship Seminary, at Elizabeth,
is also prosperous, with eighty students ; and the com
mon schools are kept in operation in all the districts at
least three months annually.
Six miles west of Corydon is Wilson's spring, sixty
feet in diameter, and though it has been sounded over 400
feet, no bottom has been found. It rises from a solid rock
in a level spot of land, and it affords a sufficient amount
of water to turn a valuable flour mill. Pitman's cave, in
the same neighborhood, has been explored about two and
a half miles, and is frequently visited. The descent to
this cave is about twenty feet perpendicular, it then ex
tends off horizontally.
Harrison, a western township in Bartholomew coun
ty, population 600.
Harrison, a southern township in Boone county,
population 710.
Harrison, a north-east township in Blackford county,
population 550.
Harrison, a south-east township in Clay coUnty, pop
ulation 7,50.
Harrison, a township north of Wabash in Cass coun
ty, population 750.
Harrison, a southern township in Daviess county,
population 795.
Harrison, a township in Dearborn county, population
760.

246 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Harrison, a small town partly in Dearborn county
and partly in the State of Ohio, twelve miles north of
Lawrenceburgh. Harrison, a township in Delaware county.
Harrison, a township in Elkhart county; population
275. Harrison, a northern township in Fayette county,.
population 2,100.
Harrison, an interior township in Hancock county,
population 500.
. Harrison, an interior township in Harrison county,
population 3,800. , ' '
Harrison, a township in Howard county, population
550. Harrison, a south-east township in Knox county.
Harrison, a western township in Kosciusko county.
Harrison, a southern township in Miami county, with
a population of 150.
Harrison, a north-east township in Morgan county,
with a population of 550.
Harrison, a north-east township in Owen county,
population 575, containing sixteen and a half square
miles, first settled in 1819 by Jesse Evans and Samuel
Bigger. Harrison, a township in Pulaski county.
Harrison, a north-east township in Spencer county,
population 500.
Harrison, a north-east township in Union county,
population 1,400.
PIarrison, a central township in Vigo county, popula'-
tion 4,800.
Harrison, a township in Wayne county, population
Harrison, an eastern township in Wells county.
Harrisonville, a small town on Indian Creek, Mar
tin county. Near this place are medicinal springs sup
posed to be very efficacious, culled Trinity Springs. '
Harrisonville, a small town in Tippecanoe county;
near the battle ground of the 7th November, 1811.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 247
Harrodsburghj a small town in Beanblossom town
ship, Monroe county.
Hart, a northern township in Warrick county.
Hartford, the county seal of Blackford county, was
laid out in 1839, and is situated near Lick Creek, a
branch of the Mississinnewa, seventy-five miles north-east
of Indianapolis,. It contains a good brick Court House,
and forty olher houses, five of which are brick.
Hartford, a small town in Ohio county, on Laughery
Creek, six miles north-west of Rising Sun. It contains
a good brick Methodial Church, about fifty dwelling
houses, and three hundred inhabitants. It was first
settled in 1814 by Benj., Walker, John Livingston, and
others. Hartsville, a small town in Bartholomew county,
. with a population of 150, laid out in 1828 by Andrew
Calloway. , Haw Creek, a fine mill stream rising in the south part
of Shelby, and running south-west about twenty miles
into the east fork of White, river, at Columbus. Along
this stream is the Haw-patch, which is not surpassed in
fertility and beauty by any patt of the State.
Haw Creek, a tributary of the east fork of While
river in Daviess county.
Haw Creek, a small stream in Montgomery county.
Hawkins's Prairie contains about 800 acres, and is
a rich tract of land on the west fork of White river, in
Daviess county, all under cultivation.
Haysville, a small town on Patoka river, in Dubois
county, named after the proprietor, containing, twt) stores,
a warehouse, a grocery, and a population of 188.
Helt, a township in Vermillion county.
Heltonsville, a small town in Lawrence county,
named after the proprietor. ¦
Hendricks County was organized in 1824, and was
named for William Hendricks, who at thai time was
Governor of the State. Il is bounded on the north by
Boone, east by Marion, south by Morgan, and west by
Putnam and Montgomery counties, and being twenty

248 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
miles square, it contains 400 square miles^ Hendricks
county is divided into ten civil townships, to-wit : Centre,
Washington, Guilford, Liberty, Franklin, Clay, Marion,
Eel River, Middle and Brown. The population in 1830
was 3,967; in 1840, 11,264, and at this time about 15,000.
The south side and north-west corner of the county are
undulating, the other parts generally level. More than
one half the soil is a rich loam, slightly mixed with sand;
the balance is clay, interspersed with tracts loo wet for
profitable cultivation on first being cleared ; but when
drained they become very productive, and there is, in
reahty, scarce an acre in the county which may not,
with but htlle trouble, be made to produce good crops of
grain or grass. No better timber is found in any part of
the State than here. The surplus articles exported are
wheat, hogs, cattle, and horses, which are estimated to
be of the value of $200,000 annually. There are in the
county twenty dry goods stores, two drug stores, eigh
teen grist mills, twenty- two saw mills, five woollen facto
ries, one printing office, six lawyers, twenty physicians,
twenty ministers of the gospel, the usual pioporlionof
mechanics, thirty-six churches, a flourishing county Serai-
nary, and school houses in the common school districts.
The prevailing religious denominations are Methodists,
Baptists, Christians, Friends, Presbyterians and Lhther-
ans. The land rated for taxation in the county amounts
to 242,910 acres.
Hendricks, a township in Shelby county.
Henry County, named for the patriot and orator,
Patrick Henry, was organized in 1821, and is bounded
on the north by Delaware, east by Randolph and Wayne,
south by Fayette and Rush, and west by Hancock and
Madison counties. It contains 385 square miles, and is
divided into twelve civil townships, to-wit: Wayne,
Spiceland, Franklin, Dudley, Liberty, Henry, Greensboro,
Harrison, Sloney Creek, Prairie, Jefferson and Fall Creek.
The population in 1830 was 6,498 ; in 1840, 15,128, and
at this lime about 18,000. The face of the country is
generally undulating, with many large and beautiful level

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 249
tracts on the east side of the county. With the excep
tion of one prairie in the north which gives name to the
township there, the land was originally covered with good
timber, such as oak, walnut, ash, poplar, beech and
sugar, and the soil, with scarce any exception, is of a
good quality. The land is in a high state of cultivation,
and the farms well improved. About 30,000 hogs, 2,000
fat cattle and 1,000 horses are among the products of
the county annually taken to market, besides wheat and
flour in large quantities. The water power for manu
facturing is abundant and very valuable. Blue river
runs from near the north-east to the south-west corner
of the county; Fall creek through the north, and there
are several other valuable mill streams. There are in
the county thirty grist mills, fifty saw mills, five oil mills,
four woollen factories, one printing office, thirty-five
stores, ten lawyers, twenty physicians, forty Methodist,
ten Friends, five Presbyterian, three Baptist, one United
Brethren and two True Wesleyan churches.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 246,000
acres. Henry, an interior township in the county of the
same name.
Henry, a township in Fulton county.
Hensley, a south-west township in Johnson county,
with a population of 1,150.
HiGiiBANKs, a small town in Pike county, nine miles
east of Petersburgh. It is situated on a bluff of White
river about 100 feet high.
Highland, a south-west township in Franklin county,
population 1,900.
Highland, a north-east township in Greene county,
population 900.
Highland, a northern township in VermilUon county,
populatioh 2,400.
Highland Creek, a mill stream, a tributary of Blue
river, in Washington county.
HiLLSBOROuGH, a Small tpwh on the east fork of Coal
17

2.50 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
creek, in Fountain county, fourteen miles east of Cov
ington. It contains about twenty houses.
tliLLSBORouGH, a Small town in Wayne county, near
the Ohio line, nine miles north-east of Richmond, popu
lation 150.
Hindostan, formeriy the Seat of Justice of Marfin
county, at the Falls of White river, deserted for its un
healthy location.
Hog Creek, a mill stream in Delaware county.
H0G.4.N, a mill stream in Dearborn county, rising in
the west part of the county and running east into the
Ohio at Aurora.
Holmes Lake, a sheet of water in Pulaski county. .
Homer, a small town on Salt creek, Jackson county,
eighteen miles west of Brownstown.
Honey Creek, a north-east township in Clinton county,
population 800.
Honey Creek, a small stream in Henry county.
Honey Creek, a small stream in Howard county.
Honey Creek, a mill stream in Miami county.
Honey Creek, a mill stream in Vigo county, that runs
south-west into the Wabash, nine miles below Terre
Haute. Honey Creek, a central township in Vigo county,
with a population of 1,500.
Hope, a small but well situated town in Bartholomew
county, twelve miles north-east of Columbus. Il is in
the midst of a beautiful and well improved country, and
contains a population of 300.
Howard County, organized in 1844, was first named
Richardville, after the Chief of the Miamies of that
name, but on the death of Gen. T. A. Howard, a distin
guished citizen of this Stale, and at the time Minister lo
Texas, the name was changed. Howard county is
bounded north by Cass and Miami, east by Grant, south
by Tipton and Clinton, and west by Clinton and Carroll.
The contents are 279 square miles, divided into nine
townships, viz: Centre, Monroe, Irvin, Clav, Harrison,

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 251
Taylor, Howard, Jackson and Greene. The population
is at this time about 5,000. The surface of the country
is either nearly level or slightly undulating; the soil is
uniformly rich, though in places it will require draining.
There are a few prairies, inclined lo be wet and not of
much note, but generally the land is covered with heavy
and mostly valuable timber., When cleared it is well
adapted to the cultivation of corn, wheat, grass, &c.
This county, lying entirely in the Miami Reserve, has
only been settled about six years, but it will soon be
among the first rate farming counties. It has now
twelve stores, six grist mills, five saw mills, three law
yers, eight physicians, ten ministers of the gospel, three
Methodist, one Presbyterian, one Baptist, one New Light
and one Quaker Meeting House, and about thirty me
chanics whose trades are most in demand.
Only a small portion of the county has been purchased
of the United States five years, so as to be subject to
taxation. 34,000 acres are canal lands.
Howard, a township in same county.
Hudson, a north-east township in Laporte county,
population 410.
Huff's Creek, a tributary of the East Fork of While
river, in Jackson county.
Huff, a south-east township in Spencer county, popu
lation 650.
Hunley's Creek rises in the southern part of Dubois,
and runs north-west inlp Patoka.
HuNTiNGBURGH, a Small town in Patoka township, Du
bois county, settled in 1836, by Col. J. Geyer, J. T.
Doune and J. C. Bayles. The population amounts
to 214.
HcNTERSviLLE, a Small town in Ray township, Frank
lin county.
Huntington County was organized in 1834, and was
nanjed in honor of Samuel Huntington, a delegate in the
Continental Congress from Connecticut, and one of the
signers of the Declaration of Independence. The name

252 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
was proposed by Capt. Elias Murray, then a member of
the Legislature.
This county is twenty-four miles in length from north
to south, and sixteen in breadth, and contains 384 square
miles. It is bounded north by Whitley, east , by Allen
and Wells, south by Wells and Grant, and west by Wa
bash county. For civil purposes, Huntington county is
divided into twelve townships, viz: Jackson, Clear Creek,
Warren, Dallas, Huntington, Union, Rock. Creek, Lan
caster, Polk, Wayne, Jefferson and Salamonie. The
population in 1840 was 1,579; at this time itis about
6,000. A small portion of the county is hilly, but for
the most part it is only so far removed from a level or
gently undulating, as to drain the water off readily and
leave tbe ground dry. The soil is clay and sand mixed,
deep, and very fertile, and well adapted to all such agri
cultural products as are common to the climate. With
the exception of a few small prairies, the whole county
was originally a dense forest of all the usual varieties of
timber. The staple products exported are wheat, corn,
beef and pork to the annual value, it is estimated, of
$50,000. There are in the county one merchant mill, seven
grist mills, ten saw mills, with much unimproved water
power, ten stores, seven groceries, five ware-houses, three
lawyers, fourteen physicians, seven clergymen, 105 me
chanics of the various trades most in demand, one print
ing office, three churches, for the Catholics, Baptists and
Geitaan Reformed, and fifteen schools that will average
about thirty scholars each. The taxable land amounts to
212,886 acres; not exceeding a section still belongs to the
United States, and about 10,000 acres are contained in
the Indian reserves. The fine soil, situation and water
power of this county will rapidly advance it in wealth
and population as soon as the large amount of non-resi
dent lands is sold out.
Huntington, the Seat of Justice of the county of the
same name, is situated at the mouth of Flint creek, on

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 253
Little river, two miles above its entrance into the Wa
bash. Gpu. Tipton was the proprietor and Capt. Murray
ampng the first settlers. It contains 150 houses, and a
population of 700. Huntington is on the Wabash and
Erie Canal, 100 miles north-east from Indianapolis and
twenty-four south-west from Fort Wayne.
Huntington, a central township containing the above,
population 1,200.
Huntsville, a small town on Fall creek, Madison
county, named after families of that name who first set
tled it. It is seven miles south-west of Andersontown
and one mile east of Pendleton.
Huntsville, a small town in Randolph county, nine
miles south-west of Winchester, named for same cause.
Independence, a town in Warren county, on the west
bank of the Wabash, nine miles north-east of Williams-
port It was laid out in 1828, by Zachariah Cicott, on
his Indian reservation. He and Jacob Haines were the
first settlers.
Indian Creek, a fine mill stream rising in Floyd
county, runs south-west into Harrison and passing diago
nally through it, empties into the Ohio river at Amster
dam. It is about forty-five miles in length and has much
good land along its borders. At Corydon it receives
Little Indian creek, fifteen miles in length.
Indian Creek rises in the west part of Monroe, runs
south-west through the counties of Greene, Lawrence
and Martin, empties into the East Fork of White river,
near the Sulphur Springs. Its whole length is about
forty miles.
Indian Creek, a western township in Lawrence county,
population 1,110.
Indian Creek, a mill stream which has its source ia
Johnson county, runs west into Morgan and empties into
White river three miles below Martinsville.
Indian Creek, a tributary of Fall Creek from the east,
in the north-east part of Marion county.
Indian Creek, a small stream running west into
White river, near the line of Marion and Johnson.

254 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Indian Creek, a south-west township in Monroe coun
ty, population 1,300.
" Indian Creek, a mill stream in Montgomery county.
Indian Creek, a tributary of While river from the
west, in the north part of Owen county.
Indian Creek, a tributary of the Tippecanoe frOm the
east, in the south part of Pulaski, and passing through a
part of While county.
Indian Creek, a southern township in Pulaski county.
Indian Creek, a mill strehm ih Switzerland county,
rising in the north part of it, runs south into the Ohio
two miles below Vevay.
Indian Creek, a tributary of the Wabash in Tippe
canoe county.
Indianapolis, the Seat of Government of the §late of
Indiana, is situated on the east bank of the West Fork
of While river, in latitude 39 deg. 46 min. north, and in
longitude 9 deg. 3 min. west. The extreme southern
points of the Slate, in Spencer and Posey counties, are
138 miles south, and the line of the State, separating it
from Michigan, is 137 miles north of Indianapolis. The
Ohio Slate line is 73 miles east, and that of Illinois
75 west of this place, so that the location is cen-lral, as
near as may be. It stands on a beautiful, very fertile
and extensive plain, just below the n?outh of Fall creek;
one mile south of the centre of Marion county, of which it is
the Seal of Justice. In the ordinance of Congress authoriz
ing the formation of a Stale Constitution for Indiana, four
sections or 2,560 acres of land were donated for the per
manent Seat of Government Commissioners on the part
of the State were appointed in 1820, to make the selec
tion, and in 1821 the town was laid out by Alexander
Ralston, an engineer, under the supervision of Christo
pher Harrison; of Salem, acting commissioner, though
James W. Jones, of Gibson, and Samuel P. Booker, of
Wayne county, had been joined in the commission; yet,
from circumstances, they were unable to devote much
attention to the business"
The first sale of lots was in October, 1821, when 314

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 255
lots, central in the old plat of the town, north and south,
were sold for $35,596 25, $560 were paid for the lot
north of Washington street, and directly west of the
Court House square, and ,f 500 for the lot similariy situ
ated west of the Stale House square. The lots now
reckoned the most valuable, and which, if not impioved,
would be valued at from $6,000 to $8,000, then sold at
from $200 to $300 each.
Washington, the principal street in town, is 120 feet
wide, Circle street SO feet, the others 90 feet. The
alleys from east to west are thirty feet wide, those from
north lo south 15 feet The lots in the full and regular
blocks are 67^ feet by 195, and contain about one-third
of an acre. On the diagonal streets and in the central
blocks touching Circle street, the lots contain about one-
fourth of an acre each.
In the year 1820, when this place was selected for the
Seat of Government, the whole country, for forty miles,
in every direction, with the exception of a few unimpor
tant prairies, was a dense forest, nor was there any con
siderable settlements nearer than Fayette county on the
east, and Jackson on the south, over fifty miles distant
That year, however, many improvements were com
menced on Blue river and Flat rock, and Messrs. Pogue,
McCormick, the Hardings, Dunning, Vanblaricum,
Mcllvaine, and a few others, removed to the vicinity of
Indianapolis. The surveys of this and the adjoining
counties having been comple'ed by the General Govern
ment in 1821, a sale of the public lands in this district
was held in July of that year, al which time there were
about fifty families on the Donation, as the land selected
for the Seat of Government was then called. In addi
tion to the families named above, there still remain of
the early settlers Messrs. Coe, Henderson, Blake, Ray,
Yandes, Bates, Morris, Scudder, Fletcher, and the fami
lies of Messrs. Walpole, Foote, Nowland, Given, and
others who have been well known among our busy pop
ulation. Among those who took an active part in the
early improvement of the town, but who have since died,

( I

256 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
or with their families have removed elsewhere, the names
of Osborn, Basye, Hawkins, McGeorge and, Drs. Scud
der and Mitchell, &c., are still kindly remembered. The
first settlements were made near the river and in the
north part of the town, where there was no underbrush,
and a few thinly scattered sugar trees only required to
be deadened and the land fenced, in order that it might
be cultivated.
The moral and intellectual improvement of the youth
of the town engaged the attention of many of its promi
nent citizens at an early period, and up to this time the
Sabbath Schools of Indianapolis, and also its public and
private schools are not inferior in efficiency and useful
ness to those of any olher cities or towns in the Union
with no greater advantages as to population and resources.
More than two-thirds of the children, of a proper age,
have attended the Sabbath Schools regularly, and there
has not been one in ten who has not been occasionally
there. This course, pursued now for more than a quar
ter of a century, has had beneficial influences beyond all
calculation, though in a city rapidly increasing in popu
lation by emigrants from almost every Slate in the
Union and nation in Europe, there must always be
found much that requires correction and improvement
The Presbyterians commenced building a Church in
1824, but were not able to complete it for more than
two years, though the whole cost did not exceed $1,200.
The average attendance of that Church, for five years at
least, did not exceed 100.
The Methodists, in 1825, purchased a hewed log house,
which they afterwards enlarged so that it would hold
about 200 persons; but the whole cost of house and lot
did not exceed $300. This, as well as that built by the
Presbyterians, was used as a school house for several
years, and it was not until 1829 that Ihey were able to
complete a better building. At this time, ihe Methodists
have two well finished Churches, each capable of seating
at least 1,000 persons, and with the appurtenances, the
cost of both must have been near $20,000, and they are

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 261
now building a third Church, west of the canal, of smaller
size, but still a good building. They have also a small
Church in West Indianapohs.
The preceding engraving is a representation of the Cen
tral Methodist Episcopal Church in Indianapolis, erected
during the year 1846. It is a substantial brick edifice,
sixty-five feet by eighty, with the basement story above
ground, containing a Lecture Room, Study, Library
Room, &c. The entrance to the body of the Church is
from the Vestibule, in front, by two flights of stairs.
The Church has a front Gallery, two central and two
side Aisles. The Methodists have four Churches within
the corporate Umits of the City, exclusive of the African
Methodist Church. The first Church erected by the
Methodists in Indiana, was a rude log meeting house,
built about the year 1804, in what is now Clark county.
The same denomination own at present, within the Stale,
about seven hundred Churches.
The Presbyterians have two Churches, one for each
branch of that denomination, less spacious than those
erected by the Methodists, yet very commodious and well
finished buildings.
The Baptists are now completing a large Church; the
Episcopalians have a good one: there are two German
Churches, one English Lutheran, one Associate Reformed,
one Christian, one Roman Catholic, one for the Friends,
and two for the Africans, making seventeen in all. The
character and style of the preaching, and the contribu
tions for religious and charitable purposes, will compare
favorably with most others of the same denominations
in any part of the country.
On the first of January, 1825, the public offices of the
State were removed from CPrydpn to this place, and the
permanent Seat of Government established here. The
Legislature continued to hold their sessions in the Court
House, built at an expense of $14,000, until December,
1834, when the State House, a fine building 180 feet by
80, was completed for them at the cost of about $60,000,

262 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
all which, together with the cost pf the Governor's house.
Treasurer's house and office, was paid for from the money
realized by the Slate from the sales of their lots and
lands donated for the Seat of Government
A good Classical school has usually been kept up at
the County Seminary.. The, Old School Presbyterians
have founded a Parochial School, which they intend
shall be of a high order, the Indianapolis Female Insti
tute was for many years very successful in the education
of young ladies; the St. Mary's Seminary, under the
control of the Episcopalians is still so, and the citizens
of Indianapolis, having voted to be taxed for the educa
tion of all the children, lots have been purchased by the
Corporation and buildings will be erected for that pur
pose. Many private and common district schools are
also to be found in most parts of the city.
The other public buildings are two spacious Market
houses, six large Hotels, besides the Mansion House, owned
by Gen. Drake, now rebuilding, a large and splendid
Masonic Hall now in progress, and the Madison and In
dianapolis Railroad Depot, 350 feet by 56., There will
soon be buildings of a similar character at thei points, in
this plaM^where the Railroads from Bellefontaine, PerU)
Lafajsrtie and Terre Haute are to terminate. Among the
manufactories in Indianapolis are a paper mill, two flouring
mills, two saw mills, an oil mill, two carding machines, two
foundries, vvith one of which is a machine shop in which
steam engines are made, a peg and last establishment,
one do. for planing, in both which sash, doors, &c., are
made by machinery.
There are in Indianapolis seventy-six dry goods stores,
twenty-four gioceries, fourteen ware-houses, three book
stores, four drug stores, 106 shops for mechanics, four
breweries, twelve school houses, iwentyrtwo three story
houses, 297 two story do., and 846 houses of one story,
making 1,165 in all. Of the houses, 164 are of brick,
and 1,001 of frame. In 1829, the population was 1,085,
in 1834, 1,600. in 1840,2,692, and on the 1st of August,

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 265
1849, 6,504. From 250 to 300 houses will be built dur
ing the .'present year.. If West Indianapolis be included,
the vvhole population will be 6,750.
The opening of the Madison and Indianapolis Rail
road, which took place on the 1st of October, 1847, has
given quite an, impulse to the improvement and business
of this city, and now, as there have been foar olher
Railroads commenced, viz: the Terre Haute, Lafayette,
Peru and Bellefontaine, all of which are progressing to
wards completion, there is every prospect that, for some
years, both population and improvement will increase
rapidly, and it will not be a matter of surprise if, by the
year I860, there shall be ttiree-fold the present number
of inhabitants. The introduction of coal, iron ore, and
other materials and facilities for manufacturing, the
cheapness with which Railroads can be made here, the
productiveness of which the whole country is suscepti
ble, and its fine climate and heathful situation do not, at
present, allow us to fix any limits to its capacity fpr im
provement See Marion county, &c.
Indian Kentucky, a fine mill stream, about thirty
miles in length, rises in Ripley, runs south into Jefferson,
and empties inlp the Ohio river eight miles above Madi
son. About three-fourths of the time this stream fur
nishes a good supply of water for mills.
Iroquois, or Pickamink river, rises in the east part of
Jasper county, and runs sputh-west, near fifty miles, into
the Slate of Illinois, where it turns north and empties
into the Kankakee.
Irwin, a township in Howard county, population 70O.
Jack's Defeat, a mill stream in the west part of Mon
roe county, a tributary of Indian creek.
Jackson County, named in honor of Gen. Andrew
Jackson, was organized in 1815. It is bounded nOrth by
Brown and Bartholomew counties, east by Jennings and
Scott, south by Washington, and west by Lawrence and
Monroe, and it contains about 500 square miles. It is
divided into eleven civil townships, viz: Driftwood,
Grassy Fork, Brovvnstown, Washington, Jackson, Red-
18

266 INDIANA, GAZETTEER.
ding, Vernon, Hamilton, Carr, Owen and Salt Creek.
The population in 1830 was 4,894, in 1840, 8,961, and
at this time about 12,000. A range of hills passes
through the centre of the county from the north-east lo
the south-west, and there is another range of hills or
knobs in Salt Creek township, in the north-west part of
the county ; but the face of the country, for the most
part IS either level or gently undulating. The bottoms
along the different streams are very large and. rich, and they
compose about one-fourth of the whole county. The soil
is pf every variety, sandy clay, loam, &c., and the timber
is of the best quahty on the various soils to which it is
adapted. The constant increase of the surplus productsof
the county shows that its agriculture is in an improving
condition. Pork, beef, corn, flour, wheat, oats, b.eans, fruit,
cider, potatoes, plank, staves, &c., are taken to the dif
ferent points on the Ohio river in wagohs, or to the
southern markets in flat boats, and they, with hogs,, cat
tle, horses and mules exported, yield over $200,000 an
nually. It is estimated that there are usually 50,000
acres in corn, the product of which is over 2,000,000
bushels. There are in the county -eighteen stores, six
groceries, eighteen grist mills, sixteen saw mills, two
carding machines, six tanneries, four lawyers, fifteen
physicians, seventeen preachers, about eighty mechanics
of the trades most in demand, and twenty churches for
the Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Friends and Re
formers. The taxable land in Jackson county amounts
to 234,000 acres, and about 70,000 acres still belong to
the United Slates. The situation of this county, the
soil, water privileges and olher advantages it possesses,
would, if properly improved, rank it among the best
counties in the State.
In the north-east corner of the county, in the bed of
White river, is a solitary boulder of granite,, weighing
several tons. No other rock of any kind is found in the
vicinity. In the same neighborhood is a large mound,
about 200 yards in circumference at the base. On this
spot, in 1812, a marauding party of Indians held a coun-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 267
cil to decide whether they should retreat or fight a party
of 30 men, under Capt. (afterwards Gen.) Tipton, then
in close pursuit on their trail. Resistance was deter
mined On, and they stationed themselves, very advan
tageously, on an island, since known by the name of
Tipton's Island, which was connected to the shore by a
drift, and in' one place only by a single log. Qver this
TiptPn rushed with his men, and he being so fortunate as
to kill the principal Indian, whp, at that moment, was
taking aim at Major Beem, the rest of the Indians fled
with the loss^of most of their men, and without doing
any injury to the whiles.
Jackson, a south-west township in Bartholomew
county. Jackson, a south-east township in Blackford county,
population 250.
Jackson, a south-west township in Boone county, pop
ulation 1,200.
Jackson, a north-west township in Brown county.
Jackson, a township in Carroll county, population
930. Jackson, a southern township in Cass county, popula
tion 392.
Jackson, an eastern township in Clay county, popula
tion 600. .
Jackson, a central township in Clinton county, popu
lation 2,500.
Jackson, a township in Dearborn county, population
1,155. Jackson, a south-west township in Decatur county,
population 1,225.
Jackson, a southern township in DeKalb county, pop
ulation 475. ,
Jackson, a township in Elkhart county, population
700. Jackson, a south-east township in Fayette county^
population 1,185. i
Jackson, a southern township in Fountain county,
population 1,055.

268 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Jackson, a township in Greene county, population
950.; Jackson, a township in Hancock county, population
1,200. Jackson, a township in Howard county, population
250. _ .
jACKspN, a north-east township in Huntington county,
population 500.
Jackson, an eastern township in Jackson county, pop
ulation 680.
Jackson, a township in Jasper county.
Jackson, a northern township in Jay county, popula
tion 400.
Jackson, a south-west township in Kosciusko county.
Jackson, a western township in Madison county.
Jackson, a southern township in Miami cpuhty, popu
lation 390.
Jackson, a soUth-east township in Morgan county,
population 1,100.
" Jackson, a western township in Orange county, popu
lation 600.
Jackson, ,a northern township in Owen county, popu
lation 600.
Jackson, a township in Parke county, population 750..
Jackson, a nol-thern township in Porter county, popur
lation 400.
Jackson, a north-east township in Putnam county, six
miles square.
Jackson, a north-east township in Randolph county,
population 900.
Jackson, a northern township in Ripley county, popu
lation 800.
Jackson, an interior township in Rush county, pppula-
tipn 900.
Jackson, a township in Shelby county.
Jackson, a northern township in Sullivan county, pop
ulation 900.
Jackson, a south-west township in Tippecanoe county,
populatipn 950.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 269
Jackson, a township in Washington county.
Jackson, a western township in Wayne county, popu
lation 4,000. 1
Jackson, a south-west township in Wells county.
Jackson, an eastern township in White county, popu
lation 450. '
Jacksonsburgh, a small town in Wayne county, seven
miles north-west of Centreville.
Jackson's Lick, a salt spring near the Hne of Brown
and Monroe counties, where salt in considerable quanti
ties has been made. '
Jacksonville, a small tOwn in Switzerland county,
seven miles north north-east of Vevay.
Jake's Creek, a mill stream in Delaware county.
Jamestown, a small town with about thirty houses
and 150 inhabitants, in the sputh-west corner of Boone
county, on the Indianapolis and Crawfordsville road,,
twenty-nine miles from the former and sixteen from the
latter place. It is ten miles south-west of Lebanon, and
has a fine farming country around it.
Jasper CbuNTY, named in honor of the hiimble but
patriotic Sergeant Jasper, of Carolina, who died in de^
fence of his country in the war of the revolution, was
organized in 1837. It is bounded on the north by the
Kankakee river, which separates it from Lake and Por-
tei', on the east by Stark, Pulaski and White, on the
south by White and Benton counties, and on the west by
the Slate of Illinois. Jasper is the largest county in the
State, and contains ^bout 975 square miles ; but Beaver
Lake, the Kankakee marshes and the Grand Prairie oc
cupy sp large a portion of it, that its settlement and im
provement have hitherto proceeded slowly. It is divided
into eight townships, viz; Iroquois, Newton, Marion, Bar
ker, Jordan, Beaver and Jackson. The population in
1840 was 1,267, it is now about 3,000.
The face of the country is generally level, and it is
mostly dry and wet prairies, interspersed with small
groves of timber, usually called barrens or oak openings.
Much of the land is very fertile and well adapted to

270 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
wheat, oats, corn, grass, &c. It is a Very fine country
for grazing, and the settlers are beginning tp raise cattle,
horses, mules and sheep in cpnsiderable numbers. Rens-
sellaer is the county seat, which see for particulars.
The population of Jasper will most probably never be
large, but it will no doubt be one of the best stock coun
ties in the State.
The most of the land in the county still belongs tothe
United Slates, and only a small portion of that which
has been purchased has yet become taxable.
Jasper, the Seat of Justice of Dubois county, was
first settled in 1830, by Dr. McCrillas, Col. Morgan,
B. B. Edmonson, Z.Dillon and J. McDonald. It has
five stores, three groceries, two ware-houses, one brewery,
one distillery, and a population of 532. Jasper is situ
ated on the Patoka 120 miles south-west of Indianapolis,
fifty north-east of Evansville, and forty-four south-east
of Vincennes.
Jay County, named in honor of the celebrated patriot
and statesman, John Jay, was organized in 1836. It is
bounded north by Wells and Adams, east by the Stale
of Ohio, south by Randolph, and west by Delaware and
Blackford counties. It is twenty-one miles from east lo
west, and eighteen from north to south, containing 378
square miles. There are twelve civil tpwnships in the
county, Penn, Jackson, Bear Creek on thp north, Knox,
Greene, Wayne and Noble in the centre tier, and Rich
land, Jefferson, Pike and Madison in the south. The
population in 1840 was 3,863, at this time it is about
5,000. ,
The face of the country is perhaps as level as any part
of the State, though in places it is gently and beautifully
undulating. No part of the county, has a poor soil, yet
in many places the land should be cleared and drained
before it can be called rich and productive. The princi
pal forest trees are oak, ash, walnut, hickory and beech,
the two latter greatly preponderating. When properly
farmed, good crops of wheal, corn, grass, and the usual
products of the climate may be raised without difiiculty,

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 271
and it is favorable especially for cattle, horses and hogs.
The surplus products and articles exported in 1848 were
estimated at $52,000. There are in the county six grist
mills, nine saw mills, three manufactories for cordage,
one do. for tobacco, and three for palm leaf hats, seven
stores, three lawyers, nine physicians, twenty preachers
and seventy-six mechanics, of the trades most in demand.
The Episcopal Methodists have five churches, the Wes-
leyans one, the New School Presbyterians two, the Bap
tists one and the Christians one. At Portland is the Jay
Seminary, and at Camden the Penn Seminary, and com
mon schools have been established in almost all tfie dis
tricts. There is one Indian Reserve pf four septions, not in
market, and abqut 600 acres still belonging to the
United Stales ; all the olher lands in the county are tax
able. '
Among the anecdotes of the early settlers of the county
it is stated that an Indian, on visiting il, said he had
found owe very rich man on the Salamonie. Whether he
had much land, or money, or many hOrses, did not ap
pear ; but he must be rich, as he .had jive children and
eleven dqgs.
Jefferson County, named in honor of Thomas Jef
ferson, was organized in 1809. It is bpunded on the
north by Ripley, east by Switzerland, south by the Ohio
river, and, south-west and west by Clark, Scott and Jen
nings counties,, and il contains about 375 square miles.
It is divided into ten civil townships, viz: Madison, Han
over, Saluda, Republican in the" south, Milton, Smyrna
and Graham in the centre, and Shelby, Monroe and Lan
caster in the north part of the county. The population
in 1830 was 11,465, in 1840, 16,614, and at this time
about 20,000.
Jefferson county presents a great variety of soil and
surface. The bottoms on the Ohio and along the prin
cipal creeks are a rich loam mixed with sand, and the
lofty and steep hills near them have also a rich soil. On
the table land, back of the hills, there is more clay, and

272 INDIAJf A GAZETTEER.
Still farther in the interior, a considerable portion of the
land is nearly level,, covered mostly with beech timber,
unfit for corn or grain, and suitable only for grassi.. Prob
ably near one-half of the county is of this character.
A more particular account of the business, manufac
tures, &c., will be given under the head, Madison, which,
with the township of the same name, contains about half
of. the population of the county; and the reader is re
ferred to Hanover and to the, subject of Education, in
the first part of this Book, for an account of that Lite
rary Institution.
There are in the county about 120 stores and groce
ries, thirty lawyers, forty physicians, forty preachers,
twenty Methodist, fourteen Baptist, ten Presbyterian
churches, besides several for the Reformers, Universal-
ists, &c.
Hart's Falls, near Hanover, and the Fahs of Clifty,
two and a-half miles north-west of Madison, are well
worth a visit from the admirers of grand and beautiful
scenery. The taxable land in the county amounts to
184,994 acres. ^
Jefferson, a south-east township in Adams county,
with a population of 220.
Jefferson, an interior township in AUen couiity,with
a population of 250. •
Jefferson, a western township in Boone county, pop
ulatipn 930.
Jefferson, a township in CarrOll county, with a popu
lation of 550.
Jefferson, a township in Cass county, with a popular
tion of 750.
Jefferson, a small town in Clinton county, beautifully
situated, four miles west of Frankfort; and twenty-one
south-east of Lafayette, on the borders of Kirk's, or the
Nine Mile Prairie. It was first settled in 1828, by Wm.
Clark, John Ross, Samuel Olinger, Abner Baker, Beal.
Dorsey, C. I. Hand, and others. It contains about 20O
inhabitants.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 273
Jefferson, a township in Elkhart county, population
Jefferson, a south-east township in Grant cpunty,
population 700.
Jefferson, a northern township in Henry county.
Jefferson, a southern township in Huntington county,
population 500.
Jefferson, a southern township in Jay county, popula
tion 450.
Jefferson, a northern township in Kosciusko county.
Jefferson, a township in Miami county, on Eel river,
population 1,150.
Jefferson, a central township in Morgan county,
population 950.
Jefferson, an eastern township in Noble county, pop
ulation 650.
Jefferson, a township in Owen county, population
950. • ^.^
Jefferson, an eastern township in Pike county, pop
ulation 990.
Jefferson, a south-east township in Putnam county,
six miles by five.
Jefferson, the most populous township in Switzerland
county. Jefferson, a township in Tipton county.
Jefferson, a township in Wayne county, population
2,050. Jefferson, a north-east township in Wells county.
Jefferson, a south-east township in Whitley county,
population 250.
Jeffersonville, the site of old Fort Steuben, is beau
tifully situated at the head of the Falls, on the Ohio
river, in Clark county, on elevated ground, and extends
up the river where deep water approaches the shore, so
that boats of all sizes can land near it, at all times, on a
fine, natural beach. The view,from the town, of the river,
here about a mile wide, its islands, the Falls, Louisville,
nearly opposite, and the range of hills or knobs on the west,
five or six miles distant, presents a variety of beautiful

274 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
scenery that is not, probably, surpassed in the western coun
try, jeffersonville was laid out, originally, on a plan fur
nished by Mr. Jefferson, which resembled a chess board, and
only the alternate squares were to be built on, the others
were lo be reserved for public grounds. This plan was
afterwards altered by the authority of the Legislature.
Jeffersonville is the site of the State Prison; it is far
more favorably situated than the opposite side of the
river for the construction of a canal around the Falls,
and that subject is again engaging public attention. The
Railroad into the interior is at this time being success
fully prosecuted, and there is now a good prospect that
the commercial and other advantages of the town will
be ultimately appreciated. Steamboat building has at
times been carried on extensively at this place, and the
completion of the Railroad will vastly increase this and
much other business. The population is now about
1,200, and is rapidly increasing.
Jennings County, named in honor of Jonathan Jen
nings, the first Governor of the State, was organized in
1817, and it contains 375 square miles. It is bounded
on the north by Bartholomew and Decatur, on the east
by Ripley, on the south by Scott and Jefferson, and on
the west by Jackson. It is divided into nine civil town
ships, viz: Bigger, Campbell, Columbia, Geneva, Marion,
Montgomery, Sand Creek, Spencer and Vernon. The
population in 1830 was 3,950, in 1840, 8,829, and at
this time about 10,000. Near the streams, the face of
the country is hilly and broken, and moderately fertile,
except in the beech flats, at the head of the streams,
where it is only fit for grass. There is an abundance of
excellent timber in the county, of which large quantities
are sawn and taken on the Railroad to the river; and
the quarries of limestone are very fine and convenient,
from which the interior of the State is extensively sup
plied with building materials, of rock and lime. A mill-'
stone quarry, near Scipio, has also at times been worked
extensively. The agriculture of the county is not such as to afford

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 275
much surplus produce for market, yet considerable quan
tities of various articles are constantly sent off on the
Railroad. There are in the county thirteen grist mills,
twenty-nine saw mills, seven of them propelled by steam,
one woollen factory, eighteen dry goods stores, two drug
stores, four groceries, three ware-houses, five lawyers,
twelve physicians, three Presbyterian, two Catholic,
twenty Baptist, seven Reformers, five Methodist and two
United Brethren preachers, forty churches, a flourishing
County Seminary and sixty-five school districts, in which
schools are taught from three to six months a-year.
The taxable land amounts to 200,220 acres, about
25,000 acres belong to the United States, and 15,000
acres have been sold that are not yet taxable.
Jennings, a south-east township in Crawford county.
Jennings, an eastern township in Fayette county, pop-
,u]ation.786. Jennings, a northern township in Owen county, popu
lation 500.
Jennings, a northern township in Scott county, popu
lation 1,200.
Jerome, a small town in Greene township, Howard
county. Johnson County, named in honor of the Hon. John
Johnson, one of the first judges of the Supreme Court of
the State, was organized in 1823. It is bounded on the
north by Marion, east by Shelby, south by Bartholomew
and Brown, and west by Morgan, being twenty miles
from north to south, and sixteen from east to west. It
is divided into eight townships, viz: Franklin, Blue River,
Nineveh, Henslev, Union, While River, Pleasant and
Clark. The population in 1830 was 4,130, in 1840,
9,352, and atthis time about 11,000. The south-west
corner of the county is quite hilly, the south and south
east pleasantly undulating, the other, parts of it mostly
level ; but there is no barren land, and with drainage,
every acre, not covered by the streams, may be cultivat
ed to advantage. The soil is generally a rich, black
loam, mixed with sand, the timber of a good quality.

276 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
The agricultural improvements within the last five years,
are very creditable to the people of the ,county. The
following articles were exported in 1848, viz: 142,000
bushels of corn, 310,000 bushels of wheat, 20,000 do.
oats, 9,691 hogs; 600 cattle, 149 mules, 161,000 pounds
bacon, and barley, corn meal, flax seed, tow linen, (fcc,
to the value of $3,300, making the whole exports about
$320,000. There are in the county thirty ^one stores, six groceries,
ten Ware-houses, seven grist mills, eleven saw mills, six
of theni propelled by water, five carding machines, 155
mechanics, five lawyers, twenty-one physicians, twenty-
nine preachers, twenty-two churches, mostly belonging
to the Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians. There
are 680 acres of land belonging to the United States, the
balance is subject to taxation. . ^
Johnson, a south-west township in Brown county.
Johnson, an eastern township in Clinton county, with
a population of 500.
Johnson, a southern township in Gibson county, pop
ulation 2,500.
JouNsoN, a southern township in Knox county.
Johnson, a sOuthern township in Lagrange county,
population 600.
Johnson, a central township in Ripley county, popula-'
tion 2,000.
Johnson's Fork, a mill stream in Franklin and Dear
born, running into White Water from the north-east;
two miles above Harrison. <¦
Jones, a township in Hancock county, with a popula
tion of 550.
JoNESBORouGH, a Small town on the south side of the
Mississinewa, in Grant county, five miles south of Ma
rion, population 100. ,
JoNESBORouGH, a Small town in Centre township,
Greene county.
Jordan Creek, a mill stream rising in Owen, runs
wetst into Clay and empties into Eel river at Bowling-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 277
Jordan, a township in Jasper county.
Jordan Creek, Vermillion county, runs east into the
Wabash. . Kankakee is thought to be a corruption of the Indian
name, Theakiki, which means low land, and this name
was formerly applied to the river and marshes now called
Kankakee. It rises near Sputh Bend, in St. Joseph
coUnty, and runs south-west about eighty miles, into the
State of Illinois, where it becomes one of the principal
tributaries of the Illinois river. It runs sluggishly nearly
the whole distance, and its surface is generally very little
below its. banks, which, in some places, are merely
marshes, and at others open into extensive wet prairies,
affording very fine ranges for cattle. See the article
" Rivers," in the first part.
Kankakee, an interior township in Laporte county,
populatipn 965.
Kelso, a township in Dearborn county, with a popu
lation of 1,350.
Kent, a small tpwn in Republican tcwnshipj Jefferspn
cpunty. 'Kickapoo, a fine mill stream in Warren cpunty.
Killbuck, a mill stream rising in Delaware county,
runs south-west into Madison, and empties into White
river near Anderson. It was named in honor of a much
respected chief, of the Delaware Indians.
Kii-more's Fork, a branch of Wild Cat, in Clinton
county, running south-west inlp that stream.
Kimberlin's Fork, rises in Scott county, and joining
with Stucker^s Fork, runs west into the Muscackituck.
Kingsbury, a small town in Union township, Laporte
county, six miles south of Laporte. >'
Kingston, a small town in Welfs county.
Kintner's Creek, a mill stream in Wabash county,
running into the Wabash from the north, five miles be
low Wabash, the county seat.
Kirkland, a western township in Adams county, pop
ulation 175. '
Kirklin, a small town pn the Michigan rpad, in the

278 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
south-east of Clinton, eleven miles from Frankfort, thir
ty-one from Indianapolis, and thirty-four from Lafayette.
It was named after the proprietor, Nathan Kirk.
Knight, a southern township in Vanderburgh county,
population 700.
Knightstown, a flourishing village in the south-west
corner of Henry, on the west bank of Blue river, thirty-
two miles east of Indianapolis. It contains a pppulation
of 700, has a fertile country around it, valuable water
power in the vicinity, and the Shelbyville and Knights
town Railroad, which will be completed in a year, is to
terminate at this place.
Knob Creek, a small stream in Floyd county, running
south into the Ohio.
Knox County, named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox,
of the Revolution, and the first Secretary of War, was
organized in 1802. It is bounded north by Sullivan and
Greene, east by the West Fork of White river, which
separates it from Daviess, south by White river, which
separates it from Pike and Gibson, and West by the Wa
bash, which separates it from Illinois. Its average length
from north lo south is twenty-seven miles, and its aver
age breadth is nineteen miles, making the contents about
513 square miles. Knox county is divided into ten civil
townships, viz: Bussero, Decker, Harrison, Hunot, John
son, Palmyra, Vigo, Vincennes, Washington and Wide-
ner. The population in 1830 was 6,557, in 1840, 10,657,
and at this time about 12,000. Most of the county is
either level or gently rolling, though there are some
ridges of low hills. There are several prairies, mostly
near the Wabash, which are very rich and productive;
the timbered lands, too, which cover the largest part of
the county, are generallj*^ rich, but intermixed with them
are sandy barrens, and swamps, of little value, except
that some of the latter are well timbered. The bottoms
are extensive and very fertile, but they suffer, occasion
ally from being overflowed. ^
Of the surplus products of Old Knox, the corn and
pork equal in amount, probably, those of any other

/
TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 279
county in the Stale, and they both may and will be
largely increased. Here was the first settlement in the
State, and in many places there are appearances of
wealth and improvement much beyond those parts more
recently settled. , In the neighborhood of Vincen«es are
monuments heretofore described, which show that at
some indefinite period there must have been a large pop
ulation here.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 233,964
acres. Knox, a western township in Jay county, settled in
1832, population 700.
KoKOMo, the County Seat of tloward county, located
, on the site of an Indian village of the same name, was
first settled in the autumn of 1844, by N. R. Lindsey,
J. Bohan, C. Richmond, J. L. Barritt, J. T. McClintock,
B- Newhouse, and qlhers. It contains five stores, one
grocery, fifty dwelling houses, and 250 inhabitants. It
is fifty miles north of Indianapolis, twenty south of Peru
and forty-five east of Lafayette.
KoKOMo Creek, a mill stream in Howard county, a
tributary of Wild Cat.
Kosciusko County, named after the Polish soldier and
patriot, who had served in the American army in the
war of the Revolution, was organized in the year 1836.
It is bounded on the north by Elkhart, east by Noble
and Whitley, south by Wabash and Miami, and west by
Fulton and Marshall counties, being twenty-seven miles,
from north to south, and twenty-one from east to west,
and containing 567 square miles. The civil divisions
into townships are as follows: Scott, Jefferson, Van
Buren, Turkey Creek, Tippecanoe, Prairie, Plain, Wash
ington, Harrison, Wayne, Franklin, Clay and Jackson.
The population in 1840 was 4,170, af this time it exceeds
11,000. The face of the country is, for the most part,
gently undulating. About two-thirds of the county are
covered with good timber, and il has generally a very
rich soil. One half of the balance is oak openings, with
out nnderbrush, easily cleared, and perhaps half of it

280 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
gOod for wheat, the remainder less productive. The re
maining one-sixth is dry and wet prairie, of which the
Turkey Creek prairie, comprising an area of ten sections,
is among the most fertile and beautiful land in the Stale,
all in a high slate of cultivation. The soil is best adapt
ed to wheat, oats and corn, in the order named. There
were sent to market last year about 1,500 hogs, 40,000
bushels of wheat, and other articles to the value of about
$.5,000. When properly improved, Kosciusko must be
come one of the best counties in the Stale. Hitherto, its
recent settlement and distance from markets, has pre
vented the production of much surplus. If the Peru and
Indianapolis Railroad should be extended north, or one
of the eastern lines pass through this county in coming
west, the benefits would be felt at once. Near the head
of Tippecanoe, Turkey creek, and other streams, there
are quite a number of beautiful lakes, covering, in all,
probably 25,000 acres. They abound in fish, and sup
ply abundant and constant water power on the streams
that run from them. There are in the county eight grist
mills, fifteen saw mills,, six lawyers, sixteen physicians,
and preachers either of the Baptist, Methodist, or Pres
byterians in most of the neighborhoods.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 278,038
acres. Laconia, a small town in Harrison county, with a
population of 150. It is situated in Boone township,'
thirteen miles south of Corydon, and two from the OhiO'
river. Ladoga,! a small town in Clark township, Montgom
ery county, ten miles south-east of Crawfordsville.
Lafayette, the Seat of Justice of Tippecanoe county,
is situated near the centre of the county, on the east
bank of the Wabash, and on the Wabash and ErieCanal,
in latitude 40 deg. 25 min. north, and longitude 9 deg.
47 min. west. It was first laid out in 1825, by WilH^m
Digby, and among the first settlers were Reuben K.elsey,
Samuel Sargent, J. Davidson, S. Richardson, Wm. Smith,
J. Slansbury, H. Haydon, R. Mason and Dr. J. Hamilton.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 281
In the fall of 1826, in addition lo the above, there were
J. Brockman, Mrs. Wyman and Dr. 0. L. Clark. Digjjy
had bought the town site at the United States land sale,
at a little more than Congress price, but after the town
was laid off, and before the county seat was located, he
sold the entire plat to Messrs. Elston, Wilson, Powers
and Sargent, the three former residing at Crawfordsville.
Since that time the progress of improvement in the town
has been steady and rapid, and it is now reckoned the
fourth city in the State, in regard to population, and as
to the wheat and flour business, the first. In 1840 it
contained 1,700, in 1843, 2,600, in 1846, 4,500, and at
this time about 6,000 inhabitants. There are in Lafay
ette twenty-seven dry goods stores, nine clothing stores,
one millinery and fancy store, four hat stores, six drug
stores, four book stores, nineteen grocery and provision
stores, three grocery and liquor stores, two boot, shoe and
leather stores, and twelve ware-houses. There are also
three printing offices, two paper mills, two packing
houses, two slaughter houses, two foundries, one tan
nery, 1,085 houses, pf which 188 are brick and 897 of
wood. The means for education are a County Seminary,
in which there are usually 130 students, four select
schools with 317 scholars, and one district school with
50 scholars. The other public buildings are a Court
House, which cost $20,000, a Banking house for the
Branch of the State Bank, cost, $15,000, and Churches,
mostly very fine buildings, for the Methodists, Baptists,
Catholics, Christians, Old and New School Presbyterians,
Episcopalians, and the Associate Reformed. The situa
tion of Lafayette is a very fine one, the ground rising
gradually from the river, and affording a good view of it
bpth above and below, and the neighboring hills present
ing much delightful scenery. It is also surrounded by
an extensive body of land, which is not excelled in fei'-
tility by any part of the western country, and it abounds
with streams of water which afford much valuable water
ppwer. Fpr further particulars see Tippecanpe county.
Lafayette is 61 miles north-west of Indianapplis, fprty-
19

282 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
two east of Logansport, twenty-eight north of Craw
fordsville, ninety south of Michigan City, 123 south-east
of Chicago, and 200 east north-east of Springfield, Illi-
nois. Lafayette, a south-west toWnship in Allen county,
population 260.
Lafayette, a north-east township in Floyd county,
population 1,200.
Lafayette, an interior township in Owen county,
population 1,000; first settled in 1818, by J. and W.
Latla. It contains thirty square miles.
Lagrange County, named after the residence of Gen.
Lafayette in France, was organized in 1832. It is bound
ed north by the Stale of Michigan, east by Steuben,
south by Noble, and west by Elkhart, being twenty-four
miles from east to west, and sixteen and a-half from
north to south, and containing 396 square miles. It is
divided into eleven townships, viz: named from the east
north tier Greenfield, Lima, Van Buren; middle tier,
Springfield, Bloomfield, Clay, Newbury; south tier, Mil-
ford, Johnson, Clear Spring, Eden. The population in
1840 was 3;664; at this time it is about 8,600. About
two-thirds of the county is barrens, or oak openings,
one-tenth is prairie, and the balance thick limber. The
face of the country is mostly level, though in some places
it is broken or gently undulating. The soil in the open
ings is a sandy loam, in the timber there is a large inter
mixture of clay. The former is well adapted to wheat,
the latter to wheat, corn, grass and oats, and the prai
ries to wheat and corn. The surplus products consist of
wheat, corn and oats; and hogs, cattle and horses are
driven to Michigan or northern Ohio, for the eastern
markets, the value of all which is estimated at about
$200,000 annually. There are in the county six flouring
mills, twenty saw mills, one woollen factory, four tanne
ries, three distilleries, one cupola and one blast furnace,
two printing offices, each publishing weekly newspapers,
fifteen stores, two groceries; five lawyers, ten physicians,
seven preachers, twenty carpenters, five cabinet makers,

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 283
four chair makers, fifteen blacksmiths, ten shoemakers,
six wagon makers, twenty coopers and five harness
makers. There are 207,757 acres of taxable land in the county,
and about 15,000 acres still belonging to the United
States. Lagrange, the present County, seat of the county of
the same name, in Bloomfield township, the geographical
centre of the county, was first settled in the year 1842.
It contains three stores, seventy-five dwelling houses, and
300 inhabitants.
Lagrange, a small town on the west side of the Wa
bash, near the Tippecanoe and Warren line, eleven miles
south-west of Lafayette.
Lagro, a flourishing town on the north side of the
Wabash, opposite the mouth of the Salamonie and six
miles east of the county seat, first settled in 1835. It
was named after an Indian Chief who formerly resided
there. Lagro, a central eastern township in Wabash county,
population 1,600.
Lake County, organized in 1837, derives its name
from its local situation, being bounded north by Lake
Michigan, east by Porter county, south by the Kankakee
river, and west by the State of Illinois. Its average
length from north to south is thirty miles, the width six
teen miles, and it contains about 480 square miles. The
civil divisions into townships are, north, Centre, Win-
field, West Creek, Cedar Creek and Eagle Creek. ' The
pppulation in 1840 was 1,468; at this time it exceeds
3,000.. The north part of the county adjoining the lake,
for four or five miles inland, appears tO be merely sand
thrown up from the bed of the lake. It is mostly covered
with dwarf pine and cedar, and the soil is of but little
value. South of Turkey creek the soil is rich and allu
vial, but the central part of the county is better adapted
to grazing than grain, the soil being a mixture of clay,
marl and black muck. Farther south there is more sand,
with a mixture of black loam, easy of cultivation, and

284 , INDIANA GAZETTEER.
the various kinds of grain raised in the west are prpduced
in abundance; and still farther south, adjoining the Kan
kakee, are extensive marshes.
There are six saw mills in operation in the county,
and three good flouring mills, with two run of stones
each, in successful operation on Deep river. About one-
half the surface of the county is prairie, interspersed
with groves of various kinds of timber.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 59,692
acres. Lake, a western township in Allen county, with a
population of 300.
Lake Drain, or the Lake so called, is merely an im
mense pond, six miles north-west of Rockport, in Spen
cer county, which goes dry in dry seasons.
Laketon, a small town on Eel river, in Wabash
county. Lamasco, named from the first letters of the names of
Messrs. Law, MacCall and Scott, who were the proprie
tors. This town adjoins Evansville, and as the business
and population of that city increase, Lamasco must also
rise in importance. . See Evansville.
Lamb's Creek rises in the north part of Morgan coun
ty, and falls into White river three miles below Martins
ville. Lancaster, a northern township in Jefferson county.
Lancaster, an eastern township in Wells county.
Lanesville, a small town, with a population of 150,
on the road from New Albany to Corydon, ten miles
from each. It has a Methodist Church, and there is in
progress a new Catholic Chapel there.
Lanesville, a small town on the Pendleton road,
eight miles north-east of Indianapolis.
Laporte County, so called from the French name of
the large and beautiful prairie which it includes, was or
ganized in 1832. It is bounded north by the State of
Michigan, east by St. Joseph, south by Stark,, and west
' by Porter, and it contains 562 square miles. It is divid
ed into the following townships, to-wit: Michigan, Spring-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 285
field, Galena and Hudson, on the north; Cool Spring,
Centre, Kankakee and Wills, second tier; New Durham,
Scipio and Pleasant, third tier ; Clinton, Noble and Union,
fourth tier, and Cass and Van Buren in the south-west
corner. The population in 1840 was 8,184, and at this
time it is about 12,500.
The range of country east and west, from eight to
twelve miles south-east of Lake Michigan, is timbered
land and parts of it are somewhat hilly, and the soil is
mostly, thin. The timber there is oak and hickory. The
level part is covered with beech, poplar, sugar, &c., and
in the vicinity of the Lake and Michigan City are sand
hills, covered mostly with pine. The country south of
the above, for six or eight miles in width, is gently undu
lating prairie, interspersed with groves ot timber and
small lakes, which has a very rich soil; still farther south,
are burr oak barrens, a few dry prairies, and the Kanka
kee marshes, of which portions are better for grazing
than for grain. It is estimated that 188 sections of land
lie in the different prairies in the county, the principal of
which are Rolling, Door or Laporte, Stillwell, Domain
and Hog Prairies, which, with the exception of a few
wet places, are well adapted to wheat, oats, corn, barley,
hemp and vines, and garden vegetables of every descrip
tion. Fruit succeeds well, and the wet prairies, when
drained, are well adapted to grass. The burr oak bar
rens are very little inferior to the prairies in respect to
soil. The surplus articles exported are wheat, flour,
corn, oats, pork, beef, &c., of which there have been at
least $500,000 annually taken from Michigan City, prin
cipally the products of the county. Stock, horses, &c.,
are also driven to Chicago and Detroit. The completion
of the Railroad between these two points, which will
pass through this part of the State, will add largely to
its wealth and prosperity.
There are in Laporte county thirteen grist mills, many
of them merchant mills and among the best in the State,
twenty-seven saw mills, four carding machines, two
fulling mills, one large furnace, two printing offices, sixty

286 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
stores and groceries, sixteen lawyers, twenty-two physi
cians and forty-five preachers, and good mechanics of
the trades most in demand, are found in sufficient num
bers. The taxable land amounts to 257,000 acres, and in
cluding the small lakes, there are 100,000 acres not tax
able. The writer, who has travelled extensively in the flat
woods of Indiana, could never pass over the fine scenery
and beautiful prospects presented by the prairies, groves
and lakes of Laporte county, without feelings of wpnder
and admiration ; and he has repeatedly, in his excursions,
encountered entire strangers, who, it seemed, were invol
untarily forced to pause and express the pleasure and de
light with which they concurred in his sentiments.
Laporte, the Seat of Justice of the county of the
same name, is beautifully situated near several small
lakes pn the north and west, and on the borders of the
Door or Laporte prairie on the south and east. It was
first settled in 1832, by R. Harris, J. M. Wilson, William
Hawkins, Geo. Thomas, and others. Gen. W. Wilson
was the proprietor. It contains a flourishing Medical
College, (as to which see first part,) an Academy and
several High Schools, about 350 houses, mostly frame,
and 2,000 inhabitants. Both the public and private
buildings are in good taste, and few towns in the west
have more advantages for a pleasahf residence.
Laughery, a large and valuable mill stream, naviga
ble in high water for flat boats near forty miles, rises in
the south-east corner of Decatur, and running through
Ripley, Ohio and, Dearborn, falls into the Ohio river two
miles below Aurora. It derives its name from the mas
sacre pf Capt. Laughery's ccmpany by the Indians, as
stated in the first part of this volume.
Laughery, a township in Dearborn county, popula
tion 1,050.
Laughery, a northern township in Ripley county,
population 650.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 287
Lauramie, a tributary of the south fork of Wild Cal,
in the south-east of Tippecanoe county.
Lauramie, a south-east township in Tippecanoe coun
ty, population 1,400.
Laurel, a north-west township in Franklin county,
with a population of 2,700.
L.iuREL City, a flourishing village on the While Wa
ter Canal, in the north-west corner of Franklin county,
laid out by James Conwell. It contains a population of
600, and is fourteen miles north-west of Brookville, ten
south of Connersville, and seventeen south-east of .Rush
ville. Lawrence County, named in honor of Capt. James
Lawrence, of the Frigate Chesapeake, who was killed in
the battle with the Frigate Shannon, was organized in
1818. It is bounded on the north by Monroe, east by
Jackson and Washington, south by Orange, and west by
Martin and Greene, and it contains 438 square miles.
The civil townships are Shawswick, Pleasant Run, Per
ry, Indian Creek, Spice Valley, Marion, Bono and Flinn.
The population in 1830 was 9,237, in 1840, 11,782, and
at this time about 13,000.
There is very little level land,, except the bottoms on
the river and creeks, which comprise about one-tenth
part of the whole county. The rest of the country is
either rolling, hilly, or very much broken; but the soil is
mostly of a very good quality, the timber probably not
surpassed in any part of the Slate. Lime-stone and ex
cellent springs of water are found in abundance. The
surplus products are corn, wheat, oats, and about 15,000
hogs, 1,000 fat pallle, and 500 horses and mules are
exported annually, the value of which is estimated at
$175,000. There are iq the county twenty-one grist mills, eigh
teen saw mills, one woollen factory, six carding ma
chines, forty stores and groceries, one printing office, six
lawyers, twenty-two physicians, twenty-four preachers,
and about 400 mechanics of the trades most in demand.
The extension of the Railroad from New Albany through

288 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
this county, will do much to develope its resources.
The taxable land amounts to 222,606 acres, and about
30,000 acres still belong to the United States, while
about 25,000 acres have been purchased, but not yet
taxable. Lawrence, a north-east township in Marion county,
population 1,950.
Lawrenceburgh, the Seat of Justice of Dearborn
county, is situated on the Ohio river, twenty-two miles
below Cincinnati, two miles west of the east line of the
Slate, and eighty-seven south-east of Indianapolis. It
contains about 3,000 inhabitants. The large and fertile
-bottoms on the Ohio and Miami, in the vicinity, and the
rich and well cultivated lands in the interior, and its be
ing the outlet of the White Water Canal, furnish an im
mense amount of produce for exportation. See Deaiv
born county.
Lawrenceport, a small town in Lawrence county, on
the road from Salem to Bedford, nineteen miles from the
former and eleven from the latter. It contains a popu
lation of 200,
Leatherwopd, a good mill stream, rising in the north
east corner of Lawrence, runs south-west into White
river three miles south of Bedford.
Leatherwood, a mill stream in Parke county, falls
into Big Rackoon from the north-east, two miles from its
mouth. Lebanon, the County Seat of Boone, is situated on the
State road from Indianapolis to Lafayette, twenty-six
miles from the former and thirty-five from the latter.
The Railroad between the two points will pass near the
same route. Lebanon was laid out in 1832, and the first
settler was A. H. Longley. It now contains eighty dwel
ling houses, four of brick and 76 frame, and a population
of 500. The public buildings in Lebanon are a good
Court House, a County Seminary, nearly finished, and
Methodist and Christian Churches.
Leesbdrgh, a small but beautifully situated town, on
the borders of Turkey Creek prairie, in Kosciusko coun-

TOPOGRAPHY- AND STATISTICS. 289
ty, six miles north of Warsaw. It contains 250 inha
bitants. Leesville, a small town in Lawrence county, twelve
miles east of Bedford, first settled in 1810, by William
Flinn, Jr., and John Guthrie. It contains a population
of 200.
Leopold, a central township in Perry county, popula
tion 500.
Leopold, a small town in the centre of Perry county,
first settled by French emigrants in 1843, population
100. Levenworth, the Seat of Justice of Crawford county,
is situated on the Ohio, at the Horse Shoe Bend, the
most northerly point on the river for 60 miles above and
200 below, in the State. It contains twenty-five brick
and seventy-five frame dwelling houses, and about 600
inhabitants. The situation is favorable for business, hav
ing a good landing for boats, and commanding the trade
of an extensive and productive territory in the interior.
The coal region commences but a little below this place,
and better timber for a ship yard or manufactories can
not be found in the Slate. The name pf the town is
derived from the proprietor?, Messrs. S. M. and Z. Lev
enworth. Lewis's Creek, a tributary of Flat Rock, in Shelby
county. Lewis's Branch, a small stream in Noble county.
Lewis, a south-west township in Clay county, popula
tion 650.
Lewisburgh, named from the proprietor, Lewis Boyer,
is a small town in Cass county, on the canal, eight miles
east of Logansport.
Lewisburgh, a small town on Sugar creek, Hancock
county, eight miles north of Greenfield.
Lexington, the Seat of Justice of Scott county, is a
pleasantly situated town, eighteen miles south-west of
Madison, twenty^nine east of Salem, sixteen north of
Charleston; and eighty-five south sputh-east pf Indian-

290 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
apolis. It contains 100 houses, one-half of which are
brick, the others frame.
Lexington, a south-east township in Scott cpunty,
pppulalipn 2,100.
Liberty, a northern township in Crawford countyi
Liberty, an eastern township in Delaware county.
Liberty, a township in Fulton county.
Liberty, a southern township in Grant county,, popu-.
lation 500.
Liberty, a southern township in Hendricks ceunty,
pppulation 2,100.
Liberty, an eastern township in Henry county.
Liberty, a township in Parke county, with a popula
tion of 1,500.
Liberty, a northern township in Porter cpunty, popu
lation 225.
Liberty, a township in Shelby county.
Liberty, a south-west township in St. Joseph county.
Liberty, a western township in Union county, popu
lation 1,235.
Liberty, the Seal of Justice of Union county, is situ
ated in the centre of the county, sixty-eight miles east of
Indianapolis, fourteen south of Richmond, sixteen north
north-east of Brookville, and forty-six north-west of
Cincinnati. It contains 110 houses, seventeen of which
are brick and ninety-three frame, and a population of
370. The public buildings are a Court House, Jail, Pub
lic Offices, a County Seminary, a Market House, a
Methodist and a Christian Church. There are in the
town five dry goods stores, one drug store, and twenty-
one shops for various mechanics. Liberty was first set
tled in 1822, by S. Jennings, C. Burkhalter and E. Burn-
side. Liberty, a central township in Warren county.
Liberty, a western township in Wells county.
Liberty, a north-east township in While county, pop
ulation 450.
Liberty Mills, a small village on Eel river, in the
north-west corner of Wabash county.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 291
LicK Creek, a tributary of the Mississinewa, in Black
ford county.
Lick Creek, a mill stream in the south part of Madi
son county, which runs west and empties into Fall creek
near the line of Hamilton and Madison.
Lick Creek, a mill stream in Marion county, which
runs south-west and falls into White river four miles be
low Indianapolis.
Lick Creek, a considerable mill stream which rises in
the eastern part of Orange county and runs west into
Martin, and, uniting with Lost river, it falls into the east
fork of White river, neai' the north line of Dubois county.
It derives its name from the French Lick, a noted spring
of mineral water on one of its branches.
Licking, a south-vyest township in Blackford county,
population 1,000.
LiGONiER, a small town in the north-west of Noble
county. Lima, originally an Indian village on Pigeon river, in
Lagrange county, and was the Seat of Justice until 1842.
Il contains 150 houses and 600 inhabitants. It is four
miles north of the county seat.
Lima, a northern township in Lagrange county, popu
lation 900.
Lima, a dry and beautiful prairie included in the
above. Limber Lost, a tributary of the Wabash, in Jay coun
ty, affording water power.
Linton, a south-east township in Vigo county, popula
tion 750.
Little River, rises near Fort Wayne and runs south
west, and empties into the Wabash two miles below
Huntington. Little Blue, a fine mill stream, with a rich and beau
tiful tract of country along its whole course, rises in the
north part of Rush, and runs south-west into Blue river,
just above Shelbyville.
Little Eagle, a tributary of Eagle creek from the

292 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
north, falls into that stream three miles west of Indian-
apolis. Little Elkhart, a fine mill stream, rises in Lagrange,
runs north-west into Elkhart, and falls into St Jpseph
river at Bristpl.
Little Flatbock, a good mill stream which rises near
the east line of Rush, and runs south-west into Decatur,
where it unites with the main stream of Flatrock, seven
miles north-west of Greensburgh.
Little Indian, a branch of Indian creek from the
east, with which it unites at Corydon.
Little Pigeon, a mill stream which rises in the south
west corner of Dubois, runs south-west about fifty miles
into the Ohio, two miles above Newburgh. It forms the
dividing line between Spencer and Warrick for a long
distance. Little Pine, a mill stream in the east part of Ben
ton and Warren, runs south into the Wabash.
Little Pipe, a mill stream in Miami county-
LiTTLE Rackoon, a fine mill stream, rises in the south
west of Montgomery, and runs south into Parke, and
falls into Big Rackoon near Roseville.
Little Sandy, the eastern fork of Big Sandy creek,
in Spencer county.
Little Shawanee, the southern branch of Shawanee
creek in Fountain county, with which it unites- near Rob
Roy. Little Salt, the southern branch of Salt creek, which
rises in Jackson and runs north-west through a corner of
Brown county, and empties into the main stream in
Monroe. Little St. Joseph, or the St. Joseph of Lake Erie,
runs south-west from the Slate of Ohio through DeKalb
and Allen counties to Fort Wayne, where it unites with
the St. Mary's, and they form the Maumee.
Little Vermillion, a good mill stream, which rises in
Illinois and runs south-east into the Wabash near New
port, in the county of Vermillion.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 293
Little White Lick rises in the west part of Marion,
runs south through a corner of Hendricks into Morgan,
where it unites with the main stream, two miles below
Mooresville. Little Wild Cat, a branch of the main stream of
that name, in Howard county.
Livonia, a small town in Washington county, twelve
miles west of Salem, and nine east of Paoli.
Lockport, a small town on the canal, in Carroll coun
ty, ten miles north-east of Delphi.
Lockport, a small town in Vigo county, nine miles
south-east of Terre Haute.
Logan, a township in Dearborn county, population 660.
Logan, a township in the north of P'ountain, popula
tion 1,515.
Logan, a southern township in Pike county, popula
tion 650.
Log Lick, a small stream in Switzerland county, run
ning south-west into the Ohio six miles above Vevay.
Logansport, the Seat of Justice of Cass county, is
situated in the forks pf the Wabash and Eel river, in
latitude 40 deg. 45 min. and in longitude 9 deg. 16 min.
west. It was first settled in 1829, by G. McBean, J. H.
Kintner, D. Patrick, James Smith, C. Carter, H. Todd,
J. and C. Vigus, Gen. J. Tipton, who was the principal
proprietor, J. B. Duret, and others. The whole number
of buildings^' at this time in Logansport is 373, of which
twenty-nine are of stone, forty-eight of brick, and 296
of timber. The population is about 2,700. The Court
House, built of cut stone, is one of the finest buildings in
the west. Three of the Churches, the Old School Pres
byterian, the Episcopalian and the Catholic, are fine
stone buildings, and the Methodists and New School
Presbyterians also have good Churches there.
The favorable situation of Logansport for trade and
business, the immense amount of water power there, and
the fertile country in the vicinity, must make it among
the best towns in the State. While the Miami Reserve,
lying immediately south of the Wabash, was held by the

294 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Indians, the town, sustained by the Indian trade, im
proved for a time beyond the country ; but at this time,
both are improving rapidly. Logansport is seventy miles
north of Indianapolis, forty-two east north-east of La
fayette, twenty-three south of Rochester, and eighteen
west of Peru.
Loon's Creek, a mill stream in Huntington county.
Lost Creek, a stream in Vigo county, east of Terre
Haute, which, at times, sinks away in the prairie, from
which it derives its name.
Lost Creek, an interior township in Vigo county,
population 1,000.
Lost River, rises in Washington county, and takes a
western course through the north part of Orange, and
forms a junction with Lick creek, and falls into the east
fork of White river, near the south line of Martin county.
This stream, as well as several of its tributaries, sinks
and runs under ground for considerable distances, and
then rises again.
Louisville, a small town in Heniy county, on the
National road at the crossing of Flat Rock, forty-two
miles east of Indianapolis, population 300.
Luce, a south-west township in Spencer county, pop
ulation 900.
Ludlow Creek, a stream in Kosciusko county.
Lynn, a western township in Posey county.
Lynn, a small town in Baker township, north-east of
Martin, laid out in 1847.
Madison County, named in honor of the fourth Presi
dent of the United States, James Madison, was organ
ized in 1823. It is bounded north by Grant, east by
Delaware and Henry, south by Hancock, and west by
Hamilton and Tipton, being thirty-one miles from north
to south, and fifteen from east to west. It is divided
into twelve civil townships, viz: Green, Fall Creek,
Adams, Union, Anderson, Jackson, Pipe Creek, Lafay
ette, Richland, Monroe, Boone and Van Buren. The
population in 1830 was 2,442, in 1840, 8,874, and at
this time about 11,500. With the exception of about

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 297
1,500 acres of wet prairie, between Pendleton and An
derson, and a small tract of hilly country along the
principal streams, the balance of the county is either
gently undulating or nearly level, and was originally co
vered with heavy timber, generally of a good quahty.
About one-fourth of the county is bottom, the other
three-fourths upland. The soil is various, though mostly
a clay loam, with a mixture of sand, and very produc
tive, and well adapted to wheat, corn, oats and grass.
Itis estimated that 15,000 hogs, 500 fat cattle, and 100
mules are sent annually from the county. There are in
it fifteen grist mills, twenty-one saw mills; three woollen
manufactories, one printing office, ten Methodist and two
Baptist churches, nine lawyers, twenty physicians, eight
preachers, and about 300 mechanics employed in the
various trades needed in a new country. The taxable
land is 254,419 acres, and not over 3,000 acres still be
long to the United States.
The fine water power of Madison county, not sur
passed probably by that of any county in the State, its
fertile soil, excellent lime-stone and marble which are
found here easy of access, will all be called into requisi
tion on the opening of the Indiane^polis and Bellefontaine
Railroad, arid this part of the country will advance
rapidly in improvement.
Madison, a Southern township in Allen county, popu
lation 375.
Madison, a township in Carroll county, population
450. . Madison, a western township in Clinton county, pop-
lation 650.
Madison, a south-east township in Jay county, popu
lation 450, first settled in 1833, by B. Goldsnoith;
Madison, the Seat of Justice of Jefferson county, is
beautifully situated in a valley averaging three-fourths of
a mile in width and about three miles in length, at a
northern bend of the Ohio, which is nearest to the cen
tre of the State. About half of this valley is from thirty
to forty feet above the highest floods of the river, and on
20

298 INDIANA GAZETTEER. .
this stands much the largest and best part of the city.
Steep and rugged hills, from 400 to 500 feet in height
appear to surround this valley, except where the river
winds along, and from their tops, or when seen from be
low, the most delightful and romantic scenery is pre
sented. Among the first settlers of Madison, in the year
1808, or soon after, were John Paul, Gov. W. Hen
dricks, J. Sering, Messrs. N. & J. Hunt, and others, who
who have since participated in transacting muqh impor
tant public business. In 1816, when the writer of this
article first saw Madison, there were not exceeding three
or four brick and twenty frame houses, and probably. 100
cabins. It improved} however, rapidly for a few years,
but after the unhealthy seasons and hai'd times of 1820
and 1821, the prospects there were very gloomy and the
business dull until 1824, when improvements again com
menced and have continued to this time, except an inter-
ruptipn of near five years between 1838 and 1843. In
1834 the population of Madison was estimated at 2,500,
in 1840 it was 3,798, and, at this time it is over 7,000,,
and with better prospects of increasing than at any for
mer period. The public buildings in the City are the
Court House, Jail and county offices, two large market
houses, the branch of the State Bank, a large Railroad
Depot, two fine buildings for City Schools, three Metho^
dist Churches, two Presbyterian, do., one for each branch
of that denomination, one for the Episcopalians, pne for
the Catholics, all which are excellent buildings; and the
Baptists, Christians, and other denominations have also
convenient buildings, making about fifteen in all.
The new Episcopal Church, on Mulberry street, (Christ
Church, under the Rectorship of Rev. Dr. Claxton,) is a
fine specimen of the early English style of Gothic archi
tecture with an open limbered ceiling handsomely fin
ished, a tower, porch and all the leading characteristics
of the old English Parish Church. The design was pre
pared by W. Russell West, Esq., Architect, and the en
graving here given is copied from a picture of the build
ing in the Western Art UniOn, Cincinnati.

CHRIST CHURCH.MADISON.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 301
Among the manufactories are Lewis & Crawford's and
Farnsworth and Honore's foundries and machine shops,
Gregg's oil mill, Whitney & Hendricks's oil mill and
woollen factory. King and Ely's cotton factory, Heber-
hart's, for candles. Lane's, for lard oil, and Page, White
& Griffin's" large and convenient steam flouring mills.
There are more brick hpuses, and the dwelling hpuses
in Madison are better in quality, in proportion to their
number, than in any other town in the State, and the
cost of their construction is, in general^, cheaper than in
other parts of the Slate. A fine hotel, to cost over
$30,000, is now building by a company, to atone, in
some measure, for the deficiency in this respect heretofore.
Madison is situated in latitude 38 deg. 46 min. north, and
in longitude 8 deg. 20 min. west. It is eighty-six miles
south-east of Indianapolis, fifty, by the river, above Lou
isville, and ninety belpw Cincinnati.
Madison, a southern township in Jefferson county, in
cluding the above.
Madison, a northern township in Montgomery county,
population 520.
Madison, a north-east township in Morgan county,
population 950.
Madison, an interior township in Pike county, popula
tion 570.
Madison, a western township in Putnam county, six
miles square.
Madison, a township in Tipton county.
Maginica's Creek, a fine mill stream in Huntington
county. Manchester, an interior township in Dearborn coun
ty, population 2,700.
Manchester, a beautiful country village in Dearborn
county, nine miles north-west of Lawrenceburgh.
Manchester, a small town on Eel river, Wabash
county, twelve miles north of Lagro.
Manhattan, a small town on the National road in
Putnam county, eight miles south-west of Greencastle,
population 150.

302 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Manilla* a small town in Walker township. Rush
county. Manitou, a small lake in Fulton county, covering sev
eral hundred acres. It lies one mile east of Rochester.
Marcellus, a small town in Union township, Rush
county. Maria Creek, a mill stream in Sullivan county, runs
south-west into Knox, and falls into the Wabash eight
miles above Vincennes.
Marion County; in the centre of the State of Indiana,
named in honor of Gen. Francis Marion, was organized
in 1822. It is bounded north by Boone and Hamilton,
east by Hancock and Shelby, south by Johnson and
Morgan, and west by Hendricks, and being just twenty
miles square, it contains 400 square miles. It is divided
into nine civil townships, viz: Lawrence, Washington
and Pike On the north, Warren, Centre and Wayne
through the centre, and Franklin, Perry and Decatur in
the south. The population in 1830 was 7,181, in 1840,
16,080, and at this time about 24,000. In the north part
of the county, near White river, Fall creek and Eagle
creek, is a rolling country, beautifully diversified wkh
hills, and a small portion of the south-west of the county
is of the same description ; but the residue, with few ex
ceptions, appears to be almost level, though when accu
rate surveys are made, as they have been on the Railroad
lines, there is fpund to be a considerable ascent from the
river and creeks. As farms are improved, also, they
usually become dry, in most seasons, with very little
draining. One-third of the county, at least, is a kind of
second bottom. It was originally covered with large
sugar tree, walnut, ash, white and" burr oak, beech and a
few poplar, without underbrush, and thickly matted with
wild grass. The soil, here, is black loam, clay and sand,
intermixed and based on lime-stone gravel, four or five
feet beneath the surface. This kind of land lies next to
the streams, is easily farmed and is very productive in
corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, vines and fruit, and, in fact,
all the articles usually raised in the climate. Further

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 305
back from the streams, the timber is of a poorer quality,
and the soil is a black muck, based on clay, which though
at first not well adapted to corn, yet becomes so in most
seasons, and is especially favorable for grass, and appears
to improve the longer it is cultivated.
The agricultural products of the cpuntyare abundant,
and the. surplus products expPrted, consisting of cprn,
wheat, flour, pork, beef, live hogs, horses and mules, are
estimated to be worth about $300,000 annually ; yet the
farming capabilities are as yet very far from being ascer
tained. There are in the county twelve grist mills, twenty saw
miljs, three woollen and one cotton factory, besides va
rious manufacturing establishments in Indianapolis, which
see. Two printing offices, issuing weekly newspapers,
were established here as early as 1822 and 1823, the one
by Smith & Bolton, the other by Gregg «Sz; Maguire; the
former was the predecessor of the Sentinel, and the lat
ter of the Journal. N. Bolton, of the one firm, is now
the' Register of the. Land Office, and D- Maguire, of the
other, is the Auditor of Public Accounts. Both these
gentlemen stand high among their political friends and
thei public generally. There are two other printing
offices ih Indianapolis, with one of which the veteran
printer, John Douglass, is still connected.
There is so rapid an increase of manufacturing opera
tions at Indianapolis, that by the time our book is pub-
lishbd, the sketch will be very imperfect. As soon as the
Terre Haute Railroad bringsj coal here, the increase of
manufactures, population and business must be still more
rapid. There are also about 100 stores, 100 school houses,
in which schools are kept up a portion of the year, forty
lawyers, fifty physicians, forty preachers and thirty-six
churches, of which the Methodists are most numerous;
thei^ follow Baptists, Christians, Presbyterians, Lutherans,
Friends, Episcopalians, Catholics, Seceders, Universalists,
&c.- For the public institutions, &c., see the First Part
of the Book. The taxable land in the county is 246,127
acres.

306 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
The "State Sentinel" Building. — The accompanying
engraving is a representation of the State Sentinel Office,
taken from the north-west. It is copied from a Daguer
reotype picture by Dr. Munsell, of Indianapolis, It is
not 3i perfect engraving from the Daguerreotype; but the
errors are not material.
The' building is of brick, twenty-seven feet front by
fifty in length, and two stories of -eleven and ten feet
It is situate so as to have the spare space of the lot on
each side, for the purpose of light, leaving two alleysof
over four feet in width on each side. The lower story
contains the Press, Business and Editors' rooms; ithe
Paper" and Wash rooms being in a building in the rear.
The second story is one room entire; lighted by a large
Dome Light, besides the windows, and makes one ofithe
most pleasant, perfect and convenient ccmposing rooms
in the country. It is built of brick, with heavy walls,
having a cellar of seven feet in the clear under the whole.
At the time of its erection, in 1844, there could hardly
be found a building in the city unoccupied, proper ifor
such an office; and it was by dint of persevering indus
try that the enterprising proprietors, Messrs. Chapmans,
were enabled to supercede the old lOg cabin originally
occupying the sitCj by so fine a building. Owing to the
contiguity and inflammable nature of the wooden build;
ings on, "Main" street at that time, in every eligibleiob-
tainable situation, they concluded to build on Illinois
street, about half a square north of Washingtoti street.
The situation is exceedingly pleasant and eligible, espe
cially for their business. .'
The history of the State Sentinel is too familiar toithe
people of the State of Indiana, to require comment here.
We will only remark that it was established in 1841,
having superceded the Indiana Democrat, which esjtab'
lishment was purchased by the proprietors of the Senti
nel. In 1842 it commenced the publication of the .first
daily paper ever published in Indianapohs. It is riow,
however, published only Semi-weekly (Tri-weekly: during
the session of the Legislature,) and Weekly, each edition

fill I ¦<'itUMlL.-'VSSA'-JSIt'^J*>¥^J!ii'-ii I

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 311
©n a mammoth sheet. It is in a prosperous condition,
having a large circulation.
The establishment, in point of material, is one of the
most extensive in the west, and has turned out work
which will favorably compare with that pf any of the
eastern States. Its execution of Blackford's Reports is
said to be unsurpassed; and its character for doing fine
work, generally conceded, is good testimony to the skill
of its enterprising conductors.
The firm now consists of George A. Chapman, Jacob
P. Chapman and John S. Spann.
The Office from which the Indiana State Journal is
issued, was established in Indianapolis more than twenty-
six years ago, when the surrounding country was an
almost unbroken wilderness. The paper originally pub
lished at the office was called the " Western Censor and
Emigrants' Guide," the first number of yvhich was issued
in the early part of March, 1823, and was conducted by
Douglass Maguire, with the occasional assistance of
Harvey Gregg, a partner in the office, until the removal
of the Seat of Government of the State, in January,
1825. At this time the paper was enlarged to a super-
royal size, called the "Indiana Journal," and continued
by Douglass &; Maguire, (with a brief interval as to one
of them,) up to October 13, 1835, when Mr. Maguire
sold his interest to S. V. B. Noel, by whom and Mr.
Douglass it was published until 1843, when Mr. Noel
became tbe sole proprietor. In March, 1845, Mr. Noel
retired from the, establishment, since which time it has
been under the control of John D. Defrees, the present
proprietor. The increased circulation of the Journal, and the de
mand for job work, have been such as to require large
additions to the materials of the office. It is now one of
the most complete establishments in the western cPuntry,
having one of Taylor's Improved Steam Cylinder Presses,
two hand presses, and a great variety of type.
The books and pamphlets printed at this establishment

312 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
will cpmpare favprably, for neatness of execution, with
those issued from any other press in the west.
Attached to the Journal Office is an extensive Blank
Book Manufactory, at which bppks are bpund in good
style, and blank books of every description required by
County Officers, Banks and Merchants, promptly fur
nished to order.
Marion, a southern townsliip in Allen county, popula
tion 750.
Marion, a north-east township in Boone county ;, pop
ulation 920.
Marion, a south-east township in Decatur county,
population 1,750.
Marion, the Seat of Justice of Grant county, is a
flourishing and well situated town on. the west banikof
the Mississinewa, containing a population of 700. It
was first settled in 1831, by David Bronson and Martin
Boots- It is sixty-eight miles north north-east of Indian
apolis, forty-eight south-west of Fort Wayne, twenty-
seven south-east of Peru, and twenty south of Wabash.
Marion, a western township in Hendricks county,
population 1,640.
Marion, a south-west township in Jennings county,
population 800.
Marion, a western township in Owen county, first set
tled in 1827, by Z. Landreth, N. Bjby and H. Stogsdon,
contains thirty-six square miles, population 700.
Marion, an eastern township in Putnam county, six
miles square.
Marion, a small town in Shelby county, four miles
north of Shelbyville.
Mark Creek, a small stream in Rush county.
Marrs, a south-east township in Posey county.
Marshall County, named in honor of Chief Justice
Marshall, was organized in 1836. It is bounded north
by St. Joseph, east by Elkhart and Kosciusko, south by
Fulton and west by Stark, which is as yet unorganized,
and is attached to Marshall for judicial and election pur-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 313
poses. Marshall county is twenty one miles square; and
contains 441 square miles. The cfvil townships are
Centrej Union, Green, Tippecanoe, Polk, German, Bour
bon and North. The population in 1840 was 1,651, at
this time it amounts to about 5,000. The surface of the
country is generally level, though there are places in
which it may be called rolling. About one-half the
county is timbered landj the other half is oak openings,
or barrens, interspersed with wet and dry prairies, which
are mostly of a small size, and in their vicinity are several
small, beautiful lakes. The soil, in the timbered land, is
generally of the richest description, as it is also in the
prairies. In the barrens it is thinner, yet more than half
of them are well adapted lo wheat, oats and vines, and
when farmed for some years, they seem to improve in
quality. Seven hundred scholars are repprted as attend
ing the common schools. There are in the county three
grist mills, eight saw mills, one forge, which turns out
two tons of irpn a week, eight stores, two groceries, five
lawyers, six physicians, six preachers, and rather a small
proportion of mechanics. Inexhaustible beds of iron ore,
and of a good quality, are found, and there is much
water power which may yet be improved to advantage.
The. large amount of non-resident lands has hitherto re
tarded improvements, but Marshall will, at no distant
day, become one of the best counties in the Stale.
The taxable land amounts to 181,154 acres; about
70,000 acres still belong to the United States.
Martin County, named in honor of the late Major
Martin, of Newport, Kentucky, a hospitable and patriotic
citizen, was organized in 1820. It is bounded north by
Greene, east by Lawrence and Orange, south by Dubois,
and west by Daviess. It is about twenty-six miles in
length by thirteen in breadth, and contains 340 sqaure
miles. The civil townships are. Baker, McCammon,
Brown, Micheltree, Halbert, Perry, Rutherford and Co
lumbia. The population in 1830 was 2,010, in 1840,
3,875, and at this time about 5,000. The face of the
country is generally hilly, and the soil various in quality,
21

314 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
but mostly clay. Nine-tenths of the county was origi
nally timbered upland, the balance about equally divided
between river bottoms and barrens. The surplus articles
raised for exportation are corn, hay, flaxseed, pork and
beef, and these, with slaves, hoop-poles, &c., are shipped
down the river to the value of about $60,000, annually.
There are in the cpunty nine grist mills, nine saw millsj
twp lawyers, nine physicians, six preachers, and 126
mechanics of the trades usually most needed. The tax
able land amounts to 156,666 acres, and about 45,000'
acres still belong to the United States.
There is a large rock, in Perry township, half a mile
from White river, called the Jug Rock, fronri its shape.
It is about twelve feet in diameter at the base, eighteen
feet through the centre and ten feet at the top, and thirty
feet high. It has a cap on the top three feet thick and
eighteen feet in diameter, on which grow several sarvice
bushes, and when these are in bloom, in the spring, the
whole resembles ah immense flower pot. Trinity Springs,
near Harrisonville, on Indian creek, are now visited a
good deal for their medical properties.
Martindale's Creek, a good mill stream, a branch of
the West fork of White Water, which rises in Randolph
and runs south into Wayne, where it joins the main
stream near Milton.
Martinsburgh, a small village in Washington county,
twelve miles south-east of Salem.
Martinsville, the County Seat of Morgan, was first
settled in 1822, by Joshua Taylor, Judge Gray, Jacob
Culler, G. W. Preston, Dr. Sims, and others. It con
tains a population of about 600. Most of the land in
the vicinity is very fertile, and there is a large produce
business done there. The town is four miles south of
the centre of the county, one mile east of While river,
thirty-one miles south-west of Indianapolis, and twenty
north of Bloomington.
Mauksport, a small town on the Ohio, in Harrison
county, thirteen miles south of Corydon, and forty-tWo
below Louisville.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 315
Maumee, an eastern township in Allen, population 100.
Maumee River is formed by the junction of the Little
St. Joseph and the St Mary's, at Fort Wayne, whence it
runs north-west about 100 miles into Lake Erie.
Maxincuckee, a beautiful lake in the south-west cor
ner of Marshall county, containing about 3,000 acres.
Timbered and rolling land approaches it on the north
east and east; in olher directions are barrens, mostly
level and rising gently from the lake. It abounds with
fish, and is much visited by fishing parties al some sea
sons of the year. The scenery about it is of a very ro
mantic character, and it is well worth a visit from those
who are curious in such matters.
Maxville, situated just below the mouth of Anderson
river, in Spencer county, contains about thirty houses
and 200 inhabitants.
McCammon, a township in Martin, population 575.
McFaden's Creek, a small mill stream in Posey,
which runs south into the Ohio near Mount Vernon.
Mechanicsburgh, a small town on Sugar creek, north
pari of Boone county, eight miles north of Lebanon. Il
was first settled in 1836, by Moses Davison.
Mechanicsburgh, a small town, recently laid out, on
the Crawfordsville road, ten miles north-west of Indian
apolis. Medina, a northern township in Warren county.
Meeom, the former Seat of Justice of Sullivan county,
is situated at the foot and partly up the side of a high
bluff between it and the Wabash. From this' bluff are
beauliful and extensive views of the country around.
Merom has not improved, owing, il is alleged, to it§ un
healthy location.
Metamonong, a mill stream, rises in Pulaski and runs
south into White, where it joins the Tippecanoe.
Metamora, a small town in Franklin county, on the
¦ west fork of White Water, laid out by Messrs. Mounts
and Holland. It is eight miles west of Brookville, and
contains a population of 200.
Miami County, named from the tribe of Indians who

316 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
once possessed this and the adjoining parts of the State,
was organized in 1835. It is bounded north by Fulton
and Kosciusko, east by Wabash and Grant, south by
Howard, and west by Cass and Fulton. It contains 384
square miles. The civil townships are, Peru, Erie, Jeffer
son, Richland, Union, Perry, Butler, Washington, Pipe
Creek, Deer Creek, Clay, Harrison and Jackson. The
population in 1840 was 3,048 ; at this time it is about
10,000. About one-fourth of the county is estimated to
be bottoms, one-sixth barrens and prairies; and the balance
heavily timbered uplands. The timber is generally of
the best quality, the soil rich and well adapted to the
production of all the articles common to the climate. In
the vicinity of the Wabash, Mississinewa and Eel rivers,
there is a good deal of hilly land, not, however, so broken
as to prevent cultivation ; the rest of the county may be
called level. The surplus products, consisting of wheat,
corn, oats, pork, beef, horge?; &c., are estimated al over
$150,000 annually. Since the purchase and settlement'
of the Miami Reserve, the growth and improvement of
the county is becoming more rapid, and it will soon be
aniong the foremost in the State. There are now five
flouring mills, fifteen saw mills, one fulling mill, two
carding machines, twenty-two stores and groceries, three
ware-.house», six lawyers, fourteen physicians, twelve
preachers, and the usual proportion of mechanics.
In this county was the residence of the celebrated
Frances Slocum,who was taken from her parents in the
Wyoming, when she was six years of age, and after
wards sold to and intermarried with one of the Miami
Indians, and finally, after sixty years' search, was disco
vered and identified by her friends, but having lost her
native language, she refused to leave her adopted home
with the red men of the forest.
Theie are 133,300 acres of taxable land in the county,
and about 100,000 acres yet belong to the United Stales
or have been so recently purchased as not to be subject
to taxation.
Micheltree, a township in Martin county, pppulation
800.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 317
Michigan Lake, about 220 square miles of this sheet
of water, lie in the bounds of Indiana, being ten miles
of its south end, which is about thirty-seven miles in
length, and an average width of six miles.
MicniG.A.N, an eastern township in Clinton, population
900. ' ^
Michigan, a north-west township in Laporte, popula
tion 1,230.
Michigan City, is situated at the mouth of Trail creek,
on Lake Michigan, twelve miles north-west of Laporte.
It was'first settled in 1831. There are in this place nine
dry goods stores, one drug store, seven grocery and pro
vision stores, one printing office, a branch Of the State
Bank of Indiana, apd 900 inhabitants. Michigan City
has a number of large ware-houses, conveniently situated
on Trail creek, for the storage and shipment of wheal,
and had the improvement of the harbor been continued
as v/as contemplated, the great emporium of the north
ern trade of the Slate would have been here. At one
lime more than 2,000 acres of land were laid out in
town lots, houses, were thinly scattered over the whole,
and there were good prospects of its becoming a large
and flourishing city, where business to the amount of
millions would be annually transacted. Instead of this,
vessels can now be loaded and unloaded only from
Lighters, and in pleasant weather. The losses by the
owners pf lots alone, were no doubt four-fold the ex
pense of making a harbor, and lo the public the loss of
wealth, capital and in facilities for business is very large.
MicHiGANTOWN, a small town in Clinton, on Michigan
road, forty miles north^of Indianapolis.
Middle, a northern township in Hendricks, population
1,640. Middle Creek, a mill stream in Floyd, running into
the Ohio six miles below New Albany.
Middleborough, a small town in Wayne county.
Middlebury, in Elkhart county, eleven miles north
east of Goshen, has two stores, two distilleries, a fine
flouring mill, a saw mill, an Academy, Baptist and Metb.
odist Churches, and 200 inhabitants.

318 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Middlebury, a township in Elkhart, population 1,000.
Middle Fokk, a branch of Wild Cat creek, in Clinton.
Middle Fork, a tributary of Big creek, in Jefferson
county, passes under theRailroadten miles from Madison.
MiDDLEPORT, a srtiall town in Elkhart county.
MiDDLETOwN, a Small town in the north-west corner
of Henry county.
MiDDLETowN, a small town on the Covingtpn road,
nine miles north-west of Crawfordsville, population 150.
MiDDLETowN, a small town in Vigo county, fourteen
miles south of Terre Haute.
Milan, an interior township in Allen, population 175.
Milan, a small town in Ripley, eight miles north-west
of A^'ersailles, on the Aurora and Napoleon road, popu
lation 200.
MiLFORD, a small town on Clifty, in Decatur, eight
miles west of Greensburgh, population 275.
Milford, a small town in the north part of Kosciusko.
Milford, a south-east township in Lagrange, popula
tion 400.
Milford, a small town in the north part of Warren
county. Mill Creek, a tributary of the St. Mary's from the
west, in Adams county.
Mill Creeks the outlet of Manitou Lake, in Fulton
county, is about four miles in length, has much fine water
power along it, and runs north-west into the Tippecanoe.
Mill Creek, sometimes called the main branch of
Eel river, rises in Hendricks, near Danville, and runs
south-west through Morgan, Putnam, Owen, and again
into Putnam, where it joins the Walnut Fork of Eel
river, four miles below the National road and near the
east line of Clay county. There are two remarkable
falls on this stream, three-fourths of a mile apart, one of
them thirty-five feet perpendicular, the olher forty -five feet
within a short distance. They present a grand appear
ance when the water is high.
Mill Creek, a fine mill stream, rises in Fountain,
runs south-west into Parke, and falls into the Wabash
near Westporl, fifteen miles north-west of Rockville.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 319
Mill Creek, a mill stream, rises in Fullon and runs
west into Pulaski, where il joins the Tippecanoe.
Mill Creek, a mill stream in Wabash county.
Miller, a township in Dearborn, population 1,160.
. MiLLERsnuRGii, a small town on the Ohio river, in
Ohio county.
MiLLERSBURGn, a Small town on Eel river, Whitley
county. _ MiLLHousEN, a German Catholic village in Decatur,
nine miles south-east of Greensburgh.
Millstone Creek empties into the Ohio, in Perry
county, seven miles west of Rome.
Millport, a small town on the Muscackituck, in Jack
son county, on thq Salem road, seven miles from Browns
town. MiLROY, a small town on Little Flatrock, eight miles
south of Rushville.
Milltow.v, a small town on Blue river in Crawford
county, twelve miles north of Levenworth, population
150. ,
Milton, an eastern township in Jefferson county.
Milton, a small town in Ohio county, on Laughery
creek. .
Mishawaka, a flourishing manufacturing town on the St.
Joseph river, four miles east of South Bend, in St Joseph
county. It was first settled in 1832, and has retained the
Indian name that previously belonged to it. Its population
isnowl,300. It contains two large blast furnaces, two cu
pola furnaces, one forge, three saw mills, one woollen fac
tory, one oil mill, one merchant mill with six run of burrs,
and a great variety of shops for machinists and mechanics.
As there is an immense amount of water power at
Mishawaka, and excellent iron ore is delivered there at
little more than the expense of digging, and wood and
timber are also convenient, it must be one of the best
manufacturing towns in the Stale. The enterprise and
energy of its citizens promise much for the future. Al
ready many fine buildings show to much advantage.
Mississinewa River rises in the State of Ohio, and
runs north-west through the counties of Randolph, Dela-

320 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
ware, Grant, Wabash and Miami, and falls into the Wa
bash near Peru.
Monmouth, a small town on the St. Mary's, Root
township, Adams county.
Monong, a northern township in While county, popu
lation 310.
Monroe County, named in honor of James Monroe,
the filth President of the United States, was organized
in 1818. It contains 420 square miles, and is bounded
north by Owen and Morgan, east by Brown and Jackson,
south by Lawrence, and west by Greene and Owen. The
civil townships are Bloomington, Perry, Clear Creek,
Indian Creek, Van Buren, Richland, Beanblossom, Wash
ington, Marion, Benton and Salt Creek. The population
in 1830 was 6,578, in 1840, 10,143, and at this time
about 13,000. The face of the countiy is mostly hilly,
though about Bloomington and many other places, it is
gently rolling.' There was originally no prairie or bar
rens in the county, and but a small portiPn pf river or
creek bottoms. The timber is generally of a good qua
lity, and such as denotes a fine soil, viz: walnut, sugar,
ash, oak, poplar, cherry, hickory, beech, &c., and most
of the county, except where it is too hilly, is as. well
adapted lo the usual farming products, and to raising
cattle, hogs and horses, as any part of the State. There
are in the county eleven grist mills, twelve saw mills,
four oil mills, nine carding machines, one foundry, one
spinning, weaving and fulling machine, three printing
offices, about twenty stores and groceries, nine lawyers,
ten physicians, and preachers too tedious to mention.
In fact, most of the Christian denominations are repre
sented here. Salt springs have been found and worked
to some advantage in the eastern part of the county, and
iron ore of a good quality in the south-west, where the Vir
ginia furnace was built by Mr. R. Ross. See Bloomington
and the preliminary head, as to the State University, &c.
Truitt's grotto is an extensive cavern in which there
are beautiful rooms of various sixes. It has never been
fully explored.
The taxable land in Monroe amounts to 161,933 acres.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 321
and about 80,000 acres still belong to the United Stales.
Monroe, an interior township in Adams, population
250. ^ ^
Monroe, a south-east township in Allen, population 175.
Monroe, a township in Carroll, population 600.
Monroe, a township in Clark, population 1,300.
Monroe, a township in Delaware.
Monroe, an eastern township in Grant, population 500.
MoNitoE, a, tow,nship in Howard, population 600.
Monroe, a northern township in Jefferson.
Monroe, a norlh-easl township in Madison.
Monroe, a northern township in Morgan, population
1,400. Monroe, a southern township in Pike, population 740.
Monroe, a township in Pulaski.
Monroe, an interior township in Putnam, six miles
square. Monroe, a township in Randolph, population 600.
Monroe, a township in Washington.
Monrovia, a small town in Morgan, eleven miles north
norlh-west of Martinsville, population 150.
Montezuma, a flourishing town on the Wabash, in
Parke county, eight miles west north-west of Rockville.
The land in the vicinity is very good, and the town has
an extensive trade.
Montgomery County, named in honor of Gen. Rich
ard Montgomery, was organized in 1823. It contains
504 square miles, and is bounded north by Tippecanoe,
east by Clinton, Boone and Hendricks, south by Putnam
and Parke, and west by Fountain. It has eleven civil
townships, viz: Clark, Scott, Brown, Walnut, Union,
Franklin, Wayne, Cole Creek, Sugar Creek, Ripley and
MadisPn. The population in 1830 was, 7,376, in 1840,
14,438, and at this time about 18,000. The western
part of the county, and near the principal streams is
somewhat hilly and broken, the north and central part
undulating, and the east and south level. The timber is
generally of a good quality, and the soil, with scarce any
exception, rich and well adapted to corn, wheat, grass,

322. INDIANA GAZETTEER.
fruit, and all the products common to the climate. There
are several good prairies in the north part of the county,
now mostly in cultivation, and occasionally barrens or
oak openings, but two-thirds of the county were origi
nally covered with heavy timber.
The surplus articles annually exported from the county
are wheat 150,000 bushels, corn 100,000 do., 20,000
hogs, 3,000 cattle, 400 horses, and 200 mules, eatiraaled
to be worth $250,000. There are in the county eight
grist mills, twelve saw mills, three woollen factories, one
oil mill, thirty-three stores and groceries, thirteen law
yers, thirty-six physicians, thirty preachers, thirty-six
churches, mostly Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian,
two printing offices, and the usual proportion of mecha
nics. The Wabash College is in this county, as to which
see first part. The Female Iftstitute and the County
Seminary are in a good condition, and there are common
schools in most of the school districts.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 300,000
acres. The completion of the Crawfordsville and La
fayette Railroad, which has been commenced with mych
spirit, will make Montgomery among the richest and
best counties in the Slate.
Montgomery, a western township in Gibson, popula
tion 2,500.
Montgomery Creek, a mill stream in Henry county.
Montgomery, a southern township in Jennings, popu
lation 1,250.
Montgomery, an interior township in Owen, popula
tion 820.
MoNTicELLo, the County Seat of White, is situated on
a high bank on the west side of the Tippecanoe, on the
borders of the Grand Prairie, which here approaches the
river. The situation is esteemed very healthy, and it
presents fine vieyvs of the boundless prairie on the west,
and the winding river and its valley on the east and
south. It contains about fifty houses, and a population
ot 200. Monlicello is twenty-five miles north norlh-easl
of Lafayette, eighty-two north-west of Indianapolis, and

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 323
sixty-two south of Laporte. The, first settlers were
Wm. Sill, Sam. Reffenberrick, Roland Hughes and Rob.
Spencer. MoNTPELiER, in Blackford county, first settled in 1S39,
by emigrants from Vermont. It was laid out by Abel
Baldwin. It is situated on the Salamonie, in the north
east part of the county, forty miles south of Fort
Wayne. Moore's Hill, a small town in Sparta township. Dear
born county, thirteen miles west norlh-west of Law
renceburgh. Mooresville, a flourishing town on White Lick, north
part of Morgan county, first settled in 1824 by Sanauel
Moore, (from whom it look its name) Asa Bales, J. S.
Rooker, and others. It is sixteen miles south-west of
Indianapolis, and fifteen north-east of Martinsville. The
present population is 550.
Morgan County, named in honor of Gen. Daniel
Morgan, was organized in 1822. It contains 453 square
miles, and is bounded north by Hendricks and Marion,
east by Johnson, south by Brown and Monroe, and west
by Owen and Putnam. It contains the following town
ships, viz: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison,
Monroe, Jackson, Harrison, Brown, Clay, Ray, Baker,
Green and Gregg. The population in 1830 was 5,579,
in 1840, 10,741, and at this lime about 14,000. About
one-third of the county is river and creek bottoms, the
soil a sandy loam and of the richest quality. There is
generally a ridge of hills where these bottoms terminate.
Back of these the land becomes undulating, and in some
places level, and in some places too wet for any crop but
grass. In the south part of the county, adjoining Mon
roe, is a very hilly and broken region, yet the timber is
good and the soil excellent, where it can be cultivated.
No part of , the Stale is more favorable for agriculture,
and some of the best farms in it are now found here.
The principal crpp is corn, though wheat, oats, grass,
and fruit are successfully cultivated, and the spirit of
progress is now apparent among the farmers, in the erec-

324 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
tion of substantial buildings, in planting good orchards
and vineyards, and in increasing the variety and quality
of their crops. Though While river is not favorable for
navigation but a short time each year, yet from twenty-
five to thirty boats, carrying from fifty to seventy tons,
are annually sent off freighted with surplus products.
Olher articles are taken to the Madison and Indianapolis
Railroad, and cattle, horses and mules are driven usually
to distant markets. In most years, 40,000 bushels of corn,
60,000 of wheat, 30,000 hogs, 1,000 cattle, 500 horses
and mules, and many other articles of considerable value
have been exported from this county, and were there a
railroad completed to Martinsville or Mooresville, as has
been proposed, or even the Plank road completed from
Franklin to the Bluffs, the amount would be largely in
creased. There are in the county eighteen grist mills, twenty-
eight saw mills, three carding machines, one fulling mill,
one printing pffice, thirty stores and groceries, seven
lawyers, twenty physicians, thirty preachers, about 300
mechanics, a flourishing County Seminary, and about
eighty common schools, which are kept up a portion of
the year. The religious denominations which have erect
ed churches, are as follows: Cumberland Presbyterians
one, Lutherans one. Baptists five. Reformers or Christians
ten. Friends three, Methodists fourteen. The taxable
land in the county is 217,047 acres.
In the western part of the county is a cayern, from
the mouth of which leaps a foaming stream that only at
a few feet distance turns a flouring mill. This cavern
has been explored about half a mile, but the darkness
and the myriads of bats that make its gloomy halls their
abode, render its full exploration a matter of difficulty.
About two and a-half miles south-east of Martinsville,
at a ford of the creek, where an Indian trail passed it,
is a spot called by the Indians "Murder Ground." The
origin of the name, by their tradition, was, that one of
their parties having captured several prisoners from Ken
tucky, in early times, had escaped with them to this

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 325
place without being pursued, as they thought. Here
they left their prisoners bound, and went out to hunt.
In their absence, a party of Kentuckians came up and
stationed themselves in ambush, near the prisoners, and
shot the Indians almost to a man as they returned at
different times from hunting.
Morgan, a northern township in Efarrison, population
1,350. Morgan, a western township in Owen, first settled in
1820 by I. Moore, W. Reynolds and J. Beaman, popula
tion 955.
Morgan, a southern township in Porter, population
400. MoRGANTowN, a village near Indian creek, eleven miles
south-east of Martinsville, on the road to Edinburgh,
population 160.
MoRVEN, a small town on Flatrock, south-east corner
of Shelby.
Moscow, a village in Orange township, south-west
corner of Rush, ten miles from Rushville.
Mosquito Creek, a good mill stream in the south-east
part of Harrison, fifteen miles in length.
Mound, a southern township in Warren county, in
cluding a part of Mound Prairie.
Mount ^Etna, a small town in Lancaster township,
county of Huntington, south of the Seat of Justice.
Mount Caemisl, a smalltown in Springfield township,
Franklin county, population 150.
Mount Holly, a small town in Randolph, laid out in
1836. Mount Pleasant, a township in Delaware.
Mount Pleasant, the former-Seat of Justice of Mar
tin county, is situated on the west bank of the east fork
of White river, on the road from New Albany to Vin
cennes. It was laid out in 1817, population 100.
Mount Sidney, a small town on .the Muscackituck,
ten miles south-east of Brownstown.
Mount Sterling, a small town in Switzerland county,
four miles north of Vevay.

326 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Mount Tabor, a small town on Beanblossom, in Mon
roe, three miles from its mouth, and eleven miles north
west of Bloomington.
Mount Vernon, the Seat of Justice of Posey county,
was first settled in 1803, by Andrew McFadin, and the
site where the town stands was long known by the name
of McFadin's Bluff. It contains one Baptist, one Metho
dist and one Presbyterian Church, substantial buildings
for the Court House and public offices, two good hotels,
and about 200 houses and 1,000 inhabitants. It is situ
ated on the Ohio river sixteen miles above the mouth of
the Wabash, twenty-two miles west south-west of Evans
ville, and about 200 south-west of Indianapolis.
Mount Meridian, a small town on the National road,
in Putnam county, eight miles south-east of Greencastle,
and thirty-four west south-west of Indianapolis.
McD Creek, a tributary of Sugar creek, in Boone
county. Mud Creek, in Daviess county, runs south-west into
the east fork of White river.
Mud Creek, a mill stream in Fullon, rises near the
south-east corner of the county, and runs south-west
into the Tippecanoe.
Mud Creek, a branch of Wild cat in Howard county.
Mud Creek, a branch of Eel river, in Morgan county.
Mud Lake, a small sheet of water in the western part
of same county.
Mud Creek, a small stream in Pulaski county.
Mud Creek, a tributary of the Mississinewa', in Ran
dolph county.
Mud Creek, a small stream in Rush county.
Muncie Creek, a small stream in Delaware county. .
Muncie, originally an Indian town called Muncey-
town, or Oulainink, was the residence of the Munsees, one
of the divisions of the Delaware tribe of Indians. See
Delaware county, of which it is the Seat of Justice. The
present town is, however, on the south side of White
river, opposite to the Indian town, which was on the
north. The situation is a very fine one, and the popula-

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TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS- 329
tion over 800, and rapidly increasing. The country
around it has a very rich soil, and is beginning to be well
improved, and the Bellefontaine Railroad, now in pro
gress, which is to run through it, will make Muncie an
important point. It is fifty-eight miles north-east of In
dianapolis, twenty-three west of Winchester, and fifty.
south of Huntington, on the Wabash and Erie Canal.
Muscackituck, called in Indian Mesh-caque-tuck, or
Pond River,, fi'om its many stagnant places in low water,
rises in Ripley and runs south-west and then west, re
ceiving many tributarie.s, and falls into the east fork of
White river near the west lines of Washington and Jack
son counties. Its course is generally very crooked. One
of its branches rises within less than two miles of the
Ohio, near Hanover, six miles below Madison.
. Mutton Creek, a tributary of the Muscackituck, in
Jackson county.
A discription of ihe Masonic Hall. — The building is
63 feet front on Washington street by 110 feet deep on
Tennessee street, and three stories high. 1 1 is built in
the Grecian Doric order of architecture, with a Portico
in front 11 feet deep, extending across the entire front
The Enlablature is supported by six Dpric columns, four
feet three inches in diameter, and 33 feet high; said
columns commencing on a platform on a level with the
second sjory floor. The sides and back end are finished
with Pilasters or Antae the same height of the columns,
four feet fate ahd projecting nine inches, and the whole
building crowned with a heavy Doric Enlablature. The
roof is covered with compositiPn, and the whole external
surface pf the walls is covered with Stucco, in imitation
of cut stone, giving the building the apjDearance of a
cut stone edifice. The first or basement story, is 11 feet
high in the clear, and is divided into three store roPms
17 feet wide by 107 feet deep, and a passage and stair
way six feet wide. The second story is in one large
room for a Piibhc Hall, 54 feet by 96 feet, and 20 feet
high, finished with a paneled ceiling, and cornice around
the room in a good, neat style; the entrance to said
22

330 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
room is from the front, on Washington street, with a
private entrance from the back end. The windows on
the front end extend to the floor and open oui on the
Portico, and those on the west side, on Tennessee street,
also extend to the floor and open out to a handsome
Balcony, enclosed with neat iron railing. The third
story is appropriated exclusively to Masonic purposes,
and consists of a Lodge room 37 by 60 feet, and a Chap
ter room 26 by 60 feet, the ceilings 19 feet high. There
are also several other rooms of different sizes, which
are used for various purposes in the labors of the
craft, and also an Encampment room 32 by 50 feet, and
1 1 feet high.
The building was designed by J. Willis, Architeplj of
this city. The lot on which it is erected is 63 feet front
by 350 feet deep. The entire cost of lot and building is
about $20,000.
Masons. — Having presented lo the public the beautiful
and correct likeness of the Grand Masonic Hall, of In
diana, as it will appear when it shall have been fully com
pleted, a building not less ornamental and useful to the
city, than creditable to the numerous and respectable
body to which it bdpngs, it may not seem inappropriate
that some notice shouldbe given of the society itself.
The first Lodges were established in Indiana by order
of the Grand Lodges of Kentucky and Ohio — at what
precise time is not within our reach 'to ascertain. Itis
found, however, by the early records of the Order, that
prior to December, 1817, the Grand Lodge of Kentucky
had established Lodges at Vincennes, Lawrenceburgh,
Rising Sun, Madison, Charleston, Salem and Corydon;
and the Grand Lodge of Ohio established one at Brook
ville, as No. 41. The representa,tives from these Lodges
met December 3d, 1817, at Corydon, for the purpose of
determining upon the expediency of receding from the
Mother Grand Lodges and forming themselves into a
separate and independent Grand Lodge. This measure
was brought about, no doubt, in consequence of the Slate
having just organized into a State Government.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 331
The representatives were as follows: Gen. Washing
ton Johnson, James Dill, Abel C. Pepper, Henry Pi
Thornton, Joseph Bartholomew, John Miller, Stephen C.
Stevens, Christopher Harrison, Davis Floyd, and Alexan
der Bucknbr.
, At this convention a separate organization was agreed
upon, and the Grand Lodges of Kentucky and Ohio re
spectfully addressed, and their concurrence requested.
In 1818, there were 5 lodges and 195 members.

In 1823,

25

'«

548

In 1828,

28

654

In 1838,

15
513
In 1842,
20
589
In 1843,
30
596
In 1844,
36
608
In 1845,
43
907
In 1846,
51
991
In 1847,
54
1477
In 1848,
75
1851
In 1849,
92
2472
The otder is rapidly increasing and numbers among
its membership many of the best men of the day. Its
avowed object is benevolence, and it is believed to have
been instrumental in doing good, especially to the
"household of faith."
Its Grand Masters, in the order in which they served,
are as as follows:
In 1818, Alexander Buckner; in 1819, Alexander A.
Meek; in 1820, John Tipton ; in 1821-2, John Sheets;
in 1823-4, Jonathan Jennings; in 1825, Marston G.
Clark; in 1826, Isaac Howk; in 1827, Elihu Stout ; in
1828, John Tipton; in 1829, Abel C. Pepper; in 1830,
Philip Mason; in 1831, WiUiam Sheets; in 1832, Wood-
bridge Parker; in 1833, Philip Mason; in 1834, Daniel
Keko; in 1835, John B. Martin; in 1836, James L. Ho
gan; in 1837, Caleb B. Smith; in 1838 to 1844, Philip
Mason; inl.845,Isaac Bartlett; in 1846, Johnson Watts ;
in 1847 to 1849, Ehzur Deming.
Napoleon, a small town in the north part of Ripley
332 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
county, ten miles north of Versailles, with a population
of 200. It was first settled in 1819, by Wm. Wilsqn
and D. E. Hendricks. It is situated at the junction of
the Michigan and Lawrenceburgh and Indianapolis State
road, thirty miles north-west of Lawrenceburgh, thirty-
three north of Madison, and fifty-seven south-east of In
dianapolis. Nashville, the County Seat of Brown, was first set
tled in 1837, by W. S. Roberts, P. C. Parker, A. MoGee,
J. D. Kennedy, H. Jackson, and others. It contains
thirty houses and 150 inhabitants. Nashville is forty
miles south of Indianapolis, twenty west of Columbus,
and the same distance east of Bloomington.
Nashville, a small town in Bi'own township, Han
cock county, thirteen miles north-east of Greenfield.
Natches, a small town on the New Albany and Vin
cennes road, south-east corner of Martin county, popu
lation 40.
Neal's Creek, a mill stream in Jefferson county.
Nebraska, a pleasantly situated town on the Ohio, in
the south-west part of Crawford county, with a popula
tion of 150.
Nettle Creek, a good mill stream, a tributary of
White Water, in the norlh-west part of Wayne county.
Nettle Creek, a south-west township in Randolph,
population 1,100.
Nevins, a north-east township in Vigo-, population 700.
New Albany, either the first or second town, as to
population, in the State, and the Seat of Justice of Floyd
county, is beautifully situated on the Ohio, two miles be
low the Falls, in lat. 38 deg. 18 min. north, and longi
tude 8 deg. 49 min. west. It was laid out in the summer
of 1813, by Joel, Nathaniel and Abner Scribner, with
vvide streets, running nearly east and west, parallel with
the river, and others crossing them at right angles, the
most of which have been well McAdamized, and the
side-walks paved. In 1834, the population of New Al
bany was estimated at 2,500, in 1840, it was 4,226, and
at this time it is over 7000. The number of houses is

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 333
about 1,200, of which one-fourth are brick. Steamboat
building and repairing is carried on to a large extent
there, and in the different kinds of mechanical business
connected with it, about 500 hands are constantly em
ployed. There are in the city three iron foundries and
machine shops, on a large scale, for the manufacture of
steam engines and other machinery, one brass foundry,
one patent bagging factory for the manufacture of hempen
cloths, which cost $50,000, a marine railway, which cost
$40,000. There are also in New Albany two printing
offices, a branch of the State Bank, about 120 stores and
groceries, two Methodist, two Presbyterian, one Catholic,
one Christian, one Episcopalian, one Lutheran and three
Baptist Churches, and the means to facilitate the instruc
tion of the young and the communication of knowledge,
are highly creditable to the public spirit and liberality of
the citizens. Anderson's Collegiate Institute, chartered
by the Legislature, the Old School Presbyterian Theo
logical Seminary, two large District schools, built at the
public expense, at a cost of $12,000, a City school, en
dowed by the original proprietors, and a large number
of private schools are in operation, and all generally
well conducted. The Railroad to Salem, and intended
to be carried still further, will soon add largely to the
business and prosperity of New Albany. The enter
prise, industry, morality and public spirit which have
heretofore contributed so much to its growth, will not
fail to carry it onward hereafter.
New Amsterdam, see Amsterdam.
Newbern, a small town on the east bank of Clifty; in
Bartholomew county, nine miles east of Columbus, pop
ulation 200.
New Bethel is on the Michigan road, nine miles south
east of Indianapohs. It contains about twenty houses, a
Baptist church, and 100 inhabitants.
New Brunswick, a small town in Glay, fifteen miles
south-west of Bowlinggreen.
Newburgh, a flourishing and well situated town on
the Ohio, in Warrick county, thirteen miles above Evans-

334 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
ville, and eleven south-west of Boonville. It was settled
in, Ihe year 1817, by .Michael Sprinkle, and for some
years was called Sprinklesburgh. It now contains a
population of 500.
Newbury, a small town on the east bank of White
river, in Greene county, ten miles south-west of Bloom
field. Newbury, a western township in Lagrange, popula
tion 250.
New Carlisle, a small town in St. Joseph countyj on
the Michigan road, fourteen miles west of South Bend,
population 100.
Newcastle, the Scat of Justice of Henry county, and
near the centre, was first settled by Charles Jamison. It
cpntains a County Seminary, a good Court House, and
other public offices, 100 houses, many of them well built,
and a population of 500. It is forty-seven miles north
east of Indianapolis, and twenty south of Muncie.
New Columbus, a small town on Fall creek, Madison
county, six miles south of Anderson.
New Corydon, a small town in Jay county, popula
tion 100, first settled in 1 839, by J. B. Gillespie.
New Durham, a western township in Laporte, popu
lation 760.
New Durham, a small town in same, seven miles south
west of Laporte.
New Garden, a north-east township in Wayne, popu
lation 1,350.
New Harmony, a town on the Wabash, 50 miles from
its mouth, in Posey county, and 15 miles north of Mount
Vernon, first settled in 1814, by Frederick Rapp and
a German colony then just from western Pennsylvania.
Mr. Rapp and his company continued here eleven years,
having purchased about 17,000 acres of land, much of it
of an excellent quality. They cleared an immense farm,
planted fine orchards and vineyards, erected mills and
manufactures, and built about 200 neat and comfortable
houses in their town, among which were two churches.
One of them was then much the largest in the State, and had

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 335
a fine organ. The compiler of this work, visited New
Harmony in December, 1823, and he was strongly im
pressed with the order, neatness and comfort which every
where prevailed, and the results that industry, prudence
and talent had produced within so short a time. Mr.
Rapp was indeed a patriarch, who, by means of religious
influence, was able to direct and efficiently sustain the
combined efforts of his society. In 1825, the celebrated
Robert Owen purchased the town and a considerable
part of the land, for the purpose of making an experi
ment of his social system, and Mr. Rapp and his company
returned to Pennsylvania. Mr. Owen's experiment was
a complete failure. Some fifteen years after his first
visit, the compiler of this article saw New Harmony
again. It then appeared to be much changed, and exhi
bited many marks cf decay. It is said to be in a good
condition at this time, and to have a population of 800.
New Lancaster, a small toWn in Huntington county,
ten miles south of Huntington on the east bank of the
Salamonie. New London, a small town in Howard county.
New Marion, a small town on the Michigan road, in
Ripley county, eight miles south-west of Versailles, pop
ulation 250.
Newmarket is situated on the Ohio river, in Harrison
county, thirty-five miles below the Falls. Large quan
tities of produce are shipped to the south from this point
Its population is 225.
New Maysville, a small town in Floyd township,
Putnam county, twelve miles north-east of Greencastle.
Newport, the Seat of Justice of Vermillion county,
is situated on the, south bank of Little Vermillion, two
miles from its mouth, seventy-five miles west from In
dianapolis, sixteen miles north of Clinton, and fourteen
south of Perrysville. It was laid out in 1835, by S. S.
Collett, and contains a population of 250.
Newport, a flourishing village in Wayne county, ele
ven miles north-east of Centreville, population 400.

336 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
New Providence, in the west part of Clark county,
pn the New Albany and Salem Railrpad, populatipn 250.
Newry, a small town on the Muscackituck, Vernon
township, Jackson county, fifteen miles east of Browns
town. New Salem, a small town in Rush, seven miles south
east of Rushville.
New Salisbury, a small town in Morgan township,
Harrison county, eight miles north of Corydon.
Newton, a township in Jasper county.
Newtown, a pleasant village in Fountain county,
fourteen miles north-ea^t of Covington. It contains
about fifty houses and 300 inhabitants. It lies in the
borders of the Shawanee prairie, and has some of the
best land in the State about it.
New Trenton, a small town in Franklin county,
eleven miles south-east of Brookville, population 150.
Newville, a south-past township in DeKalb county,
population 260.
Newville, a small town in Wells county.
New Washington, a pleasant village in Clark county,
12 miles north-east of Charlestown and seven from, the
Ohio, population 300. It contains a flourishing Academy.
New Washington, an eastern township in Clark, pop
ulation 1,300. 1
New Winchester, a small town in Hendricks, seven
miles west of Danville.
Niles, a northern township in Delaware county.
Nineveh Creek, a mill stream, rising in Jphnspn, runs
spulh-east into Bartholomew, and falls into Blue river
eight miles above Columbus.
Nineveh, a north-west township in Bartholomew,
population 800.
NiNEVEH,'a southern township in Johnson, population
1,380. Noble County, named in honor of Noah Noble, Go
vernor of the State from 1831 to 1837, was organized
in 1836. It contains 432 square miles, and is bounded

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 337
north by Lagrange, east by DeKalb, south by Allen and
Whitley, and west by Kosciusko and Elkhart The civil
townships are Washington, Sparta, Perry, Elkhart, York,
Noble, Green, Jefferson, Orange, Wayne, Allen and
Swan. The population in 1840 was 2,702, at this time
it is about 8,000.
The face of the country is considerably diversified,
portions of it being nearly level, and other parts some
what rolling or hilly. About one-half is heavy timber,
the balance, with the exception of one prairie of 4,000
acres, and several small ones, is barrens or oak openings.
The soil is mostly a black loam, mixed with sand, and there
is very little clay. In places, small, wet prairies are inter
mixed with small lakes and rolling gravelly barrens, and
the soil is poor; but generally the soil is rich, and well
adapted to wheat, oats and corn, and in the timbered
land, to grass. The surplus articles sold are wheat, hogs,
cattle, &c., the two former taken to Fort Wayne, and
the latter sold to drovers, all heretofore to the amount of
about $50,000 a-year; but this amount will soon be
largely increased.
There are in the county three grist mills, fourteen saw
mills, fourteen stores, four groceries, three lawyers, eigh
teen physicians, twenty-one preachers, and about 150
mechanics of the trades most in demand. Iron ore is
found in large quantities and of an excellent quality, and
about three tons of good bar iron a day are manufac
tured at a forge at Rochester, in the north-west part of
the county. Good schools are kept up in most of the
common school districts into which the whole county is
divided. The taxable land amounts to 236,000 acres, and about
30,000 still belong to the United Stales.
Noble, a township in Cass county, population 750.
Noble, an interior township in Laporte, population
765. Noble, an eastern township in Rush, population 1,900.
Noble, a township in Shelby.

338 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Noblesville, the Seat of Justice of Hamilton county,
first settled in 1824, is situated on an extensive and fer
tile plain, on the east bank of White river. It contains
a fine County Seminary, recently erected, one Methodist,
one Christian, and one Presbyterian church, seven stores,
two hotels, and 700 inhabitants. The work now pro
gressing on the Peru and Indianapolis Railroad, which
will soon be completed to Noblesville, is giving conse
quence to the town, and it is again beginning lo flourish.
It is twenty-one miles north north-east of Indianapolis,
and fifty south of Peru.
Noblesville, a central township in Hamilton.
Noland's Fork, a fine mill stream in Randolph, runs
south through the centre of Wayne, and empties into the
west fork of While Water in the north part of Fayette,
near Waterloo.
North, a township in Marshall, population 270.
North East, a toWnship in Orange, population 1,200.
Northfield, a small town on the Mic igan road, in
Boone county, ten miles east of Lebanon and nineteen
north norlh-west of Indianapolis. It was. first settled in
1830, by Hiram McQuitty, population 150.
North Fork, of Muscackituck, rises in Decatur and
joins with South Fork at Vernon.
North Liberty, a small town in Miami county, north
side of Eel river; ten miles north-east of Peru.
North Madison is situated at the head of the plain,
two miles from Madison, and contains tlie principal
workshops for the Railroad, sixty, houses, and 400 inha-
tilants. NoR-.HPORT, in Orange township. Noble county, is
situated on the north fork of Elkhart, where the Stale
commenced erecting a feeder dam for the Wabash and
Michigan Canal.
North Salem, a small town in Hendricks county, ten
miles norlh-west of Danville.
North West, a township in Orange, population 1,000.
North Western, the name of a prairie in Pulaski
county.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 339
Norton's Creek, runs south-east into the Wabash in
Vermillion county.
Nottingham, a south-east township in Wells county.
NuMA, a small village in Parke county, on the canal
line, eleven miles north of Terre Haute.
Oak Grove, a southern township in Benton, popula
tion 400.
Ogen's Creek, a mill stream in Wabash county.
Ohio County, named after the river on whose borders
il is situated, was organized in 1844. It is bounded on
the north by Dearborn, on the esast by the Ohio, on the
south by Switzerland, and west by Ripley. It is the
smallest county in the State, and contains only ninety
square miles. The civil townships are four in number,
viz: Randolph, Union, Cass and Pike. The population
is, at this time, about 6,000. The face of the country,
with the exception of some large and fine bottoms on
the Ohio and Laughery, is veiy hilly, yet in general not
so uneven that it cannot be cultivated. The soil is uni
formly good; on the bottoms, hill sides and tops, well
adapted to corn, wheat, oats, &c., and in the interior
especially so, to grass. Beech, walnut, ash and sugar
predominate near the streams; oak and hickory in other
places. About half the county has been cleared and is
in cultivation, and the most of it is wtell farmed. The
surplus articles expprted are taken to a southern market
mostly, and consist of hogs, cattle, horses, sheep^ mules,
flour, hay, and all kinds of marketing, and their value is
estimated to amount to $250,000 annually. '
There are in the county six grist mills, propelled by
water, two do. by steam, eleven saw mills, one cotton
manufactory employing about 100 hands, one woollen do.,
one iron foundry and finishing shop, two large distille
ries, one printing office, twenty-five stores, twelve gro
ceries, ten ware-houses, six lawyers, ten physicians, fif
teen preachers, and about 275 mechanics, principally
carpenters, coopers, shoemakers, and other trades most
in demand. The products of the manufactories are esti
mated at $110,000 a year. The Methodists have good

340 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
churches in Rising Sun and Hartford, and others in
the country. The New and Old School Presbyterians
also have churches in Rising Sun, and the former, onein
Cass township. The Universalists have one in town, and
the Reformed Baptists also one, with another in Union
township. The taxable land in the county amounts tO
50,000 acres.
'This county, after a long contest, was formed, no
doubt, in violation of the constitution ; but the conveni
ence of the public, from local situation, appearing to re
quire it, it has been submitted to.
Omoj a south-west township in Bartholomew, popula
tion 1,000. ,
Ohio, a southern township in Crawford.
Ohio, a southern township in Spencer, population
2,000. Ohio, a south-west township in Warrick.
Ohio and Mississippi Railroad Company. On the
14th of February, 1848, the Legislature of this Stale
granted a Charter of incorporation, by which some of
the most respectable citizens of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois
and Missouri, were authorized to construct a Railroad on
the route from Cincinnati to St. Louis, so far as this
State is concerned, and when the right of way in the
adjoining States should be granted, the Road- might then
be continued through them. The Charter is a liberal
one ; the Company has been organized under its provi
sions, and the route proposed is to pass through the coun
ties of Dearborn, Ripley, Jennings, Jackson, Lawrence,-
Martin, Daviess and Knox, a distance of 153 miles in a
straight line, or probably the necessary curves would re
quire at least 165 miles. It was confidently expected
that the City of Cincinnati would subscribe $1,000,000
in stock, St. Louis $500,000, and the counties and peo
ple along the line $1,000,000, which it is estimated would
pay half the expense of the whole work. Were this
done, the balance pf the stpck might dpubtless be raised,
and a work of immense importance not only to the west
but to the Union, would be completed. The President

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 341
of the Company is Abner T. Ellis; Secretary, Benjamin
M. Thomas, and Treasurer, John Ross. The line has
been run by Professor Mitchell, of Cincinnati, and the
route reported practicable. The Legislature of Illinois
has not yet confirmed the charter, but it will without
doubt do so.
Oil, a north-east township in Perry, population 500.
Oil Creek, a mill stream in Perry county, runs south
into the Ohio ten miles above Rome.
Oldenburgh, a small town in Ray township, Franklin
county, population 300.
Olive, a township in Elkhart, population 200.
Olive, a western township in St. Joseph county.
Ontario, a flourishing village on Pigeon river, La
grange county, with 100 frame houses, and 400 inhabi
tants. Orange County, organized in 1816, was named from
the county in North Carolina in which many of the prin
cipal citizens had previously resided. It is bounded north
by Lawrence, east by Washington and Crawford, south
by Crawford, and west by Dubois and Martin, and being
twenty miles square, contains 400 square miles. It is
divided into nine townships, viz: North East, Sin mper's
Greek, South East, Orleans, Greenfield, Paoli, French
Lick, Jackson and North West. The population in 1830
was 7,909, in 1840, 9,602, and at this time about 12,000.
The south part of the county is hilly, and abounds with
fine springs of water, the north undulating. About one-
fifth of the county is bottom land with a rich soil, and
an equal amount is barrens. The balance is uplands,
and was originally well timbered with oak, hickory, pop
lar, ash, walnut, cherry, sugar and beech, and the soil
well adapted to corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c.
The surplus articles annually exported are corn 30,000
bushels, 20,000 do. of wheat,"20,000 do. of oats, 6,000
hogs, 1,000 cattle, 1,200 horses, and 300 mules, estimated
to be worth $150,000.
There are in the county thirteen grist and saw mills
propelled by water, three do. propelled by steam, three

342 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
carding machines, eight tanneries, eighteen stores, five
groceries, one printing office, two lawyers, thirteen phy
sicians, twenty-five preachers, 126 mechanics, of trades
most needed, onb County Seminary and seventy district
schools, in which 4,200 children are instructed about
three months in the year. '
There are many sinks or caverns in the county, which
has lime-stone mostly for its base, where many, of the
springs and streams fall into the earth and there find sub
terraneous passages, until they unite with larger streams
or reappear with larger and stronger currents. See Lost
river and Half Moon spring, which are specimens.
The taxable, land in the county amounts to 200,000
acres, and about 50,000 have been selected for the Canal
Grant. Orange, a south-west township in Fayette, population
1,250. Orange, an eastern township in Noble* population 700.
Orange, a south-west township in Rush, population
2,000. Orl.and, a thriving village in the north-west corner of
Steuben county, on Crooked creek, ten miles north-west
of Angola. The population is about 300.
Orleans, a pleasant village, with a beautiful country
around it, in the north part of Orange county, eight
miles north of Paoli. It contains 85 houses.
OsstAN, a small town in Wells county. ; ,
Oswego, a small town at the outlet of Tippecanoe
lake, in Kosciusko county, six miles north-east of War
saw. It contains a population of 250.
Otter Creek, a western township in Ripley, popula
tion 550.
Otter Village, a small town in the west part of
Ripley. '
.Otter Creek, a mill stream, rises in the north part of
Clay, and runs west through the north of Vigo into the
Wabash. Otter Creek, a northern township in Vigo, popula
tion 1,000. & r r

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 343
Ouiatenon, or Wea Town, an old Indian toWn and
Mission, eight miles below Lafayette. When destroyed
by Gen. Scott in 1791, it contained 70 houses, some of
them well built and furnished, a large Mission house, two
stores, a smith's shop, &c.
Owen County, organized in 1819, was named in honor
of Col. Abraham Owen, of Kentucky, who was killed in
the battle of Tippecanoe, while serving as a' volunteer
aid to Gen. Harrison. It is bounded north by Putnam,
east by Morgan and Monroe, south, by Greene,- and west
by Clay, and contains 396 square miles. The civil divi
sions into townships are Harrison, Wayne and Clay in
the east, Franklin and Jefferson on the south, Marion
and Morgan on the west, Jackson, Jennings and Taylor
on the north, and Montgomery, Washington and La
fayette in the interior. The population in 1830 was
4,060, in 1840, 8,359, and at this time about 12,000.
With the exception of the bottoms of White river, which
in general are large and fertile, and a few tracts of level,
wet land, when drained, well adapted to grass, the bal
ance of the county is undulating or rolling, a medium
between the hilly region farther east and the level coun
try on the north, west and south. The upland portion
is generally a rich, clay soil, and well adapted to corn,
wheat, oats, grass, and other articles common to the cli
mate. The timber is mostly of a good quality. Iron
ore and coal are found in abundance in the southern and
western part of the county. The former is known to
the manufacturer by the name of "liver ore," is destitute
of manganese, and contains 445 per cent, of pure metal.
This ore is very easy of access.
The surplus articles exported in 1848, were, 24,534
hogs, 57,760 bushels of wheat, 18,000 do. of coin,'
which, with tobacco and other articles of marketing,
make the whole amount about the value of $200,000.
There are in Owen county about twenty grist mills,
twenty-one saw mills, four carding machines, one print
ing pffice, fifteen stores, two groceries, five lawyers, four-

344 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
teen physicians, thirteen preachersi nine Christian, seVen
Baptist, six Methodist and two Presbyterian churches,
and eighty-four mechanics of the trades most in demand.
The falls of Eel river furnish the best water power,
and are among the most remarkable curiosities in the
State. They are three-fourths of a mile apart, the upper
fall is 45 feet within a short distance, the, lower fall is 35
feet perpendicular. The proprietors pf these falls, though
they have often talked of making large improvements
there, have as yet done but little. Iron ore is abundant
in the vicinity. It is much to be regretted that such fa
cilities for valuable and important improvements should
not attract the attention to which they have sUch claims.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 165,768
acres, 19,000 acres have been selected' for Canal lands.
The first settlement in Owen county was made about
the beginning of 1817; by John Dunn, Philip Hart, David
Thomas and Samuel Bigger. The first church organized
and the first meeting house and mill built was in 18I9.
Previous to that time, grain was sent about sixty miles
to be ground. As a memorial of old customs, il appears
that at the sale of lots for the County Seat in 1821, the
county board allowed $9 87^. for whiskey to treat the
bidders. NOw there is no one authorized to retail spi
rits, a majority of the citizens having decided not to
allow licenses.
Owen, a township in Clark, population 900.
Owen, an interior township in Clinton, population
650. Owen, a western township in JacksOn, population
1,050. Owensville, a small town in Gibson county, nine
miles south-west of Princeton.
Owl Creek, a mill stream in Fulton county.
Owl Prairie, so called from its being contiguous lo
the camp and hunting ground of a Delaware chief of
that name. It is situated in Daviess county, sixteen miles
north of Washington, and is a high, level, and fertile
tract of land containing 1,500 or 2,000 acres.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 345
Oxford, the County Seat of Benton county, is situated
on the road from Lafayette to Chicago, 20 miles from
the former and UO from the latter, and 20 north of
Williamsport. It was first settled in 1847, by H. T.
Howard. 0!x Fork, a mill stream in the west part of Scott
county, running north into Slucker's Fork.
Odd Fellows. — This remarkable Society, though it
was introduced into this State at a late period, has ra
pidly increased in numbers.
The first subordinate lodge was established at New
Albany, by virtue of a charter granted by the Grand
Lodge of "the United States, on the 9th October, 1835,
upon the petition of "Doseph Barclay and others." This
lodge, though very successful for a few years, — reporting
for the years 1836-7 a revenue of $1,013 84, — sub,se-
quently became extinct. Other subordinate lodges were
also established under the authority of the Grand Lodge
of the United States.
On the 17ih May, 1837, (New Albany Lodge, No. 1,
Monroe Lodge, No. 2, of Madison, and  Lodge,
No. — -, having petitioned for the same), a charier for a
Slate Grand Lodge was granted by the Grand Ledge of
the United States, which was instituted at New Albany,
on the 14th August, 1837. The Grand Lodge of the
State was removed lo Madison in 1842, and to Indian
apolis in January, 1846, at which latter place its sessions
are now held on the third Tuesdays in July and January.
By the report of the State Grand Lodge to the Grand
Lodge of the United Slates for the year ending Septem
ber, 1839, it appears that the total number of subordi
nate lodges was four, total number of contributing mem
bers 208; total revenues $2,235 21.
By the proceedings of the State Grand Lodge, July
session, 1849, it appears that the number of subordinate
lodges had increased lo sixty; number of contributing
members 2,665; total revenues $17,762 12; (the report
to the Grand Lodge of the United States for the year
ending June 30, 1849, states these revenues at $31,202
23

346 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
73.) Amount paid for relief of 269 brothers, $3,263 34 ;
for education of orphans $142 13; for burying the dead
$505 00; total relief, $4,180 47.
The Grand Masters, and their terms of service, are as
follows: In 1837-8, Joseph Barclay or Barkley; in 1838-9,
Richard D. Evans; in 1839-40, William Ford ; in 1840-1,
Christian Bucher; in 1841-2, John Neal; in 1842-3,
James W. Hinds; in 1843-4, Noah H. Cobb; in 1844-5,
William Cross; in 1845-6, John H. Taylor; in 1846-7,
Joel B. McFariand; in 1847-8, John Green; in 1848-9,
Philander B. Brown; in 1849-50, Job B. Eldredge.
The Encampment branch of this order has also begun
to flourish, under the auspices of the Grand Encamp
ment, established at Indianapohs, on the 10th January,
1847. According to reports to Grand Encampment for the
year ending June, 1849, the number of subordinate Eut
campments was 17; number pf members, 340; total
revenue, $1,277 44; total relief, $207 00.
Paint Creek, a tributary of Deer creek, in Carroll
county. Palestine, a small town on Sugar creek, in Hancock
county. Palestine, a small town in the south-west of Monroe,
on Indian creek.
Palmyra, a small town in Morgan township, Harrison
county. Palmyra, a small town in Rush, nine miles south-east
of Rushville.
Paoli, the Seat of Justice of Orange county, was first
settled in 1816. It is situated near the centre of the
county, on the turnpike from New Albany to Vincennes,
forty miles from the former, sixty-four from the latter,
and 100 nearly south of Indianapplis. It cpntains ex
cellent county buildings, a County Seminary, a Metho
dist and a Presbyterian Church, 150 houses, of which
five only are brick, and 400 inhabitants.
Parish Grove, a western township in Benton county,

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 347
population 250. This township derives its name from
that of the grove in the Grand prairie at a distance from
any other timber, which has long be:n a noted landmark
for travellers.
Paris, a pleasant village, near the south line of Jen
nings county, eleven miles south of Vernon, and seven
teen norlh-west of Madison. It contains 48 houses and
about 250 inhabitants.
Paris, a small town in the north part of Posey county.
Parke County, organized in 1821, was named in
honor of Benjamin Parke, the first member of Congress
for the Territory, and afterwards a Territorial and then
a District Judge. It is bounded north by Fountain and
Montgomery, east by Putnam, south by Clay and Vigo,
and west by the Wabash, and it contains about 440
square miles. The civil townships are Adams, Washing
ton, Sugar Creek, Liberty, Reserve, Wabash, Florida,
Rackoon, Union, Jackson and Green. The population
in 1830 was 7,534, in 1840, 13,499, and at this lime
about 18,000. At least two-thirds of the county is either
level or slightly undulating, the balance is more undulat
ing, and in places swells into hills, which usually have no
great elevation. There are several small, rich prairies,
with well limbered lands adjacent, and there are some
sandy and poor barrens, but more than three-fourths of
the county was originally covered with fine forests of
oak, walnut, sugar, beech, ash and hickory. The soil is
mostly a black loam with a mixture of sand, easily cul
tivated, and equal in fertility lo any part of the west.
To this also add the fine water power that may be had
on Sugar and Rackoon creeks, and their numerous
branches, the beds of coal and iron ore, and the location
on the Wabash river and the Wabash and Erie Canal,
and this may, in most respects, be esteemed the best
county in the State. The surplus articles exported in. a
year, have been found lo be 100,000 bushels of corn,
50,000 do. wheal, 20,000 do oals, 20,000 barrels of flour,
20,000 hogs, 3,000 head of cattle, and 200 horses and

348 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
mules, estimated to be worth over $300,000, and all the
product of the county.
There are in the county twenty grist mills, twenty-
four saw raill.->, six carding machines, thirty-one stores,
six groceries, two printing offices, seven lawyers, twenty-
five physicians, twenty-five preachers and 275 mechanics.
There is a County Seminary at Rockville with fifty stu
dents, and a Female Seminary with forty, and of 6,252
children between 5 and 21 years of age, 5,200 attend
school from three to six months in the year. The pre
vailing religious denominations are Presbyterians, Meth
odists, Baptists and Christians. ¦
The taxable land amounts lo 261,438 acres; 9,320
acres more have been purchased but are not yet taxable,
and 7,610 acres still belong to the United Stales.
Parkersburgh, a small town in Montgomery county,
twelve miles south of Crawfordsville.
Patoka River rises in the southern part of Orange,
and runs west through Crawford, Dubois, Pike and Gib
son, and falls into the Wabash just below tbe mouth of
White riven It is about 100 miles in length, is 50 yards
wide, and is navigable in high water over 60 miles.
Patoka, a north-west township in Crawford.
PaToka, a south-west township in Dubois, population
1,400. Patoka, a central township in Gibson, population
2,750. Patoka, a township in Pike, with a population of 730;
Pawpaw, a mill stream in Wabash county, runs west
into Miami, and falls into Eel river.
Paynesville, a small town on the National road, in
Wayne county.
Pendleton, a flourishing village at the Falls of Fall
creek, in Madison county, named after the proprietor,
was first settled in 1826 ; a mill, howeverj had been
built on the school section, at the Falls, previously. It
now contains 75 houses and a population of 400. There
are very fine quarries of lime-slone, and also marble, in

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 349
the vicinity, the water power is valuable, the country
around is fertile, beautifully undulating and healthy, and
the opening of the Bellefontaine Railroad, which will
soon be completed to this place, will make it an important
point. Penn, a north-west township in Jay county, popula
tion 700, first settled in 1834, by Moses HamiUon.
Penn, an eastern township in St.' Joseph county.
Pennsylvaniaburgh, a small town in the north part
of Ripley.
Pei!ry County, organized in 1814, was named in ho
nor of the gallant Commodore Oliver H.Perry. It con
tains about 400 square miles, and is bounded north by
Dubois and Crawford, east by Crawford and the Ohio
river, south by the Ohio, and west by Spencer and Du
bois. The civil townships are Troy, Deer Creek, Ander
son, Clark, Tobin, Union, Oil and Leopold. The popu
lation in 1830 was 3,378, in 1840, 4,655, and at this
time about 8,000. With the exception of about 20,000
acres of bottom land along the Ohio and Anderson, and
some tracts of wet beech lands at the heads of the
streams, the balance of the county is very hilly. On the
bottoms and a portion of the hill sides and tops, the soil
is rich, but much the largest part of the county is what
is usually denominated poor land, though there is but a
small part of it which may not, with careful farming, be
made productive. The timber is generally of an excellent
quality, and the best of oak and poplar are found on the
hills; and in the bottoms, sugar, beech, ash and walnut.
The surplus articles exported are corn, hay, pork and
various kinds of marketing supplied mostly by the river
bottoms, for as yet very little surplus is brought ,from the
interior. The trade in wood and coal for the steamboats
on the Ohio is becoming large, and employs a great many
hands. There are in the county seventeen grist and saw mills,
twenty-five stores, ten groceries, fifteen ware-houses, five
lawyers, fourteen physicians, twenty preachers and 250
mechanics. There are eleven churches, of which five are

350 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Baptist, twp Methodist, three Catholic, and one Unita
rian. The taxable land in the county amounts to
75,665 acres, while the remaining 179,000 acres has
either been too recently purchased to be taxed, or has
been selected for Canal lands, or still belongs to the
United Stales, which is the case with the most of it
In the first settlement of Perry, the business of hunt
ing engaged the attention of many of the people, to pro
cure even their necessary food, and on occasions, the
women were not less fearless and efficient than the other
sex. Among the incidents that occurred in the early
history of the county, is the following: John Archibald
and his wife, having succeeded in treeing a bear, cut
down the tree, which unfortunately fell on the husband,
broke his leg, and held him fast to the ground. In the
hurry of the moment the wife never noticed the accident,
but she and the dogs pursued the bear for a mile or two,
when he was brought lo bay and she came up and killed
him. For the first time she then missed her husband,
and hastily reluming relieved him from his unpleasant
situation. Mr. A. is still alive, though he never obtained
the perfect use of his limbs again.
The abundant and easily accessible veins of coal in
Perry county, which, with other facilities, are described
under the head " Cannelton," early attracted the atten
tion of capitalists to the expediency of establishing man-
factoriqs thereon a large scale, and the Indiana Pottery,
for making Queensware, was built up near Troy some
twelve years ago, at a heavy expense. Workmen were
brought from England, who became unmanageable here,
and faithless or incompetent agents rendered the effort a
failure in a great measure; but the company are not yet
discouraged, and they still expect to prosecute the busi
ness with success.
The American Cannel Coal Company, with a capital
of $500,000, was incorporated in 1836. This Company
proceeded to purchase 7,000 acres of land, of which 5,000
acres are coal lands. They commenced the working
of coal, and last year employed eighty miners, and sold

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 353
at the bank over 400,000 bushels of coal. They laid out
the town, the site of which is on a bend of the Ohio, and
embraces over 1,000 acres between the river and the
coal hills. Lots of from two to four acres, above the
highest floods, have been laid out for cotton and other
mills, from which railroads will be made to the coal and
also to the landing, which is a very fine one. In pro
viding for the growth of the town and the encourage
ment of manufactures, the rent for coal of only one cent
per bushel for twenty-five years will be charged, while
the cost for digging is only two cents per bushel. The
inducements for building up a large manufacturing town
are power, ample, cheap and certain; cheap food; faci
lities for transportation ; nearness to the market to be
supplied and the materials to be manufactured; healthy
situation, with the best and cheapest building materials.
The legislature of Indiana have also granted twelve char
ters of the most liberal character, for manufacturing es
tablishments, and two of these, the Cannelton Cotton
Mill, and the Indiana Cotton Mill, have been organ
ized and will soon be in operation. The former will
contain 10,500 spindles, and corresponding machinery
for making sheetings, and will employ about 375 opera
tives. The factory will be of stone 272 feet long, 65
feet wide, and four stories high. This building, with the
ware-house, superintendent's house, and twenty-five
boarding houses for operatives, all now in progress, will
occupy a lot of eight acres on the bank of the Ohio,
where the navigation is rarely interrupted, and within
one-third of a mile of an inexhaustible and rich coal
bed. The Indiana Cotton Mill is to contain, at present,
2,000 spindles, and will make coarse lickings and cPtton
flannel. Gen. C. T. James, of Providence, Rhode Island,
is the Contractor for these works, and A. McGregor, of
Newport, Rhode Island, the Engineer. The machinery
will be of the most perfect kind, from the establishment
of W. Mason & Co., Taunton, Mass.
This enterprise is intended to be but the beginning of a

354 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
movement which may result in giving the control of the
price of cotton to the country, where it is produced. It
may, too, operate as a check to over prod'hction, by giv
ing cotton planters other means of investment besides
lands and slaves, and it may result in changing the cha
racter of the present cotton manufacturing districts pf the
world, for the coal districts in the vicinity, and the fertile
and healthy regions around, present opportunities for the
increase of manufactures to an unlimited extent.; .The
wealth of Indiana may eventually be concentrated in
this part of the State, which was so long overlooked by
emigrants. The present improvements at Cannelton owe
their origin to Gen. Seth Hunt, of N. H., a man of sin
gular intelligence and energy, who, in connection with
Messrs. Hobarl, Williams and Russell, then wealthy capital
ists of Boston, formed the American Cannel Coal Company,
purchased the lands, and procured several entries to be
opened to the coal strata. If the respective companies
do not calculate on too large profits, and relying on
these, neglect the system, attention and economy which
manufiacturing establishments every where require, they
will scarcely fail of success. It is this neglect which has
occasioned so many failures in the efforts lo build up
manufactories in the west.
Perry, a northern township in Allen, population 675.
Perry, a northern township in Boone, population 620.
Perry, a western township in Clay, population 625.
Perry, a south-west township in Clinton, population
800. Pekry, a township in Delaware.
Perry, a norlh-west township in Lawrence, popula
tion 1,800.
Perry, a southern township in Marion, population
2,200. Perry, a western township in Martin, population
1,200. ^ ^
Perry, a northern township in Miami, population 930.
Perry, a southern township in Monroe, population

,iiifflMMi,/ii(iWi,iiiii!llii{)]jy,;iiiM^^

ll!!|iiii

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 357
Perry, a western township in Noble, population
1,200. ^ ^
Perry, an eastern township in Tippecanoe, popula
tion 700.
Perry, a western township in Vanderburgh, popula
tion 500.
Perry, a north-west township in Wayne, population
800. Perrysburgh, a small town in the north-west part of
Miami county.
Perrysville, the largest town in Vermillion county,
is situated on the west bank of the Wabash, fourteen
miles north of Newport. It was laid out in the year
1825, by James Blair. It contains a steam mill, two
churches, and is a good business point from its connec
tion with a rich country back of il, and with the Wa
bash and Erie Canal, from which there is a side cut lo
this place.
Peru, the Seat of Justice of Miami county, is situated
near the centre of the county, on the north bank of the
Wabash and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 68 miles
north of Indianapolis, 60 west south-west of Fort
Wayne, and the same distance east north-east of La
fayette. It was laid out in 1825, by the late Judge
Hood. It now contains six churches, one each for the
Methodists, Baptists, Episcopalians, Catholics, Old School
and New School Presbyterians, over 200 houses and about
1,500 inhabitants. The fine country around Peru, and
the enterprise of its citizens, which is doing much to
complete the Railroad from Indianapolis ' to this place,
must make it an important point.
Pete Cornstalk, a small stream in Howard county.
Petersburgh, the Seat of Justice of Pike county, is
situated one mile south of While river, and four and
a half miles below the junction of the east and west
forks. It was laid out in 1817, and named after Peter
Brenton, who made the principal donation for the pur
pose of obtaining the County Seal. The first settlers
were John Mclntire, Thomas C. Stewart, Peter Brenton,

358 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Thomas Mead, Thomas Case, John Finn, and others. It
contains seven stores, two groceries, three taverns, two
churches, 100 dwelling houses, of which five only are
brick, and a population of 450. The situation is a very fine
one, on an oval, elevated plain, on the east side of Pride's
creek, and the country around is very fertile. Peters
burgh is UO miles south-west of Indianapolis, 20 south
east of Vincennes, and 19 north-east of Princeton.
Phelp's Branch, a small stream in Pulaski county.
Philadelphia, a small town on the National road, at
the crossing of Sugar creek, in Hancock county, four
and a-half miles west of Greenfield.
Philomath, a small town in the north-west corner of
Union county, laid out in 1833, by J. Kidwell and J.
Adams, where they attempted for several years to sus
tain a Universalist College and Press, for the dissemina
tion of their sentiments. The attempt proved a failure,
for the Press has been removed, and the College aban
doned. PiERsoN, the name of a township and prairie in Pu
laski county.
Pigeon Creek, or Big Pigeon, as it is often called, is a
considerable water course and valuable mill stream,
which rises near Princeton, runs south then soiith-west
through Gibson, Warrick and Vanderburgh, and falls into
the Ohio at Evansville.
Pigeon, a southern township in Vanderburgh, popula
tion 5,500.
Pigeon River, rises. in Steuben county, and runs west
north-west through Lagrange into Michigan, where it
falls into the St. Joseph. It is a valuable mill stream,
and being fed from small lakes, has a sufficient supply of
water at all times. lis course is serpentine, and il is not
navigable. Pigeon Roost, a creek tributary to Slucker's fork, in
Scott county, and a settlement near it, where a massacre
by the Indians look place in 1812. See Hiistory in first
part. Pike County, organized in 1817, was named in honor

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 359
of Gen. Z. M. Pike, who fell at the capture of York,
April 27, 1813. It is bounded north by White river,
which separates it from Knox and Daviess, east by Du
bois, south by Warrick and Gibson, and west by Gibson,
and it contains 337 square miles. The civil townships
are Jefferson, Washington, Madison, Clay, Patoka, Mon
roe and Logan. The population in 1830 was 2,464, in
1840, 4,769, and at this time about 6,500. The face of
the country is either level or gently rolling. In the west
ern part of the county the soil is generally a rich, dark
loam, with a mixture of sand, and the large bottoms,
which compose about one-sixth of the county, are as fer
tile asiany part of the Stale, and probably no larger
crops of eom are raised in any part of the west. Wal
nut, hickorj', peccan, poplar, cottonwood, ash and elm
are the prevailing limber. In the eastern part of the
county there is more sand, tbe soil is much poorer, and
the prevailing timber is oak, hickory, gum, sassafras and
dogwood. The surplus products are corn, wheal, oals,
pork, beef, horses, the annual value of which is estimated
at $150,000.
There are in the county five saw mills, six grist mills,
one carding machine, sixteen stores and groceries, three
lawyere, ten physicians, eight preachers, two Methodist,
one Cumbeiland Presbyterian and three Baptist Churches,
and two others which are used in common by different
denominations. The different mechanics are blacksmiths
five, carpenters thirteen, masons four, coopers four, wa-
gpn-makers four, tanners three, saddlers two, millwrights
two, carders and tinners one each. There is a great
abundance of good coal in the county. Water power
for mills is deficient, but both While river and Patoka
may at times be navigated, and the Canal, which will
soon be completed, ought to encourage great and rapid
improvements. The lands subject to taxation amount to 88,900 acres,
and 123,000 acres still belong lo the United States.
Two miles south-west from Petersburgh is a mound
apparently artificial, which is about 70 feet in height, 20

360 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
or 30 feet across the top, and so steep that wagons can
with difficulty ascend it. It is apparently an Indian
place of burial, for human bones in great abundance are
found here. It is now used by the whites for a burying
ground. Pike, a north-west township in Marion, population
2,000. Pike, a western township in Ohio county, population
550. Pike, a central township in Warren.
Pike Creek, a mill stream in Delaware county.
Pine, a north east township in Benton, population
300. Pine Lake, a beauliful sheet of water one mile north
west of Laporte, two and a-half miles in length, and one
and a-half in breadth.
Pine Creek rises in the north part of Marshall and
runs north-west into the Kankakee.
Pine Creek, an excellent mill stream in Warren coun
ty, rises in Benton and runs south into the Wabash op
posite to Attica. It has high banks covered with pine
and cedar, and abounding with coal, and its numerous
rapids furnish many good sites for water works.
Pine, a northern township in Warren.
Pipe Creek, an excellent mill stream, with a rapid
current and good banks, rises in Miami and runs north
west into the Wabash seven miles above Logansport, in
Cass county.
Pipe Creek, a mill stream, rises in the north part of
Madison and runs south-west into Hamilton, and falls
into White river a short distance west of the county
line. Pipe Creek, a western township in Madison.
Pittsborough, a small town in Hendricks, eight miles
.;north-east of Danville, and 19 norlh-west of Indianapo
lis. Il was named from the County Seat of Chatham,
N. C, from which the proprietor emigrated.
Pittsburgh, a small town on the west bank of the
Wabash, at the feeder dam in Carroll county. It is- well

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 361
situated for manufactures, and contains a foundry, a
woollen manufactpry, and several valuable mills.
Plain, an interior township in Kosciusko.
Plaineield, a small town in Hendricks county, on
the National road, at the crossing of White Lick.
Platt's Creek, in the south part of Dubois, runs west
into the Patoka.
Pleasant, a southern township in Allen, population
260. Pleasant, a northern township in Grant, population
650. Pleasant, a northern township in Johnson, population
800. Pleasant, an eastern township in Laporte, population
715. Pleasant, a southern township in Porter, population
300. Pleasant, a north-west township in Switzeiland
county. Pleasant Garden, a small town on the National road
in Putnam county, nine miles south-west of Greencastle.
Pleasant Hill, a beautifully situated town with about
40 houses, 13 miles north-west of Crawfordsville, on the
road to Attica-
Pleasant Run, a north-east township in Lawrence,
population 1,320.
Pleasant Bun rises in the east part of Marion, and
runs south-west into White river, three, miles below Ih-
dianapolis. Pleasantville, a small town in Carr township,- Jack
son county, 12 miles west of Brownstown.
Plum Creek, a small stream in Switzerland county,
that falls into the Ohio two miles above Vevay.
Plummer, an eastern township in Greene, population
1,750. •
Plymouth, the Seat of Justice of Marshall county, is
pleasantly situated on the north bank of Yellow river,
25 miles from its junction with the Kankakee, and on
the Michigan I'oad 42 miles north of Logansport, and 24
24

362 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
south of South Bend. It was first settled in 1834, by
Grove Pomroy, M. Coe and U. Metcalf. It now con
tains good county buildings, seven stores and groceries,
one Presbyterian Church, 51 houses and 300 inhabitants;
and as the county, which has naturally great advantages,
improves, Plymouth must become an important town.
Point, a township in Posey, which includes the tongue
of land between the Wabash and the Ohio just above
their junction. It is the most southern point in the
Slate. Point Commerce, a small town in the north part of
Greene, at the junction of Eel and White rivers, popu
lation 150.
Poison Creek, a good mill stream in Perry county,
running south into the Ohio four miles above Rome. Its
name is derived from the prevalence of the Milk-Sick
ness in its vicinity.
Polk, a south-west township in Huntington, popula
tion 300.
Polk, a north-West township in Marshall, population
225. Portage, a northern township in Porter, population
200. Portage, a central township in St. Joseph, also the
name of a fine prairie in same coiinty, containing about
7,000 acres.
Porter County, organized in 1836, was named in
honor of Commodore David Porter, of the United Slates
Navy. It is bounded north by Lake Michigan, east by
Laporte, south by the Kankakee, which separates it from
Jasper, and west by Lake county. Its average length is
35 miles, and the breadth 15 miles. The names of the
several townships are Westchester, Jackson, Liberty and
Portage, in the north ; Washington, Centre, Union and
i'orter, in the centre ; and Pleasant, Morgan and Boone,
in the south. The population in 1840 was 2,162; it is at
this time about 5,000. The surface pf the ccuntry is
gently undulating. About one-fourth of the county is
limbered with oak, walnut, poplai;, pine, maple, butternut

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 363
and beech, one-third barrens, and the remainder prairie
and bottom land. Except near Lake Michigan and the
marshes of the Kankakee, the general character of the
soil is gppd, and. best adapted to wheat, oats, corn and
grazing. There are in the county three grist mills, eight saw
mills, one carding and one fulling mill, a printing oflice,
four lawyers, ten physicians, nine preachers, and the
usual prpportion of carpenters, blacksmiths, wagon-
makers, tailors, shoemakers, &c. There are several
small lake^ in the county, among which are Flint, Spec
tacle and Eliza Lakes. The taxable land amounts to
155,380 acres.
Porter, a central township in Porter county, popula
tion 650.
Portland, a small town in Fountain county, on the
east bank of the Wabash, seven miles north of Cov
ington. Portland, the County Seat of Jay, is situated on the
north side of the Salamonie, near the centre of the
county. It was first settled in June, 1837, by H. H.
Cuppy, G. Hanna, D. W. McNeil, and others. It con
tains 60 houses and a population of 300. It is 95 miles
north-east of Indianapolis, 45 north of Richmond, and
50 south of Fort Wayne.
Portland, a small town in Hancock, on the National
road, eight miles east of Greenfield.
Port Royal, a small town at the bluffs of White
river, in the north-east corner of Morgan, 14 miles north
east of Martinsville.
Port Mitchell, the former Seat of Justice of Noble
county, is situated in York township, on the south branch
of Elkhart river. It has good mill privileges, and con
tains a population of 200.
Posey County, prganized in 1814, was named in hp-
nor of Gen. Thomas Posey, who was appointed Gover
nor of the Indiana Territory to succeed Gen. Harrison.
It is the extreme south-west county in the State, con
taining about 420 square miles, and is bounded on the

364 INDIANA GAZETTEER!
north by Gibson, on the east by Vanderburgh, on the
south by the Ohio, and oh the west by the Wabash.
Posey is divided into thefollpwing tPwnships, viz: Ppint,
Black, Marrs, Robinson, Lynn, Harmony, Bethel, Smith
and Robb. The population in 1830 was 6,883, in 1840,
9,683, and at this time about 13^000. The surface of
the country pn the Ohio and Wabash, with the eifception
of the bluffs commencing at Mount Vernon and extend
ing four miles belowj is flat bottom land, subject to yearly
overflows, varying from a half to two miles in width.
The bottom near New Harmony is about three miles
wide. The interior of the country is undulating or roll
ing, and some parts are comparatively hilly, but upon
the whole, lies remarkably weU, for all agricultural pur
poses. The only prairie in the county is about three
miles in length and one in breadth, and thjere are, pro
perly speaking, no barrens, though the soil is thin in
places, and near the junction of tbe rivers there are so
many ponds and so much low ground that il cannot be
improved to advantage. The bottom lands comprise
about a sixth, and the forest lands three-fifths of the
whole. The soil, in the bottoms, is a rich, sandy loam,
formed from the deposit of the rivers ; that in the inte
rior is mostly a dark, rich loam, re.sting upon a yellow
clay formation. It is best adapted to corn and grass,
though fine crops of wheat, oats, &c., are annually raised
in various portions of the county. The timber is mostly
of a good quality, consisting of the different kinds of oak,
walnut, poplar, cherry, ash, pecan, hickory, beech and
sugar, and coal is found in abundance. The surplus ar
ticles ekported are estimated at $350,000 annually, and
they consist of about2,000,000 lbs. of pork, 600,000 bushels
of corn, live stock, and such other agricultural products
as are common in the west.
There are in the county 28 mills, four distilleries doing
a large business, two printing offices, a well managed
County Seminary, district schools in most of the districts,
nine lawyers, 18 physicians, 10 preachers, and the usual
proportion of mechanics. Working Men's Institutes

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 365
have been established, at Mount Vernon and New Har
mony. The latter is liberally endowed and has a fine
library. Lectures upon scientific subjects are delivered
at stated times to the members, and occasionally to the
public generally. Mr. McClure and the Owen family
hiive done much to promote the prosperity of this society.
The taxable land amounts to 195,807 acres.
, About two miles above Mount Vernon, on the river
bluff, are several mounds covering from one-fourth to
one acre each, and from 15 to 60 feet: in height, which,
when opened, are found to contain human bones, and In
dian pipes and weapons. On the Wabash, 12 miles from
its mouth, is a mound called the "Bone Bank, in which
have been found Indian vases, urns, and detached bones
of the Mastodon, or some animal of immense size.
Three miles above Mount Vernon and two from the
Ohio, is a causeway over two miles in length and several
feet in height, now used as a part of the public highway,
which is evidently the work of a generation long since
passed away. Some suppose it to have been designed
for a fortification, and the formation favors the opinion.
At any rate, it must have required much time and im
mense labor for its construction.
There is a large amount of bottom, lands on the Ohio
and Wabash, which are so low that they have been con
sidered of little Value, but the most of them will here
after be dyked and become very valuable, and at no dis
tant day, Posey will be one of the richest counties in the
stale. Posey, a western township in Clay, population 900.
Posey, a north-west township in Fayette, population
1,250. Posey, a northern township in Franklin, population
1,100. Posey, a south-east township in Harrison, population
1,300. Posey, a western township in Rush, population, 900.
PosEY, an eastern township in Switzerland.
Posey, a township in Washington.

366 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Poseyville, a small town in Rpbb township, Posey
county, near the Gibson line, population 100.
Potato Creek, a mill stream in Montgomery county.
Potato Creek, a mill stream in the southern part of
St. Joi9eph, runs west into the Kankakee.
Pottawatamies, the name of a tribe of Indians which
once inhabited the north part of the Stale. The name
is said to be derived from the Indian word Puttawah,
which means "the inflation of the cheek in the act of
blowing a fire," and "mi," which means Nation, or "fire
makers," so called from their building a council, fire on
meeting with the Mianiies in 1748.
Prairie Creek, a tributary of Sugar creek, in Boone
county, runs north-west near Thorntown.
Prairie Creek, a mill stream in Daviess county, rises
near the eastern part and runs westerly into the west
fork of White river.
Prairie Creek, a tributary of White river from the
south, in the east part of Delaware county.
Prairie Creek, a small stream in Howard county.
Prairie, a township in Kosciusko.
Prairie Creek, a mill stream in the south part of
Vigo. Prairie Creek, a southern township in Vigo, popula
tion 1,000.
Prairie, a south-east township in White, population
650. . Prairieton, a small village in Vigo, pleasantly situ
ated on the borders of Honey Creek prairie, seven miles
south south-west of Terre Haute. '
Prairieville, a small town in Clinton cpunty, 10 miles
south-west of Frankfort, on the State road from Indian
apolis to Lafayette.
Preble, a north-west township in Adams, population
625. Pretty Prairie, the name of small prairies in Black
ford, Lagrange and Tippecanoe Counties.
Princeton, the County Seat of Gibson, named after

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 367
the Hon. Wm. Prince, was first settled late in 1812 or
the first of 1813, by Gen. Evans, Judge Prince, Bazil
Brown, Gen. Wilson, Col. Hargrove, Major Robb and
the Messrs. Jones, Stockwells and Shannons. It now
contains 12 stores, two groceries, good county buildings,
a Seminary for boys and another for girls, five churches,
one each for the Covenanters, Presbyterians, Cumberland
Presbyterians, Associate Reformed and Methodists. The
population is about 800. The situation is a very fine
one, and the country around generally first rate farming
land. Princeton is situated in latitude 38 deg. 31 min.
north, and in longitude 10 deg. 30 min. west, being 28
pniles north of Evansville, the same distance south of
Vincennes, and 150 south-West of Indianapolis.
Princeton, a western township in While, population
200. Pulaski County, organized in 1839, was named after
the celebrated Polish soldier. Count Pulaski, who failing
to sustain the independence of his own country, came to
this, during the revolutionary war, was appointed a Bri
gadier General, and fell mortally wounded in the attack
on Savannah in .1779. Itis bounded north by Stark,
east by Fulton, south by Cass and White, and west by
Jasper, and contains 432 square miles, being 24 miles
from east to west and 18 from north to south. The civil
townships are Monroe, Beaver, Tippecanoe, Harrison,
Whitepost, Van Buren, Indian Creek and Salem. The
population in 1840 was 561. It is ^t this time about
2,500. The surface of the country is mostly level,
though in several parts of the county there are ridges of
low, sandy hills. About one-half the county is prairie,
the other half barrens or oak openings, though portions
of it have a very heavy growth of the various species of
oak timber. A few of the bottoms of the Tippecanoe
and other streams have small, groves of walnut, sugar
and white maple, aqd the soil is fpund to be well adapted
to the growth of most kinds of fruit trees; but in early
times, the traveller saw no forest trees but oak and hick
ory, and these were either thinly scattered over the bar-

368 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
reus, looking like the remnants of' old orchards, or col
lected in beautiful groves, in which every tree could be
made into rails. An arm of the Grand Prairie extends
several miles into the south-west corner of the county.
The other principal prairies are Fox Grape, Drye, North
Western, Oliver's, and Pearson's- The wet prairies are
favorable for grazing, and when drained will produce
large crops of grass, the diy prairies and barrens are
mostly black loam, mixed witb sand, and occasionally a
good deal of marl, and are well adapted to wheat, oats,
vines and corn. The surplus products at present are
wheat and oats, which, with live hogs and fat cattle, are
taken either to Chicago or lo Logansport to market.
The wheat is estimated at 15,000 bushels, hogs 1,000,
cattle 1,000, horses 100, worth about $25,C0O annually.
There are in the county three grist mills, three saw
mills, two dry gopds stores, one grocery, one lawyer,
three physicians, one Methodist and three Christian
preachers. The taxable land in the county amounts to
43,697 acres. Near Winamac, the Seat of Justice, was
the residence of the Indian chief of that name. Here
still are the fields where the Indians cultivated their corn
and the caves where they concealed it, and in this neigh
borhood were the squaws and children under the care of
Winamac during the battle of Tippecanoe.
Putnam County, named in honor of Gen. Israel Put
nam of the revolution, was organized in 1822. It is
bounded on the north by MontgPmery', Pn the east by
Hendricks and Morgan, on the south by Owen and Clay,
and on the west by Clay and Parke. It is 27 miles in
length from north to south, and 18 miles in breadth, and
contains 486 square miles. The civil townships are
Russel, Franklin, Jackson, Clinton, Monroe, Floyd, Madii-
son, Greencastle, Marion, Washington, Warren, Jeffer
son and Cloverdale, of which the first nine contain 36
square miles each, Warren and Jefferson 30, Washing
ton 54, and Cloverdale 48. The pppulation in 1830 was
8,195, in 1840. 16,843, and at this time about 21,000.
The surface of the country in the northern and east-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 369
em parts of the county is either level or slightly undu
lating, and until it is cleared up and improved incHnes to
be wet In the centre and south-west it is more rolling,
and in the vicinity of the streams is in places quite hilly;
yet but few of the hills are too steep to be cultivated.
The prevailing timber is beech, sugar, walnut, ash, oak
and poplar. The spil is in general a black loam, but in
some parts clayey and calcareous. It is well adapted to
wheat, grass, corn, fruit, hemp, and most articles usually
farmed in the west, and perhaps no body of land of
equal extent in the State is superior to Putnam county,
taking into consideration all its advantages of timber,
soil, springs of water, quarries of lime-stone, running
streams, and healthy situation. The hogs driven to
market in 1848 were ascertained to be 18,698, which,
with bacon, flour, wheat* fat cattle, horses, mules, and
other articles taken to market would make the value of
the exports at least $250,000 a year.
There are in the county 21 saw and grist mills in con
junction, 17 of the former and eight of the latter sepa
rate, seven carding machines, 43 stores, seven groceries,
two distilleries, nine lawyers, 34 physicians, 44 preachers,
214 mechanics of the trades most in demand, 29 Metho
dist, 15 Baptist, 12 Christian and five Presbyterian
Churches. As to Education, see Asbury University in the first
part of this Bpok, and Greencastle.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 286,000
acres. Putnamville, a pleasantly situated town on the Na
tional road, in Putnam county, 40 miles from Indianapo
lis, 30 from Terre Haute, and five south of Greencastle.
It was laid out in 1831, by James Townsend, and con
tains about 50 houses and 300 inhabitants.
QuERcus Grove, a small town in Switzerland countyj
12 miles north-east of Vevay, sometimes called the
"B.-iRK Works." it was first s'ettled in 1816, by Daniel
D. Smith, and others, who commenced grinding and pack
ing oak bark in hogsheads to send to England for color-

370 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
ing matter. The experiment proved a failure, and was
soon abandoned.
Quigley's Branch, a small stream in Pulaski countyi
Rackoon, or Big Rackoon, a fine mill stream which
rises in the south-west corner of Boone, and runs through
Montgomery, Putnam and Parke into the Wabash. Its
whole length is about 70 miles, and the country watered
by it is not surpassed in fertility of soil, quality of tim
ber, and beauty of situation, by any part of the State.
Fifteen miles from its mouth, it receives Little Rackoon
from the north, which is about 30 miles in length* and, is
also a valuable mill stream. The flouring mills on Big
Rackoon, at Armiesburgh, Roseville, the Portland mills,
and Crosby's & Mulligan's mills, are among the best in
the Stale.
R.ACKOON, a township in Parke, population 1,200.
Rackoon Creek, rises in Monroe, runs west into Owen,
and falls into White river near the south line of the
county. There ^re four grist and four saw mills on this
stream in Owen county.
Rainesville, named after the proprietor, Isaac Raines,
is a small town in Warren county, on Big Pine creek, 12
miles north of west from Williamsport
Randolph County, organized in 1818, is said to have
been named, at the request of the settlers, after the
county in North Carolina from which they had emigrated,
though it is said- also that the name was given in honpr
pf Thomas Randolph, Esq., Attorney General of the
Territory, who was killed in the battle of Tippecanoe.
It is bounded north by Jay, east by the State of Ohio,
south by Wayne, and west by Henry and Delaware. It
contains about 450 square miles. The civil townships
are White River, Jackson, Ward, Green, Monroe, Stony
Creek, Nettle Creek, West River, Washington, Green's
Fork and Wayne. The population in 1830 was 3,912,
in 1840, 10,392, and at this time about 14,000. The
surface of the country is nearly level, and portions of it
are, at times, wet and marshy, so thai it would seem to
be low, though in reality it must be about the highest

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 371
land in the State, for in or near Randolph county, the
head waters of the Big Miami, White Water, Blue river,
While river, the Mississinewa, the Salamonie, Wabash,
and St. Mary's, all running in different directions, take
their rise.
There are no barrens and but few prairies, all which
are wet, in the county. The timber is of an average
quality, the soil well adapted to be farmed in grass and
small grain, and parts of the county are suitable for
corn. There are in the cpunty 14 grist mills, 20 saw mills,
prppelled by water and three by steam, five carding ma
chines, one printing office, the usual proportion of me
chanics and professional men, and two Baptist and eight
Methodist churches.
The taxable land amounts to 280,000 acres. There
is to be seen on the land of W. M. Way, near Winchester,
a regular built earth wall, enclosing about 20 acres of
land, with a high mound in the centre, and the appear
ance of a gale at the south-west corner.
Randolph, a south-east township in Ohio county, pop
ulation 4,000.
Randolph, a southern township in Tippecanoe, pppu
lation 1,300.
Rattlesnake Creek, a mill stream in Owen county,
with two grist and three saw mills on it. It falls into
White river from the nprth, four miles below Spencer.
Rattlesnake Creek, a mill stream in Carroll county,
running into the Wabash opposite to Tipton's port.
Ray, a western township in Franklin, population
1,050. Ray, a south-west township in Morgan, population
950. Raysville, a small town on the National road, west
side of Blue river, in Henry county. It has fine and
well improved water power in its vicinity ; population
200. Redding, a northern township in Jackson, population
1,700.

372 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Reddington, a small town in Jackson county, 16
miles north-east of Brownstown, and nine south-west of.
Scipio. Redwood, a mill stream in Warren county, that fails
into the Wabash from the north, nine miles below Wil
liamsport. Reeve, a south-east township in Daviess, population
750. Renssellaer, the County Seat of Jasper, is situated at
the rapids of the Iroquois, on the south-west side, in
Sec. 30, T. 29, R. 6., being about 40 miles north north
west of Lafayette. It contains three stores, two physi
cians, one lawyer and 15 dwelling houses.
Republican, a western township in Jefferson county.
Reserve, a township in Parke, population 2,100.
Richland, a western township in DeKalb, population
400. RighlXnd, a northern township in Fountain, popula
tion 2,000.
Richland, a township in Fulton.
Richland, a north-west township in Grant, population
400. Richland, a township in Greene, population 1,600.
Richland, a south-west township in Jay, first settled
in 1835, by Josiah Wade, population 480.
Richland, a township in Madison county.
Ri;cHlaNd, a township on Eel river, in Miami county,
population 1,000.
Richland, a westem township in Monroe, population
1,350. Richland Creek, a mill stream which rises in Mon
roe and runs south-west through Greene, and falls, into
White river below Bloomfield.
Richland, a western township in Whitley, population
450. Richmond, the principal town in Wayne county, is
situated on the east bank of the east fork of White Wa
ter, on the National road, four miles from the Ohio line,
64 north-west of Cincinnati, six east of Centreville, and

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 373
68 east of Indianapohs. It was first settled in 1816, and
the proprietors were John Smith and Jeremiah Cox. In
May, 1833, Richmond contained 236 families and a pop
ulation of 1,740. In 1840, the population amounted to
2,070; at this time it is about 3,000. In Wayne town
ship, which includes Richmond, and mostly in or near
the town are 12 flouring mills, 11 saw mills, three oil
mills-, three cotton factories, four do. for the manufacture
of woollen goOds,on& paper mill doing a large business,
six carding machines, all propelled by water, also two
extensive foundries, and the manufacture of threshing
machines, carriages of all descriptions, and various kinds
of farming utensils is carried on extensively at Richmond,
so as to supply all the wants of a large and well im
proved tract pf cpuntry. Np tpwn in the State emplpys
more mechanical and manufacturing labor. There are
in the town two printing offices, two fire compa.nies and
engines, a branch of the State Bank, about 500 (Iwelling
houses, two large meeting houses for the Friends,
where they hold.their annual meetings,, two churches for
the Presbyterians, one for Episcopalians, Pne Methodist,
one Catholic, one Lutheran, and one for colored people.
The Friends' Boarding School in the vicinity, under
the control of the Orthodox Friends, is a flourishing in
stitution, where all the branches of a collegiate education
are taught. The late Dr. Ithamar Warner donated for
public use a brick building 70 feet long, 21 wide, and
three stories high, which is occupied by the moral and
literary societies of the place, and John Smith, one of the
proprietors, gave also, for public use, an acre of ground
and a brick building.
Riley, a township in Vigo, population 900.
Ripley County, organized in 1818, was named in
honor of Gen. E. W. Ripley, a distingushed officer of
the war of 1812. It is bounded north by Decatur and
Franklin, east by Dearborn and Ohio, south by Switzer
land and Jefferson, and west by Jennings, and it con
tains about 440 square miles. Il is divided into the fol
lowing townships, Adams, Laughery, Jackson, Otter

374 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Crfiek, Delaware, Franklin, Washington, Johnson, Shel
by and Brown. The population in 1830 was 3,957, in
1840, 10,392, and at this time about 13,000. The gene
ral surface of the country may be called level, exceipt
in the vicinity pf the water courses, where the hills are
abrupt and high. The bottom lands along Laughery and
other streams are rich, but they are generally small; the
uplands, when dry, usually produce well, and much of
them is based on beds of blue lime-stone, but large tracts
incline to be wet, and are adapted to grass only. The
surplus products are wheat, hay, hops* &c., which are
taken to the river towns for a market, and hogs, cattle,
sheep and horses, which are either sold at home or driven
to Cincinnati or Madison.
There are in the county 14 grist mills, five of which
are propelled by steam, the others by water, 29 saw mills,
11 of which are propelled by steam, 30 stores, 17 groce
ries, two printing offices, 12 lawyers, five botanical and
12 other physicians, 21 ministers of the gospel, one Uni
versalist, 13 Methodist, 11 Baptist and three Christian
churches. '
The taxable land amounts to 252,202 acres, and about
2,500 acres still belong to the United States.
Ripley Creek, a mill stream in Ripley county, which
runs into Laughery 10 miles north of Versailles.
Ripley, a township in Montgomery, population 1,050.
Ripley, a north-west township in Rush, population 1 ,600.
Rising Son, the Seat of Justice of Ohio county, is
beautifully situated on a high bank of the Ohio, 14 miles
by water below Lawrenceburgh, 50 above Madison, and
96 south-east of Indianapolis. It was first settled in
1814, by C, A. Craft, John James, A. C. Pepper, Henry
Wiest, J. A. Walton, N. Clark, P. Athearn, S. Hatha
way, Samuel Jelley, Hugh Espey, &c. Rising Sun con
tains about 400 dwelling houses, of which one half are
brick, the others frame, and 2,500 inhabitants. The pub
lic buildings are spacious and convenient churches, one
each for the Methodists,. New and Old School Presbyle-i
rians. Reformed Baptists and Universalists, good county

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 375
buildings, market house, and an incorporated Academy
in which 100 students usually attend. The manufactures
of Rising Sun are carried onto an extent highly creditable
to the enterprise of its citizens. They consist of a large
cotton factory, usually employing 100 hands, one wool
len factory, one iron foundry and finishing shop, and
one large distillery. The value of the manufactured ar
ticles is estimated at ,$90,000 annually.
Robb, a northern township in Posey county.
Robinson, an eastern township in Posey.
Rob Roy, a small town in Fountain county, 12 miles
north-east of Covington, on the south bank of Shawanee
creek. It is pleasantly situated and has very valuable
water power in its vicinity.
Rochester, the Seat of Justice of Fulton county, is
situated on the Michigan road, on the south bank of
Mill creek, 22 miles north of Logansport and 44 south
of South Bend. It was laid out in 1835, by A. Cham-
berlin and L. N. Bozarth. It contains three stores, two
taverns, two neat churches, an Odd Fellows' Hail, ex
cellent county buildings, 60 dwelling houses and 300 in
habitants. The situation is fine, the land near it is gopd,
and Mill creek affords valuable water power, both in and
adjoining the town, and Rochester must become an im
portant point.
Rochester, a small town in Highland township, Frank
lin county.
Rochester, a small town in the north-west corner of
Noble county, on Elkhart river. It has excellent water
power, a large manufactory of iron, at which about three
tons per day are made; population 100.
Rock Creek, a south-east township in Bartholomew,
populatipn 900.
Rock Creek, a fine mill stream in Carroll, which rises
in Cass, and runs north-west into the Wabash ten miles
above Delphi.^
Rock Creek, a mill stream in Huntington county.
ARocK Creek, a south-east township in Huntington,
population 400.

376 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
RocK Creek, a mill stream in Warren, runs south into
the Wabash, six miles below Williamsport.
Rock Creek, a western township in Wells county.
Rock Run, a mill stream which falls into the Elkhart
from the east, near Goshen.
Rockford, a flourishing village in Jackson county, pn
the east bank of White river, 11 miles north-east ,of
Brownstown. The rapids of the river at this place af
ford valuable water power, and the land in the vicinity
being among the most fertile in the Slate, an immense
amount of produce is shipped from this place. The
completion of the Jeffersonville Railroad to this point
will vastly increase its importance; population at this
time 200.
Rockport, the Seat of Justice of Spencer county, is
situated on a high bluff on the Ohio river, 140 miles
south south-west of .Indianapolis, 50 by water above
Evansville, and 150 below Louisville. It derived its
name from the hanging rock, known to boatmen as the
"Lady Washington Rock." It contains good county
buildings, a County Seminary, in which there are usually
SO students, a Methodist Church 80 feet by 40, 200
houses, only seven of which are brick, and 600 inhabit
ants. Rockville, the County Seat of Parke, is situated on
elevated ground near the centre of the county, eight
miles from the Wabash and 60 directly west of Indian
apolis. It is surrounded by an extensive tract of rich
and beautifully rolling land, now generally in a high state
of improvement, and some of the best farms in the State
are' in this vicinity. Rockville was first settled in
1823, by Gen. Patterson and Judge McCall. It contains
a flourishing County Seminary, a Female Seminary, two
printing offices, publishing weekly newspapers, five
churches, one each for the New School Presbyterians,
Old do., Methodists, Baptists, and Christians and 1*000
inhabitants. Rolling Prairie, a beautiful tract of land containing

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 377
near 30 sections, in the east part of Laporte county.
The name was derived from its undulating surface.
Rome, the Seat of Justice of Perry county, is situated on
theOhio river, 126miles south and 20 west of Indianapolis,
and about 100 miles belo w Louisville, and the .same distance'
above Evansville. Il was first settled in ISll, and con
tains in all 170 houses, of which only 20 are brick. The
public buildings are a Court House, Jail, and County
Seminaryi .
Root, a northern township in Adams, population
1,100. Roseville, a small town in Parke county, on Rackoon
creek, 10 miles south-west of Rockville. It has a fine
flouring mill and saw mill.
Ross, a north-west township in Clinton, population
1,100. RpssBtTRGii, a small town in Decatur county, nine
miles east of Greensburgh.
RossviLLE. a small town in Clinton* lOi miles north
west of Frankfort.
Royal Centre, a small town in Boone township, Cass
county. RoYALTON, a small town near the south line of , Boone,
on the Indianapolis and Lafayette Slate road, 14 miles
from the former and 48 from the latter.
Rush County, organized in 1822, was named in honor
of Dr. Benjamin Rush, at the suggestion of Dr. Laugh-
lin. It is bounded north by Hancock and tleniy^ east
by Fayette and Franklin, south by Decatur, and west
by Shelby and Hancock, Itis 23, miles in length from
north to south, and 18 in breadth, and contains 414
square miles. The civil townships are Ripley, Posey,
Wallier, Orange, Anderson, Rushyille, Jackson, Centre,
Washington, Union, Noble and Richland. The popula
tion in 1830 was 9,918, in 1840, 16,456, and alibis time
it is about 21*000.
The surface of the country is either nearly level, or
moderately rolling, though there are hills along'the prin
cipal streams, which in general are neither high nor ab-
25

378 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
rupt. There are no prairies or barrens, or in fact any
poor land in the county; about one-twentieth is river
and creek bottoms. The soil is principally loam bedded
on clay, with a mixture of ,sand, and il produces abun
dantly all the kinds of grain, grass and vegetables com
mon lo the climate, and no part of the Slate, of equal
extent, is superior in quality of soil, to the county of
Rush. The land was originally heavily timbered with
poplar, walnut, oak, ash, sugar, beech and hickory. The
surplus products taken to market are 35,000 hogs, 6,000
cattle, 1,200 horses, 500 mules, 30,000 barrels of flour,
100,000 bushels of wheat, and oats, corn and various
olher articles, estimated to be of the annual value of
$600,000. The canal in the valley of Whitewater, run
ning eight miles east of the count}', has done much tp
increase improvements, but there are now in progress
two railroads, one from Shelbyville to Rushville, the
olher from Shelbyville to Knightstown, both which will
be completed in a fevv months, and will add largely to
the wealth and prosperity of this part of the State.
There are in Rush county 15 grist mills, 20 saw mills,
five carding machines, two printing offices, 41 stores,
four groceries, three flourishing Academies, one the
County Seminary at Rushville, one at Farmin^ton, four
miles east, and one at Richland, eight miles south-east,
and schools are kept up in nearly every district from
three to twelve months in the year. There are eight
Presbyterian chucrhes, eight Methodist Episcopal, five
Baptist, 7 Reformers, one True Wesleyan, and one Radi-'
cal Methodist church. There are also in the county 10
lawyers, 21 physicians, 20 preachers, 200 carpenters, .50
brick and stone masons, 20 plasterers,, 25 saddlers, .50
tailors, 20 painters, 100 blacksmiths, 50 cabinet makers,
40 wagon makers, 10 coach makers, 20 millwrights, 100
weavers, 25 carders, 50 millers, 25 sawyers, 50 coopers,
15 wheelwrights, 20 chair makers, 60 shoe and boot
makers, 10 printers, three potters, 20 pump makers, five
gunsmiths, four silversmiths, three tinners, 25 tanners, 15
hatters, 20 engineers, and 35 milliners and mantuamakers.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 379
about 1,100 in all. Excellent county buildings to cost
$12,000 are now in progress. The taxable land amounts
to 251,645 acres.
Rush Creek, a small mill stream in the northwest
part of Washington county.
Rushville, the county seat of Rush, is situated near
the centre of the county on the northwest bank of Flat
Rock, forty miles southeast of Indianapolis, seventeen
west of Connersville, and seventy north-west of Cincin
nati. It was settled in 1821, by Drs. H. G. Sexton and
W. Laughlin, Joseph Nicholas, Stephen Sims and others.
It contains twenty-one stores, twenty-two mechanics'
shops, ih addition to thirty carpenters and masons, eigh
teen professional gentlemen, one merchant mill, two saw
mills, large and convenient churches for the Presby
terians, Baptists and Methodists, 222 dwelling houses,
and about 1,000 inhabitants.
Rushville, an interior tovvnship in Rush, population
2,900. RussEL, a north-west township in Putnam, six miles
square. RussELViLLE, a small town in the north-west corner
of Putnam, seventeen miles from Greencastle.
RussiAViLLE, a small town in Clinton, nine miles north
of Frankfort.
Rutherford, a south-west township in Martin, popu
lation 425.
Salamonie River rises in the sPuth-east corner of Jay
county, and runs north-west through Blackford, Wells,
Huntington and Wabash, and falls into the Wabash
River opposite to Lagro. Though at the junction it is
only about half the length of the Wabash, it is about as
wide and usually discharges about the same quantity of
water. It is an excellent mill stream but is not naviga
ble. Salem, a township in Delaware county.
Salem, a township in Pulaski.
Salem, the seat of justice of Washington county, is
beautifully situated in the centre of the county, on roll-

380 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
ing ground near the head waters of Blue River, ninety
miles south of Indianapolis, forty miles west and eight
south of Madison, and thirty-four north-west of IN ew
Albany, with which a Railroad, to connect it, is about
being completed. This town suffered severely with the
cholera in 1832, and for several years it did not improve,
but the moral, literary and enterprising character of its
citizens has been such as to make it one of the most
pleasant residences in the State, and important improve
ments have again commenced. The population is now
about 1,500. Salem was the residence of Judge Pdrke,
Christopher Harrison, J. H. Farnham and Gen. Depauw,
who during their lives possessed a large share of public
confidence, and contributed much to the promotion of
beneficial influences.
Salt Creek rises in the east part of Brown, runs west
into Monroe, then south-west through Lawrence, into
the East Fork of White River. It is navigable in high
water near thirty miles. It has several good mill seals,
and near it are salt springs, which have been worked lo
advantage. Salt Creek, a tributary of White Water from the
west, running through a part of Decatur and Franklin
counties. Salt Creek, an eastern township in Decatur, popu
latipn 1,050. - '
S.ALT Creek, a western tpwnship in Franklin, popula
tion 750.
Salt Creek, a north-west tPwnship in Jackson, pop
ulation 940.
Salt Creek, an eastern township in Monrpe, pppu
lation 900.
Salt Creek, a tributary of White River from the
south in Randolph county.
Saluda, a western township in Jefferson county and
the name of a Creek in the same quarter, that falls into
the Ohio.
Sand Creek in Indian, Laque-ka-ou-e-nek, which means
"water running through sand," rises in the centre of De-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. - 381
catur, runs south-west through Jennings, and falls into
the East Fork of White, River, forming for the last four
miles the boundary between, Bartholomew and Jackson.
It is about fifty miles in length, and for more than half
the distance is a good mill stream.
Sand Creek, a southern township in Bartholomew,
population 750.
Sand Creek, a southern township in Decatur, popu
lation 2,100. '
Sand Creek, a northern township in Jennings, popu
lation 650.
Sandersville, a small town in Vanderburgh, ten
miles north of Evansville.
Scipio, a northeast township in Allen, population 140.
Scipio, a small town in FiankUn county, eleven miles
east of Brookville,
SctPio, an interior township in Laporte, population
815. Scipio, on the east bank of Sand Creek, on the Madison
and Indianapolis Railroad, in Jennings county, nine
miles north-west of Vernon, contains about 200 inhabi
tants. It has a neat Catholic church, and much produce
is exported from this point.
Scotland, a small town in Greene county, ten miles
south of Bloomfield, population 100.
Scott County, organized in 1820, was named in
honor of Gen. Charles Scott, a distinguished officer in
the army of the Revolution, then in the Indian wars,
and afterwards Governor of Kentucky. Il is bounded
north by Jackson and Jennings, east by Jefferson, south
by Clark, and west by Washington, and the contents are
about 200 square miles.
The civil townships are Lexington, Vienna and Jen
nings. The population in 1830, was 3,097 ; in 1840,
4,242, and at this time about 5,500. The eastern part
of the county has the best soil and is either undulating
or rolling ; farther west there are beech and oak flats,
which are adapted only to grass ; a small part of the
west lies in the knobs and is very hilly. The prevailing

382 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
limber is beech, oak, hickory and gum.- The surplus
products are wheat, oats, corn, hay, beef, pork, and vari
ous kinds of marketing, which are sent either to the
Ohio River or to Louisville, and the agricultural im
provements are such as to be creditable to the. citizens.
There are in the county eight grist mills, ten saw mills,
two carding machines, ten stores, three groceries, four
lawyers, five physicians, and six preachers of the gospel,
andthere is a sufficient number of mechanics for the or
dinary wants of the people. Good building materials are
abundant In the vicinity of Lexington are numerous
salt springs, which supply small quantities of very salt
water. At one of them a well was bored thirty years
since to the depth of 700 feet, but a sufficient quantity of
water could not be obtained to manufacture salt to ad
vantage. The taxable land amounts to 92,255 acres. There are
about 30,000 acres of land in the county of very Uttle
value, which still belongs to the United States, though
the Railroad will now create a demand for its timber.
ScoTT, a north-west township in Kosciusko.
Scott, a southern township in Montgomery, popula
tion 1,100.
Scott, an eastern township in Vanderburgh* popula
tion 750.
Shankytank, a small stream in Rush county.
Shappel's Creek, a mill stream in Wabash county.
Shavetail, a mill stream in Delaware county.
Shawanee Creek, rises in the north-east corner of
Montgomery county, and runs west through Fountain
into the Wabash, 10 miles above Covington. It is an
excellent and unfailing mill stream, running rapidly and
never rising very high, and the mills erected on it, and
water power that may still be used, will compare favor
ably with any part of the Stale.
Shawanee, a large and rich prairie, now mostly under
cultivation, near the creek before named. The soil is
favorable for wheat, corn and grass.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 383
Shawanee, a township in Fountain county, popula
tion 1,370.
Shawswick, a central township in Lawrence, popula
tion 2,700.
Sheffield, an eastern township in Tippecanoe, popu
lation 1,900.
Shelby County, organized in 1822, was named in
honor of Isaac Shelby, an officer of distinction in the
Revolutionary war and. in that of 1812, and also Gover
nor of Kentucky. Il is bounded north by Hancock,
east by Rush and Decatur, south by Decatur and Bar-
thplpmew, and west by Johnson and Marion. It is 24
miles in length from north lo south, and 17 wide, and
contains 408 squar^ miles. It is divided into the follow
ing townships, viz: Jackson, Washington, Noble, Liberty,
Addison, Hendricks, Sugar Creek, Brandywine, Marion,
Union, Hanover, Van Buren and Moral. The popula
tion in 1830 was 6,294, in 1840, 12,004, and at this time
about 16,000. The county was originally level forest
land, with bottoms along the streams from half a mile lo
two miles in width, where there is generally an elevation
of from 20 to 40 feet. The soil in the bottoms is a rich,
dark loanti, with a mixture of sand. On the upland
there is more clay, covered with a dark muck, and mostly
requiring to be drained before it can be cultivated to ad
vantage. The timber most common in the bottoms is
Walnut, ash, hackberry, &c.; on the uplands, beech, oak
and hickory are predominant Shelby is becoming a
first rate farming county. It has an abundance of water
power, and the Railroads now in progress through it
must make it one of the best counties in the Slate. The
taxable land amounts to 254,541 acres.
Shelby, a north-east township in Jefferson.
Shelby, a southern township in Ripley, population
2,000. Shelby, a north-west township in Tippecanoe, popu
lation 700.
Shelbyville, the Seat of Justice pf Shelby county, is
pleasantly situated on the south-east bank of Blue river,

384' INDIANA GAZETTEER.
26 miles south-east of Indianapolis and 63 north-west of
Lawrenceburgh, 65 north north-west of Madison and 16
north north-east of Edinburgh. It has, 182_ dwelling
houses, of which 166 are frame, and 16 of brick; there
are 134 one story houses, 46 two story, and two three
story houses, U stores and groceries, 22 mechanics' shops,
two churches and two mills. The population is now
about 900, but the completion of the Railroad to Edin
burgh, and its extension to Rushville and Knightstown,
which is now in progress, give assurance that the town
will now increase rapidly in business and population.
Silver Creek, a mill stream which rises in the north
part of Clark county, and runs south into the Ohio one
mile above New Albany. It is the dividing line between
Clark and Floyd for about seven miles from its mputh,
Silver Creek, a western tpwnship in Clark, pppula-
tipn 800.
Silver Creek, an excellent mill stream in Union coun
ty, which falls into, the east fork of White Water from
the north-east, opposite to Dunlapsville.
Silver Creek, a tributary of Eel river from the north
west. In Wabash county.
Silver Lake is situated on the north side of Eel river,
in Wabash county: It is a beautful sheet of water, and
at its outlet there is an excellent mill privilege, on which
a good saw mill is in operation, and a flouring mill in
progress. SixMiLE Creek, a tributary of the Muscackituck from
the north, in the west part of Jennings county.
Sl.^te Creek falls into the east fork of White river in
the south-east corner of Daviess.
Slinkard's Creek, a mill stream in the south part of
Greene county, falls into the west fork of While river
from the east.
Smith, a north-west township in Greene, population
700. Smith, a north-east township of Posey.
Smith, a north-east township in Whitley, population

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 385
Smithfield, a northern township in DeKalb, popula.
tion 365.
Smithfield is in Delaware county, on the north bank
of White river, six miles east of Muncie. It contains a
grist and saw mill, a Methodist church, a slpre, several
mechanics' shppj, and a population of about 100.
Smother's Creek, a tributary of the west fork of
White river from the north-east, in Daviess county.
Smyrna, a small town in Decatur, eight miles south
east of Greensburgh.
Smyrna, a central township in Jefferson county.
Solomon's Creek, a small stream in Elkhart county.
Somerset, a small town on the Mississinewa, in Wa
bash county, on the Peru and Marion State road.
Sons of Temperance. — This order had its origin in the
City of New York, in the year 1842.
The various temperance organizations which had pre
viously existed having, to a great extent, performed their
missions, it was deemed necessary, in the judgment of its
founders; to embody in a more permanent and efficient
form the friends of the cause, by an organization found
ed upon the principles of total abstinence from all intoxi
cating drinks as a beverage, and to incorporate such ele
ments of power, and objects of benevolence, as would
secure its permanency and extend its usefulness.'
With this object in view, 16 active and experienced
temperance men met in Teetotalers Hall, in New York,
on the 29lh day of September, A. D. 1842, when a con
stitution was adopted, and other prehminary measures
were taken to commence active operations. So soon
as the form and principles of the order had been agreed
upon by its founders, it was presented to the public
and received with much enthusiasm by many friends
of the cause, and was hailed as being admirably adapted
to the wants of the temperance community.
Under the authority of this first division, many others
were organized in neighboring cities, and as the parent,
it became the head of the Order, from which has grown
up the present very extensive and powerful organization.

386 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
numbering, in North America, one National Division,
35 Grand Divisions, 4,398 Subordinate Divisions, and
about 250,000 members.
On the 15th of November, 1845, the first division was
organized in this State, Under a charter granted by the
National Division, and located at Brookville, under the
title of "Indiana Division, No. 1.," which was authorized
and empowered to grant charters for the organization of
new divisions in the Slate, by which nine additional di
visions were created, when it became lawful and neces
sary to organize a Grand Division.
On the 21st of March, 1846, the charter for this Grand
Division was granted by the National Division, and on
the 2d day of May ensuing, it was duly instituted at
Brookville by J. C. Vaughn, then acting as G. W. P. of
the Slate of Ohio.
Annual .meetings have subsequently been held at In
dianapolis, the chartered locality. E. H. Barry and C.
F. Clarkson of Brookville, L. J. Adams of Madison, and
William Hannaman of Indianapolis, have each, in the
precedence named, filled the chair of G. W. Patriarch.
The following statement will exhibit the progress of
the Order, under National jurisdiction, according to the
reports presented to the National Division at its last ses
sion, viz:
Initiated during the year, 111,520 members.
Cash received, - - - $716,583 09
Paid Ibr benefits, - - 200,886 68
Cash on hand, - - - 336,614 68
The quarterly returns from the Subordinate Divisions
of Indiana, for the quarter ending June 30, 1849, show
the following condition of the Order up to that period,
viz: Number of members, - - - 11,592
Receipts for quarter ending June 30, '49, $12,045 15
Paid for benefits, - - . . 3,779 61
Cash on hand,  2,0,294 27
Number of Divisions, 283.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 387
Cadets of Temperance. — The Juvenile Order of Ca^
dels of Temperance has for its object the organization of
the youth of the land, between the ages of 12 and 17,
into temperance societies, which shall be adapted, in their
spirit and exercises, to the age and comprehension of
those whom they are designed to embrace. The or
ganization, its features and ceremonies, bears great re
semblance to the Order of Sons of Temperance, and is
partly under the control of the latter body. The first
section of Cadets within the borders of the Stale of In
diana, was instituted at Vincennes, on the 3d day of
June, 1847, under a charter from the Grand Section of
Pennsylvania, then exercising the functions of supreme
head of the Order in the United Stales. This was fol
lowed by the organization of Marion Section, No. 2, at
Indianapolis, on the 3d of July following. Up^lo June
of the following year, eleven other Sections had been
organized, all of which obtained their charters from
Pennsylvania. On the 14lh day of June, 1848, the
Grand Section of Indiana was organized at Indianapolis
with power to issue charters for the subordinate Sec
tions, and perform all other acts previously pertaining to
the Grand Section of Pennsylvania, so far as relates to
the State of Indiana. Since that period, the progress of
the Order has been extremely rapid. From the time of
the introduction of the Order in the State, up to the
present period, seventy-four Sections have been organiz-
ed,^MJ- of which have since surrendered their charters ;
so that there are now seventy Sections in successful ope
ration in this State. The aggregate membership in these
Sections is estimated at 2,500. The Grand Section as
sembles annually at Indianapolis, in the month of Octo
ber. A. W. Morris, of Indianapolis, was the first Grand
Patron, and J. W. Duzan, of the same place, was the
first Grand Secretary. The present Grand Patron is
Rev. B. T. Kavanaugh, and the Grand Secretary, is
Henry Ohr, both of Indianapolis.
South Bend, the Seat of Justice of St. Joseph county.

388 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
takes its name from its situation on the river St. Joseph,
where, from a western coui'se, it turns north, and, after
running six miles,, passes into the Slate of Michigan 35
miles before it reaches the lake. The settlement of South
Bend commenced inthe spring of 1831, tho.ugh it, had
been previously an Indian trading post. L. M. Taylor
and A. Coquillard were among the first settlers. There
are now in town over 300 houses, mostly frame* and
1,600 inhabitants. The public buildings are four church
es, a County Seminary, good county buildings, and a
branch of the State Bank. There are also two merchant
mills which can make 150 barrels of flour each, per day,
one woollen factory, with a capital of 10,000 lo be in
creased to $50,000, an oil mill that manufactures 80 gal
lons a day, two establishments for building threshing
machines, three saw mills, one edge tool factory, a ma
chine shop, a carding machine, an establishment ibr mak
ing pegs, lasts, vaneering, lath, &c., all which are .pro
pelled by water power created by a dam in the St Jo
seph. South Bend is now improving more rapidly than
at any former period, and its fine situation, excellent
water power and the enterprise of its citizens, give assu
rance that it will be among the largest towns in northern
Indiana. South East, a township in Orange, population 1,300.
South Fork, a branch of Wild Cat, in Clinton and
Tippecanoe counties, which falls into the main stream
nine miles from its mouth. It is a valuable mill stream.
South Fork of Muscackituck, a mill stream that rises
near Napoleon, and joins with the north fork at Vernon.
SouTHPORT, a small town recently laid out on the
Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, six miles south of
Indianapolis. It contains Presbyterian and Methodist
churches, both neat buildings.
Sparrow creek, a tributary of the Mississinewa, in
Randolph county.
Sparta, a township in Dearborn, population 1,800.
Sparta, a western township in Noble, population 560.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 389
Spartanburgh, a small town in the south-east corner
of Randolph, first settled in 1831.
Spencer County, organized in 1818* was named in
honor of Capt. Spier Spencer, of Harrison county, who
fell in the battle of Tippecanoe. It is bounded north by
Dubois, east by Perry, south by the Ohio river, and west
by Warrick, and it contains 410 square miles. The civil
townships are Luce, Ohio, Grass,, Jackson, Hammond,
Huff, Harrison and Carter. The population in 1830 was
3,187, in 1840, 6,305, and at this time; about 9,000.
The south part of the county is level, the middle un
dulating, and the north-eastern hilly. The soil for the
most part is a rich black loarn with aU under soil of yel
low clay mixed with sand, i hough in places steep hills or
extensive flats do not; encourage agricultural improve
ments. The prevailing timber is oak, hickory, ash, pop
lar, black gum, walnut, sugar, beech, and sassafras, with
an undergrowth of dogwood, spice and pawpaw. Large
crops of corn are raised, on the extensive river bottoms,
and in the interior, corn, wheat, rye, oats, grass and to
bacco. There are in the county eight grist mills, eight
saw mills, thirty stoi'es, ten groceries, five warehouses,
one printing office, three lawyers, nine physicians* fif
teen preachers, and quite a small proportion of mechan
ics. The, surplus produce, consisting of corn, wheat,
hay, oats, tobacco, hogs, cattle and horses, is estimated
to be worth $150,000 annually. There is a great abun
dance of stone coal found in the county. The taxable
land amounts to 156,159 acres.
Spencer, a western township in Jennings, population
1,100. Spencer, the seat of justice of Owen county, is situ
ated on the we.«t bank of White River, fifty-four miles
south-west of Indianapohs, forty east south-east of Terre
Haute, thirty South of Greencastle, and sixteen west of
Bloomington. It was first settled in 1820, by John
Dunn, Philip Hart, and Richard Beem. It contains a
Methodist Church, a Christian Church, four stores, three
warehouses, eight mechanics' shops, and a population of

390 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
about 300. The country around Spencer is so 'fertile,
and its situation so favorable, that it must ere long in
crease in size and importance.
Spiceland, a southern township in Henry county.
Spice Valley, a south-western township in Law
rence, population 1,000.
Spring Creek, a tributary of Sugar Creek in the
north part of Boone county.
Spring Creek, runs south-east into the Wabash in
the north part of Vermillion.
Spring Creek, rises in Parke, and runs south-west
into the Wabash near the north line of Vigo.
Spring Creek, rises in the north part of Whitley, and
runs south into Eel River, one mile above Springfield;
Springfield, a northern township in Allen, popula
tion 265.
Springfield, an eastern township in Franklin* popu
lation 2,100.
Springfield, a small town in Clay township in Hen
dricks county. '
Springfield, an eastern township in Lagrange, popu
lation 700.
Springfield, a northern township in Laporte, popula
tion 750.
Springfield, the former seat of justice of Posey coun
ty, seven miles north of Mount Vernon.
Springfield, a small town in Whitley county, pn the
nprth bank of Eel River, ten miles south-west of Colum
bia. It was first settled in 1837, by Joseph Parrot, and
, others. Springhill, a small town in Decatur, eight miles
north-east of Greensburgh.
Spbingville, a pleasant town in Lawrence county,
nine miles north-west of Bedford, so called from a large
spring in the town. It was first settled in 1816, by Sam-^
uel Owens, James Garton, and John Gray. It contains
fifty houses, and 250 inhabitants.
Squirrel Creek, a tributary of Eel River from the
north in Miami county.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 391
Stafford, a south-west township in Greene, pppula
tion 400.
Stamper's Creek, an eastern township in Orange,
population 800. ,
Stanford, a small town in the south-east of Monroe.
Starke County, so named from Gen. John Starke,
the victor in the battle of Bennington, has never been
organized. It contains about 320 square miles, and is
situated mostly in the marshes of the Kankakee south of
Laporte, west of Marshall, north of Pulaski, and east of
Jasper. There is but a small portion of the county that
will be valuable, except for raising stock. It is attached
to Marshall for civil and election purposes. The popu
lation in 1840, was 149. It is now about 450.
Steel's Prairie, named from Ninian Steel, the first
settler, contains about 1,000 acres all in cultivation, is a
sandy, level tract of land in the western pai't of Daviess
county. Steele, a western township in Daviess, population
450. Sterling, a northern township in Crawford.
Steuben County, organized in 1837, was named in
hopor of Baron Steuben, a Prussian officer of distinc
tion, who joined the army during the Revolutionary
war, and was a very efficient disciplinarian. It lies in
the northreasl corner, of the Slate, being bounded north
and east by Michigan and Ohio, south by De Kalb, and
west by Lagrange, and it contains about 330 square
miles. The ciyil townships are Millgrove, Jamestown,
and Brookville, in the north ; Jackson, Pleasant, and
York, central tier; and Salem, Steuben, Otsego, and
Richland, in the south, commencing on the west in each
case. The population in 1840, was 2,578 ; at this time
it is about 6,000. About one half the county is timber
ed land, one-third is oak openings or barrens, and one-
sixth praiiie. The limber and prairie land is in general
equal in quality to any in the Slate. The barrens have
a poorer soil. The jprincipal surplus product is wheat,
of which 200,000 bushels have been exported in a year.

392 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
There are in the county nineteen saw mills,. five flouring
mills, the most of whicji make first rate flour; fifteen
dry goods stores, five' groceries, four lawyers, five physi
cians. School districts have been laid out; and houses
built in the most of them, where schools are taught a
portion of the year. The taxable land amounts to 169,-
077 acres. ' '
Steuben County was first settled in 1833, by emi
grants from Ohio, who located on Jackson prairie. The
increase' pf population and improvement has been stead
ily progressing since that time. Its beautifully diversi
fied woodlands, oak openings, and prairies, interspersed
with small clear lakes; present a great variety, of fine
scenery, which is not surpassed in any part of the west.
Steuben, a southern township in Steuben county, pop
ulation 525.
Steuben, a western township in Warren.
Stilesville, named after Jeremiah Stiles, the proprie-
lor,is situated on the east bank of Mill Creek -on the
National Road, twenty-seven miles south-west of Indian
apolis. It is a pleasant village containing about 300 in
habitants. • '
Stillwell Prairie, a rich tract of land in the south
part of Lapprle county, containing about twenty sec
tions. St. Johns, a small town in Lake county, in the centre
of a German Catholic settlement, six miles north-west of
Crownpoint, where they have erected a Chapel.
St. Joseph County, so called from the river which
passes through it, was organized in 1830. It is bounded
north by the State of Michigan, east by Elkhart, south
by Marshall, and west by Laporte, and it contains 477
square miles. The civil townships are Olive, Warren,
German, Portage, Green, Liberty, Madison, Penn, Cen
tre* Clay, and Harris. The population in 1830, was 287;.
in 1840, 6,425 ; and at this time about 12,000. Except
in the vicinity of the river, where the land is pleasantly
rolling, the balance of the county is only so far from a
level as lo afford good drainage. About one-half is bar-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 393
reus, or cak openings, one-third heavy timber, and the
other one-sixth is either wet or dry prairie. The soil in
the limber and prairies is equal in quality to any part of
the Slate, and in the hickory and burr oak barrens the
soil turns black and seems to become richer the lono-er it
is farmed. Wheat has been the principal crop, though
corn, oats, grass, fruit, vines, &c., are cultivated to ad
vantage. For manufactures see South Bend and Misha
waka, where the principal establishments are carried on;
and as to education, see the Notre Dame Catholic Col
lege in the first part of this Book.
There are in the county five grist niills, ten saw mills,
two oil mills, two woollen factories, 11 general assort
ment stores, two drug stores, three ware-houses, one
printing office, eight lawyers, ten physicians, six preach
ers of the gospel, and 218,623 acres of laxalDle land.
Iron ore of a good qualit}'^ is found in great abund
ance near Mishawaka and other parts of the county, and
marl* useful either for lime or as manure, may be found
in great quantities in most of the marshes, and occasion
ally in the timbered land.
St. Joseph will eventually be one of the richest and
most important counties of the Slate. Its fine soil,
abundant water power, valuable ores, the facility with
which good roads can be made, and the advantages of
the river navigation, are such as to encourage rapid im
provements. St. Joseph River, or the Big St Joseph, rises in the
Stale of Michigan, runs south-west into the Slate of In
diana, then north-west into the State of Michigan again,
and into the lake. Its course in this Slate is about 50
miles, and its width usually 100 yards. It is navigable
at least half the year.
St. Joseph, or Little St. Joseph river, rises in the south
east part of Michigan, runs south-west through the north
west corner of Ohio into this State, and unites with the
St. Mary's at Fort Wayne, where the two streams form
the Maumee, which then returns nearly in an opposite
direction to the former course, towards Lake Erie.
26

394 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
St. Joseph, a township in Allen county, population
525. St. Louis, a small town near Haw Creek, 11 miles
north-east of Columbus, population 75.
St. Louis, a small town on the Ohio river, in Perry
county, one mile above Cannelton, population 150.
St. Mary's River, rises in the Stale of Ohio, runs
norlh-west through Adams and Allen to Fort Wayne,
where it joins the St. Joseph and forms the Maumee.
St. Mary's, an eastern township in Adams, population
550. Stockton, a township in Greene, population 600.
St. Omar, a pleasant village on the Michigan road, in
Decatur county, nine miles north-west of Greensburgh,
population 350.
Stone Lake lies one mile west of Laporte, and covers
about 600 acres.
Stony Creek, a fine mill stream that rises in Madison,
runs south-west into Hamilton, and falls into While
river two miles below Noblesville.
Stony Creek rises in the north-east corner of Henry,
runs north into Delaware and then into Randolph,
where it falls into White river near the West line of the
county. Stony Creek, a north-east township in Henry.
Stony Creek, a western township in Randolph, popu
lation 1,000.
Stott's Creek, a mill stream that rises in Johnson,
and runs west through Morgan into White river, eight
miles above Martinsville.
St. Petersburgh, a small town in Pulaski, laid out
in 1848. >
Strait Creek, a tributary of Patoka from the south
east, in Dubois county.
Strawtown, a beautifully situated village on the south
east bank of White river, six miles above Noblesville,
vvith a population of 200. It was once a flourishing In
dian town, and its name is derived from a house in it
thatched with straw.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 395
Stucker's Fork, a southern branch of the Muscacki
tuck, and the principal mill stream in Scott county.
Sugar Creek rises in Benton and runs west into Illi
nois, where it falls into Iroquois river.
Sugar Creek, or Rock river, rises in the south-east of
Clinton and runs west and south-west ..through Boone,
Montgomery and Parke, falls into the Wabash five miles
above Montezuma. Its whole course is about 100 miles.
Sugar Creek, a north-west township in Boone, popu
lation 1,650.
Sugar Creek, a south-east township in Clinton, popu
lation 450.
Sugar Creek, a small stream in the south-east corner
of Daviess.
SudAR Creek, a fine mill stream, rises in Henry and
runs south-west through Hancock, Shelby and Johnson,
fcills into Blue river near the south line of the county,
one and a-half miles below Edinburgh.
Sugar Creek, a south-west township in Hancock,
population 500.
Sugar Creek falls into White river from the south, at
Lawrenceport Sugar Creek, a n,or^h-east tovvnship in Montgomery,
population 550.
Sdgar Creek, a north-east township in Parke, popu
lation 1,300.
Sugar Creek, a western township in Shelby, popula
tion 750.
Sugar Creek, a western township in Vigo, population
1,200. Sugar Creek rises in Illinois and runs south-east into
the Wabash, two miles below Terre Haute.
Sugar Lands, a fertile tract of country in Daviess
county, containing about 20,000 acres, lying north and
north-'west of Washington, named from the prevailing
growth of timber.
Sullivan County, organized in 1817, was named in
honor of Daniel Sullivan, who was killed by the Indians
on the road from Vincennes to Louisville, while carrying

396 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
an express, in the public service, between those places.
It is bounded north by Vigo, east by Clay and Greene,
south by Knox, and west by the Wabash, and it con
tains 430 square miles. The civil townships are Gill,
Turman and Fairbanks, on the Wabash; Curry, in the
north; Hamilton, in the centre; Jackson, in the north
east, and Haddon in the south-east. The population in
1830 was 4,696, in 1840, 8,315, and at this time about
10,500. The surface of the country is mostly level.
About one-twentieth of the county is river bottom, one-
sixth is prairie and barrens, the balance is uplands, tim
bered principally with oak, walnut, poplar, ash, pecan,
beech and sugar. The soil on the barrens is mostly
poor; on the prairie and timbered land it is rich and
well adapted to corn, wheat and grass. The surplus
products shipped down the Wabash and Bussero creek
are corn 150,000 bushels, wheat 20,000, oats 10,000, hay
100 tons, and 10,000 hogs, 1,500 cattle, and 600 horses
and mules, estimated at. $150,000 annually.
There are in the county 11 grist mills, nine saw mills,
four carding machines, 16 stores, four lawyers, 17 physi
cians, 20 preachers, 20 blacksmiths, 30 carpenters, 10
coopers, five saddlers^ 17 shoemakers, U Methodist, three
Presbyterian, two Baptist and three Reformers' churches.
The taxable land amounts to 168,129 acres, and about
70,000 acres still belong lo the United Slates, of which at
least half is of a vei'y poor quality.
The first settlement in the county was made near Car
lisle, in 1803, by Capl. Wm. Price, and next year came
the Ledgerwoods, Holders, Purcells, Haddons, Barrier,
(fee. Coal is found in abundance, and Sullivan ought lo
be among the richest counties in the State.
Sullivan, the Seat of Justice of the county of the
same name was laid out in 1842. It contains the Court
House, Jail, County Seminary, Churches for the Metho
dists and Reformers, and 400 inhabitants. It is 10 miles
north of Carlisle and 30 south of Terre Haute.
Swan, a south-east township in Noble, population
560. ^ ^

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 397
Swan Pond, a small lake near Washington, in Daviess
county, one and a-half miles long and half a mile wide.
It abounds with fish. It is fed by springs, and in high
water by White river.
Switzerland County, organized in 1814, derives its
name from a settlement of Swiss, who came within the
bounds of the present county in 1802, and commenced
the cultivation of the grape there. It is bounded north
by Ripley and Ohio counties, east and south by the Ohio
river, and west by Jefferson, and it contains about 225
square miles. The civil townships are Craig, Jefferson,
York and Posey, on the Ohio, Cotton in the north, and
Pleasant in the north-west. The population in 1830
was 7,111, in 1840,9,920, and at this lime is about 14,000.
As the Ohio river bprders pn the county 36 miles, there
are many large and fine bottoms which are mostly rich
and well cultivated. Back Of these for an average dis
tance of three miles, the river hills rise from 400 to 500
feet, and are interrupted at short distances by precipi
tous ravines. The timber and soil are, however, of a
superior quality, and where the hills are not too steep to
be farmed, first rate crops are produced. Farther back
from the river the ravines disappear, and a high table
land is reached, more clayey, yet well adapted to grass
and small grain, and with proper cultivation, suited lo
any crop common to the climate. There are some pf
the best farms in the Stale in Switzerland, and every
year large quantities of produce are shipped to the south
from the numerous landings on the river.
There are in the county 10 grist miUs, 15 saw mills,
of which about half are propelled by steam the others by
water, 40 stores, 20 groceries, 20 ware-houses, one print
ing office, 10 lawyers, 30 physicians, 25 preachers, and
the usual proportion of mechanics. In the towns there
are 12 Methodist churches, two for the Presbyterians,
two for the Baptists, and one for the Universalians, be
sides others in the country. The taxable land amounts lo
143,016 acres. There is none yet belonging to the
United States.

398 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
John James Dufour was the enterprising leader of the
Swiss Colony before referred to. By his indefatigable
exertions, a grant of land was procured from the United
Slates to him and his little colony on a long credit, and
by this means about 200 acres of land was procured for
each of the original settlers. They were industrious and
prudent, and they and their posterity have generally been
prosperous. See Vevay.
Sycamore Creek, a mill stream in Morgan county,
runs south into White river near Martinsville.
Tanners' Creek rises in the, north part of Dearborn
and runs south-east into the Ohio river near Lawrence
burgh. By following the bed of this creek, an easy access
for a railroad may be had to the table land in the interior
of the Slate.
Taylor, a southern township in Harrison, population
850. Taylor, an eastern township in Howard, population
300. Taylor, a northern township in Owen, first settled in
1818, by B. Truax, A. Cormack, D. Hartsock, and J.
Lockridge, population 600, contains 15 square miles.
Templeton's Creek, a tributary of the East Fork of
While Water, in Franklin county, from the north-east.
Terre Haute, the seat of justice of Vigo county,
situated on a high bank of the Wabash, from 50 to 60
feet above the river, and 15 or 20 feet above Fort Harrison
Prairie in the rear of the town. The name in French
means high /anrf,and the situation is a very pleasant one,
presenting fine views of the bottoms across the river, and
of the rich and well cultivated prairie on the east, 15
miles long and three wide. The site of Terre Haute was
purchased at the sale Of lands in 1816, and the town laid
out by an association of five individuals, viz: Messrs. C.
and T. Bullitt of Louisville, J. Lindley of Paoli, Gen.
Lasselle of Vincennes, and Maj. Markle of Ft. Harrison.
The population in 1830 was 600, in 1834 it was estima
ted at 900, and it is now abput 3,500. Ampng the public
buildings are spacipus and convenient churches, for the

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 399
Methodists, Congregalionalists, Presbyterians, Episcopa-
hans. Catholics, Baptists, Universalists, and Lutherans,
a fine court-house, a town hall, a branch of the State
Bank, a large and well finished county seminary, and
several spacious and well kept hotels, and the dwelling
houses amount to over 600, of which about one-half are
brick, and many are built with much taste. The retail
stores and groceries are about 60 in number, and at least
30,000 hogs are annually slaughtered and packed at Terre
Haute. The Wabash and Erie canal is now completed
to the town, and the railroad progressing with much
spirit towards Indianapolis and Richmond will add much
to its business and importance.
Thorntown, a pleasant village in Boone county, nine
miles norlh-west of Lebanon, on the rail-road route from
Lafayette to Indianapolis, 26 miles from the former and
36 from the latter. It was an Indian town in the centre
of the Thorntown or 10 mile reservation, first settled by
the whites in 1830. The population is now about 400.
It has four churches, one each for the N. S. Presbyterians,
0. S. Presbyterians, Methodists, and Christians. The
water power on Sugar and Prairie creeks, and the fine
soil in the vicinity must make Thorntown an important
point. Thorn Creek, a northern township in Whitley, popu
lation 300. It contains three lakes, covering near 1,000
acres of land, known as the Thorn Creek lakes.
Tippecanoe County, organized in 1826, was named
from the river of that name, and is bounded north by
White and Carroll, east by Carroll and Clinton, south by
Montgomery, and west by Fountain, Warren, and Ben
ton. It is 24 miles long from north to south, and 21
wide, and contains 504 square miles. The civil town
ships are Washington, Perry, Sheffielijl, and Laurimie on
the east, Tippecanoe, Wabash, Fairfield, and Randolph
through the centre, and Shelby, Wayne, and Jackson in
the west. The population in 1830 was 7,167, in 1840,
13,724, and at this time about 21,000.
The surface of the county in most parts of it is com-

400 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
paratively level, ^here are however along the Wabash
and its tributaries many ranges of hills from 50 to 200
feet in height, that spread out into table lands and present
much beautiful scenery. About 150,000 acres, or neariy
one-half the county, is prairie. Nearly one-tenth or
28,000 acres is bottom land, and the balance is timbered
upland, mostly of a good quality. The soil of the prairie
consists of a rich, black loam, from two to four feet in
depth, on a substratum of clay. The Wea plains and
Pretty prairie are however exceptions, for there the soil
is light and sandy, based on a bed of sand and gravel of
great depth. Some of the oak barrens have an inferior
quality of soil, but generally in the timbered lands it is
of an excellent quality. Agriculture is in a flourishing
condition. The prairies are mostly dry; many of them
are beautifully undulating. They are easily put into
cultivation, and adapted lo the use of labor saving ma
chines, for planting, mowing, reaping, raking, &c., and
large crops are raised with but htlle comparative trouble,
and the opening of the canal and improvement of the
navigation of the Wabash have created a regular demand
for the staples of the county, such as wheat, corn, oats,
pork, beef, &c. The surplus articles exported in a year,
of which about four-fifths come from this county, have
been estimated at $L073,000. They consisted of pork,
15,199 bbls; flour, 30,365; whiskey, 3,113; bacon, lard,
and bulk pork, 864,486 lbs.; wool, 71,706 lbs.; 810 tons of
hemp, hay and miscellaneous freight; 377,900 bushels of
wheat, 874,106 of corn, 32,350 of oats, 16,599 of rye,
flaxseed, &c., 1,200 head of cattle, 300 sheep, and 325
horses and mules.
There are in the county 13 merchant mills, six grist
mills, 20 saw mills, four woolen factories, two paper
mills, three printing offices, two foundries, 84 stores, 14
warehouses, two packing houses, two slaughtering houses,
28 lawyers, 53 plysicians, 37 preachers of the gospel, 190
carpenters, 53 masons and plasterers, 25 cabinet makers,
52 coopers, eight boat builders, 20 wagon makers, wheel
wrights, and turners, three millwrights, 13 printers and

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 401
book binders, 64 shoemakers and sadlers, 60 blacksmiths
and coppersmiths, 20 tailors, and 55 other mechanics of
various trades. See Lafayette.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 305,425
acres. The situation, size, rich soil, abundant water pow
er, and other natural advantages of Tippecanoe county,
together with the enterprise of its citizens, will insure its
being in most respects the most important county in the
State. The canal can now bring coal. The railroads to
Indianapolis and Crawfordsville, rapidly progressing, will
vastly increase the business and wealth of the county;
and other important railroads, both north and west, will
doubtles.3 be commenced and completed at not a distant
day. This county has been the theatre of many inter
esting events. It seems to have been the favorite resi
dence of many of the Indian tribes, and their largest
towns, the Jesuit Missions, the best cultivated fields, and
most important improvements were here.
Tippecanoe Lake, a sheet of water abounding in fish,
at the head of the river, three miles long and two wide,
partly in Whitley and partly in Noble.
Tippecanoe, a western township in Carroll, population
1250. Tippecanoe River rises in the lake of that name, and
pursues a western direction about 60 milles in a straight
line, then south 50 miles, and falls into the Wabash nine
miles above Lafayette. As its course is very crooked its
whole length must be at least 220 miles. It has its source
in numerous lakes,*so that the supply of water is constant.
For at 'least 150 miles the width is 60 yards, and the
current lively and three feet deep at all seasons. It was
early called Keth-tippe-ce-nunk, which, it is said, means
"Buffalo Fish."
Tippecanoe, a norlh-west township in Fulton.
Tippecanoe, an eastern township in Kosciusko.
Tippecanoe, a south-east township in Marshall, popu
lation 275.
Tippecanoe, a township in Pulaski.
Tippecanoe, a northern township in county of same
name, population 1600.

402 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Tipton County, organized in 1844, was named in
honor of Gen. John Tiplon,.a distinguished, citizen of the
Stale, and a Senator in Congress from 1832 until his
death in 1839. It is bounded north by Howard, east by
Grant and Madison, south by Hamilton, and west by
Clinton, and it contains 260 square miles. The civil
townships are Madison, Jefferson, Cicero,, Prairie, and
Wild Cat. The population is at this time about 3,000.
The face of the country is level, the soil excellent, and
the timber of a superior quality. The water privileges
will not be good, as this county is on a plain from which
the streams rise and run south into White river, west
into the lower Wabash, and north into the upper Wabash
and the Mississinewa.
Tipton county constituted a part of the Miami reser
vation, and has only recently come into market and been
offered for sale. It is now settling with great rapidity.
The taxable land amounts 53,253 acres.
Tipton, the county seat of Tipton county, first called
Canton, was laid out in 1845 by Newtpn J. Jackson. It
is situated on a branch of Cicero creek on the railroad
froni Peru to Indianapolis. It contains at this time about
35 houses and a population of 200, and is rapidly im
proving. Tipton, an interior township in Cass, population 550.
TiPTONSPORT, a small town in Carroll county on the
east bank of the Wabash, six miles north of Delphi.
, TpBiNSPORT, a small town on the Ohio river in IPerry
county, U miles below Rome, population 50.
Treaty Creek, a mil! stream in Wabash county.
Trout Creek, a mill stream in Elkhart county.
Troy, a north-east township in DeKalb, population
220. Troy, a western township in Fountain, population
2,500. Troy, a south-west township in Perry, pppulation
1,300. ' ^ ^
Troy, a pleasant village on the Ohip in Perry county.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 403
at the mouth of Anderson river, first settled in 1811.
The population is 250.
Troy, a north-west township in Whitley, population
Truitt's Grotto, a cavern in Monroe county that
attracts the attention of visiters.
Turkey Creek, a valuable mill stream that rises in
Kosciusko and runs north into the Elkhart at Waterloo.
Turkey Creek, a north-east township in Kosciusko.
Turkey Lake, the head of Turkey creek, is a body of
water near 12 miles in length, and covering about 5,000
acres, in the north-east corner of Kosciusko. There is
a very valuable water privilege at the outlet, at which
im.provements have been commenced, but ihey may be
immensely increased.
Turkey Creek Prairies, in the same county, and
comprising about 6,000 acres, all in cultivation, are
thought to be about the richest tracts of land in the
State. Turman's Creek, a mill stream in Sullivan county that
runs south-west into the Wabash, six miles above Me
rom. Its current is sluggish, and it is navigable. in high
water. Turman, a western township in Sullivan, populatipn
1200. Turman's Prairie is in the nprth-'West part of Sullivan
county. Turtle Creek runs south into the Wabash four miles
below Merom.
Twelve Mile or Kirk's Prairie is about 12 miles in
length and averages four in breadth, in Clinton county,
a rich body of land.
Twin Creek, in Washington county, runs norlh-west
into White river four miles above Bono.
Twin Lakes, in Marshall county west of Plymouth, on
the outlet of which are iron works.
Twin Lakes, small sheets of water near the centre of
Cass county.
Union County, organized in 1821, derived its name

404 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
from the hope that it would harmonize the difficulties
that existed in relation to the county seats, in Wayne
and Fayette. It is bounded north by Wayne, east by the
State of Ohio, south by Franklin, and west by Fayette-
Union county is 14 miles from north to south, and 12
miles wide. The civil townships are Centre, Union,
Harmony, Liberty, Brownsville, and Harrison. The
population in 1830 was 7,957, in 1840 8,027, and at this
time about 8,500. The eastern part of the county is
level, the western undulating or hilly, about one-eighth
is bottom, the other seven-eighths limbered upland, on
which beech, sugar-tree, poplar, oak, walnut, ash, and
hickory were originally the most common forest trees.
The soil is uniformly good and well adapted to corn,
wheat, oats, grass, &c.; and hogs, cattle, sheep and horses
are raised on almost every farm beyond the demand for
home consumption. The annual value of the surplus
exported is estimated at $200,000. There are in the
county 16 grist mills, 21 saw mills, two oil mills, four
woolen factories, 25 stores, two lawyers, 10 physicians,
11 ministers of the gospel, 10 Methodist churches, three
for Presbyterians, two for Christians, two for Baptists,
two for the Reformers, two for the Friends, one for the
Associate Reformed, and one for Universalists. At least
40 common schools are kept up six months in the year,
at which from 1,200 to 1,500 scholars attend, and the
school houses are mostly comfortable buildings.
The county seminary at Liberty is flourishing, and all
the branches preparatory to a college education are
taught there. The taxable land amounts to 104,293
acres. Union, a north-east township in Adams, population
300. Union, a western township in Bartholomew, popula
tion 600.
Union, an eastern township in Boone, population 1,350.
Union, a western township in Crawford.
Union, a northern township in Delaware.
Union, a central township in DeKalb, population 550.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 405
Union, a southern township in Elkhart, population
360. ^
Union, a small town in Brookville township, Franklin
county. Union, a western township in Fullon.
Union, a southern township in Grant, population 600.
Union, an interior township in Hancock, population
480. Union, an eastern township in Huntington, population
200. Union, a western township in Johnson, population
1,200. Union, a south-east township in Laporte, population
Union, an eastern township in Madison.
Union, a south-west township in Marshall, population
280. Union, a northern township in Miami, population 850.
Union, an interior township in Montgomery, popula
tion 5,800.
Union, a northern township in Ohio county, popula
tion 1,000.
Union, an eastern township in Parke, population 1,250.
Union, an interior township in Perry, population 1,000.
Union, a western township in Porter, population 450.
Union, an eastern township in Rush, population 1,800.
Union, an eastern township in Shelby.
Union, a southern township in St. Joseph.
Union, a south-east township in Union, population
1,512. Union, a southern township in Vanderburgh, popula
tion 750.
Union, an eastern township in White, population 900.
Union Mills, a small town on Pigeon river, Lagrange
county. Uniontown, a small town in Wells county.
Utica, a pleasant village on the Ohio river in Ckrk
county, eight miles south of Charlestown and seven miles
above the falls, population 300.

406 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Utica, a south-east township in Clark, population
1,500. Valonia, a small town in Jackson county, four miles
south of Brownstown, laid out in 1810 by John McAfee,
Thomas Ewing, and J. B. Durham. This was among
the most exposed settlements during the late war, and
the houses generally were prepared for defence in case of
attacks from the Indians. The settlers were frequently
called on to serve in the ranging service, and they never
failed to be ready at the first summons.
Valparaiso, the county seat of Porter, was first set
tled in 1836. It contains the court house, jail, three
taverns, and Methodist and Presbyterian churches. It
is 22 miles west south-west from Laporte, 22 south-west
from Michigan City, 162 north-west from Indianapolis,
and 50 south-east from Chicago.
Van Buren, an unorganized township in Allen.
Van Buren, a south-east township in Brown.
Van Buren, a north-east township in Clay, population
Van Bueen, an eastern township in Daviess, popula
tion 650. ,
Van Buren, a central township in Fountain, popula
tipn 1,275.
Van Buren, a north-east township in Grant, popula
tion 350.
Van Buren, a northern township in Kosciusko.
Van Buren, a north-west township in Lagrange, pop
ulatipn 600. & B v,y
Van Buren, a sputhern tpwnship in Lapprle, pppula-
tipn 105.
Van Buren, a tpwnship in Madispn.
Van Buren, a western township in MonrPe, pppulation
Van Buren, a south-east township in Pulaski.
Vanderburgh County, organized in 1818, was named
in honor of Henry Vanderburgh, who had been a captain
in the Revolution, a member of the Legislative Council
of the North West Territory, and a judge of the first

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 407
court ever formed in the Indiana Territory. It is bounded
north by Gibson, east by Warrick, south by the Ohio
river, and west by Posey, and it contains 240 square
rniles. The civil townships are Pigeon, Knight, Scott,
Armstrong, Perry, Union, Centre, and German. The
population in 1830 was 2,610, in 1840 6,250, and at this
time itis near 12,000.
About one-fifth part of the county is river bottoms,
which have a very rich soil. A small portion of the resi
due is hilly, but it has mostly an undulating or rolling
surface, and the soil is not of a rich quality. The bot
toms supply immense quantities of corn for exportation,
estimated at 600,000 bushels annually, from Evansville
alone ; and wheat, oats, hay, various kinds of marketing,
and hogs, cattle, and horses are exported from the county
to the value of $750,000 annually, though other interior
counties contribute largely to this amount. The trade
of Evansville is very large, and will be immensely in
creased by the completion of the Wabash and Erie
canal, which will take place in about two years, and
will then afford an interior navigation of 459 miles. There
are in Vanderburgh county 10 grist and saw mills, of
which four only are propelled by water, about lOO stores,
groceries* and warehouses, three printing offices, at each
of which are issued daily papers, 15 lawyers, 16 physi
cians, 13 preachers of the gospel, and a great variety of
mechanical and manufacturing laborers, encouraged by
the abundance of coal in the vicinity, and the demand of
•a large region of productive country which comes here
for its supply. In attempting to bore for salt water near
Evansville a valuable medicinal spring has been dis
covered, which is now much visited by valetudinarians.
Vanderbugh county has 31 district and six private schools,
at which 2,767 students attend. The taxable land amounts
to 137,019 acres.
Veal's Creek runs west into the west fork of White
river in the south-west part of Daviess county.
Veale, a south-west township in Daviess, population
840.

408 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Vermillion County, organized in 1824, derives its
name from Vermillion river,"that flows through it It is
bounded north by Warren, east by the Wabash, which
separates it from Fountain and Parke, South by Vigo,
and west by the Stale of Illinois. It is 37 miles in length
and averages seven in breadth, and contains about 260
square miles. The civil townships are Highland, Eugene,
Vermillion, Helt, and Clinton. The population in 1830
was 5,706, in 1840,8,274, and at this time about 11,000.
One-fourth of the county is prairie, the surface of the
country is high and generally level, except near the
streams. The soil is generally excellent, and some of
the best farms in the State are to be found here. Among
the surplus articles exported are 25,000 hogs, 200,000
bushels of corn, 40,000 of wheat 100,000 of oats, and
hay, staves-, hoop-poles, and various kinds of marketing,
which, with cattle and horses, amount in all to about
$300,000 annually. There are usually 250 flat boats.
built, loaded and sent off every year. There are in the
county five large flouring mills, three propelled by steam
and two by water, besides other smaller ones, 17 dry
good stores, one drug store, five liquor stores, five lawyers,
23 physicians, 14 preachers of the gospel, one printing
office, two distilleries, and schools in most of the districts
a portion of the year. Coal is abundant in the county,
and extensive beds of iron ore are found in the region of
the "Indiana Furnace" on Brouillet's Creek. The taxable
land amounts to 152,652 acres.
Vermillion River, or Big Vermillion, rises in Illinois'
and runs into the Wabash near Eugene. It may be nav
igated in high water to Danville, 30 miles, where the
north, middle, and south forks unite, each of which is
from 50 to 60 miles in length.
Vermillion River* or Little Vermillion, also rises in
Illinois, and falls into the Wabash near Newport It is
a good mill stream.
Vermillion, the middlle township in the county of the
same name, extends from the Wabash to the Stale line,
population 2,000.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 409
Vermont, a small town on Wild Cat, in Howard
county. Vernon, a north-west township in Hancock, popula
tion 650.
Vernon, The Seat of Justice of Jennings county, was
laid out in 1815, by Col. John Vawter, and the first set
tlers were himself and Achilles Vawler. It is situated
on the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, 22 miles from
the former and 66 from the latter, opposite the junction
of the north and south Forks of Mascackituck. The
former stream nearly encircles the town, leaving ^ly a
narrow neck on the north-west. The situation is ro
mantic and beautiful. Vernon has 35 brick, and 65
frame houses, and 520 inhabitants.
Vernon, a central township in Jennings, population
2,250. . ^ i- i-
Vernon, a south-east township in Jackson, population
700. Vernon, a western township in Washington.
Versailles, the County Seat of Ripley, is siuated on
a high bluff of Laughery, 70 miles south-east of Indian
apolis, 27 north of Vevay, and 26 north-east of Madi
son. It was first settled in 1818 by J. Bentley, C. Good
rich, J. Lindsay, C. Overturf, J. Hunter, W. Skeene, Dr.
Fox, M. S. Craig and others. It contains 27 brick and
38 frame houses, and a population of 350.
Vevay, the Seat of Justice of Switzerland county, is
situated on a beauliful bottom on the Ohio river, 70 miles
below Cincinnati and the same distance abpve Louisville,
and 96 south-east of Indianapolis. It constitutes a part of
the tract of land sold on credit by the United States to
the Swiss settlement, in 1802, for the cultivation of the
vine. The town was laid out in 1813, by the brothers
J. J., J. F. and Daniel Dufour, and received the name of
a town in Switzerland from the vicinity of which they
had emigrated. Vevay now contains over 200 houses,
many of them built with much taste, and 1,200 inhabitants.
Vienna, a small town in Rush county, eight miles east
of Rushville. 27

410 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Vienna, a small town in Scott county, eight miles
west from Lexington, population 100.
Vienna, a south-west township in Scott, population
1,350. Vigo County, organized in 1818, was named in honor
of Col. Francis Vigo, originally a Sardinian, the efficient
•friend of Gen. Clark in the capture of Vincennes, and
afterwards a most worthy and hospitable citizen there.
It is bounded north by Vermillion and Parke, east by
Clay, south by Sullivan, and west by the State of Illi
nois. It contains about 410 square miles. The civil
townships are Harrison, Sugar Creek, Prairie Creek,
Otter Creek, Linton, Nevins, Pierson, Fayette* Honey
Creek, Lost Creek and Riley. The population in 1830
was 5,737, in 1840, 12,076, and at this time it is about
16,500. The surface of the country is either level or gently
undulating, and consists principally of very fine timbered
lands, interspersed with beauliful prairies, mostly small,
though three of them. Fort Harrison, Honey Creek and
Oiler Creek, contain from 10,000 to 20,000 acres each,
and are all in a good state of cultivation. With the ex
ception of a few poor barrens, the whole county is rich
land, and when properly fermed, produces large crops of
corn, wheat, oats, grass, and all such articles as are
adapted to the climate.
It is estimated that the surplus pork raised for exporta
tion in the county amounts to $150,000 annually, the
grain $70,000, cattle $20,000, besides a large amount of
olher articles.
There are in Vigo county 12 grist mills, 18 saw mills,
40 large retail stores, 20 others with limited assortments,
three printing offices, a recently erected Seminary for a
male and female school of a high order, churches for the
Congregalionalists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Episcopa
lians, Baptists, Lutherans, Universalists and Roman
Catholics, and there are 15 lawyers, 20 physicians, and
25 preachers of the gospel, and the usual proportion of
mechanics. Coal is found in abundance, and of a good

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MARKET HOUSE. VINCENNES

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 415
quality Freestone is found on the banks of the river
and of some of the smaller streams, and limestone in
the timbered lands, but there are no stone on the prai
ries. The fine soil and situation of the county, the open
ing of the Wabash and Erie Canal, and of the eastern
and western railroad through it, both of which are now
progressing with much spirit, the enterprise of its citizens
and other advantages possessed there, must, at no distant
day, make Vigo one of the most important points in the
west.' 220,200 acres of land are assessed for taxation.
Village Creek, a mill stream in Fayette county, runs
into the west fork of While Water from the east.
_ Vincennes,, the Seat pf Justice of Knox county, is
situated on the east bank of theWaba.sh in north latitude
38 deg. 42 min. and in west longitude 10 deg. 28 min.,
and is 120 miles south-west of Indianapolis, 56 north of
Evansville, 60 south of Terre Haute. 160 east of St.
Louis, 110 west norlh-west of Louisville, and 168 in a
straight line west .south-west of Cincinnati.
There is more of historical interest about this place
than in relation to any other in the State, and in fact its
history comprises that of the Indiana Territory mainly,
until the removal of the Seat of Government "to Cory
don in 1813. It was first known when a Piankeshaw
village by the name Chippe Coke, or Brushwood. It
was then called Post St. Vincent, or Au Post, or Vin-
senne, and finally Vincennes. This name was given as
early as 1749, in honor of F. M. De Vinsenne, a brave
and gallant French officer, who fell in a battle with the
Chickasaws in the year 1736. See the first part under
the head History, as to early proceedings in Vincennes.
In 1798, the population was all of French extraction ex
cept twelve families, and though now they are much in
the minority, their numbers are still considerable, and
many of them are respectable and prosperous.
The situation of Vincennes is very fine, and a large
portion of the country around it is very fertile. The
Roman Catholics are numerous in the vicinity, the Cathe
dral is spacious and well finished, and the Bishop hav-

416 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
ing charge of the State as a Diocess, takes his title from
Vincennes. The Presbyterians, Methodists, Episcopalians,
Christians and Africans have also flourishing churches.
One of the branches of the State Bank is located at Vin
cennes. TheCity Hall is a commodious building. There
are in the town about 400 houses and 2,000 inhabitants,
and the prospects are now more favorable for its steady
growth and permanent prosperity than at any lime for
many years past. Two of the citizens, D. S. Bonner and
H. D. Wheeler have now for about £0 years been exten
sively engaged in manufactures, sometimes with much
success, and occasionally encountering difficulties, but
never discouraged.
The unpretending but energetic devotion lo business
and encouragement of industry by such persons is wor
thy of all praise. There are two printing offices in Vin
cennes which publish Weekly Newspapers. -" One of
them, the Western Sun, was conducted by E. Stout for
about 40 years, and until the last five years. See the
articles in the first part of this Book as to the Catholics
and as to Colleges, and also the heads Ohio and Missis
sippi Railroad, and " Wabash Navigation Company. In
regard to both these matters, the citizens of Vincennes
appear not only able to talk, but willing to act.
Vincennes, a western township in Knox, embracing
the county seat.
Wabash Navigation Company. This company was
chartered by acts of the Legislatures of Indiana and Illi
nois, the former passed in 1846 and the latter in 1847,
by which liberal provisions were granted by the two
Stales to a company that might be organized for improv
ing the navigation of the Wabash, an^ for the use of the
hydraulic ppwer to be obtained by the improvement.
Stock books were accordingly opened in May, 1847, and
$74,350 of stock was subscribed as follows: at Vin
cennes $49,550, Terre Haute $1,000, Lafayette $2,^600,
Mt. Carmel $10,700, Lawrenceville .$4,250, Palestine
$2,500, York $3,750. The Company has been organized
and the work is progressing rapidly towards completion.

^^=^" MARKET STREET. VINCENNES

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 419
The officers are A. T. Ellis, President, Wm. Burlch,
?¦, ^"*^P' ^^- ^- Wheeler, Joshua Beal, Samuel Wise
and J. G. Bowman, Directors; John Ross, Secretary and
1 reasurer, and Sylvanus Lothrop, Engineer. The ob
ject of the Company is first to surmount the difficulties
in the way of Steamboat navigation al Grand Rapids,
Hanging Rock, Ramsey's Ripple and Little Rock, where
an aggregate fall of ten feet, over a substratum of sand
stone rock, produces, in low water, strong ripples or .slight
falls, and by imparting an increased velocity to the cur
rent, has worn away the banks and enlarged the water
way, so as to reduce the depth far below the requirements
of navigation. A dam of 11 feet and a lock 250 feel long
and 50 wide will, with the use of machinery contrived for
the purpose, enable large Steamboats lo pass through in
about five minutes. When this work is completed, a
few other points in the Wabash will require lo be deep
ened at an expense estimated not to exceed $10,000, and
thai stream wiil then be equal to the Upper Ohio in a
low stage of water. This work will contribute largely
to develop the resources of the Wabash valley, a tract of
country susceptible of vast and varied improvements.
The water power, when the dam is erected, must, if pro
perly improved, be of immense value.
Wabash River, rises in the State of Ohio, where its
tributaries interlock with those of the Miami and St.
Mary's. It runs first north, then norlh-west, then west,
and then south-west, until il falls into the Ohio 140 miles
from its entrance into the Mississippi. Its whole length
exceeds 500 miles, and there is but a very small portion
of the dis'ance that does not present an inviting soil lo
the agriculturist. Its principal tributaries from the south
and east are the Salamonie, Mississinewa, Deer Creek,
Wild Cat, Coal Creek, Sugar Creek, Rackoon, White
River, and Patoka. From the north and west come
Little, Eel, Tippecanoe, Vermillion, Embarras and Little
Wabash rivers, besides severalsmaller streams.
The name in French was Ouabache, and this stream
appears to have been discovered before the Oh'o, and in

420 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
maps before the year 1730; the Ohio at its mouth was
called the Ouabache. Settlements were made at a very
early period at Vincennes and at tbe mouth of the Wea
or Ouiatenon, where the Jesuits had their missions and
schools, and the bark canoes of the Indians and French,
at cei'lain seasons of the year, passed fi'om Lake Erie to
the Mississippi, by the way of the Maumee, a short port
age to Little river and the Wabash.
Wabash County, organized in 1835, was named from
its situation on the principal river in the Stale. It is
bounded north by Kosciusko, east by Whitley and Hunt
ington, south by Grant and Miami and west by Miami,
and it contains 426 square miles. The civil townships
are Chester and Pleasant in the north, Lagro and Noble
in the centre, and Liberty and Watts in the south. The
population in 1840 was 2,756; al this time it is esti
mated at about 14,000.
There are no high Or steep hills in the county, though
the land is rolling or undulating near the Mississinewa,
Salamonie, Wabash and Eel rivers, and their numerous
branches. At the heads of tbe streams the land is gene
rally level, and there are many large bottoms on the
livers of the san:ve character; but as a whole, the face of
the country of Wabash county is very pleasantly diver
sified. North of Eel river are about 40 sections of bar
rens, intermixed with small prairies; the bottoms are at
least 75 sections, the balance is heavy timbered forest
land. Tbe settlements in general are so recent that the
surplus products exported give but little evidence of what
the county is capable of producing. They have not
heretofore exceeded $65,000 a year. Within five years
they will probably be five-fold that amount.
There are in the county seven grist mills, 13 saw mills,
31 stores, eight groceries, 10 ware-houses, one printing
oHice, nine lawyers, 21 ' physicians, 12 preachers, 11
churches, of Which three belong lo the Methodists, two
to the Christians, three lo the Baptists, two to the Pres
byterians, and one to the Catholics. The mechanics are
60 carpenters, 40 shoemakers, 12 Blacksmiths, 15 tailors.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 421
eight cabinet-makers, four chair-makers, two M'lieel-
wnghls, three mill-wrighls aud three wagon-makers.
The taxable land amounts to 217,029 acres.
Wabash, the Seat of Justice of the county of the
same name, is situated on the north bank of the" river, 90
miles north-east of Indianapolis, 48 south-west of Fort
Wayne, and 32 east of Logansport. It was first settled
in 1835. The situation is very pleasant, partly on ihe
first and partly on the second bottom, elevated near 40
feet above the first. It contains about 200 houses of
which one-fourth are brick, and 1,000 inhabitants.
Wabash, a southern township in Adams, population
375. ^ '
W.\BASH, a western township in Fountain, population
1,250. ^
Wabash, a western township in Gibson, population
350. Wabash, a north-east township in Jay, first settled in
1830 by O. Perry, population 300.
Wabash, a western township in Parke, population
1,050. Wabash, an interior township in Tippecanoe, popula
tion 1,100.
Walker, a western township in Rush, population
1,200. Walnut Fork of Eel river, rises in the south-we^t
part of Boone, runs through Putnam and joins Mill
creek, or the main branch of Eel, in Clay count}'.
W-alnut Fork, a large tributary of Sugar creek from
the east, that falls into it near Crawfordsville.
Walnut, an eastern township in Montgomery, popu
lation 1,050.
Wakre.n County, organized in 1828, was named in
honor of Gen. Joseph Warren, of the revolution, who
fell in the battle of Bunker's Hill. It is bounded north
by Benton, east and south-east by Tippecanoe and Foun
tain, south by Vermillion, and west by the State of Illi
nois, and it contains about 360 square miles. The civil
townships are Medina and Pine in the north. Mound and

422 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Steuben in the south, and Warren, Washington, Liberty,
and Pike in the centre. The population in 1830 was
2,834, in 1840, 5,646, and at this time is about 8,000.
On the river there is an average width of bottom for
half a mile, then come the bluffs from 60 to 200 feet in
height, very much broken and precipitous, then follows a
. gently ascending and undulating surface to the Illinois
line. The strip of limber along the riyer averages six
miles in width, being much the heaviest near the river,
and it runs out into points on the prairies along the bor
ders of the creeks, and there are also occasional groves
in the prairies. At least half the county is prairie, con
sisting of arms of the Grand prairie, which have uni
formly a rich, loamy soil, generally sandy. About half
the timbered land is either so hilly or so poor, as not to
be profitable for farming ; the balance of the timber land
has a rich soil.
The surplus products are wheat, corn, oats and grass,
and pork, beef cattle, horses and mules estimated to be worth
$200,000 annually, and this amount must soon be largely
increased. There are in the county 13 saw mills, six
grist mills, three woollen factories, 14 stores, six ware
houses, two groceries, five lawyers, 13 physicians, 14
preachers of the gospel, 25 carpenters, 45 blacksmiths,
15 saddlers, eight shoemakers, 25 tanners, 14 wagon-
makers and eight cabinet-makers. There ai;e also nine
churches, of which four belong to the Methodists, two to
the United Brethren, one to the Campbellites, one to the
Baptists, and one to the Newlighls.
The taxable land in the county amounts to 179,893
acres, and about 30,000 acres still belong to the United
Slates. Near Williamsport is a remarkable fall. The water
of Fall Branch is precipitated over a perpendicular rock
70 feet, into a wild glen, surrounded with steep rocks,
pine trees, &c. A pathway appears to have been made
by some convulsion of nature, by which persons can de
scend in single file to a platform half way down the pre
cipice, and there have a gopd view pf the scene.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 423
Tir'^r^^® ^^ ^ Chalybeate spring in a deep ravine below
Williamsport, much resorted lo by invalids. The Grand
prairie, and much olher wild and romantic scenery within
on hour's ride, must make this place very pleasant as an
occasional residence. Schoonover's Hotel also affords
other inducements.
Warren, a northern township in Clinton, population
750. Warren, a north-west township in Huntington, popu-
tion 300.
Warren, a small town on the Salamonie, in Hunting
ton county, 15 miles south of the county seat; popula
tion 150.
Warren, an eastern township in Marion, population
2,000. ^ ^
Warren, an interior township in Putnam.
Warren, a small town in the north-west of St. Joseph
county. Warren, an eastern township in the county of same
name. Warrenton, a small town in Johnson township, Gib
son county.
Warrington, nine miles north-east of Greenfield, in
Hancock county.
Warrick County was organized in 1813, and was
named in honor of Capt. Jacob Warrick, a brave sol
dier and much respected citizen, who fell at the head
of his company, in the battle of Tippecanoe. It is
bounded north by Gibson and Pike, east by Spencer,
south by the Ohio river, and west by Vanderburgh and
Gibson. The contents are nearly 400 square miles.
The civil townships are Boone, Ohio, Skelton, Anderson,
Owen, Hart and Campbell. The population in 1830
was 2,973, in 1840, 6,321, and at this time near 10,000.
The face of the country is mostly rolling or undulating,
though there is a range of hills back of the river bot
toms, and there are large tracts of fiat, wet land at the
head of Pigeon and other creeks with which the county
is watered. The soil of the bottoms, many of which

424 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
are large, is very rich, and immense crops of corn are
produced there. Much of the upland is of a good qua
lity, and more tobacco is raised in the county than in
any olher in the State, and the average crops of wheat,
corn, oats, hay, are such as to afford annually a large
surplus for exportation.
Coal is found in abundance, but as yet it has not been
used to much extent. The streams run sluggishly and
afford but a small amount of water power.
There are in the county five grist mills, three of which
are propelled by steam, three steam saw mills, 30 stores
and groceries, four lawyers, eight preachers and nine
churches, of which six belong to the Methodists, two to
the Cumberland Presbyterians, and one lo the Congrega
lionalists. The Delany Academy, at Newburgh, has
about 60 students, and schools are taught in most of the
diolricts during winter, and in a portion of them through
out the year.
The taxable land amounts to 144,630 acres, and near
100,000 acres still belong lo the United Stales. The
largest portion of this, however, must be of but fittle
value. Warsaw, the County Seat of Kosciusko, is beautifully
situated on Tippecanoe river and near two of the fine
lakes of which there are so many in that county. It
contains good county buildings, twocommodious churches
and a population of 400. Warsaw is 1 10 miles east of
north from Indianapolis, 38 north of west from Fort
Wayne, and 40 norlh-easl of Logansport.
Washington County, organized in 1813, is bounded
north by Jackson, east by Scott and Clark, south by
Harrison and Crawford, and on the west by Orange and
Lawrence. It contains about 510 square miles. The
civil townships are Monroe and Gibson in the north,
Franklin in the east, Washington central, Jackson in the
south, and Posey, Vernon and Brown in the west. The
population in 1830 was 13,072, in 1840, 15,269, and at
this time about 18,000.
The county of Washington presents more variety of

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 425
•surface and soil than any other part of the State of equal
size. The range of hills called the Knobs, described in
the first part of this Book, passes along the east line of
Washington, separating it from Clark and Scott, until
they lose themselves in the bluffs of the Muscackituck
and White river. In the south are extensive barrens,
parts of which are thickly matted, almost, with brush
and grubs; other parts have wild grass only, and other
parts are curiously diversified with sink holes, varying
in shape and size, but all showing thb cavernous nature
of the earth underneath. ' In other parts of the county
are swelling ridges ever changing their features as you
advance along them, presenting beautiful groves of wal
nut, sugar tree or chestnut, and having a fine clay soil
on a limestone basis.
From 1820 to 1830, the writer of this article occa
sionally passed through different parts of Washington
county, and he still retains in his memory ;a vivid im
pression of the beauty of its scenery, the apparent
healthiness of situation, and the taste and elegance with
which many of the farms were laid out and improve
ments made, and he has no doubt that many beneficial
changes in these matters have since taken place. He is
aware, too, from general information, that manufactures
have been established, that railroad schemes are agitated,
that much that deserves praise has been done to promote
education, and that the Presbyterians, Methodists, Friends,
and olher religious denominations, have enlarged their
spheres of influence and activity; but he has been fur
nished with nP statistics on these or any other subjects
so far as Washington county is concerned, although his
employer has attempted through various sources, ten
times and again, to procure this information. The good
people of Washington, Knox and Shelby, who are alike
in this respect, seem to be too busy to answer inquiries.
The taxable land amounts to 264,673 acres, and there
must be still near 50,000 apres belonging lo the United
States, the most of which is probably very poor land.
28

426 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Washington, an interior township in Adams, popula
tion 700.
Washington, an interior township in Allen, popula
tion 900.
Washington, a north-west township in Blackford,
population 350.
Washington, a northern township in Boone, popula
tion 1,600.
Washington, the central township in Brown.
Washington, a township in Carroll, population 350.
Washington, a southern township in Cass, pop. 580.
Washingtgn, an eastern tpwnship in Clay, pppulation
1,800. Washington, a western township in Clinton, popula
tion 1,000.
Washington, a western township in Daviess, popula
tion 3,200. ,
Washington, the Seat of Justice of Daviess county,
is well situated, four miles east of While river, on the
road from New Albany to Vincennes, 84 miles from the
former and 20 from the latter, and 106 miles south-west
of Indianapolis. The country around is fertile, rolling
and pleasant. Washington was laid out in 1817, by
Emanuel Vanlrees and Peter Wilkins. It contains 20
stores and groceries, 50 shops for various mechanics,
three churches, three clergymen, four lawyers and eight
physicians, good county buildings, the land office for the
canal lands, and 1,400 inhabitants.
Washington, the central township in Decatur, popu
lation 4,500.
Washington, a norlh-west township in Delaware.
Washington, a township in Elkhart, population 700.
Washington, a northern township in Gibson, pppula
tion 700.
Washington, a northern township in Grant, popula
tion 750.
Washington, a central township in Greene, population
Washington, a western township in Hamilton.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. • 427
Washington, a southern township, in Harrison, popu
lation 1,100. ^ ^ ^
Washington, an eastern township in Hendricks, popu
latipn 1,370. ^
Washington, an interior township in Jackson, popula
tipn 900. ' ^
Washington, a township in Kosciusko.
Washington, a north-east township in Knox.
Washington, a northern township in Marion, pppula
tion 2,400. ^
Washington, a southern township in Miami, pppula
tion 850.
Washington, a northern township in Monroe, popula
tion 960.
Washington, a central township in Morgan, popula
tion 2,700.
Washington, a south-west township in Noble, popula
tion 560.
Washington, an interior township in Owen, popula
tion 1,550.
Washington, an interior township in Parke, popula
tion 1,200.
Washington, a northern township in Pike, population
1,300. Washington, an eastern toWnship in Porter, popula
tion 500.
Washington, a south-west township in Putnam, con
tains 54 square miles.
Washington, a southern township in Randolph, popu
lation 1,350.
Washington, an eastern township in Ripley, popula
tion 900.
Washington, a north-east toyvnship in Rush, popula
tion 1,500:
Washington, a north-east township in Tippecanoe,
population 1,050.
Washington, an interior township in Warren.
Washington, a central township in Washington.
Washington, a south-west township in Wayne, popu-
tipn 2,700.

428 • INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Washington, a sputhern township in Whitley, popu
lation 310.
Watts, a southern township in Wabash, population
400. Waterford, a manufacturing town in Elkhart county,
on the river, two and half miles above Goshen, popula
tion 150. The Messrs. Hawks have a large flouring mill
here, and there is also a distillery, saw mill, and carding
machine. Waterloo, a north-east township in Fayette, popula
tion 950.
Waterloo, a small town east side of west fork of
White Water, in same county.
Waveland, a pleasant village in the south-west cor
ner of Montgomery county, 14 miles from Crawfords
ville, population 200.
Waverly, a small town in the north-east corner of
Morgan, on the east bank of White river at the feeder
dam, 14 miles from Martinsville and 17 from Indian
apolis. Wayne County, organized in 1810, was named in
honor of Gen. Anthony Wayne. It contains 400 square
miles and is bounded north by Randolph, east by the
State of Ohio, south by Union and Fayette, and west
by Fayette and Henry. It is divided into 14 civil town
ships, viz. Wayne, Centre, Jackson, Boston, Washington,
New Garden, Franklin, Jefferson, Clay, Abington, Dal
ton, Green, Harrison and Perry. The population in
1830 was 23,344, in 1840, 23,290, and at this time it ex
ceeds 30,000. The south-east part of the county is
somewhat hilly, but the most of the land is pleasantly
rolling. The two forks of White Water, fed by numerous
branches, pass through the whole county from north to
south, and supply abundant water power to every part
of it. Between these streams, usually from one to four
miles apart, the land swells gradually, so that from the
summits in each direction the most delightful prospects
are everywhere presented. The forests have disappeared
except such as have been reserved for timber, and at

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS 429
least three-fifths of the county is in cultivation. The
soil is generally a rich loam, bedded on clay, with a light
mixture of sand and lime-stone commonly beneath, and
is well adapted to wheat, corn and grass, and in fact, the
abundance and variety of its productions are such that
it can challenge competition with any part of the west.
The natural advantages have been so well improved bv
skill and industry, that Wayne county is generally re'-
garded as a model for imitation to the farmers in other
parts of the State. On many of the best farms it is
customary to have one-fifth in wheat, an equal amount
in oats, one-fourth in corn, and the balance in grass,
principally clover. The surplus articles exported are
flour, pork, beef, and marketing of various kinds sent to
Cincinnati mostly,and horses, mules and cattle driven oft",
and their value has been estimated to amount to $400,000
annually. There are on the east fork of White Water
and its tributaries, 19 flouring mills, 21 saw mills, four
woollen factories, two cotton factories, four oil mills, one
paper mill, one peg factory, one foundry and several
turning and carding machines, all driven by water, and
there is about an equal amount of machinery on the
other streams in the county. The manufacturing of
carriages, wagons, and a great variety of machinery and
farming utensils is carried on extensively at Richmond
and ot'.ier places, so as lo supply the neighboring coun
ties; but it is not easy to form any correct estimate of
their value. Among the establishments for education
are the Friends' Boarding School, near Richmond, already
described in first part of this Book, the " While Water
School," organized by the Friends, in the suburbs of
Richmpnd, which has abpul: 60 students, the White Wa
ter Female College and White Water Academy, at Cen
treville, under the care of the Methodist Conference,
which now has funds to place it on a permanent basis,
and there are about 100 school districts in the county, in
each of which there are school houses. There are five
printing offices in the county, each issuing weekly papers.
The taxable land amounts to 253,483 acres. In exca-

430 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
vating the cut for the National road through the bluffs
on the west side of While Water, near Richmond, an
excavation was found in the lime-stone rock across the
road at nearly right angles, which had all the appear
ances of being a work of art. In depth and width it
resembled a canal of the present day; its sides had the
same shape, and appeared to have been washed by water
for a long period.
The tax paid by Wayne county annually exceeds' that
paid by 14 of the smaller counties.
Wayne, an interior township in Allen, population
6,000. Wayne, a southern township in Bartholomew, popula
tion 1,200.
Wayne, a township in Fulton.
Wayne, an eastern township in Hamilton.
Wayne, a southern township in Henry.
Wayne, a south-west township in Huntington, popula
tion 300.
Wayne, a township in Kosciusko.
Wayne, a western township in Marion, population
2,600. Wayne, a township in Montgomery, population 1,000.
Wayne, an eastern township in Noble, population
570. Wayne, a north-east township in Owen, containing 18
square miles, population 1,300, first settled in 1818, by
A. Alexander, D. Lukinbill, J. Sandy and E. Goss.
Wayne, a township in Randolph, population 1,000.
Wayne, a western township in Tippecanoe, populatipn
2,200. Wayne, an eastern township in Wayne, populatipn
5,500. J- ' F P
Wea Creek rises near the south line of Tippecanoe
county, and runs nearly north into the Wabash, four
miles below Lafayette. Il is an excellent and never fail
ing mill stream.'
Wea Prairie, or Wea Plains, cover more than a
township of excellent land just below the mouth of the

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 431
creek. On the opposite side of the river was the Indian
tovvn, Ouiatenon, and .the site of the Jesuit missions, once
so flourishing. Here, too, were the most extensive im
provements ever made by the Indians in the Stale, of
which scarce a trace now remains. For richness of soil
and beauty of natural situation, no place in the Stale, or
perhaps in the west, can compare with the Wea plains.
Wells County was named in honor of Capt. Wm.
H. Wells, of Fort Wayne, who was killed by the In
dians on the 15lh August, 1812, near Chicago, in an at
tempt to escort the garrison of Fort Dearborn to Fort
Wayne. It was organized in 1837, and is bounded
north by Allen, east by Adams, south by Jay and Black
ford and west by Grant and Huntington. It contains
372 square miles. The civil townships are Jefferson,
Lancaster, Hiarrison and Nottingham in the east, Chester
in the south, and Union, Rock Creek, Liberty and Jack
son in the west. The population in 1840 was 1,822, it
is at this time about 4,500.
The land is either nearly level or gently undulating,
the soil uniformly good, the timber oak, walnut, ash,
hickory, beech and sugar. With the exception of a few
wet prairies and swamps that require to be drained, the
whole county may be farmed to advantage in all the
usual products of the climate. The settlements are
mostly so recent that as yet no great amount of surplus
is exported, but Fort Wayne is the principal market.
There are in the county three grist mills, five saw mills,
one woollen factory, one printing office, six stores, four
groceries, two lawyers, six physicians, ten preachers of
the gospel, the usual proportion of mechanics, and one
church each for , the Methodists, Presbyterians, United
Brethren and Christians.
The taxable land amounts to 199,637 acres, and there
are about 4,000 acres of Indian Reserves and United
States land in the county.
Wesaw, a tributary of Eel river from the north, in
Miami county. Wesaw, an Indian chief, once resided
near its mouth.

432 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
West Creek, a mill stream in Lake county, runs soplb
into the Kankakee.
West River, also called the west fork of White Wa
ter, rises in Randolph, where it goes by the former name,
and runs through Wayne, Fayette and Franklin, where
it goes by the latter name. See White Water.
West "Chester, a nprthern township in Porter, popu
lation 200.
West Franklin, a small town on the Ohio, in Posey
county, 12 miles above Mount Vernon.
West Hamilton, a small town in Laporte county, five
miles north-east of the county seat.
West Lebanon, a small village in Warren county, six
miles south-west of Williamsport.
West Point, a pleasant village in the timber border
ing on the Wea prairie, 10 miles soulh-west of Lafayette.
It contains 60 houses and about 350 inhabitants.
West Point, a western township in White, population
100. Westport, a small town on Sand creek, in Decatur
county, 14 miles south of Greensburgh, population 150.
Westport, a small town on the east bank of the Wa
bash, in Parke county, 15 miles north-west of Rockville.
West Union, a small village in same county, on the
canal, eight miles north-west of Rockville.
West Union, a small village in Fayette county, six
miles south of Connersville.
Wheeling, a small town on the south bank of the
Mississinewa, in Delaware county, 13 miles north-west
of Muncie.
Whiskey Run, a small mill stream in Crawford coun
ty, runs south-east into Blue river.
Whiskey Run, a north-east township in Crawford.
White County, organized in 1834, was named in
honor of Col. Isaac White, of Gallatin county, lUinois,
who volunteered his services, as a private, in the Tippe
canoe campaign and fell at the side of Major Daviess in
the battle. White county is bounded north by Jasper
and Pulaski, east by Cass and Carroll, south by Tippe-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 433
canoe, and west by Benton and Jasper. It contains 504
square miles. The civil townships are Prairie, Big
Creek, Monon, Union, Liberty, Jackson, Princeton and
West Point. The population in 1840 was 1,832; it now
exceeds 4,000.
About two-thirds of the county are prairie, mostly
arms of the Grand Prairie. All of ilhas a rich soil, and
at least one-half is dry and gently undulating, easily
farmed and not inferior to any land in the same latitude
for producing good crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats, roots
and fruit; and grass grows well in the flat prairies where
there is less sand mixed with the soil. Nearly one-half
of them are of this character, and no part of the Stale
is better adapted for raising stock Ih.m this kind of prai
rie. The west and south-west parts of the county have
no other timber but such as grows in strips along the
streams, which are generally from two to four miles apart
in the prairies. The north and north-east parts are in
terspersed with prairie and timber which is generally of
a good quality for fencing. The soil in the limber has
more sand and is not so rich, yet it produces good crops
of wheat. The surplus products consist of wheat, flour,
beef and pork, which are sent to the canal ; and hogs,
cattle, horses and mules, which are driven off lo different
markets. There is a grist mill and saw mill on Monon creek, and
two large flouring mills, a saw mill, a fulling mill, and a
carding machine on the Tippecanoe, which is the princi
pal and a very valuable mill stream, and a company has
been incorporated for making a dam at Monlicello,
where a large amount of water power will be created.
There are' four stores and groceries in the county, one
church erected and another in progress, one lawyer, two
preachers and four physicians. The prevailing religious
denominations are Methodists, New and Old School
Presbyterians, Christians and Reformers.
The taxable land amounts to 96,000 acres, and about
200,000 acres still belong to the United Slates. Iron ore
is found in abundance. The immense water power on

434 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Tippecanoe river, and fine soil of the county, must make
White an important part of the State at not a distant day.
At present, the business of raising stock has not attract
ed sufficient attention to secure the necessary capital to
carry it on to advantage, and mechanical labor is scarce,
as the mechanics have hitherto located themselves in the
towns along the canal.
White Creek, a mill stream that rises in Brown
and Bartholomew, runs south into Jackson, and falls into
the east fork of White river, near the centre of the
county. White Lick, a fine mill stream that rises in Boone,
runs south through Hendricks and Morgan, and falls into
White river seven miles above Martinsville. Near the
mouth of this stream are quarries of excellent freestone.
White Lick Knobb, a solitary hill near the mouth of
White Lick, that presents fine views of the surrounding
country. Near its base is the deer lick from which the
creek has its name.
White River, the principal tributary of the Wabash,
into which it falls 100 miles by water and 60 by land
above its mouth, waters all the central part of the Slate
by its numerous branches. The west fork rises in Ran
dolph county, near the Ohio line, and in high water flat
boats have descended it from near Winchester. It pur
sues a soulh-west direction by Muncie, Andersontown,
Noblesville, Indianapolis, Martinsville, Gosport, Spencer
and Point Commerce, and receives from the west Kill-
buck, Pipe, Cicero, Eagle and White Lick creeks, and
Eel river, and from the east Buck, Fall and Indian creeks,
all considerable streams. The east fork of White river
rises in Henry county, not far from the source of the
other branch, though its head waters are called Blue
river and Flatrock, and it is only after they unite, near
Co umbus, that the name of the East or Driftwood Fork of
White river is assumed. Clifty and Sand creeks, the
Muscackituck and Lost rivers from the east, and Salt
creek from the west, are the principal branches. When
the forks unite, White river for 40 miles is very little in-

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 435
ferior in size to the Wabash, except in high floods, when
the latter rolls much the largest torrent.
White River, a northern township in Gibson, popu
lation 890.
White River, a north-east township in Hamilton.
White River, a north-west township in Johnson, pop
ulation 1,200.
White River, a central township in Randolph, popu
lation 2,500.
White Post, a western township in Pulaski.
White Water, the principal stream in the south-east
part of the State, rises in Randolph and, with its numer
ous branches, furnishes a large amount of water power
for Wayne„ Fayette, Union, Franklin and Dearborn
counties, and is the only feeder for the While Water Valley
Canal. See Rivers and Internal Improvements in first
part of this Book. It falls into the Miami in the State
of Ohio, six miles from its mouth, and the last 15 miles
of its course is in that Slate.
Whitley County, organized in 1842, was named in
honor of Col. William Whitley, of Lincoln county, Ken
tucky, one of the bravest and most generous of the early
pioneers of that State, who, after being a successful
leader in many daring expeditions, fell at last, at the age
of 64, in the battle of the Thames, where he had volun
teered to serve as a private. Whitley county is 18 miles
square, and is bounded north by Noble, east by Allen,
south by Huntington, and west by Wabash and Kosciusko.
The civil townships are Cleaveland, Richland, Troy,
Thorn Creek, Columbia, Smith, Washington and Jeffer
son. The population in 1840 was 1,237; it is now about
4500. 'The south pnrt of the county is level, the middle and
north undulating or hilly; one-ninth of the county is
bottom land, one-seventh barrens, the remainder is forest
intermixed with wet prairies, mostly small. The timber
is of almost every variety found in the State; the soil
generally a sandy loam, well adapted to the usual agri
cultural products. Fort Wayne is the market for the

436 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
surplus grain, &c., to which about the value of $12,000
has been sent annually.
There are in the county five grist mills, eight sawmills,
two carding machines, eight stores, one grocety, three
lawyers, eight physicians, and 114 mechanics , of the
trades most in demand. There are also nine Episcopal
and four Protestant Methodist churches, five Lutheran,
two Old School and one New School Presbyterian, three
Baptist, two United Brethren, one Winebrinner and one
Allbright church.
The taxable land amounts to 184,169 acres, and about
18,000 acres still belong to the United States.
Wild Cat, an excellent mill stream that rises in Tip
ton and Howard counties, and runs nearly west into the
Wabash, four miles above Lafayette. Its whole length
is about 75 miles. A dam near its mouth turns its water
into the Wabash and Erie Canal, for which it is the prin
cipal feeder for near 50 miles.
Wii-D Cat, a township in Tipton county.
William's Creek, a mill stream in Fayette county
that falls into the west fork of White Water from the
north-west, three miles below Connersville.
William's Creek runs south into White river, seven
miles north of Indianapolis.
Williamsburgh, a pleasant village on Nineveh creek,
in Johnson county, eight miles south of Franklin, popu
lation 120.
Williamsburgh, a pleasant town on Green's Fork,
Wayne county, 10 miles north of Centreville, population
400. Williamsport, the Seat of Justice of Warren county,
is situated on the west bank of the Wabash, 13 miles
above Covington, 25 below Lafayette, and 75 north-
' west of Indianapolis. It was first settled in 1829, by
Wm. Harrison, J. J. McAlilly, James H. BUell and
Thomas Gilbert. It contains about 100 houses and 400
inhabitants, and is a place where much important busi
ness is transacted.
WiLLiAMSTOWN, a Small village on the National road.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. 437
in Clay county, 13 miles from Terre tiaute, 57 from In
dianapolis, and 14 north-west of Bowlinggreen.
WiLLiAMSTowN, a small town on the south line of
Rush county, 11 miles south of Rushville.
Wills, an eastern township in Laporte, populatipn
535. Wilmington, formerly the County Seat of Dearborn,
is three miles west of Aurora and six south-west of Law
renceburgh. It contains the County Seminary, estab
lished in 1835, with usually 50 students, and has a num
ber of good private residences.
Wilmington, a central township in DeKalb, popula
tion 450.
Winamack, the Seat of Justice of Pulaski county, is
situated on the north-west bank of Tippecanoe, 100
miles north-west of Indianapolis, 25 west of Rochester,
and 50 norlh-easl of Lafayette. It was first settled in
1839, by John PearsPn and David Harris. The popula
tion is now about 200. The land offices for the north
west Land District are located here. The situation is
pleasant and the country around fertile. It was named
from an Indian chief.
Winchester, the County Seat of Randolph, is situated
on the south side of White river, near the centre of the
county, 75 miles east north-east of Indianapolis, 25 north
of Centreville, and 10 west of the State line. It was
first settled in 1819, and now contains 151 houses, of
which 11 are brick, the others frame. The population is
about 750. The opening of the Bellefontaine and In
dianapolis Railroad through it will afford inducements
for its rapid improvement.
Windsor, a small town in same county, ten miles west
of Winchester, first settled in 1832.
WiNSLOW, a small but thrifty and growing town .m
Pike county, on the Patoka, nine miles south of Peters
burgh. It has two stores, a grocery and tavern.
Wolf Creek, a tributary of Sugar creek, in Boone
county. ^.,, , . T
Wolf Creek, a tributary of Bear creek, in Jay county.

438 INDIANA GAZETTEER.
Wolf Creek, a mill stream in Marshall county, that
runs north-west into Yellow river.
Wolf'Lake, a fine sheet of water in Noble county,
the head of one of the branches of the Elkhart river.
It is also the name of a small town on the bank of the lake.
Wood, a western township in Clark, population 1,500.
WoosTER, a small town in Jennings township, Scott
county; laid out in 1846.
Wright, a township in Greene, population 525.
Wydnek, a northern township in Knox.
Yellow Creek, a mill stream in Adams county, run
ning north-east into the St. Mary's two miles below De
catur. Yellow Creek runs north into Elkhart river, six miles
below Goshen.
Yellow River rises in the north-west part of Kosci
usko, and runs a western course through Marshall and
Stark into the Kankakee at English Lake. It has some
good mill sites on it, but its course in general is not rapid,
and in high water it may be navigated 30 or 40 miles.
Its whole length Is about 60 miles, and its average width
below Plymouth is 30 yards.
York, a township in Dearborn, population 750.
York Creek, a mill stream in Delaware county.
York, a township in Elkhart, population 325.
York, a western township in Noble, population 700.
York, a south-east township in Switzerland.
Yorktown, a flourishing village in Delaware county,
at the junction of Buck creek and White river, six miles
south-west frpm Muncie. It cpntains valuable mills, two
stores, Methodist and Old School Presbyterian churches,
and a population of about 200.
Young's Creek, a mill stream in Johnson county, rises
six miles north-west of Franklin and runs south-east into
Sugar Creek. Its whole length is about 25 miles.
Zanesville, a small town m Wells county, recently
laid out.
Zenas, a small town on the north fork of Muscackituck,
in Jennings county, 12 miles north-east of Vernon.

TOPOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS.

4S9

TABLE., Showing the amount of Taxable Land in each
County, and the tax actually raised in 1848.

Counties.

Taxable Land — .,

Adams,

193.024

Allen,

358,780

Bartholomew, -

234,736

Benton,

29,941

Blackford,

! 6,945

Boone,

252,876

Brown,

38,362

Carroll,

, 229,254

Cass,

200,679

Clarke, -

209,170

Clay, - -

158,251

Clinton, -

237,527

Crawford, -

83,470

Daviess, -

171,874

Dearborn,

193,482

Decatur

204,721

DeKalb, .

196,510

Delaware, -

243,322

Dubois, -

102,460

Elkhart, -

273,266

Fayette, -

134,020

Floyd,

85,691

Fountain, -

246,076

Franklin, -

226,631

Fulton, -

126,106

Gibson,

213,27?

Grant,

163,853

Green,

175,140

Hamilton, -

245,204

Hancock, -

190,641

Harrison, -

268,559

Hendricks,

244,186

Henry,

243,146

Howard; -

37,144

Huntington,

¦220,725

Jackson, -

203,482

.Tasper,

38,155

Jay. -
Jefferson, -

232,770

184,193

Jennings, -

200,460

Johnson, -

189,800

Knox,

233,964

Kosciusko,

278,038

• Lagrange, -
Lake,

225,554 59.692

Laporte, -
Lawrence,

254,976 222,606

Madison, -

254,879

Marion,

240,676

Marshall, -

186,360

Martin,

62,689

Miami,
Monroe, -

133.824 155,342

Acres.

State Tax Paid

$6,721 34

5,720. 87

426 74

990 08

4,324 98

1,003 19

4,037 60

4,415 63

5,416 44

2,545 08

4.144 76

1,614 26

3,761 43

10,394 51

6,838 09

2.046 44

4,652 91

1,649 CO

4,624 43 .

7,341 68

5,823 43

6,520 75

9,869 63

1,621 78

4,767 .15

2,920 63

3,332,39

4,780 32

3,264 39

5,123 27

6,770 90

9,137 84

1,078 06

3,645 61

3,515 87

614 19

2,612 53

11,093 64

3,165 22

6,385 09

5,481 36

3,540 19

3,068 62

866 47

5,532 62

6,055 90

4,891 02

12,239 17

1,597 22

1,130 83

3,099 24

4,758 63

440

INDIANA GAZETTEER.

Montgomery,Morgan,
Noble,
Ohio, -
Orange,
Owen,Parke,
Perry,
Pike, -
Porter,
Posey,Pulaski,Putniim,
Randolph, Ripley,
Scott,Shelby,
Spencer,Steuben,
St. Joseph,
Sullivan, -
Switzerland,
Tippecanoe,Tipton,Union,Vanderburgh,
.Vermillion, Vigo, Wabash, -
Warren,Warrick,
Washington, Wavne, Wells,
Whitp, -
Whitley,

317,5.7<)217.047 225,366 53,586
170,023
165,768
261,438 75,66589,082
153,029
195,807 41,842
285,437 269,772
258,865 94,166
254,541 169.077
218,623 168,129
143,016
305,425 53,235
104,296 137,019152,562
220,200
215,703 176,209
144,630
264,673253,483 199.637 92,479
181,477

9,950 00
6,496 74
2,450 73
2,517 88
5,299 75
3,952 84
8,138 43
1,793 63
2,087 47
1,789 10
4,934 97
437 00
7,771 22
3.771 25
4.373 53
1,924 55
6,526 21
for 1347, 3,551 15
1,575 32
4,651 71
2,901 32
3,696 76
9,643 68
763 33
4.141 69
'5,516 27
5.094 68
8,962 67
4,581 47
1,284 68
3,194 11
8.405 01
17,690 01
2,224 85
1,579 53
1,944 00

3 9002 00767 6068