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62.CHEAPSI__ '

THE

TOURIST IN SPAIN.
GRANADA.
By THOMAS ROSCOE.
ILLUSTRATED FROM DRAWINGS
hy
DAVID ROBERTS.

As Death upon his hand turns o'er,
The different gems the world displays,
Me seizes first to swell his store,
The brightest jewel he surveys.
Thy name, by every breath conveyed,
Stretch'd o'er the globe its boundless flight ;
Alas ! in eve the length'ning shade,
But lengthens to be lost in night !
Kamal Eddtn.

LONDON:
ROBERT JENNINGS AND CO. 62, CHEAPSIDE.
1835.

t-do y\ w
br 76
83S

LONDON:
PRINTE-D BY MAUniCE, CLARK, AND CO.,
FENCHURCH STREET.

TO THE
RIGHT HONOURABLE
LORD NORTHWICK, BARON OF NORTHWICK,
F.S.A., ETC. ETC,
AS A MARK OP THE ARTIST'S RESPECT,
THE FOLLOWING ILLUSTRATIONS
OP THE ANCIENT
MOORISH KINGDOM OF GRANADA
ARE
RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.

PREFACE.

The Author of the Landscape Annual has already
conducted his readers to the fairest scenes of France
and Italy. In traversing those lands, renowned alike
in history and song, he endeavoured to gather from
hoar antiquity, — from the page of the adventurous
traveller, and the poet's lay, whatever he remembered
as the bright source of his veneration for the genius
of the south.
He pursues, in the present volume, a somewhat
bolder flight. Spain — bold, ardent, melancholy Spain
— the only land in Europe that the children of the
East seem to have cared to make their home ; — the
nurse of romance, after it left its cradle in the Arab
desarts ; — the glowing mother of chivalry — the sove
reign of an infant world, whose wondrous plains and
forests, but for her, had been perhaps still unknown ; —

PREFACE.

Spain — a land in itself bearing features expressive of
all that can give interest to external nature, and pos
sessing annals filled to overflowing with memorials
of the great, the erring, and the ill-fated, furnishes
themes on which the mind, looking either for lessons
or for excitement, may brood long and well.
Old associations — the mingling surprise and admi
ration with which he traced these annals, placed the
Author in a position midway between history and tra
dition — not far enough from reality to forget the truth,
but still sufficiently excited to give credence to the
whispers of his own opinions and sympathies. He
presents the reader with the result of the inquiries and
thoughts which have had their origin in this state of
mind. That fiction may be made the handmaid of
truth, is proved by many a memorable example, and
he trusts that his attempt to combine the various
consequences of a long succession of events in a
narrative condensed by, rather than founded in fiction,
will not fail in the principal object he has had in view.
The Moors of Spain were a people marked by the
strongest lineaments of human power and genius;
their character, their glory, and their fall were
alike distinguished by the mysterious energy which
raised the founder of their nation into a conqueror ;
carried their tribes, first from desart to desart, and
then from kingdom to kingdom, impelling them,
when satiated with conquest, into the strange regions

PREFACE. vii
of philosophy, and in their desolation cast a glow
of splendour, too deep, perhaps, ever to become
evanescent. But while thus endeavouring to develope the cha
racter of the Moors, and of Moorish history, by the
aid of a slight fiction, he has not left the reader
without the information he might naturally look for
from the simple narrative of the traveller or the his
torian. Examining the best sources of intelligence,
he has detailed the circumstances of the fall of the
Moors, as they are recorded in the annals of the
country ; while in every instance the noble talent of
the Artist has been brought into companionship with
the knowledge and ability of enlightened travellers.
To combine, as far as his ability would enable him,
the mild attractions of a descriptive tour with the
more useful display of events and characters, has ever
been the aim of the Author of the Landscape Annual.
The reception which has hitherto attended the work,
affords him encouragement to believe, that he has,
in some degree, succeeded in his efforts ; and with the
hopes thus inspired, he trusts that the present volume
will be found not wholly unfaithful as a mirror of the
noble scenes, and still nobler incidents which he has
attempted to describe.
In the tone of language and style of imagery he has
adopted, the author ought perhaps to add, in justice
to his own views, that it was not done without mature

PREFACE.

reflection and deliberation. Had he continued to
preserve, throughout, the calm and even tenour of the
tourist's way, as in the narratives of Italy and France,
he felt that he should have justly exposed himself to
the charge of tameness and want of feeling on a subject
like the downfal of the Spanish Moors. While the far
thest possible from attempting to catch even the sem
blance of that fire and energy, combined with novelty
and elegance of ideas, or that loftiness and magni
ficence of expression which displayed a genius at once
refined and gigantic, the author's admiration of the
noble theme on which he wrote of itself impelled him
to a deeper and warmer tone, and to a more frequent
use of that imagery and those epithets, resulting from
the more impassioned interest which he felt. Whether
he may be justified in this slight change, by what he
has observed of the natural elevation and vigour of
style whenever the passions are strongly roused, and
by his reverence for the magnificently bold and sus
tained flow of mighty epic masterpieces, like the
Iliad and Antar commemorating the fortunes and vicis
situdes of rival nations, an enlightened public, — that
great unerring critic, — will alone decide.

LIST OF THE PLATES.

-AOR
\GENERAL VIEW OF THE ALHAMBRA .... .3
GRANADA FROM THE BANKS OF THE XENIL ... 17
NPALACE OF THE GENERALIFE, LOOKING FROM THE
HALL OF THE AMBASSADORS  29
XTHE VERMILION TOWERS, FROM THE STREET OF THE
GOMEREZ * . . . . . . .36
DESCENT INTO THE PLAIN, AND VIEW OF GRANADA 43
-TOWER OF COM ARES . ... . . Frontispiece.
""¦the gate of justice; entrance to the alhambra . 72
"nthe court of alberca, or great fish-pool . . 85
vremains of the old bridge across the darro . . 108
nrhe casa del carbon .... ... . . 117
^fortress of ronda ...... . . .131
"Valcala el real . . .  148
^-gaucin, looking towards gibraltar and the
coast of barbary  .162
n-towkr of the seven vaults  173
ntown and castle of loxa  184
\hall of the abencerrages  . . 194
^-moorish gateway, leading to the viva rambla . 219
^bridge of ronda ......... . 233
^ court of the lions .... .... . 245
^hall of judgment .  259
"^-MOUNTAIN FORTRESS OF LUQUE ... . . Vignette.

* This Plate will be found at page 36, — not the Frontispiece, as there stated.

JEUsmptum of ViqmXteMitU.

Luque is one of those strong mountain-forts, so often met with in the
mountain passes that separate the kingdom of Granada from the other parts
of Andalusia. It lies about two leagues to the south of an ancient Moorish
city, with an extensive castle now in ruins, called Castbo. This is situated
in a line of country extending from Cordova to Granada, and is about one
day's journey from the former. The aspect of the entire region is now wild
and desolate, but still, in spots, retains marks of its former cultivation. Al
though almost totally neglected, the soil is so rich, that the tourist has the
greatest difficulty in keeping his horse from sinking over the knees in the
thick alluvial soil.
In crossing these wild hilly districts, stretching between the two cities, the
country farther on appears covered with the richest verdure ; even the face of
' the loftiest cliffs is seen decorated with the most beautiful and variegated
flowers. Notwithstanding the distance between these ancient capitals is not
great, yet from there being no road whatever, the journey occupies a space of
three days. Through the whole line of passage may be traced the remains
of an ancient Roman road, which in many places continues in tolerable good
condition, together with its bridges, which in some instances have a most
singular appearance, the channels ofthe streams having long abandoned their
original beds, leaving the bridges half buried and choked up by the soil
around them ; and being only prevented from totally disappearing by the
massy structure of the stones of which they are composed. It is not at all
improbable, that this road may have been in active use during the reign
of the Moors, inasmuch as a constant communication must have been kept
up between the two great capitals of the Moorish empire. It has been
allowed, like every thing connected with this unfortunate nation after their
expulsion, to fall into decay. What farther renders this conjecture the more
probable, is, the long line of Moorish watch-towers still in existence, con
necting the intervening stations with each other, and following as nearly as
possible the line of the great Roman road.
There is some allusion to this Tower of Luque in the very interesting
Chronicle of Granada by Mr. Irving, when mentioning the battle in which
Abu Abdallah was taken prisoner, and the brave alcayde of Loxa was slain.

Hist of tj&e »ooD -Engrafting* ;
WITH DESCRIPTIONS.

THE GATE OF ELVIRA  page x
This gateway was erected on the northern side of the city,
opening upon the beautiful and fertile plain, or vega, as that of
the Xenil is situated to the south. It was in passing through this
portal on his . first campaign, that King Abu Abdallah broke his
lance, as described in the course of the following narrative.
THE FOUNTAIN OF THE LIONS  25
This far-famed and splendid portion of the Alhambra, called the
Quarto de los Leones, or Apartment of the Lions, is an oblong court
one hundred feet in length and fifty in breadth, environed with a
colonnade seven feet broad on the sides, and ten at the end. The
colonnade is paved with white marble, the square with coloured
tiles, and the walls are covered for five feet from the ground with
blue and yellow tiles in a chequered form. Both above and below
these, are borders of small escutcheons in blue and gold enamel,
with the motto, "No Conqueror but God." The columns that
support the roof and gallery are of white marble, very slender
and richly adorned with arabesques. The ceiling ofthe portico is
finished in a still more elaborate and complicated manner, being
frosted, and handled with astonishing delicacy; and the stucco
laid on the walls with inimitable care and art. The capitals are of
various designs, though each design is repeated several times in
the circumference of the court.— See the description ofthe Plate,
p. 245.
THE TOWER OF THE BELL .  45
The Tower of the Bell, or as it is sometimes called Torre de ia
Campana, and de la Vela, is one of the loftiest in the whole for
tress range of the Alhambra, It commands, with a perfect view of
the city, the entire extent of the vega ; and from this tower was
the signal invariably given for the opening of the sluices, or flood
gates, to distribute the waters, at fixed seasons, for the purpose of
irrigating that fertile and magnificent plain. This was effected
by intersecting it with canals, from which issued lesser streams, all
which gave to the blooming vega the aspect of one spacious and
delicious garden. On the top of this tower was raised an immense
cross by the victorious Christians, when they took possession of the
last grand strong-hold of the Moors. I may further mention some
beautiful lines written on this very subject by Mr. Alaric Watts,
which have much of the spirit and pathos worthy of so fine a
theme.

The Torre de la Campana, or rather towers, have in later times
been appropriated to the use of prisons. Below them, on the
south side, on a slip of terrace, is the governor's garden, a very de
lightful walk, rilled with fine orange and cypress trees and myrtle
hedges, but wholly consigned to neglect. The view it commands
is incomparable. Two large vases, enamelled with gold and azure
foliages and characters, are the only ornaments left ; these were
taken out of the vaults under the royal apartments. On the right
hand ofthe Plaza de los Algibes, is a solitary gateway, formerly the
entrance into some of the outward quadrangles thrown down by
Charles the Fifth, to make room for his superb palace, which stands
facing the Torre de la Campana.
THE MOORISH ENTRANCE TO THE GREAT SQUARE OF
THE CISTERNS  63
The Plaza de los Algibes, or Great Square of the Cisterns, lies
contiguous to the palace of Charles the Fifth, and doubtless re
ceived its name from the circumstance of the great reservoirs for
water having been constructed beneath its surface. These ancient
cisterns are continually supplied with a running stream, fed by the
neighbouring hills of the Sierra Nevada. So rapid and abundant
was the flow as fully to suffice for the inhabitants and for the baths
of that vast fortress. One of these, carried to a considerable depth,
is one hundred and two feet in length by fifty-six feet in width, and
is enclosed by a wall, over-arched, and six feet thick. The arch
was forty-seven feet seven inches high in the centre, and seventeen
feet five inches below the surface of the ground.
THE ENTRANCE TO THE ALBAYCIN  97
That quarter of the city of Granada called the Albayein, must be
familiar alike to the tourist and to the historical reader, as containing
one of the oldest and most massive of those palace fortresses which
decorated the great cities of the Spanish Moors. It was the chief
scene of those ferocious civil conflicts of the people, such as they
will be found described in the following narrative, towards the close
of the Moorish monarchy, more eagerly contested in its decline and
fall. It was the grand rallying point of the last Moorish king and of
his mother, the Sultana Aixa, in their contest with the father and
the uncle for the Moorish crown.
A considerable portion of the hill of the Albayein is still enclosed
by a thick massive wall, fianked by ponderous towers of equal
strength, erected at short intervals along the ramparts. Like all
other Moorish fortifications in Spain, they are formed of a strong
composition called tapia, consisting of clay, mortar, and gravel.
Time has rendered it more hard and durable than even stone itself,
but though employed to such an extent, the art of producing it seems
now totally lost. At Xeres, the city walls, which are of the same
composition, were actually sawn into slabs for covering the drains
and sewers of that comparatively rich and flourishing city. There
is every reason to believe that this composition is of great antiquity,
and the same so much in use among the Romans.
The entrance to the Albayein is situated to the north, near the
gate of Elvira, opening upon the beautiful plain.

Xlll
TflE GATE OF THE XENIL  127
The Gate of the Xenil, so named from its vicinity to the river so
called, is situated on the south side of the town, opening to the part
of the plain opposite to that of the Elvira. Not far from this gate,
on the other side of the river Xenil, stands a small convent that
marks the spot upon which the unhappy Abu Abdallah delivered
up the keys of Gianada to the conqueror.
THE TOCADOR, OR TOILET OF THE QUEEN  167
El Tocador, or the Dressing room of the sultana, is a small
square cabinet in the centre of an open gallery, from which it re
ceives light by a door and three windows. It is surrounded by a
balcony three feet broad, the roof of which is supported at intervals
by columns of white marble. The look-out is perfectly charming,
— the view ofthe Generalife with the embowered terraces, the flash
ing waters of the winding Darro, and the beautiful retreats along its
banks — all combining to produce a species of fascination to the eye.
The interior of the Toilet is exquisitely decorated ; and subse
quently, the Emperor Charles caused this pretty retreat to be
painted with representations of his brilliant wars, and a great
variety of grotesques, which appear to be copies, or at all events
imitations of those in the l^oggie of the Vatican. They are said to
have been greatly defaced and injured by idle scribblers, although
enough remains to show they were the productions of eminent ar
tists. The tourist proceeds through a long passage, or antichamber,
from the Tocador, and thence suddenly enters into the magnificent
Hall of the Ambassadors; on the left hand it opens on the Comuna,
or Great Baths, and on the right, into the large Hall of Audience in
the tower of Comares.
From the inscriptions which adorn this charmingly secluded
spot, some writers maintain that it was in old time the oratory of the
palace, no doubt from the circumstance of the principal window
having an eastern aspect. The inscription on the cornice, which
runs round it, seems to tend further to corroborate the justness of
such an opinion : —
'* In the name of God, who is merciful ! God be with our Pro
phet Mohammed ! Health and happiness to his friends ! God is the
light of heaven and ofthe earth, and his resplendence is like him
self. It is a luminary with many branches and many lights, but
producing only one general refulgence. It is the lamp of lamps, a
brilliant constellation nourished with eternal oil. It is neither
western nor eastern ; once illumined, it diffuses light for ever,
without being touched, and with this light God guides those whom
he loves; and he gives proverbs to nations."
In the Hall of Comares, likewise, is situated the gallery which
formed the prison of the sultanas, and is still termed the Queen's
Prison, from the popular persuasion of Abu Abdallah's consort
having been there confined on the charge of adultery. You ascend
into it by a small modern staircase, the original and more beautiful
one having been destroyed. A portion of this gallery is inclosed
with an iron grating. Both the railing and the corridor have a
modern appearance, when contrasted with the remaining portion of
the palace. The gallery communicates with four apartments,
built during the reign of Charles the Fifth, on a ground-work of
Moorish construction.

XIV
THE ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPEL OF FERDINAND AND
ISABELLA 
The chapel of Ferdinand and Isabella constitutes the sole por
tion of the grand cathedral elevated upon the site of the ancient
Moorish mosque, which was added to the original structure by these
two illustrious princes, who reflect the same lustre on the annals of
Spain, as do its Mohammedan conquerors themselves upon the
genius and character of their native tribes. Adapted to the Gothic
form of the cross, the modern cathedral presents an unwieldy mass
destitute of real architectural beauty, consisting, as it does, of an
assemblage of three churches in one. Of these, one is a rude-built
parish church ; the second, a large chapel erected by Ferdinand
the Fifth during that unfavourable era of the arts, when the light,
elegant style and ornamental beauty of the Saracenic was almost
wholly abandoned to make way for the heavy, unmeaning, and
sombre architecture which preceded the knowledge and introduction
of the pure and noble Greek. Ferdinand and Isabella repose before
the altar, under a large marble monument adorned with figures and
grotesques, in a sufficiently improved style to show the progress
which the arts had already made since the building of the edifice.
Of the most costly materials, like most of the existing churches of
Spain, it is overloaded with rich and lavish ornament, as totally
destitute of taste as of simplicity. If the tourist will but be at the
pains of comparing the modern Christian cathedral of Granada
with the grand old mosque of Cordova, he will trace the grounds
for the justness of this statement at once, with more pleasure and
deeper conviction than any explanation could afford.
THE ENTRANCE TO THE VIVA RAMBLA 
With the exception of the Zacatin, there are few places in Gra
nada which have undergone less change than the square of the
Viva Rambla. The houses and shops are as nearly as possible the
same as when tenanted by the Moorish shopkeepers and artisans.
It presents all those peculiar traits in its aspect and localities, which
tend to impress the idea that it is still inhabited by the same active
and ingenious people. Every where there is much to remind us
of their former presence and useful possession, extending even to
the Spanish dress and features ; and we almost think we are con
versing with the subjects of a Moorish monarch, as we note the
swarthy complexion, large, dark, and full eye, and the roundness
of countenance, still declaring their eastern origin. In regard
to costume, it is true the modern Andalusian does not, like his
Moslem ancestors, continue to shave the head ; but, from the same
cause, no Spaniard shaves himself, and consequently there are,
perhaps, more barbers in Spain than any other country in Europe.
Though he allows his hair to grow, he still envelopes his head in
the folds of a handkerchief which has replaced the turban ; his
loins are still girded by an ample sash, and to this day the
Spaniard'wears his cape, or cloak, thrown over the left shoulder
in the same graceful manner as the haik worn by the Moor, or
his manta, a sort of coarse woollen cloth, by the peasant or mule
teer. It is the same with the Arab of the present time, his dress is
wide and open, principally to show the full embroidered cotton
drawers underneath. " These and other things constantly remind

101

you," says the ingenious and observant artist, who visited parts of
Barbary as well as Spain, " that you are still walking amongst the
descendants of the Prophet."

THE TOMB OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA

This tomb, intended as a monument rather to commemorate the
triumph of the Christian sovereigns over the infidel, than of Spa
nish rulers who had united her scattered gems of empire in one
grand symmetric crown, — is composed of the purest white marble,
and is also of the most exquisite and elaborate workmanship. It is
evidently the production of Italian artists, and has every appear
ance of having been constructed during the reign of the Emperor
Charles the Fifth. Adjoining the two monarchs who lie side by
side appear, on a similarly constructed tomb of still more admi
rable workmanship, the effigies of Philip the Fair, their son-in-
law, and of their daughter Joan. Over the great door is the emblem
of the united monarchies, — a bundle of arrows tied together, and
clutched in the talons of a single-headed eagle. In the chapel is an
altar-piece, on which appear some curious carvings in wood, appa
rently ofthe time of Ferdinand, representing the unfortunate Abu
Abdallah surrendering the keys of Granada to Ferdinand and his
court, whilst the wretched Moors are seen in the back-ground
issuing from the Gate of Judgment with their hands bound and in
an abject, despairing attitude.
In another compartment is shown the Moors, and also Moorish
women with their faces concealed, receiving baptism ; and they are
the more interesting as being, perhaps, the only thing of.the kind
in existence giving an exact idea of the dresses worn by the Spanish
Moors. That of the women, in particular, has been remarked for
its precise similarity with the one borne by the women of Tetuan,
and of these the artist in his costumes of Spain and Barbary has
shown me several specimens. The veil, for instance, and the
swathings round the legs are the same, and there are numerous
other resemblances sufficient to establish the transcendent influ
ence of the conquering Moor over the habits and character of his
subject Goths. The cathedral is remarkably rich in sculpture
and other remains, chiefly of Italian art, Charles the Fifth being
known as a lavish patron of the leading artists of his age. Many
of their best scholars, when they could not themselves attend,
accepted his invitation to decorate the churches and other public
buildings of Spain. Of these the most original and eccentric was
Torrigiano, the rival of Michael Angelo, who in a sudden fit of
anger struck the great Florentine and broke his nose, which ever
afterwards appeared flattened. This irritable genius went to
England, and was employed in the chapel of Henry the Seventh;
but compelled by some fatal feud again to fly, he sought a refuge
in Granada, and assisted to decorate the chapel of Ferdinand and
Isabella. Having been employed by some Spanish cardinal to
form a statue, he conceived himself inadequately rewarded, and
broke it into pieces with his mallet. Soon after he was denounced
before the Holy Inquisition, and condemned to expiate his teme
rity and his plain-dealing in the fires of the auto-da-fe.

THE FALL OF GRANADA.

CHAPTER I.
Come Hope, with golden ray,
Beam through the gathering night;
Lo, the same sun that fades to-day
In the far main, ere dawn repairs his light
Romancero Anti quo.

At the close of that dread eventful day, when the
Moorish monarch beheld the Christian captives of the
fallen Zaharah led in triumph through the gates of
B

2 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Granada * a noble and elder of his council, famed
alike for eloquence and wisdom, left the evening ban
quet of the -Alhambra to meditate in the cool delicious
shades of its spreading gardens. The venerable yet
still chivalrous Aben Kassim had been the compa
nion of the ruling prince from the earliest period of
his career; had shared in his victories, been the
partner of his pleasures, and, in the most perilous
moments, approved himself the chief stay and pillar of
the state. But while the Moslem king continued, as
in youth, fiery and impetuous, enamoured of power,
but wild, dark, and involved in all the wanderings of
passion, Aben Kassim had become mild, temperate,
and thoughtful. The fervid zeal for the glory of his
religion which had led him into the noblest scenes of
Moorish conflict ; the passion which had made him
the hero of some of the tenderest lays of the poets,
still exerted their power over his soul ; but his motives
were now wholly embued with the glowing spirit of
his love of country, and of his friend.
The creed of the great prophet and reformer did
not however teach him to gather wisdom from the
internal warfare of self with self. It left him his
passionate dreams of delight; he was too devout a
Musulman not to cherish them as anticipations of
the bright and everlasting paradise. But Aben Kassim
had too much mind to be kept in bondage by the
rich and sensual visions of the heaven pictured to
* The city of Zaharah, carried by storm, was the first blow-
struck by the king of Granada, which provoked this last and
memorable campaign.

GRANADA. 3
the eyes of the faithful in their bold career. Almost
unconsciously rising beyond the highest circle of the
visible domain of faith; disposed to that seriousness
so revered by its loftiest disciples, he had by the mere
force of thought, and by a rapid succession of changes,
not unobserved, acquired a habit of attention to the
signs of the age, and the shadowy aspect of coming
events. Genius, combined with knowledge, gave him
a power higher and truer in the study of destiny,
than the oldest of the Islamite prophets, who held
communion with their celestial chief.
The noble hajib* now entered the deep grove of
mingled cypress and myrtles, which skirted the eastern
towers of the Alhambra. Through the occasional
vistas of these sequestered shades, the vast edifice
presented itself to the eye in all its dim, undefined
proportions ; its gorgeous and sumptuous hues, f Its
* The prime minister, and presiding chief of the council.
¦f- On emerging from the hills, into the spacious and bloom
ing plain, the old Moorish capital is seen in the distance, and
more conspicuously the ruddy light of its Vermilion Towers, (a)
high overhung by the range of the snow-clad Sierra. The
sight of the famed Alhambra, associated with the memory of
the adventurous heroism, the strange romantic loves, the
fearful fate, the now mouldering towers of its lordly masters,
impresses the soul with deep and mournful feelings ere the
traveller enters its deserted courts, its yet splendid but silent
halls. A fortress of palaces, its walls bristling with castellated
forts, embrace the entire crest of the hill which commands the
city, forming part of the grand Sierra Nevada, a chain of
mountains perpetually covered with snow. Thus spacious as
splendid it would admit a garrison of forty thousand men, and
(_) Alhambra, — " the red house ; " so called from the colour of the mate.
rials originally employed.

4 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
bold turrets, its gilded domes and minarets had now
ceased to reflect the rays of the departed sun, but
the deep purple of the sky rested like a glory upon
the massy angles and buttresses of the lofty towers.
was frequently the sole possession of different contending
monarchs during the civil wars of Granada. Its very deser
tion, after the conquest of the Moors by the Castilian monarchs,
with the abandonment of the palace of Charles V. seemed to
be dedicating it to ruin and decay— a mighty monument to
the power and splendour of its founders.
Granada, the beloved city of this vast mountain-fortress, lay
at its feet. Approached by steep winding avenues, through
groves of fragrant beauty, decorated with temples, gardens,
and fountains, the white, glittering edifices, the sparkling of
the waters, and the golden light of spires and minarets, gave
to the dark green foliage and the deep azure of its skies a
splendour of relief almost dazzling to the eye. Through an
antique Moorish tower of vast dimensions, opened the chief
entrance leading to its grand portal, the Gate of Judgment,
within which sat a public tribunal (_) to pronounce instant deci
sion on the causes of the people. The arch of the grand ves
tibule extends half the height of the tower ; on the key-stone
is sculptured a gigantic hand, and in the same manner, on the
inner side, a gigantic key : the former, it is believed, repre
senting the emblem of doctrine, the latter that of faith, and
borne as an armorial ensign on the banners of the Moslems in
their early conquests, opposed to the Christian cross. A
winding passage from the porch conducts the spectator to an
open esplanade, the Plaza de los Algibes, where were situated
the great reservoirs cut in the solid rock for supplies of the
purest water. At this point, the magnificence of the prospect
from the walls above, along the vale of the Darro, and through
the Vega, is nowhere to be surpassed. Proceeding round a
part of the imperial palace, the tourist next enters the interior
of the palace by a plain, unornamented portal ; and it is then
<_) The Hall of the Two Sisters, and all the splendid suite of saloons and
towers, as they will be found more particularly described in the appropriate
portions of the work assigned to them.

GRANADA. 5
In proportion as the last refulgent light of day sank
in the horizon, the whole of the spacious structure —
losing its brilliancy — seemed to dilate in solidity and
extent.
the enchantment of eastern pomp, luxury, and refinement
first bursts upon his astonished view. Here appears the
Court of the Alberca, and at the upper end rises the Tower
of Comares. Through an arch-way at the lower part he ap
proaches the celebrated Court of Lions, — on one side of which
lies the Hall of the Ambassadors.
The lavish splendour of the Alhambra gave rise to the popu
lar belief that its great founder, Mohammed Aben Alahmar,
must have dealt in magic. The first king ofthe noble line of
Beni Nasar, he gained the throne by his reputation for wisdom
and beneficence, in 1238. His former character as a governor
seemed to actuate every movement of the monarch ; with
qualities at once brilliant and solid, he promoted many noble
and useful institutions, and was beloved by his subjects as
their guardian and their friend. He commenced the build
ing ofthe grand fortress towards the middle of the thirteenth
century, directed its progress in person, and was often seen
conversing with the architect and the labourers. Though
surviving to an extremely advanced age, he left his vast
undertaking to be finished by his successor, Yusef Abul
Hajig, who erected the beautiful Gate of Justice. Vieing
with the example set by his illustrious predecessor, he evinced
all the ardour of a great and good mind in promoting the
happiness and prosperity of his people, and so strong was his
attachment to learning and the arts, that at a period when the
rest of Europe was lost in comparative barbarism, Granada
presented a capital and a court surrounded with all the luxuries
of taste and refinement, all that was elegant and emblematic
in the genius of this active and extraordinary people. " Gra
nada," says an Arabian writer, " was, in the days of Yusef, as
a silver vase filled with emeralds and jacynths."
The above view includes the whole of the fortress, together
with the Generalife. Immediately in the centre stands the
Tower of the Homage, to the left of which rises the palace

6 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
" Holy Prophet ! " ejaculated Aben Kassim, as he
gathered his spangled kaftan* closer about him to
resist the breeze which now blew keener from the
snow-capped mountains, f wildly mourning through
the groves ;— " Holy Prophet ! " he repeated, " thou
wert not enshrined in splendour and luxuries like these,
when the messenger of the supreme first taught thee
commenced by the emperor, Charles V. This is a very mag
nificent building, composed entirely of marbles found in the
neighbouring mountains, and in any other situation it would
be deemed beautiful. Here it is eclipsed by the splendour of
the Moorish edifices by which it is surrounded.
Still farther to the left is the noble Tower of Comares, while
the building on the rising ground behind is the Palace of the
Generalife. Between that and the Tower of Comares, is the
one of the Infantas, and the Water Tower. The hill rising in
the back ground is called the Mountain ofthe Sun, high over
hanging the whole, and with its summits wrapt in the clouds
of the Sierra Nevada. That loftiest tower on the right is the
Torre de la Velha, or as it is sometimes called the Tower of
the Bell, which commands the whole view of the fortress, toge
ther with the extensive "Vega, or plain of Granada. On the
extreme right lies the Torre de Vermejas, between which
and that of the Bell is situated the principal entrance to
the Alhambra.
Descending the hill of the Albayein, which is still partly
surrounded by a long line of battlemented towers, between
two of which is the entrance which forms one of the wood
cuts, — namely that to the Albayein, — and thence crossing a
large square in front ofthe palace of the Captain-General, we
ascended a winding and confined street, called the Calle de los
Gomerez, from which point the artist took his view of the
Vermilion Towers.
* Decorated robe or mantle.
t The Sierra Nevada, _ chain of hills to the south of
Granada, the summits of which are constantly covered with
snow.

GRANADA. 7
the ineffable mysteries of eternity ; when the glories of
a celestial paradise burst upon thy more than mortal
view. Thy cave of refuge boasted no battle-towers, no
rampart walls of brass ; yet wert thou more inviolate
than steel-clad monarchs in that fort-girt sweep of
golden palaces. He who veiled thee with the spider's
simple web, who bade the dove to build, and spread
her wings around his prophet's head,* whispered to
thee there more sweet and wondrous counsel than all
the wisdom of our learned ulemas,f the vain, weak-
eyed policy, the idler eloquence of our grand divans.
In the eyes of the most merciful and gracious thou
didst find favour and exaltation, for thy doctrine
breathed the faith of the compassionate and the
resigned. J Adversity opened to thee the stores of
experience § and truth, and Destiny guided thy steps
in the right path, till thou couldst behold all-joyful
Paradise prefigured in the " shade of the scymitars,"
* Incidents related by historians and followers of the pro
phet, in recounting Mohammed's escape from the pursuit of
his enemies, and referred to the immediate miraculous inter
position of the Deity.
f An order of lawyers next in rank to the cadhi.
X Of Islam, or resignation.
§ Witness the noble lines by the Sultan of Mousel, written
when deprived of his crown, and a prisoner : —
Hail ! chastening friend, adversity 'tis thine,
The mental ore to temper and refine,
To cast in virtue's mould the yielding heart,
And honour's polish to the mind impart.
Without thy wakening touch, thy plastic aid,
I'd lain the shapeless mass that nature made ;
But formed, great artist, by thy magic hand,
I gleam a sword to conquer and command.

8 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
beckoning thy young bright Faith's disciples to rush
into the groves of spears, to mark unquailed the
lightning of the battle clouds, and greet thy enemies
with a joy yet loftier than we welcome the pure
blessed season of thy earthly Bairam.* But where
is now the generous soul of thy early khaliphs, who
raised their golden thrones upon the necks of subju
gated kings ? where the thousand cities, and palaces,
and tribes, and nations ? Fallen; fallen on the bitter
scorn and hatred of Islamite with Islamite, of brethren
and families, of ancient tribes with tribes ! Once
were thy institutes of bravery and honour clad in
the royal robes of sovereignty, courteous and mag
nanimous; once were discipline and justice wedded
with the gravity of reason and sound discretion; — days
for ever fled! The season of alms, and prayers, and
pilgrimage, thy people flocked to the voice of thy
muezzins; f then were the faithful sheltered beneath
the sacred shield of their judge-kings, when they sat
in their gold and gem-embroidered kaftans at the gate,
and gave out even measure to the meanest son of Islam.
Where now is the impulse which bore thy Moslems,
with the Koran newly written on their hearts, —
graven on their flashing falchions, — beyond the utter
most bounds of their native seas, built up kingdoms,
seignories, and states to its glory, and towered upon
the wings of conquest, till it out-soared even the
* The Mohammedan Easter.
¦f Appointed to give public notice of the five recurring
periods of prayer during the day.

GRANADA. 9
chivalry of the mighty Charlemagne, and laid the
loftiest crests of his favourite heroes in the dust?" *
Scarcely had the last words fallen from the lips of
the old, impassioned Moslem, when the moon, a small
silver crescent, was seen slowly surmounting the
shadowy crests and broader minarets of the Alhambra.
Aben Kassim felt like a mortal from whose eyes the
veil of ages had fallen away; who was permitted to
behold the secret fountain of his ancestral glory, — the
mysterious shrine, in whose golden cells the banner of
Mohammed had been treasured by the fates ere yet
unfolded to the world, f
The Prophet had, beyond question, chosen well
when he selected the half-orbed moon for the bright
material emblem of his worshipped faith. For beauti
ful is the moon looking from heaven's azure depths
over a city in all its living strength, its turmoil, and its
greatness ; beautiful is she when her beams fall thick
and luminous over the field glittering with tents and
spears. But still more lovely is she when pouring a
chastened glory upon the ruins of empire slumbering
in their time-hallowed desarts, she seems as if she
were only watching the steps of the lonely traveller, or
waiting to reveal some mystery to the ardent soul of a
true worshipper. * " When Roland brave, and Olivier,
And every Paladin and Peer,
On Ronscesvalles died."
t A favourite tradition of the old Moslems, who abounded
in gigantic imagery, and corresponding expressions, wherever
their passions were concerned.

10 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Mohammed knew well that his earthly followers
would often need some visible celestial emblem to
inspire them with the recollections of past glory, and
never since the sword-planted tree of his faith took
root, has that bright crown of his standard beamed
through the veil of night, but it has awakened in some
warrior of his tribes a more indomitable spirit; in
some Imam's priest or pilgrim-poet, a deeper, more
glowing enthusiasm as they bent at the sacred shrine,
calling on Allah and his Prophet. Aben Kassim re
verently raised his turban from his brow as he fixed
his eyes on the clear calm heavens, till the planet had
risen high above those palace towers, their shadowy
courts, wooded avenues, groves, founts, and garden
bowers, — the last and most beloved capital of the faith
ful. Then with the slow step of one whose thoughts
ponder on deeds given to power, wisdom, strength, —
not the feebleness of haste or low policy to fulfil, —
he entered that magnificent area of the Alhambra,
called the Court of the Lions. The splendid marble
pavement, the capitals and pillars of the porticoes, the
alabaster reservoirs, the water of their bright fount
that threw its spray rejoicingly into the pure, still air, —
all far and near received a new and mysterious touch
of beauty from the silver light of the waning moon.
Aben Kassim paused for a moment in this proud,
spirit-stirring scene ; all was silent around him, but a
quick ear might catch at intervals the mellow voices
of the lutes, awakening the hours to love and song,
amid the golden saloons and inner chambers, or the
plaintive note of some bird from the myrtle gardens of

GRANADA. 1 1
the Linderaxa. It was none of these, however, that
made the thoughtful Moslem pause; his step rested
before one of those singular inscriptions emblazoned
from early ages on the halls and temples, not less
than on the swords, of the Prophet's children, teach
ing them how kingdoms were to be won, and how,
when conquered, they were to be maintained. A sigh
escaped him as he turned away from the admonitory
wisdom of the past, — that sole despised heritage of
our sires; and he proceeded with more hurried step
and clouded brow to the palace residence of the king,
into whose presence he alone, of all his aged council,
ventured at any hour.
Muley Ibn Hassan was seated in one of those
luxurious retreats of the Alhambra, prepared by the
seductive genius — the elegant voluptuous flatteries of
successive architects, painters, and poets of those
brilliant times. Beauty in all its forms, under every
species of capricious taste, rare fancy, and emblematic
invention, was to be seen in the variegated labours of
these delicious saloons. Through richly ornamented
windows and flower-wreathed lattices, came the odorous
air of gardens shut out from every eye but that of the
prince and his favourite sultanas and friends. Glitter
ing, half-concealed fountains of the purest water dif
fused a coolness which gave sweet anticipation of the
approaching night, and could one human being have
entered that enchanting seclusion, so lovely in its
solitude, without the heavy sense in his heart of
human sin and calamity, he might well have rejoiced
to behold on earth so rich an earnest of something not

12 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
of fleeting beauty, a type of man's recovered paradise
with all its promises of delight.
But there was an expression on the features of the
Moslem king which would have dissipated every gentle
and loving thought,— all of peace, or heaven-inspiring
solitude from the mind of the most unsuspicious of
beings. He was now long past the meridian of life, and his
stately strong-knit frame had begun to bend and rock
under the united force of time, enervating indulgence,
the stormy passions of his breast. Still his counte
nance was more strongly ploughed by anxiety than by
age. His swarthy brow bore traces of the most violent
tempests that can shake the human soul. Not deficient
in the light of intelligence, the mental characteristics
of his face were themselves but interpreters of the pride
— the terrible self-will which ruled all the thoughts
and avenues of his being.
Aben Kassim then was the only one of his ministers
who feared him not in his gloomy moods; and the
stern monarch, as he greeted him with a few pithy
words, seemed to admit that he knew him to be his
only real friend, and that he had, therefore, a right to
approach him when he pleased, and to speak what he
thought. " Son of Ismael,"* said the noble scheikh,
" methinks the hour is drawing nigh which must de-
* The peculiar veneration of the Moslems for the paternal
authority, is in nothing shown more clearly than in this pre
vailing custom of individual address ; nor could there be a
higher compliment to the son, than thus to sink his own name
in that of his father, — a fact which places Boabdil's usurpation
in no very amiable light.

GRANADA. 13
cide the fate of empire between thee and the descend
ant of thy vassal Goths. Fortune, my prince, like the
heavenly emblem of our faith, shone on the Moslem
arms till their glory had reached its flood — till wearing
a paler aspect it began to wane with the revolution of
days. Will it rise once more, fair as yon glorious
crescent? will it ever more irradiate the world with its
glorious beams ? Or is it not in the book of destiny,
oh prince, even from the beginning, that the fame of
nations which hath risen like the sun in the east, shall
set in the west amid a darker night; that they who have
achieved deeds of splendour shall but feel the dark
ness of adversity fall more heavily upon their souls !
Brave as thou art, didst thou do well, oh king, to
hurl defiance at the Christian foe? Nay, chafe not;
but having cast down the gauntlet to his teeth, draw
the sword of the Prophet, — away with the scabbard,
and let it woo the smiles of victory once again, as it
were a new and hard-won bride. It is not war, nor
the fortune of the open battle-field, which fills my
prophetic spirit with alarm ; I doubt not the onset of
thy chivalry, the rush of spears, and the daunting
clamour of our horsemen in the shock of steed with
steed. It is not war; it is the deep designing policy,
the cool and cautious treachery, the arts and intrigues
of Arragon's king, the firm and fanatic spirit of his
Castilian consort, which Aben Kassim most dreads.
More darkly inauspicious than the chivalry of Chris
tendom marshalled in frank array against our scymitars,
with what weapons shall we resist his dastard arts ?
Vain to us is the aid of Afric's princes, and the fiery

14 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
blood of her desart tribes, against the bribe which
dissolves the ties of concord and saps the foundation
of our empire, arming the hand of Moor against the
peace of Moor."
" What think you, noble scheikh ? plots Ferdinand
in secret to raise up enemies to our throne in the
chiefs and children of the faithful ?"
" Yea ! in the tribes of your Zegris and Gomelez,
in the palace, in the harem of Muley Hassan, oh
king." "And wouldst thou, therefore, pay him tribute,
Aben Kassim? wouldst deprecate my policy — nay, my
long craving — my burning thirst and passion, of war?
retribution, long merited, in avengement of great
Allah's and his holy Prophet's cause ? It is welcome
to my soul!"
" Daringly great, but rash, unadvised, wert thou,
oh king, when, with taunts on his rejected claims thou
didst spurn the royal envoy, and for vassal-pay present
the glistening scymitar to the Christian court. But
was it wise and well for a commander of the faithful —
for a father of his tribes, and of horsemen — for a ruler
of the people, and a judge of the city? was it prudent
as it was honourable to the heart of the heroic chief
of our chivalry?"
" Oh, Aben Kassim! and couldst thou have heard
that vain-presuming knight remind thee of thy vassal
lot, and call aloud for tribute before the assembled
emirs and elders of the empire, seated amid thy symbols
of sway, robed in thy royal kaftan on thy imperial
divan, a throne won for thee by the sword of judg-

GRANADA. 15
ment wielded by thy Prophet ? Had he sent to chal
lenge us to open tourney, at the tilt of reeds, or to
place the destiny of empire on lance with lance, more
pleasing to me had been the sight of that malapert
envoy in our lists. But his idle, vaunting embassy,
told in so lofty a tone, made me tremble with rage to
smite him spite of his sacred badge, even where he
stood. And, methinks, he ought to thank thee, that
he does not now look down from our battlements, in
place of bearing our sharp-edged missive to the wily
monarchs of Arragon and Castile. By Allah ! it will
rouse their chill, stagnate blood when they hear that
all Granada's kings who once gave tribute-money to
Castile are dead and gone — that our royal mint coins
nothing now but blades of swords and heads of
javelins. Yet it irks me that we let him wag his pert
and impious tongue, when the flash of many a weapon
told him that justice was near at hand, ready to
sprinkle the mouths of our lion-founts with his im
petuous blood."
" Nay, count not of him, my royal master, at an
hour like this. Ye have struck the first blow — ye have
perilled life and crown upon the die, be it for good or
for evil result. Why a moment's delay ? Haste, fall
swift as death, an eagle from his mountain rock with
the prey in view, on the scattered squadrons of the
foe. Granada's last hope lies in the fiery combat ; she
can only foil her subtle enemy by rushing from field
to field, reaping fresh harvests of the sword. Give him
no breathing time to play his secret game, and stake
the life of Moor against royal Moor. No more let the

16 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
edge of Moslem steel smite the breasts of the Prophet's
children !— seize on every resource— pour through all
its wide-spread channels thy long-treasured gold, till
it turn to steel-clad hosts. Yea, the magician of the
war, strike the earth with thy golden rod, till there up-
spring legions upon legions — bands of hardy mountain
warriors cover all our plains. Let the old Moorish
pennon, unfurled once more on the bright blue seas,
bear Afric's fiercest tribes, — the swart sons of the
desert — to confront the pride of European chivalry
gathering round us from each Christian land in aid of
our haughty foe. Let us, too, summon all of heroism
and fiery zeal in the cause of our Prophet, to stand by
us in the mighty struggle, to brace the hearts of the
children of Allah, to conquer with renown, or still
more greatly to perish. By our faith and our country,
go forth with rapid heart-cleaving blows ! beat down
the artful points and stratagems of thy enemy, as the
sword of God,* wielded with the old resistless fire of
his Khaled, consumed whole hosts of unbelievers!"
" It is now," replied the king, " I recognise the
young companion of my victories — my staff — the light
of my path; for thy looks are terrible as when, young
in arms, we broke the strength of famed Pelayo's
breed of mountain freemen, and bade their humbled
monarch do obeisance to the dazzling glory of the
crescent ; terrible as when we opened a path through
hostile squadrons on Cordova's plains, and brought
* The sword of God ; a frequent figure in alluding to the
exploits of Mohammed. His favourite, Khaled, was renowned
for his brilliant success in the early battles of the khaliphs.

GRANADA. 1 7
their chief a captive into our capital. Thy counsel,
noble scheikh, comes from lips touched with the
hallowed wisdom which inspired our Prophet. I
see he is thy friend, and still be thou the friend of
Muley Hassan, and let all be done as thy own brave
heart would have it."
" Then Allah speed us ! let us join the grand divan,
and next, oh king, summon we to the sacred mosque
our imauns and elders, — yea, the hajees,* every pious
follower of their revered priests, even our faquirs and
santons, to offer up their prayers for Granada! Thence
let them proclaim through her cities, from end to end,
the greatest of our holy wars ; thence unfurl our Pro
phet's sacred banner, and hurl back the infidel from
the soil of our beloved country!"
And was it not a glorious resolve, to hand down
to their children and to their far successors the bright
heritage of their heroic sires — those blissful seats so
long illumined by the torches of genius, science, — by
the lords of the sword and of the lyre — the glory of
those heavens, the magnificence of nature arrayed in
all the splendours and delights which mortal art and
industry can picture to the eye and to the soul ! Then
who can wonder at the. rapture with which the Moor
looked upon the bright and beautiful city of his
princes ! f In the dewy twilight of morning, breathing
* Pilgrims ; — hajee Baba, or pilgrim Baba.
t Wildly romantic, and strange as magnificent in its soli
tude, the aspect of Spain combines with the softer features
and enchantments of the south, all the stern bleak air of gran
deur so characteristic of the eastern desart. With its bulwarks

18 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
the soft spirit of its southern sea, mingled with the
pure breezy freshness of its snowy sierra; in the
radiance of the noonday sun, in the solemn shades of
evening, Granada burst upon his sight with a splendour
of dark sierras, its sweep of wide cheerless plains, alternating
with the most delightful and fertile regions, abounding in all
the exquisite beauties of its southern clime ; it may be said
to resemble the architecture of its singular conquerors, — vast
and massy, dark and forbidding in its exterior, but suddenly
opening upon all the interior beauty* glory, and refined
luxurious taste, which pictured to their eastern imaginations
the paradise of the blest. But the rugged, dreary hills, with
their ruinous towers and battlements, the broken aqueduct and
bridge, the wasted or diverted fountains, the lost, neglected
roads, the torrent-worn dells and ravines, the birds of prey
soaring from the snow-capped peaks above, the leafless site of
groves, gardens, and busy hamlets — haunts of the wild fowl
and the fox — the stern deep silence which wraps heath and
vale, and stream ; what a wondrous contrast to the whole
scenery, under the impulse of the genius — the astonishing
activity, the colonial policy, and teeming fertility character
istic of the Moors ! It is this which gives to the loneliness of
its plains and valleys, the mouldering fragments of its moun
tain-towns and castles beneath the deep blue skies, in a sunny
soil fertilized by its crystal springs and rivers, so peculiarly
mournful and almost unnatural an air. Thus Granada, like
some mighty relic of vanished empire, every where presents
traces of her palmy days of splendour ; the foot of the Moor
is still on her soil ; the look, the accent, the very character and
manners of her regenerating Arab victor is visible in the
features of her children — in their habits and costume— in the
implements of husbandry as in the weapons of war. Still
with their legend of the saint is mingled the romantic ballad
or love-song of the Moor, as the herdsman returns at even
tide by the Darro side, the slow -journeying muleteers beguile
the hour, winding their way down the steep mountain-pass.
Within her chain of natural outworks, lofty sierras of marble
and granite with cloud-piercing peaks, glowing under a burning

GRANADA. 19
unknown to any other city in the world. Loved
with a species of idolatry, without parallel, perhaps,
except in the glory of the Syrian Damascus, or the
marble Tadmor in the palmy days of its famed queen,
sun, lay Granada, like some splendid beauty enveloped in rude
attire, but whose dazzling charms and enchantments as you
approach more near, rivet the eye and fill the soul of the
beholder. In her city of palaces, filled with umbrageous courts
and avenues, — a sylvan scene of garden, grove, and fountain-
freshness wildly intermingled, — a labyrinth of exquisitely
decorated nature in her wilderness of mingled sweets, — she
bade the rocks pour forth their cool delicious springs through
her thousand sparkling founts, her snow-clad hills, to supply
her marble halls, her fretted domes, and sacred temples, their
wild declivities to bloom with the cistus, the aloe, the fig-tree,
the pomegranate, and the vine,— her vegas to teem with fruit
and grain, and her garden-bowers with the myrtle and roses of
Yemen, beneath their stately canopy of palm and cypress
groves. From such a throne of beauty did the last queen of
the Moorish capitals behold the approach of the storm, first
cradled in the Asturian mountains by a handful of vanquished
Goths, and now, having swept over her brilliant empire of
the south, about to burst with exterminating fury upon the
most beautiful and beloved of her mighty conquests. From
her thousand frontier towns and fortresses, through all her
thickly peopled plains and hamlets, came the sound of its
ruin loud and yet louder upon the ear.
The view here given is taken from the banks of the Xenil.
The trees in the foreground are the date palm ; whilst that
with the large broad leaves immediately below them is the
plantain. The rude-looking but picturesque mill on the
right is of Moorish origin, lt is used for raising water for
•the purposes of irrigation. Midway in the distance ap
pears part of the town, and immediately surmounting it rises
the vast fortress of the Alhambra. One of the first objects
that strikes the eye of the tourist on entering the town, is the
old Moorish gateway, which conducts him to the entrance of
the grand square of the Vivarambla.

20 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
far around her swelled the mountains which appear
to have been raised by nature for her lordly barrier,
their snow-bound crests emulating in whiteness the
crystal of the moon-beams— their deep dark woods
bending in bold contrast to the glistening clothing of
the summits, and the not less exquisite splendour of
the golden roofs of palaces and mosques that shone on
the plains below. Wide spreading along the sunny
sides of the delicious site of this queen of cities, the
murmur of its golden river, the bloom of gardens and
orchards vied with the luxury of an eastern Eden.
Immediately on the skirts of those pleasure grounds
which appeared only lavishly adorned to skreen, in
their sylvan recesses, the most lovely of women from
the too ardent rays of the sun, extended yellow corn
fields and purple vineyards far as the eye could reach
over fertile lands, richly peopled with busy hamlets,
strong thriving towns, with innumerable castles and
fortresses in the distance.
In the midst of this spacious glowing scene of fer
tility, enriched with all the gems of art, lay Granada,
like some proud beauty calm and stately, seated secure
in her own spangled halls. From the two hills which
she crowned with her numerous sumptuous edifices,
the Darro and the Xenil were seen mingling their
limpid waters, in which the peasants not unfrequently
gathered the purest grains of gold and silver. The
most conspicuous objects in the direction of the Darro,
flowing through the valley of the two hills and dividing
the city, were the palace of the Alhambra and the
Vermilion Towers,— the former venerable in the eyes

GRANADA. 21
of the Moor as the grand citadel of his country's
glory ; the latter, as one of those monuments which
seem to defy the calculations of time, still glowing
midst the surrounding ruins of a fallen empire. To the
northward of the river rose the stern rude-looking
towers of the Albayein and of Alcazaba; while the broad
intervening plain was covered with the light, airy, and
variously adorned dwellings of the wealthy population.
The city of Granada, thus beautiful in itself as in its
situation, was probably founded by one of those colo
nies of Phoenicia, which the adventurous merchants of
that country had established in several provinces of
Europe. The Romans appear to have regarded it as a
place well worthy of their attention, — calculated for a
strong military station ; and it was transmitted from
them to the Goths. But it was reserved for the Sara
cens to invest it with all the strength and magnificence
which it was naturally so well fitted to receive. Having
in the early part of the eighth century fallen beneath
the arms of the victorious Ommiades, it gradually
assumed the character of a city, which had for its rulers
the most polished and luxurious people in the world.
It was not, however, till the close of the thirteenth
century that the Moorish people conceived the magni
ficent idea of the Alhambra. Their coffers were then
sufficiently well stored to enable the monarch to carry
through his noble design. The plans adopted by
Muley Mohammed Abdallah were further pursued by
his successor ; but the marble walls of the palace, the
splendid shrines of the mosque rose not without stains
of blood upon their glittering decorations, Mobam*

22 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
med, the successor of Muley, was an usurper and a
murderer ; the money itself, which defrayed the cost
of the sacred edifice, was wrung by oppression from
Christians and Jews. For several years subsequently,
not a reign is described by the historians of the Moors
without the record of some deed of blood, — the work
of princely hands.
In 1340, Alphonso XL, taking advantage of the
divisions which existed in Granada, obtained a signal
victory over its sovereign, who perished by assassina
tion, hated and despised for his misfortunes. But the
calamities which followed were not sufficient to warn
the infatuated people of the declining grandeur of
their empire, and the king of Castile continued to
possess the complete ascendancy in the state. When
Mohammed Alhamar, a dethroned monarch, fled to
him for help, Pedro, justly sirnamed the Cruel, ac
cepted the gold and jewels which the unhappy prince
poured at his feet ; but almost immediately afterwards,
seated on an ass, he paraded him, together with his
attendants, through the city, and stabbed him with
his own hand on the field ofthe Tablada.* The king
whom the Castilian sovereign, after this barbarous
murder, established upon the throne, reigned in secu
rity, as did also his successor, Mohammed Abouhadjad,
whose mild character and virtuous moderation enabled
him not only to remain at peace with Castile, but to
* At the moment he was stabbed, he addressed his assassin
in these words, which became the subject of more than one
ballad: " Oh, Peter ! Peter! what an exploit for a knight and
_ king ! " -

GRANADA. 23
improve his territory with new and splendid additions
to all its principal cities. It was but for a brief space,
however, that the gleam of returning glory continued
to shine on the Moors of Granada, The succeeding
prince involved himself in bitter strife with the fierce
monarch of Morocco ; and, like the hero of antiquity,
perished in the envenomed folds of a poisoned mantle
sent him by an artful enemy. A similar fate attended
his successor who, in the agonies of death, ordered the
immediate execution of his brother, whom he hated
with so intense a hate that his last thoughts were em
ployed in securing his destruction. The bearer of the
death-warrant found Juzef, the intended victim, en
gaged in a game of chess. " Grant me time to finish
the game," was the request of the prince, and with
difficulty he obtained the desired permission. The
brief interval which sufficed to conclude the game, was
enough also to change the colour of his destiny. His
brother had expired in the interim, and the loud shouts
of the populace proclaimed him lawful successor to
the throne. The humanity which formed a conspicuous
trait in the character of this prince, contributed greatly
to the improvement of the state. He took no ven
geance on his enemies, recollected not the cruelty with
which he had been treated by the partisans of his
brother, but bestowed on the children of that monarch
the strongest marks of affection.
The succeeding reigns exhibit few incidents that
mark not strongly the rapid decay of that high and
magnanimous spirit, which for a long time distin
guished the Moors of Granada. At length, clouds,

24 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
darker and more tempestuous than had yet been seen,
lowered upon the horizon. Ismael, who obtained
possession of the crown in 1453, found himself
threatened by the strength of Castile, as by that of an
enemy who had gradually grown up into the possession
of a power that could no longer be resisted.
But all that prudence or valour could achieve was
effected by this prince. He employed his people in
recultivating the lands which had been laid waste by
the enemy ; — forests were cleared away to make room
for the plough, and the villages that lay smouldering
in ashes again furnished homes for the terrified and
desolate peasantry. His efforts, however, could effect
little while the wrath of the Castilian remained unap-
peased ; a peace purchased at the expense of an annual
tribute of six hundred Christian captives, or as many
Moors when the Christians were exhausted, besides
twelve thousand ducats, could alone protect the city of
Granada from the horrors of renewed invasion.
Unfortunately for the Moors, as we have shown, his
son and successor, Muley Mohammed Ibn Hassan,
pursued not the prudent line of conduct by which his
crown had been preserved from the hands of the enemy.
Placing a false trust in his valour and resources,
he ventured to dispute the claim of the Castilian mo
narch to the tribute agreed upon by his father ; the
tocsin of war again resounded through the streets of
Granada, and sent its fearful echoes from the snowy
sierra to the now chivalrous and splendid court of
Ferdinand and Isabella.

iM_IMIlM_llit,

CHAPTER II.

Ventecico murmurador.

ROMANCERO ANTTGUO.

All the stars are glowing
In the gorgeous sky,
In the stream scarce flowing,
Mimic lustres lie ;
Blow gentle, gentle breeze,
But bring no cloud to hide
Their dear resplendencies,
Nor chase from Zara's side
Dreams bright and pure as these.

A prince of the Abencerrages, in the yet chivalrous
epoch of the Moorish sway, combining the brilliant
qualities of his ancestral line with magnanimity and

26 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
courtesy above those of his generous tribe, was reclining
at the feet ofthe loveliest of Andalusia's maidens, famed
alike for the softness and brilliancy of their charms*
She it was had first inspired him with the emprise of
love and honour, borne in his heart and proudly
emblazoned upon his crest. It was one of those rich,
deep-glowing evenings of an Andalusian summer when
nature, in all her luxuriant splendour, fills earth, and
air, and sky, with a radiant beauty unknown to other
lands. Every object seemed embued with a glory, an
elasticity of existence, irresistibly inspiring, and en
chanting to the eye. Each flower, and shrub, and tree,
shone with their own peculiarly ripe and dazzling
hues. The myrtle, the citron, the camellia, and the
rose, over-arched by stately palm and cypress, and
fed from the pure, sparkling waters and breezy incense
ofthe hills, shed an ineffable sweetness through the
clear, mild heaven, reflecting its deep purple light
upon tower and stream ; while the nightingale from her
favourite tree filled the garden-bowers with a thrill of
passionate delight, in perfect unison with the hour
and the scene. But was it the only music which fell
on the charmed ear in these delicious retreats of love?f
was there not yet sweeter melody which, breathed from
* " Their very walk would make your bosom swell ;
I can't describe it, tho' so much it strikes ;
Nor liken it — I never saw the like —
An Arab horse, a stately stag, a barb
New broke ; a cameleopard, a gazelle 
No, none of these will do." — Byron.
f The Generalife ; the name of which imports, the Man
sion of Pleasure.

GRANADA. 27
the soul to the soul, lent a charm to the spot such as,
in the vivid language of their clime, made those lovers
feel as if paradise were indeed in that part of heaven
which shone so radiantly fair above their heads?
Amid those bright and balmy bowers, — intermingled
in lavish glory of bloom, and flower, and fruit,—
and high o'er-canopied by fragrant murmuring groves,
they sat, pure and lovely as the flashing waters of
the marble fount which rose bubbling at their feet,
ever catching some fresh beauty from each other's
looks, like those scenes on which they gazed from the
moon's chastened beams ; there they sat, entranced in
the first delicious consciousness of full, reciprocated
passion ; — and the passion of such a clime ! You would
have thought they were some bright realization in
mortal form of that ideal-beautiful and heroic in the
elysium of the faithful, as it is so fondly pictured in
the fascinating strains of the fervent poets of their
land. " Great is Allah ! and how good !" at length spoke
the young, plumed chief, while his large dark eye still
hung upon the enchanting features of his adored ; "he
alone, my sweetest Zelinda, who holdeth the secrets of
hearts and the destinies of empires in his hands, could
give to his faithful the rapture of moments like these."
" Tell me, are they so very dear to you?" breathed
the melody of a voice which thrilled every vein of the
noble Moor.
" By your fair self, I swear, a thousand times more
dear amid these fierce tumults of reviving war, — dear
as the sylvan couch where nestle his loves to yon

28 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
warbler of the night,— as the spring to the parched
lips of the desart-pilgrim, as the voice of its mate to
the wild roe ofthe forest."
" Would Ibn Hammed, then, so often fly from his
Zelinda's side to share the stern dark joy ofthe battle?
or is it the will of Allah, — is it so written — that we
must submit?" and her eyes met his with that deeply
fond and confiding expression which told how easy it
were to die w ith him ; that it was the idea of separa
tion, not of death, which made her voice falter, — her
bosom heave with sighs.
" Light of thy father's eyes, — my star of beauty
midst a sea of storms, — brightest daughter of thy
princely line, — sole sultana of my soul, — even thy
sighs and tears are precious as the fragrant and dewy
sweetness of the rose to her own enamoured bird ; for
when near you I am happy above all the children of
Allah, favoured more than other sons of the Aben
cerrages, thus to hear thee speak, drink glory from
thy smiles, and read the truth of our promised para
dise in those heavenly eyes."
"Ah! flatterer!" murmured Zelinda ; u it was thus
you taught me to love: ere my noble father placed my
hands within yours, you already swayed my heart.
If you so love to feign, I would you should become a
minstrel, and doff those dazzling arms to sit ever near
me, and do nought but sing me pretty lays and pas
torals of our country's loves."
" Nay, thy love, Zelinda, sheds a glory on my path,
and makes these delicious scenes, so captivating in
their veiled splendour to those who love the night, a

GRANADA. 29
thousand times more refreshing to my soul. Well did
their royal conquerors to call them the retreats of love ; *
for that are they, by our Prophet, without the gaudy
mantle of their sylvan palaces, with all their trickeries
* By a small postern, midway in the descent of the hill,
were the Moorish monarchs wont to proceed to their spring
residence in the delicious retreats of the Generalife. Luxu
riously, most enchantingly adapted for the palace gardens of
royalty, it combined all that was exquisite in locality and
choice ; being delightfully cool and fragrant, situated a little
east of the Alhambra, where the towers rise loftiest to the
eye, on a pleasant hill confronting that of the grand fortress.
The prospect it commanded over the vale of the Darro and
the surrounding scenery was picturesque in the extreme ; the
golden spires of mosque, and minaret, and tower appearing
through the deep green woods and gardens, and reflected in the
waters of the Vega rivers, like stars studding the dark blue
vault of night. Hence, too, were beheld the old Moorish bridge
and tower on which were erected a noble line of galleries
forming a communication between the Alhambra and the
Albayein. Amidst mosques and steeples the crystal stream
was seen winding its way into the heart of that beloved city.
The hanging woods and gardens of the Generalife, contrasted
with the fine verdant slopes crowned with the turrets of the
Alhambra, the banks of the Sierra del Sol, and on the north
the Albayein, with innumerable gardens and orchards, and
subterranean dwellings, — altogether presented a wilderness of
beauties, a scene offairy objects to the eye unequalled, perhaps,
in any other spot. Lavish nature, fostered by the luxurious
refinements, the captivations of ingenious art ; the distribution
ofthe entire edifice and surrounding gardens, tastefully adapted
to the aspect of the ground, all threw a species of enchantment
round the scene, such as is felt only on opening into the inte
rior of the Alhambra. But its great charm consisted less in
external splendour and grandeur of design than in the uniform
study of elegant decoration and research, exquisite adaptation
to the tastes and manners of its possessors, the most refined
luxury and enjoyment mingled with the permanently useful,

30 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
of cunning art, in an hour like this. Though they rise
so fair and brilliant from their rich flower-bespangled
hills, though kings revel in their delights and teach
their marble halls and spacious corridors to ring with
the wassal strains of pleasure, more .dear to me are the

the seasonable, and even comfortable, so marked a feature in
the architecture of the Moors. The symmetry of the portico,
bearing that frequent inscription, " There is no Conqueror but
God," has long been the admiration of the beholder. Its
columns of white marble, the elaborate work above the arches,
the richness of the mosaic, and the brilliant diversity of the
colours produce a striking effect. The intricate wood-work,
and stucco ornaments of the interior are of similar design,
adequately splendid with those of the Alhambra. One of
the ceilings is considered the master-piece of Arabian art.
With its canal and fountains, its gardens boasted peren
nial freshness and beauty, the glow but of a season in a less
favoured spot ; the purity of its air, its extreme salubrity, a
stranger to the usual sources of decay, while it expanded the
soul and gave elasticity to the frame, gave also deeper lustre to
its woods, richer fragrance to its flowers, and a warmer vege
tation, which drew a finer spirit into its bright mellow fruits
of the magnificent east. The gardens were laid out in the
Chinese style ; the dark cypress in the back-ground, with the
palm in their shady recesses, spread their stately branches above
the citron, the myrtle, the fig ; and again, the aloe, the tamarisk,
the pomegranate, were surrounded by the roses of Tunis, the
jasmine, the mimosa, and sweet-blowing lilies of Yemen. Many
an aged cypress still spreads its venerable arms over the spot
once sought by the princely Moors in seasons of relaxation or
of pleasure, and you hear the murmurs of the same river which,
flowing through these delicious retreats, preserved that inva
riable freshness and fertility so remarkable in the aspect of the
soil under the sway of its former masters. To this, their accu
rate scientific knowledge, and in particular that of irrigation,
conduced in no small degree. Rows of embowering trees were
planted on its banks so luxuriant as to form a sylvan arch

GRANADA. 31
sweet, glad songs of our early pilgrim-poets, who drank
inspiration at their Prophet's shrine ; and the wisdom
of our ancient scheikhs who loved truth and justice,
and made the precepts of the great Koran the guide of
their faith and life."
from side to side, and in the centre of the gardens rose a lofty
summer-house, constructed of canes, about thirty feet in height,
and in the circular form of a dome. The high-arched fragrant
bowers of the Generalife, overhanging the river, and reflected
in its waters and those of its bright alabaster fountains, produce
almost a magic effect upon the eye ; the perspective conveying
an idea of the vast and indefinite, very favourable to the im
pression of such a scene. On the several sides appear clumps
of the glowing laurel and other evergreens, to which the Moors
were most attached, forming a skreen or guard for the magni
ficent flowers and plants, — the blooming product of an Arabian
clime. Large beds of roses, fenced oft' with lines of ilex, shed
their rich ineffable sweetness through the summer air, borne
through bower, and balcony, and the trellised chambers of the
high-born beauties with the delicious night-breeze, in pleasing
union with the soft notes ofthe lute or the guitar.
With a southern aspect, and sheltered on every other side,
the view from the end ofthe gardens is truly magnificent ; the
golden waters of the Darro, with the blooming vega stretching
into the distance, — the massy Albayein with part of Granada
at your feet, and beyond all, the vast chain of dim and dusky
mountains encircling that once beloved region of chivalry and
romance. The view ofthe palace, as it here appears, is from the splen
did Hall of the Ambassadors ; the edifice immediately to the
lett is part of the Alhambra, and the white tower, just seen
peering over it, is named the Tower of the Infantas. The
ruins of a fortification seen on the heights above are called the
Seat of the Moor, from the circumstance of the last king of
Granada having from that spot gazed sorrowfully down upon
the splendid capital from which he had been banished by his
people. Towering over the whole is seen the grand mountain-
chain ofthe Sierra Nevada.

32 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
" Ah, my Ibn Hammed, would we indeed lived m
those better, simpler days! With the grandeur of
our country, with the splendour of her arts and learn
ing, and all the wonders of her hidden science, her
fortunes seem to desert her, — a fragment of her glo
rious and beautiful empire alone remains."
" Because her princes, my Zelinda, court honour
less than power and luxury, and the sway over each
other ; dead to all true fame in arms. The sun of our
glory, which shone on the thousand triumphs of our
Mohammeds and our Tarikhs hath for ever set. With
all its intricate beauties, the elegancies and splen
dours of our Alhambra — these soft delights of fragrant
fountains, perfumed baths, cool groves with sylvan
arcades, and airy palaces, with all Granada's wonders
of wedded art and nature, how feeble are the joys
they can inspire to those I feel in listening to the
chronicles of our old exploits, and striving to transfuse
the same daring, resistless spirit into the breasts of my
Abencerrages ! Their fame to me is dear ; for it is the
heritage of our fathers, — the bright torch, pure as
the fire of the sacred lamp, — and it is re-lumined at
that of our love. Sigh not that our country and our
love are linked in one precious tie, before which all
other charms, all the magnificence of state, the idle
pomp of power look poor in the eyes of thy Ibn
Hammed." " And in mine too," whispered his betrothed : " when
thou art absent, what to me are these fairy haunts,
the loveliness of heaven and earth, and these en
chanting views from our fragrant myrtle bowers! I

GllANADA. 33
wander amidst their flowery sweets ; list to the glad
music of the rich bloomy groves, the murmuring
fountains, and the soft low breathings of the summer
winds amid the reeds; I hear them and I sigh — I
tremble for my Ibn Hammed."
" You tremble for me, my Zelinda ! you sigh for
me ! Let me hear you speak ; speak thus for ever,
and I will dread no rival."
" Let others, my Ibn Hammed, envy the beauty of
our clime ; the splendour of our halls and palaces.
Granada in all the pomp and triumph of her genius,
to which nature herself is but as a handmaid ; Gra
nada famed through all the east, beloved of the
mightiest khaliphs of ancient Cairo and Bagdad, who
vainly sought to vie with her in glory and in gran
deur ; all, all earth can give would I joyously resign
to preserve the love of my Ibn Hammed. Yet did
he really love as he is beloved, would he so eagerly
leave his Zelinda, to plunge into the terrors of the
gleaming battle field ? The ruin of Granada is written ;
but if it be not Allah's will that we perish, I would
that we might even now flee to the desarts. Here we
are exposed to perils worse than death."
" And fearest thou, my love, for me in the strife
of honour ? "
" I fear for thee and for myself. I glory in thy
fame ; for woe is me ! I see that our loves may not be
happy upon earth. Snares are laid for our feet ; the
air I breathe, though so bright and pure, oppresses my
soul, for it is poisoned with the presence of Abu
Abdallah. Amiable, generous as he appears to others,

34 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
and beloved by the people, his long unhappy passion
that would snatch me from thy arms makes him our
bitter foe. Great and benignant as thou art, the
shield of thy country and thy king, yet wilt thou fall a
victim to the deadly feuds of royal Moor with Moor,
to the fiery and cruel Muley, or to his weak, licentious
son. Dark and terrible as hath been the past ; more
fatal moments, I dread to think, are at hand. They
cast their black shadows before ; see you them not in
the threatening union of the Castilian throne with
Arragon and Navarre, in our monarch's defiance of
the Christian princes, and in the ceaseless feuds be
tween our families and tribes ? The kingdom of the
Moors trembles as with an earthquake, breathing
fresh vigour into the Christian hosts."
Terrified and trembling, Zelinda ceased to speak,
and drawing her closer to him, her lover supported
her head upon his breast. "Why weeps my love?
Is this spoken like the noble-hearted, high-souled
daughter of my heroic friend ? Was it my Zelinda
who could listen to the tumult of the conflict un-
appalled; and shower her sunny smiles upon my
Abencerrages, as we flew through Elvira's gates to the
field of fame ? Doth the name of the queenly Isabel
thus blanch thy cheek ? or the mean, perfidious arts
of her consort of Arragon? Nay, daughter of a
noble sire, summon back, bright as the radiant beauty
of thy eyes, the brightness of thy spirit's joy !"
" I fear the Christian, Ibn Hammed ; yet more do
I dread the royal Moor."
" The Moor ! ah ! said'st thou ? there is a dark

GRANADA. 35
meaning in thy words. Hath Abu Abdallah* of the
close thoughts, mild eye, and open brow, — too well
loved by Granada, too amiable in woman's eyes, dared
again to insult thee with words of love ? "
" Did I say aught of Abu Abdallah, it were to ask
thee not to cross his path."
" What, if he should step between me and all I hold
dearest upon earth ? to dream of the peerless princess
of my love ; the adopted daughter of his royal sire ;
the betrothed of an Abencerrage !"
" Heed him not, my Ibn Hammed ; again and again
I reject his hated vows. In that thou may'st read the
magic of thy love ; for thee, I gladly scorn a sultana's
throne." " Nay, nothing can make thee dearer in my eyes ;
but, by Allah, it gives renewed bitterness, tenfold
justice to my hatred and my scorn of the dark plotter
against our peace. Gentle, generous, and just as he
can show himself to others, shall he persecute thee
thus with his obstinate, unrequited passion ? Let him
openly appear, and decide our loves in the field."
" Sooner shall you behold me die at your feet!"
was the reply of the terrified girl, as she clung to him
ere he hurried away.
" Fiery and cruel is Muley Hassan," he continued;
" but he loves his country, he spurns at tribute to her
foe, and the blood of the Abencerrages will freely flow
to support his throne."
" Fearful omens, my Hammed, point to yet darker
* Better known by the name of Boabdil; and sirnamed
El Zagoybi, the Unhappy.

36 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
days ; and it is therefore I tremble as I gaze upon the
bravest of the brave, and am growing feeble-hearted
now," and the beautiful Zelinda drooped her head upon
his bosom, yielding to a burst of passionate grief she
could no longer restrain.
As the young chief, with soft whispers and gentle
caresses sought to dispel her fears, wild sounds came
borne upon the night-winds, of mingled fury and
lamentation. Gathering fresh strength as they rose
into general tumult, which fell portentously upon the
ear, he clasped the weeping beauty in his arms, and
bearing her to the nearmost saloons, consigned her to
the care of her maidens, and rushed eagerly to learn
the source of so fierce an outcry at the dead hour of
night. As he hurried down the shady avenues of the
Alhambra, he saw approaching a vast concourse of the
people, directing their rage towards the palace of Muley
Hassan, and filling the air with deep universal lament.
"Alhama! woe is me, Alhama ! * Accursed be Muley
Hassan ! How long shall he betray the faithful into
the hands ofthe Christian spoiler!" With the same
cry swelling far and wide, on they poured like a torrent,
directed by the deep refulgent light of its Vermilion
Towers,f till they reached the very walls of the vast
* The spirited version, by Lord Byron, of the old Moorish
ballad will here occur to the reader : —
The Moorish king rides up and down
Through Granada's royal town :.,
From Elvira's gates to those,
Of Vivarambla on he goes.
Woe is me, Alhama !
t Of the Torres Vermejas, or Vermilion Towers, the most
picturesque and striking among the conspicuous objects which

TBI IE TIEMMSMOW T® WIE JR .
London ?ubli__ud OctZd. 1831. by Kcfcart Joining* fc CC. -b.ap-ldt

GRANADA. 37
fortress, where, renewing their execrations, they were
in vain opposed by the Moorish sentinels and guards.
But soon every tower and citadel along the whole sweep
of its massy ramparts seemed alive with gleaming steel
and swarthy visages ; while fraught with darker terrors
was heard the same shrill, piercing voice which, on
the fall of Zaharah, predicted the approaching doom.
It was that ofthe aged faquir, to which the superstitious
populace responded with shouts of vengeance which
rang through the midnight air, and piercing the pre
cincts of the Alhambra, bore the signal of insurrection
through court, and hall, and corridor to the ear of
the royal Moor. " Woe ; woe to Granada ! " cried
arrest the eye of the tourist on entering the spacious Vega,
no authentic account has survived as to date or origin. They
rise boldly from their rocky height, rivalling the proudest of
the Alhambra ; and it is generally admitted that they are of
greater antiquity than any by which they are surrounded. It
is the popular belief that they were erected by the Romans ;
but some writers assert, with more show of probability, by
some wandering colony of the Phoenicians. This it has also
been observed, in many instances, is the popular impres
sion of the Spaniards themselves upon the spot, but upon
what authority it would be idle to conjecture. It is, however,
known as the regal home of successive races of warrior-chiefs
through the eventful history of the Phoenicians, Bomans,
Goths, Moors, and Christians. Its present inmates, although
of a more peaceful and less honourable calling, are, perhaps,
more usefully employed than their predecessors. The place
is inhabited by a colony of potters, and the proud Vermilion
Towers, instead of reflecting the steel cap and morrion of the
mail-clad warriors, are appropriated to baking the produce of
their quiet labours in the sun, which is here almost sufficiently
powerful to allow of dispensing with the heat of an oven for
the same purpose. — For the View, see the Frontispiece.

38 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
the fanatic ; " Alhama is no more. Are her children
captives ? Not one hath escaped the sword ; the ruins
of Zaharah have fallen upon our heads ! Would that I
had spoken a lie. Do I lie, when I cry woe to Granada,
to the last of her Moorish kings?" — " Allah! Allah !
holy Prophet ! hear him not ! " re-echoed the tumul
tuous people ; while the young chief, eager to stem the
tide of popular delusion, hurried down to the tents of
his Abencerrages. One shrill blast of his clarion drew
the brave around him ; and soon, marshalled in stern
array, they wound their silent course from the Viva-
rambla to occupy the gate of Elvira, leading into the
plain. " Here, my friends and brothers, you will be
first in the onset ! await my return ;" and swift as the
wind he was borne by his fiery barb to the palace of
Muley Hassan, eager that he should retrieve the loss
of Alhama at the head of all his tribes.
Nor was the arrival of the Abencerrage unwelcome
to the king ; for the tumult had reached its height.
Such was the excitement of the infatuated Moors, im
pelled by the Zegris and other tribes, that they called
on Muley to pay tribute to the Castilian monarchs,
or to yield up the crown.
It was at this moment the Abencerrage showed him
self on the ramparts, where he found Muley Hassan,
who had in vain attempted to allay the ferment, sur
rounded by his counsellors and the most distinguished
among the tribes.
The eloquent Aben Kassim, popular by his talents and
his virtues no less than his fidelity, and whose muni
ficence had brought throngs of students and artists of

GRANADA. 39
other lands to acquire knowledge in the learned insti
tutions of the Moors, stood opposing his enchanting
and divine art to the blind infatuated fury of the crowd.
Nor could he give a nobler test of his friendship for a
bold but misguided monarch, who, becoming the slave
of his own passion, enthralled by the charms of a
Christian captive, had brought his country to the very
brink of ruin. But Aben Kassim, like the Abencerrages
and the noblest Moorish tribes, struggled for honour
and for country, beholding in its monarch only the
symbol of its power ; nor was his appeal to the passions
of the fickle people of Granada without its expected
results. He addressed them with the noble confidence,
the secret scorn of lofty intellect, born to command.
He swayed the muttering surges of their reckless vary
ing minds with the practised power of some skilful
mariner ; he drew elements of the most opposite qua
lities, — concord, reason, and courage, from the rabble
rout of violence, fanaticism, and dastard selfishness, —
those national failings of the lower orders of the
Moslems. It seemed after he had spoken as if oil had
been poured upon the troubled sea of life around him.
" There is no conqueror but God," he concluded,
" and Mohammed, his Prophet, was his sword. Are
ye not his children ? the children of the faithful, vic
torious in a thousand battles ? Why tremble ye then
at what is destined to come? is it not the will of Allah?
doth he not gird ye with the same weapons which
conquered the world ? His sword is unsheathed again ;
and will ye bow your necks to the foot ofthe Christian?
Nay ; even then the hour of judgment, the day of

40 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
grace is gone by ; and here," turning to the chiefs,
" here is the tribute you owe to Ferdinand and his
queen. The breasts of Moslem heroes are henceforth
the only bulwarks of Granada and her happy homes.
If ye tremble, crouch beneath the shield of your glo
rious tribes, the sons of Mohammed and of Tarikh, not
at the feet of the infidels who will trample you into
dust. If you will live, live renowned as your ancestors ;
learn how to die for the country which they bequeathed
you. Go, prepare for battle ; to conquer or to perish!"
Here the aged orator turned to the chief of the Aben
cerrages, who, waving his jewelled scymitar, flashing
through the darkness of the night, swore " to lead his
brethren to Alhama, if the king refused to put himself
at the head of Andalusia's chivalry, and to tear down
from the watch-towers of the devoted city the symbols
ofthe Christian sway."
At these words the wavering, unruly multitude, sent
up a shout of exultation. " God is great, and Mo
hammed is his Prophet ! Down with Macer ; away
with the lying prophet! Glory to the Abencerrages !
Allah, for Alhama ; open wide the gates !"
With these cries the infatuated people of Granada,
ever fiery or depressed, and variable as the passions of
their conflicting rulers, hurried away to their homes,
resolute to second the ardour of their chiefs ; and once
more the heart ofthat troubled city lay hushed in deep,
but brief repose.

*#£l

¦:" IP

CHAPTER III.
They passed the Elvira gate with banners all displayed,
They passed in mickle state, a noble cavalcade,
What proud and pawing horses, what comely cavaliers,
What bravery of targets, what glittering of spears !
Thb Vow of thb Moor.
In the bitterness of his spirit for the calamitous fall
of Alhama, the Moslem monarch smote his breast ;
trampled his jewelled turban in the dust. His first
impulse was to take vengeance on its governor, who
had been absent when it was surprised. He was then
quietly returning from the neighbourhood of Ante-

42 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
querra, whither he had gone to be present at some
festival. The nobles and messengers despatched to
bring his head, are said to have met him on the way,
and the following part of the old Moorish ballad
commemorates the event : —
Out spake Granada's noble, " Alcayde, thou must die,
The royal Moor thy head will fix th' Alhambra's gates on high,
With thy white beard and hoary hair beneath thy turban green ;
For thou hast lost the fairest gem of all his crown, I ween."
Then as he eyed the signet sad, the old alcayde said,
" Most worthy lords nought have I done to lose this aged head,
I went but to my sister's, the wedding feast to share
In Antequerre ; (I would the fiends had them who bade me there.)
Yet had I the Moor's gracious leave, writ by his royal hand,
For twice ten days, when fifteen was all I did demand,
Go tell the king, my master, Alhama works me woe !
A heavy cost it is to me, if I must pay it so.
Pray say, if he his city lost, my honour and my fame,
And on my soul, my daughter dear, Granada's flower her name,
Are lost to me ; for she's a thrall in Ponce de Leon's tent,
And to my proffered ransom, these are the words he sent :
' I count not of your golden crowns, her price you cannot bid,
For, Sir, she is a Christian maid, and of the Moor is rid,
Donna Maria de Alhama baptized is she now,' —
Alas, when only Fatima is her right name, I trow."
Thus grieving loud, the Moor he cast the dust upon his head ;
But nought it could avail, and soon, for all that he had said,
To the Alhambra's towers they bore the brave but sad old man,
And from its gates he grisly looked, a dreadful sight to scan.*
The rage and lamentations of his people had carried
Muley's indignation to the highest pitch, and none
* Romances Antiguos Espafioles.

GRANADA. 43
but his faithful Aben Kassim ventured to approach
him. He was no stranger to these fearful moods, and
aware how closely the passions of the great and the
feeble, the hearts of princes and of slaves resemble
each other, he was at no loss how to subdue those
fierce quick impulses which govern both. The savage
genius of Muley stood rebuked and abashed before
the calm, deep wisdom, and the godlike faculty of
arraying it in eloquent truth and beauty, which dis
tinguished his old experienced counsellor and friend.
He became calm ; and when the wand of the mind's
magician was again displayed, he burned with all the
heroism of his race for revenge upon the foe.
Soon summoned around him, he beheld the chiefs
and captains of his most chivalrous tribes, at the
head of whom shone the high-souled Ibn Hammed,
clothed in the dazzling armour ofthe ancestral princes
of his blood.
The blush of dawn beamed on the pride of an
oriental chivalry, refined and splendid as it was
heroic, — on long serried ranks of gallant hearts and
lofty miens, as they wound their dazzling path through
the gates of Elvira, into the glorious scene of the
blooming Vega, so long the idol of the old Moslems
and of all their children.* Beautiful at once and
¦ This view of Granada was taken from the Mountain
Pass, entering the plain early on the third day, during the
traveller's progress from Cordova to the capital. No land
scape perhaps which presents itself during his whole tour
through Spain and Barbary, leaves a stronger impression on
his mind, and no words could convey an idea of the sort of
feeling it produces, — so peculiarly novel and absorbing. Having

44 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
terrible was the spectacle in the eyes of the assembled
people, who burst into a wild shout of confiding
exultation, in the strength and gallant bearing of so
chivalrous a host.
In the front of these chiefs and brethren, all of
princely lineage, rode Muley Hassan with his two
sons, followed by their noble tribes, their gemmed and
golden armour and burnished casques flashing in the
morning sun. The standard of the empire, so rarely
unfurled from the inmost sanctuary of the mosque, so
deeply revered by every Moslem, displayed to their
dazzled eyes the achievements of near a thousand
years ; and far shone its radiant crescent, the symbol
ascended to the summit of the hill, from which the view is
given, the grand Sierra Nevada bursts at once upon his view ;
the peaks of the mountains were in part enveloped in clouds,
whilst the dazzling snow with which it is eternally crowned,
reflected as in a mirror the rays ofthe morning sun, while in
the foreground, and nestled as it were in the lap of the vega at
its base, rose the towers of imperial Granada. Then between
it and the mountains, which lay at your feet stretched the
noble plain and valley arrayed, even in the depth of our winter
season, in all the bloom of spring. Far to the east wind the
silver waters of the Xenil, whilst more near numerous towns
and villages spread over that vast and fertile plain, giving
additional splendour and animation to the scene. There among
the most prominent stands Santa Fe, erected upon the site of
the Christian camp, and from the same point, within a league,
could be distinguished the beautiful estate presented to our
great English captain, the exploits of whose gallant armies
in that land of heroism and romance, may rank, in their way,
with the proudest of the age of Gonzalos, or the old Cam-
peador. Nearly in the centre of this romantic prospect, and
in the very gorge of the pass stands one of those atalayas, or
ancient watch-towers, which stretch in an unbroken line from

GRANADA. 45
of those wondrous conquests which only stayed their
dread career in the heart of the mighty empire of
Charlemagne. Upon its green and golden field ap
peared emblazoned in the light of rubies and ame
thysts, the crimson fruit which gave its name to the
beloved city of their kings.* Near it rode the high-
souled Muza Ben Gazan, chief of the Alabez, the
rival in honour, yet bosom friend of the Abencerrage,
followed by Ali Abu Fahar, Cid Yahia, with Hammed
El Zegri, Hassan of Gazan, leaders of the fierce Zegris,
the old Gomelez, and other princely clans.
High streamed their old Moorish pennons to the
broad, purple sky ; and gladdening to their thoughts
this spot to the city of Cordova. After descending the moun
tain, the tourist approaches Granada by the celebrated bridge
of Pifios, long famed for many a desperate struggle between
the Moors and Christians. It is memorable, if only from the
devoted heroism of two Moorish brothers, who being reproached
by the people, on the fall of the fortresses they commanded,
asked permission to defend the pass of Pifios into the plain.
At the head of a remnant of their veteran garrisons, they met
the onset of the whole Spanish chivalry, and long held pos
session ofthe bridge, like the Roman Codes, performing incre
dible acts of valour. Disputing it inch by inch, till the stream
ran red with blood, every Moor died upon the foot of ground
he had occupied to defend, till the two brothers scorning more
to live amidst an ungrateful people, fell gloriously covered with
wounds. On learning their heroic and protracted defence,
with the great slaughter of the Spaniards, the admiration and
regret of the Moors exceeded even their reproaches ; and
eagerly extolling their generous daring, they erected to their
memory a column in the vicinity of the bridge, afterwards
distinguished by the name of the Two Brothers.
* Granada, said to be so called from the shape of the pome
granate, when cut into halves.

46 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
was the sound of their rattling mail, the flash of the
scymitar, and the deep, low thunder of their rushing
steeds. For right bravely did the fiery barb, the war-
clad Arab, and the brilliant swift-footed Andaluz,
bear their favourite heroes over the resounding sun-
brown plains, as if eager to meet the shock of their
Christian foemen, the mountain-sons of the Goth.
But the evening of the second day witnessed another
sight; when ere the sun's last beams ceased to illu
mine the peaks of the snowy sierra with a flood of
golden fire, deepening the gorgeous hues of dome and
spire, of mosque and minaret, her far-off watch-towers
proclaimed to Granada the return of that brilliant
host. No songs of triumph, no trains of captive foes
marked its course, as with slow-retreating van and
battling rear, still presenting a flashing front to the
invader, the blood-stained banner, the scanty horse,
the soiled and battered armour, told a tale of fierce
but unavailing conflict.
From the loftiest tower of the Alhambra, Abu
Abdallah beheld the sight ; and eager to ingratiate
himself with the fickle, clamorous multitude, he put
himself at the head of the royal garrison, and sum
moning the remaining mercenaries and the foot, hur
ried into the plain. Here mingling with the retreating
squadrons, he gave breath to the hard-pressed Moors,
and for a moment turned the tide of battle upon their
pursuers. The delight of the people, on witnessing
from the walls and watch-towers the deeds of personal
valour performed by the young prince, knewno bounds ;
and never had the popular qualities of their favourite,

GRANADA. 47
his gentle courtesy and suavity of demeanour, now set
in prouder relief by this brilliant action, won more
rapturous plaudits from the voice of the Moslem horse
men, and the city of their kings.
The Christians having retired, the Moorish monarch
re-entered his capital. "Upon approaching Alhama,
signals from the nearmost watch-towers had warned
him of the advance of a powerful force led by Guzman
Duke of Medina Sidonia, followed, at no great distance,
by Ferdinand in person. But pressing the attack,
Muley detached the flower of his tribes under the chief
of the Abencerrages to surprise and fall upon the
Spaniards in succession. The celebrated Ponce de
Leon, Lord of Cadiz, had meanwhile thrown himself
with a small veteran force into the citadel. And a
mightier armament which baffled all the Moslem's
designs, was at hand; the chivalrous d'Aguilar, the
Marquis of Villena, with other lords of the frontier
towns, uniting their feudal strength, bore down upon
Muley Hassan, whose remaining squadrons after a
desperate conflict found themselves constrained to
retire under the walls of the capital.
" But where is the heroic Ibn Hammed ? where the
proud Abencerrages, the dauntless Alabez? " was the re
peated inquiry upon the lips of the people. " By Allah !
the compassionate and merciful ; the blow of a friend
is more severe than the sword of the stranger. Have
their friends proved but spies ? or hath injustice, like
a cloud, hidden the light of faith from the king's eyes ?
But he who trusts in any but God, cannot succeed;
and a wise enemy is more to be prized than a foolish

48 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
friend !" were among the bitter sarcastic cries of the
fickle Moors, on the presumed desertion of the Aben
cerrages by their royal leader. Any fate was preferable
to the keen reproaches, the wild lamentations of his
people ; and with the fiery genius of the unyielding
soldier, Muley Hassan seized the moment of returning
fortune to marshal anew his veteran squadrons. Com
manding the priests and faquirs to proclaim the Algihed,
or Holy War, he invoked the people, the whole sur
viving chivalry of Granada, to follow him to avenge
Alhama, — to the rescue of the faithful, or to perish with
them in the field. The summons was responded to,
and seldom had Granada beheld a more puissant array;
horsemen and foot, all eager to vindicate the cause of
their prophet ; — their title to the last and most beloved
seat of their kings.
Slow and sullenly, the brave legions of retainers
headed by the frontier nobles, the most renowned cava
liers of the age, retreated before the overwhelming
might of the Moslems, falling back upon the royal
army advancing to the relief of Alhama. But from the
surrounding heights the din of battle now fell heavily
on the ear, and Christian knight and fiery Saracen
burning to reach the scene, disputed the ground foot
by foot, till they came within sight of a yet deadlier
contest, with which they soon mingled, like the meeting
of two chafed and mighty torrents rushing from their
mountain sluices upon the vales below. As they came
in contact with the battle already raging, burst forth
with louder and harsher breath the pealing music of
that stormy war ; for there, beneath the walls of their

GRANADA. 49
fallen city, the Moors joined the conflict between
the pride of all Granada and that dauntless Iberian
chivalry, worthy the sons of Pelayo and the great
Campeador.* Though enclosed between the city and the foe, the
Abencerrages and their adherents, in deep serried ranks
of brothers, fought back to back with the combined
spirit of a single hero, — beset on all sides, yet holding
at bay the terrific charges of the Castilian horse.
Maddened to loftiest deeds of daring by the example
of their chivalrous chief, they at once met the furious
onset of Ponce de Leon from the citadel, and that of
the frontier squadrons led by the famed Marquis
Villena, with the whole flower of the Spanish camp.f
With renewed shock upon shock, they opened a
path for their followers, engaging with the Moorish
chieftains hand to hand. Every where beating back
the most powerful of his opponents, Ibn Hammed,
supported by Prince Almanzor and the Alabez, his
friends Muza Ben Gazan, Ali Fahar, the Cid Yahia,
struggled with heroic despair to cut his way through
his fierce assailants, who vainly called on him to sur
render. At this juncture, the union of the Christians must
have decided the fate of the Moorish horse; but fiercely
* Buy Diaz de Bivar, the famous Cid, of whom so much has
been chronicled and sung ; witness our Poet-laureate, Mr.
Lockhart, Mrs. Hemans, &c. &c.
t Such as Diego di Cordova, Alonzo d'Aguilar, Mendoza
Zendilla, the Master of Alcantara, at the head of their frontier
force and strong mountain-bands. E

50 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL,
attacked by Muley Hassan, they fell back Upon the
force of Ponce de Leon, who now sought to regain the
fortress. It was then a design suggested itself to the
prince of the Abencerrages, worthy his lofty fame and
commanding station ; his eagle glance at once caught
the new position of the battle, and burning to add to
his laurels the glory of recovering Alhama, he wheeled
round his squadron, and advancing the standard of the
Prophet with the war-cry of Alhama, rushed on Ponce
de Leon, and entered along with him the gates of the
disputed city. But ere they could be closed, the Spanish
force pressing upon his rear as eagerly as he pursued
the garrison, followed, and finally shut out the Moorish
king as he was bearing down upon the place. He heard
the clashing sound of the massy portals ; he beheld the
flower of his tribes which he had come to rescue, once
more within the fierce and deadly grasp of their inex
orable foe. But at the cry of Alhama, not a Moor in
that vast host who strained not every nerve to reach its
steep, precipitous walls ; and, unprovided as they were
with their heavy engines, they rushed to the assault
headed by their escaladors, uttering terrific shouts of
vengeance which seemed to rend the heavens, Ee-
echoed from every mountain-height and cloud-capped
citadel upon the cliffs, they were repeated along the
gorges of the hills to the very watch-towers upon the
pinnacles of the rocks. Nor was the spectacle less
fearfully sublime, when that whole brilliant array
rushed like a single escalador under the eye of their
warrior monarch, prepared with heart and hand either
to conquer or to perish. It was then the tempest of

GRANADA. 51
the battle began to rage in its darkest terrors ; when
the passions of the soul let loose, goaded by bitterest
religious hatred and thoughts of home and country,
panted to indulge that instinctive appetite for blood,
which, once excited, gives tenfold horrors to such a
scene. As fast as the storming Moors gained tke walls,
they were hurled down by their terrific foe, forming
ramparts for successive bodies of their countrymen
rushing on to the assault. But the Christians, animated
by the presence of their illustrious leaders, hurried
to the ramparts in prodigious throngs, while others
were engaged in deadly conflict with the Abencerrages
in the streets. Ibn Hammed, under the impression
that he was followed by the whole of the Moslem host,
had traversed part of the city, displaying with shouts of
victory the standard of the holy Prophet ; till, being
vigorously attacked, and receiving no aid from without,
he at once descried the fatal cause, and turning upon
his adversaries, attempted to regain the gates. Not a
Moorish turban was to be seen upon the ramparts ; the
terrific shouts, the clash of opposing arms, the heavy
crush and fall of armour told him how fearful was the
hurling of the Moslems from the walls, how fierce the
reiterated assaults of their warlike king !
The noble Abencerrage, beset on all sides, had still
recourse to one desperate expedient to retrieve the
fortune of the battle, or to perish for his country.
Finding it impracticable to open a passage for the
Moorish army through the gates, he directed his last
determined efforts to reach the ramparts of the city,
at once to fall upon the rear of the brave garrison, and

52 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
to open a path for the assailants. The ferocity of the
conflict to accomplish this daring exploit, incited by
every motive of country and of life, surpassed all
hitherto beheld in the chivalrous career of the Moorish
wars. The princely tribes, for they were mostly of
high lineage, were opposed by the pride of Spanish
chivalry, fired by ages of national animosity. Both,
nevertheless, evinced the courtesies, the generosity,
and that high soaring gallantry towards each other,
which marked the heroism of their times. As noble
Moor after Moor fell on every side, the brave Alonzo
d'Aguilar besought their chief to spare his gallant
followers, and yield the sword and banner of the
Moslems. But the thickly serried rank, presenting a
closer and closer front, still disdaining surrender, and
placing their sacred banner in the centre, replied only
by gathering heaps of slain. Their desperate energy
at length opened for them a path ; they dashed boldly
on the ramparts, selling their lives dearly as they
encountered the garrison upon the walls.
But few, and broken, their heroic chief invited his
surviving brethren to follow him, and sprung with the
sacred banner over the lofty battlements, amidst cries
of mingled triumph and terror. * For at the sight of
the hero and his gallant band with the golden symbols
* Though the event described in the text, may, at first
sight, appear incredible, it is not without a parallel in his
tory. During the treacherous massacre of Shahin Bey and
the other Mamalukes, by Mohammed Ali, in the citadel of
Cairo, in 1812, one of those redoubtable cavaliers, having
cut his way through the ranks of the Dehlis, spurred his
horse over the wall, and, notwithstanding the great height

GRANADA. 53
of the empire, disputing the very ramparts of Alhama,
a sudden, fearful pause seized upon the rival hosts as if
they had beheld some vision, or the impregnable fortress
miraculously carried by the behest ofthe all-conquering
God. But when they saw the dauntless Abencerrage
urge his fiery barb, at one tremendous leap, over thebat-
tlements with the Prophet's ensign broadly spreading
to the sky, there broke from the Moslem host a shout of
horror, as if they had beheld the fall of their beloved
Granada, or their great predicted day of doom. Their
cry was re-echoed by the enemy, as they contemplated
the strangely daring exploit, which at once deprived
them of the bright trophy of victory, and the most
heroic of captives who had yet fallen beneath their
arms. But the broad-streaming pennon dilating with
the wind, its beloved emblem streaming like some
aerial glory, bore its champion all unscathed and harm
less into the midst of the awe-struck Moors. And
again with hotter fury was the deadly assault renewed ;
again did he advance the celestial banner, and plant
his foot against the walls. But he was met with an
energy and hostility as unsubdued as his own. Muley
Hassan saw that he was enriching the field of the
of the bastion, escaped unhurt. Of the four hundred and
seventy Mamalukes who entered the castle, this was the
only individual who eluded the vengeance of the Pasha.
" When I visited the citadel," says Mr. St. John, " the part
of the wall over which he is said to have sprang, was pointed
out to me : the height seemed sufficient to render scepticism
excusable ; but, as very improbable things are many times
found to be true, this almost miraculous escape, said to have
been witnessed by several persons still living, may, without
any extraordinary stretch of credulity, obtain our belief."

54 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
foe with the life-blood of his veteran tribes; that
Alhama's walls presented bulwarks, invincible as steel
to mortal heroism, and dark and sullenly he aban
doned the assault, pitching his camp before the
leaguered city.
Cutting off all supplies, and pressing the siege with
unremitting vigour, Muley at length reduced the brave
garrison to the extreme of suffering, and Alhama was on
the eve of falling to the Moors, when tidings of dismal
import were borne to the monarch's ear. Ferdinand,
at the head of an immense armament, was again
approaching to relieve the gallant victors of Alhama;
the newly blended banners of Arragon and Castile
were seen from the lofty watch-towers as they moved
down the mountain-pass into the plains ; while in Gra
nada his son, Abu Abdallah, was plotting to deprive
him of his crown. Summoning the chiefs to instant
council, it was determined to make one more desperate
effort to surprise the place. While the king made a
feigned attack on one side, a storming party advanced
in the dead of night, despatched the sentinels and
guards, and made their way into the streets. But the
Spaniards were still on the alert, the walls bristled
with steel, every fresh shock was attended with the
same result; while more and more turbaned heads
flung from the ramparts, proclaimed that not a single
Moor who entered the fatal city had escaped.
Maddened with disappointment, the king drew off
his forces, and returned to Granada to preserve his
tottering throne. But from that day Muley Hassan
was observed to have become a changed man ; the

GRANADA. 55
soul — the grandeur of enterprise which incited him to
spurn at tribute, was damped; the unconquerable pride
of Moslem heroism stood rebuked before his failing
fortunes, and on learning the treachery of his son, he
seemed to feel that he was no longer a king. His
faithful Aben Kassim was more grieved than surprised
to behold in the fiery and terrible Muley Hassan, well-
proved in many a battle-field, only the wild and moody
fatalist brooding over predicted evils, — the wreck of a
princely mind. It tasked all his kindly skill, his
brilliant eloquence, to sustain his master's courage
under the first rude shock of his misfortunes, — a
triumphant foe without, treason in his palace, and
fast spreading sedition among his people. To the
violence pf his passions succeeded disappointment,
regret, remorse; for he felt that he was the sole author
of his own calamities, that he had driven a noble and
virtuous queen from his throne and bed; forfeited
honour and erripire in the embraces of a too enchant
ing slave. * He was now only roused to acts of vigour
by the earnest, impressive appeals of his venerable
counsellor. In pursuance of his advice, Muley issued
orders for the secret arrest of his son and the sultana,
his mother, f Seized and hurried from their apart-
* __orayda, — so termed for her surpassing beauty ; that is,
" star of the morning." By her he had several sons, for
whose sake, at the instigation of their too fascinating mother,
it is supposed that he persecuted, and even put to death
several of his own legitimate children. Such a motive is
assigned, by many writers, for the rebellion of his son Boabdil,
incited by the sultana Aixa.
T The sultana Aixa, sprung of a high Moorish family and

56 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
ments during the night, they were consigned to the
Tower of Comares,! one of the most conspicuous and
strongly fortified in the whole fortress-range of the
grand Alhambra.
But even in acts of policy and vigour, there ap
peared to be a fatality in the occurrences of this
termed by the Moors of Granada, over whom she exercised
considerable influence, " la Horra, or the Chaste," from her
pure and virtuous life.
t The lofty Tower of Comares, famed in Moorish history
for many a romantic incident, many a strange and dark event
or wild legendary tale, abounds in associations that cannot fail
to impress the mind. In its precincts were embraced the
Golden Saloon, or Hall of the Ambassadors, where the future
welfare, the destinies of a mighty people often hung upon the
pride, the insulted dignity, or caprice of a single despotic master.
There too were passed the prison hours of the unfortunate
princes — the sultanas who had ceased to please — immured in its
donjon keep, or its grated gallery, as ffaey are to be seen at the
present moment. Here too, as we ha->. e notice.d, was confined
the noble sultana, Aixa la Horra, whose dev otpd tenderness to
her son, and all her noble efforts to inspire Aim with a great
spirit, were so ill requited. In the extent and (splendour of its
great hall — its rich and varied decorations sparkling with all
those starry colours in strong relief, and those combinations of
skilful art which threw a species of enchantment round the
scene, and in its saloons and courts, it displayed all the genius of
eastern magnificence. It abounded also in those national inscrip
tions from the Koran, or founded on some remarkable historical
fact or observation of their kings, which held the duties of prince
and people continually up to view. From the battlements
of the tower and its terraced roof, prospects spread far
around, nowhere surpassed in point of variety, novelty, and
grandeur. The dark rocky mountains in the distance, glitter
ing more near with the snowy peaks ofthe sierra— the bright
green valley — the luxuriant plain — the whole scene lit up
by the radiance of the golden crescent reflected from mosque

GRANADA. 57
strange eventful period, in singular unison with the
belief of the people, with the predictions of old
Arabian astrologers and learned men, at the birth
of Abu Abdallah. There was something undefined
and mysterious, approaching to the supernatural, as
serted to have been vividly impressed on the popular
and cupola, — a magic scene of sylvan courts, groves, fountains,
with the flashing waters of the crystal Darro, now hid, now
revealed to the eye, exhibited a scene that might well excite
the almost idolatrous attachment of its possessors. On one
side, the Alhambra with its shady courts and gardens met
the eye ; there lay the Court of the Alberca, encircled with
flowers, and beyond it the Court of Lions, its beautiful foun
tains, and light airy arcades ; while embosomed in the midst
of all appeared the myrtle garden of the Linderaxa, with its
rosy bowers and shrubberies. The boundaries of the grand
fortress presented a line of battlements, bristling with strong
square towers, extending round the entire brow of the hill.
On the northern side, the summits ofthe massy tower beetled
high above the woods, which crowned the declivity ofthe lofty
hill. Lower down, the deep narrow glen, widening as it opened
from the mountains, led into the vale of the Darro ; where,
beneath its sylvan arches, the river wound its way among
the terraced gardens and pleasure grounds which adorned its
banks. The white pavilions glancing at intervals through clus
tering shrubs and plantations of olive, the melon, and the vine,
showed the suburban retreats of the Moors, who carried to
luxuriant refinement the study of domestic economy and cul
tivation of the soil. In another direction were seen the lofty
towers — the spacious rich arcades of the Generalife, or sum
mer palace, its hanging gardens, its cypress groves and myrtle
bowers, bright with the perennial freshness — the glowing hues
imbibed from the pure, fragrant spirit of the southern breeze.
On the height above might be seen the spot where the last of
the Moorish kings sat in trouble and dismay, when driven by
his people from that beloved city on which he gazed, and wept
to resign. From beneath could be heard the murmur of waters

58 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
mind, ushering in the final downfall — the eclipse of
centuries of undiminished glory, which cast its broad
gathering shadows before, as it approached the ap
pointed hour.
The severity of such a measure, therefore, was only
another step in the march of destiny; so far from
arresting its speed, it darkened the fearful perils which
overhung the beloved city of the Moors. It gave a
conveyed by the aqueduct of the Moorish mills, situated in
the gorge of the ravine, or glen, that divides the palace of tbe
Alhambra from that of the Generalife. The spacious lines of
trees beyond, mark the alameda, or great walk, extending far
along the Darro, with its long line of battlemented towers,
where the pride and beauty of Granada sought the enjoyments
of social converse in the refreshing airs of evening, when love
awoke the song of the nightingale, and the veiled beauties of
the Alhambra listened with heaving bosom and flashing eye to
the softer music of impassioned words and sighs. Overhanging
this walk rose the noble quarter of the city called the Albayein.
Again, if you looked out upon the west, rose the distant hills
beyond the Vega, the scene of many a border warfare between
the Moslem chivalry and the Christian lords of the frontier.
Towns, towers, and cities, spreading over their declivities, were
shielded by their strong holds and castles on the summits,
commanding the mountain passes which lay between them and
their Christian foe. The pinnacles of watch-towers apparently
springing out of the solid rocks, and displaying the green and
golden ensign of the crescent beetled above the loftiest cliffs,
but vainly sounded the alarm when that new, terrific arm of
war, the heavy artillery of the Christian, laid the mightiest
of their eagle fortresses a heap of ruins. It was then the hosts
of Ferdinand poured down from Alcala la Real, through the
famous pass of Lope, into the blooming Vega, trampling its
glories and its beauties with the unsparing foot of war. There,
at the fatal bridge of Pinos, fell many a young heroic martyr
for his country, — beloved Granada, and its happy homes ;
there was the Castilian chivalry mown down like the grass

GRANADA. 59
foretaste ofthat grand catastrophe, of which the dreaded
anticipation seemed to lie like a shroud on the spirit
of the people, giving new impulse to those superstitious
terrors which impelled the Moors to the very acts
calculated to hasten their long-predicted ruin. Though
aware of the startling prophecy, that " It is written in
the heavens that this young prince shall sit upon Gra
nada's throne, in whose reign shall be fulfilled the
under the scythe. Turn to the south, and the eye rested on a
glowing tract of luxuriant harvests of the most precious fruits
and grain, the rural villa, with its blooming grove and gay
parterre reflected in the crystal waters of the winding Xenil,
diverted into innumerable refreshing rills, which gave that
brilliant depth of colour to every production ofthe clime. In
the distance, to the south rose a chain of bleak, wild hills,
crowned by the snowy sierra, like a white fleecy streak of
clouds fringing the horizon of yon deep purple skies, reflected
upon the hill of the sun. Often would it arrest the eye ofthe
old Moorish navigator, or the home-bound mariner, when, in
the pride of Moslem power, its royal navies swept the coasts
of the dark blue sea which bathes that land of beauty and
renown. In the same direction, situated near the city of Santa
Fe, on the site of the old Christian camp, is the estate ofthe
noble English duke of Ciudad Rodrigo already alluded to ; and
again between the city of the faithful and the capital, is seen
the bridge of Pinos, on the Xenil. From this point also, the
spectator has a near view of the Tocador, or Toilet of the
Queen ; and, passing the Darro by that bridge below the hills,
seen in the foreground, Abu Abdallah made his escape from
the vengeance of his father, Muley Hassan. The tower in
the distance is called the Torre del Homage, where it is pro
bable that the Moors observed the old custom of ascending
the towers and houses in seasons of festivals, to pray with
their faces to the east. The tourist, on retracing his steps,
ascends the hill ofthe Albayein, and arriving on the esplanade
in front of the church of St. Nicholas, thence obtains the most
favourable view of the fortress of the Alhambra.

60 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
predestined downfall of the empire," they were now
eager to make him their king. They were as deeply
incensed against his royal father, who, alarmed by
these very predictions, and incited by the intrigues of
his favourite mistress, would haye sacrificed his unruly
son at the shrine of policy under the cover of abject
superstition. " It shall be seen," he cried, " whether
the sword of the law or that lying horoscope be
the stronger. Let it close the lips of the vain Abu
Abdallah, as it has silenced some of his presumptuous
brethren." At the same time, Muley dreaded the people, who
from respect to the sultana-mother, her strong affection
for her surviving son, and her own wrongs, only
required a spark to kindle their animosity into a flame.
Apprised by her emissaries of the king's designs, —
designs which he had not ventured to confide to his
faithful counsellor, — the sultana, true in this fearful
emergency to that virtuous courage and promptness of
spirit which had ever distinguished her, resolved not
to lose another day. Assisted only by her women,
she concerted with her friends without, instant means
for her son's rescue. At the dead hour of night an
Arabian steed, ready equipped, attended by a single
cavalier and his retainer, might be seen through the
glimpses of the moon, on the banks of the Darro
nearest the Alhambra, whose golden spires, and stately
domes and minarets were imaged in its crystal stream.
Summoning her slaves and maidens,, the anxious
mother took from each their veils and tunics, bound
them firmly together, and then lowering her last and

GRANADA. 61
favourite son from the lofty Tower ofthe Comares, may
be said to have held the destiny of all Granada in her
trembling hands. Hurrying down the winding and
wooded declivities, Abu Abdallah soon approached
the margin of the river, vaulted on his gallant charger,
and never drew bit till he knocked with his scymitar at
the gates of Guadix, amidst the lofty Alpuxarras. His
escape was the signal for an open appeal to arms ; the
various orders of the people declared themselves, and
prepared to decide the disputed sway. The far-famed
Zegris, the Gomerez, with others of the inferior tribes,
and the chief portion of the populace, were loud in
favour of young Abdallah. The nobler families, with
the Abencerrages, the Alabez, indeed all the principal
emirs, scheikhs, and ulemas,* supported the rights of
the reigning monarch.
After a severe contest, on returning one day from his
royal residence of Alexares, Muley found the gates of
the city closed against him. On all sides were heard
the proclamations in favour of his son. The old pre
diction instantly recurred to his mind ; he no longer
sought to resist the existing impression become so
general among the people. " God is great ! " he eja
culated ; " why contend against what is recorded in
the book of destiny ? I see it was no false prophecy
that young Abdallah should sit upon the throne. That
which was to follow, may Allah and his holy Prophet
in their mercy avert !" With these words the humbled
monarch turned his horse's head, and withdrew to the
* Anglicd,  the princes, learned men, and lawyers.

62 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
city of Baza. Finding himself well received, he soon
resumed the natural sternness and ferocity of his dispo
sition. Forgetting the recent lessons of adversity, his
acquiescence in the course of destiny, and his respect
for the most tried and faithful of his counsellors; alive
only to the indignity offered to him by his people, he
was seized with a paroxysm of passion, or rather mad
ness, and burned for revenge against his own subjects.
Selecting only five hundred of his most staunch and
desperate adherents, he succeeded in arriving by night
under the walls of the Alhambra. In dead silence they
scaled the battlements, and putting to the sword all
they met, soon produced a scene of horror through its
lordly courts and halls, almost without example in the
civil wars of the Moors. After thus wreaking his fury
on his nobler foes, he descended into the streets and
houses, where he attacked the people with the same
insatiable thirst of blood. When the dawn of day
revealed the nature of so terrific an attack, and the
trivial force with which it had been conducted, the
citizens rose in a mass, and with indignation compelled
the sanguinary monarch to relinquish his hopes of
reigning upon the ruins of his country.
Muley Hassan withdrew to Malaga, while the startled
and incensed Moors of Granada, joined by the greater
number of the influential tribes, and the existing
authorities, offered their allegiance to Abu Abdallah.
From this period the progress and character of the
war, and of the dark, domestic incidents connected
with the fearful drama we are attempting to exhibit,
assumed a new and still more terrific aspect.

CHAPTER IV.

Not always wealth, not always force
A splendid destiny commands ;
The lordly vulture gnaws the corse
That rots upon yon barren sands.
The Imam Ben Ldris.
It was not until after a succession of renewed con
flicts between the father and the son, till Granada had
shed her richest blood under the scourge of hostile
factions, that these unnatural rivals paused in their
sanguinary career. Although acknowledged as king

64 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
by the popular voice, Abu Abdallah had wrested only
a portion of the Moorish dominions from the sway of
their aged and implacable sovereign. The important
towns of Guadix, Baza, Malaga, with a number of
frontier fortresses and castles, still continued to pre
serve their ancient fealty.
The alcayde, Aben Omixa, indeed succeeded in re
gaining for the new king possession of the Alhambra ;
and Abdallah soon began to display those qualities
calculated to strengthen the superstitious terrors of the
Moors, with regard to the dreaded season foretold by
the eastern astrologers. Combining a remarkable
degree of levity, weakness, and licentiousness with a
latent fire and ferocity on the spur of action, he was
at once the creature of his own impulses and of his
worst advisers. Passionately devoted to public games
and festivals, absorbed by the charms of some reigning
favourite, sunk in luxuriant and indolent repose within
the precincts of his splendid harem, he forgot the
duties of the monarch and the hardy spirit of his sires.
Amidst the enchanting scenery of the Generalife,
struck with the transcendant loveliness ofthe betrothed
bride of the noble Abencerrage, he had conceived for
her the most violent passion : but as the adopted
daughter of the king, brought up with the princesses
of the court, and a child of the famed Ali Atar, the
amorous prince felt it politic to restrain his ardour
within the bounds of reason. Aware that she had long
plighted her love to the chief of the Abencerrages,
whom he hated not less as a rival than for his glory in
arms, his intense passion had been chastened by respect

GRANADA. 65
and even awe ; but all better and nobler feelings lost
sight of in the intoxication of power, he could now
throw off the mask and appear in his real colours. To
secure the success of his criminal projects, he attempted
to consolidate his power by the removal of the former
authorities, and promoting the most devoted and abject
of his own partisans in their place. The emirs, the
venerable elders and scheikhs, the most learned poets,
artists, and philosophers, — all distinguished for their
rare science or their useful discoveries which conferred
lasting obligations upon Europe, were either neglected
or insulted by the new Moorish court. The most
renowned among the ministers and counsellors, not ex
cepting the enlightened Aben Kassim, were not spared ;
and to his deep-seated grief at witnessing the decline
of the empire, the outrageous actions of his royal
master, who had forgotten the respect due to his opi
nions, was now added the indignity of being struck
from the rolls of the grand divan. Several of the
chiefs, grown grey in the service of a line of monarchs,
were either expelled or doomed to behold the beloved
tribes with whom they had won their hard-earned
laurels headed by young presuming favourites, who at
the head of the populace had espoused the interests of
the new monarch. A few indeed there were, whose
high fame and influence in the council and in the field
he did not yet venture to impugn. Among these ranked
the Prince of the Abencerrages, Ibrahim Ali Atar, com
mander of the great fortress of Loxa, Muza Ben Gazan,
El Zagal, the brother of the deposed king, and the

66 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
powerful tribes and adherents attached to them by the
most indissoluble ties.
Abu Abdallah did every thing in his power to win
them to his interests ; he reminded them of the cruelty
and horrors inflicted upon Granada by Muley Hassan;
he bribed their officers, and attempted to disturb the
old warlike discipline still respected by the heads of
the nobler tribes. By such policy he sought to smooth
the way for the destruction of the most heroic of his
opponents among the boldest of their country's cham
pions, who spurned the idea of purchasing peace by
the sacrifice of honour and independence. Pursuing
the infamous policy of humbling the power of the
Abencerrages and the Alabez, he secretly fomented the
rivalries between them, the Gomerez, and the Zegris.
By raising up a host of mercenaries, the dregs of the
Moorish populace, wholly lost to the hardy spirit of their
race, he ignobly sought to extirpate his noble rivals
from the soil, instead of binding them to him by a free,
frank spirit of conciliation, which at such a crisis might
have consolidated his usurped throne, and given a new
aspect to the fortunes of the war. But Abu Abdallah
was a striking exemplification of the great truth, that
the weak and sensual become incapable of any real
excellence. Involved in the meshes of wild, insatiable
passions, a prey to that most grievous and destructive
disease, the insanity of the selfish instinct springing
from early and excessive indulgence, which invariably
brings down calamity upon others whether raging in
the palace or the peasant's hut, Abu Abdallah now

GRANADA. 67
trampled on the eternal laws of order, justice, and
reason. Instead of directing his vigilance, soul and
heart, to arrest the progress of the foe, he attempted
to make himself beloved by a series of splendid spec
tacles, of public sports and festivals, spreading royal
boons and largesses among a corrupt populace.
Once a king, he attempted by every art of which he
was master, to ensnare the virtuous and beautiful
daughter of Ali Atar. With this view he had remained
in Granada while her heroic lover was reaping glory in
the field. But his intrigues had been met with a
heroism, a scorn, and a constancy on the part of
Zelinda, equal to the fiery passion which impelled him
to seek the possession of her charms and the destruction
of his rival. Vainly did he renew his detested solici
tations in every form calculated to excite the feelings,
to captivate the imagination or the heart. The bitterest
threats and indignation succeeded the seductive cour
tesies of the royal Moor ; nor would respect for her
noble birth, her plighted faith, or dread of her princely
lover have longer deterred him from the most audacious
of crimes, but for the noble conduct of the Moorish
princesses and the daughters of Aben Kassim, who
threw round her the shield of their rank, veiling her
from his view till the arrival of her noble lover. As
vainly did he display the allurements of a sultana's
diadem, the honours and splendours which surround
the partner of Granada's throne, to tempt her to yield
to his wishes ere Ibn Hammed's return ; they were
treated with the virtuous detestation due to motives so
ignobly avowed.

68 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
It was then the designing Abdallah found himself
constrained to dissimulate; and with that refined
duplicity characteristic of the worst of the Moors, he
determined to accomplish his object by more slow and
wary methods. But the princely Abencerrage, receiving
tidings of what had passed, would on the instant have
flown, transported with fury, to confront the royal
invader of his honour. Forcibly withheld from so
rash a step by Almanzor and his friends, he was at
length induced to listen to reason, and adopt some plan
at once more dignified and more effectual. The aged
and gallant father of his betrothed, with numerous
other friends and leading families, were speedily sum
moned to attend a solemn council of the chiefs.
It was here discussed, whether Muley Hassan, having
forfeited his crown and the confidence of his subjects
by his late atrocities, it was not imperative on the
Abencerrages, the Alabez, and other influential bodies
friendly to their tribes, to adopt a new line of policy.
With patriotic desire of blending hostile parties in one
great cause, the experienced Aben Kassim recommended
to the divan an unanimous transfer of their allegiance
and services to the popular king. It was to be accom
panied with specific conditions, of which the leading
were, that he should prosecute the war with the utmost
vigour, that he should enter into no compact with the
Christians without the solemn deliberation of his chiefs
and elders, and that he should lead his army in person
to oppose the foe. That in consideration of the signal
exploits of Ibn Hammed, he should command in the
field the forces entering into these arrangements, while

GRANADA. 69
Prince Almanzor should be the leader of the Moorish
foot. That in honour of the splendid achievements
of Ali Atar in the border warfare, jousts of the reed
and the ring should be held in the square of the Viva
Rambla, to celebrate the nuptials of his daughter with
the chief of the Abencerrages.
At the head of this warlike deputation walked the
aged hero, still renowned as the most skilful lance in
Spain, followed by the young Abencerrage. Next to
them was Aben Kassim with the scheikhs and elders
of the old divan, attended, according to their birth and
prowess, by the whole of Granada's noble families and
tribes which adhered to Ibn Hammed's cause.
It was an impressive spectacle to behold so vast an
assemblage of the wise, and the chivalrous of that once
fertile and superb empire of the Andalusian Moors, as
they wound slow and solemnly through the aisles and
avenues of the sacred mosque, offering up prayers to
Allah for the preservation of Granada the beautiful
— the beloved; her faithful children, and her happy
homes. And first, they deposited in its sanctuary the
holy banner of their Prophet, the great founder, the
purifier of their religion and their laws, the father of
their high-born chivalry, and of the thousand victories
decreed by God, the only conqueror, upon the necks of
prostrate nations. To God alone, and to Mohammed,
his chosen, his sword, and his lawgiver, was the praise
and the glory of having rescued the ancient tribes
of the eastern world from ages of superstition, igno
rance, and the feudal scourge.
" The light of a redeeming intellect," continued the

70 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
eloquent and aged scheikh, " shone on the sword of
our holy faith ; and with the might of our khaliphs, the
great vicars of our Prophet's will, came the regene
rating strength of loftier times ; the civilization, the
science, the industry, and the arts which have at last
taught the Goths and Vandals of European thraldom to
turn their weapons against their teachers. Yea, from us
have they received the Kiblah* showing the direction
in which they should go to attain all that is good and
great. We have, perhaps, fulfilled the Prophet's great
mission in this land of delights ; the genius of our
schools, our policy, and our discoveries hath illumined
the mind of Allah's children, the children of our foes ;
and we have now, it may be, only to gird up our loins
for travel, to go hence, and to be heard of no more !"
Then unfolding the pages of the inspired Koran, —
" that which is worthy to be read," — he offered up
prayers to the one God, the conqueror, the elevator of
the humble, the humbler of the proud, the boundless,
the omnipotent : — " Oh hearer of prayer, source of
knowledge and of glory ; help us thou witness for the
just," he ejaculated as he closed the sacred volume ;
and, falling upon his face before the sanctuary of the
Prophet, he was followed by each of that noble train who
prostrated themselves before the majesty of the one
great God, finally appealing to the most Merciful for the
salvation of their beloved country. " Allah ! Allah

* Meant to point the attention of the faithful to the direc
tion in which they should turn their faces or their steps in
prayer, or on pilgrimage in honour of the Prophet's holy tomb
at Mecca.

GRANADA. 71
Achbar ! the greatest ofthe great, the father of our Pro
phet and of his faithful," continued the noble scheikh,
" who metest out the might of monarchs in the hollow
of thy hand, who divest into the depths of their council,
and bringest their vain-boasting to nought : thou con-
founder of enemies, gird up thy faithful for the battle ;
display before them the glories of that eternal paradise,
the heritage of the brave and the just. Do thou wing
our javelins, wield the scymitar, and sharpen for us
the sword and the lance. Fire the soul and strengthen
the arm of thy faithful ; clothe the necks of our barbs
with the thunder of the battle, and strike terror into
the hearts of our foes with the clamour of thy horse
men through the grove of spears ! For thou alone
art the God of battles, and didst call from the cave of
thy persecuted Prophet, the sire of mighty dynasties,
the reformer of an idolatrous and abandoned world.
Be near thy few and faithful in the day of conflicting
hosts ; raise them above a vile and grovelling genera
tion ; and let them reap a harvest of glory worthy of
their omnipotent, all-conquering Lord !"
The aged orator of the wise and ancient scheikhs
then arose, and with an impulse newly given by prayer
animating every look and gesture, he passed the thres
hold of the sacred edifice, and as he resumed his
splendid robe and glittering armour, the clarions and
the timbrels, with loud inspiring note, burst into a
flood of martial song. No more attired in weeds of
peace and devotion,* they wound their solemn way up
* In accordance with an established custom of early times,

72 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
the long, wooded avenues of the Alhambra towards
the tower of the Gate of Judgment* amid scenes of
surpassing beauty, — the odorous-breathing air, pure
from its snowy fountain of the sierra, the bright, calm
heavens above, filled only with the swelling notes of
the Moslems before going to prayer divested themselves of
their usual attire, and entered the mosque in plain and simple
raiment. * Ofthe splendour and beauty of this entrance to the grand
fortress, no description can convey so clear an idea as a faithful
and picturesque delineation ; how much more the actual con
templation of the singular structure itself. The Gate of Law,
or Judgment, with its noble portico and massive tower, the
first to arrest the eye of the traveller as he enters the precincts
ofthe Alhambra, was erected as a tribunal for popular justice,
being similar in its design and object with the ancient custom
of the Jews, on whose institutions and sacred writings so much
of the Mohammedan polity and the Koran itself was founded.
Thus, from the Israelite king sitting in the Gate was bor
rowed the characteristic appellation of the Sublime Porte. It
was formed of white marble, and over it the elaborate mosaic
tiling extended to nearly three feet and a half high, with the
inscription in Cufic characters so often repeated, " There is no
Conqueror but God." It is beneath this inscription appears
sculptured on the arch the famous key, one of the great reli
gious symbols of the Moslems. It is " the Key of God ;"
which, according to the Koran, opens to believers the portals
of the world and of the true religion. As a national emblem
it was borne like the holy cross by the Christians, at once the
sign and signet of their faith. With the older Arabs it had its
miraculous powers, resembling those attributed to the Catholic
church ; that is, to make fast or to loosen, to open or to close
the gates of heaven. From its being considered an emblem
of power, it was not only borne as an armorial ensign, but in
conjunction with the gigantic hand it was supposed to denote
union and concord. The door ofthe gate is formed of palm-
wood, and the capitals of the columns are wrought in the

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GRANADA. 73
martial hymns, reflecting in the founts and streams
the mimic splendour of mosque, and minaret, and
palace-tower. Far as the eye could reach, the approaches to the
royal fortress, in itself a city of palaces, were filled
same delicate style as those so much admired in the Court
of Lions.
The porch, with its prevailing form of the crescent, has an
imposing effect upon the eye ; it is on the key-stone of the
higher arch appears engraven that massy open hand, which
together with the key, as with all religious or national sym
bols, gave rise to a number of traditions current among the
Moors. We find frequent mention of the omnipotent hand
in the Koran, which conducts true believers into the right
way. It had, besides, various significations, being an epitome
ofthe law with its five fundamental precepts : — 1st, Faith in
God, and in Mohammed as his Prophet ; 2d, Prayer, with all
its preparatory ceremonies and purifications ; 3d, the giving
of Alms ; 4th, Fasting, especially during the Ramadan ; 5th,
a Pilgrimage to the Kaaba, or sacred shrine of Mecca. In the
mystic hand, also, lay the power of enchantment, by giving to
it certain figures and changing them according to the courses
of the stars and planets. " According to this notion," says
M. Peyron, " when represented open, like this hand over the
Gate of Judgment, it had the power of weakening the strength
of the enemy." Both the gate and tower are framed of the
most solid masonry.
The large square pedestal to the left ofthe view here given,
forms part of a fountain, of which this is the back ; but it
is now choked up and in ruins. It was built by the emperor
Charles V. After passing through the barbican, you ascend
a narrow lane winding between walls, and come to an open
esplanade within the fortress, called the Plaza de los Algibes,
or Square of the Cisterns. Thence, leaving the magnificent
palace of Charles V. to the right, and passing through a low
portal, the stranger enters the Court of the Alberca, or great
Fish Pool, represented in the succeeding view.

74 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
with eager throngs, panting to gather tidings which
must reveal the colour of their future destiny. As
the most aged and revered of the ancient council,
followed by the princes and elders of the tribes, paused
before the mysterious emblems which gave a sacred
ness to these portals in unison with the office to
which they were dedicated: the people, — inspired with
sentiments of awe and of reverence, stood in silent
contemplation of those sculptured emblems, the hand
and the gigantic key, which told stronger than any
language that it treasured the mysteries of that reli
gion which had no God but God for its chief, and
Mohammed for his prophet.*
Within the sacred precincts of the gate sat the
venerable kadhis, prepared to dispense public justice
at the opening of the new reign, and at their head the
king himself, arrayed in his jewelled kaftan with the
golden diadem encircling his turbaned brows, eager to
ingratiate himself with the people by complying with
the ancient custom of the khaliphs. He was about
to retire to receive the chiefs and elders with becoming
pomp in the Hall of the Ambassadors ; but Aben
Kassim, seizing an occasion of enforcing their claims
with greater energy in the eyes of the assembled
people, suddenly presented himself before the mo
narch : " Justice ! justice ! " exclaimed the aged
counsellor; " in the united voice of Granada's chiefs
and elders, I ask for justice from the king who pre-
* Tbe more exact meaning of the old tradition was, that
until the hand should grasp the key, the whole of that vast
and splendid edifice should remain entire.

GRANADA. 75
sides in its gates. Oh, son of Allah, here shouldst
thou listen to the voice of wisdom and experience ; or
prepare to forfeit empire to the infidel by the will of
the avenger of the injured, the great retributor for
deeds of injustice, oppression, crime. Listen, or
tremble at the vengeance prepared by Allah and his
holy Prophet, which will consume thee and thy people
as a mighty flame. But may the Father of the faithful,
the most merciful, Lord of all, direct thee in the right
way! Him worship, and ask assistance from him,
the King of the Day of Judgment, that he strike thee
not, as the unbeliever, with the sharp arrows of adver
sity; but that he lead thy foes astray. Behold thy
princes, warriors of families and tribes ; behold thy
people, oh king, who knock with us at thy gate of
justice ; and who in their monarch look for a father
of horsemen in the day of battle. For here thou
beholdest the children of Mohammed, the brightest
of his faithful sons of the sword. Read aloud their
prayer, as becometh a king sitting in the gate, with the
words of discretion and gravity on his lips."
There was a deep, solemn pause ; during which Abu
Abdallah cast his eye over the protest of the chiefs
and elders, ere he trusted himself to give it a voice.
With all his assumed mildness and frankness of de
meanour, dark, contending passions chased each other
over his features ; his frame shook, his lip quivered,
and the sounds came harsh and broken, as he gave
utterance to the will of the chiefs and tribes. When
he ceased, no words of warm, or joyous assent infused
gladness into the hearts of the spectators. During the

76 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
portentous silence, his eye glanced from the protest to
fhe princely Abencerrage, who stood proud and in
dignant, confronting with fixed reproachful gaze, the
dark side-looks of the monarch, which had something
of sinister and terrible in their subdued glare.
" Speak, oh king!" burst forth Ibn Hammed in a
voice of thunder, as he advanced closer to the judg
ment-seat ; " or is it that the light hath become dark
in thy eyes ? Would it were so written, and pleas
ing to Allah, that I might dash the scales from thy
eyes, before the chiefs and people of the land. It is
before them an Abencerrage cries out for justice at her
gate, from him who sits, the vicar of our holy Prophet,
to dispense it pure from its fountain which runneth
by the throne of Allah, refreshing the paradise of the
just and good."
As he spoke, every nerve of the chief quivered with
emotion ; the advanced step, the motion of his hand
seemed on the point of executing the bitter sentence
which spoke too eloquently in his large, dark eyes.
There was a solemn pause, during which the spec
tators, with alternate feelings of hope and dismay, bent
their eager looks, now upon the fiery chief, and now
upon the king.
" Is it thus ye speak, and thus ye look ;" at length
replied Abdallah, with deep restrained ire visible in
every feature ; " ye go to prayer clad in weeds of
meekness and of peace, but war and hatred enfold
your hearts. What ! pray ye to Allah in his sacred
mosque, as ye now petition the son of his Prophet
upon his throne?"

GRANADA. 77
" And are we not all children of Allah? " interposed
the indignant prince; " hath he not said the good, the
just, the noble-minded and compassionate are his
children ? And who are the followers of the prophet,
the fathers of horsemen in the day of spears ? Who
the sons of his terrible and yet unsheathed sword ?
Not the designing and the bad, the craven in heart
and foul in spirit, who wrap them in their secret fears
as with a garment to hide themselves from the day of
wrath, when they shall be smitten from behind by a
terrible and sharp foe. I claim, oh king, the daughter
of Ali Atar as the betrothed of my soul, — mine by the
will of her father, and of the father of Abu Abdallah,
ere he ascended Granada's throne. Wilt thou accept
our terms of amity, and victory over thy foes ? or pre
fer that half of thy tottering empire's princes and their
tribes refuse to support thy throne? Where then is
thy justice, where thy throne?"
At the same moment, the famed veteran Ali Atar,
unbowed by half a century's brilliant campaigns, knelt
before the judgment-seat and appealed loudly for his
rights as a father and a soldier, determined to fulfil
his honourable word pledged to a chief of the Aben
cerrages. As the king raised him from the ground,
murmurs of applause ran through the assembled
Moors, as if the royal hand were stretched forth
in earnest of compliance with the terms proposed,
auguring well for the success of that eventful mission.
With the frank, placid features he knew how to assume,
but with hatred at his heart, the king in harsh and
broken speech announced his acceptance of the terms

78 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
required of him. Then turning, with a peculiar ex
pression, towards the chief of the Abencerrages, " I freely
bind myself to the fulfilment of these conditions, for
would ye mock Allah and his Prophet, by terming
them your petition, — your prayer? I yield to one and
and all you ask of me, without help to deal with the
audacity of some as becomes the Prophet's vicegerent
on earth. And for the fair daughter of Ali Atar — that
storm and terror of our frontier wars, as freely shall
that peerless beauty knit hands with the Abencerrage,
as the king accepts his amity, his promised victory
over the infidel foe. Let him first redeem his pledge,
and Abu Abdallah will himself hold joust and ring
at his marriage festival ; the noblest fame, the brightest
eyes that ever shone from the Viva Rambla shall rain
sweet influence on his exploits, as he brings us victory
a captive in bis train. Yea, let him bring us good
tidings from Ronda, and our frontier Wars, and win his
lady by proof of battle with the infidels of Arragon and
Castile. But it is easier to pledge words, than to
redeem them by deeds of proof."
" To thee, oh king, I have made no vow," was the
gallant Hammed's reply; "but be it so decreed, and
witness for me all, that I will conquer or forfeit
honour and love ! "
"Recall your words!" interrupted Ali Atar; "ye
know not, prince, what ye promise ! " while Aben Kas
sim fixed an eloquent and searching eye upon the royal
Moor. " Ask not your bride on terms of victory,'*
pursued the wary and experienced scheikh.
" Away ! " cried the impatient monarch, " it was he

GRANADA. 79
who proffered, not I ! Sons of Allah ! shall he speak
a lie ; shall he babble of victory, and refuse to woo
her in the battle-field, ere he win his matchless
bride?"* " Never !" retorted the chief with equal fierceness;
" she shall so be wooed and won, or for ever more lost.
Now I have made a vow," and he offered his hand to
the monarch ; who, leaving his seat, embraced the too
ardent and imprudent prince, — policy which he well
knew would raise him in the estimation of the people.
In the generous impulse of the moment, Ibn
Hammed forgot the injuries of the lover, and received
the warlike mission with the brave, frank-bearing '
characteristic of his distinguished tribe.
A tumult of applause from the spectators, caught up
by the assembled throngs without, gave glad assurance
to Granada of the reconciliation of her ablest chiefs
with the young monarch of her choice. Tidings of
the auspicious event went forth, and the troubled aspect
* Thus said before his lords the king to Reduan,
" 'Tis easy to get words, deeds get we as we can ;
Rememberest thou the feast at which I heard thee saying,
'Twere easy in one night to make me Lord of Jaen.
" Well in my mind I hold the valiant vow was said ;
Fulfil it, boy, and gold shall shower upon thy head;
But bid a long farewell, if now thou shrink from doing,
To bower and bonnie bell ; thy feasting and thy wooing."
" I have forgot the oath, if such I e'er did plight,
But needs there plighted troth to make a soldier fight .
A thousand sabres bring ; we'll see how we may thrive ! "
" One thousand !" quoth the king; "I trow thou shalt have five."
Vow of the Moor.

80 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
of a mighty city threatening anarchy and discord with
their train of woes, more terrible from the near ap
proach of a proud relentless invader, became, for the
moment, one scene of exulting carnival, of anticipated
triumph. But soon the harsh pealing notes of war summoned
to the exterminating contest; to decide the fate of
empire between two rival powers, the fame of whose
conquests had for centuries challenged the wonder of
the world. Nor was the re-union of the Moslems
effected before the hour of need ; the Christians under
the leaders of an age still breathing the spirit of the
heroic Cid, had borne the tempest of the war to the very
gates of their beloved city, scattering dismay through
their frontier towns and citadels. The fairest plains,
the thickly populated hamlets of that delicious and
fertile region, with the blooming harvests, its thou
sand flocks and herds, its fruitful groves and gardens
clothing the banks of its crystal streams and golden
rivers, were involved in one indiscriminate ruin. From
the stronghold of Alhama, almost in the heart of the
kingdom, the enemy made fierce incursions into the
adjacent territories and castles, commanding the inlets
to Granada. Jaen was already captured ; the power
ful and wealthy Malaga was on the eve of surrender, if
not relieved, and the fortress of Loxa was attacked
with the utmost fury by the frontier nobles, followed
by a stronger force under the cautious Ferdinand,
which burst like a thunderbolt upon the astonished
Moors. It was to this point their combined efforts
were now directed to redeem the fortune of the war ;

GRANADA. 81
while at the same moment came tidings of victory
from the plains of Malaga, inspiring them with
hope. Their enthusiasm and old religious fervour,
on learning its details, began to revive.
But eager to strike some memorable blow before the
arrival of Ferdinand, the frontier nobles, led by Ponce
de Leon, the Count of Cifuentes, and other lords, made
inroads into the province, exterminating all before
them with fire and sword. It was then Muley Hassan,
the crownless monarch, still animated with deadly
hatred of the Christian foe, called to his standard all
of remaining chivalry or loyalty in the surrounding
territory, and flew to the rescue of an afflicted people.
At the head of his horsemen and bands of moun
taineers, stern and wild as their native hills, he
marched to the attack, aged and broken as he was. But
time and grief, with every fiery passion, had wrought
their fated work upon his enfeebled frame; and falling
from his war-horse into the arms of his attendants, he
was too exhausted to proceed. His eye fixed on the
path he had been advancing, he pointed onwards,
entreating to be again placed upon his faithful steed.
But his brother, called El Zagal the Valiant, and the
famous Wali Ben Egaz now approaching, insisted on
his resigning the conduct of the expedition, observing
that he was no longer fit to encounter the perils of
such a campaign.
The aged warrior, fiery to the last, answered them
only by one indignant look, one effort to rise and
vindicate his title to be their chief; but it was vain,
and casting from him his useless arms, he trampled on
G

82 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
his jewelled turban, he tore his beard, and covering
'his face with his hands, turned away and wept. From
the spot where he sat, he could behold the new leaders
separate his army into two divisions, at the head of
which each placing himself, rapidly pursued his way.
El Zagal taking the horse, bore down upon the Chris
tians in the plain; while Redovan with the foot,
javelin and cross-bow men, hastened to await them
in the mountain defiles and passes. The Moorish
horse about mid-day overtook the Spaniards in the
burning plain, heavily laden with booty, and desirous,
for its sake, to continue their retreat. But attacking
with the utmost impetuosity, notwithstanding their
superior numbers, El Zagal threw them into con
fusion ; till after a brief struggle, the rout becoming
general, the Christians betook themselves to the. hills,
where the terrible Redovan burst upon them from his
ambuscades, and put them to the sword. Numbers
perished ; the whole of the booty, banners, and cap
tives became the prize of the victor. The Count of
Cifuentes surrendered his sword to Redovan, who
found him valiantly defending himself against six
Moorish horsemen, without a single soldier at his
side. Infusing redoubled ardour into the Moslems, this
decided success was followed by more important con
sequences, as regarded the progress of the war. The
fame of El Zagal became the tlieme of every tongue ;
" For what," cried the fickle populace, " had Granada's
favourite Abu Abdallah yet achieved to compete with
an exploit like this ! Behold what it is to be a king ;

GRANADA. 83
to sleep without care is to have the best bed in the
world. But woe to the people that have a ruler with
out desert ! Look at El Zagal ! an ambitious heart
has heavy anxieties : see what he hath done ! a cou
rageous man is never poor ! But Abu Abdallah is
more useless than the old father he hath driven from
the throne, who never turned his back upon a foe ;
ah! his son's merits lie under his tongue!" And a
large body of the caustic, bold speaking Moors, in
the true spirit of their laws, declared that El Zagal
alone was capable of saving the empire. So incensed
was Abu Abdallah at his loss of popularity, — for
not a few of these invidious comparisons met his ear,
that hurrying on his preparations for the field, he
burned to show Granada that its king was no craven,
unworthy to lead its armies against the common foe.
Learning that the town of Lucena was ill guarded,'
he there resolved to strike a first blow.
Loud blew the clarions that gave signal to Granada
of their new monarch advancing at the head of the
tribes, to seek the enemy in the open plain ; the gates
of Elvira teemed with applauding throngs, half re
pentant and ashamed of their late popular strictures,
as they beheld this sudden act of heroism in their no
less fickle king. But the joy of the moment was
damped ; a strange ominous silence followed the buzz
of applause, when in passing through the gate the
lance of the royal leader, coming in contact with the
arch, snapped asunder* in the eyes of the astonished
* The Mohammedans have, in all ages, been remarkable for
their faith in omens and auguries ; and Pashas have sometimes

84 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
and superstitious multitude. As they started back
with an expression of dismay, the aged faquir, never at
a loss to seize an occasion for displaying his sinister
eloquence, and terrifying the abject and fanatical into
the fate he predicted, again gave vent to an ominous
howl, which broke the silence in no flattering language
to the monarch's ear. Fearfully he recalled to mind
that it was at this exact spot, under the reign of Mo
hammed Alhamar, that the lance of the first knight
riding through the Elvira gave dismal token of the mis
fortunes so soon to ensue. Enraged at the occurrence,
the king scowled darkly, as he passed, upon the pro
phet; and, drawing his scymitar with a smile of scorn,
he boldly dashed along at the head of his gallant
retinue. But no farther symptoms of rejoicing filled
the air, as the silent ranks of horsemen passed in long
succession into the plains. But where, in that bril
liant array, shone the towering form of their brave
champion — the mirror of chivalrous exploit — the lion-
look which beamed like the rainbow of promised vic
tory through the black clouds of the battle-dust in the
storm of war ? Why sparkled not the light of his
been removed from their governments for so slight a cause as
the falling of their horses, interpreted by superstition into a
portent of some grievous calamity. In the late war in Syria,
the field-marshal of Anatolia was deprived of the chief com
mand because he appeared to enter upon the campaign under
unfavourable auspices, and it was feared that the malignity of
his evil genius might involve the public interests of the state.
This feeling, however, is not peculiar to the Turks ; more civi
lized nations are not free from it ; the only difference between
them and us, perhaps, is, that they acknowledge their weak
ness, and we conceal it.

GRANADA. 85
gleaming scymitar, the terrors of that brandished
lance — the harbinger of death to many a foe ! Ere he
flew to a deadlier field, the lover had sought to assuage
the deep absorbing passion of his soul in the light of
those bright eyes and sweeter smiles of the loveliest of
Granada's daughters, whose Andalusian fire is still
freshly visible in the glance ofthe dark eye and in the
elastic step, proclaiming their eastern descent. Swiftly
did he traverse the cool umbrageous courts, the mar
ble halls and corridors which, through the famed
Alberca,* dreaded for its wild traditionary recollec
tions, conducted him to the magnificent baths of the
* The Court of the Alberca, or great Fish Pool, situated
between that of the Lions and the Tower of Comares, with its
fountains sparkling through the clear balmy air, and glitter
ing with myriads of gold fish, from which it is known to derive
its name. The apartments at the end of this quadrangle have
been much injured by an angle of the palace commenced
by the emperor, obtruding upon them. A great part of the
gallery and rooms attached to it were destroyed to make
way for it.
The subject of the engraving is represented as looking
towards this end of the court ; but in order to give due effect
to that part of the building, the artist has, I think, judiciously
omitted the heavy abrupt angle which, by the side of this
beautiful court, looks little better than a dead wall. The
court is paved with white marble, and decorated at each end
with light Moorish peristyles. In the centre is an immense
basin, or fish-pond, which is one hundred and twenty feet in
length, by thirty in breadth. It is bordered by hedges of
roses, producing a beautiful effect with the bubbling waters,
the glowing fish, and the lofty Tower of Comares seen rising
at the upper end of the court. On passing from it, through
a Moorish archway, the astonished stranger next enters the
renowned Court of the Lions, forming one of the subjects in
the present series.

86 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Alhambra. * There the pure cool air, rich with the
incense-breathing herbs, antique vases of aromatic
treasures pouring their exquisite fragrance over bright
tessellated floors and fretted pavements, regaled every
sense with feelings of freshness and delight. On all
sides the splendid decorations of Moorish art in its
last refinement captivated the imagination and the eye.
Entering the Court of the Lions, his eagle-glance
rested for a moment on its rich marble peristyles, its
noble, walls and ceilings glowing with a thousand
brilliant hues, — those intricate mosaics, — fretworks
which baffle the minutest research. They were farther
adorned by those frequent apothegms which every
where fill the recurring divisions of the palaces and-
temples, as a record to the living of the old Arab
faith and customs. And what more exemplary, what
* Of exquisitely oriental taste, these magnificent baths were
approached through a court filled with odoriferous flowers, at
the end of which rose a light and elegant hall, with a graceful
corridor above, resting on the delicate Moorish arch and
marble pillar. Alabaster fountains in the centre shed delicious
freshness, as you drew nearer their almost subterranean re
treats. On either side were recesses with small platforms,
in which the bathers reclined, enjoying the perfumed air and
the soft music from the corridor above their heads. The
subdued light was admitted only through apertures in the
fretted ceiling. "Varying in taste and magnificence as appro
priated to the monarch — the sultana — the beauties of the
hareni,. — they were the favourite resort of the Moors, no less
from a sentiment, of religion than of luxury, even social and
conversational pleasures. Almost in the vicinity were the
apartments of the Moorish princesses and ladies of the court,
the concert and music rooms, with the beautiful little myrtle
garden of the Linderaxa, skirting the splendid saloon of the
Two Sisters.

GRANADA. 87
truer counsellors of wisdom than to be thus familiarly
and daily reminded of the duties of patience, magna
nimity, courtesy, hospitality, and prayer, as a refuge in
the seasons of peril, of trouble, or of death. Though
so often enjoined, Ibn Hammed dwelt on them, as if
communing with his own heart. " There is no con
queror but God," he repeated, while his looks expressed
high and holy feelings mingled with the gallant bearing
of a leader of the war. As he turned away from the
glowing colours and richly-pictured emblems around,
he saw emblazoned in newer characters, " Obedience
and honour to our Lord, Abu Abdallah;" and starting
as if he had trodden on a serpent and with more
hurried step, he passed along those marble colonnades
into the silent hall of the fountain which bears the
name of his noble tribe. Entering the tower of the
Two Sisters, a splendid suite of saloons still more ex
quisitely and gracefully decorated, commanding most
delicious prospects of the Vega through light-arched
vistas opening into each other, he approached the
wide illuminated window looking upon the magnifi
cent country beyond, and reflecting the purple light in
a stream of magic tints on every object. From the
fountain of the Abencerrages could be seen the whole
of this scene of splendour teeming with natural beauties
wedded to all that was graceful and luxurious in art,
rendering it delightfully adapted for a favourite re
sidence of the princesses of the court.
Here, in these delicious retreats, so alluring to every
sense, amidst sparkling founts, mimic groves, and odo
riferous flowers, glided forms of surpassing mould and

88 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
beauty, whose dark, veiled eyes, whose graceful air and
fine elastic step threw a crowning charm around such
a spot. At intervals, in the recesses and niches of the
saloons, were seen those rich-wrought golden censers
pouring fragrance over the glittering domes and walls,
the small incense-breathing urns and vases of the most
precious handicraft, elaborated with a thousand rare
and ingenious devices. The chief slave' having an
nounced the prince's arrival in the interior saloon, the
splendid portals of the concert-room thrown open,
displayed rich groupes of the veiled beauties seated
on bright and costly ottomans ; some listening to the
sweet-voiced music poured from the balconies above,
others directing the labours of their favourite slaves,
examining with critic eye the costly tissue of precious
stuffs, the rare embroidery, or stringing of pearls and
jewels of the finest water.
In the centre, along its bed of golden sands, ran an
open murmuring stream, which passing through a fair
alabaster fountain, again threw out its sparkling waters
in a thousand wild and graceful flights. The entire
ground was of dazzling white and azure marble, the
product of those snow-clad hills seen towering in the
distance, pouring perpetual freshness through that
region of luxurious palaces, which embody the very
ideal of magnificence, utility, or pleasure, — embalm
ing and purifying the air, which infuses a species
of ecstacy into the soul, and of elasticity into the
frame unfelt in any other spot. And now the hero
and the lover panted to meet here the peerless lady
of his love, whose colours and device he wore, the

GRANADA. Si.
most fair of heaven's fair works in this enchanted
ground. Entranced for some moments by the spell of young,
fresh-breathing beauty which met his view, the prince
contemplated the sweet and glorious prospect before
him. For there in soft and pleasant concord, with
undisturbed hearts, ever-glowing eyes, and lips of a
riper red from the clear perfumed spirit of their baths,
mingled the high-born beauties of that favoured
land, bright as its sunny soil, as lavishly gifted
with the charms of nature as exquisitely embellished
by the hand of taste, which stamped its impress on
every object around. Here the young and enthusi
astic repeated the tender lays of the old Arabian
pilgrim-poets who strove for the great prize on the
gate of the sacred temple, or breathed the tuneful
effusion of later days. Others devoured with rapt
eager ear the wild absorbing loves, the wondrous
fates of the noble slave Antar, and his long-lost
Ibla; and yet more drunk in the dreamy delights of
those genii tales which charmed away the cruelty of
those mighty eastern khaliphs, till they grew gentle in
the light of woman's eye and the magic of her voice,
as young hearts which first respond to the whispers of
love. Some were themselves seen spangling the rich
veils or velvets, wreathing the turbaned diadem or
the tunic, emblazoning their robes with most precious
stones, entwining flowery chaplets with the initials
and devices of the one-loved heroic name.
As the thoughtful prince dwelt on the beautiful
repose thus softening the dark, stern picture of Gra-

90 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
nada's fortunes, his prophetic spirit anticipated the
hour when the hand of destiny should sweep like a
hurricane over the scene, scattering the bright and
beautiful in its rage. Unconsciously he mused on
the prophetic strains of his favourite poet, Alamary,
and repeated, with a foreboding of events to come,
the lament which he breathed over the desolated
village, and home of his youth: — i
Yet 'midst those ruined heaps, that naked plain,
Can faithful memory former scenes restore,
Recall the busy throng, the jocund train,
And picture all that charmed us there before.
Ne'er shall my heart the fatal morn forget
That bore the fair ones from these seats so dear, —
I see, I see, the crowding litters yet,
And yet the tent-poles rattle in my ear.
I see the maids with timid steps descend,
The streamers wave in all their painted pride,
The floating curtains every fold extend,
And vainly strive the charms within to hide.
What graceful forms those envious folds enclose !
What melting glances through thosecurtains play !
Sure Weira's antelopes, or Tudah's roes,
Through yonder veils their sportive young survey !
The band moved on, — to trace their steps I strove,
I saw them urge the camel's hastening flight,
Till the white vapour, like a rising grove,
Snatched them for ever from my aching sight.
Nor since that morn have I Nawara seen,
The bands are burst that held us once so fast,
Memory but tells me that such things have been,
And sad reflection adds that they are past. *
* Specimens of Arabian poetry.

GRANADA. 91
Amid these charming groupes, there appeared to
reign a delightful ease and frankness, free from all
invidious and tainted feelings, from petty rivalry or
hate, arbitrary as was the conduct, and strict the
regulations of their proud Moslem lords. Not a
shadow of the fierce contention among fathers, sons,
and brothers raging without, fell on the clear mir
ror of their unruffled hearts. But all were seen in
glad social union, drawing richer draughts of pleasure
from the peculiar restraints imposed, and nurturing
feelings of contentment and resignation not un
favourable to woman's happiness, — so congenial in
deed with some of her loveliest attributes, that full
emancipation from them would prove the most
perilous dower she could receive.
" Glows not that veiled light of living beauty,"
exclaimed the enthusiastic prince, " a symbol of the
wondrous mysteries of our great reformer's faith, —
shrouded from mortal ken, yet breathing celestial
grace and love, born of some higher, brighter sphere ?
How refreshing to the spirit midst these dark unhal
lowed conflicts of the children of Allah, perishing by
each other's swords, to behold an earthly vision of
that holier and eternal beauty which arrays the fadeless
meads and crystal waters, from whose fresh banks the
amaranth flowers send up their purest incense to the
throne of. the supreme ! What blissful repose to the
troubled breast, thus to partake the charm of love and
amity still surviving in woman's gentler and better
nature, — our heaven- directing Kiblah that points us

92 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
to its sacred shrine in this our sad and weary pilgrimage
through the desart of our mortal days !"
But vainly midst those lovely groupeS the prince's
eye sought that of his adored Zelinda, till accosting
the daughter of Aben Kassim, reclined at the feet of
the royal sisters listening to the old traditions of the
Ramadan,* he was startled at the sudden confusion
which the slave's announcement of his presence seemed
to have excited. He observed the eyes of all directed
to the little garden of Linderaxa, and on the wings of
joy the lover flew to greet the fair object of his pursuit.
Sending his eager looks through the myrtle walks
and embowered recesses of this enchanting spot, they
rested on two objects which drove the joyous life-
blood from his cheek; and pale and statue-like he
stood in the quick revulsion of his spirit, his eye
glistening with a fury strangely contrasting with the
fresh glow of delight. It was the princely Moor by
the side of her he loved; her responsive smile, her
heightening colour ever as he breathed his whispered
words, apparently revealing a tale of treachery and
wrong. Rushing towards the sylvan canopy 'neath
which they sat, his hand instinctively grasped the
dagger. The shriek of the fair girl alone gave a mo
ment to young Abdallah to unsheath his scymitar, ere
* The author perceives with pleasure the announcement of
a work by Mr, St. John, the able and enterprising traveller,
founded on these curious oral reliques of the Islam people,
and still repeated with enthusiasm in the season of their great
festival. It will furnish an interesting sequel to the valuable
narrative of his travels.

GRANADA. 93
they were about to close in the death-strife of rival
love. But the heroic daughter of Aben Kassim threw
herself on the arm of the enraged lover, in the immi
nent act of his striking down the king's weapon ; and
the second clash of their gleaming steel must have met
on the beauteous form of her whom they alike so pas
sionately adored. Recoiling in horror at that sudden
peril, there they stood with uplifted falchions, burning
eye, and threatening gesture confronting each other,
till the princess Zuleima appearing, explained the real
cause of their meeting, and the groundlessness of the
chief's suspicions. Giving breath to the transport of
his rage, the lover in a moment became aware of the
guilty excesses to which he had been thus suddenly
impelled, — the perils, the ruin to which at such a junc
ture he had exposed Granadaandher still faithful tribes.
The youthful monarch, he was told, generously came
to relinquish his claims to the daughter of Ali Atar,
to communicate the delightful intelligence of his recon
ciliation with the chief and his noble tribe. Touched
at once with sorrow and remorse, the frank-hearted
lover acknowledged his error, his crime ; and willing
to expiate it, presented to the king his sword, dashing
his turban from his brows, and bidding him fearlessly
to execute his pleasure. But the terrors of Zelinda,
the tears and intercessions of the princesses, with that
sudden generous impulse to which he was no stranger,
pleaded with the king : — " Charms like these," he ex
claimed, as he returned to the prince his sword, " which
outvie the full moon's rising splendour, or the glory
of the morning stars in the depths of the summer

94 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
heavens, more grateful than the waving palm branch,
sweeter than Yemen's honey-dews, might well excite
a lover to phrensy, at the idea of a royal rival in such
a spot. But the noblest of my Abencerrages will him
self blot out the memory of his fault, by redeeming his
loyal pledge and the fortunes of his country at the
head of his tribes. Follow me quickly at the head of
our noblest Moslems to unfurl our holy banner in the
open field, — thy glorious device of love and honour
" in the colours of thy own brilliant maid !"
Transported by chivalrous feeling, the king for a
moment triumphed over his master-passion, and with
a feeling of remorse, often felt by the weak and licen
tious, he longed to regain the path of honour, and
observe faith with the chiefs and people, even with his
rival. But the regrets and resolves of the unprincipled,
which have no sincere religion for their basis, are like
the winds which blow whither they list ; yet the mere
consciousness of meaning nobly, gave to the naturally
mild and pleasing features of Abu Abdallah an expres
sion of spirit and magnanimity they seldom wore, and
a feeling of unalloyed pleasure to his heart. Unhap
pily, the seeds of one fatal passion only lay dormant,
ready to spring up with noxious luxuriance: now,
burning to reap his first laurels at the head of his
princely tribes, clothed in refulgent armour, his jewelled
steel-clad turban, his golden corselet, his shield glit
tering with gold and gems, he flew to lead his army, as
we have seen, through Granada's gates into the open
field. The chief had yet lingered in that garden of
delights to bask in the sunlight of those eyes which

GRANADA. 95
directed his path of destiny, and which shone through
their mist of tears as if to welcome the newly budding
hopes of happier loves. The rich, heavenly smile, the
fresh crimson glow again mantled on her cheek, as she
hung enraptured on the words' of her beloved chief.
" How could I suspect thee for a moment ! " whis
pered the prince, " even though I beheld those looks,
that soul-illumined face, all these resistless graces
pouring their charm over the soul of Abu Abdallah.
But a brighter sun hath pierced the clouded dawn of
our loves ; now dearer than before as inseparably in
tertwined with the wreaths of victory, or the sad
ensanguined flowers which adorn a hero's urn."
" Speak not thus fearfully, my Ibn Hammed ; wake
me not from this brief, fleeting dream !"
" Nay, doubt it not, thou shalt yet preside my star-
queen, the most famed and honoured of Granada's
lists, the object of all eyes, the arbitress of honours,
the inspiring theme of every master-poet, and of every
hero's lance."
" Victor or vanquished, return my Ibn Hammed,
light of thy Zelinda's eyes ; return ever equally be
loved." She was pressed to the bosom of the princely
warrior with a rapture unfelt before ; one last, long,
enfolding embrace, in which their souls seemed to
mingle, to breathe the language of unutterable love,
an affection triumphing over separation and death.
But sighs and tears soon told that Zelinda was alone ;
her hero-lover was bearing the sacred banner into the
bloody fight ; but as he left the spot, distant notes of
music floated on his ear ; the sweet, low murmur of

96 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
strains, like incense diffused through the balmy air,
leaving an echo in his memory as of some faint remem
bered vision of another sphere: — *
Tell me where is my young beaming light of life's dawn
In that land of the sun, my own loved realm of flowers?
Dear home in the sweet lap of Yemen. — Ah, flown
Are the fresh sparkling joys of those spring budding hours.
I wreathed thy bright roses, I sat in thy bowers,
And all breathed of beauty ; the odorous air
Woo'd the song of the bulbul to charm nights like ours ;
But where are thy flowers, — thy birds, — tell me where 1
Oh, vale of the Yemen ! I once had a fawn
Like a young waving palm-branch, so gentle its grace,
So soft its dark eye ; and it loved me alone, —
From my side it was torn in the wild hunter's chace.
Once mine too, the sweet smile of Leila, my young
My fairy delight in the heart of our home ;
And glad was her spirit as wandering among
Thy myrtles and palm-groves, she taught me to roam.
But she faded and left me, like all things I love,
Home, country — sweet friends I hold dearest on earth ;
Till one nobler and brighter dream came, like the dove
To heaven's Prophet: but Love too was doomed from its birth.
Round his brow beamed a glory that springs from the spirit,
When the faithful of heroes their Prophet adore ;
He rushed to the fields of his sires, to inherit
Their glory of ages, — but mine, ah, no more !
* Supposed to convey the Lament of Maisuna, wedded to
the khaliph she could not love, sighing for her early home
and the early ties from which she had been torn in her tender
years.

"tHL.

.

.f,0

CHAPTER V

Friends of my heart, who share my sighs,
Go seek the turf where Kassim lies,
And woo the dewy clouds of spring
To sweep it with prolific wing.
Within that cell, beneath that heap
Friendship, and Truth, and Honour sleep ;
Beneficence that used to clasp
The world within her ample grasp. Hassan Alassady.
While the Moslem chiefs at the head of their
mountain-warriors scoured the plains with the rapidity
of a whirlwind in pursuit of the foe, the aged monarch,
left desolate and stricken, like a tree blasted by the
H

98 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
storm, the red clouds of which had a moment before
shed an ominous glory on its branches, sat brooding
over his wayward fate. He had ceased to speak or
to move, but his mind still retained its pristine glow
and energy. His dark stern eye, still fixed upon the
vanishing host, seemed to send after it a mingled
stream of prayers and maledictions ; — of prayers for
its success against the common foe, of curses on the
heads of those who had thus trampled on his fallen
majesty, and left him to perish ignobly on the earth.
Hours had already elapsed since he had been thus for
saken, when a single horseman appeared in the dis
tance, and in a few minutes the noble scheikh, Aben
Kassim, stood at the side of the spirit-stricken chief.
There is a language wjiich only the brave and the
faithful learn in-stpjn misfortune's school, which calls
not for the aid of, words. Their souls have power to
commune in old age and death on things of strange
and mighty import, as they sit and read each other's
thoughts, — now dwelling upon the past, now upon the
eternal future.
The expression of wrath and anxiety which had
clouded the brow of the king, did not vanish as he
turned his eyes on Aben Kassim. There is a period
in the progress of death when he says, " that which
I have written is written," and he seemed already
vibrating his dart : a sudden ray of light mantled over
that dark scornful look of the aged chief, and he bowed
his head, as if willing to catch the last words of his
friend. They were uttered in a voice low and deep :
the breath of the dawn upon the desart, — soft, calm,

GRANADA. 99
and dewy, will give an image of those words. They
brought to memory the thoughts of earlier times, and
triumphs of the crescent in the tented field. They fed
the time-worn, harassed spirit with themes that tended
to reconcile it with fate and with itself, bribing even
its offended pride into silence, its life's restless fever
into peace. They touched it with a sorrow which had
no alliance with the grief of the warrior or of the king,
— with sorrow for those who had died in youth and
loveliness ; and Muley Hassan listened patiently to the
words of his companion, with the deep resignation on
which the regenerating religion of the great Prophet
was so mainly founded.
And when he proceeded to speak of the future, and,
like a prophet, foretold the approaching calamities, —
the ignominy of the Moorish people, sighs, heavy and
quick, burst from the monarch's breast.* It looked as
if his spirit were striving to escape that it might appear
panoplied, not in a weak perishable body, but in dark
ness and power, to crush its adversaries, grieving it
possessed no mortal engine to execute his terrific will.
* Cardonne, quoted by Gibbon, relates, that in the closet of
the Khaliph Abdalrahman, the following singular confession
was found after his decease : — " I have now reigned fifty years
in victory or peace ; beloved by my subjects, dreaded by my
enemies, and respected by my allies. Riches and honours,
power and pleasure, have waited on my call, nor does any
earthly blessing appear to have been wanting to my felicity.
In this situation I have diligently numbered the days of pure
and genuine happiness which have fallen to my lot : they
amount to fourteen : — O man ! place not thy confidence in
this present world !" — Decline and FaU of the Roman Empire,
vol. x. p. 40 ; Cardonne, t. i. pp. 329, 330.

100 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
But Aben Kassim passed from these scenes of pre
dicted misery, to others of a brighter hue ; the words
of faith fell from his lips, like golden dews from the
full bosomed amaranth ; and as he spoke, he stretched
out his arm to support the feebleness of the aged
prince. His head sank on his bosom ; he lay subdued
as a child, while the same low, calm voice, breathing
the wisdom of love and reconcilement after life's long
task, fell like some new revelation upon his ear.
The sultry hour of noon found the two aged men
still seated in converse with each other. Aben Kassim
then rose, and bringing water from a spring that
flowed near the spot, he poured it upon the hot brow
of the king, and moistened his parched lips. Muley
Hassan looked up for a moment with an expression
of love ; and then again as his head sank on his
bosom, the aged scheikh, with the fervour of the old
pilgrim-poet, repeated in a deep sonorous voice these
solemn strains, — the wild unpremeditated effusion of
the moment : —
Prophet ! on thy golden throne,
In the depths of glory seated,
When shall heaven and earth behold
Allah's firm decrees completed ?
Shall the circling ages still
Like an ocean onward roll 1
Still shall time and sorrow reign,
And thy children's fate control 7
See, the sword is red with gore :
See, the plains are strewed with dead ;
The dead ! who are they 1 whose the blood1
That dies the gleaming falchions red 1

GEANADA. 101
Prophet ! by the streams of life
Leading thy celestial bands ;
Wherefore fall thy children thus '!
Why drops thy standard from their hands 1
Hast thou not heard their voices raised
For help in this their darksome hour 1
Or hast thou closed the starry gates
To that bright throne where prayers have power ?
See, a king, a crowned king,
He whose voice thy sons have led
On to a hundred battle fields,
Where the proudest foes have fled ;—
Behold him now of glory reft,
His sceptre broke, the earth bis bier ;
A child of Allah fainting thus, —
Prophet ! our cry wilt thou not hear .
Thou wilt, oh sire ! I feel my soul
With new and glorious visions fired ;
Once more thy sons shall scour the plain,
Like mine, their glowing hearts inspired.
But let those blissful gales that blow
From Eden's bower now round us sweep,
Nor let thy crowned chieftain sink
Unhonoured, thus in death to sleep !
Weak and powerless as a child, Muley Hassan suf
fered himself to be conveyed by his friend into his
faithful city of Malaga, where the generous scheikh
quitted him not, till restored to a frame of mind and
strength equal to bear his lot.
Meanwhile, ere the Moors approached Lucena, the
Christian army under Ferdinand had laid siege to the
strong fortress of Loxa. But Ali Atar, at the head of
three thousand veteran mountaineers, held his enemies

102 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
fiercely at bay, sallying forth with the utmost intre
pidity, and even storming the intrenchments with
success. After sustaining severe loss ,* the Castilian
monarch was compelled to raise the siege, and the old
alcayde now charged the Christians with redoubled
vigour. The subsequent victories of El Zagal, and
the no less heroic Redovan, infused fresh ardour into
the Moors. All began to extol the valour of El Zagal,
and his royal nephew had found it behoved him
quickly to strike a decisive blow, if he wished to retain
possession of his crown. Diego di Cordova, governor
of Lucena, having advice of his approach, despatched
scouts on every side to sue for succour ; but the
Moslems, headed by the king in person, were already
under its walls.
Summoned to surrender, under threat of putting
every Christian to the sword, the governor sought to
gain time by prolonging the brief period granted for
capitulation. While engaged in conference, clouds of
dust, increasing in depth and blackness, gave signal
of approaching relief.
It was the Castilian army, and such was the terror
it inspired into the Moorish infantry, that under the
plea of protecting their baggage, they retreated across
the river without striking a blow. But the horse, the
whole of the chiefs and tribes, with their characteristic
valour stood the onset of the Spanish veterans ; while
fiercely engaged, giving proofs of the most daring
heroism on both sides, victory was about to crown
* It was here fell Tellez Giron, grand master of Calatrava.

GRANADA. 103
the chivalry of the Moors, excited by the brilliant
efforts of the princely Abencerrage and the presence of
their monarch. It was then the famous Alonzo
d'Aguilar, with his young brother, who subsequently
won the title of the Grand Captain, rushed into the
field at the head of a chosen body of retainers ; while
the alcayde of the mountain-fort of Luque, * at the
head of a body of horse and foot, decided the fortune
of the day. Taking the victorious tribe of Ibn
Hammed in flank and rear, they turned the tide of
battle against him. The governor of Lucena, also
seizing the moment, sallied forth and completed the
overthrow of the Moslem cavalry. There fell, covered
with wounds, the old valiant alcayde of Loxa, defend
ing the king ; and the chief ofthe Abencerrages, after
all a skilful general or a brave soldier could achieve, —
twice beating back the fierce onset of d'Aguilar, fell,
overpowered by numbers, as the Prophet's sacred
banner was seen borne among the ranks ofthe enemy.
He was carried off the field by the broken remnant of
his tribe; and the Moorish king, now left alone,
attempted to fly. He had cleared the field of battle,
but being closely pursued, he threw himself among
the reeds and bushes skirting the banks of the river.
When dragged forth by the Christians who pursued
his track, he revealed his name and yielded up his
sword. He was forthwith conveyed to the royal camp,
where he was received with the consideration due to
his misfortunes and to his rank.
* See the Vignette.

104 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Terrible was the shock of these tidings on the vola
tile people of Granada. Disaffection to their new
monarch now spread fast on all sides ; the old party
of Muley Hassan began to raise their heads, and soon
the unflinching old Moor himself, supported by his
brother, El Zagal, by a strange vicissitude of fortune,
took quiet possession of the Alhambra.
But the noble sultana, Aixa, was not idle. She
despatched her swiftest adalid* with a missive, to treat
with the Christian monarch for the ransom of her son ;
and at her solicitations he offered to do homage to
Ferdinand, to hold his crown thenceforth as a perpetual
vassal. He was to assist him also as a faithful ally,
and to place hostages in his hands for the fulfilment
of those conditions, — thus striking another blow at
the declining fortunes of the Moors. Boabdil scrupled
not to purchase his liberty at any price ; and having
been sumptuously entertained for a short time in the
Christian camp, he was liberated by thewily Ferdinand.
Calling him his friend and ally, he embraced him on
his taking leave, and gave him an escort of cavalry to
attend him in safety to the Moorish capital. By a
lavish distribution of her treasures, the sultana, his
mother, had already smoothed the way to his restora
tion, having secured possession of the gates of the
Albayein and the towers of the Alcazaba, so long the
seat of the Almoravides since their expulsion from the
hard-won dominion of the land. Proclaiming his
return to Granada on the ensuing morning, the fickle
* A Moorish guide.

GRANADA. 105
populace rushed in throngs up the avenues of the
Albayein, and the city once more resounded with the
cry of King Abu Abdallah. By the usual arts he
soon regained his former power, and drew around
him all whom avarice and ambition find ever eager to
listen to the promises of restored kings.
Aware of what was passing, Muley Hassan had en
trenched himself in the grand fortress of the Alhambra,
prepared to hazard one more struggle for the crown.
Denouncing the usurper's base alliance with the enemy,
the humiliations to which his weakness had subjected
him, and the invariable ill-fortune which pursued him,
he called on the noble tribes, the haughty wazirs of
Granada, to reject a chief so unworthy to command
the faithful, and to vindicate the honour of their
country. Summoning a divan, it was resolved to
expel him with every mark of ignominy from the city ;
to attack him in the ancient fortress he now occupied,
ere he had time to consolidate his power.
Early on the morning of this eventful struggle be
tween the Moslem sire and son, the heavy sounds of
the tambour, the shrill breath of the clarions, through
the winding avenues and shady courts ofthe Alhambra,
far re-echoed through the streets, gave fearful prelude
to a scene almost unparalleled in the annals of civil
strife and madness. With the Christian invader at
their gates, the infatuated people, unrestrained by the
remonstrances of the priests and elders, flew with
deadly hostility to steep their swords in kindred blood.
The whole capital assumed the aspect of a camp ; the
more peaceful citizens with their families, amidst the

106 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
cries of women and children, closed their shops and
houses, hurrying into the least exposed quarters, into
the vaults and baths as a refuge from the gathering
storm. Soon its distant, deep-muttered murmurs
burst into those tempestuous shouts and tumult which
marked the horrors of the Moslem wars in the fearful
strife with sons and brothers for the supremacy of rival
kings. Armed bands, rushing to their respective posts,
were alone to be seen in the streets, and the shrieks of
wives and mothers were drowned in the appalling din.
Warrior tribes, whose long smouldering feuds and
rivalries now blazed forth, fanned by the bitter wrath
of king with king, marshalled their opposing ranks.
On one side the Abencerrages, the Alabez, and the
Vanegas supported the old hereditary monarch, whose
late exploits and staunch-hearted hatred of the Chris
tian foe had gone far to efface the impression of his
former cruelties and excesses.
Among the adherents of his rival son, were the cruel
and terrible Zegris, the old Gomer ez, and the native
African bands, led by the redoubted chief of the Ber
bers, followed by throngs of the Moorish foot and
rabble, ever fierce and mutinous within their walls as
they were panic-struck in the battle-field. As they
drew nigh, each tribe commanded by its favourite chief
singled out its hereditary rival, eager to redress some
taunt or other insult to their honour, or to revenge
some private wrong.
But ere they closed in stern array, the noble prince
of the Abencerrages, still pale and ghastly with his
wounds, threw himself between, as he entered the great

GRANADA. 107
square of the Viva Rambla, and sought to arrest the
fury of his infatuated countrymen. But finding all his
patriotic appeals in vain, he turned with indignant eye
upon a chief of the Zegris, eagerly inciting his fol
lowers to civil wrath, and reproaching him in the
noble language* of the hero-poet, Ibn Alabas, he called
forth the acclamations of the other tribes and of all
his kindred, even while they refused to be influenced
by his love of country and his wisdom: —
Why thus to passion give the rein?
Why seek your kindred tribes to wrong 1
Why strive to drag to light again
The fatal feud entombed so long ?
Think not, if fury ye display,
But equal fury we can deal ;
Hope not, if wrong'd, but we repay
Revenge for every wrong we feel.
Why thus to passion give the rein'!
Why seek the robe of peace to tear?
Rash youths, desist, your course restrain,
Or dread the wrath ye blindly dare.
Yet friendship we not ask from foes,
Nor favour hope from you to prove,
We loved ye not, great Allah knows,
Nor blamed you that ye could not love.
To each are different feelings given,
This slights, and that regards his brother ;
'Tis ours to live
* This animated poem, taken from the Hamasa, affords a
Curious instance of the animosity which prevailed among the
Arabian tribes, and of the rancour with which they pursued
each other when at variance. It was addressed to a kindred
power at enmity with that to which the poet belonged. —
Specimens of Arabian Poetry.

108 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
But the flashing steel of the terrible Hammed El Zegri,
rushing in irrepressible hate upon his hereditary rival,
gave signal for the furious onset. Deadly and despe
rate was the encounter ; for though fewer in numbers,
the adherents of the old king were opposed to a less
gallant lineage of warriors. Such was the terror of
their once-repeated charge, that the Moorish foot, the
dregs of the populace, pressing upon their flank, gave
way in disorder, seeking shelter under their barricades
and the close narrow streets of the Gomerez and the
Zacatin. But fierce and sanguinary was the struggle
between the rival squadrons from the gates and courts
of the Albayein far along the banks of the Darro.
Not a pause in the combat ! and yet more fiercely was
it waged for possession of the old Moorish bridge,*
round the entrance to the great square, and the vicinity
* Following the course ofthe Darro, and leaving the prin.
cipal entrance to the Alhambra by the street of the Gomerez
to the right, the tourist reaches the remains of an old Moorish
bridge which crossed the river at this point, and connected the
ancient mint, which lay on the opposite side, with the Alhambra.
The battlements ofthe fortress immediately overhang the old
houses which are built upon the foundation of the old bridge ;
whilst in the distance is seen the summer palace of the Gene
ralife, high overshadowed by its ancient cypress trees, said to
have been planted by the fair hand of one ofthe sultanas. One
of these is still pointed out by tradition, as being that beneath
which the unfortunate sultana of Granada was accused of
having formed assignations with the noble Abencerrage. Still
keeping along the bed of the Darro, the tourist comes to the
Alameda, and crossing the stream ascends the ravine that di
vides the Alhambra from the Generalife by the pass of the
Mulinos, immediately above which the judicious artist took
his view ofthe Tower of Comares.

GRANADA, 109
of the royal stannaries. Battling hand to hand and
foot to foot, Hammed El Zegri, Lisaro, and other
leaders, opposed themselves to the prince of the
Abencerrages and the youthful Celim, exciting their
adherents and the populace by their intrepid bearing.
Fiercely beset, Hammed El Zegri stood the shock like
some tower that repels the boisterous surge ; his cleav
ing falchion descending on the head ofthe too daring
Celim,* cleft sheer through buckler and turbaned
helm, and smote its way down to the very chine. His
bright locks bathed in blood, the fair device of his
love all stained and trampled 'neath his charger's
hoofs, fired the souls of the Abencerrages with the
intense desire of avenging their youthful hero and the
bereaved maiden of his love. Ibn Hammed fell with
resistless vigour upon the slayer of his favourite bro
ther ; and a personal conflict ensued, which momen
tarily held suspended the minds and swords of the
surrounding combatants. Eager to close, they at
once cast aside their light-barbed javelins, by mutual
impulse wielding their glittering scymitars, and dash
ing off in short curved career to give vigour to the
first shock. The equal shock and the rebound, fol
lowed by a storm of swift repeated strokes aimed and

* Oh, lovely lies he on his bier, above the purple pall,
The flower of all Granada's youth, the loveliest of them all.
His dark dark eyes are closed, his rosy lip is pale,
The crust of blood lies black and dim upon his burnished mail ;
And evermore the hoarse tambour breaks in upon their wailing,
Its sound is like no earthly sound. — Alas ! alas ! for Celim !
Old Moorish Ballad.

110 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
foiled with the same skill, soon gave place to those
singular evolutions, the artful union of force and
fraud, in which man and steed alike bend every effort
to excel. Again they dart away ; — they approach, meet,
and strike. The usual stratagems are exhausted; yet
both unwounded. Obedient to their least motions,
their noble barbs whirl round, plunge, or fly ; and, as
if marking the deadliest blows of the foe, anticipate
their master's motions, and avoid, where they cannot
be resisted, the more imminent attacks. Their scy-
mitars are shivered in the repeated and close shocks,
and their dreadful falchions now gleam on high.
With these they try their deadly skill anew ; they
cease to urge their steeds in airy circles, and abandon
the previous manoeuvres of the battle. As swordsmen,
for the last effort, they exhaust their various remaining
skill ; red drops are seen trickling down the armour of
the Abencerrage, and the shield of El Zegri is cleft
and shattered. The generous prince threw aside his
own, and precipitated himself upon his foe. Their
swords now bathed in blood seem to scorn the skill
and science which they before obeyed ; but it is only
a more rapid game of death, as they feel their strength
and breath dying away. Each sought to sheathe
the steel in his rival's bosom ; it was one continued
assault. As their strength, their life-blood ebbed, all
their artful points became absorbed in rage. They
draw closer, till stirrup strikes with stirrup, that they
may inflict more deep, decisive wounds. They clasp
each other, and are dragged from their steeds — still
clinging together in the close embrace of hate. But

GRANADA. Ill
the sword of Ibn Hammed was about to pierce the
other's heart, when some of the more treacherous
Zegris rushed forward, and rescued their kinsman from
his grasp. As the Abencerrages conveyed their hero
from the bloody field, the conflict was renewed in all
its horrors. His gallant tribe took bitter vengeance
on the breach of faith which had robbed their chief
of his hard-won triumph ; but the horse of Muley
Hassan, galled by the light-barbed lances and other
missiles of the enemy, were compelled to retreat to
wards the Alhambra, taking advantage of the long
wooded avenues and acclivities which commanded its
approaches from the streets of the city. Here the
combat raged with alternate fortune during the day,
and the shades of evening fell on the unnatural strife
which deprived Granada of her noblest and bravest
defenders. Wearied, but still frowning defiance, each
party withdrew sullenly to their respective strong
holds, awaiting the returning dawn for a more decisive
trial of their prowess. Spite of their deeds of desperate
daring, the lofty enduring spirit of the Abencerrages
had been met by a resistance equally formidable, and
they held the same positions from which they had
rushed into action. Their party had suffered severely
from the irregular attacks of the African mercenaries,
and the sort of Parthian warfare of the common herd.
On summoning a council of his chiefs and elders,
Muley Hassan lamented the fearful havoc made in his
bravest ranks, all the horrors of that strange unna
tural conflict which had brought no result. As he
spoke, his eyes rested on the benign but troubled fea-

112 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
tures of his venerable friend and counsellor, as if
appealing for his decision to guide him at this fearful
juncture of his fate. But he turned away from his
look of calm reproach, as the virtuous Aben Kassim
spoke, the big tears starting into his eyes : — " Would,
oh king, that Allah had subdued thy heart to listen to
words of counsel ere the morning's sun had gone
down in a sea of blood. But now I can only beseech
the most gracious and most merciful to endue our souls
with patience and resignation, for ' how straightened
and wretched would be our life, if our hope were not
so spacious and extensive.'* Only by noble suffering
may we vanquish the days of trouble, and return into
the right path. But if this bitterest of troubles, the
unhallowed strife of brother with brother, of fathers
and sons be ordained, we must submit, and cry woe
to the children of Allah, and the faithful of our holy
Prophet ! Rather let me raise the voice of a dying
and prophetic spirit in the name of the Supreme Ruler
of kings ; — the father of his prophets, I advocate
the cause of peace and union, — the last hope of the
Moors. How willingly would I pour my last breath
in that sacred cause. Never have I deceived thee, oh
king ; the companion of thy youth and of thy age, I
have lamented thy faults and errors with tears of
* Such was the exclamation of Mohammed Abu Alhahmar,
King of Granada, when he returned from the conquest of
Seville, in 1248. He had been compelled, as tributary to the
throne of Castile, to bear arms against his own countrymen,
and when hailed by the title of " the conqueror," he, sighing,
made the memorable reply, " There is no conqueror but God,"
which he subsequently adopted for his motto.

GRANADA. 113
blood. I grieve to speak it, but the madness of the
people, and thy own declining powers, alike call upon
thee to resign the crown."
The exhortations of his favourite son, Cid Alnayar,
were added to those of the noble scheikh, while the
nobles and wazirs, who by their silence seemed to sanc
tion the advice, gave a fresh pang to the soul of the
aged monarch. " Is it not well, my father," spoke
the young cid, " to seek a retreat from troubles and
calamities like these ? The fortunes of Granada-, like
a frail bark on a troubled sea, call for other hands to
guide them through the dark, perilous flood."
The unhappy monarch replied not; he turned away
in deep emotion, and hurrying to visit the different
outposts of the Alhambra, he gave orders to sound the
tocsin of war at the first break of dawn. It came, with
the passions of rival tribes more keenly exasperated
by the loss of friends and brethren, whom they were
eager to avenge. As they were about to renew the
dreadful conflict, the aged Aben Kassim, with out
spread arms, his white beard streaming to the wind,
threw himself between the clashing scymitars : " Arrest
your fratricidal hands," he cried, " and turn your
fury upon the common foe ! What demon — what
fell magician's arts thus impel ye to immolate your
country to your crimes ? Back, madmen ! slaves of
Eblis ! — hateful and horrible as the ghouls them
selves to the pure eyes of Allah and his holy Prophet !
Is it your own impious daring, or is it at the bidding
of your dark invader that ye sacrifice your wives,
your children, and your happy homes ? Infidels as
i

114 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
ye are, is it thus ye fulfil the Prophet's laws? For
alms ye distribute daggers, curses for the daily seasons
of prayer, — and for hospitality and love the poison-
cup and the bowstring among each other ! Oh
unworthy the revealed, glorious truths of our great
reformer and master, who rescued ye from the de
grading servitude, the abject superstitions of the
king of evil — Eblis and his horrid angels, ye refuse
to be directed by the Lord Supreme, and how shall
ye prosper ? Behold your weeping wives, your ra
vaged plains, your bleeding brethren ! But Allah
hath sealed your hearts and your hearing, a dimness
covers your sight ; you see not that ye shall suffer
a grievous punishment. Lo ! his sacred volume ! "
he cried, exhibiting the Koran, " in which there is
nothing doubtful; but admonish you as it will, you
cease to believe its mysteries — to observe the ap
pointed times of prayer. Believe ye in the last great
day, and call yourselves the children of Allah ? How
then have ye become the slaves of infidels, and paid
tribute to the Christian foe ? Like one who kindleth
a fire and then shuts his eyes, your light hath sud
denly departed; deaf, drunk, and blind, you have
gone from the right path, and ye will not repent ! Ye
tear each other like wolves ; but when the foe, like a
stormy cloud fraught with darkness and thunder,
cometh nigh, ye put your fingers in your ears, because
of the noise of the battle and the dread of death.
Insensate people ! God encompasseth the wicked,
his lightning wanteth but little to take away your
sight. While you walked in his path, it was light; but

GRANADA. 115
when the darkness of your deeds fell upon you, ye
faltered and stood still. Look to it that ye fall not
utterly in the blackness of a night, which shall wait in
vain for the appearance of another dawn."
Startled at the sudden vision of the aged scheikh, —
at the vehement eloquence with which he uttered his
fearful denunciations, the assembled tribes paused as if
struck by some more than mortal power, with abashed
looks and drooping weapons gazing upon each other.
Their fiery passions, — absorbed in wild and gloomy
mood, gradually yielded to strange feelings of remorse
and horror. They felt the truth of the picture thus
brought, in such dark colours, before their eyes.
They bent their looks upon the speaker, then upon
each other; thoughts of hate and vengeance died
away; other and better feelings began to prevail ;
and murmurs of regret and sorrow for shouts of
fiery onset were heard, as they stood confronting
each other, more like mourners over the grave of
some beloved brother than the stern resentful visages
of war.
The din of approaching battle had ceased ; the shrill
sounds of the clarion, the deep-repeated thunder of
the tambour, and the hollow tramp of steed, were fol
lowed by a silence as mournful as it was eloquent,
proclaiming the power exerted by the aged orator over
the hearts of his fellow men. He hastened to improve
the advantage he had gained : " I speak the truth, my
countrymen and brethren — it may be harshly — because
it is for your good. I speak as one about to depart
from you; I salute you as a dying man. I go to ren-

116 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
der up my earthly trust and rejoin your celestial chief.
For our faith in Paradise is not a dream; there me
glorious mansions assigned to the faithful and the
just. I mark the sting of shame that reddens on your
brows, oh sons of Mohammed, the heirs of his fame
and of his sword ! And well may you bow your heads
and droop those ensanguined arms, while you evince
your love for your religion and your country by a
dire unnatural contest, in which only the Christian
triumphs. Had the torrents of blood shed yesterday
but flowed in the battles of our country, your Prophet's
banner would ere now pour the splendour of its golden
crescent upon the crystal waters of the Guadalquiver ;
the thunder of your ambitious foe no longer be heard
at your gates. But what hope ye from the vain, faith
less usurper of a father's throne? what from the noble
Muley Hassan, bowed beneath the burden of years —
of a hundred brave campaigns ? Is there none among
you, boasting the lineage of kings, favoured by Allah
and by destiny, capable of coping with the peril of the
empire, and guiding you to fresh fields ? Let him
come forth, advance the sacred standard, and wield
the Prophet's sword ! Who has not heard the exploits
of Abdallah the Brave, the terror of the Christian
frontiers — the soldier of happy fortune ! Glory to El
Zagal, the brother of your king !"
He ceased to speak ; and a shout went up from the
assembled host, which rang through every court and
avenue of that troubled city. The flash of a thousand
scymitars and the glistening of spears, showed the
spirit with which the appeal of the noble scheikh was

GRANADA. 117
received : "Long live El Zagal! the brave alone shall
rule us, and avenge us upon the foe !"
Moorish corredores were on the instant despatched
from the Casa del Carbon,* on the fleetest Arabs, to
the city of Malaga, where he was then in command,
and to the different towns and fortresses of the king
dom, announcing to all the happy tidings, and inviting
* The Casa del Carbon, or House of Charcoal, as its name
would import, is situated nearly in the centre of the city,
between the old Zacatin and the ancient Moorish bridge,
and, like them, close upon the banks of the Darro. Its more
modern appropriation to the purpose of a warehouse fbr the
sale of charcoal, has nothing in common with the objects of
its founder, or its special occupation and uses in the bright
chivalrous days of the Moslems. Admirably placed for its
original destination by its vicinity to the river and the
entrance to the plain, as well as to the great square of
the Viva Rambla, the Casa del Carbon was the great post-
house, or national stud, where the fleetest Arab, and other
high-bred corredores, were kept ready caparisoned for bear
ing the missions of the state ; and no exhibition in the world,
perhaps, of the kind, equalled that of the beauty, the ad
mirable strength and speed of the animals forming this grand
equestrian establishment, and the excellent methods, in ad
dition to its extent and costly magnificence, upon which it
was conducted.
The humane and generous Abu Alhamar carried it to its
highest degree of perfection, greatly facilitating the purposes
of its foundation by the skilful manner in which he effected
improvements in the breed of the war-horse by new com
binations, as well as preserving pure the blood of the barb,
the Arab, and the fiery Andaluz, and obtaining the best
palfreys and corredores for despatch of missions, and other
useful admixtures of the breeds. For the following remarks
on the modern stud of Mohammed Ali, I am indebted to Mr.
St. John, the traveller, who, with his friend, Mr. Monro, seems
to have paid particular attention to the subject. " There

118 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
him, in the name of the people, to accept the throne
of Granada. But long ere their return, the Moor himself
appeared in the city at the head of his veteran horse
men. With him came a train of captives, bearing the
heads of Christian soldiers suspended from their saddle
bows. At a mountain-pass, on his way from the city of
Malaga, he had fallen in with a Spanish division from
Alhama, every soldier of which he had put to the
sword, — an event received with renewed acclamations,
as of happy augury, by the Moors. Accompanied by
the veteran Redovan Ben Egaz, he proceeded to take
were a. great many horses," he observes, " in open places,
ranged round a yard, like bullock-sheds in England ; several
of them were milk white. The grooms pretended they were
all Nejdis ; but£this was not true, as some few were from
Dongola. There were, however, many genuine Nejdis.
Amongst others, I remarked a small chestnut horse of the
true_blood, as his points would testify. He had a fine snake
head, with an expanding and projecting nostril, but a re
markably small, pointed ear. His forehead was wide, with
an eye expressive of boldness, generosity, and alacrity. From
his muscular thighs and longish drooping pasterns, there is
no doubt he would be elastic, speedy, and lasting. The
groom said he was worth some hundred thousand paras ; and
there were several other Nejdis partaking more or less
of the same formation. They carried no flesh, had very
rough coats, and reminded me much of the Hungarian cavalry
horse. The Nejdi, however, is higher than the Hungarian,
but looks small only from his fine proportions. The tallest
horse I have seen of the breed was fifteen hands, one
inch. In walking through the caravan encampments, about
to leave Cairo for Mecca, we were admiring a finely formed
horse, when his owner pointed out another which he valued
more highly. He was smaller and remarkably short and
thick in all his proportions. He had what the dog amateurs
call " a coarse stern," his tail being entirely out of place, and

GRANADA. 119
possession of the Alhambra, where his brother, the
aged Muley Hassan, welcomed him with apparent good
will, regretting less the loss of a throne now it could
boast a warrior and defender.
But a deposed monarch like Muley, could ill brook
appearing in a capital whose sceptre he had ceased to
sway. He determined to retire to Allora, with his two
sons, the Cid Yahie and the Cid Alnayar, the whole of
his slaves and treasures being generously left him by his
successor. Ere taking his departure, he went to bid a
last adieu to his aged counsellor, by whose efforts to
his hind quarters cut off like those of a camel. The Arab
spoke much of his great speed, and said he was a Nejdi of the
famous Hassan breed. He was surprised at our preferring
the other ; they were both chestnut. The Dongola horse is
black, with long white legs, and upright pasterns. He has
a coarse, Cleveland head, and when out of condition, grows
flat-sided and scanty in the loin. There is altogether a soft
useless look about him. A certain French writer has stated,
that these horses are highly prized by the young gentlemen
of Alexandria, who mount these long-legged nags for an
hour or two in the morning before they mount their long.
legged stools ; but as their judgment may possibly not have
been matured on the Hambledon hills, it is not to be blindly
adopted. It has been said, that these horses are very per
fect in Dongola, but that they degenerate when exposed to
a colder climate. The method in use among the Arabs, both
of the cultivated country and the desart, for securing their
horses, whether in the stable, the field, or the camp, seems
highly injurious."
The Casa del Carhon is said to offer a favourable specimen
of the style of architecture employed in the private Moorish
edifices— plain and unstudied— even destitute of order or
symmetry in the exterior, but spacious, splendid, and highly
elaborate within. In this view, perhaps, it bears no slight
resemblance to the mansions of the Jews, from whom the

120 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
spare the effusion of Moslem blood, he had been shorn
of his diadem and constrained to abandon the unhappy
contest. It was a strange and trying meeting ; for the
pride of the monarch refused to acknowledge how
deeply he felt injured — betrayed alike, as he considered,
by his relatives, his people, and his early friend. From
each and all he had received the sternest lessons of
adversity ; but though his dark spirit might break, it
would not bend, and while he did justice to the noble
motives of his early counsellor, he felt the indignity
— the dishonour heaped upon a royal head. Aben
Kassim, while dealing the blow that went to the heart

Moslems would appear to have borrowed more than their re
ligion — in many particulars assuredly — their polity and laws.
I may as well mention, that the clumsy-looking vehicle in
the centre of the picture, is called a " ca__sa," and plies in
the same manner as our cabriolets ; the drivers are called
caleseros, two of whom are introduced. They invariably wear
the jacket, (which is of a peculiar cut, with patches of gaudy
coloured cloth — being arranged in stripes from the wrist to the
elbow), across the left shoulder, and on no occasion is it ever
worn, as it ought to be, namely, — to cover the back and arms ;
on the contrary, should they alter the position I mention, it is
to put it across the breast with the arms hanging down the
back, and, of course, the back left to provide for itself. The
vehicle is ofthe clumsiest make imaginable, without springs and
gaudily painted, being decorated with some vile daub, generally
representing a picador, or bull-fighter, attacking that animal.
Nothing can be more miserable than the torture of sitting in
one of these machines, whilst trundling through these narrow
and ill-paved streets. The calesero himself either sits on
the foot- board, or runs alongside at the same pace with the
mule, and remounts or dismounts with the greatest agility.
The mule itself is in character with the vehicle, being
decorated with numerous bells, tassels, netting, &c. &c.

GRANADA. 121
of a king, still loved and respected him; for to him
self, at least, he had uniformly been a kind and generous
master. There was something great and noble in the
characters of both, notwithstanding the king's errors
and excesses, which had produced a sympathy between
them, strengthened by years.
If Muley Hassan, therefore, felt keenly the shaft of
fate, which came barbed with fiercer anguish from his
hand, its effect was yet more disastrous on him who
aimed it. It required all his magnanimity and love of
country to nerve himself for a task, which, loaded as
he had been with honours by that master, made him
appear an ingrate in his own eyes. Though he did
not shrink from so trying a duty, from the moment his
efforts were successful he reproached himself with in
gratitude; and while he resigned himself to his destiny,
he bowed his head in grief, and felt that his days were
numbered. When he heard that the dethroned monarch
had come to take his leave of him ere departing to his
place of exile, the aged servant of the unhappy Moor
covered his face and wept. It was in this situation
that the minister and his master, who had experienced
together so much of the grandeur, the power, and the
vicissitudes of mortal life, met for the last time.
Muley Hassan stood for some moments contem
plating the old man, as if doubtful whether to break
upon the sacredness of a sorrow so deep, or to with
draw unobserved from the spot, for he had never wit
nessed aught but firmness and magnanimity in Aben
Kassim. But a strange sympathy seemed to call him to
his friend's side ; the thoughts of his heart brought

122 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
the picture of his own desolation before his eyes, when
abandoned by all, he sat upon the ground and beheld
the pride — the glory of his life, vanish from view.
Harsh as was his nature, tears started to the old
Moor's eyes ; hastening towards him he took his hands,
and seated himself at his side. Pressing them to his
bosom, it spoke a language beyond words, appealing
to the inmost heart of the sufferer. It came as the
balmy breeze, or the honey dew-drops to the dying
pilgrim of the desart, for he had thought the king was
come to upbraid him. In the revulsion of his feelings,
he returned that pressure of the hand, and raising his
eyes to his master's face with an expression of grati
tude which spoke to the heart of that stern warrior in
a language he never before understood, he leaned his
throbbing brows upon his breast. That look smote
the hard rock ; the waters of life issued forth, and
he felt within his changed spirit that there is a joy
greater than that of sitting upon a golden throne
amidst all the magnificence and luxuries of a royal
Alhambra. As they sat thus absorbed, reading perfect recon
ciliation in each other's looks, the soul of the aged
scheikh — ever grave and contemplative in its commu
nion with the sublime mysteries of religion, and the no
less mysterious secrets of this mortal life, so strangely
linked with higher, invisible powers it beholds but
dimly through the mirror of the mind's faith — began
in a deeply mournful tone to give expression to its
over- wrought feelings. It was to the spirit of faith he
now addressed his solemn musings : —

GRANADA. 123
Bright, heaven-born offspring of immortal mind,
High o'er these spheres in cloud and tempest shrouded
In the far Kaaba of yon Mecca shrined,
Whose spirits watch its sacred fires unclouded :
The soul's lone pilgrim to your prophet-land,
Where earth's fam'd teachers of thy language pure,
In robes of radiant truth and beauty stand
By Allah's throne, on works which aye endure ; —
Divinest minds, I seek your holy band
Of kindred love and soul-ennobling deeds,
Lavish of life to plant your godlike creeds,
And raise us from the dust by bright faith's hallowed hand
Illustrious chiefs ! from whose resplendent line
Of the world's sages, sprung that far, clear light
Of deathless song and wisdom all-divine.
Scattering earth's dread idolatries, black as night !
' Prophets — redeemers of a lost fallen race,
Clothed in the strength of Heaven's enduring might
Who made the rocks and caves your dwelling place,
To teach the paths to Eden's mansions bright!
Oh, pure all-seeing Father of my faith,
Whose is the power — the victory alone —
Yours is this fire which triumphs over death, —
The soul's sweet peace which smiles o'er duties done.
Hear thou the prayer of thy faint, dying child,
Ere yet he join the faithful and the just !
Allah, great Allah ! stem the torrent wild
That whelms my country ! raise her from the dust !
Restore thine empire, thy loved shrines despoiled,
Flash forth thy judgment-sword — thy Prophet's trust,
Ere yet their failing fame shall wax too dim,
And sinks the glory of our ancient race !
Oh, breathe into their breasts the might of him,
Who in his mountain cave thy will could trace
Through destin'd times, — thy law, thy sword, thy stream,
Of heaven-born mercy, and thy work of grace !
Scarcely had the aged scheikh given utterance to

124 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
these sentiments, with the glow of fervid piety which
animated him through life, when his head fell upon
his breast. Still breathing words of consolation, of
the most perfect confidence, the exiled monarch
thanked him for his fidelity ; and most of all for the
last best gift of his noble eloquence, which, while
serving his country, had created within him a new
spirit, and brought him acquainted with himself.
He felt restored all his earliest affections and aspira
tions, ere reason and humanity were shrouded beneath
the blood-stained robe of royalty. What delicious
feelings thrilled the bosom of his dying friend, as he
listened to the king's words, and marked in every
tone and feature that he was now the being he had so
fondly wished him to become. He faltered out his
gratitude, his joy ; his lips moved in secret prayer,
one pressure of the hand, one benign smile, and the
spirit of Aben Kassim was no longer a dweller in its
worn and broken tenement of clay.
The bereaved monarch hung over the lifeless form
of his faithful counsellor, with all the bitter, remorse
ful feelings which his past errors and excesses were
calculated to produce. No longer a king, the natural
sentiments of the patriot and the man resumed their
empire over his breast. He looked back with sorrow
upon a life of clouds and storms, ere he sank in the
still, gathering darkness of the valley of death. He
thought of his bright youth-tide, when he listened to
the voice of Aben Kassim ; and now, in the spirit
of his adverse lot, he again obeyed the generous im
pulses of his youth, such as he had felt ere corrupted

GRANADA. 125
by the fatal boon of power. As he gazed upon the
calm, noble features of him he had lost, he involun
tarily breathed forth the following touching eulogy,
from the lips of the sweet poet Shebal Addaulet : —
Thy virtues famed through every land,
Thy spotless life in age and youth,
Proves thee a gem by nature's hand
Formed out of purity and truth.
Too long its beams of orient light
Upon a thankless world were shed,
Allah has now revenged the slight,
And called it to its native bed.
The unhappy king then rejoining his family, set
out for the retreat assigned him * ; but even thence
* By some of the Spanish historians it is asserted, that
Muley Hassan perished by order of his brother, El Zagal,
who possessed himself of all his treasures, and seizing the
person of his favourite sultana, cast her with her two sons into
the Tower of the Comares ; the same in which the noble Aixa
and her son Abu Abdallah had been confined. It was thus
considered a sort of retributive event, after the persecutions
sustained by the virtuous Aixa at the fair captive's hands.
Such a crime, however, only anticipating a natural event
so near at hand, is hardly probable, because it was fruitless.
Besides, Muley had not opposed the elevation of his warlike
brother. The report was nevertheless industriously spread
among the deluded people; who, on hearing of the old king's
decease, began to extol him as the bravest of their chiefs — a
worthy scion of their ancient kings ; forgetting that it was by
his rash counsel the storm of war, in which so many had already
perished, had fallen upon their heads.
He was himself spared the grief of beholding the fearful fall
of the great fortresses of Moclin and Illora, emphatically
termed " the right eye, and the shield of Granada." Their
alcaydes were brothers ; nor did they yield the sacred trust
reposed in them, till they had no longer walls to defend, and

126 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
was he driven by the inexorable foe. Taking refuge
at Salobrefia, by direction of the reigning prince, he
had not continued there many days, before he followed
his beloved friend and counsellor to the tomb.
beheld tower and rampart blown into the air, leaving only a
heap of shapeless ruins. Terrible was the storming of the
Christian, for it was before Moclin of old that the Master of
Santiago and his entire squadron had been surrounded and cut
to pieces. The Castilian sovereigns at the head of their proud
prelates and an army led by Ponce de Leon, (a) took pos
session of these reliques of Moorish empire, and found enclosed
in subterranean dungeons numbers of Christian captives, who
had been taken in the ambushes and forays of the garrisons
in the mountains. The brave governors, repairing to Gra
nada, were received by the ungrateful and fickle multitude
with scoffs and insults, as if the surpassing valour which had
caused their lives to be respected by a chivalrous rival, after
such a defence, were matter of reproach. Filled with sorrow
and indignation, the noble brothers sought the presence of
Abdallah, entreating that he would employ them in some des
perate enterprise, in which there lay not even a forlorn hope.
The King pointed to the bridge of Pinos, by which Ferdinand
was about to inundate the plain of Granada with an over
whelming host. Instantly they seized the hint, and with a
select and veteran force took possession of the bridge, awaiting
with desperate and unflinching purpose the attack of the
whole Christian army. There they long held the fierce foe
at bay with a despairing fury, which made the spot memo
rable as the tomb of " the Two Moorish Brothers."
(_) For the splendour of his actions compared with the Cid Campeador.

U I€ PUtWA

,' ', (jrTl XENIL

CHAPTER VI.
Those radiant cheeks are veiled in woe,
A shower descends from every eye ;
And not a starting tear can flow,
That wakes not an attending sigh.
Mohammed Ben Abad, Sultan op Seville.

Whilst the foregoing changes gave a new, but not
less sombre aspect to the fortunes of the Moors, a
struggle yet more wild and terrible shook the bosom
of the unfortunate prince of the Abencerrages. Borne
on the shields of his friends from that memorable
encounter on the plains of Lucena ; he had the horror

128 THP LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
of at once beholding the glory of his country eclipsed ;
and the desolation of his fondest hopes.
When, opening his eyes to returning conscious
ness, he saw the form of her he loved bending over
him in the agony of her sorrow, the full extent of his
misfortunes rushed darkly across his spirit. The
dreaded penalty of his rash vow pierced, with the
sharpness of the barbed shaft, to his inmost heart.
He had lost her ; and, in the impulse of his despair,
would have torn the bandages from his wounds, alike
inaccessible to the consolations of his friends, and the
sad appeals and prayers of his beloved. For all
other calamities he had been prepared, but to awake
thus startlingly from his long-cherished dreams of
victory and love, — after periling life and honour
upon his fortune in the field, was a shock far heavier
to his soul than the penalty of death itself. Exposed
to the vengeance of the Moslem monarch, — to the
last punishment of the laws on the chief who lost the
sacred standard to the foe, he was bound to submit
to the stern decree. His sole hope lay in the triumph
of El Zagal, whose interests he had espoused since
the ignominious treaty entered into by his nephew
with the Spaniards. Nothing but the special grace
and clemency of the ruling sovereign could rescue
him from so harsh and revolting a fate, — falling
by the hand of the headsman. Such was the terrific
position in which the young prince found him
self at the close of the disastrous expedition to
Lucena, and the civil contests which ensued. En
closed in the toils of fate, there was no escape if Abu

GRANADA. 129
Abdallah continued to reign. For though he had
long struggled with his passion, the royal Moor was
now more deeply fascinated with the charms of the
young chief's promised bride, and he still wielded the
chief power of Granada.
As he refused also to listen to proposals to divide
the empire, El Zagal was constrained to write to his
brother-in-law, Zelim, governor of Guadix, and to
his nephew, the Cid Yahia, at Almeria, to engage
them in his interests. His rival, on the other hand,
applied for aid to Ferdinand, which that perfidious
monarch eagerly promised, grounding upon this alli
ance his great enterprise for the entire subjugation
of the Moors. He forthwith despatched subsidies to
Granada ; but for every Spanish soldier who entered
the slave-Moor's service, numbers deserted it to em
brace the cause of El Zagal.
Ferdinand, meantime, assembling a large army at
Alcala la Real, laid siege to Allora, under the spe
cious pretext of assisting his Moorish ally. A for
tress of immense strength, erected upon the solid
rock, it was a fearful enterprise to attempt to carry it
by storm. The heavy artillery, therefore, then first
brought into the field, was directed to open the attack
by battering its walls. After an obstinate defence,
the garrison was reduced to capitulate, and the fall
of this frontier bulwark was followed by that of
Cazara, Bonelu, and the submission ofthe surrounding
people. The Moors along the borders of Antequerra now
flew to arms, and attacking the Spaniards with ex-
K

130 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
treme fury, carried their lines, driving them beyond
the walls of the captured fortresses, but again were
ultimately routed with great slaughter. Elated with
victory, their fierce invaders poured down upon their
fertile plains and valleys, ravaging the country almost
to the gates of the capital. Setenal, with a number
of smaller towns and villages, submitted, on their
approach, to avoid perishing by the sword.
From the watch-towers of Granada, the rival kings
beheld the progress of the enemy without attempting
to strike a blow. El Zagal gnashed his teeth with
rage on his nephew's refusal to unite with him against
the common foe. To the potentates of Barbary, and
the other African powers, his applications at this
trying juncture proved equally unavailing, owing to the
counter-measures pursued by Ferdinand and his allies.
The spirit, too, of the ancient khaliphs had become
extinct ; and, as if predestined to fall by the hands of
her own children, the last — the most beautiful of
their cities, in vain looked for succour from the land
of their early fame.
Like one who had nothing to dread from his Castilian
ally, Abu Abdallah viewed his progress as a triumph
over his rival ; but he was soon convinced that Fer
dinand drew no line of distinction between the re
spective domains of the two Moorish kings. He
made an attack for the third time on the strong for
tress of Loxa; and, having reduced it to the last
extremity, was about to carry it by storm, when El
Zagal, — his fiery spirit scorning tamely to witness his
country's ruin, rushed forth at the head of an immense

GRANADA. 131
body of horse, attacked the besiegers in their in
trenchments, and forced the Christian camp. The
siege was raised, but no sooner was the old warrior
engaged hand to hand with the enemy, than his
treacherous rival made a furious assault upon the
Alhambra, in the hope of becoming entire master of
the capital. The governors of Almeria and Guadix
then flew to the support of their absent master, and
compelled his degenerate nephew once more to shut
himself up within the walls of the Albayein. Fresh
dissensions, fomented by the arts of Ferdinand, soon
enabled him to assume the offensive, and the strong
holds of Cohin, Cartama, Marbella, and Ronda were
summoned to surrender in the name of King Abdallah
— the faithful ally of the Castilian crown. Cohin was
taken by storm, every inhabitant put to the sword,
and its walls were levelled with the ground. Struck
with terror, the town of Cartama offered to capitulate
at the moment the Spaniards were advancing to the
attack. But Ronda,* a city of superior strength,
presented a more formidable resistance. Growing as
* After leaving a small village, called Atajate, the road
ascends till it gains the summit of lofty mountains, whence the
traveller sees for the last time the rock of Gibraltar. On
proceeding a little way, he beholds Ronda, an irregular town,
encompassed almost entirely with a double enclosure of rocks.
Its appearance is highly picturesque, but in other than warlike
times, natural fortifications like these are more impressive
than useful or convenient. In the bed of the deep and narrow
valley runs a small river, called the Rio "Verde, or Green
River, — often celebrated for its beauty and freshness, as well
as its warlike associations in the lays of the poet. The exqui-
site Rio Verde of our own sweet poetess, Mrs. Hemans, will

132 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
it were out of the rocks, and towering from its eagle
heights, — the pride of mountain bulwarks, it was
surrounded by double rows of flanking towers
and bastions ; its walls could boast a garrison of
hardy, experienced veterans, well supplied with all the
munitions of war.
An incident also, of a romantic kind, excited a
noble and chivalrous feeling, which threw additional
interest on the progress of the siege. Narvaez, go
vernor of Antequerra, had despatched a party of horse
recur to the reader's mind, and a little farther, he will meet
the no less romantic and pathetic strains so exquisitely adapted
by the ingenious Bishop of Dromore.
A modern bridge of stone has been erected over the yawning
chasm below, which from its prodigious elevation actually
excites a feeling of terror in the beholder's mind. To the
north-east, the environs of Ronda are well cultivated, and
abound in fruits of various kinds ; a thing of rather rare occur
rence, as though a prolific country of figs, olives, and oranges,
Spain seldom gives forth those exquisite fruits, which form
the delicacy of our richer desserts, — owing most probably to
want of care and skill, more than to any natural disadvantages.
That such is the case, would appear from the state gardens of
San Ildefonso, and of Aranjuez, which, by well directed culti
vation, supply the royal table with the choicest of autumnal
fruits. Paxarete, so celebrated fbr its wine, lies about four
leagues from Ronda ; it formerly belonged to M. Giron, one
ofthe leading inhabitants,— subsequently better known under
the name of the Marquis de los Amarillas. After passing
Ronda, the tourist approaches the wretched looking town
of Cailete, traversing a long, rugged, and dreary region,
although occasionally broken by extensive corn-fields and
plantations of olives. It is this wild and savage region also,
which supplied the noblest animals for the arena of that
favourite national sport, the bull-fight, the breed here being
remarkable for their surpassing strength and ferocity.

GRANADA. 133
to scour the neighbouring hills and plains ; when in a
lone mountain pass looking towards the vega and the
snowy sierra, they suddenly came upon a Moorish
knight magnificently armed and mounted, — so sud
denly that he had as little time for defence as for
flight. Evidently belonging to some family of rank,
the young cavalier was conducted into the presence
of the brave and vigilant Narvaez, who inquired on
what expedition he was bound? The noble youth
replied, in a voice broken by sighs, that he was the
son of the alcayde of Ronda ; but, as he spoke, the
tears sprung into his eyes, and he could not proceed.
" You astonish me," said the brave governor; " the
son of a valiant and distinguished chief, — for I know
your father well, — and you shed tears like a woman !
You must be aware that what has happened is one of
the common occurrences of war."
" I lament not the loss of liberty," exclaimed the
young man ; " but a misfortune a thousand times
more grievous to bear." In more gentle tone, the
governor entreated him to explain the cause of his
affliction. " From my earliest years," replied the
Moor, " I have been tenderly attached to the daughter
of an alcayde residing near this spot. Sensible at
last of my long, devoted affection, she returns my
passion, and on this very evening she was to have
become my wife. Ah, she is now looking for my
arrival, and I am a prisoner here ! You may ima
gine my feelings, for she will be distracted with fears
for my safety ; I cannot bear to think of her grief.
It is for her I weep."

134 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
" You are a loyal lover, and I trow not the less brave
a knight," replied Narvaez, touched with pity. " If
you give me your word to return, you shall proceed
on your way, and fulfil your engagement with her."
The young chief was all gratitude, and ere the dawn
he reached the castle of his betrothed bride. On
preparing to take his leave, perceiving his emotion,
she was soon informed of what had happened on his
way, and addressing her young consort with a noble
frankness ;
" I knew you loved me before, but this is indeed a
fresh proof of your affection ! And from tenderness
to me, you were about to become a solitary prisoner :
but now I am your wife, do you believe I will be less
generous than yourself? In captivity, as free, I will
equally partake your fortunes. Here are precious
jewels in this casket; either they will suffice to pay
our ransom, or to support us in our prison hours."
Taking their departure from the castle, they arrived
on the same evening at the town of Antequerra, where
they were received by the governor with every mark
of honour. Commending the young chief and the
devoted affection of his young bride, he not only gave
them their liberty, but sent them with a strong escort
and enriched with presents, to rejoin their father
and friends at Ronda. The report of this adven
ture spread through the kingdom of Granada, and
became the theme of many a romantic ballad ; while
Narvaez, in hearing himself extolled by the voice of
his enemies, must have experienced one of the purest
of human pleasures.

GRANADA. 135
The siege proceeded slowly ; the most heroic efforts
were made to obtain possession of the bridge ; des
perate sorties, directed simultaneously against the
works, compelled Ferdinand to throw up intrench
ments for five separate camps to protect his army.
Behind these were erected batteries of heavy artillery,
tremendous bombs and mortars loaded with all the
combustibles calculated to scatter destruction, and
pouring forth volumes of flame. Like a mighty
watchfire, the blazing fortress was seen far and wide ,
one red towering pillar rising out of the pinnacle of
the rocks. Horror and despair seized upon all hearts;
women, children, and aged men made the air ring
with their shrieks, while preparations for an assault,
announced from the lofty atalaya, gave redoubled
horror to the scene. All hope vanished, and Ronda
fell, — bewailed almost like Alhama, and made the
subject of many a melancholy lay.* No longer the
* Associated with the scenery of the Rio Verde, is the
exquisite ballad so admirably adapted by the Bishop of Dro
more, applying to the famous Alonzo d'Aguilar and his brave
companions in the vicinity of these lonely banks, ever bright
and blooming, watered by the fresh green-gemmed river : —
Gentle river, gentle river,
Lo, thy streams are stain' d with gore,
Many a brave and noble captain
Floats along thy willow'd shore.
All beside thy limpid waters,
All beside thy sands so bright,
Moorish chiefs and Christian warriors
Join' d in fierce and mortal fight.
Lords, and dukes, and noble princes
On thy fatal banks were slain :
Fatal banks that gave to slaughter
All the pride and flower of Spain.

136 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
impregnable city of the rock, the ensigns of Arragon
and Castile were seen floating from its towers and
battlements. The Christian army next directed its
efforts against the lesser towns and fortresses, which
impeded its march towards the Moorish capital.
The most terrible of all the campaigns which Moor
or Christian had ever yet witnessed, — soon the closing
struggle was about to stamp its character upon ages to
come. But first, after such continued series of suc
cesses, Ferdinand gave an interval of repose to his
veteran troops, preparing for his grand attempt of
carrying the war into the heart of the capital itself.
Breathing also from their frantic feuds, which ex
hausted their best energies, the Moors saw the last of
their exterior 'defences, the important towns of Moclin,

There the hero, brave Alonzo,
Full of wounds and glory died :
There the fearless Urdiales
Fell a victim by his side !
Lo ! where yonder Don Saavedra
Through their squadrons slow retires ;
Proud Seville, his native city,
Proud Seville his worth admires.
Close behind a renegado
Loudly shouts with taunting cry,
" Yield thee, yield thee, Don Saavedra,
Dost thou from the battle fly ?
Well I know thee, haughty Christian,
Long "I liv'd beneath thy roof;
Oft I've in the lists of glory
Seen thee win the prize of proof.
Well I know thy aged parents.
Well thy blooming bride I know ;
Seven years I was thy captive,
Seven years of pain and woe.
May our Prophet grant my wishes,
Haughty chief, thou shalt be mine :
Thou shalt drink that cup of sorrow
Which I drank, when I was thine."

GRANADA. 137
Velez, Malaga, and Loxa, on the eve of sharing the
exterminating fate which had befallen their weaker
neighbours. Struck with terror, the elders of the
council within the divan, and the emirs, the scheikhs,
and faquirs in the presence of the people denounced
the conflicts of the rival monarchs, — conflicts rapidly
plunging the empire into remediless ruin. Bitter im
precations fell upon the head of Abu Abdallah from
the lips of all but his immediate adherents ; while the
more respectable classes repaired in a body to El
Zagal. Expressing their horror at witnessing these
continued scenes of bloodshed, they besought him to
put a stop to the desolating strife, and to adopt some
means of arresting the alarming progress of the foe.
El Zagal declared, that he was only deterred from
Like a lion turns the warrior,
Back he sends an angry glare;
Whizzing came the Moorish javelin,
Vainly whizzing through the air.
Back the hero, full of fury,
Sends a deep and mortal wound ;
Instant sunk the renegado,
Mute and lifeless on the ground.
With a thousand Moors surrounded,
Brave Saavedra stands at bay ;
Wearied out, but never daunted,
Cold at length the warrior lay.
Near him fighting, great Alonzo
Stout resists the Paynim bands ;
From his slaughter'd steed dismounted
Firm intrench'd behind him stands.
Furious press the hostile squadron, *
Furious he repels their rage;
Loss of blood at length enfeebles,
Who can war with thousands wage ?
Where yon rock the plain o'ershadows
Close beneath its foot retir'd,
Fainting sunk the bleeding hero,
And without a groan expir"d !

138 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
taking the field by the treachery of his nephew, who
attacked his authority the moment he left the capital.
At the same time, marking the general wish to avenge
the sufferings of their ravaged towns and hamlets, he
assured them that he was ready to marshal a formi
dable force, and hurl back their fierce despoilers from
the soil.
Rejoiced at their success, the deputation proclaimed
the glad tidings through the city ; while the brave old
warrior, summoning the chiefs who embraced his cause,
proceeded to enter on a more decided campaign than
had yet shed lustre upon his arms. As he rode at the
head of his veteran squadrons, turning to Muza Ben
Gazan, he deplored the weakness and bad faith of the
usurper, who had become the servile tool of the
Christian king ; nor could he leave the capital without
anticipating fresh disasters. " But it is the will of
Allah ! " he continued, " and it is more becoming to
die in opposing the common enemy, than to divide
with Abu Abdallah a blood-stained throne." With
these words, the royal warrior cast a last look on those
gilded towers and massy battlements, the scene of his
brief sway, and dashed through the gates of Elvira,
eager once more to confront the foe.
His suspicions were not unfounded; the moment
the perfidious king felt himself freed from the presence
of his rival, he gave full scope to his ambitious designs.
He resolved to strike a blow at the power of the Aben
cerrages in the person of their illustrious chief; and
while he humbled the adherents of El Zagal, to accom
plish his long-cherished design with regard to the be-

GRANADA. 139
trothed bride of Ibn Hammed. Here he could display
that promptitude and decision in which he appeared so
deficient when engaged in a noble or patriotic cause ;
a trait which called forth that well-merited reproach of
his heroic mother, when driven from a throne which
he knew how to usurp, but not to defend. To one
capable of throwing off all paternal authority, so
revered by the laws and customs of the Moors, and of
bartering his country for individual liberty and power,
the criminal indulgence of passion and the infliction
of private wrong could cost few scruples of consci
ence, nor did it prove a very difficult task.
Hastily summoning an assemblage of his adherents,
— the creatures of his will, with the few emirs and elders
who espoused his cause, in grand divan, surrounded
by hired mercenaries and the dregs of the populace,
he dictated to them the edict which placed the life of
the princely lover in his hands. He next proceeded
in solemn procession to open the trial of the unhappy
chief in the tower of the Gate of Judgment, where
he was summoned to appear in the name of " our
sovereign lord, Abu Abdallah, and his faithful people.''
The satellites of his power were despatched to secure
the person of the prince, whom they expected to find
disabled by his wounds and no longer surrounded by
his valiant tribe, who united with his friend, Muza
Ben Gazan, had hurried to the field. But they found
the gates and avenues to his palace in possession of a
chosen band of horsemen all equipped for action ; —
their leader, having abandoned the cause of the faithless
Abu Abdallah, and become the supporter of El Zagal.

140 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Few as they appeared, their unsheathed scymitars
and every lance in rest, showed they were on the spur
of some bold enterprise. As the party of the king
paused at this unexpected sight, the sounds of a lute,
strangely contrasting with that stern panoply of war,
fell on the ear ; and a voice of enchanting sweetness
threw a charm over the soul of the lover, preparing to
lead his gallant little band to rejoin their brethren in
the field. He drew up for a moment as it fell, like
the soft night dews upon the burning brow of the
lonely traveller to some far shrine of his holy love,
and gazed up to that leafy canopy above his head
with a last fond look; for he had just torn himself
from the side of his beloved, eager to meet his
country's foe : —
The dove, to ease an aching breast,
In piteous murmurs vents her cares ;
Like me she sorrows, for opprest
Like me a load of grief she bears.
Her plaints are heard in every wood.
While I would fain conceal my woes ;
But vain 's my wish— the heart-sprung flood
The more I strive, the faster flows.
Sure, gentle bird, my drooping heart
Divides the pangs of love with thine,
And plaintive murmurings are thy part,
And silent woe and tears are mine.*
As with an eye of defiance he gave his barb the
rein, a chaoush, advancing from the hostile band
with the insignia of envoy on his arms, presented on
* Specimens of Arabian Poetry.

GRANADA. 141
the point of a spear the summons of Abu Abdallah,
while its captain called on him to surrender, and attend
him into the presence of the court. Instead of return
ing a reply, the prince, casting it back in derision,
commanded the guard to make way ; and, uttering a
loud shout, his followers rushed after him through his
opponents, who quickly fled.
The gallant Abencerrages then hastened down the
avenues leading to the vega; but being apprised by
one of the fugitives of Ibn Hammed' s escape, Abdallah
hurried in pursuit with his savage mercenaries, having
already secured the different passes into the plain.
Brief, but terrible was the ensuing struggle; nor was
it till the narrow streets round the bridge of the Darro
were heaped with slain, and thrice the hired legions of
Abdallah had been beaten back, that the heroic chief
was taken captive.
Hurried into the Hall of Judgment to undergo the
mockery of a trial, where only the kadhis and ulemas
in the king's interest presided, the insulted prince
refused to admit the competence of a tribunal in
which El Zagal, whom he alone acknowledged, held
no voice. He scorned to answer a single inquiry of
his ferocious judges. But on the proclamation of the
presiding emir, the kadhi proceeded to pronounce
judgment of death " on the chief, who had failed to
restore the standard of the Prophet to its sacred
shrine." At the same time, in accordance with the
old Mohammedan law, the condemned would be per
mitted to apply to the " fountain of grace and mercy
on earth, our lord and sovereign, Abu Abdallah."

142 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
" Oh Abencerrage ! " exclaimed the heartless king,
advancing from the midst of his African guards,
" behold, the warrant of thy doom. Thou art justly
condemned; yet doth our sacred law, wielding its
judgment-sword with a restraining grace, urge thee to
seek the royal mercy. Speak! wilt thou renew the
allegiance thou hast broken? wilt thou renounce
Abdallah El Zagal? wilt thou yield the old chief's
daughter, and live honoured by all his court, — the
pride and bulwark of Abdallah's throne? "
"Never! lead me to death! and tyrant," he con
tinued in a voice of thunder, which made every hearer
start, " tremble ! thou ingrate and unjust; for I warn
thee that the wrath of Allah is gathering round thee,
— will encompass all thy paths, and hurl thee from
thy usurped and blood-stained eminence."
"It is well ! " rejoined the king, with fury in his
looks, " ingrate and traitor as thou art!" and turning
towards his guards, " convey him to the lowest dun
geons of our Seven Vaults ; and there let him chew
the bitter herb of his own culling, till his hour of
doom! We must have recourse to softer materials
upon which to build our towering hopes."
" Out with thy dagger, and finish thy dark plot ! "
exclaimed the noble chief; " that is the only mercy
I deign to ask at thy hands," and he bared his bosom,
yet freshly gored with honourable wounds. Abu
Abdallah started back with pale and conscience-
troubled look, while murmurs from the spectators and
the ominous silence of his troops made the oppressor
tremble for the permanence of his power.

GRANADA. 143
" Lead him away ! " he whispered to their captain ;
and with confusion and dismay stamped upon his fea
tures even in that hour of triumph, the king turned
towards the emirs and elders, the kadhis yet seated in
their robes, and directing them to dismiss the court,
retired in the midst of his African guard to his royal
strong-hold of the Albayein. With returning calmness
came his deep-seated hatred of the nobler tribes, by
whose patriotic efforts he had been foiled in possessing
himself of unlimited sway. Still more eager to gratify
a passion even more absorbing than his vain ambition,
he forgot all the nobler resolves which he had made,
and prepared to take advantage of the power which
fortune had thrown into his hands. But, as he ap
proached the spot where he intended to hold parley
with that unhappy one, a pang of remorse shot through
his frame ; — distant notes of music floated on his ear,
— strains such as he felt could be breathed from one
voice alone ; but the feeling was soon stifled, like all
those nobler thoughts and energies which, unhappily
for his country, were obedient only to his caprice.
With the fatal mandate in his hand, he now entered
the palace-gardens of the Generalife, and having an
nounced his arrival, was conducted by the chief slave
into the presence of her he sought. Scenes of unmiti
gated wretchedness, of exulting treachery and wrong,
can never be described without a feeling of indignation
and of poignant pain. To convey the feeblest impres
sion of the terrors which shook the bosom of one cling
ing to the existence of the beloved being, whose image
mingled with all that was dear and sacred to her, would

144 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
almost require to witness or to feel that nameless woe,
— a woe it is beyond imagination to pourtray. When
she beheld the heartless Abdallah with the signal of
her lover's doom, and a look of exultation which made
her feel as if a serpent were coiling round her heart,
she knew that their fate was decided. The icy chill of
despair seized on every faculty, on every feeling, —
crushing at a blow the whole energy of her spirit,
leaving her spell-bound under that enchantment of
fear which draws the fluttering bird within the infec
tious folds of its dreaded enemy. Her eye rivetted
with frenzied appeal upon that of the dark-souled king,
seemed to ask whether the last dread act had not even
now been perpetrated ? Long silent and absorbed in this
dread communion of thoughts, — " Lives he? " at length
faintly articulated the trembling girl, n ia tone which
fell like that of the accusing spirit on the ear of Abu
Abdallah ; and he too almost trembled, averting his
looks from that strange, appalling gaze, like the eye of
Heaven, searching the inmost recesses of his conscience.
And such indeed is the might of innocence, given to
awe the guilty, and blanch the boldest tyrant's cheek
with dread !
" Ibn Hammed lives, lady," was the faltering reply,
as he sought to recover his composure and re-assert his
daring design : "he lives but in thy smiles, so long
as they shine on thy servant and thy slave." Relieved
from the dire suspicions of his death, Zelinda almost
breathed forth her gratitude at the feet of Abdallah,
for the boon of a life which the high-souled Aben
cerrage had spurned.

GRANADA. . 145
Marking the power which this sudden excitement of
her fears had given him, the king, enchanted at her
disordered, yet all lovely charms, lost the last touch of
pity, honour, and justice, in one deep, absorbing pas
sion. Ere she could recall her presence of mind, or
seek refuge even in the resolution of despair, he eagerly
improved the advantage he had obtained, allowing no
pause of anguish till he should terrify her into becoming
his bride.
Gently raising her from the ground, and seating
himself beside her, " He lives, fairest of women," he
continued, " but his fast approaching doom has been
decided by his country. Still his life is in thy hands,
bright beauty of all eyes ; and he shall yet drink joy
and ecstacy from thy smiles, for thou shalt see him
honoured and favoured above all of Abdallah's court,
if thou wilt consent to fill a sultana's throne. But a
word from thy lips will consign him to the shades of
death ; for if the beauteous princess of all my thoughts
shall reject my fproffers to share with me Granada's
throne, to sway her subject realms and cities bright —
Ibn Hammed dies. Nay, within the hour he dies the
death of a public offender beneath the stroke of our
headsman's steel ! Speak, wilt thou be mine?"
" Never ! away ! kill me ; kill us both a thousand
and a thousand times! " shrieked the unhappy girl; at
the same time conjuring him to have mercy, and
throwing herself at his feet, and even clinging round
his knees as he pretended to depart.
" Yield, then, to thy destiny, — to what is written for
thee ; or I vow by Allah you shall behold him die! "
L

146 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
"Oh God! then he must die!" she exclaimed.
" Would I had the soul of Hammed, or Heaven's
lightning to strike thee dead! Ah! go not yet — only
give me time — "
" Not a moment ! " insisted the relentless monarch,
as he drew her towards a balcony which looked upon
one of the courts of the tower of the Seven Vaults.
" See where the sword of judgment hangs suspended
by thy hand over the head of yon noble chief; and
thou shalt see it fall !" It was no vision, no hideous
dream from which she could awake ; but one awful
sense of waking horrors which rushed upon the soul
of his unhappy victim. And it was enough to freeze
the life-blood in her veins ; it was her noble lover in
the grasp of his merciless enemies, — the gleaming scy
mitar brandished within a hair of that dear and sacred
head. Then, for the first time, she yielded to the terrors
of her soul ; speechless, breathless, as if dreading that
the next moment might come too late, she placed her
hand within that of Abu Abdallah, her eyes still bent
on that appalling sight with a fascination of horror too
intense for outward sign or expression. From this one
pervading feeling, he gave her no respite, till, like
Niobe, " all tears," she resigned herself, a statue of living
woe, into the arms of him from whom, like that sensitive
flower which folds its leaves from the touch, she would
have shrunk even had her heart not been filled with a
love which threw its radiance round her youthful years.
But it fled ! extinguished in the gathering shadows of
a night of woes, which must for ever shroud all of
good, and bright, and noble from her view ; render

GRANADA. 147
the purest passion itself a crime ; and condemn her to
live a wretched martyr, to spare the life of one of whom
she must no longer even dream.
And the next hour beheld her the bride of Abdallah,
the sultana of Granada, — hailed by the deafening accla
mations of the people. Bome, half unconscious, in all
the sumptuous array and stately magnificence of those
royal nuptials along the vaulted aisles, rich spreading
marble pavements, and decorated walls of the grand
mosque, how sad and strangely fell those joyous
plaudits of the fickle populace upon her ear.
The event ofthe king's marriage, followed by lavish
distribution of alms and largesses, the public festivals,
the projected tournaments and tilts at reeds, had a re
markable influence on his fortunes, and in consolidating
his throne. During a national crisis, in the midst of
an exterminating campaign, the Moors were as eagerly
engaged in their favourite exhibitions, their games and
bull-fights, as if they were celebrating a victory, — offer
ing another trait in the character of a people, whose
whole history and exploits resemble rather the dreams
of some fairy tale than the soberer hues of historical
truth. Thus the least justifiable, perhaps, of their
monarch's actions had a more beneficial effect on the
mind of the people than the redeeming features of his
character, and the few really patriotic efforts he made
to save his country. And from the moment his royal
nephew had given a new sultana, the daughter of the
famed Ali Atar, to the throne of Granada, his warlike
uncle had an infinitely worse chance of sharing with
him its sovereignty than before.

148 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Having ingratiated himself with his people while
he gratified a passion which had long absorbed his
whole heart and made him forget the dictates of honour,
Abu Abdallah now panted to crown his ambition by
some warlike exploit. Fortune too, which had hitherto
shone on the banners of his rival, deserted him in
the very flush of victory, and destroyed that illusion
which had made him the idol of the fickle Moors.
He had experienced no check in his victorious career
since his surprise of the unfortunate knights of Cala-
trava ; and learning that Ferdinand had left Cordova
and encamped at Alcala la Real,* threatening the town
of Moclin, he sallied forth, as we have seen, to give
him battle. The Castilian monarch, confident in his
resources, was followed, at no great distance, by his
* Leaving the mountain-fort of Luque to the right, the
tourist first enters upon that high chain of hills which forms
the great frontier of Granada, and which is, indeed, an exten
sion of that grand range of natural bulwarks known as the
famed Alpuxarras. Intersected by streams which, at some
periods of the year, are much swollen by the rains, the artist,
in obtaining the view here given, had to encounter considerable
risk and difficulty, the more so from the total want of bridges
in any part. Still he must have felt that the wild grandeur
of the scenery by which he was surrounded, the highly romantic
situation of the villages and towns, with their old Moorish
castles, together with the historical associations connected
with them, amply compensated him for his exertions, even
at a season wholly uncongenial in a more northern latitude.
Among these old castles, not the least striking and attrac
tive is Alcala la Real. The tourist's approach to it, when the
setting sun rests upon its jutting angles, and tinges with
golden Light its ruined battlements, is still more striking and
impressive from the relics of Roman grandeur which lie
scattered around. The only approach to the old Roman road,

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GRANADA. 149
heroic consort, attended by the -princes and the grand
cardinal of Spain as far as the castle of Vaena, the same
which had beheld Abu Abdallah a captive, belonging
to the noble Count of Cabra. Moclin, the shield of
Granada, was a prize worth contending for, and two
armies were detached by different routes to make a
simultaneous attack. One was led by Diego di Cor
dova and Alonzo di Montemayor, the other by the
zealous Bishop of Jaen and the Master of Calatrava ;
while the king followed with the main force. Thread
ing the mountain defiles, the count next day halted
under some cliffs overhanging the bed of an ancient
torrent, and calculated the hour when he was to reach
his destination. Informed by one of his scouts that
El Zagal had sallied from his capital, he scarcely
lies up a steep declivity, rendered more dangerous from the
neglect to preserve this portion of it in the least state of repair.
The time given by the artist to his view of this interesting
monument is sunrise, of which it is difficult to convey an ade
quate impression. The town itself, with its ragged population,
the wretched condition of its posada in which the artist shel
tered himself, boasts nothing which can arrest the tourist's
attention. He might say, indeed, with the artist, Uke the gentle
man in The Mountaineers, on rising in the morning, " I am the
best flea-bitten bully in all Andalusia !" but as he was to reach
Granada that night, it fully made amends for any little incon
veniences he had been put to on his route from Cordova.
During the last wars of Granada, Alcala, one of those towns
" like the living rock from which they grew," was commanded
by the brave Count de Zendilla, whose signal successes in the
border warfare greatly assisted "Ferdinand during these memo
rable campaigns. His genius for ambuscades, and his various
exploits against the Moors, have all the character of wild ro
mance. He was the only one who could baffle Redovan and
El Zagal.

150 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
allowed himself time to breathe, bearing down upon
the city, eager to anticipate his coadjutors in obtaining
once more a royal booty.
At night-fall, as he was winding through one of those
tremendous ravines worn by the autumnal torrents,
and walled in by high overhanging rocks, the startling
war-cry of " El Zagal ! El Zagal !" burst upon the
astounded ear. It was deep night ; they were in the
gorge of a hollow glen, and the moon suddenly rising
upon their burnished amis, revealed them to the enemy's
view. Struck down by a storm of missiles, one by
one the Castilian horsemen perished. Every jutting
cliff and crag seemed alive with the turbaned foe.
Little availed the heroic efforts of the chief, who be
held his young brother, Gonzalo, struck dead by his
side. His horse shot under him, his arm disabled,
the slaughter continued till it exceeded the worst of
those fearful massacres among the mountains. As the
attack grew fiercer and closer, the count, extricating
himself from his steed and mounting that of his fallen
brother, gave the war-cry of " St. Jago ! " Wheeling
round his broken and shattered columns, he fought
his way through that dark and fatal pass, beset on every
side as he was by his inexorable foe. Some sought
refuge among rocks and ravines, only to perish by a
more lingering death ; others rushed up the cliffs to
die upon their assailants, and only a small remnant
were rescued by the timely appearance of the militant
bishop ; while the terrible El Zagal returned with his
bloody trophies to meditate fresh incursions from the
warlike towers of Moclin.

GRANADA. 151
During this tragic scene, Queen Isabella is said to
have continued with the aged cardinal — the chief
director of the Spanish councils — at the castle of
Vaena. They were looking from its turrets along the
mountain-paths in the direction of the disputed for
tress, expecting to behold some signal of victory
displayed on the adjacent heights.
At length one of the adalids, followed by a solitary
corredor, and, at still wider intervals, by cavaliers at
full speed, fugitives and wounded, spread tidings of
the disaster far and near. With loud cries and lamen
tations, bereaved mothers, wives, and children hurried
towards the castle from every hill and hamlet round ;
for on that morn the choicest of their youth and
border-warriors had gone forth under their chieftain's
banner in aid of their religion and their king. The
heart of Isabella bled at the sight ; for she had beheld
them in all the glow and vigour of existence rush
down to meet the Moorish foe. It was now the saintly
wisdom and eloquence of the good cardinal were
exerted to soothe the mind of his royal mistress ; and
he dwelt on the rapid progress of their arms, and how
many subjugated cities of the Moors gave earnest of
yet greater conquests to come.
But on tidings that Alhama was threatened, the
venerable prelate offered to lay aside his crosier for a
season, and advance at the head of some three thou
sand chosen retainers to its relief. Such evidence of
vigour on the part of the holy church, at an age too
" when the crutch is held in more esteem than the
sword," was highly consolatory to the pious Isabella,

152 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
and convinced her she had no grounds for despair.
Meantime, Ferdinand had passed the frontier within
three leagues of Moclin. It was then he first learned
the extent of the disaster ; but like his magnanimous
consort, he rather excused than reprobated the conduct
of the count. While engaged in council, advices came
from Isabella which determined the king to adopt the
policy of a retreat, and content himself with making
an attack upon some less important strong-holds of
the Moors. There were two castles situated upon the
frontiers about four leagues from Jaen, surrounded by
mountains, in the gorge of the valley of the Rio Frio.
They were connected by a bridge thrown across the
river from rock to rock; and, while they commanded
the pass, they held dominion over the road, so as to
become the terror of the whole of the good bishop's
territory, levying continual contributions on all its
valuable products. To this feeling and patriotic
appeal he was no way insensible, and like so many of
his turbulent age, became a true church militant,
girding on the sword of the flesh in defence of his
territorial comforts.
But the vigilant El Zagal, who had so often dashed
the hopes of the boldest of Spain's veterans, came
flushed with victory, eager to gather another harvest
of death. The van of his army under the heroic
Redovan, who had deluged the passes of Malaga
with blood, burst like a thunder-cloud upon the main
body of the Castilians, penetrating even their camp,
and putting all to the rout. Moclin was free ; but he
pursued his victorious career to Velez Malaga, now

GRANADA. 153
strongly invested by the foe. Carried away by his
resistless ardour, he attacked the Spaniards in their
intrenchments, without waiting the arrival of the main
body under El Zagal. In the first desperate onset he
carried all before him, till the Castilians, perceiving
the smallness of his force, with a strong reinforcement,
rallied and turned the tide of battle against him. The
Moors in turn were completely routed, and such was
the consternation, that it spread to the ranks of El
Zagal, who came up at the critical moment. Spite
of his efforts to retrieve the day, his army, seized with
the like panic, joined the fugitives, and only helped to
swell the triumph of the enemy.
But a few hours before, the Moors flushed with
victory scoured the plains in all directions; now a
feeble and scattered few, it was with difficulty they
succeeded under the too brave Redovan in throwing
themselves into Velez Malaga. El Zagal hastened to
seek refuge in Granada, but tidings of his defeat having
produced a sudden change in the feelings of the people,
he found the gates closed against him. Knocking
furiously with the hilt of his scymitar at the portals,
he was answered only with threats and maledictions.
The walls swarmed with the fierce mercenaries of Abu
Abdallah, and yielding to the torrent, with strange
indignant feelings, a king and a conqueror till this
evil day, he departed with his fallen fame from the
capital which had welcomed him to its throne with
thunders of applause.
While brooding over his wrongs, his more fortunate
rival, now undisputed master of Granada, was com-

154 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL. .
pelled to take up arms to defend himself against his
imperial ally, who seemed no way inclined to pause in
his career of conquest. Vainly did he endeavour to
convince Ferdinand that he was making war on a
friend, devastating his plains and capturing his cities
in violation of the treaty they had entered into. The
Christian monarch was deaf to his remonstrances,
declaring that the cities in question were disaffected,
and in favour of El Zagal, whom by the tenour of their
compact he was bound to attack ; that as a vassal to
the crowns of Arragon and Castile, he called upon him
to appear with his retainers in the field. Roused to
action by this galling and insulting reply, and the
formidable preparations making at Cordova for another
campaign, Abu Abdallah swore to decide the question
of empire once more in the open plain.
Happy in possession of the object which lay nearest
to his heart, whatever he possessed of noble and
amiable in his character now came into fuller display.
As he rode at the head of his warlike tribes through
the vast and fertile vega, he gazed back with pride on
that splendid city with its golden palaces, over which
he held unresisted sway. While he paused for a
moment, there suddenly appeared on the edge of one
of the heights above the Darro, near the spot where he
reined his fiery barb, a gigantic form, wild and terrible
in its looks, as if springing from out the dark, shaggy
steep ; and waving its arm with an air of command, it
addressed itself in a harsh, hollow voice to the ear of
the startled king. There was something hardly human
in the ominous voice and wild gestures of that dark

GRANADA. 155
being on whom care and fasting might well have con
ferred that superhuman faculty ascribed to the anchorite
ofthe desart by the more credulous and fanatical among
the Moors. " Was it the evil prophet who had so long
predicted the fearful days to come?" was the inquiry.
No ; it was one mightier than he ; of an order of
saints more venerated,* who by long fixed contempla
tion and excessive maceration learned to penetrate the
veil of time, and communed with the mighty prophets
on the mysteries of eternity and the final destiny of
man. Yet there was much in the grandeur of his air
and looks, expressive less of religious awe than the
high-bearing of a prince. In a deep sepulchral voice,
with frenzied eye and waving arms, " Listen, oh King
Abu Abdallah," he cried, " to the words of a worshipper
of Allah, the Avenger ! the searcher of secrets not come
to light, a santon of the great Prophet, a dweller of the
holy mountain. I am an echo of the dead; ofthe lost,
forgotten language of the mighty of old time; the
wisdom of the hallowed; the enshrined saints, that
speak to thee from the ground. Listen, and tremble !
for hast thou not broken the laws of the faithful and
the resigned ? cloaked thy soul in the darkness of the
secret sinner? made spoil of the innocent? revelled in
forbidden joys, till the dark spirit of Eblis and his
angels hath become as the light of thy eyes? Hast
thou not requited with the soul's bitterest torments the
services of the just and good? Fore-doomed! the
* They were called saints, or santons, ofthe sect of dervishes,
and their places of retreat were considered holy, as the holy
mountain of El Santo.

156 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
dark star of thy birth hath ruled, and shall rule thee
to the end ! Ignobly shalt thou perish in the battle
not fought for thee or thy country ; an exile far away,
thou who didst refuse to stand that country's friend in
the hour of her bitter need. Oh, calamity of thy people
and thy age! thou hast leagued with the enemies of
thy faith ; and beware ! for I see near and more near,
the judgment-sword of the Prophet suspended above
thy head ! Away ! to the destiny which is written for
thee, written in blood and tears, for thee and the country
thou hast betrayed ! "
As the solemn denunciation fell on their ears, horse
men and foot, alike rooted to the ground like so many
statues, motionless and voiceless with surprise, gazed
upon the king. After a momentary struggle, Abdallah
was the first to break the fearful spell; uttering an
exclamation of anger as the strange figure disappeared
from view, he dashed impetuously forward, followed by
his glittering host. Still, he could not shake off the
weight of these repeated prophecies which, doubtful
and undefined as they were, produced a secret, myste
rious dread, an anticipation of some future deferred
evils, the fearful looking for of which is far more trying
and terrible than any existing woes, however keen ; for
then the powers of action and knowledge of the worst,
assume a tangible shape which man can cope with or
endure. How far more tolerable than darkly to behold
the destiny foretold from his birth, the illimitable
gigantic fates of the future which stretch their distant
misshapen shadows before and around him, — haunting
him with sights and sounds he knows not how to in-

GRANADA. 157
terpret, to what to refer ! Such were the dark thoughts
of Abdallah ; but shaking them off his spirit with a lion-
energy he knew how to exert, he hurried forward,
eager to measure weapons with the Christian host, and
vindicate his title to a throne.
The scene of action lay near Loxa, against which
Ferdinand indulged a vindictive hatred which he
sought in vain to disguise. Thrice had he been beaten
with ignominy from its walls, and he now resumed the
siege with a relentless fury which had levelled the
castles of Cambil and Albahar with the dust. The
town of Zalia was also surprised by the knights of
Calatrava, and the approach to Granada became daily
more open and practicable. It was less exposed to
those sudden and desperate onsets for which the Moors
were so distinguished, and which long baffled alike
the caution and the heroism of the best Castilian
leaders. The Moorish king entered at an inauspicious moment
on the new campaign. In the early spring,* Ferdinand
had summoned the grand united armies at Cordova,
consisting of the power of the border chiefs and nobles,
in addition to increased numbers of the regular and
veteran troops. The rich valleys of the Guadalquiver
resounded with louder peals of war. The emulation of
the nobles and their retainers gave renewed splendour
and spirit to the scene. The magnificence of these
armaments, the wild, stirring enthusiasm of that chi
valrous period, the light brilliant pavilions, the gold
* Previous to the grand siege of Granada, which continued
upwards of nine months.

158 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
and silken pennons variously formed and decorated,
the costly taste and richness of the several equipages,
gave to the whole encampment the appearance rather
of a public spectacle than the stern panoply of iron
war. The luxuries and elegancies of courtly life, still
preserved in the heart ofthe fiery conflict, were scarcely
inferior to those of their gallant foe. And such was
the high esteem they entertained for each other, that
Moorish and Castilian leaders were frequently con
nected by ties of friendship, gratitude, and affection.
Rich services of gold and silver adorned their tables ;
the housings of their steeds were of fine cloth and bro
cade, embroidered with silk and golden tissue. The
decorations of the tents resembled those of brilliant
drawing-rooms rather than the dwellings of war.
Then splendid cavalcades and processions by torch
light, which cast a more novel splendour on their bur
nished arms, nodding plumes, embroidered scarfs and
trappings, with national games and festivals, filled the
various intervals and pauses of battle during a succes
sion of brilliant and eventful campaigns. And with
the proud Castilians mingled the chivalry of surround
ing nations, attracted to the scene by the fame of a war
unequalled in exploits, in generosity, and magnanimity
notwithstanding its deep, religious animosity, rendering
it the admiration of after times. Add to all, a ro
mantic gallantry, love of poetry, with high refinement
of intellect and art, which threw the lustre of their
charms round a period in the change of empires, which
exhibited human character and actions in their utmost
variety, brilliancy, and force.

GRANADA. ' 159
The Christian army advancing against Loxa, en
camped at the foot of a towering cliff, known as the
Rock of the Lovers, on the banks of the Yeguas. The
pavilions of the chiefs, each surmounted by its stream
ing pennon, were seen raised above the surrounding
tents of their several retainers. Ori still higher ground,
commanding the entire encampment, was seen the royal
pavilion, displaying the banners of Castile and Arra
gon, and the figure of the cross splendidly emblazoned
in front. Here Ferdinand held a council ; for it was
rumoured that King Abdallah was in the field, doubt
less with design of frustrating his attack upon Loxa.
It was resolved that one part of the army should
attack the tremendous heights of Santo Albohacen,
confronting the city; while the other proceeded by a
circuitous route, and fell on it from the opposite side.
Alonzo d'Aguilar, Diego di Cordova, the Count of
Urena occupied the posts of greatest peril, and ere
the approach of the Moorish king, their Castilian
ensigns were seen waving over the heights, threatening
the great city in its most vulnerable points. At this
sight, the Moors, transported with rage, clamoured to
be led on to the assault. " By Allah!" exclaimed the
king, " let it be done. I offered to hold my towns in
fealty and alliance : see ! he hath come with a storm
of war upon my faithful Loxa ; — the treason rest upon
his head !"
In the front of his guards, followed by an army of
foot, the Moor then attacked the advanced parties of
the enemy ; and having detached a division to cut off
their communication, he made a vigorous effort to

160 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
carry the heights ere they could concentrate their
columns. Their cavalry was still in the valleys below,
when the brazen throats of trumpet and clarion pro
claimed the imminent attack, mingling their terrific
din with the report of firelocks, the shock of shield
and spear. The blackness of dust and darkness,
resembling the sudden irruption of a volcano over
those green and blooming declivities, involved the
whole field. Every where confronting the perils of the
battle, the Moorish king sought to dislodge the foe
before the arrival of the Castilian horse, evincing a
bravery and devotion which more than redeemed his
errors in the eyes of his admiring troops.
Suddenly a cavalier, arrayed as a Castilian chief,
spite of the utmost efforts of his guards, rushed upon
the royal Moor ; and wounding him, and repeating his
blow with resistless rapidity, laid him prostrate in the
dust. The king was borne from the field; and with
the same undaunted vigour, that dark knight cut his
way through the battle and disappeared. But soon
the absence of the Moorish king was more than sup
plied by a band of the Abencerrages, headed by an
impetuous chief, borne on the same steed, with the same
device, and wielding the same sweeping falchion in
his hand. As the Count de Cabra, at the head of his
squadron, entered the field, he beheld the Moors con
veying their favourite monarch towards the gates of
the beleaguered city. The combat still raged with
unabated fury|; — at the head of his savage veteran
Gomerez, rode a dark-plumed gigantic knight upon a
huge black charger, clearing a path through the foe.

GRANADA. 161
The noble Hammed El Zegri had flown with a band
of his old garrison of Loxa, and renewed the assault
to gain the heights. It was there fought Ponce de
Leon, Alonzo d'Aguilar, his young brother, Gonzalvo,
Garcilaso de la Vega, famed alike for his chivalry and
song, with Fernando Cortez, whose united efforts
hurled back their fierce assailants, dashing them down
the declivities and rocks. The Count of Urefia, and
his bold retainers, marked their recollection of the
dismal day which had deprived them of the young
Master of Calatrava, by raising to him a hecatomb of
the slain.
Fresh succours from the city joined the Moors, and
on all points along the groves, and gardens, and
blooming orchards of the suburbs, separate parties
engaged in deadly conflict, — the Moors struggling to
cut them off, the Spaniards to join the standards of
their lords. As fresh divisions cleared the valley,
fresh bands also of the Moors rushed from their
mountain holds and hamlets towards the heights of
Albohacin, with fierce intent to rescue the key of all
Granada from the infidel's grasp. Galled as they were
by cross-bows and missiles from the cliffs, the Spanish
leaders fought hand to hand and foot to foot with the
enraged Moslems. The stern encounter of d'Aguilar
with their great champion, El Zegri, the most cele
brated of the single combatants of that great campaign,
excited both armies to deeds of incredible daring, in
which the body-guards of the royal Moor covered
themselves with glory worthy of the Khaleds and
Tarikhs of old times.

162 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
But strong reinforcements from the castle of
Gaucin,* and the adjacent territories, seen approach
ing in full march under Ferdinand, must decide
the fate of the day. Surrounded by his princely
retinue, he took his station on a hill which com
manded a complete view of the battle. The chivalry
* Once a noble town, situated in the midst of steep
mountains, Gaucin overlooks a deep valley, fertilized by rich
streams, which irrigate it on all sides. The adjacent convent
and domains of the Franciscan friars, while contributing to
adorn the landscape, offer a strange contrast to its former war
like character, towering 'mid arcs and obelisks, and domes
and towers, when it reflected hack the radiance of the west
upon the sunny vega, which its rocky fort so well defended.
The monks have uniformly shown judgment in selecting such
situations, and in the high cultivation of the surrounding
territory, though after the expulsion of the Moors it ap
peared like a forsaken region, black and desolate. To the
distance of two or three leagues beyond Gaucin, the road runs
along the sides of the hills through vineyards, which cover
them from their very summits to the centre of the valleys.
The country afterwards becomes still more uneven, as far
as Ronda ; it consists entirely of lofty mountains, in the de
files of which winds a ruined and rugged road. At various
intervals you discover miserable villages, which hang as it
were on the sides of naked rocks. Their position and their
names, Guatazin, Benali, and Atajates, seem to show that
they were built by the Moors, who sought in the bosom of
these almost inaccessible mountains, retreats where they
might be secure from the attacks of the Christians. They
have since often become the haunts of robbers and smugglers.
After passing Atajate, the tourist enters on a ridge of lofty
mountains, from the summit of which he beholds, for the last
time, the rock of Gibraltar, with the Barbary coast in the dis
tance. Like other Moorish castles of this description, Gaucin
is now in ruins ; but is still imposing from its bold command
ing situation, which defended one of the passes of that high

GRANADA. 163
of other nations also swelled his ranks. The gallant
English knight, Lord Scales,* among others stood
near the king, eager to behold for the first time a
Moorish battle-field. The sudden onset — the shouts
of the horsemen — the feigned retreat — 4he hidden
ambuscade, with the quick wild careering, the hurling
chain of mountains called the Sierra di Ronda, and in the
midst of which lies the city of that name. Nothing can exceed
the beauty of the panoramic view from this height, looking
towards Gibraltar and the African coasts. The ocean-rock
is seen rising proudly from the bright blue, southern seas, and
the most callous spectator cannot but be struck with a warm
admiration of the mighty power which, sweeping from its
northern home of waves, made that grand sea-mark of the old
Moors its own. It is then, as the English tourist gazes round
him, that he feels proud of the country which gave him birth,
and it is an object of as bitter envy to the Spaniard. Directly
facing it, on the opposite coast, he beholds what were the cele
brated Pillars of Hercules ; on the extreme left of the picture,
on the Barbary coast and connected by a narrow neck of land,
is Ceuta, a place of banishment for Spanish criminals. It is
almost the only possession retained by Spain on that coast. In
the little bay to the right of the view, is situated the tower of
Algesiras, — the rival port to Gibraltar ; while the high chain of
mountains in the distance, forms the lower range of Mount
Atlas. It was while defending the former of these noble cita
dels of the sea, that the brave governor, sooner than surrender,
beheld his son put to death by the enemy before his face, even
throwing them down the dagger with which they perpetrated
the deed. Nor did he less greatly distinguish himself as the
alcayde of Gaucin, here before us, in the defence of which
and of his religion, he gallantly fell.
* The chronicler calls him Conde de Escalas, or Escalia, Lord
Scales, Earl of Rivers ; not Lord Calais, as some writers have
chosen to interpret it. For much of the romantic spirit con
nected with the battle and capture of Loxa, the writer is
indebted to the admirable work of Washington Irving, in
addition to the accounts of the Spanish and Arab writers.

164 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
of the spears, the swift whirling scymitars, and then the
close deadly strife with rapier and dagger, — on steed —
on foot — in the final grasp, — all stirred the blood
of the brave Englishman : his eye began to glisten ; he
grew uneasy; his hand was on his sword, and with
stern brow and heightening colour, he asked the king's
permission to breathe himself a space with his strong
yeomen in the motley fray. " On the next reinforce
ment to the Albohacen," says the ancient chronicler,
" armed with simple morion and breastplate, did that
stalwart knight bring up his body of merrymen, (so
called, perchance, from their grave and solid' looks —
their bold, steady step, or the weight of their arms
and axes). He had a lusty band of archers, with
feathered shafts of a cloth-yard's length and bows of
the tough yew tree.
"As that staunch and dread-nought lord fought his
way into the thick of the fray, he turned him to his bold
liegemen ; ' And, remember, my merrymen,' said he,
' where you are, — in a foreign land ; and that the heart
of Robert the Bruce, * being borne hither on its way
to rest in the holy shrine, did make fearful havock of
* Bruce thought of going upon this expedition when he was
in despair of recovering the crown of Scotland ; and now he
desired his heart to be carried to Jerusalem after his death, and
requested Lord James, of Douglas, to take the charge of it.
Douglas wept bitterly as he accepted this office,— the last
mark of the Bruce's confidence and friendship. The king soon
afterwards expired, and his heart was taken out from his body
and embalmed. Then the Lord Douglas caused a case of silver
to be made, into which he put the Bruce's heart, and wore
it round his neck by a string of silk and gold. And he set
forward to the Holy Land, with a gallant train of the bravest

GRANADA. 165
these infidels. Carried by the Christians into the
battle, it so braced their spirits with that vigour I
would have your living hearts now to display, that
Mahound was fain to flee !' With that they raised the
men in Scotland, who, to show their value and sorrow for
their brave King Robert, resolved to attend his heart to the
city of Jerusalem.
In going to Palestine, Douglas landed in Spain, where the
sultan of Granada, Osmyn, was invading the realms of
Alphonso, the Spanish king of Castile. King Alphonso re
ceived Douglas with great honour and distinction, and people
came from all parts to see the great soldier, whose fame was
well known through every part of the Christian world. King
Alphonso easily persuaded him that he would do good ser
vice to the Christian cause by assisting him to drive back the
Saracens of Granada, before proceeding on his voyage to Jeru
salem. Lord Douglas and his followers went accordingly to
a great battle against Osmyn, and had little difficulty in de
feating the Saracens who were opposed to them. But being
ignorant of the mode of fighting among the cavalry of the
east, the Scots pursued the chase too far; and the Moors,
when they saw them scattered and separated from each other,
turned suddenly back, with a loud cry of Allah, illah Allah !
and surrounded such of the Scottish knights and squires as
had advanced too hastily. In this new skirmish Douglas saw
Sir William St. Clair, of Roslyn, fighting desperately, sur
rounded by many Moors, who were hewing at him with their
sabres. " Yonder worthy knight will be slain," Douglas said,
" unless he have present help." With that he galloped to his
rescue, but was himself surrounded by many Moors. When he
found the enemy press so thick round him as to leave him no
chance of escaping, he took from his neck the Bruce's heart,
and speaking to it as he would have done to the king had he
been alive, — " Pass first in fight," he said, " as thou wert wont
to do, and Douglas will follow thee or die." He then threw
the king's heart among the enemy, and rushing forward to
the place where it fell, was there slain. His body was found
lying above the silver case, as if it had been his last object to
defend the Bruce's heart. — Sir Waller Scott.

166 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
old cry of St. George, and the doughty earl and his
men fell to it with right good will, laying about them
with manly and trusty brands ; wielding aloft their
axes like woodmen in a forest, they did astound the
mountaineers of Navarre by their deeds of hardihood
and strength. And, albeit, the knightly spirits of
other lands did vie with each other in giving example
of old Europe's prowess, yet in valorous obstinacy
none could outdo these stout and lordly islanders."
At length, Hammed El Zegri fell covered with
wounds; — and disputing every inch, the Moors were
driven back upon the bridge, though they fought
again within the suburbs. King Ferdinand coming
up, the English earl followed the Moors almost to the
gates, and into the streets. " But being smitten," says
the chronicler, " by a large stone in the teeth, he was,
per force, carried off by his men from the spot." * Yet
he sturdily planted his standard where they stood, while
the king took up his position on the other side, nearer
to Granada ; the heights of Albohacen being occupied
by the great Alonzo d'Aguilar. Here the Christians
soon began to prepare batteries, and to beleaguer the
city according to the rules of war.
* Pulgar. He adds, that Ferdinand sent him magnificent
presents, and visited him in his tent. Upon condoling with
the English earl on the loss of his teeth, the latter replied,
that he had cause to thank God, since it had brought him a
visit from the most powerful monarch of all Christendom ;
that as to his teeth, he thought little of them, for it would
be strange if he were not willing to lose two or three in the
service of him who had given him a whole set.

CHAPTER VII.
Green are tbe myrtle leaves that glow
On beauty's bright and polished brow;
But greener are the wreaths tbat shine,
And round the sword of freedom twine !
Those have flourished by the fount
On Cytherd's golden mount;
These have drunk a richer flood
From the perjured tyrant's blood.
Poems bv W. S. Roscoe.

The defeat of Abu Abdallah, and the failure of all
his efforts to relieve the fortress of Loxa, spread con
sternation throughout Granada. That splendid capital
now lay exposed to the victorious career of the Chris
tian foe. It presented, at this juncture, the singular

168 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
spectacle of a throne without a prince, an army without
a chief. The king had been carried wounded into
Loxa, and in this exigency the Moors bitterly lamented
their long and deadly feuds, the rash confidence they
had reposed in their favourite prince, and the pre
cipitancy with which they had spurned the veteran
El Zagal from their walls. They saw their fatal error
in contending for rival monarchs, instead of flying to
defend their mountain-barriers, — taking their stand in
those impregnable forts and passes where they might
have annihilated the enemy. While trembling for
their very existence as a people, a cry was heard from
the watch-towers of the Alcazaba; and soon the distant
tread of horse, coming thicker and faster till it thun
dered upon the ear, startled them from their dreams of
terror and suspense. Tower, and mosque, and minaret,
teemed with dark, eager visages ; their sharp features
and flashing eyes bent over the spacious vega, while
the tocsin of war sounded from the Viva Rambla along
the banks of the Darro, — from the gate of Elvira to the
gardens of the Generalife and the ancient Albayein.
But, ere long, the distant gleam of the scymitar, the
glimpses of the green turban, with the golden banners
of the crescent reflected in the rays of the setting sun,
produced a shout of exultation from the crowded walls
and battlements. A gallant troop of horse drew up at
the Elvira gate, and thundered for admittance. The
cry of El Zagal rang through the streets as he rode,
accompanied by Musa Ben Gazan at the head of the
Alabez, through the gates of the capital. Brief as was
the period since his rejection, the air resounded with

GRANADA. 169
acclamations of the warrior-king, who had thus mag
nanimously returned to offer his breast as a bulwark
against their fierce invaders.
The chief authorities were soon compelled to reinstate
him in his royal privileges ; and it was then he was
informed of the events which had taken place in the
capital, — the inauspicious marriage of Abu Abdallah,
the wrongs and sufferings of his noble rival. At this
announcement, his brethren in arms, — the remnant of
that faithful tribe, ever in the van of battle, — burst into
the loudest expressions of grief, throwing down their
arms, trampling their turbans, and casting dust upon
their bare heads. They accused themselves of ingrati
tude and neglect in not remaining near him, or bearing
him along with them upon their bucklers to the field.
But the sorrow, the indignation of Musa Ben Gazan,
and the emirs and elders, his old companions, and peers
of Ali Atar, though silent, was still more deep.
" Whither," was the mournful inquiry, " had he
bent his steps ? With what sad, dark purpose, and to
what distant bourne? Had he flown to the desarts
of his revered forefathers to brood over his wrongs,
to seek consolation in the rocky hermitages of the
santons ? or departed, a lonely pilgrim, to the Prophet's
sacred shrine?" All was mystery ; and as they stood
and talked, the tribe again gave vent to their vehement
ebullitions of sorrow for the fate of their favourite
chief. They recalled his splendid deeds to mind, the
generosity with which he had shared and relieved their
sufferings, — their friend, their counsellor, and their
shield before the foe.

170 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Suddenly, they recollected the strange apparition of
the Castilian knight, who, with resistless vengeance,
had tracked Abdallah through the fight and had as
swiftly vanished. Again, whose was that small serried
band of heroes, at whose head a Moslem chief had dis
played more than human prowess, spreading dismay
through the Christian host, — till, charging through
their camp, he doubtless fell a martyr to his country's
honour ?
On the evening of the royal Moor's re-entrance into
the capital, there might be seen, as the deep silent
shades of twilight stole over the groves and fountains,
the figure of a bowed and aged man, attired in pilgrim-
weeds, wending his weary way along the walls of its
palace gardens. Wretched and haggard were his fea
tures, his air strange and wild, as with uncertain and
varying step which bespoke the agitated mind, he bent
his way towards the low wicket postern opening into
the gardens ofthe Generalife. As he stooped down, it
seemed to open at his touch, and with the familiar air
of one acquainted with the scene, he stepped within its
precincts. But all of fragrance and of beauty, in that
soft night-hour, seemed to fall on his dreary spirit like
the bloom of faded flowers on the urn of some beloved
being whom he was consigning to the shades of death.
Smiting his bosom as he went, he passed along the
embowered vistas and shrubberies of palm and cypress,
where — vainly to his eye — luxuriantly blossomed the
myrtle and the rose, bright silvery fountains sparkled
up ; for he heard a voice borne on the still, evening breeze,
so strangely and deeply sad, mingled at intervals with

GRANADA. 171
the low breathings of the _Eolian lyre murmuring to
the winds, as filled the soul of that Moorish pilgrim
with an ecstasy of sorrow he could not control. No
longer master of himself, he gave way to expressions
of the most fearful and frantic grief. Harsher than
the sound of death-knells came the wild murmured
sounds of that old Moorish melody on his soul, — the
song he had heard in other days, — poured from the
breaking heart of the lost Maisuna, wedded to the
monarch whom she could not love : —
The russet suit of camel's liair,
With spirits light aud eye serene,
Is dearer to my bosom far
Than all the trappings of a queen.
The humble tent and murmuring breeze
That whistles through its fluttering walls,
My unaspiring fancy please
Better than towers and splendid halls.
Th' attendant colts that bounding fly
And frolic by the litter's side,
Are dearer in Maisuna's eye
Than gorgeous mules in all their pride.
The watch-dog's voice that bays whene'er
A stranger seeks his master's cot,
Sounds sweeter in Maisuna's ear
Than yonder trumpet's long-drawn note.
The rustic youth unspoilt by art,
Son of my kindred, poor but free,
Will ever to Maisuna's heart
Be dearer, pamper'd king, than thee.*
* Maisuna was a daughter of the tribe of Calab, remarkable
for the number of poets it had produced. She was married

172 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Directing his agitated step towards the myrtle bowers
whence the sounds seemed to proceed, he suddenly
paused, aware that it would be death thus to break
upon the object whom he sought. He now repeated
in low and plaintive accents, the words of another
favourite air, well understood by her for whose ear it
was intended : —
The boatmen shout, 'Tis time to part,
No longer we can stay ;
'Twas then Maisuna taught my heart
How much a glance could say.

whilst very young to the Khaliph Mowiah. But this exalted
situation by no means suited the disposition of Maisuna, and
amidst all the pomp and splendour of Damascus, she lan
guished for the simple pleasures of her native desart.
These feelings gave birth to the simple stanzas, which she
took the greatest delight in singing whenever she could indulge
her melancholy in private. She was unfortunately overheard
one day by Mowiah, who was of course not a little offended
with the discovery of his wife's sentiments. As a punishment
for her fault, he ordered her to retire from court. Maisuna,
taking her infant son Yezid with her, returned to Yemen ;
nor did she revisit Damascus till after the death of Mowiah,
when Yezid ascended the throne. Mowiah, however, hardly
deserved her reproach, for he displayed as many virtues when
in possession of the khaliphat, as he had shown talents in
acquiring it ; and after a glorious reign of nineteen years, died
at Damascus universally regretted. The last public speech
he made to his people is still preserved : "lam like corn that
is to be reaped," said the dying monarch. — " I have governed
you till we are weary of one another ; I am superior to all
my successors, as my predecessors were superior to me. God
desires to approach all who desire to approach him ; O God, I
love to meet thee ; <lo thou love to meet me !" — Specimens of
Arabian Poetry.

GRANADA. 173
With trembling steps to me she came,
Farewell ! she would have cried ;
But ere her lips the word could frame,
In half-formed sounds it died.
Then bending down with looks of love,
Her arms she round me flung;
And as the gale hangs on the grove
Upon my breast she hung.
My willing arms embrac'd the maid,
My heart with raptures beat ;
While she but wept the more, and said,
Would we had never met !
At the close, one low stifled shriek and the sound as
of some one striving to fly, smote upon the heart of
the lone stranger ; and the next moment the chief of
the Abencerrages clasped to his bosom the beautiful
sultana of Granada. She lived ! and the rush of
overwhelming tenderness permitted him not to ima
gine that she was other than the bright reality of a
love which had swayed every thought and impulse
of their beings. He had indeed dreaded the worst,
as he kept his lonely vigils in the Seven Vaults,* —
* Little beyond the wreck of this once massive and magni
ficent structure now remains, though the old religious tra
ditions characteristic of the mind of the Moorish populace
have survived in all their primitive vigour and freshness.
Upon the French retiring from the fortress, it was undermined
and blown up ; and huge fragments of the walls are already
covered with the rich vegetation of the spot, or mouldering
under the shadow of the fig-tree and the vine. The arch of
the gateway, however, though injured, escaped the general
shock, adding perhaps to the sombre and picturesque impres
sion associated with the ruins of human empire which every
where force themselves on the eye and the mind. It was

174 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
that she was lost to him, — that to escape a more fearful
fate she might have herself closed those precious eyes
in the sleep of death. But the idea of a renunciation
of their heart-chained vows, of her resigning herself a
victim into the power of a triumphant rival had never
for a moment possessed his soul. To him, the cer
tainty of again beholding her, was a conviction of her
perfect innocence and truth : and no exterior show,
no royal gauds and trappings had power to startle him
from his dream of blissful confidence in the enduring
spirit of their loves. She lived; she was folded to his
breast, — it was the bright realization of his long hopes
and dreams, — all of lovely, enchanting, and heroic,
which played round his heart in the dear-remembered
haunts of his youth.
In such scenes had he drank rapture, had their souls
mingled in all the delicious illusions of a high ineffable
love, and a smile of delight irradiated his features, as
his eyes rested on her whom he had believed lost
through these vaults that the weak and unhappy king quitted
his crown and kingdom for the last time, when proceeding to
lay down the keys of Granada at the feet of his Christian con
queror. Taking his melancholy way over the hill of Los Mar-
tires, and along the garden of the now adjacent convent, he
thence struck into the hollow ravine, pursuing his way till he
arrived at the Puerta de los Molinos, or Gate of the Mills.
Passing these, he continued his route, following the course ofthe
Xenil till he reached a little Moorish mosque, which has since
assumed the name of the Hermitage of San Sebastian. Here it
is recorded in a tablet on the wall, that " On this spot the king
of Granada surrendered the keys of his capitol to the Castilian
sovereigns." After this sad humiliating interview, the royal
exile proceeded to rejoin his family at a village across the
vega, whither they had departed.the previous evening to shun

GRANADA. 175
to him for ever. Feelings akin to those of the far-
travelled pilgrim, when through thousand perils and
sufferings he beholds at last that shrine of his revered
master's rest, filled his heart as he still held her en
folded in his arms. Alas ! that he should be destined
to wake from such a dream to the bitter truth, terrible
as the annihilation of the holiest hopes of the faithful,
of the dying trust of the martyr and the patriot in
that brighter land of the future promised to the just
by the sages, the mighty prophets, and saviours of the
world. From the moment she uttered that piercing shriek,
Zelinda had lain breathless in the young prince's arms.
Too happy had she never breathed more, — never gazed
upon the glorious aspect of nature, now involved in
one dark shroud of woe. She, the idolized being of
his thoughts, must now appear like some dark malig
nant power, or with the brightness only of Eblis and
his angels, — the evil genius tracking his footsteps, till
the triumphant gaze of the enemy, and being witnesses to
such a scene of trial and degradation. At length, the fallen
prince reached the edge of a chain of barren hills, which form
a ridge of the still loftier and wilder Alpuxarras. It was from
the summit of one of these that the unfortunate monarch be
held the beloved city of Granada for the last time ; and it bears
to this day the emphatic name of the " Hill of Tears." The
wretched exiles thence took their way across a dark barren tract,
and their route is stiU traced along paths which must have
been made immeasurably painful from the contrast with the
scenes they had left. Upon descending from the last of these
rocky heights, which still bears the name of the " Last Sigh of
the Moor," his heroic mother, turning towards him, uttered
that memorable and well deserved reproach, too well known to
be here repeated. — Chronicles of Granada.

176 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
they be lost in the fiery dust and ashes of some heavy
and precipitous doom.
But the heaving of the bosom, the mantling of the
cheek, the start, the scream, the shrinking back into
herself, gave evidence that she yet lived. A deeper
shudder ran through her frame, as she recognised her
lover, and with a strange sympathy of terror he caught
the same wild despairing look as he gazed upon her.
And his frame began to tremble, and his heart to
quail like hers ; as if some deep-seated instinct of his
being, anticipating the shock, threw before it the black
shadows of calamity over his spirit, — unfolding by
degrees the secret of his coming fate, lest it cast down
the flood-gates of life, and stop the ruddy current at
its fountain.
Thus with looks of breathless anxiety, they con
tinued to gaze upon each other, longing yet dreading
to speak, as if struggling with some strange presen
timent, till his eye shrank from the despairing woe
of that beloved face, resting upon the emblems and
decorations of a queen. " It was here," he lowly
breathed, all pale and trembling with emotion, " in
this your favourite bower, that we first exchanged our
vows, our sacred oaths of endless love: here too we
last met. Repeat, my love, the words you then spoke
of truth and constancy till death."
Deep sobs were her only reply, as in the phrensy of
her woe she tore her auburn tresses, cast away her
bridal wreaths, her gem-spangled diadem, and trampled
the brilliant plumes in the dust. Then bursting into a
flood of lamentations and tears, she threw herself upon

GRANADA. 177
her lover's neck: " It was for thee, for thee ! thy dear
and sacred life that I am thus ! My only beloved !
light, too precious light of my eyes ; it was to see
again my Ibn Hammed, to hear his voice, — to be
clasped in his arms once more, that I consented to
wear these hateful trappings which my soul abhorred.
But I see thee, and I shall die happy now, — for death,
death alone now thou art saved — "
" Saved ! and thou, — who and what art thou ? for
by Allah ! thou lookest strangely, fearfully upon me !
speak quickly, I conjure !"
" No, fly me, Ibn Hammed ! let me not breathe a
word ! it is death, only death to me. Fly, ere thou art
seen ; and forget there was such a being as the lost,
fallen, and soon — perished Zelinda."
" Why speak you in mystery and dread ? there is
guilt in thy looks and words. Oh speak ! "
" It is ! it is the most guilty, abhorred, impious of
sacrifices ! but save thyself; let it not be all in vain !
Wilt thou not fly? I am the wife of Abu Abdallah!
Now fly!"
The chief started from her as if he had held a
scorpion ; then, surprise and horror chained him to
the spot, — the indignation of a spirit scorning longer
to cope with calamity, mingled with so much dis
honour, indignity, treachery, — all of so black a dye!
But soon he gave way to the passionate vehemence of
his grief, smiting his bosom, tearing his turban, and
casting the dust upon his head ! " Allah ! Allah
Achbar ! " he exclaimed, " the great, the terrible God !
not the merciful, the gracious, the director of our path ;

178 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
but the mighty avenger, the swift in wrath, record the
crime of mine enemy! Draw on him thy sword of
judgment; vindicate thy glory as the one just and all-
conquering God! Smite thou the traitor with its
terrors, till he feel the weight of his heavy sin upon his
own head!" Then turning to that woe-stricken girl,
" Ah weak, faltering, and faithless to our honour, and
to our God, as to all our wretched love! what is
death, what a thousand deaths to the agony of one life
such as thou hast made it? Ah, Zelinda! and wert
thou but a glorious vision of all that was bright and
pure, which my young imagination pictured ; a dream
fleeting as the dews of the flowers at the touch of the
young morn's orient beams ?
" Why, why did we live to see this hapless day !
if indeed thou hast not wished to wear Granada's
diadem ! For sure, had thy love been holy and lofty as
I deemed, thou hadst gloried in seeing me die, — yea,
in proving the immortal truth and purity of a love
such as ours, — in the ordeal of a fiercer trial than any
which the impious and the bad could impose. Then
none could have injured us ; our sacred honour, our
unsullied love, pure in the eyes of Allah, triumphant
over death ! But feeble and fickle, thou hast sold
thyself to evil ; limned thy soul in the golden meshes
of sin ; and the lustre, the beauty of our life, the path
of light and truth for ever faded and gone ! I thank
thee not, sultana, for a worthless life thou hadst done
better to deprive me of; else why not bid me," he
added with a look of withering scorn, " to the marriage
festivals of the young sultana of Granada ! despoiled,

GRANADA. 179
scorned, and abject, in the midst of all her pomp, as
the lowest of her slaves ! "
The harsh, wild-despairing language of the chief,
pierced the wretched Zelinda to the soul. Pitiable
were the stifled sobs and sighs which shook her gentle
being, in anguish which could not weep. They were
the last drops that filled to overflowing her bitter cup,
and drawing a dagger, she aimed it quick as light at her
beauteous bosom; but with yet swifter arm was it
dashed, as it already pierced the folds of her rich-
gemmed robe, upon the earth.
That sight produced a sudden, strange revulsion in
her lover's feelings, which not all her tears could have
done. It tested the depth of their passion ; voiceless,
as he still held that trembling hand, they gazed into
each other's eyes; and full of eloquent meaning was
the pause. And as their hands and eyes thus met, a
wild fascination seemed to bind all their faculties in
one delicious spell, which spite of all earthly ills and
agonies told them they were still immeasurably dear
to each other. Softer thoughts soothed the burning
anguish of Ibn Hammed's soul ; he felt how intensely
he was yet loved ; that it was the very excess of that
love which had deprived her of the power to behold
him die. He too had now experienced what she must
have felt, when the sword was brandished above his
head ; for he yet trembled with terror at the peril she
had run, and he no longer arraigned the motives of the
agonizing sacrifice she had made for his sake.
With hands trembling in each other, and eyes that
seemed never to drink enough of delight from the

180 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
restored looks of each other's love, as if all the dread
interval between their last parting were but a fearful
dream, they started from that trance only to rush into
a wild embrace. Clasped to each other's bosoms with
a passionate strength and energy of undying love, it
seemed to compensate by its very excess for the
agonies of wretchedness which they had previously
endured. They felt that they still possessed Heaven's
charter to preserve their heart's love inviolate, spite of
all exterior injuries and wrongs ; — they felt that let
fate do her worst, there were moments of bliss of which
no earthly power could deprive them. The delicious
consciousness of perfect, supreme affection, which had
sanctified their union in the eye of heaven and which
no ulterior events could set aside, had now restored
them to each other.
How strange and mysterious a thing is human nature,
how inexplicable the secret links and workings of our
human hearts, with all those hidden, antagonist springs
of action too finely and awfully constituted for us to
comprehend, but which with wonderful balance pre
serve those due alternations of power, which prevent
the current of our being from bursting its banks and
from utter stagnation in its channels.
The two beings who had just before met under all
the terrors and agonies of a woe too deep for tears,
had by one fearful attempt been rescued from utter
despair; and in proving they were still every thing to
each other, had drank far deeper of rapture than if
the heavy hand of calamity had never pressed upon
their hearts.

GRANADA. 181
And now with words of enthusiastic tenderness, of
absorbing joy, too exquisite long to last, they tore
themselves from each other's arms. Often and again
they pledged themselves by all that was dear and
sacred, soon to renew their sweet but perilous meet
ings, — as if joys like theirs were more than a summer
dream.* Meanwhile, events were rapidly approaching a crisis
in the progress of this chivalrous, but exterminating
war. For though the Moors in the van of civiliza
tion, learning, refinement ; — in hospitality and mag
nanimity of character, had been the benefactors of
Spain and the tutors of Europe, the superstitious
ignorance and ferocity of the lower orders of both
nations, conjoined with difference of habits and of
religion, had at length rendered it a system of war to
the knife.
Among the more cultivated and ennobled, however,
sentiments of mutual honour and esteem, often founded
upon congeniality of sentiment for what was great
and disinterested, had knit the high Castilian and
Moorish knights and gentlemen in bonds of chi
valrous brotherhood. Their friendships often arose
from singular, romantic incidents in battle, in cap
tivity,! not unfrequently by sympathy of mind, studies
* One of the khaliphs, reflecting on the pleasures which
the rich and fortunate enjoy in this world, exclaimed — " How
sweetly we live, if a shadow would last ! "
f It would seem as if hospitality and magnanimity in distress
were almost hereditary virtues in the character of the Arab,
extending to all of the same blood. During Napoleon's expe
dition to Egypt, a French officer, taken prisoner by the

182 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
and pursuits, lofty traits of conduct, and impassioned
attachments to the lovely countrywomen of each other.
To all these was added, in many instances, the tie of
intermarriages, formed during various long periods
of peace ; — when but for the bad ambition of their
leaders, there was every appearance of these two noble
nations gradually blending into one great and happy
people.* The Count of Cifuentes was thus rescued from
death by the brave Redovan Ben Egaz, and not only
Bedouins, had remained several months a prisoner, when the
camp of the captors was attacked during the night by the
enemy's cavalry. Tents, flocks, herds, baggage, provisions
fell into their hands; and the scheikh with much difficulty
effected his escape, accompanied by his prisoner. Next day,
wandering in the desart, isolated from his friends and deprived
of all resources, he drew forth a piece of bread from his abbu,
and, presenting half of it to the officer, observed, — " I know
not when we shall eat bread again ; but it shall never be said
that I refused to share my last morsel with my friend."
* It was not however till a chivalrous and cultivated period,
that this spirit of mutual respect and courtesy began to be felt.
In olden times, " they laid on load " with lusty epithets of
reproach, as well as weapons ; witness the author ofthe ancient
Legend of Sir Bevis, who glories in showing his hero's anti
pathy to " Mahound and Termagaunt." He loses all sense of
gallantry in his religious zeal; returning the following dis
courteous and grumbling answer to the invitation of a fair
Paynim princess, who sent two Saracenic knights to invite him
to her bower : — " I wyll not ones stirre off this grounde
To speake with an heathen hounde ;
Unchristen houndes, 1 rede you fle,
Or I your harte blond shall se."
They then with equal politeness return the compliment,
calling him a " Christen hounde."

GRANADA. 183
acts of mutual courtesy, but of sterling service and
devotion marked the esteem with which they regarded
each other. The conduct of Narvaez and the Moor
ish lover was no rare example; and it was, perhaps,
surpassed by that of a Moorish knight on occasion of
an appeal to arms by the noble Diego di Cordova
and Alonzo d'Aguilar, to whom the royal Moor had
granted the use of his territory to witness its decision
in the open lists.
On the appointed day, Don Diego appeared in arms,
but d'Aguilar was prohibited by his own sovereign
from entering the arena. Upon this, he was pro
claimed by the umpires of the field conquered in
single battle. A knight of Granada, related to the
royal Moor and a personal friend of Don Alonzo,
could not witness the imputation of such indignity on
the fame of the absent hero ; and, rushing armed into
the lists, he declared that the Castilian was too loyal
a knight willingly to fail to make good his word ;
and he would maintain it with his sword. Muley
Hassan, however, overruled his plea, on the ground
that it would be an open violation of the safe conduct
obtained for the Castilian knight. The Moor never
theless persisted, and the angry monarch gave imme
diate orders for him to yield up his sword. On this
chivalrous friend offering a determined resistance,
Muley Hassan called out for his guards to surround
him, and bring him his head. But Diego of Cor
dova, struck with the magnanimous act of his noble
rival, threw himself at the king's feet, and obtained
the remission of so harsh a sentence.

184 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
To return to Abu Abdallah ; — unfortunate in all he
undertook, pressed by his royal ally, he now began to
reap the bitter fruits of his rash confidence in a foe,
who altered his course of policy whenever he found it
expedient. Under pretence of an infraction of the
treaty, he prosecuted the siege of Loxa* with redoubled
vigour. He cut off its communications, and prevented
the sorties of its garrison by destroying its noble
bridge, while he constructed others to concentrate the
operations of his united camps. Such was the tre
mendous fire of the heavy ordnance, that it opened
vast chasms in the walls of the leaguered city, through
which might be seen the blazing edifices, and the
terrible efforts of the Moors to quell the flames, which
had reached their houses. Women and children were
seen rushing into the streets, where indiscriminate
slaughter from fire-arms, clouds of missiles, arrows,
and red hot shot threw additional horrors over the
scene. * The city of Loxa, or rather fortress, situated upon a rocky
height in the defiles of the mountains of Granada near the
frontiers, on the Xenil, and commanding the entrance to the
vega, was considered as the key ofthe Moorish capital, and as
such its possession was disputed by the Moor with the desperate
courage and energy of despair. More than once it had repulsed
the enemy, even commanded by Ferdinand hhnselfj from its
walls. Here it was that the famous Ali Atar carried terror
into the adjacent districts, until he sallied forth in that fatal
expedition with Abu Abdallah, and in which he fell. Though
built among the rocks, the place is surrounded by meadows
and gardens, extending a considerable distance along the banks
ofthe Xenil. It has been observed by Mr. Irving, that the
people seem still to retain the bold, fiery spirit of the olden
time.

GRANADA. 185
As fast as the brave Moors attempted to repair their
loss, renewed peals of the heavy lombards poured on
their devoted heads; and, in their despair, numbers
of them dashed into the suburbs, and fought hand to
hand in the trenches with their assailants. Even the
religious orders, the alfaquis, the santons, and the
pilgrim-dervish, armed with javelin, scymitar, and
dagger, roused the old fanaticism to its highest pitch,
and they fell with exulting shouts, glorying in their
defiance to the last, as they beheld pictured to their
closing eyes the ineffable delights of their Prophet's
paradise. During two days, the assault continued
with unremitting fury ; for the Moors fought beneath
the eye of Abu Abdallah, and the Christians were ani
mated by the presence of their pious sovereigns. The
Moor was already wounded, his chief alcaydes were
slain, and the ramparts were fast becoming a mass of
ruins. Soon, the leading citizens grew clamorous for
a capitulation; the contest grew more hopeless, and
terms were proposed to deliver up the fortress. To
the number of Christian captives in the city, the inha
bitants were, perhaps, indebted for their own safety :
they were permitted to depart with as much property
as they could carry with them. The valiant and ge
nerous Ponce de Leon was appointed to escort them
to their places of refuge in Castile, Arragon, and
Valencia. Again a captive, Abu Abdallah was required to
renew his oath of fealty and depart, in order to excite
afresh the civil dissensions of Granada. The brave
alcayde, El Zegri, with his principal captains, and the

186 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
sons of the deceased veteran, Ali Atar, remained as
hostages in the conqueror's hands. Few and broken,
the old garrison marched through the Castilian camp,
nor could the enemy withhold their tribute of sym
pathy and applause at the sight ; some of the more
distinguished opening for them a passage, and offering
every token of their respect. They were followed by
the women and children of Loxa, whose sighings and
lamentations on quitting their homes and country to
find an asylum in the land of their conquerors appealed
to the sternest hearts, and moistened many a veteran
eye which had shone undaunted on the fiercest horrors
of the war.
Pursuing his victorious career from the heights of
Albohacen, Ferdinand beheld the city of Moclin be
come a heap of ruins ; while the humbled Moor, not
daring to strike at oneefor the capital, retired to Priego,
and next to Velez El Blanco. Here he first received
tidings from the sultana, his mother, at Granada : —
" Are you not ashamed," wrote the high-spirited Aixa,
" to desert a lovely bride and hover round the borders
of your kingdom, while an usurping uncle sits upon
Granada's throne ? Strike quickly, ere honour die ;
the gates of the Albayein will open to their monarch.
Strike for your throne or fill a grave ; there is no other
resource for the man who has once swayed a sceptre."
With the sudden impulse of weak, irresolute minds,
the Moor started as if from a dream, put himself at
the head of his few faithful retainers, and inquiring if
they would follow him to win an empire, his old
guards laid their hands upon their scymitars, and in-

GRANADA. 187
spiring the others with a shout of admiration, bid him
to lead them on.
As the shades of twilight gathered over hill and
plain, a single cavalier was seen urging his Arab
courser across the mountains which stretch between
the borders of Murcia and the Moorish capital. At
some distance a light troop of fifty lancers held on his
track ; and on the summit of every height he paused,
and turned his eager glance in the direction of Gra
nada. From their costly equipment, the splendour of
their armour, it was evident they were of no mean
lineage; and at the dead of night they approached
near, and rode under the dark wing of Granada's walls
till they first reined in their panting steeds at the outer
portals of the old Albayein. Their chief's scymitar
was heard loud upon the gate, and to the sullen inquiry
ofthe warder, — " Open your gates ; it is your king ! "
was the commanding reply.
In humble guise, not unprepared, the guards obeyed ;
and spurring at once to the mansions of the military
authorities and other inhabitants, the horsemen soon
roused the whole quarter of the city. It was the
cause of their favourite sovereign ; — -and the flash of
javelins, the din of the tambours, first told Muley El
Zagal the startling truth. The old warrior-king in
stantly sallied forth at the head of his guards, to arrest
the insurrection in its bud. But he was driven back,
and a fresh encounter soon took place in the square of
the grand mosque, where, it is recorded, that the royal
relatives engaged with relentless fury hand to hand.
As their numbers swelled, by mutual agreement

108 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
they issued forth to decide the contest in the plains.
At night-fall they separated on nearly equal terms,
eagerly looking for the return of dawn. The leading
chiefs and nobles fought for El Zagal, but they had
for rivals the hard veteran soldiers inured to blood and
toil, with all the mercenaries and the lowest dregs of
the people. At the head of the Abencerrages shone
once more the noble Ibn Hammed, burning to avenge
his wrongs. As he led on his few remaining brethren
in the van of El Zagal, he pointed to the rival tribe of
the Zegris with Abu Abdallah at their head, and burst
into a bold martial strain, at once in derision and
anger at the sight of the tributary and oft-captive
king. As he appeared, the eyes of Abdallah shot forth
a malignant fire, and he trembled with rage as he ima
gined he could detect the secret exultation of his air,
and thought on his own long absence from the palace
gardens ofthe Generalife.
As he rode to the charge, the fiery prince infused
new ardour into his followers by addressing them in
the spirit of the old khaliphs, who rushed into battle
celebrating the beauty whose colours and device they
wore.*

I saw their jealous eye-balls roll,
I saw them mark each glance of thine,
I saw thy terrors, and my soul
Shared every pang that tortured thine.
In vain to wean my constant heart ,
Or quench my glowing flame they strove ;
Each deep-laid scheme, each envious act
But waked my fears for her I love.

GRANADA. 189
In this high-tempered mood, partaken by all his
brethren, did the daring prince advance to storm the
towers of the Albayein ; and in the stern encounter no
quarter was either given or accepted. In the reiterated
assaults to carry the Albayein, the forces of El Zagal
were repeatedly repulsed, but as often returned to the
attack. Foreseeing his discomfiture, Abu Abdallah
applied to his Christian auxiliaries ; and the politic
Ferdinand directed one of his generals to advance with
a strong force towards Granada. At the same time,
dreading treason, he was enjoined carefully to recon
noitre the proceedings of the conflicting kings, and
to beware of the old Moorish ambuscades. But the
Spanish commander soon saw enough to convince him
there could be nothing feigned in the terrific encounters
between the uncle and the nephew.
The Castilians, now joining the ranks of Abu
Abdallah as their ally, added to the horrors and fero
city of such a contest ; and for the space of fifty days
the city of the queenly Granada continued a prey to
the madness of a civil war, which deluged the thres
holds of her noblest children with kindred blood.
'Twas this compelled the stern decree,
That forced me to those distant towers,
And left me nought but love for thee
To cheer my solitary hours.
Yet let not Abla sink deprest,
Nor separation's pangs deplore ; —
We meet not ; — 'tis to meet more blest,
We parted ; — 'tis to part no more.*
* By Saif Addaulet, Sultan of Aleppo.

190 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
But the scenes of domestic calamity which followed
in the train of Abu Abdallah, exceeded even the
darkening hues of her public fortunes, fiillng Granada
with tears and lamentations bitter as those of a captive
mother over her offspring, ere she clothes herself in
the slave-garb of her haughty master. She had beheld
tribes and kindred arrayed in the death-strife against
each other ; ties the most tender and sacred riven with
the remorseless hate of her rulers ; passions which
impelled fathers, sons, and brethren to deeds which
struck even the enemy who beheld them with asto
nishment and dismay. Never, at any period of her
deadliest feuds, had the flames of rival antipathy burned
more strongly than between Muley El Zagal and his
nephew : their continued hostility may be said to
have formed part of the campaign of Ferdinand, to
have fought his battles in the heart of the capital itself,
hastening the downfal of the last kingdom of the
Moors. But now, driven from the capital, El Zagal
once more betook himself to his fortune in the open
field, holding at bay the fearful numbers of the foe —
often from his strong fortress-towns and castles car
rying destruction and dismay into the very camps of
his fierce invaders.

CHAPTER VIII.

From our distended eyeballs flow,
A mingled stream of tears and blood;
No care we feel, nor wish we know,
But who shall pour the largest flood. Alabjwbrdy.
It was during the foregoing conflict that an event
is believed to have taken place, which has stamped so
mournful an interest upon the spot. The secret and

192 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
sanguinary character of the deed,* as it is popularly
represented, naturally gave rise to the tradition of its
having left indelible traces of its perpetration on the
surface of the alabaster fount, which ran with blood.
In spite of his Christian auxiliaries, Abu Abdallah
was daily losing ground ; such were the heroic and
persevering efforts of the Abencerrages and their ad
herents, animated by the voice of a chief whose chi
valrous valour was sharpened by a sense of injured
honour and thirst of revenge. But perfidy achieved
for Abdallah what his open efforts against his enemies
had invariably failed to do, startling the minds of all,
inured as they were to the dark vicissitudes of this
eventful and extraordinary war.
The golden light was fading in the west, tinging
the Alhambra towers, and spire, and minaret, as it
sank in one luminous flood of glory reflected from
the deep azure waves, and shedding over hill, grove,
and stream that dying radiance which may be seen
and felt, but cannot be described. It now played
through the shadowy vistas of those delicious walks,
the deep retreats of fragrant garden bowers, which
rendered Granada one sylvan palace of delights.
Sweetness and silence ushered in the blissful hour
which drew the hearts of the two wronged, yet passion
ately devoted beings, lingering amid its old cypress
groves, still close and closer to each other. The love
that ruled their destiny, resistless and constant as the
* It has more recently been strongly questioned if it ever
occurred ; but we are taking the popular and romantic, not a
strictly historic view of the fall of the Moors.

GRANADA. 193
waves to the mystic influence of the moon's beams,
had absorbed every feeling of anxiety or terror in one
overwhelming and all-daring confidence of living only
for each other.
They had met and parted, — that word so often spoken
to trusting affection for the last time, still vibrated
on the chords of their inmost spirits, like sighs of the
dying night-gale on the mourning strings of the lyre ;
when the sudden rush of feet, and clash of arms fell
on the startled ear of that sultana, ere she reached the
palace balcony of the Generalife. Though brief withal,
it was a wild and fearful sound ; and she clasped her
hands in an agony of undefined horror, as she fancied
it came from that rose-bower overhung by the lofty
palm and cypress branches which had but now
breathed their melancholy music in the ear of love.
How eagerly gazed she through that airy vista, where
in the sudden, awful silence that succeeded, she saw but
the bright silvery fountain playing in a thousand light
eddying circles from its green marble ground ; while
lit up with a softened brilliance from the dark blue
sky, the deepening shadow of the hills shed a mellower
lustre on the dim and solemn groves that stretched
around. She heard but the clear, wild note of the
nightingale, — not an object or sound gave token of
what those strange voices and sudden clash of arms
might portend.
But more dark and silent was the scene of which
she dreamed not, in another spot. One by one, as the
gathering gloom seemed to hang over that proud and
splendid saloon like a heavy pall, and the night-

194 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
winds sighed through its shadowy courts,* did the
victims follow each other to meet a sudden and untold
doom. And there stood the stern inexorable judge
with jewelled diadem, and a chaplet of myrtle in his
hand, — there the three dark forms of the accusers, and
* On passing along the graceful, airy arcades of the Court
of Lions, you enter to the south a lofty apartment, in which
a marble fountain in the centre diffuses its refreshing coolness.
It is the Hall of the Abencerrages, famed alike in history,
by tradition and by song. There is little in unison with the
unhappy associations it awakens in the gorgeous splendour,
the beauty, and refined taste which burst upon the eye in a
sudden flood of light from above, exhibiting its admirable
form, the elegant cupola, the exquisite design and painting
of the decorations, with the brilliant stucco work ; every
combination, in short, adapted to produce a species of fasci
nation — the strange illusion of some delightful dream. Yet
in such a magic, soukinspiring retreat, it has been supposed
that King Boabdil executed that atrocious treachery of
secretly assassinating the noblest of the Abencerrages, com
manding their heads to be struck off, one by one as they
entered the place, into the marble fountain. The idle tra
dition of sanguinary traces of the dark deed needs no re
futation ; but after long, patient research and inquiry by the
ablest writers, the deed itself continues involved in much
the same uncertainty and mystery as they found it. The
efi'ect of the ceiling on the eye is remarkable, displaying a
series of grottoes from which depend stalactites, painted of
various colours. The intricacy of the lines crossing each other
in a thousand forms, and uniformly returning after a variety
of windings, is not surpassed by any mosaic work of antiquity.
At the extremity of the court are two apartments, sup
posed to have been employed as Tribunals, or Audience
Chambers. Here are seen three historical paintings, executed
with considerable vigour upon the ceiling, though the heads
and figures are not equal to the composition. One of these con
sists of a cavalcade, the other the entrance of some princess,
and the third a council, or divan. It is not clear to which the

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GRANADA. 195
a single headsman with gleaming scymitar, which shot
portentous light upon that secret conclave of hate and
revenge. Silent they stood, and in a silence which
threw double horror on the soul, was each feast-bidden
guest hurried to the marble fount which received his
subject refers, but they are given, by popular belief, to the
sultana of Boabdil and her four Christian knights. Whether
painted contemporary with the supposed events to which
they refer, it is difficult to say; for though the Koran prohibits
the representation of living animals, the lions of the great
fountain, and the effigies of various kaliph? on their coin,
show that such a law was little closer observed than were
those against tobacco and wine. There is one fact which
seems to favour the idea of their genuine character ; they have
been traced back to the close of Ferdinand's reign, and it is also
difficult to believe, that any painter so near the period when
so many witnesses must have survived to detect him, would
have boldness enough to invent the incidents of a trial and
ordeal of arms, more probably suggested to him by some
recent events. Whatever the truth may be, the popular
rumour so well grounded on the weakness and licentious
cruelty of the king, affords ample authority for assuming the
more romantic aspect of the story in a work chiefly descrip
tive and imaginative, and of such humble pretensions to
historical research as the present. It may also be worth
observing, in reply to those who have taken the unaccountable
fancy of vindicating Boabdil throughout a reign of weakness,
treachery, and crime, that few princes who have deserved well
at the hands of posterity, have had their memory maligned,
though so many who have pursued a dark career could boast
adulators during their lives, and vindicators of their memory
when dead. If to this consideration we add the severity of the
Moslem law, and ofthe Koran, with regard to filial duty and
obedience, the power given to the fathers, — in particular
where those fathers occupied the station of rulers, the conduct
of the usurping son would seem to display any thing but a
weak or amiable disposition. It required a bold and reckless
spirit, as well as the darkest treachery and deceit, to grasp

196 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
blood. Withering was the look of hate and scorn shot
from the eyes of those rival Moors, as the triumphant
Zegris heaped on the noble chief the names of traitor
and paramour, and the furious Abdallah held forth that
fatal myrtle crown. Baring his neck to the scymitar,
the sceptre of a warlike father at the moment he was engaged
in a severe struggle in open field with the common foe. That
he chose that moment also, during a brilliant and successful
campaign, when Alhama was on the eve of being recovered
by the arms of his royal sire, — giving' thenceforth a disastrous
aspect to the war, showed a base cunning, an audacity spurning
at all ties perfectly consistent with his subsequent actions with
regard to Ferdinand, and those imputed to him by the public
voice relating to the assassination of the Abencerrages, the
trial and condemnation of his consort, the sultana. The
drawings from these curious specimens of art in Murphy's
work are very incorrect, being, moreover, only detached por
tions of the pictures.
When at Granada, Mr. JRoberts carefully examined the
three paintings alluded to, and has no hesitation in saying that
they are of the same date with the rest of the ornamental
work by which they are surrounded. Taking into considera
tion the hard and stiff' manner in which they are delineated, —
the fresh and brilliant appearance of the colours,— the faithful
and minute detail of the various costumes of the numerous
characters introduced, — their close resemblance to which is
still practised in China and the east, — and their total dis
similarity to any thing of the same kind to be met with in
Spain, there can be no doubt after fairly examining the sub
ject as to their being genuine, and perhaps the only existing
specimens of the degree of excellence to which the Moors had
arrived in cultivating the fine arts. Here, as in other matters,
it is probable, indeed, that the two people were long and
mutually beneficial to each other ; the Moors communicating
to Spain their earlier acquisitions in science and art ; while
they borrowed on the side of European chivalry, moral feel
ing and a truer estimate of the rights of humanity and of the
dignity of woman.

GRANADA. 197
the prince dashed the turban from his brows, replacing
it by the flowery chaplet with an exulting air of de
fiance and derision to the last, which stung his enemy
with pangs of unsated revenge, even as that heroic
head rebounded thrice from the ensanguined fount,
the eye yet flashing, and the lip curled with supreme,
ineffable disdain. As head after head resounded on the
cold alabaster banks of that stream of blood, each suc
cessor marked with recoiling eye the features of some
friend and brother, or the still nobler traits of his
beloved chief.
Fast, and yet faster, poured the tide of life, as at
the feigned summons of their leader, each brother of
that lordly tribe hurried to share the same strange
fate ; and as, singly, he entered through the small
secret portal to welcome his comrades, was seized and
borne into the hall of death. Six-and-thirty had
already dyed its waters with still ruddier deepening
hues; when one faithful page, following the steps of his
master, recoiled with horror as he caught a glance of
the tragic scene enacting within, — eluding the grasp of
the savage arm ready to clutch him as he started back
with affright. Throwing himself at the feet of the
next devoted brother hurrying to a like doom, with
blanched cheek and quivering lip, he could only point
towards the entrance, and cling to the knees of the
Abencerrage. The fearful tidings flew with death-winged rapidity
through the tents and dwellings of the soldier-tribe ;
captains and men, arming with hurrying speed, rushed
in small serried bodies up the steep avenues of the

198 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Alhambra, and beating down the guard at every point,
opened a path to throngs of followers, till they burst
upon that fearful spectacle of death. And next the
Alabez, with all their adherents, the emirs, scheikhs, and
alcaydes, mingled in the rush of battle with the com
mon herd, eager alike to solve the appalling mystery of
secret treachery, — the sudden massacre of the brave in
the heart of their own citadel, at the hour of peaceful
twilight, afar from the field of the foe.
As the shrill Moorish horns sounded along the dim
courts and groves, again the insatiate furies of discord,
newly awoke to havock, shook their serpent locks, in
citing the hearts of their victims to deadlier struggles,
as they scattered their firebrands to the night, and swept
through that wild, doomed city on the black thicken
ing clouds of war. With loud shouts of rival brethren,
re-echoed by shrieks and cries which rent the veil of
silence, gathering over the far plains and hills, they
met in the fierce shock which fell like a hurricane on
that mighty fortress, — filling its halls, and towers, and
palace gardens, with the sound of its desolating career,
till the high- vaulted dome and deep hollow donjon
alike trembled with the hideous din.
Long and desperate was the conflict, — bitter the re
venge, — terrific the havock in the best and noblest of
Granada's ranks. And the morrow beheld her again
bathed in her own blood and tears ; and as the shades
of another evening fell, the proudest and bravest of
her children wept as they gazed on a self-banished
and shattered band of brothers, urging their chargers
through her gates, to re-enter them no more. They

GRANADA. 199
were the Abencerrages, — abandoning the ungrateful city
of their kings, where they had beheld the chief and
nobles of their kindred, — victims to the fury of their
royal feuds, — fall unhonoured, not for their country,
— their fame in the open field. Darkly and sad they
passed into the plains, taking their way to the towers
of Almeria, still ready to meet the common, foe under
the banners of the warrior-exile, El Zagal.
His vengeance still unappeased, and fired even with
maddening jealousy of the dead, Abdallah turned his
wrath against his unhappy and ill-fated queen. The
dark accusations of the Zegris now impelled him to
crown his previous crime with another of a yet darker
die. Summoning a grand council of his chiefs, he ex
plained his reasons, grounded on the evidence of the
Zegris, for passing summary judgment upon the Aben
cerrages. Witnesses were not wanting, however deeply
perjured, to attest the guilt of his unfortunate consort
with the most solemn of oaths. They had met to con
sider of a punishment due to the supposed commission
of so rare and flagrant an offence.
The sentence, solemnly pronounced in presence of
the chiefs and elders was, that the adulterous queen
should suffer death by being burnt alive, if within
twenty days she could not produce four knights to
vindicate her aspersed fame. On the proclamation of
this fearful doom, the sultana's friends, — those who
honoured the memory of the noble Abencerrage, and
the brave Ali Atar, indignantly drew their scymitars in
the Hall of Audience, and openly declared that they
would resist such a mandate to the death.

200 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
But as they flew to her rescue, the noble Muza
threw himself before them, entreating to be heard.
Appealing to them with a commanding eloquence sur
passed only by his heroism in the field, the chief of the
Alabez besought them to consider, " that though by
valour they might protect the sultana, it could prove
only injurious to her honour in the eyes of Granada,
and of the world. If they dared not to submit her
cause to the great ordeal of battle and the justice of
the Supreme, how came they so boldly to impugn the
equity of her threatened doom? Nor would the
princely lady," he maintained, " accept their proffered
swords on terms that must condemn her in her own
eyes and those of the people."
Listening to the suggestions of the valiant and wise
chief, they hastened to enrol their names as her
champions — a numerous list, from which she might
select the bravest of the brave. Already a captive
within the walls of the Comares, this proud testimony
to her merit and her misfortunes was no alleviation to
the bitter sorrows she endured ; while full of gratitude
for their noble-minded offers, she felt such insur
mountable horror at the treachery of the Zegris, that
she could not behold any of their nation stand forth
to vindicate her honour in the lists. No ! she would
throw herself upon the gallantry and generosity of the
Christian foe.
She knew the high esteem long entertained for him
she had lost by the great d'Aguilar, and the gallant
knight, Don Juan de Chacon. He was lord of Cartha
gena, and to him she appealed for succour ; nor did

GRANADA. 201
she appeal in vain. With the generous spirit of their
age and of their country, the gallant leaders replied
in terms of the tenderest condolence such as might
have breathed from the lips of sisters or mothers,
rather than the most famed and terrible soldiers, bred
amidst those fierce frontier wars. All of courtesy and
magnanimity mingled in their high resolve to cham
pion the cause of the lovely and the oppressed, even
unto their death ; nor did they less burn to avenge
upon the heads of the traitorous and cruel Zegris the
loss of that heroic chief, whom they had all learnt to
honour and esteem.
A few of them, indeed, were knit in closer bonds
of friendship, having imbibed the most impassioned
attachment for a sister of the noble prince, and the
lovely daughter of Aben Kassim ; while the youthful
hero of Cordova, Europe's famed captain, was yet more
enthralled by the charms of the Moorish princess,
with whom those high-born beauties and the now
grief- stricken Zelinda had been companions from
their tenderest years. Deep and touching then was
their sorrow, and that of their noble Castilian lovers ;
who in many a sweet and oft-stolen interview, and in
the pauses of the dread campaigns, had with soft-
breathed vows- and sighs, and, ah! not rarely with
tears, smoothed the stern, iron aspect of horrid war.
But the mad ambition of bad princes, of fawning
favourites, and mitred, evil counsellors, uprooted from
that glorious soil the mingling growth of all nobler
virtues and high qualities, of gentler thoughts and
sweetest passions, even the old courtesy and gallantry

202 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
itself; and planted in their ashes the bitter seed
of murderous discord, persecution, and superstition,
through whose Moloch fires the best and noblest of
two great people were condemned to pass.
And now the fearful hour was fast approaching,
when bright honour or ignominy, with its fearful
doom, should spring from the swords of the cham
pions or the accusing chiefs. The lord of Carthagena
had selected his three brethren in arms, and submitted
their names to the approval of the lovely accused.
They were accepted, for they were those of Don Alonzo
d'Aguilar, Don Diego di Cordova, and the generous
Ponce de Leon, lord of Cadiz. Never at any moment
of her destiny had Granada evinced so lively an in
terest and excitement as on this extraordinary and
affecting occasion, when the appointed day drew nigh.
But as the Moors were preparing the lists, the war-
cry of San Jago resounded at their gates ; and blinded
as he was with jealous rage, the fears of the vain
Abdallah for his crown, — not for his country or the
honour of her arms, compelled him to prolong the
hour of vengeance, and rouse to action against the
foe. The mountain bulwarks of the queenly Granada,
her fairest towns and provinces had fallen under the
thunder of their new engines of war. She was doomed
to struggle with her fate alone. Moclin followed the
fate of Illora; — Zagra, Bafios, and other strong-holds
sent in their submission, for vainly had they sued for
aid from Abu Abdallah, wholly absorbed in the idle
conquest of the Alhambra, and the delight of reigning
alone over the ruins of a once mighty empire.

GRANADA. 203
But as the evil hour drew on, the old fiery spirit
of the Muselmans could not behold with apathy the
sun of their splendid career sinking for ever in the
waves of the west. Forming a league with the princes
of Barbary, Bajazet II. prepared an expedition against
Sicily, — whole squadrons of fierce native tribes poured
down upon the African coasts.
Ferdinand, at the same time, with a brilliant host,
marched from Cordova, laying waste the Moorish
territories in his course, while the Christian squadron
swept the neighbouring coasts. Investing the great
sea-port of Velez Malaga, he took up a strong position
which commanded the city ; but the Moors making
a sudden onset, he was not only driven back, but in
extreme peril of his life. At that moment Ponce
de Leon, at the head of a strong force, followed by
the heroic Lara and other knights, extricated him
from his dangerous situation, and enabled him to
resume the siege. Still the Moors from the nearest
forts and castles attacked their convoys, surprised
their divisions, — harassing the foe with an incessant
guerilla warfare, which left not a moment's repose.
Vainly was the city summoned to surrender ; from
every hill and lofty sierra the fierce mountaineers
bore down upon the invaders ; they were supported by
sorties of the garrison, — the conflict raged on all sides,
till finally the Moors were repulsed with immense loss.
Velez Malaga shared the general consternation, on
learning from the brave Eedovan the rout of the
army marching to its relief. He exhorted them to a
bold defence, till the terrible array of artillery on the

204 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
heights, and evident preparations for an assault, con
vinced the inhabitants of the necessity of surrender,
though the heroic alcayde wished to bury himself
beneath its ruins. It was fortunate that he was there ;
his noble treatment of the Count Cifuentes was now
appreciated, and he obtained for him milder terms
than could have been expected, while their generous
friendship continued unbroken to the last. Once
master of that noble sea-port, Ferdinand was eager to
attack Malaga itself. Its surrounding forts and strong
holds fell in rapid succession.
The deputies of forty towns appeared to do homage
before the victorious Ferdinand ; while his possession
of Marbella and Eonda to the west of Malaga, of
Antiquera, Alhama, and Loxa to the north, and Velez
to the east, rendered the position of Malaga almost
untenable. Still it was a city of immense strength,
fortified both by natural bulwarks, with a strong
citadel and towers, and a warlike garrison. Then its
delicious site, its fair and fertile vega, its wealth, its
splendid edifices, its noble territory teeming with
productive streams, groves, and hanging gardens,
could not be surrendered by their possessors without
a severe struggle. But after bitter experience of the
horrors of a long siege, a wealthy townsman, Ali
Dordux, seconded by the chief inhabitants, became
eager to enjoy the privileges of surrender granted to
other fallen towns. The famed tower of Gibralfaro was
becoming a heap of ruins ; and the commander, Muza
Ben Conixa, sought to gain time by entering into
negotiation. But the fierce African bands, imagining

GRANADA. 205
that he was about to betray them to the enemy, rushed
to possess themselves of the fortress of the Alcazaba,
putting to the sword its garrison and its gallant
commander, Muza's own brother.
The negotiation was broken off, and Moors and
native bands vied with each other in deeds of the
most daring character, making the most desperate
sorties, and repeatedly forcing the enemy's intrench
ments. But famine soon completed the work of the
sword ; Ali and his friends despatched a secret mes
senger to the Christians, offering to admit them into
the fortress by night, unknown to the fiery Africans.
He was already in the act of returning with Fer
dinand's guarantee of life and property, and Dordux
and his friends beheld him from the walls.
A party of the Moors, however, taking him for a spy,
seized upon him, and the whole transaction was on the
point of transpiring; when, by a sudden effort, the
envoy burst from their hands, and fled for the Christian
camp. He was closely pursued, and we may imagine
the feelings of the inhabitants during that awful sus
pense; their lives would pay the penalty of discovery.
As he crossed the boundary line, the nearmost pursuer
fired, and hit him between the shoulders ; yet, mortally
wounded, the faithful Moor held on till he reached the
camp, and fell dead as he entered the royal pavilion.
At the dead of night, the Spaniards were introduced
into the castle of Gibralfaro ; they opened the gates to
their followers, and a fearful scene of carnage ensued.
The lives of Ali Dordux and the inhabitants, were
spared ; but the brave garrison were put to the sword.

206 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Ali was commissioned to collect the ransom of the
unfortunate citizens; many were led into captivity,
while the abject Abdallah sent to compliment Ferdi
nand on his conquest.* As if to outrage the feelings
of his suffering countrymen, he had actually inter
cepted the forces hurrying to its relief under El Zagal,
and driving him back, left open the path to the capital,
madly dreaming, by such dastardly treason to his
country, to propitiate the wily conqueror.
Her proud invader could now proceed at once to
invest Granada, or attack the remaining cities be
longing to El Zagal. With his usual crafty policy,
he adopted the latter course, and summoned Baza,
Almeria, Guadix, Vera, and other strong-holds, ere he
* During the siege, Ferdinand had nearly fallen a victim to
the fanaticism of a Moorish prophet or santon. With a body
of four hundred men, chiefly the Gomerez, whom he had
inspired with a like zeal and fury, he concealed himself in the
mountains above Malaga ; and, in the dead of night, rushed
down upon the most vulnerable quarter of the Christian camp.
Falling on the sentinels, they forced their way into the
intrenchments, and filling the camp with slaughter and con
sternation, two hundred of them succeeded in entering the
gates of the city. But this was not the sole obj'ect of the
" Moro Santo." Placing himself in a situation where he knew
he should be taken, he was found wrapped in prayer ; his
haggard features and wild air, his white grizzly beard, and
tattered mantle (called albornoz) inspiring a sort of awe, even
in the enemy. On being questioned by Ponce de Leon, he
declared that he was a saint of the holy mountain, to whom was
revealed the approaching destiny of the Moors. He knew the
day and hour when Malaga was to fall, and the empire of Mo
hammed crumble with the dust. He came commissioned to
direct Ferdinand in the right path, and to his ear alone could
he breathe the dread secret of coming events. He was then

GRANADA. 207
fell upon the capital. Vera, Mujacar, Velez-le-Eoux,
and other towns opened their gates, terrified at be
holding the slavery and ruin which had fallen to the
lot of Malaga. El Zagal, meantime, made fearful strug
gles to maintain his dominion ; he defeated the Chris
tians before Taberna, was equally successful on the
side of Huescar and Baza, and in one of these terrific
encounters slew the Grand Master of Montesa, nearly
related to the royal house of Castile.
Enraged at this sudden check in his triumphant
career, Ferdinand had marshalled anew armies after
armies to prosecute his great object. In 1489, he
marched from Jaen at the head of fifty thousand foot
and twelve thousand horse, at the same time entering
into stricter bonds of alliance with Abu Abdallah.
introduced into a tent, where imagining that a noble and one
of the ladies present were the king and queen, he drew his
dagger, struck Don Alvaro, and then attempted to stab the
Countess of Maya. The attendants threw themselves upon
him, and several nobles, rushing forward on hearing shrieks
from the royal pavilion with drawn swords, hewed the as
sassin into pieces. His body was then thrown from a catapult
into the streets of the beleaguered city ; while, to revenge the
death of their holy santon, the Moors executed one of their
chief captives, and binding the corpse on an ass, drove it
into the Christian camp. — Cura de los Palacios.
An instance of rare magnanimity is also on record. In a
night sortie, led by a fanatic dervish, Zenete, _ noble Moor,
pierced into the Christian tents. There were a number of
pages and youths, roused from slumber, whom he might
easily have slain ; but contenting himself with striking them
with the flat of his sword, he exclaimed, " Get home, get
home, children, to your mothers ; " and, on being reproached
by the savage recluse, he only replied, " I could not kill
them, because I saw no beards." — Ib.

208 THE LANHSCAPE ANNUAL.
Such was the Moor's abject submission, that he even
consented to receive a Spanish garrison into Granada
the moment he should have subdued the cities which
owed allegiance to El. Zagal. Dreading lest the
conqueror of Baza and Huescar should return and
deprive him of his crown, he preferred the downfal
of his country to the sight of a successful rival. The
Cid Yahia, a prince of high and estimable qualities,
held Baza for El Zagal, with a garrison of ten thousand
veterans. Ferdinand attacked it with his whole force, and the
siege was long and bloody. But feats of hardihood
and heroism not to be surpassed, failed to preserve
the city from the hands of the enemy. At the expira
tion of six months, the cid wrote to his uncle with
information that famine had begun, the inhabitants
threatened revolt, and he must capitulate if he did
not receive instant succour. Fully appreciating the
valour and talents of the prince, El Zagal grieved
that he was no longer enabled to relieve him. Bril
liant as were his efforts, they were paralyzed by
Abdallah ; and, in reply, he could only conjure his
nephew to make the best terms in his power. Baza
was filled with lamentation and despair. The alcayde,
Mohammed Hassan, was sent by the cid with propo
sitions to the Christian camp. He obtained for the
inhabitants that they should be admitted as subjects
of the Spanish crown, and preserve their liberty and
their religion, — words of promise to the ear, which
raised the unfortunate city from the abyss of despair,
and induced other towns to follow its example,

GRANADA. 209
The interview of the prince with Ferdinand and
Isabella is curious and interesting ; such indeed was
the respect they inspired him with, that he swore never
more to draw his sword against the Christian cause ;
and accepting a large jurisdiction in towns and lands,
declared that he would do every thing in his power to
bring over his kinsman, El Zagal, to the same views.
His reasons had only too much weight with the
veteran, but now broken monarch ; and he at length
convinced him of the inutility of carrying on a cam
paign at once against the Christians and his own
countrymen. " It can only," he observed, " hasten
the general ruin. Better to appeal to the generosity
of the sovereigns, and no longer seek to oppose the
destiny which presided over the birth of Abdallah.
We believed it fulfilled when he was made prisoner at
Lucena ; but what calamities followed ! what may not
the future yet inflict ! For myself, I bow down before
the will of Allah ; he hath united the thrones of
Arragon and Castile ; he it is who wills that the
crown of Granada should adorn the brows of Ferdi
nand. It is so written; and will you not believe, and
resign yourself as a follower of our holy Prophet?"
With deep sighs, and after a long and mournful si
lence, El Zagal despairingly exclaimed, "dlahuma
subahana hu ! — I see, my kinsman, that Allah's eternal
decrees are against us ; for by the fire and hate I yet
feel in my heart, this hand had vindicated our free
dom, had not the God of our Prophet made known
that it must not be ! Let us treat, then, with the
enemy, for it is the will of Allah — not mine !"
p

210 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Together the two princes hastened to the camp of
Ferdinand near Almeria, and were received with the re
spect which their extraordinary and brilliant efforts to
save their country had so well merited.* El Zagal was
presented with ample domains, and still permitted to
bear the title of a king. The inhabitants of Almeria
and Guadix, like those of Baza, were admitted to the
privileges of Castilian subjects, and exonerated from
heavier payments than such as they had been wont to
make to the kings of Granada.
* Not a few instances of still greater magnanimity and
patriotism are recorded of the noble Moors. The veteran
Ali Fahar, had defended the towns and castles entrusted to
him, till their garrisons would no longer second his heroic
efforts. He took his way to the Christian camp, where he
found a number of other alcaydes, who had come to deliver up
the keys of their respective fortresses, and he saw them depart
loaded with gifts and treasure. Ferdinand, sensible of the
importance of the places he had surrendered, ordered ample
remuneration to be made him ; but he persisted in rejecting
the whole of the treasures spread out before him. " I came
not hither," he replied, " to barter what is not my own, but to
yield what victory has made yours. It is no voluntary gift ;
for had others supported me in my efforts, death should have
been the price at which you should have had my fortresses,
and not the bribe of gold, which is not mine." Struck with his
greatness of mind, the Castilian sovereigns sought to attach
him to their service. " Is there nothing," insisted the queen,
" that we can prevail on you to accept as a token of our high
regard?" — "Yes," replied the Moor eagerly; "in yonder
towns and valleys which I yield up, are my hapless country
men with their wives and families, and they cannot, like me,
become exiles from their native homes. Give me your royal
word that they shall preserve their religion in peace ! " — " We
pledge our word for it," said Isabella ; " but for thyself, what
dost thou require ?" — " Nothing," replied Ben Fahar, " but
permission to pass with my horse and arms into Africa."— Vulgar.

GRANADA. 211
So rapid was this strange vicissitude in the fortune
of the Moors, as to astonish even the Christians. We
may imagine the surprise and consternation of the
people of Granada, and its immediate towns and
territories. But the new subjects of the Christian
monarchs congratulated themselves upon their escape
from the fierce scourge of war ; nor was their example
without its influence upon their neighbours — nume
rous towns hastening to send in their submission and
oaths of fidelity to the camp of Almeria.
The grief and terror of Granada, on hearing the
extent of the evil, knew no bounds. The discontent
of the populace, as in all times, soon found vent in
murmurs of revolt. Abu Abdallah was now a faith
less Muselman, a renegade to his religion, a traitor
to his country. With mutinous cries and brandished
weapons, they rushed towards the gates of the Al
hambra. The scheikhs, the alcaydes, and the faquirs
threw themselves before the exasperated people, but
they could barely give time to Abu Abdallah to
intrench himself within the walls of the fortress.
While they prepared to besiege him in his palace,
he contrived to give intimation of his danger to his
Christian allies. It was their policy to take advantage
of so fortunate a conjuncture, and Ferdinand having
united his frontier forces, marched to the relief of his
trembling satellite and slave. He ravaged with im
punity the richly populated towns and hamlets in the
fertile territories of the capital ; and the thundering
appeal of this new invasion wrought all the effect upon
the mind of the populace, which the eloquence and

212 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
wisdom of their scheikhs had so long failed to do.
They became calm and peaceful, as if under the sway
of the best of monarchs ; and even the bitter taunts
and apothegms in which they were so prone to indulge,
were uttered in a meek, suppressed tone.
This was the moment selected by the Castilian
sovereigns to exact the fulfilment of the existing
treaty ; and Ferdinand now summoned his faithful
ally to deliver up the keys of Granada. The weak,
unhappy Moor then saw, for the first time, the depth
of the abyss which opened beneath his feet ; and
faithless in his turn to a faithless master, he threw
himself for protection upon the very people whom he
had so fatally betrayed. In his reply to Ferdinand, he
gave him to understand, with a degree of punic faith
quite worthy of the royal politician with whom he
had to deal, that however anxious he was to comply
with the tenour of the convention to the letter, the
nobles and people of Granada resolutely refused to
ratify it ; and upon this ground, conjured his ally to
rest satisfied with the conquests he had already made.
From this juncture we may date the memorable
siege of Granada, the approaching terrors of which
had, as we have seen, driven from the usurper's bosom
even the fiends of jealousy and revenge.*
* In treating this portion of the downfal of the Moors, the
author could not but be forcibly reminded of the present state
of Turkey, and the position ofthe modern Ferdinand of the
North in his alliance with and protection of the Turks.

CHAPTEE IX.

Mortal joys, however pure,
Soon their turbid source betray;
Mortal bliss, however sure,
Soon must totter and decay.
Ye who now, with footsteps keen,
Range through hope's delusive field,
Tell us what the smiling scene,
To your ardent grasp can yield ?
The Khaliph Radhi Billah.
Since the lamented fate of the chief of the Aben
cerrages, all eyes had turned with hope to the chi
valrous Muza Ben Gazan. Idolized for his daring

214 the landscape annual.
valour and skill in all the exercises of arms, he also
possessed talents, as a commander, surpassed by no
leader of the day. The terror of the foe, his lofty
qualities, his fine person, and strikingly handsome
features made him the theme of the lips of beauty,
and of the heroic, romantic strains of the Andalusiau
poet. On the reiterated demand of Ferdinand that the
people should yield up their arms, and admit a
Spanish garrison into Granada, his eyes flashed, his
lip quivered with indignant scorn. His feelings were
partaken by all the emirs and chiefs of tribes, by
all the veteran warriors and heads of noble families
illustrious by lineage as by their deeds. " Are we
old men, and do we handle staffs"? or are we women
and play with distaffs," cried their gallant leader with
bitter irony, " that the king of Castile should address
us thus ? Were we not bred to wield the scymitar —
to hurl the spear — to draw the bow? Is it not our
nature ? or will he teach us how to career the steed
and direct the onset of battle? Here are our arms,
why comes he not to take them? To me a grave
beneath the walls of Granada were dearer far than
a couch of down in her luxurious palaces, purchased
by crouching to the infidel foe."
The generous patriotism of the Moor was caught
by all ranks, and Granada awoke to battle from the
spell of torpor and terror, like a giant refreshed with
wine. Every street and avenue resounded with the
din of war; the scheikhs and chiefs, with Muza at
their head, assumed the direction of the public

GRANADA. 215
council, and the inhabitants, down to the lowest popu
lace, burned to signalize themselves and meet the
insulting requisitions of the Castilian monarchs by
deeds of proof. The indignation against El Zagal
and the renegade Cid Yahia, whose banners were seen
displayed with those of Arragon and Castile, knew no
bounds. It exceeded all they had before felt towards
Abu Abdallah ; whom, though the real cause of that
disastrous submission, it now became their policy to
support. They respected him for the position he had
dared to assume ; their new leader Muza took advantage
of the popular feeling to reconcile the interests of the
sovereign and the people, and render them unanimous
against the foe.
Incessantly in action, he appeared to live and
breathe only in the exploits of the field. At the
head of the noble youth of Granada, the squadrons of
every tribe, and followed by an army full of con
fidence and admiration of his brilliant deeds, he now
shone with a lustre which made all exclaim that had
he earlier appeared and led an unanimous people to
the field, he would have revived the noblest days of
the Moslem fame. As it was, he was irresistible in
the onset of his brave chivalry, and was generally
avoided by an equal number of the foe. So signal
indeed was his success over a far superior force, that
Ferdinand was compelled to issue an order that no
challenges to single combat should be accepted, — no
skirmish or detached encounters courted by his cava
liers and commanders, under severe penalties. Muza's
indignation at this unknightly mandate was extreme ;

216 the landscape annual.
and he lamented it as a sign of degeneracy and decay
of the old chivalrous courtesies and usages of heroic
war. To the honour of the Castilians, the royal edict was
not seldom broken; and while he despised the base
commissariat spirit of the monarch, calculating his
losses to a fraction, the illustrious Moor displayed in
victory the utmost liberality towards his chivalrous
foe. Even the infantry of the Moors followed him to
the most hazardous enterprises, and again Granada
sent forth her legions which scoured the plains and
hills up to the walls of her captured cities, returning
loaded with booty and triumph to her grateful
capital. Captives and banners were borne with loud
acclamations through her gates ; — the blended ensigns
of Arragon and Castile were seen waving from her
mosques and towers. The Elvira gates which had
before been cautiously closed, were thrown open by
the orders of the gallant chief; — the guards, the
scouts and adalids were all in active duty, and squa
drons of horse were held ready equipped to pour
down at a moment's notice in masses upon the plains.
On all sides, indeed, the name of Muza became the
dread of the Christian van-guards; and Ferdinand
with his customary caution withdrew, ere the close
of autumn, into his intrenchments to await fresh
supplies. Another spring of this eventful war again beamed
forth; the glorious vega bloomed in all its pristine
luxuriance, now sacred from the foot of the spoiler.
Ferdinand still delayed to renew the fearful contest, —

GRANADA. 217
he knew the chief and the chivalry with whom he had
to contend. " We must weary, and ravage them,"
he observed, " till we can draw our toils closer, and
let famine and our artillery do the rest ! " To this
politic object he had directed all his strength and
energies during the wintry season, and in the intervals
of the dread campaigns.
Nor had Muza Ben Gazan, — the soul of action,
the protector alike of the sovereign and the people,
neglected to array Granada in the iron panoply of
imposing war. When all was prepared for the field,
he sent forth the holy faquirs and dervishes to rouse
the enthusiasm of the faithful, and impel them to still
hardier deeds by visions of that delicious paradise,
of which they boldly declared, " that the famed gar
dens of Irem, and the golden palaces of King Shedad
were but a feeble type." * The old spirit of the Mus-
elmans responded to the appeal, and the conquered
towns and provinces threatened to throw off their new
allegiance. Guadix was in revolt, and the dominions
of the wretched slave-king, El Zagal, rose and com
pelled him to take refuge in the Christian camp.f
Nor were the gigantic preparations of Muza — now
* The paradise of Irem this,
And that the palace pile
Which Shedad built, the king.
Southey.
¦J* He there entreated Ferdinand to relieve him of his petty
sovereignty, to take back his fatal gift, and enable him to reach
the African coasts. He resold it for a large sum, and with
a few faithful adherents he arrived in the kingdom of Fez,
whose monarch seizing upon his treasures, threw him into a

218 the landscape annual.
as eagerly promoted by Abu Abdallah, restored to the
favour of the people, completed, ere they were called
into active display.
Enraged at having been so long foiled in his grand
attempt, Ferdinand poured down upon the vega in
a sudden storm of war, desolating towns and hamlets
in his career. Twice had his ravages extended to the
gates of Granada; and, in the last sweeping hurricane,
he left not a vestige of life or fertility in all its bloom
ing territory, which bore the aspect of one vast
desart, — harvests, flocks, herds, and herdsmen being
involved in one indiscriminate ruin.
But the great Moorish chief prepared to take signal
vengeance on their fierce, ruthless destroyer. He
appeared with the king before the chiefs and tribes,
and in the presence of the entire Moorish host he
announced that their favourite monarch — no longer
the ally of the perfidious Ferdinand — would once
more lead them to the field. The air rang with accla
mations, and the sudden return of Muza's squadrons
with ample spoils and banners of the enemy, appeared
to crown the happy augury of unanimity and success.
dungeon, and deprived him of his sight. Blind and poor, he
was afterwards set at liberty, and, like the aged Belisarius,
was compelled to beg his bread on the highway, during his last
painful pilgrimage through the world. In this abject, forlorn
state, he traversed the regions of Tingitania, till he arrived at
Velez de Gomera. Its king compassionately gave him food
and raiment, permitting him there to drag out the remnant
of his wretched days. He continued to live upon alms, and
upon his breast he bore a placard, on which was written in
Arabic, " You behold the unfortunate King of Andalusia."
— Pedraxa.

GRANADA. 219
All breathed the soul of fiery action, and enduring
war; of a campaign more terrible and decisive than
any yet recorded in the annals of Moslem sway.
But ere hurrying to avenge their desolated plains
and hamlets, came the hour destined to decide a cause
of so much woe to Granada, in the sad fortunes of her
peerless sultana and of that heroic chief she had too
early lost.
The die was cast ; the fatal decree had gone forth ;
the jealous rage of Abdallah, and the honour of the
queen alike forbade its revocation. And now the
magnificent square of the Viva Rambla,* arrayed in all
the solemn pomp of chivalric justice peculiar to the
Moorish battle-ordeal, gave forth its loud-repeated
summons, heard far along the banks of the Darro, to
assemble on the field of honour, to grace this strangely
exciting but mournful spectacle.
" It was through this gateway, it is said, that the Castilian
hero rode, when he nailed a challenge upon the door of the
mosque, which occupied the site of the present cathedral on
the opposite side of the square of the Viva Bambla, and
returned - again whilst his followers were engaged in mortal
combat with the Moorish guards. The small niche with a repre
sentation of the Crucifixion, is one of those small chapels to be
found at the corners of every street in a Spanish town ; and
it is almost constantly surrounded by a group of devotees.
The figure of our Saviour, the Virgin, the Infant Christ, or
one of those numerous saints with which their calendar
abounds, is generally decked out with mock trinkets and
tawdry dresses ; it being no uncommon thing to see the
Infant Saviour in an antique court-dress, satin-flowered waist
coat, knee breeches, silk stockings, square-toed shoes and
buckles ; whilst on the other hand, the Virgin is represented
in a satin gown and flounce, wide hoop petticoat and hand-

220 the landscape annual.
For on that morning the capital offered a singular
contrast to the gay, gladdening ceremonies of the old
joust and ring. No joyous groupes, no rich embla
zoned colours with the thousand fluttering devices of
love and honour, ushered in the fearful day. Instead
of the flaunting of the crescent pennons, the royal
splendour of warlike costume, ominous silence and
trouble hung like a heavy cloud over that devoted
city, and cast a deeper shadow on the soul. With
restless step and anxious eye, the superstitious Moors
marked the fearful santon mingling with the throng ;
and as they drew nigh the entrance to the lists,
their agitation rose into a thrill of terror and en
trancing awe ; for as if maddened with the terrific
spirit of the revealed future, his wild, ghastly features
assumed a deathlier hue ; his appalling eye seemed to
rest on some object no other eye could see ; while the
emblems of frail mortality which invested his brows,
and the magical characters traced upon his face and
some Leghorn bonnet with artificial flowers, necklace, fingers
covered with rings, &c. &c. Wax lights are kept constantly
burning before them, a person being appointed and paid for
that purpose, by the inhabitants of the street to whom the saint
belongs. Near the side of the little chapel delineated in the
drawing, is a small cross, which marks the spot where a murder
has been committed. This is a regular memento through
out Spain ; and, in towns, a small board is fixed beneath the
cross with the name of the " unfortunate wight," and the day
and year in which he fell. In some streets, especially where
it is a low neighbourhood, these crosses are so numerous as to
cover the walls. It may be as well to mention that this gate
way is called the " Arco de los Orejas," from the ears of those
unfortunate Moors who had committed any state crimes,
having been nailed to its gates.

GRANADA. 221
forehead, threw a fiercer supernatural terror into every
word and look.
Pointing to a high scaffold, surmounting the fune
real pyre overhung with sables, — the gloomy trappings
of departing life, — his knees began to tremble and his
lips quivered, while he muttered certain unknown,
cabalistic sounds, as if in dread communion with some
invisible thing, on which his eye was still fixed in
a sort of prophetic phrensy which shook every fibre
in his frame.
" Alahuma subahana hull" was the cry which
broke from him in an accent of the wildest grief and
dismay ; " Woe ! woe upon us, and our race — doomed,
evil-doomed, to run the career of sorrow, and crime,
and death ! But what is death ? happy were it only to
die ; but thou shalt live, oh child of Allah, predes
tined to slavery and sorrow, — live to feel many lin
gering deaths, — and ah, worse than deaths, the fear
and the fate that shall surprise thee as a sudden storm
midst the desolate hills. Ah ! that blasted were my
eyes, and life's ruddy current stopped at its fountain,
so that I beheld not the triumphant genius of your
fate, — the prince of terrors, the mightiest of chiefs
over the powers of evil, who glows more freshly youth
ful and vigorous with time, — with toil and stratagem
more unweariedly subtle and overreaching, with ven
geance and hate but more eager in his thirst of blood.
He triumphs, and will triumph, — Eblis, the dreaded
Eblis, — the prince of the air ; — nor only of the air,
but of the earth — the waters, — and the fires which are
never quenched.

222 the landscape annual.
" Once I have beheld, and I now again behold him
— exulting — on the wings of his death- winds — and
through land, and sea, and air, hurrying with those
wild huntsman's cries his shadowy steeds to their
appointed goals of time. He hath reached us, and
there he sits enthroned in dim, dread majesty over
that sad funereal pile, on a throne of enduring and
surpassing glory which proclaims him indeed a king
— a crown that encircles eternal sovereignty — and in
his hand a spear that levels the palmy splendour, and
knighthood, and beauty of ages with the dust. Oh
Eblis ! my eye is upon thine — thy eye is upon us —
upon us — for thou exultest in our approaching woe.
Turn whither I will, thy hand is in every work, —
thy foot upon every soil : the poison of thy spirit
leaveneth the living mass of the world, and thy
destruction keeps pace with creation in the great
primeval impulse — the career of eternal doom.
" I behold thee busy in thy works while it is yet day ;
and to thee night is the brightest of days, in which
thou appearest in darker splendour — more fearfully
terrific to the soul. I see, with recoiling eye, the
dim shadow of the deed thou art now tracing in the
soul and the brain of love's unhappy victim ; I see
the steel — I hear the shriek— and to my eye and to
my ear are present thy triumphant look, thy mocking
laugh — heard above the appalling cry of ' Woe ! woe to
Granada ! ' and the night of ages of chains, and of tears,
and of blood on blood." And with the same heart-
sickening howl of despair as when he rushed into the
crowd, he strangely disappeared from all eyes.

GRANADA. 223
Then, as with searching glance and eager question
they turn their faces from the symbols of death,
another, nor less thrilling spectacle, burst upon their
view. In weeds of pall — long sable mantles which
swept the earth, came nigh in sad and dark array,
the mournful procession of the condemned. Preceded
by bands of those fierce Africans long devoted to
Abdallah, it was led on by the judge and umpires of
the lists. And next, surrounded by the few and
faithful friends of her youth, and her weeping attend
ants — not one of whom had forsaken her, was seen the
heart-stricken object of all that panoply of woe, — her
lovely head bowed in sorrow too deep for tears, with
pallid cheek, and wandering eye, and hands uplifted
in the agony of prayer. On all sides the vast throngs,
opening a path for the funereal car, bowed their heads
in silence, not unmingled with grief and shame, as it
passed the gates of the Viva Bambla and through the
noble barriers into the open arena.
On drawing near the appointed spot, through ranks
high overseen by ranks, till all Granada appeared
spectatress of the stirring scene, the queen caught
the sable hues and more terrific aspect of that funereal
pile ; and the deep shudder — and the recoil — followed
by low stifled lamentations, ran with electric speed
through every beholder of that revolting sight. With
still slower and statelier pomp of woe, the restless
champing steeds, in their darkly-splendid housings,
now passed up the great square, and stood before the
fatal scaffold, where the judges appeared to conduct
the accused to a seat of state, high overhung with the

224 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
same startling symbols of guilt and woe. As she was
borne by the heroic Muza to that fatal spot, and threw
herself on her knees before the assembled people,
as if appealing to Allah, and to his children, for
redress and pity of her heavy wrongs, the air rang
with cries and lamentations, succeeded by deep low
murmurs such as portend the coming storm.
The judges proclaim the fearful sentence; and
though the great Muza himself presides, he is answered
by maledictions and groans. But again, on beholding
the unconscious form of the sultana, who lay sup
ported in the arms of the princesses and the noble
daughter of Aben Kassim, having swooned in the
aspirations of heart- wrung prayer, there burst a sudden
peal of admiration and applause, as if to attest their
belief also in the innocence of their queen. Every
eye bent on that heart-appealing group, — woman and
beauty in bitter peril and distress ; and every hand
grasping the nearest weapon — one simultaneous im
pulse made them start to their feet; and the next
moment they had rushed, as an insulted brother,
to the rescue of innocence and honour, when the
loud-swelling note of Moorish clarions broke on the
ear and arrested their step, as their eye was caught by
other objects fraught with an interest equally intense.
Even the judges, seated near the queen, bent forward
as if eager to catch some responsive note of war.
Armed from head to foot, mounted on high-mettled
Andalusian chargers, and clothed in burnished armour,
over which flowed the loose albornoz, with sashes
richly embroidered, and dark waving plumes, rode the

GRANADA. 225
stern accusers through the startled throngs, up to
the very head of the lists. On their splendid shields,
surmounted by two blood-stained swords, appeared em
blazoned the words, "For the truth we draw them!"
A noble band of their kinsmen and adherents attended
them to their respective stations within the lists. Sa
luting the judges and umpires, they seemed to turn
their eyes from their lovely victim, as they darted
swiftly to their posts.
In the long, deep silence that ensued, when every ear
was intent on catching the first faint echo of the Cas
tilian bugles in the distance, you might have heard
woman's softest foot-fall— the slightest murmur of the
breeze rustling in the palm and cypress leaves above
their heads.
Hours wore on — the uneasiness and excitement had
risen into murmurs and threats — all eyes were bent on
the barrier gates ; and yet, and yet — no champions
of the lost queen appeared. Two brief hours, and
the fire, in default of rescue, must claim its victim ;
— and at length it went forth, in fearful, muttered
sounds, that, absorbed in her despair, the sultana had
cared not to apprise her defenders of the appointed
time. All was confusion and distress ; and, on the
spur of the moment, the noble judges, Muza Ben
Gazan and his friends, Ali Fahar, Azarque, and
Almoradi, conjured her to accept their swords. But
confiding her cause to supreme justice, and eager
only to rejoin her noble lover in death, she heeded not
the proffer, nor the increasing confusion and dismay
of the imauns, the judges, and spectators around her.
Q

226 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Hope itself began to fail, for six of the eight appor
tioned hours had now elapsed, and loud and louder
the pity of the people rose into lamentation and
threats. Already they began to measure, with kindling
eye and ready hand, the strength of those fierce bands
that environed the fatal scaffold ; five times have the
judges, at the four quarters of the lists, summoned
aloud the champions, and are again conjuring the
accused to behold in them her defenders — eagerly
waving their gleaming scymitars as they confronted
the Zegris with threatening looks — when the tramp
of horse is heard rapidly nearing the Spanish gate.
One shout of exultation — one rush of eager throngs,
and every spectator's eye bent towards the extreme
verge of the open barriers, attested the intense interest
awakened by the sound.
And soon, in full career, bounded four Turkish
horsemen into the spacious square. One of them,
reining in his fiery barb before the judges, addressed
himself to their chief, requesting permission to parley
with the accused lady of the lists. Kneeling at her
feet, he informed her, that he and his companions
were from the towers of Stamboul, in quest of adven
ture; and having just put foot in the land of old
Moorish fame, to try their prowess on some of the
heroes of Castile, had heard of that strange solem
nity, and first preferred to break their lances with the
enemies of peerless charms and pure fame, like hers.
It was their first essay of arms, he continued, and
as he spoke, he dropped into her lap the letter she
had sent to the Lord of Carthagena; for he it was,

GRANADA. 227
attended by the famed Ponce de Leon, d'Aguilar, and
Diego di Cordova, rejoiced thus to avail themselves
of so noble an occasion to prove their chivalrous
devotion at the appeal of innocence and beauty.
Each of the combatants now stood confronting the
Zegri. he had selected as his opponent, with fixed eye
and deadly lance in rest.
The judges having solemnly declared the queen's
acceptance of their swords, commanded the twenty
clarions to sound the charge. Furious was the onset,
and long doubtful the result. The Lord of Carthagena
at length bore the fierce Mahandon Gomel from his
seat ; Ponce de Leon wounded Ali Hammed El Zegri,
while Don Alonzo, with equal fortune, overthrew and
bound the arch traitor, Mohammed Zegri, the mover
of that fatal plot. But Don Diego di Cordova was
still engaged to disadvantage with the gigantic and
terrible Moctader and would have fallen, when his gal
lant rival, Alonzo, rushed to his rescue; then, pre
senting his dagger to the throat of El Zegri, he called
upon him to reveal the origin of the foul conspiracy,
and to speak truly if he wished to live.
It was then El Zegri made confession, that private
hate and jealousy had led him to associate in the dark
design his brethren of the tribe, and to conspire
against the queen's honour in order more effectu
ally to compass the destruction of their great rivals,
and win the exclusive favour of King Abdallah.
Acquitting the injured sultana of all stain or reproach
with his dying breath, the unhappy Zegri motioned
.with his hand to the king, and, with an upbraiding

228 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
look and heavy sigh, as he gazed round on his com
panions, he expired.
But the presiding judge had taken his deposition,
which he now proclaimed aloud, amidst thunders of
applause. All prepared to celebrate the proud event
of the queen's vindication and the detection of the
conspirators with unrestrained festivity and exultation,
as some relief from the anxiety and terrors of the
day, — bursting into fresh plaudits as they beheld the
court advance to escort her in triumph to the
Alhambra. Deeply impressed with the result of this
strange appeal, not less than by the voice of the
people, the really penitent Abdallah fell at the feet of
his injured consort, attempting with tears at once to
atone for his faults, and to merit her forgiveness.
The action called forth reiterated applauses on every
side — momentarily changed into shrieks of despair,
as they saw the sudden gleam of steel, which as sud
denly vanished, sheathed in the bosom of the beautiful
object of their regard. One cry of fearful surprise,
as she saw the monarch at her feet — one recoiling
shudder — and the flashing dagger, seen but a moment
in her hand, drank the pure life-blood of her heart.
Murmuring the name of her fallen Abencerrage, and
casting on that king, as he stood with blanched cheek
and startled soul, the same wild reproachful look
as the dying Zegri, she. sank to rest in the arms of her
weeping, youthful friends, amidst general sorrowing
and lamentations, which recalled the strange santon's
prophecy ; — his threat of fast-hurrying doom.
But their grief and indignation were forcibly recalled

GRANADA. 229
to other objects ; a fleet, under the renegade prince,
Alnayar, swept the coast of Adra, and with that
treachery inherent in the soul of the apostate-traitor,
he displayed the flag of his country. The inhabitants,
in hourly expectation of relief from Africa, and
shouting with exultation as they beheld the Moorish
signals and costume, hurried to open their port ;
while his father, the Cid Yahia, rushed upon the city
from the land. Startled by this two-fold treason of
their countrymen, the garrison and inhabitants were
for a moment thunderstruck; then, flying to arms,
sold their lives and freedom dearly to their more than
infidel destroyers. Castel-Ferruh, numerous towns
of the insurgent Alpuxarras, and the territories of
the departed El Zagal, shared the same ignoble
fate ; while the Castilian conqueror, with his whole
united strength, bore down with increasing fury for
the third time upon the heroic and devoted capital.
The strong castle of Roma, within two leagues' dis
tance, fell a prey to the foul treachery of Ferdinand
and his new allies. A Moorish force, with Christian
captives, as if pursued by a superior enemy, made its
appearance before the gates. At the sight of turbans
and scymitars, the sentinels flew to the summons of a
noble chief, loudly knocking for admittance. Once
in possession of the courts and battlements, the shout
of the tributary Moors gave signal of the attack of
the Prince Yahia and his faithless followers. The
keys of the castle were handed to Ferdinand, as the
first offering of the dishonoured slave at the new
shrine of his perfidious saint of Castile ; while the

230 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
bitter scoffs and maledictions of Granada fell loudly
upon his head.
Abdallah could with difficulty believe that the
plaudits with which he was welcomed were meant for
him ; but after treason of so black a dye, he appeared
with the heroic Muza, as the great champion of their
liberties. When they saw him glittering in arms by
the side of their beloved chief, throngs of hardy fol
lowers from the mountains and the cities hurried to
his standard, and the great square of the Viva Rambla
glowed with the legions of swelling chivalry, till they
spread far up the spacious avenues and along the
banks of the Darro. The whole region was filled with
the din of war, — the shrill notes of the clarion, and
the deep muffled thunder of the tambour announcing
that the old tribes and families marshalled by the
great Muza, and led by Abdallah, were marching to
meet the deadly foe in the open plain. With forty
thousand infantry, and ten of horse, Ferdinand had
encamped at two leagues only from Granada, near the
fountains of Guetar. For thirty years had the ravages
of the Vega continued unavenged, and from the
mountains of Elvira came the retiring sound of the
Castilian trumpets, as the last booty was borne from
its once blooming tracts. Near the Alpuxarra moun
tains rose the formidable castle of Alhendin, com
manded by the valiant Mendo de Quexada, in a
position extremely perilous for Granada. It was now
become a continual source of annoyance and loss;
and once in the field, Muza fell upon it with tremen
dous vigour, resolved, spite of its massy walls, to

GRANADA. 231
carry it by assault. The governor beheld his brave
garrison perish at his side, and it was only when it was
about to be blown into a heap of ruins that he surren
dered to the Moorish king. As the victorious chief
directed his arms against the fortresses of Marchena
and Bulduy, the bold mountaineers, marking his ban
ners in the field and roused by the zeal of their der
vishes and faquirs, hastened to swell the number of his
ranks. Convoys and supplies were intercepted, am
bushes and forays were renewed amid the hills and
sierras, and the strong-hold of Alcala la Real had nearly
fallen by a coup-de-main.
Still Muza held the field, and the redoubtable sea
port of Salobrena on its rocky heights, commanding
a noble and fertile region, was the next object of the
Moor's attack. Advancing by forced marches upon
the place, he surprised and drove the garrison into
the citadel, while the inhabitants rose in a mass on
beholding the still faithful champions of their country.
The governor of Velez Malaga and Fernando Pulgar,
famed for his exploits, summoned the frontier forces
to its relief; but beheld the Moor seated in possession
of the town, with one solitary ensign of Castile dis
played from the walls of the castle keep. At the dead
of night, the Moorish camp was assailed by Pulgar at
the head of a veteran body, part of which fought its
way into the citadel, enabling it to protract its defence,
till the arrival of Ferdinand at the head of an immense
force threatened to cutoff the Moorish communications
with the capital. After a furious assault, Muza, with
the skill of an experienced leader, turned the position

232 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
of the enemy, and then striking at the dominions of
the Prince Yahia and his son, Alnayar, he overthrew
their commanders, and destroyed their chief fortresses.
Taking ample vengeance for the desolation of Granada's
plains and hamlets, he pursued his fearful career
through the mountain-districts ofthe foe, till, enriched
with spoil and treasure, he led his army through the
defiles of the Alpuxarras to the gates of the capital.
After this brilliant march, in which he had foiled
some of the ablest generals of Ferdinand, the grateful
Abdallah addressing him as he stood surrounded by
the chiefs and the people : — " You, you alone, are
the last stay of the empire ; you and your generous
soldiers can wash out our common injuries in the blood
of the infidel ; restore its glory to our religion, its
dignity to the throne, peace and honour to your wives,
and hope to yourselves and your children. Oh Muza !
be thou then our dictator; you and your honoured
chiefs direct all your energies to the salvation of
Granada, — the existence of our name and country."
On the instant the brave Muza justified the high
eulogy of his monarch ; he distributed the several
commands and stations with equal promptness and
judgment, going rapidly into the resources and details
of a defensive war. He himself assumed the most
perilous post of directing the main sorties against the
invader, with the valiant Redovan and Mohammed
Ben Zaida at the head of their fierce squadrons. The
bold prince Almanzor, the half-brother of the king,
still led on the foot, while the terrible Zegri, Abdel
Kerim, was to hold possession of the battlements. To

____.n___d Oc_.ie.ja-i i. Kotort j-_,«j,tc*62.a.,j„d.

_ by Mayd. i Ilnnjirf*

GRANADA. 233
each governor of mark and likelihood was assigned
some particular fort, or tower, or quarter of the
capital. The munitions of war and the supplies,
next engaged his attention ; for to all minds it became
evident that the long-predicted, fearful siege was close
at hand. To the entire citizens, as well as soldiers,
offices of labour, of trust, and honour were appointed ;
for at such a crisis every inhabitant is a soldier and a
patriot. It was decreed that on each day three thousand
veterans should issue forth under the eye of Moham
med Sahir Ben Atar, son of the old alcayde, his equal
in valour, surpassing him in consummate prudence;
and under his guard, with five hundred bold pioneers,
the supplies were to reach the city. The whole of
these arrangements, conceived with wisdom, were long
executed with heroic firmness. While Muza by his
terrific sorties, — for his great enemy had now enclosed
him with overwhelming numbers, — drew upon him the
full vigour of the enemy, the supplies and provisions
were gallantly escorted by the veteran Atar into the
capital. Many were the fierce skirmishes, the deadly
hostile encounters with intercepting detachments of
the foe, in the hills of the Alpuxarras and the moun
tain-passes of the great Serranea di Ronda.* Often
was the contest for the bridge of the ruined town
renewed, till the echoes of the Moorish horn and
the shouts of the horsemen reach the camp of the
Spaniards and rouse many a sortie from Granada
to prevent his sending more aid to the mountains.
* See description of Plate, p. 131.

234 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
To such a height, indeed, was carried the confidence
of the Moors in their great leader, that during many
months of the stern siege, the gates of the Elvira and
the Xenil remained constantly open. In the various
rencounters, Ferdinand saw that the Moslems had the
advantage, that he experienced tremendous losses by
the sudden, vigorous sorties of their squadrons ; and
he was compelled not only to throw up fresh lines of
intrenchments, raise fresh camps, but at length actually
to build a town in the vega to protect his troops, and
issue orders for none to venture forth without direc
tions. It was then the high spirit of Muza inspired
his troops to carry the war into the Christian intrench
ments, inflicting severer loss than if the wily invader
had made a gallant stand before the walls. Poor was
the triumph when he began to surround his camp with
solid walls and enormous ditches, till from the height
of their new battlements they could better withstand
the fierce shock of the Moorish sorties. Muza saw that
it was the scythe of time on which Ferdinand relied as
his great arm of war, and with a people like the Moors,
how much were tactics like his to be dreaded ! Their
warlike ardour and exploits would fail for lack of fuel ;
and he now bent his active genius to mature some
counter-plan, to foil the deep-plotting monarch at his
own weapons. His vast influence rendered the attempt
practicable, for it was no less than to besiege the in
vader in his new town of Santa Fe, and storm his
very intrenchments.
Having marshalled the entire strength of Granada,
he led his squadrons forth, and took up a position in

GRANADA. 235
the open plain. Soon the shrill clarions and the heavy
rolling tambours gave note of the furious onset, but
his gallant enemy anticipating Muza's design, threw
an immense force into the intervening space, as if
eager to show it was no craven spirit which held
them within the precincts of their camp. The Casti
lians sustained the attack with firmness ; fresh troops
were deployed on both sides, and the ravaged vega
became an arena of deadly and persevering conflict, in
which the chiefs brought all of skill and heroism to
their aid which could influence the dread decision of
the battle. The soul of Muza rose at the sight of the
Christians pouring into the plain, and the hot blood
of the Moors caught the heroic infection from their
leaders as they renewed each fierce assault. Terrific
was the shock of the hostile squadrons, as with the old
war-shout of Allah illah Allah ! the Moors dashed
with the desperate energy of despairing patriotism into
the thickest ranks of the foe. The conflict became
general ; all the spirit, and every stratagem of Moorish
warfare was displayed by the noble Muza ; the attack,
the retreat, and the sudden onset during their Parthian
flight which annihilated the heroes, no regular battle
could subdue. Thus during the bitterest fury of the
action, the squadron headed by the chief himself,
suddenly turned and fled ; when the next moment the
thunder of the Moorish artillery fell on the Castilian
horse in wild pursuit, and the new-formed squadron
charged them, half-broken and dispersed, withredoubled
vigour. The Spaniards fell back on the battalions
of Ponce de Leon; who, with the answering cry of

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Santiago ! rushed forward to their support. Enraged
at having the victory thus snatched from their hands,
the Moors exerted a more firm, persevering valour, —
for brilliant it ever was, than had yet stood the brunt of
the veteran charges of the Spanish infantry, so superior
to that of their fiery foe. Nor was Muza alone ; the
king was every where to be seen in the action, bring
ing up successive charges of his African guards with a
spirit not unworthy the eye of a Tarikh, or the bravest
of the old khaliphs. Nor did his half-brother,
Almanzor, less fulfil the duties of a true Moslem,
exerting the noblest efforts to form, to rally, and to
hold his wavering infantry firm before the face of the
foe. In this awful suspense, the Christian monarchs
knelt absorbed in prayer, in which they were joined by
their court, the confessors, courtiers, and priests,
headed by the aged and saintly archbishop, while his
mitred brother of Jaen was as fervently engaged with
the weapons of the flesh. Notwithstanding his heroic
efforts, the resources of his genius and skill, and
nobly supported as he was by the squadrons and tribes,
the dawning victory of Muza was suddenly clouded
by reverse.
Opposed to overwhelming numbers, and not equally
seconded by the Moorish foot, he could not prevent
the enemy from rallying and gradually extending their
line so as to threaten his communication with the
capital. He had more than achieved the action of a
brilliant sortie, and still maintained the field, when
his infantry, seized with a sudden panic, turned and
fled. In vain did their princely leader, and the faquirs

GRANADA. 237
and santons who had mingled in their ranks, strive to
incite them anew ; some rushed headlong into the city,
others to conceal themselves in the hills and woods.
So strange and instantaneous was the terror which fell
upon them, that the Christian prelates did not fail to
ascribe it to the prayers of their sovereigns, rather
than the arm of their lusty chivalry in the field.
And now, with feelings of indignation against his
countrymen he sought not to repress, Muza was com
pelled to return within the gates of the capital, still,
however, presenting a wall of scymitars in his disdain
to close them upon the insulting foe. Though deeply
incensed, Muza was never depressed ; and Granada,
the last retreat of Moorish honour and high-bred chi
valry, assumed a yet bolder attitude in the day of her
despair. Still fiercer sorties upon the intrenched
camp, carrying its defences, and scattering slaughter
and dismay through the interior works, marked the
unsubdued heroism of Muza and his squadrons. Re
iterated orders to avoid all skirmishes and partial
engagements proved the terror which the Moorish
horse inspired, while the arrival of Isabella and the
court at the newly erected city of the Faith, evinced on
the other hand, an obstinate determination to weary
and starve out the patience of the heroic foe.
The Christian camp was one scene of exultation and
festival, as the queen rode forth to survey the field ;
but the shouts were re-echoed in as loud a strain of
defiance, while the gallant chief, turning to his young
and fiery squadrons, — " Now I know you will fight,"
he cried, " for if we lose the ground we stand upon,

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we must henceforth cease to possess a country or a
name." Then breaking through the intrenchments,
assaulting the suburbs of the Holy Faith, and casting
insulting challenges into the heart of the camp, he so
roused the Castilian blood, that spite of Ferdinand's
anger, he drew numbers into the open plain, who
mostly fell victims to their temerity, and the skill and
bravery of the Moslem chief. Often skirring the in
tervening field in sudden fiery clouds of horse, he
dashed up to the very barriers, and it was a trial of
prowess who could farthest send his javelin into the
interior of the camp. On it was fixed some challenge,
or other insulting missive, intended to provoke the
parties to come forth, and abide the shock of spears.
In these chivalrous encounters, none acquired a
more brilliant name than Prince Almanzor, the African
chief, Allamar ; and yet more than all, a young chief
of the hardy Berbers, the most gallant of all the tribes
of the desart. Hassan Omar Fahar almost rivalled the
fame of Antar in his father's ancient tribe — bold as
that of Abs or of Adnan — being at once their shield
and their terrible spoiler ofthe neighbouring foe. But
when the African monarchs sent aid to their Moorish
allies, the " lion-facer" Omar was among the foremost
to lead his band to the southern shores of the beloved
Granada. Nor did he depart alone ; the high-souled
heroine of his love, unlike the more timid Ibla of the
slave-warrior, — bred to hardy exploits in the chase of
the panther and the lion, — clothed herself in dazzling
arms, and vowed to share the fortunes of her lover
and her countrymen in the great Moorish wars. After

GRANADA. 239
many brilliant efforts in the field, where they fought
side by side, the beautiful and heroic Zaida, spite of
her Omar's sword, became a captive of the Castilian
foe. She fell into an ambush laid by the alcayde of
Loxa, who bore her to his citadel; and struck with
her lofty charms, refused all ransom, resolving to take
advantage of his fortune. Her lover, equally bent
upon her rescue, approached the place in the dead of
night, disguised as a Spanish cavalier. On his path he
met a knight ; it was the device and armour of the
hated governor himself. Swift as a whirlwind, Hassan
rushed upon his foe ; who, after a brief struggle, lay
dead at his feet. He loosed his morion, and the face
and flowing tresses of his own Arab maid met his view.
She had assassinated the governor in his secret cham
ber, on the couch where he lay; and taking his armour
and pass-word, issued unmolested through the gates.
Next among the Moors who greatly signalized him
self at these adventurous feats, was the powerful and
high-spirited Tarfe. On one occasion he daringly
urged his charger over the barriers, and traversing the
Christian camp like the wind, actually hurled his
lance at the royal pavilion ; and ere the fleetest of his
enemies could intercept his path, he had again cleared
them in the same chivalrous style. On the javelin
being drawn from the earth, it appeared from the mes
sage attached to it, that it was intended for the life of
the queen.
The indignation of the Castilian lords was now
extreme, and hardly to be repressed. Fernando del
Pulgar, sirnamed from his exploits, made a vow not

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to be out-bravadoed by the fiery Moor. He first beat
up for some companions in the perilous undertaking
on which he was bent; and having found them, he
issued from the camp in the dead of night, and brought
them to a low postern gate, guarded by foot soldiers,
and looking out upon the Darro. While his compa
nions engaged the guards, their leader rode in, and
rushed at full speed through the streets of the city.
At the entrance to the great mosque he first drew bit,
sprang from his steed, and affixing the names of Fer
dinand and Isabella on the portal, offered it to the
Virgin, by a tablet nailed upon the door inscribed with
"Ave Maria." The sudden act, and the astonishment
at beholding a Christian warrior riding through the
city, were favourable to his escape ; and being seconded
by his brethren in arms, he fought his way back-, and
was received with acclamation by the whole army.
What was the exasperation of the Moors, on next
entering the holy mosque, to mark the sacrilegious
insult nailed by a dagger to its doors ! and to such a
height did the spirit of chivalrous rivalry and honour,
— of religion and of country proceed, that seldom a
day passed over without being marked by some splendid
action, some rare feat of arms, of devotion and magna
nimity on the side ofthe unfortunate Moors, surpassed
by nothing in the whole compass of Greek or Roman
annals.

CHAPTER X.

Tyrant of man ! imperious Fate !
I bow before thy dread decree,
Nor hope in this uncertain state
To find a seat secure from thee.
Think not the stream will backward flow,
Or eease its destined course to keep;
As soon the blazing spark shall glow
Beneath the surface of the deep.
Aly Ben Mohammed.
Never had unanimity and concord, such as now
absorbed all hearts, been known to prevail in the
Moorish capital. No longer confined to threats and

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perils, the actual presence of fearful, impending
doom awoke that instinctive strength of desperation,
which makes the final struggle noble and heroic,
and life itself resigned with less regret in acts of
honour, devotedness, and courage. It is then, as the
guardian of some treasured trust, — of past fame, —
home, religion, and country, with all their associations
of time and circumstance, and some one dear spot
loved and revered beyond every other, — that the
patriot, like the martyr, glories in the fires of adver
sity with which he ascends into a purer and brighter
sphere ; for well he knows that . the crown of true
honour, like truth, is eternal in the heavens, — that
nobility of the soul renews its lustre through all
time, — that the actions of the just and good " smell
sweet and blossom in the dust." And Granada pre
pared to undergo that fierce ordeal of nations which
precedes their fall, — her spirit strung to that high tone
of honoured martyrdom which buoyed up the elastic
soul, and spoke in every word and deed of the fear
less Muza. He stood as one raised above the lowlier
impulses, the trials, and anxieties of our common
nature, with the looks and bearing of an Abdiel,
" faithful among the unfaithful found," — the forti
tude of the hero who eyes death as the last of vulgar
evils which falls to the lot of all, but which he, with
better fortune, can meet in the arms of glory, — on the
field of the generous brave who fall for their own,
their native land. Such was the high resolve of
Muza, which seemed to give him a charmed life, and
renewed elasticity and fire from every reverse. Dread

GRANADA. 243
alone of him and his squadrons still held the crafty
Ferdinand at a distance, after months had rolled away
since the sword of yon white pavilions round that
usurping city of the vega,* had shorn the glowing
region of its strength, its wide blooming beauty, —
rearing on high that fearful symbol of persecution,
the fierce torturing cross, — as the dread precursor of
a people's doom.
Never had the capital of a powerful empire been
invested with greater fear and circumspection, —
clearly evincing the respect and almost awe with
which the Castilian monarchs gradually approached
the completion of their long and eagerly pursued
ambition. Only dimly could the form of Granada,
and the variegated lights of her spires and towers, be
discerned from the distance of leagues, in the respect
ful position of the beleaguering towns and camps ; and
when the royal personages moved forth to behold the
loveliest and most glorious of the imperial queens
that had exacted slave-tribute and homage from their
predecessors, they were defended by legions of armed
warriors, led forth in battle array to meet any sudden,
unseen stratagem of the fiery foe. Splendid too
and battle-proof was the princely cavalcade, as Queen
Isabel approached the gentle eminence near Zubia, on
the left of the city, to gain a view of the Alhambra.
Alonzo d'Aguilar, Marquis Villena, Count Urefia,
took up strong positions along the mountain-skirts
which commanded the hamlet; while Ponce de Leon,
* The town of Santa Fe.

244 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
the Count de Tendilla, Alonzo Fernandez, drew up
their lines in the space below. From the village
thus environed with the strength of war, the Castilian
court gazed with awe on the gorgeous towers of the
Alhambra, and that long line of fortresses which cast
a darker shadow on the doomed city of the infidel foe.
The gallant Moors, beholding this splendid parade
of courtly chivalry and war, imagined it was a chal
lenge ; and bodies of Moorish horse swept through
the gates of the capital magnificently arrayed, — the
whole flower of Granada's youth, and at the head of
these glittering squadrons rode their indefatigable
chief. At a distance followed the infantry — bodies of
arquebuse and spearsmen, — of the artillery and the
cross-bow, supported by the heavy armed troopers.
Suddenly, while the hostile squadrons gathered in
stern array, surveying each other with flashing eyes
eager for the dread appeal, there burst a shout of ex
ulting joy ; and a single horseman armed at all points
rode out of the Moorish ranks, and careered along
the lines of the Christian host. Of towering height,
his huge buckler, his long javelin, his Damascus
blade and rich-gemmed dagger, — all proclaimed him
a knight of no common note. Soon the whisper
ran that he it was who launched his rejon at
the queen's pavilion, with that insulting missive.
Dragged in the dust at his charger's tail, was seen
the Christian label affixed by the brave Pulgar to the
portal of the grand mosque. But burning as the Cas
tilians did to avenge this indignity upon their reli
gion and their honour, the queen, impelled less by

GRANADA. 245
terror than by humanity, for she was heroic and
pious as her consort was crafty and insincere, had
given special command that no Spanish cavalier
should dare to provoke the attack.
Still, on beholding this bitter insult, the young
hero of the famed house of Lara, threw himself at
Isabella's feet, to solicit one exception in behalf of
their honour and their religion. It was granted; and
little dreamed the chivalrous Pulgar, as he lingered in
disguise at the cool umbrageous fountain of the Court
of Lions * with the Moorish lady of his love, that at
* The feeling of astonishment excited on first entering the
Alhambra, and crossing the court of the great bath with its
parterre of flowers and orange trees, is mingled with admira
tion and delight on beholding the palace-region of the Lions
and its splendid halls A spacious oblong court, exceeding a
hundred feet in length by half as many wide, it is environed
with a noble sweep of colonnades seven feet broad and ten at
each of the ends. Two elegant porticoes at the extremities
project into the court, which is lined with coloured tiles, ex
tending five feet from the ground, curiously inwrought in
blue and yellow. Both above and below runs a border of
escutcheons of blue and gold enamel, bearing the old Arabic
inscription, " There is no conqueror but God." The columns
supporting the corridors and roof are slight and delicate, the
peristyles adorned with a fantastic display of arabesques, knots
and festoons of flowers. They are about nine feet in height,
taking the base and capital, and irregularly disposed ; in
general, two together. The arches above in the usual horse
shoe form are four feet in the larger, and three in the lesser
spaces. The ceiling of the portico is a splendid exhibition of
the elaborate genius and intricate combinations of Moslem
art. The stucco ornaments are laid on with unrivalled skill;
the delicacy with which it is frosted in the handling of the
ceiling boasting intricate beauties altogether inimitable. The
capitals are of various design, richly decorated; but in the

246 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
that moment his youthful friend, so beloved for his mar
tial hymns and soul-moving songs, was flying to the
encounter of the terrific Tarfe, — resistless as the thun
derbolt in the single conflicts of that dread campaign.
As his fiery steed appeared to devour the ground; as
he flew to confront the proud insulting Moor, that
fierce Moslem, turning at the thundering sound, uttered
a shout of derision, caught up by his horsemen, as
he heard the purpose of the Castilian youth. But
careering his steed with surpassing grace and power,
the Castilian gave little space for their idle taunts,
infinite diversity of its foliages and grotesques, there is
remarked not the slightest imitation of animal life. The
arabesques around the arches have those borders, or rims,
appropriated to the usual purpose of eulogy, or moral and
religious inscriptions, chiefly in the Cufic character. Arranged
round the centre of the splendid court are the figures of the
twelve lions, which support an enormous alabaster basin,
formed of a single slab, superbly decorated, out of which rises
another of smaller dimensions. From this there perpetually
sprung an immense volume of water, which, being received in
vast aerial falls of fantastic yet symmetric forms into the
greater basin, thence passed through the lions, issuing forth
again at their mouths. It lastly fell into a large reservoir,
which communicated by channels with the lesser cascades and
fountains of the surrounding apartments. Round the sides
of solid white marble, richly carved and festooned, appear
among others the following mottoes : —
" Seest thou how the waters flow copiously as the Nile ?"
" This resembles a sea washing over its shores, threatening shipwreck
to the mariner."
" This water runs so abundantly to give drink to the lions."
" Terrible as the lion is our king in the day of battle."
" The Nile gives glory to the king, and the lofty mountains proclaim it."
" This garden is fertile in delights ; God takes care that no noxious
animal shall approach it."
It has been supposed that this singular fountain was designed

GRANADA. 247
and met the shock of his gigantic foe more than half
way over the ground. Shivered were their lances;
but sorely struck as he was, young Lara held his
saddle. As his steed careered anew ere he could
resume the attack, the Christians trembled for their
youthful champion, and the name of Pulgar was
bruited about the field, as the anxious squadrons
gazed with intense interest on the fearful odds. In
their next shock, they met with brandished falchions,
and the Moslem swept with the rapidity of a sand
storm round his opponent, and every moment ap-
to imitate the brazen sea, one of the vanities of King Solomon,
which he ordered to be placed in the temple of Jerusalem.
Of the stucco-work of the court, it is observed by Mr.
Murphy, " that the portion which is out of the reach of
hands is beautifully clean and white. Not a single spider's
web, nor insect of any kind, could the author discover in any
part of the court ; while the stucco-work executed by order of
later kings was decayed and covered with cob-webs in various
parts." The wood work of the Arabs is also known to continue
free from worms and insects of every kind. Indeed no portion
of this truly royal fortress conveys a more complete idea of its
original beauty and magnificence, or appears to have suffered
less from the ravages of time. Still, in the centre, tbe tourist
beholds the fountain so long famed in song and story, and
listens to the murmurs of its waters. The alabaster basins still
shed their crystal drops, and the twelve lions which support
them cast forth their sparkling streams as in the days of the
last Moorish king. He still traces the same court laid out in
beds of flowers, surrounded by light Arabian arcades of open
filigree-work, supported by the same slender pillars of white
marble. The architecture too, like that of all other parts of
the palace, is characterised by elegance rather than grandeur ;
and one side of the court, richly adorned in the same style
of elaborate art, opens into the lofty Hall ofthe Abencerrages,
with its white marble pavement.

248 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
peared as if it were his last. But fast though the
flashing strokes succeeded each other, they were as skil
fully and nobly parried; nor could his sharp-tempered
Damascus find an entrance through the double-
folded shield of Flemish handicraft, borne by his
youthful rival. Soon the blood was seen streaming
down the armour of both ; but the young gallant Lara
evidently retreated, having recourse in vain to his
utmost skill and coolness to counteract the superior
powers of the Moor. Often indeed he rallied, and stood
up to his enemy with a storm of blows ; more than
once he drew blood, yet every one saw he was the
weaker and more exhausted of the two. Aware of his
advantage, Tarfe seized on him, and with iron grasp
dragged him from his saddle : but he clung to his foe,
and both rolled from their steeds upon the earth, — the
Castilian beneath his enemy. Ere he could rise, the
Moor bounded from the ground after a fearful struggle,
and as the other rose to his knee, planted his foot
upon his breast, and hurling him back, brandished his
dagger to strike at his throat.
A cry of horror rose from every Christian spectator,
followed by a fiercer shout as Fernando del Pulgar
rushed breathlessly towards the spot. He appeared,
as it were, just in time to witness the last terrific blow,
the expiring effort of his young-loved hero, which he
was seen to make as the dagger reached his throat.
At that instant the Moor loosened his fearful grasp, —
his arm fell, — his whole frame rocked and heaved, —
and then with the heavy, sullen sound of collapsing
death, he lay a lifeless heap upon the plain.

GRANADA. 249
On closer examination, the thin keen dagger, bound
by a golden chain round the wrist ofthe Castilian was
found, snapped from its hold, slumbering in the bosom
of the giant-Moslem. At this sight, Muza, apprehen
sive of its impression on the troops, bade the trum
pets sound a charge, and assaulted the division of
Don Alonzo d' Aguilar. In the conflict which ensued,
the brilliant Muza and his squadrons charged and
drove back the enemy into the very intrenchments ;
and had the Moorish foot shown half the spirit against
the Spanish infantry, victory had not long remained
undecided. Perceiving the foot again wavering and
giving way, Muza, covering their retreat with his
dauntless squadron, retired slowly into the gates. The
queen and court were full of gratitude for this for
tunate termination of their terrors. The former made
a vow on the spot to raise at Zubia a monastery to
St. Francis ; * while the chivalrous leaders gallantly
attributed their triumph to the prayers of beauty and
royalty in distress.
Ferdinand, after these partial successes, resolved to
deprive the unhappy Moors of their yet unravaged
* This monastery is known still to exist, and in its garden
is pointed out a laurel said to have been planted by the hands
of majesty itself. The house, too, from which the sovereigns
viewed the battle, has not hitherto been destroyed. Accord
ing to that agreeable modern chronicler,— Washington Irving,
it is in the first street to the right, when you enter the village
from the vega, and the royal arms are painted on the ceilings.
It is inhabited by a worthy farmer, Francisco Garcia, who in
showing the house, refuses all compensation with true Spanish
pride ; offering, on the contrary, the hospitalities of his mansion
to the stranger.

250 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
portion of the vega, by laying waste the whole of the
pleasure-grounds, gardens, and orchards which clothed
the sides of its two crystal rivers. The autumn of
this wild, exterminating campaign, was drawing nigh ;
seven months had the beleaguered capital been thus
closely invested, and, save from the towers and battle
ments of the Alhambra, the banners of the cross every
where waved over the last kingdom of the Moor.
Still more desperate efforts were anticipated, as it
approached the closing night of its predicted doom.
The royal victor and his chiefs beheld the gathering
clouds and shadows of its destiny with anxiety not
unmixed with apprehension, like daring mariners about
to tempt some dark and unknown sea. Still were
they onward borne by the impulse of mighty events,
which made them appear less like actors than mortal
agents in the fearful drama enacting before their eyes ;
the final act which consigned the world-dictating em
pire of Mohammed to the insatiate tomb of conquerors,
and creeds, and kings.
As the Moslem crescent waned in the heavens before
the glorious light of the cross, the minds of men were
impressed with a mysterious feeling of solemnity and
awe at the extent of the eventful changes now in pro
gress. It was displayed in the more frequent councils,
and still oftener recurring ceremonies and celebrations
of religious faith. With all its pompous and spiritual
observances, were conjoined those of an expiring chi
valry, and the savage, iron institutes of religious hatred
and persecution by which it was to be replaced. The
Christian camp, now constantly under arms, prepared

GRANADA. 251
to meet the new contingencies and vicissitudes of the
war, from whatever quarter they might arise.
Nor were the apprehensions of change of fortune,,
or some sudden reverse, unfounded. In the depth of
night, amidst the silence and repose of the vast, wide-
spreading camps, with their white pavilions glittering
round the city of the Faith, — amidst all the splen
dours and luxuries of regal residence and sway, — the
cry of fire went through the tents of the besieger, and
soon the whole scene of the spacious vega was illumi
nated with the unnatural vividness of death-fires, which
cast their baneful hues over tower, and hill, and
stream. It rose with more terrific grandeur from the
centre of the royal pavilions, fed by the thousand
combustible materials supplied by the luxurious tastes
and refined genius of that golden age of chivalry and
art. The queen and court rushed from their prayers,
ere they retired to rest, into the open courts, filling
the air with their cries. A scene of confusion and
dismay it is impossible to depict, added to the dread
of a momentary onset of the Moors, distracted all
hearts ; and the intrepid Ponce de Leon at the head of
a strong squadron advanced to cover the camps from
any sudden stratagem of the foe. Yet the Moorish
turban was to be seen only in the red glare which fell
on the walls and battlements of the capital ; along the
gates and ramparts gleamed burnished helm and jew
elled scymitar, — the alarm was rung, — and the tocsin
beat to arms ; yet not a Moorish horseman appeared in
the plain. Both people and leaders suspected treachery
in their foe, and each therefore forebore to strike at a

252 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
moment which must have crowned with victory a
vigorous onset of the besieged.
At length the fearful conflagration ceased to illumine
the far horizon, gradually fading from the glowing
peaks of the snowy sierra and from vale and stream,
till again the darkening shadows stretched their dense
masses over the fated city ; the terror and turmoil of
its thousand human cares and sympathies died away
with the heavy din of the tambour, and all lay hushed
in strange and dread repose till the quick reveille.
The fire of the Christian city was quenched in a heap of .
smouldering ashes, — the perished relics of the proud,
the beautiful, and the gay, as the heroic Marquis of
Cadiz, musing on the strange apathy of the Moslem,
led his squadron towards the devastated camp.
The circumstance of the accidental fire, and of the
prompt, high-souled Muza having failed to take ad
vantage of it, encouraged Ferdinand to more daring
acts of insult and aggression. The indignation of the
chief, who had only been dissuaded from sallying forth
by the king and his coadjutors, exceeded all bounds
when he beheld the fate ofthe Christian camp, strewed
with the wreck of magnificence and wealth ; and he
soon poured down with his squadrons, hurrying to
repair the error of his colleagues and his king. But
at dawn, the drums and clarions had also summoned
the Christians to arms ; and he saw their spreading
lines and shining banners, amidst peals of martial
song, taking up their bold positions in the plain.
They seemed to behold the heaps of ruin which sur
rounded them, with as much joyous confidence as if

GRANADA. 253
they had befallen the foe ; — and now they dared even
to advance nearer to the walls. The Moorish king,
too justly entitled " The Unhappy," bitterly lamented
his want of resolution, which had restrained the ardour
of his chief, and by every exertion, and the most reck
less bravery, he sought to repair his fault in the eyes
ofthe people and the troops. Already was the foot of
the Christian spoiler trampling the pleasure-grounds
and orchards immediately surrounding the beloved
capital, when, maddened with every incentive of in
sulted honour and violated homes, the Moors, ever
fiery, fell on the advanced ranks with demoniac fury
and thirst of revenge. In the heart of that one loved
spot, — surrounded by the dear familiar objects of their
childhood, the passions of their growing years, — they
would have poured their life-blood in torrents had they
held a thousand lives to cope with hand to hand, and
exterminate their hated foe. And dearly did they sell
their birthright to the Spaniard, as they fought at the
threshold of their wives and maidens, under the eyes
of the old men, warriors of another age, — of striplings
and children who seized on the long-rusted arms, and
rushed into the glorious conflict of their sons and of
their sires, happy thus to die at each others side.
That day, along the walls, and gates, and ramparts,
on tower and mosque were to be seen only thronged
groupes of women and infants, gazing down upon that
battle-field with the breathless anxiety of dread sus
pense, never to be felt but in the crisis of such a war.
As fast as the troops of Ferdinand received fresh
support, — the common artisans, the peaceful citizens,

254 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
old invalided soldiers, even to the muleteers, the
halt, and the infirm, seized their family weapons, and
hurried to take part in some of the thousand deadly
and close conflicts spread over a wide but interrupted
space of wood and thicket, houses, walls, grounds,
and hanging-gardens, — all the once delightful suburbs
of a great and splendid city. It was here the struggle
for mastery grew most hot and desperate ; and here
the sudden onsets and ambuscades of Muza's squa
drons mowed down whole columns of the enemy.
But it was in the more insulated encounters, in small
parties and single battles, the Moors proved their
superiority in this soul-appealing moment ; and every
hedge, and fount, and hillock,— each plot and clump
of trees was strewn with Christian corpses, — victims of
the infuriated people. And now to their gladdening
hearts and flashing eyes, appeared in their aid small
bodies of hardy mountaineers and veterans of the old
Alpuxarras; who, as fast as Spain's border squadrons
were called into the general action, hastened from their
fastnesses to support their countrymen in the unequal
struggle. The Moslem king, who had acquired wis
dom and humility without losing his native courage,
was in every part, not now too proud to obey the im
pulse of the eagle-eye and lion-heart of a chief, who
had infused the intoxication of valour into the breasts
of all. The favourite squadron of Muza swept the
field from side to side, ever prompt where hard-pressed
heroism sank under overwhelming numbers to throw
around its generous shield. How often that well-
fought day did it excite to nobler feats of prowess

GRANADA. 255
the fainting spirits of the children of the faithful,
calling on their holy Prophet; and then with their be
loved Muza raising their old war-shout of Allah illah
Allah ! as they rushed to die upon the sword of the
infidel who polluted their soil. Even when wounded
unto death, — wherever the brave chief appeared, — the
dying Moor, forgetting all but his country, turned
round his face to greet him with a sad smile and utter
a blessing on his head, as with a feeble cheer, he
pointed to the enemy and expired. Nor was this
either rare or remarkable at such a moment of stern
energy and excitement, when to die at the threshold
of Granada's freedom was more eagerly coveted than
to live a slave. Could valour alone have saved her,
she had not fallen, nor was it by the sword of the Spa
niard ; it was the crafty policy of their leader, — it was
their own destiny, their own consuming fire of discord
and dissension, — which consigned them bound into
the hands of the fanatic sovereigns of Castile.
From early morn till the dusk of evening began to
steal over the plain, had the dire conflict been main
tained, and every foot of ground yielded to the over
whelming superiority of the Christian was steeped
in a more than equal portion of his blood. At last
the cross-bow and riflemen who had held the suburb-
towers, retired from their posts as others advanced to
relieve them ; but the Moorish infantry, conceiving
they were abandoned, were seized with their old fatal
panic, and fled with the impulse of one man. In vain
Abu Abdallah sought to rally them, exposing himself
with heroic indifference to every danger ; — too late

256 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
flew the swift death-winged horsemen of Muza to re
trieve the evil fortune of that one fearful flight. Bush
ing with panic-struck speed towards the mountains, or
through the gates of the city, the Moors were pursued
with desperate fury by the enemy ; and Granada had
that day anticipated her dreaded doom, but for the
faithful squadrons who stemmed the tide of battle
before the walls. With slow, retiring rear and bold
conflicting van, the horse of Muza re-entered the city ;
and then, for the first time, their chief commanded the
great portal to be closed and barricaded, as perilous
longer to entrust to a people who could desert their
bravest champions in the stern encounter, bearing the
brunt of their gallant foeman's charge.
From this period, rejecting their assistance in the
field, he ordered the infantry to the walls ; and soon
the terrific volleys of artillery swept the plain, thun
dering along the vales and hills, and checking the
nearer approaches of the enemy. And the valour of
the tribes seemed still to rise with their ebbing for
tunes ; and all spectators who took part in that des
perate contest applauded the unyielding heroism, the
ability, and wonderful resources of Muza and his noble
squadrons. But their ranks could not always continue
renewed with the best blood of Granada, which had
flowed in torrents till its heart waxed feeble, and its
limbs trembled under the oft-repeated shock. Like
the Phrygian rival of the Greek, she had for nearly
ten years sustained the horrors of this desolating war,
till she fought alone from the towers of her Alhambra.
" Their persevering energy, disputing every foot of

GRANADA. 257
ground," says the old chronicler,* " proves how
reluctantly they left the vega, which seemed a paradise
and heaven to them, heedless of wounds, or conquest,
or death itself." When no longer able to keep the
field, they closed every avenue to their city with gloomy
despair. Its rival, Santa Fe, soon drew from it the
resources of commerce, with all its exterior connexions
and support.
Desolate, and driven to the spot of earth on which
they must yield or die, the unhappy Moors now be
held famine, and heard the dying cries of their wives
and children, adding poignancy to their bitter woes.
The lamentations of the old Moorish historians over
this agonizing period of their fall are so truly pathetic,
yet mournfully beautiful and resigned, — such is their
tone of deep humiliation and distress, as to force tears
from the reader's eyes, and fill his heart with a senti
ment of grief akin to that which follows the last sound
of " ashes to ashes, and dust to dust."t They vibrated
on the spirits of the bereaved children of the Prophet
like the final knell rung in the ears of the condemned,
when called forth to meet their doom, surrounded by
all the dread pageantry, the appalling aspect of a death,
the spectators of which raise hideous shouts of mockery
and insult at the startling sight.
* Abarca.
f " Alas for thee ! thou pride and gem of cities, how is thy
beauty faded— thy glory despoiled ! Sweet land of groves
and fountains— home ofthe happy and the faithful who died in
thy arms— thou despairing and forsaken mother of heroes-
shorn is thy greatness and thy strength! Where are thy
merchant-princes? where thy tribute-cities, the sceptre of
s

258 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
Such was now the spectacle of that troubled capital,
and thus exultingly did her bitter enemies and the
world look upon her fate. A strange despondency,
deepened by the spirit of their faith, seized on all
hearts, and the faquirs and santons, casting dust upon
their heads, were alone to be seen and heard in the
streets. Again they harrowed up the feelings of the
people, by ringing the changes of their destiny till it
approached the sound of its dreaded fulfilment, — all
they had predicted at their king's birth, at the out
break, and through all the stages of that long, disas
trous war. Often excited to a pitch of fury by these
fanatics, they pursued them howling through the streets,
attacking the tribes and nobles, and venting their
wrath in maledictions and spoliation, — a popular con
vulsion not unfrequent at the hour of dissolution, ere
mighty states and cities yield their last and lingering
breath. Then they relapsed into the same fearful gloom,
smiting their breasts and trampling their turbans in
the dust. Again, in nobler mood, they called with
frantic eagerness to be led against their besiegers ; and
it was in these moments that the faithful Muza mar-
thy far-spreading sway ? Where now the chivalry which
swept thy plains, and filled thy spacious lists with the beauty
and the joy of lordly war ? — Hewn down as the young trees of
the forest, fallen in the oft-bloody field ! Thy proud Alhambra
yet lifts its gorgeous towers to the sky, but silence reigns in
her courts and halls ; her marble founts flow unheeded, her
garden-bowers are desart and sad, and her princes look from
their lofty palace walls upon the ravaged land, where bloomed
the yellow harvests of her glorious smiling vega ! "

GRANADA . 259
shalled his squadrons anew, and sallying forth took
sudden vengeance for their accumulated sufferings and
woes. By night and by day these fierce sorties carried
slaughter and consternation into the Christian camp ;
but increasing famine and the sword palsied their
generous efforts, and they returned to weep within
their walls.
The fate of Granada was on the eve of a final deci
sion, from which there could be no farther appeal.
Neither the pride of royalty, nor the enthusiasm of
patriotism could any longer keep hope alive. The
melancholy of a resignation which, partaken by noble
families and tribes, seemed rather to solicit the pity of
the conqueror than the sympathy of the brave and
great, now sat on every countenance. And when the
last council of Granada had assembled in the Hall of
Judgment* to determine on the measures to be pur-
* The annexed view is taken from the windows of the
splendid Hall of the Ambassadors, and in it are contained the
only remaining specimens of those curious paintings before
alluded to, of which the subject and period of production have
long engaged the inquiries of the learned and curious. The
grand Hall of Audience, or of Judgment as it is more generally-
termed, is situated between the noble Court of Lions, the Hall
of the Abencerrages, and that of the Two Sisters. It is a
spacious apartment, thirty-six feet square, thirty-six feet high
up to the cornice, and at least eighteen from that point to the
centre ofthe cupola. .
" Continuing your walk round," observes Mr. Swinburne,
" you are next brought to a couple of rooms at the head ofthe
court, which are supposed to have been tribunals or audience-
chambers." After passing along the arcade from the Hall
of the Abencerrages, the tourist is struck with the noble and
symmetric proportions of the Hall of Judgment. In point of

260 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
sued at this eventful crisis, the dejected looks of the
prince and his most devoted adherents proclaimed at
once that the spirit of royalty no longer held its seat
in' their bosoms.
After a brief discussion, in which, with a single
exception, every voice was raised in favour of submis
sion, the hajib, Abil Omixa, was charged with a mis
sive to Ferdinand, expressive of the readiness ofthe
king to yield to the necessities of his situation. The
costly taste and magnificence, it rivals the elaborate splendour
and elegance of the adjacent halls, while it has a more sombre
and imposing air than is observed in the prevailing character of
Moorish architecture. It is here, and in the adjoining halls and
courts, where the scenes of so many of the old associations and
traditions ofthe Alhambra have been laid by the credulity ofthe
people, more especially as they lie contiguous to the old fortress
of the vaults, since appropriated as a dwelling for the Catholic
curate of the city. Strange tales are current, not only of
unaccountable sounds, but of sudden lights, and other more
alarming apparitions at the dead hour of night. Shadowy
processions of the old Moorish warriors, and of those of their
singular successors, the Franciscan friars, have been seen with
long tapers in their hands, who salute the modern father,
without invitation, as he lies upon his mattress, and jump one
after another over his bed. At various seasons, also, deep
groans and fearful outcries are to be heard in the Court of
Lions, from the indignant spirits of the Abencerrages, who
never cease to complain of the unjust fate to which they were
so suddenly doomed. The region of the Seven Vaults, and
other parts of the Alhambra where the ancient treasures are
deposited, are the resort of spirits and necromancers, who
perform the most singular feats, particularly in the large
round tower near the ramparts of the great fortress. You
may hear, it is stoutly maintained, the clash of arms ; and if
you listen at the exact moment and keep a sharp look out,
you will not fail to hear the tramp of the armed tread, and
catch the dark shadows of the old Moorish squadrons.

GRANADA. 261
only dissentient council raised against this humiliating
proceeding was that of the noble-minded Muza. To
him it appeared that while swords remained in the
hands of even a few brave men, it was base to speak
of surrender and slavery ; that by courage and forti
tude a glory might be won which would render even
calamity prosperous, and confer an honour and re
nown which would be more than equivalent to the
mere outward trappings of courtly luxury and domi
nion. While sentiments like these flashed momentarily
in the eyes of the bold Moor, the heroism of his nature
was poured forth in a torrent of expressions which
shook the very souls of his auditors, and made them
feel as if the angel of Death were already sweeping
over the blood-stained threshold of Granada. But his
words passed away like an empty sound ; the council
was dissolved, and Abil Omixa took his departure.
On reaching the camp of the Christians, the Cas
tilian monarch, in beholding him introduced into the
royal pavilion, testified his respect for old age, by
giving the bowed and sorrowing hajib a courteous and
cordial greeting, as honourable to the passing feelings
of the victor as soothing to the troubled Moor.
When the purpose of his mission was made known,
the king at once declared not only his willingness, but
the desire which he felt to save Granada and its inha
bitants from the miseries with which they were
threatened. Abil Omixa had conferences also with
the chief ministers of state, Ferdinand of Zafra and
Gonzales of Cordova; and the substance of the condi
tions which he bore back to his anxious countrymen

262 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
was to the effect, that Granada in two months should
be surrendered, if in the course of that time it should
remain without farther succour ; that the king and his
chiefs should swear allegiance to the crown of Spain,
but that the Muselmans should preserve their liberty,
their arms, and possessions, the right of exercising
their religion, of being judged according to their
own laws, and that they should remain free from any
farther imposts than those they had paid to their native
princes. But notwithstanding the favourable nature of the
concluding articles in the proposed convention, the
aged ambassador had no sooner made the result of his
mission known, than all Granada resounded with cla
mours and lamentations. Was the haughty foe to
trample the glory of their city under his feet ? Was
the Christian to stand and scoff whilst they worshipped
in their temples ? Were their matrons and maidens
to blush under the rude licentious eyes of the masters
of their lovers and their husbands ? Indignation and
terror summoned up every thought that could gall
and madden the hearts of men, when it was found
how near and probable was the consummation of the
Spaniard's triumph.
In the midst of these loud but fruitless complaints
of the multitude, the voice of Muza rose like thunder,
or rather like a blast amidst a forest of saplings, which
it bends to the very earth as it sweeps among them.
" You shed tears ! " exclaimed he ; " shed blood !
Gather around me, and I will lead you in the face of
death to victory. Do you tremble at the thought of

GRANADA. 263
death . Is not slavery more terrible than the destroyer .
Is life to be purchased at the price of every thing dear
to the soul . Will you purchase it with your honour,
— with your liberty, — with the religion of your fathers,
and be content with it, when to live shall be only to
grovel in the dust under the feet of your enemies ?
But live thus, if it be your will. For me, I swear by
Allah these eyes shall never look upon Granada —
fallen, miserable, and captive ! My head shall never
bow to the scornful conqueror ; my neck shall not
wear his yoke, nor these hands wield a sword with
which they dare not strike!"
It was thus the indignant Muza spoke in the midst
of the assembly convened for the purpose of receiving
Ferdinand's proposals. But there was no echo to his
words : a deeper silence seemed to succeed his last
sentence. Every face was pale with rage ; many a heart
swelled almost to bursting ; but despair conquered
every other feeling, and not a lip moved in reply to
his heroic summons. Contempt, wild and bitter,
flashed like a lurid light over his countenance, when
he found himself thus without a single companion in
the strife he waged ; and darting from the place where
he stood, he rushed out of the hall, flew to his man
sion, and full armed and mounted on his favourite
barb, passed through the gate of Elvira, and was never
either seen or heard of more.*
* Numerous rumours and traditions, connected with the
strange disappearance of the last great hero ofthe Moors, natu
rally arose ; and both Spanish and Arabian chroniclers give their
versions of so remarkable an event. One of these avers that

264 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
As soon as the council had recovered itself from
the surprise and confusion into which it had been
thrown by the impetuosity of Muza, Abu Abdallah
addressed it in a speech full of mild and soothing ex
pressions. He endeavoured to convince them that it
was not the want of valour or conduct which rendered
submission imperative upon them, but the absolute
failure of the means of defence ; that, in such a state
of things, the boldest and most honourable man might
be well content to save his life and possessions on the
terms offered by the Castilian.
Glad to escape from the sensations of shame which
consumed their hearts, the chiefs and counsellors of
the monarch bowed complacently to his opinions. But
it was not so with the people and some of their leaders :
— the decision of the government was received with
loud exclamations of contempt, and in the lapse of a
few days the city was every where agitated with mani
fest signs of insurrection.
Abu Abdallah trembled at the consequences of this
he precipitated himself from the pinnacle of a rock into the
sea ; and, another, that he passed the straits and became the
founder of a new country and a race of heroes; but the most
popular and well-attested of all perhaps is, that on the night of
that very day he was met riding towards the sea by a party of
Christian horse, who, challenging him to stand, were attacked
with the utmost impetuosity by the wandering Moor. Such
was the desperation of his onset, that he slew and wounded
several before they could surround and slay him. After a
terrific struggle — when he had lost his steed, and fought on
his knees with the blood rushing in streams down his armour,
by a sudden effort he cast himself headlong into the waters of
the Xenil.

GRANADA. 265
turbulent disposition. He knew that if the surrender
of the city were opposed by the populace, the Castilian
troops would be instantly poured through all its
quarters, and that while torrents of blood would be
shed, he himself must forfeit the few means left him
for supporting his humiliation and his exile. He now
bitterly reproached himself as the author of his own
calamities ; for that criminal ambition which led him
to usurp the throne of his sire, — a throne he must
now resign amidst the execrations of a lost and enslaved
people. If remorse and tears could expiate his errors
and excesses, Abu Abdallah paid the bitter penalty ;
for in no instance does fallen royalty appear to have
loosed its grasp upon the symbols of power with a
keener sense of degradation and distress. In this
exigency, the Moor had again recourse to the advice of
his principal officers ; and strengthened in his purpose
by their opinion, he sent a messenger to Ferdinand
charged with the intimation, that the city would be
resigned into his hands as soon as he was prepared to
enter it with his forces.
The intelligence which he thus received was as gra
tifying to Ferdinand as it was unexpected; and, in
reply to his communication, he assured Abu Abdallah
of his friendship and esteem, and gave him many
promises of future protection and benefit. Nor did
he delay to avail himself of the advantage thus afforded
him. Scarcely had the light of the following morning
broke, when he was on his way, at the head of a
splendid retinue, to the devoted city. Bestless in his
afflictions, Abu Abdallah was equally early in his

266 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
preparations for the day so fraught with sorrow to his
people and humiliation to himself. His family, ac
companied by a numerous train of attendants, bearing
his treasures and most valuable effects, was already on
the road to the Alpuxarras ; and before the sun had
long left the horizon, the sound of horns and cymbals
announced to Granada the approach of the Christian
monarch. Mournful was the spectacle of that once free, war
like, and splendid city, now about to pass under the
yoke of captivity. Throughout its whole extent, there
was nothing to be heard but lamentations, — nothing
to be seen but signs of despair and wrath. In the
midst of these demonstrations of his people's feelings,
the crownless monarch, who appeared to have lost the
last remains of pride in the conflict of his passions,
passed through a postern gate of the Alhambra, and
proceeded to meet his Castilian victor. Upon the
summit of the hill before him,* commanding the
Gate of the Mills and the approach into the city,
already gleamed the arms of Castile, and the troops
destined to take instant possession of his Alhambra.
Abil Omixa was left to give up the keys of the city,
and to surrender the grand fortress at the close of the
royal interview. Having pursued his way by the
mills into the plain, the humbled prince was received
by Ferdinand with marked courtesy and attention.
Preventing him from leaving his saddle, he expressed
himself in terms calculated to soothe his feelings, and
* Called the Hill of the Martyrs.

GRANADA. 267
diminish the pain which he saw in every line of his
countenance. The Moor felt even this kindness, and
offering to kiss his extended hand, which Ferdinand
prevented, exclaimed, " Glorious and puissant king,
we are thy servants ; we resign into thy hands our
city and kingdom, for such is the will of Allah ! "
Having thus addressed the conqueror, and declined
his invitation to return towards Granada, he bade
adieu to his unhappy capital, and continued his way
to the Alpuxarras.* From the mountain of Padul, he
took a last and lingering view of Granada, that gra
dually disappeared in the misty distance. " Ala hu
Akbar ! Woe is me, great God ! " were the only
words he uttered, but his eyes were full of tears, and
his bosom seemed bursting with grief. " Weep ! "
was the bitter reprpach of his noble mother ; " weep
like a woman for thy kingdom, since thou couldst not
keep it like a man !"
Jusef Abil Omixa, his faithful attendant, gently
sought to soothe the added pang thus inflicted ; but
the fallen prince only replied, " No ! surely no cala
mities are like those I suffer ! " and melancholy the
most oppressive continued to prey upon his heart and
frame. Time seemed to bring no relief; and at length
his friends proposed his removal to a greater distance
from scenes so painful to his recollection. He mourn-
* As the Emperor Charles the Fifth gazed from the palace-
windows of the Alhambra towards the lofty heights of the Al
puxarras, " I had rather," he exclaimed, " have found a grave
in a palace like this, than a little kingdom in yonder rugged
mountains."

268 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
fully acceded, passed over into Africa, and soon
found the sole relief he coveted in an honourable
death, while engaged in the wars of his relative, the
King of Fez.*
Ferdinand and Isabella took possession of Granada
with all the pomp which could give splendour to their
conquest ; and thus expired, never again to rise, the
empire of the Moors in Spain. But though the king
dom had perished, the native vigour of the Moorish
character still survived, and operated on the remnant
of the nation ; and, at the close of the eventful drama,
and when the curtain had fallen on the busy stage
where princes and nobles ended their blood-stained
career, a new scene of terror was commenced, in which
the actors seemed guided by a yet fiercer, sterner, and
more enduring spirit.
* By some of the Spanish writers it is stated, that the
Moorish king went forth to present the keys of the city to the
sovereigns on a cushion, in the most abject terms beseeching
their protection for his person. The valley of Purchena, in
Murcia, was assigned him for his place of residence, and a
handsome revenue provided for himself and his family. But
in _ little while, " not having resolution," as Mariana ex
presses it, " to endure a private life in the country where he
had so long reigned as king," he went over to Barbary. The
royal entrance took place on the 6th of January, 1492.
THE FLIGHT FROM GRANADA.
There was crying in Granada, when the sun was going down,
Some calHng on the Trinity, some calling on Mahoun ;
Here passed away the Koran, there in the Cross was borne,
And here was heard the Christian bell, and there the Moorish horn.
Te Deum Laudamus was up the Alcala sung,
Down from the Alhamra's minarets were all the crescents flung;
The arms thereon of Arragon they with Castile display,
One king comes in in triumph, one weeping goes away.

GRANADA. 269
Ferdinand and his consort, during their abode at
Granada, beheld with disgust the freedom which the
Jews enjoyed in the conquered city. In this feeling
they were cheerfully met by many of their courtiers,
who strongly partaking of the spirit of the age, re
joiced at the idea of subjecting the Israelites to the
alternative of conversion or death. A decree was
accordingly passed, by which the intended victims
were commanded to submit without delay to the rite
of baptism, or to be deprived of their wealth, as the
forfeit of their blindness and obstinacy. The conse-
Thus cried the weeper, while his hands his old white beard did tear —
" Farewell, farewell Granada ! thou city without peer;
Woe, woe, thou pride of heathendom , seven hundred years and more
Have gone since first the faithful thy royal sceptre bore.
Thou wert the happy mother of a high renowned race,
Within thee dwelt a haughty line that now go from this place ;
Within thee fearless knights did dwell, who fought with mickle glee,
The enemies of proud Castile, the bane of Christiantie.
The mother of fair dames wert thou, of truth and beauty rare,
Into whose arms did courteous knights for solace sv/eet repair ;
For whose dear sakes the gallants of Afric made display
Of might in joust and battle, in many a bloody day.
Here gallants held it little thing for ladies' sake to die,
Or for the Prophet's honour, and pride of soldanry ;
For here did valour flourish, and deeds of warlike might,
Ennobled lordly palaces, in which was our delight.
The gardens of thy Vega, its fields and blooming bowers —
Woe, woe ! I see their beauty gone, and scattered all their flowers ;
No reverence can he claim, the king, that such a land has lost,
On charger never can he ride, nor be heard among the host.
But in some dark and dismal place, where none his face might see,
There weeping and lamenting alone that king should be ;"
Thus spake Granada's king, as he was riding to the sea,
About to cross Gibraltar's strait away to Barbary.

" Unhappy king, whose craven soul can brook, (she *gan reply).
To leave behind Granada — who hast not heart to die ;
Now for the love I bore thy youth, thee gladly could I slay,
For what is life to leave, when such a crown is cast away ! "
Lockhart. Old Moorish Ballad.

270 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
quence of this ordinance was, the submission of the
weak, — the exile and ruin of the more conscientious.
In a short time, the pretended converts found that
notwithstanding the sacrifice they had made, the same
danger was hovering over them which had over
whelmed their brethren. An institution was erected
which might claim the praise of novelty, even in the
gloomiest annals of persecution. It was now for the
first time that inquisitions were heard of, and that
Christians assumed the ensigns of death, in order to
act the part of guardians to divine charity. The
miserable Jews who had subjected themselves to the
Catholic law, could scarcely fail of falling into some
offence against the doctrine or discipline of the church.
In the expectation of this result, the lynx eye of the
holy office was ever directed towards them with all
the vulture-like keenness of unpitying bigotry. In
stances of a supposed relapse soon became frequent ;
the sword was drawn, the book of judgment opened
in the secret vaults of the office, and crowds of vic
tims were poured forth to lay their already mangled
bodies on the heaped up faggots. While the per
secuted Jews were thus suffering, the Moors looked
on with a gloomy presage of coming ill. Nor were
they mistaken in their apprehensions. The principle
which had led to the persecution of the Jews, gathered
strength from the victims on which it fed. When
Ferdinand!' again held secret council with his bigoted
ministers, they did not scruple to pour forth the most
contemptuous expressions of hate against the enfeebled
Moors. The ears of the sovereign drank in their

GRANADA. 271
words with evident delight ; but to diminish the pri
vileges which had been formally confirmed to the
vanquished people was a dangerous experiment. It
was to break the most solemn engagements, — to vio
late kingly honour, and overturn the foundations of
all national confidence. How were the difficulties
thus opposed to be overcome ? The grand inquisitor
and Ferdinand soon learnt the way of silencing the
scruples which had hitherto kept him true to his
treaty. First one, and then another instance of op
pression occurred in the commerce of the Moors with
his government. The laws which protected them
were then repealed, and the insulted Moslem felt him
self scourged on to madness. This was the state of
mind in which the crafty politicians of the court
desired to find them. Pretending to avenge the insult
put upon his laws, Ferdinand gathered his forces
about Granada, and by one exertion of power drove
the hated people^ like a flock of sheep destined for
slaughter, from the city.
A portion, however, of the exiles as they looked
back upon the scenes of their happy youth, sank
into the hopelessness of heart-breaking grief; and in
that moment of agony professed their desire to pur
chase a permission to return, by immediately adopting
the faith of their conquerors. The offer was accepted,
and several hundred Moors received the sign of the
cross. But this only served to plunge them deeper
in misery. No sooner had they adopted the name of
Christians, than they were subjected to all the laws
and enactments of the strictest ecclesiastical polity.

272 THE LANDSCAPE ANNUAL.
They committed numerous offences against the rule to
which they were thus exposed ; some from obstinacy,
others from ignorance. But they were now bound to
the church, and their offences, regarded as treason, were
punished as such.
The inquisition spread wide the doors of its sub
terranean dungeons to receive them, and they now
every where occupied the place of the unfortunate
Jews. Dreadful was the rage with which the bands
that had .scaped to the mountains beheld this heart
less persecution of their brethren. Secure amid the
inaccessible rocks, in which they found shelter from
the cruelty of the conqueror, they were now urged
irresistibly forward to try their strength with so exe
crable an enemy. In vain, however, did these brave
men shed their blood. Successive princes watched
and laboured for their destruction. Their doom was
written in the gloomiest vaults of the inquisition, and
in the sanctuary of royalty ; and a. doom thus pre
determined was not to be rescinded on any appeal.
Hundreds after hundreds perished, either openly by the
sword, or at the bidding of the inquisition. They had
fought for a time, with the heroism of their fathers,
but no impression was to be made on the serried ranks
of the Castilian cohorts. Those who survived, re
treated to their mountains ; their souls still breathing
vengeance, and their hands eagerly clenching their
scymitars which yet remained, — the only sign of their
early greatness and valour.
Years gave them strength, and renewed the spirit
which had prompted them to such mighty deeds in

GRANADA. 273
their brighter and palmier days. Once more they
descended the mountains, and the sound of their tread
was like the rushing of a torrent newly replenished
by the waters of the hills. But neither Charles the
Fifth, nor his son Philip, was of a character to leave
them unresisted. The provinces through which the
Moors had to carry their operations, were summoned
to arms ; and in a brief period, even the remnant
of the Moorish race was no longer to be seen.
Thus closed, in the two-fold darkness of a religidus
and political doom, the eventful career of this high-
spirited and remarkable people. Distinguished above
all of eastern, or even European descent, by their deep
religious devotion, their brilliant valour, their unri
valled ingenuity, and their renown in arts and learn
ing, — the influence they exercised on the mind of
Europe roused her from the torpor and barbarism of
ages to an energy, a spirit and glory of enterprise which
we attribute too little to its primary source. But the
poet still bewails their fall, because in the days of
their prosperity they were great and heroic ; the phi
losopher contemplates it as the result of necessary
causes; the Christian, better and more truly, as one
of the acts in the mighty scheme of a divine, mys
terious Providence.

APPENDIX.

Having traced, in the preceding pages, a rapid out
line of the decline and fall of Granada, with the
immediate causes and consequences connected with
that important event, it may not be uninteresting to
follow the fortunes of the unhappy Moors to their
final subjection and expatriation as a people. Their
ardent character, the mountainous nature of the
country, and the extreme pressure of tyranny upon
the spirits of the vanquished, rendered their very
existence a source of anxiety and alarm. To avoid
one of those terrible reactions which every where mark
the annals of political bondage, and to crown the
work of violated faith and religious persecution, no
thing remained but wholly to eradicate the population,
root and branch, from the Castilian soil. Granada
threatened revolt; the surrounding districts were in
arms ; and the singular decree went forth to deprive
a wealthy and prosperous community of an entire race
of industrious inhabitants, — the source of its rapidly
increasing energies and powers. Banishment, or the
still more dreaded rite of baptism, was the sole alter
native; and recourse was had to the last extremes of

276 APPENDIX.
terror and compulsion, in place of the more prevailing
pleadings of argument and truth.
In the human mind, as we see illustrated in all tem
porary creeds and doctrines, there dwells a powerful
spring of resistance to injustice, which even in death
finds its recompense in having triumphed over pre
scriptive authority, and feels a lofty pleasure as it
inflicts a pang on the oppressor's soul and foils his
object by removing beyond the reach of his self-
consuming cruelty and malice. By their expulsion,
the Moors had a more fearful and wide-spread ven
geance, than if they had continued possessors of the
soil, or re-assumed their lost dominion.
Among the inaccessible rocks and strong-holds of
the Alpuxarras, the exterminating system was less
easily executed, and the successive expeditions of the
most celebrated Castilian generals were attended with
fearful loss and sacrifice of life. In one of these, the
chivalrous Alonzo d'Aguilar, so eminently successful
in the last Moorish wars, met an untimely fate, de
plored alike by his country and by his sovereigns.
The old Spanish ballad so admirably rendered by
my friend, Mr. Lockhart, commemorates the fall of
this last of the chiefs of a chivalrous age ; his younger
brother, Gonzalvo, the great captain though so near
in point of time belonging to a new period, when war
lost all the splendour conferred upon it by that spirit
which expired under the keen lash of Cervantes.
The bold mountaineers met the troops, and the mis
sionaries whom they escorted, with persevering hos
tility ; nor was it till Ferdinand placed himself at the

APPENDIX. 277
head of a powerful army, that they offered to purchase
his clemency by the payment of fifty thousand ducats.
But the same causes were at work, and, beyond the
immediate sphere of the Spanish garrisons, the hollow
truce thus afforded failed to exercise an influence
upon either party. The monarch approached with
fresh reinforcements, and for the first time the Moors
craved permission for a free passage into Africa.
They were answered by another ordonnance, imposing
the rite of baptism within three months, or the penalty
of quitting the country, leaving the whole of their
property behind them.
While the Moors continued in possession of the
coasts of Barbary, Ferdinand seemed to feel no secu
rity in his recent conquests; the vengeance of the
Moriscoes only slept, prepared to seize the first occa
sion of retaliation, and to call to its aid the strength
of its old allies. But a series of successful campaigns
put the Castilians in possession of numerous sea-ports
and towns of their enemy, exacting tribute even from
the formidable Deys of Tunis, Tremecen, and Algiers.
Hope itself then vanished from the eyes of the un
happy survivors of the downfal of Granada, and the
waters of life were to them cut off at the fountain-head
of their ancient strength and glory.
The dawn of Charles rose amidst storms and con
flicts; his haughty nobles beheld in him the son of
the stranger, eager to infringe their prerogatives, and
re-model the customs and manners of their ancestors.
Their murmurs, however, were soon stifled by the
resolute spirit which made his favourite motto of

278 APPENDIX.
" plus outre," the active principle of his reign, and
silenced the voice of his subjects, like the threats of
his enemies, by the strong hand and will. His lords
then sought to vent their disappointment by fresh
burthens and humiliations upon the heads of the
unresisting Moors ; and had once more recourse to
the terrors of the holy inquisition. The sufferers
appealed to the justice of the emperor ; they sent de
puties to lay the subject of their grievances at the
feet of the conqueror of Tunis and Algiers. He re
ferred them to another tribunal, composed of theolo
gians, inquisitors, and bishops. The great question
mooted was, whether the decree of conversion ought
to be enforced by the faggot ? , It was decided in the
affirmative. The Archbishop of Seville issued forthwith
a royal ordonnance, which was placed in the hands of
the police to enforce, on a day appointed, a thorough
change in the government of the Moors of Granada.
It embraced customs, manners, language, and dress, as
if calculating that so sudden and radical a revolution
in exterior observances could not , fail to obliterate all
traces of early associations, and the fixed opinions of
mature life. Its execution was to be insured by heavy
penalties ; each Christian member of the state was
empowered to watch and lay informations before the
grand tribunal of the Inquisition established in the
heart of Granada. This decree alone brought into the
treasury of Charles eight hundred thousand ducats
from the wretched Moors, as the price of some alle
viation to its excessive severity, operating as a direct
tax upon the industry of this ingenious and intelligent

APPENDIX. 279
people. But in the provinces, and among the lower
order, unable to meet the exaction, persecution con
tinued to rage. Displeased with their reception, the
Catholic priests accused them of horrible profanations
which called for the signal vengeance of the people.
The inhabitants of Valencia rose, and headed by lords
and prelates, the cross in one hand, the sword in the
other, they fell upon the peaceable Moors, drove them
into the mountains, surrounded them in their last
retreat, and put numbers to death ; the rest they
compelled to undergo baptism, but not one of the
principal among them was spared.
Charles the Fifth extolled the zeal of the Valen-
cians; the people of Andalusia, jealous of such eulogy,
prepared to follow their example, and it was only the
extreme penury and caution of the Moors which pre
served them from the fires of the autos-da-fi kindled
in the cities of Granada, Seville, and Cordova. The
most trivial expression of complaint or suffering was
sufficient to draw down on them the extreme penalty
of the Catholic laws. Yet new modes of exaction and
oppression were multiplied, till, goaded beyond en
durance, the kingdom of Granada burst into sudden
vengeance. They fought, and they also fell like
martyrs, and the ruin of the survivors and their fami
lies was sealed. Nothing less than extermination, —
the obliteration, if possible, of their memory, — could
satisfy their persecutors, — for Philip the Second
reigned in Spain !
The archbishop conceived that it was no way ortho
dox that the Moorish women should appear veiled, or

280 APPENDIX.
that the people should be allowed the use of baths.
An ecclesiastical commission was appointed, — of
priests, doctors, and inquisitors, — to whom veiled
women, the luxury of the bath, and the Arabic tongue
were among the enormities of the wicked. A learned
doctor belonging to the University of Alcala satisfied
them of this, by addressing his brother commissioners
in the following singular and conclusive words : —
" Are you not aware, that as regards enemies, we
must leave as few of them alive as possible ?"
It was in vain the Moors appealed against the cruelty
and absurdity of such regulations ; they were put in
force with a precision which bore the appearance of
making it at once a duty and a pleasure ; and when
a woman stood veiled in the presence of the commis
sioners, she was instantly compelled to exhibit her
features to their gaze. Did a Moor pronounce but a
word in his own tongue, he was thrown into a dun
geon ; his children, above the age of five, were torn
from his side, and brought up in a public institution
far from their home. Conspiracy after conspiracy was
the result ; the support of Morocco and Algiers was
secretly invoked, and the whole mountainous districts
entered into the league. Suspicion was roused, the
governor of Granada asked for farther reinforcements ;
and this alone prevented the capital from falling into
their hands. Unhappily also for them their commu
nications with Africa were intercepted, the particulars
of the plot transpired, the garrisons were augmented,
detachments of cavalry scoured the adjacent country,
and the spirit of resistance was crushed in its bud.

APPENDIX. 281
Still a number of the chief conspirators met in
secret, and had the hardihood to elect a king — Mo
hammed Ben Omega — descended, it was believed,
from the khaliphs of Cordova, and who had been
forcibly baptized by the name of Fernando de Valor.
After offering up prayers to their Prophet, each mem
ber swore to die for his religion, and each took an
oath of fidelity to their new prince. The project was
confided to the Moriscoes of the Albayein, a quarter
of the city assigned to the Moors; but instead of
seconding it, they were suspected of having betrayed
its authors, who betook themselves to the Alpuxarras.
Here they were joined by the mountaineers, and
repelled the attacks made upon them from the capital.
Elated by this success, they demolished the convents
and churches, slaying the priests, the authorities, and
every Spanish soldier whom they found. Soon the
insurrection reached the plains, and extended far along
the coasts, and the governor, Mondejar, was unable
to oppose its fury in the outset. Not till twenty des
perate conflicts had taken place, was he in a condition
to approach the Alpuxarras ; there a more desperate
struggle ensued, till the Moors were surrounded and
cut to pieces by overwhelming numbers of the foe.
Several of the towns were captured, but in a short
space the insurgents re-appeared, more formidable than
before, receiving succours from Africa and reducing
their guerilla warfare to a more regular system.
It was then that Don John of Austria marched from
Seville at the head of a large army, and the Moriscoes
of the capital hurried to assure him of their allegiance,

282 APPENDIX,
while the mountaineers made new efforts to resist him.
Unfortunately, their leader was accused of betray
ing his trust, and perished by the hands of his
own soldiers ; but Muley Abdallah, who succeeded him,
displayed talents which long held his enemies at bay.
In the ensuing spring, Don John entered into negotia
tions, offering advantageous conditions and proclaim
ing a general amnesty. But the sole article of which
the Moors availed themselves was to pass into Africa
with their families, while Muley Abdallah, in an inter
view with the Castilian leader, undertook that the
Moors ofthe Alpuxarras should be distributed through
out the different Spanish provinces. Secretly, however,
he fomented the war, seeking only to gain time and
means for fresh aggressions.
Enraged beyond endurance, Philip II. ordered the
Alpuxarras to be ravaged from end to end, and its
remaining inhabitants to be transported into Africa,
or as slaves to the adjacent provinces. Muley Abdallah
was assassinated like his predecessor, and in the reign
of the third Philip, the Moors of Valencia and Murcia
shared the fate of the mountaineers, and were removed
by masses into the countries of Barbary. Two hun
dred thousand Moriscoes traversed France alone, des
titute of property and means of support, to embark at
the sea-ports of Guienne and of Languedoc.
Thus darkly disappeared this extraordinary people
from the country they had conquered, animating with
their brilliant qualities the dull, proud dynasty of the
indolent Goths. Hospitable, full of compassion for
the stranger and the destitute, attached in heart and

APPENDIX. 283
action to the religion of his sires, and firm in his
opinions and principles, the Spanish Moor long pre
served unaltered the primitive features of the children
of Ismael. As a patriarch and shepherd, as a warrior
of tribes, as a worshipper of his prophet, he was faith
ful to his duties and resigned to the destiny appointed
by Him, whose high will he sought to fulfil without a
murmur. He united simplicity with luxury ; but they
were the luxuries of nature and of reason — not the
grovelling appetites and excesses ofthe European vul
gar, — of the northern wassailers in the Gothic halls of
their drunken gods. Eeposing under the shadows of
his patriarchal dates and palms, in the mosque whose
golden spires and minarets shone in the heavens above
his head, he was still prompt and faithful in all the
relations of life, — as at the sound of the holy Algihed,
or the martial strain which invited him to the field of
honour. His dwelling, his court, and garden, like his religion
and his country, evinced the active industrious spirit
which insured success in his undertakings. The
waters became tributary to his ingenuity and skill,
enriching the lands he had won, and teaching the
Gothic desart and the mountain height to blossom
with the flowery verdure of an eastern summer, like
the gardens of Irem or the sylvan beauties of Grand
Cairo and Bagdad. As the merchant-prince and the
mariner, he inspired the vanquished with a love and
daring of discovery, which opened paths into new
worlds, and conferred inestimable benefits on art and
science, which Europe ceases not yet to enjoy.

284 APPENDIX.
But empires, like creeds, have their appointed sea
sons upon the earth. Were the promises of victory and
glory more than the stability of a morning dream, the
Moors might well have looked for enduring dominion
over the minds and possessions of their fellow men.
But they passed away like " shadows which come and
go," and the solitary traveller, in tracking the desart
plains and the crumbling palace-walls of that van
quished race which stretched their dominion from the
Pyrenees to the rocks of Gibraltar, from the shores of
the ocean to the banks of old Barcelona, — feels deeply
the perishable tenure by which the greatest of nations
enjoys all human power and possessions. The days
of her Tarikhs, her Abderahmans, her Mohammed
Alhamars, departed and left her, stealthily " as a thief
in the night," and she found herself by degrees opposed
to a world in arms, which swept from under her the
very ground upon which she stood. All but the me
mory of her glory perished from the earth ; and from
the depth of her ancient desarts, the exile yet turns
his eyes at sunrise towards the land of his early love,
and offers up a prayer to Allah for the recovery of the
terrestrial paradise which his fathers lost.

285

NOTES.

P. 7, 1. 14. — " The faith of the compassionate and the resigned."
Mohammed, the warrior-prophet, was far from being the monster
of cruelty he has been represented by many writers. He often
forgave personal injuries and insults, and spared the vanquished.
In magnanimity he certainly surpassed King David or King Solo.
mon, as his conduct in the Holy Temple evinced. Instead of
slaying Kaab, the son of Zohair, at the sacred shrine, he em
braced him, and taking off his own mantle, placed it upon the
man who had been one of his bitterest enemies. He had the
temerity to appear before the prophet, in the mosque at Medina,
when he was engaged in exhorting the people. When he ceased,
Kaab recited some verses he had composed in the chiefs honour,
and the mantle which they won him was afterwards purchased
by one of the khaliphs from the poet's family at an immense
price, and was borne in public only on the most solemn occasions.
Nor was the prophet's death unworthy the character and authority
which he had acquired by his splendid actions during his life.
P. 91, 1. 22. — " Unhallowed conflicts of the children of Allah.''
Mariana, Garibai, Ferrerai, and Zuril.a, are among the Spanish
chroniclers to whom most credit has been thought due. In elo
quence and learning the first of these may be said to vie with the
Roman Livy, but all are, less or more, influenced in their represen
tations by the prejudices of their country. Thus the Arabic writers
make no mention of the great battle of Tours. Hidjazi simply
observes, that Charles Martel, beholding tlie Arabs in France, was

286 NOTES.
unwilling to engage them in the hope that they would quarrel and
destroy each other. " In short," he adds, " the Arabs of Damas
and of Yemen, the Berbers, and the Modarites attacked each
other, and thus lost the conquest of France." The princes of the
dynasty of the Almoades, in the 12th century, forbade the annals
of their reign to be written, under pain of death. Novari
instances a case in which an author was put to death for making
the attempt. The Civil Wars of Granada, by Perez de Hita, may
be pronounced almost as much a romance as the well known
Romancero General itself. His pictures of character and events
are all highly coloured and extravagant, but convey a more vivid
impression than do the more authentic historians.
P. 149, I. 9.—" By the zealous Bishop of Jaen."
No less than three bishops fell in battle against the Muselmans
in the great fight of Albakara in 1010, namely Arnolfo, Bishop of
Vic, Accio, Bishop of Barcelona, and Otho, Bishop of Girona.
Jaen, the capital of one of the four kingdoms of Andalusia, is
six leagues from Anduxar. In the vicinity we find a great number
of Roman inscriptions, which are a proof of its antiquity. The
country between these two cities is extremely fertile, and has a
fresh and beautiful appearance in seasons which are not too dry.
P. 163, 1. 2. — " The gallant English knight, Lord Scales.''
Besides the Earl of Rivers, a number of English knights Tiad,
at different periods, sought the grand arena of the Moorish wars.
Mariana informs us, that the city of Algesiras was taken from the
Moors of Granada in 1344, and he especially mentions some
Englishmen of distinction who came to assist at the siege in
1443, namely, the Counts of " Arbid" and of " Soluzber," most
probably the Earls of Derby and Salisbury ; and Knighton expressly
says, that the Earl of Derby was there. X. Script. 2583.
The father of English poets, Chaucer, alludes in his Prologue to
the far-famed siege.
" In Gernade at the siege eke hadde he be
Of Algesir, and ridden in Belmarie." Prol. p. 9, 1. -7.

NOTES. 287
P. 189, 1. 18. — " Added to the horrors and- ferocity of such a contest."
The history of African monarchs, like that of all kings and
conquerors, abounds in descriptions of horrors and crimes which
make the blood run cold. Abou Ishak, of the race of the Aghele-
bites, destroyed the whole of his brothers and put his own chil
dren to death. His mother, feigning that his daughters had been
destroyed according to his orders, one day took an opportunity,
when he was regretting he had no longer any children, to acquaint
him with the real fact. He appeared overwhelmed with joy, em
braced them with every mark of fondness, but in the course of a
few hours the chief eunuch received his commands to brihg him their
heads. Muley Abdallah, father of Sidi Mohammed, last king of Mo
rocco, was one day saved from drowning by one of bis slaves, who
congratulated himself on having performed so pleasing a duty.
Muley overheard him, and drawing his sabre, " Does the infidel
think," he exclaimed, ". that God required his aid to save the life
of his khaliph'! " and instantly beheaded the unlucky slave.
Among the attendants of this monarch was an aged servant,
who appeared to be the only exception to the general destruction
which he dealt around him, and to him he appeared to have been
always strongly attached. One day in a kind and frank spirit, he
entreated of the old man to take with him two thousand ducats
and retire from service, lest he should one day kill him like the
rest. But his faithful servant only embraced his knees, beseech
ing that he might remain, as he did not in the least dread any act
of the kind. The king with difficulty consented ; and as the poor
man was one day stooping in the act of executing some order, he
was suddenly impelled by his old thirst of blood to seize his
scymitar, and, telling the wretched man that he had been very fool
ish not to mind what he had told him, he gave him the coup-de-
grace. P. 245, L 6. — " Of the famed house of Lara.''
The story of the seven sons of Lara, has been celebrated by the
Spanish historian and poet of every age. They were the warlike
offspring of Gonzalvo Gustos, nearly related to the counts of

288 NOTES.
Castile and lord of Lara. His brother-in-law had conceived a
violent hatred against his nephews; he persuaded their father
Gonzalvo to go as ambassador to the King of Cordova with letters,
in which he secretly advised him to put the bearer to death. He
next betrayed his seven nephews into a Moorish ambuscade, in
which, after the most heroic exploits, they all perished. The bar
barian then sent the heads of the brave youths to Cordova to be
presented to their father, who, at length, when old and broken,
was set at liberty. He found an avenger when he little hoped for
it. During his captivity he had a son by a Moorish princess,
called Mudarra Gonzalvo. He grew into a noble warrior, sought
and challenged the unnatural persecutor of his family. He slew
him and carried his head to the aged and weeping Gonzalvo, who
adopted him as his legitimate heir. From him sprang the house
of Lara, and the Moriscoes of Lara pretend to trace their origin
to the same source.
[The Author regrets that want of space should prevent him
giving the noble Ballad on this subject, and that on Alonzo
d'Aguilar, — the gems of Mr. Lockhart's Spanish Ballads. He
may say the same of the " Rio Verde," and other beautiful little
pieces by our sweet and impassioned poetess, Mrs. Hemans. |

LONDON :
[.AUAICB, CLARK, AND CO- FENCH _HC_-ST ___T.

St

7259 t'? s©