¦v.-r;':.,

Ji.. j..^

YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

Purchased from the income
of the bequest of
WILLIAM ROBERTSON COE
Honorary M.A. 1949, for
material in the field
of American Studies;

MUNICIPAL HISTORY
OF
ESSEX COUNTY IN
MASSACHUSETTS

TERCENTENARY EDITION

A classified work, devoted to the County's remarkable
growth in all lines of huraan endeavor;
more especially to within a
period of fifty years

BENJ. F. ARRINGTON IM

Editor-in-Chief

VOLUME IL

1922
LEWIS HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY
NEW YORK

COPYRIGHT
LEWIS HISTORICAL PUBLISHING CO.
1922

2.

ESSEX COUNTY

HANNAH DUSTIN MONUMENT, HAVERHILL
Taken prisoner in Indian raid, March 15, 1697. Slew
nine of her captors in camp at night, and
returned to her people in Haverhill

CHAPTER XXXV.
HAVERHILL
The story of an old New England town like Haverhill, rich in tra
ditions, events, history and active participation in great historical move
ments, can be told within the limits of this article only by selection from
its records, and not in full detail. It was the sixth Essex plantation to
be established, Salem (1626), Lynn (1629), Ipswich (1633), Newbury
(1635), and Rowley (1639) being settled earlier. The exact list of the
first settlers and the exact date of its settlement, whether 1640 or 1641,
are unknown, since records of the very earliest years either were not kept
or were lost. We know, however, that in response to the request of the
Rev. Nathaniel Ward and his son-in-law, Giles Firman, both of Ipswich,
the General Court on May 18, 1640, made grant to "Mr. Ward and New
berry men" of a new plantation on the Merrimack, giving them choice of
location at Pentucket (later Haverhill) or Cochichewick (later Andover),
"provided they retum answer within three weeks from the 21st present,
& that they build there before the next Courte." Evidently they retum
ed answer, selecting Pentucket, and made a beginning of building in the
summer of 1640 ; for at the next General Court, meeting October 7, 1640,
commissioners were appointed to view the bounds between "Mr. Ward's
plantation" and Colchester (later Salisbury). A similar order by the
General Court, June 2, 1641, appointed a committee "to set out the
bounds between Salisbury & Pantucket, ali: Haverhill. They are to
determine the bounds which Mr. Ward & his company are to enjoy as a
town or village if they have 6 houses up by the next General Court in the
Sth m. (October)." This order contains the first mention of the name
chosen for the new settlement, Haverhill, and marks the desire of the
Rev. Mr. Ward to perpetuate in the New World the name of the old town
in England whence he came and where generations of his family had
lived. It is probable that the number of settlers in the new plantation
was very small and the houses very few in the summer of 1641, for the
order contains the condition "if they have 6 houses up by the next Gen
eral Court." Nathaniel Ward had sought the establishment of this settle
ment, not for himself, but in the interests of his son-in-law, Giles Firman,
a physician, and of his son, John Ward, a clergyman. Firman did not
remove to Haverhill, but the Rev. John Ward, accompanied by John
Fawn and Hugh Sherratt, went from Ipswich to Haverhill in 1641. Of
the early settlers it is possible that James Davis, John Robinson, Abra
ham Tyler and Joseph Merrie settled in Haverhill in 1640 ; it is probable
that in addition to John Ward, John Fawn and Hugh Sherratt, Job Clem
ents, William White, Samuel Guile and Richard Littlehale became set
tlers in 1641 ; and it is certain that in addition to these, Robert Clements,
Tristram Coffyn and Thomas Davis were dwellers here in 1642.
When the first settlers came from Newbury and Ipswich up the
Merrimack river to the site of the Indian village of Pentucket, no red
man dwelt there and no wigwam stood there. Doubtless the place had
been desolated by that fatal epidemic of 1616-17, under which whole
Indian villages wasted away and the New England tribes were reduced
to feeble remnants of their former strength. Traces of their settlement
Note — This excellent narrative, closing on page 481, is contributed.

452 ESSEX COUNTY
in Pentucket existed in stone arrow heads and the fragments of stone
tools, the bones of their dead, and, so tradition says, a single abandoned
wigwam in the East meadow. But though no Indians occupied the local
ity or disputed their possession, the Colonists recognized the proprietary
rights as belonging to Passaconaway's tribe, and as soon as they could
meet the representatives of the great chief, they bought the territory
comprised in their plantation. This deed, called the India^ deed, dated
November 15, 1642, conveyed to the settlers a tract of land along the
Merrimack, extending eight miles west from Little River and six miles
east from the same bound, and six miles north, for three pounds and ten
shillings — a great triangle of land, from which Methuen (including the
present territory of Lawrence north of the Merrimack) was set off by
the General Court, December 8, 1729, and a very large tract, now em
braced in the New Hampshire towns of Salem, Hampstead, Plaistow and
Atkinson, containing nearly one-third of the population, property and
population of Haverhill, was separated by the establishment of the boun
dary line between Massachusetts and New Hampshire by decree of the
King in Council, August 5, 1740.
When the first adventurous settlers from Newbury and Ipswich
came up the river to establish their new homes at Pentucket, they
moored their pinnace where a brook — Mill Brook, now lost to sight, but
its location marked by Mill street that lay west of it — came purling down
to join the Merrimack ; and they chose the land close by, stretching west
along the river from the present location of Pentucket Cemetery, for their
dwellings. These homes were doubtless rude houses of logs, with the
crevices filled with clay, and each had about it a lot of a few acres, where
in they planted their orchards and made their gardens. The Blackstone
and russet apples grew there, and the dear English flowers, heartsease
and mignonette, rue and rosemary, for all these were brought from the
Old England to the New in the sailing vessels that brought the Colonists.
There were apportioned to each settler grass lands and grazing lands
remote from their horaes and often very widely separated. Daniel Ladd's
"accommodations," for instance, were scattered from East meadow, near
the Whittier homestead, to the Spicket meadows in the present confines
of Methuen. The courage, energy, perseverance and strong will of
these earliest settlers should never be forgotten, for they planted a
colony where the wildemess had to be conquered and the soil made to
yield a living, and the necessary "accommodations" could be reached only
through roadless forests and across bridgeless streams, while packs of
roaming wolves, eager to attack the solitary settler or his flocks, and the
savage Indians, more cunning and less merciful than the wild beasts,
created conditions of constant danger and fear.
The first winter in the new settlement, 1640-1641, was one of ter
rible severity. The depth of snow was very great, and so cold was it
that Boston Harbor was frozen over, and for six weeks passable for
oxen and loaded carts. The hardships of those earliest years in the
little hamlet are pathetically told in the death of thirteen children before
the year 1644, and of twenty-seven other children and seven adults be
fore! the year 1633. And yet the colony grew —
"Nor fire, nor frost, nor foe could kUl
The Saxon energy of will."
Stem in their religious faith, the Colonists worshipped under the
leadership of their "Leamed, Ingenuous and Religious" minister, John

HAVERHILL 453
Ward, at first under a great spreading oak or in the houses of the settle
ment. In the same year (1645) in which Haverhill was incorporated
into a town — the twenty-third town in the colony — ^the first church was
formed with a membership of fourteen members, eight men and six wo
men. Three years later, in 1648, the first meeting house was built, "on
the lower end of the Mill lot," a tiny log structure twenty-six feet long
and twenty wide. On the front of this house the heads of slain maraud
ing wolves were often nailed, and on its doors the laws and public notices
were always posted. In it, after the services, there followed the trial
of offenders, and there were heard the penitent confessions of those who
had transgressed. While the settlers doubtless from the first transacted public business
by assembling together, the first recorded such meeting was held in
1643. In that year the General Court divided the colony into four coun
ties, Norfolk, Essex, Middlesex and Suffolk. Haverhill, lying north of
the Merrimack, was grouped with Salisbury, Hampton, Exeter, Dover
and Portsmouth (Strawberry Bank), in forming Norfolk county. It
was transferred to Essex county by an order of the General Court, Feb
mary 4, 1680. The first "clerk of the writs" and "town Recorder"
(1643) was Richard Littlehale. The first birth and the first death in the
town was that of the infant, John Robinson (1641) , whose brief life lasted
but three weeks. The first recorded marriage was that of Job Clement
and Margaret Dummer, December 25, 1645. The first selectmen, chosen
October 29, 1646, were Thomas Hale, Henry Palmer, Thomas Davis,
James Davis and William White.
The settlement grew steadily in numbers and became organized in
the first ten years of its existence (1640 to 1650), and at the end of that
period it had a considerable population, with possessions of cattle and
horses and cultivated fields, with a town organization and a church,
whose minister was a revered and influential leader. Much of the rec
ords of the early years has to do with the apportioning of land and its
changing ownership, and into them are written, too, the efforts to bring
into the town men skilled in the industries needed in the community:
John Hoitt, a brick maker, comes from Ipswich to Haverhill (1650), the
town granting him three-fourths of an acre of land and thQ clay pits (in
the West Parish) in consideration that he become a resident; Isaac
Cousins is offered "a six acre house lot, with all accommodations propor
tionable (Dec. 16, 1651), provided he live in the town five years, fol
lowing his trade of a smith." John Webster is offered the same (July 4,
1653), provided that he follow the trade of a blacksmith "in doing the
town's work when they have occasion" ; his brother, Stephen, a tailor, is
induced to remove here from Newbury at about the same time. A ferry
across the Merrimack was established in 1648, the place being just west
of the present fire station on Water street (nearly opposite Kent street) ,
the ferryman, Thomas Hale, and the rates "one penny for a passenger,
two pence for cattel under two years old, and four pence for such as were
over that age." In 1660 it was ordered in the November town meeting
that the land "behind the meeting house should be reserved for a burial
ground", the land now in the central part of Pentucket Cemetery. In
the same year, probably, the first public school in the town was estab
lished, the! teacher being Thomas Wasse, and his salary ten pounds a
year. He held this place for fully thirteen years, but his later services
were given to Newbury, where he died. May 18, 1691.
But while the foundations of the settlement were being made with

454 ESSEX COUNTY
care and zeal, and there was the promise of a prosperous town in a
location so admirably chosen, there was one deterrent, the fear of attack
by the merciless Indian. During the first seventy years of its existence,
Haverhill was a frontier settlement, the clearings in which its few houses
were set, — ^no more than thirty in the village, and several, more venture
some, lying scattered within a mile or two of the village — were bounded
on the north by an unbroken forest that reached even to the St. Francis
river in Canada, one hundred and fifty miles away. And this so vast
forest, harbored and protected, was swiftly traversed by a foe steal-
thier, more treacherous and more cruel than the beasts of prey. Un
doubtedly the fear of the savages dwelt ever in the hearts of the Colon
ists. A stockade was built around the meeting house, and the men set
sentinels to watch, and carried their muskets to the church as well as to
the field. Yet within the first thirty-five years of the life of the settle
ment (1640-1675) there were no signs of Indian hostilities, and so appre
hension became dulled, the watch was less constant — the stockade was
suffered to fall into decay. This period of safety and calm drew to a
close with increasing troubles in the Colony between the English and
the Indians and signs of hostility by the red men, and the outbreak! of
King Philip's War, opening with the butchering of the men of Swanzey,
as they were retuming from church on Sunday, June 24, 1675, followed
by attacks on isolated places and homes as widely separated as Hadley
and Deerfield and Saco and Wells, kindled into new and stronger life the
fear of the Indians, Although in this war, which ended in 1678, no at
tack was made on Haverhill, rumors and reports created constant appre
hension, and the town was kept active and guarded, and by order of the
Court one-fifth of the men were continually on scout duty. On May 2,
1676, Ephraim Kingsbury was killed by the Indians, the first person in
H-^verhill to be thus slain, and on the following day Thomas Kimball
was killed while defending his home on the road leading from South
Groveland to Boxford, and his wife an^ five children were taken captive.
In 1688 war broke out afresh on the frontiers, the Indians charging that
the English had not kept the treaty of 1678, and terror spread her dark
wings over the isolated settlement on the Merrimack. In August 13,
1689, a party of Indians made their swift appearance in the northem part
of the town and killed Daniel Bradley, near where the Atkinson depot
now is. In the same attack they shot Daniel Singletary, living nearby,
and captured his son. In the following October, Indians again appeared
in the same part of the town, and wounded unto death Ezra Rolfe, who
lived near the site of the present North Parish Meeting House. So ter
rified were the inhabitants of Haverhill that in the next town meeting,
March 24, 1690, they seriously considered abandoning the settlement
and withdrawing to some place less remote from protection. The select
men made provision for six garrisons and four houses of refuge, separa
ting these so widely that each part of the town was provided for. The
stories of those days have come down the years on the lips of tradition,
notably the youthful bravery of the boy captives, Isaac Bradley and
Joseph Whittaker; the prowess of John Keezar; the mysterious fate of
the boys, Thomas and Jonathan Haynes, and the thrilling fortunes of the
twice-captured little Joseph Haynes and young Daniel Ladd, the "marked
man" ; the heroism of Hannah Duston and Mary Neff ; the awful experi
ences of the brave Hannah Bradley; and the attack and massacre in the
very centre of the settlement on August 29, 1708. These stories should
be read in fuller detail than the limits of this article permits them to be

HAVERHILL 455
written, in order that we may know by what courage and endurance and
suffering and sacrifices the town was held in those dread days when
"A yell the dead might wake to hear
Swelled on the night air, far and clear;
Then smote the Indian tomahawk
On crashing door and shattering lock;"
and neither compassion nor mercy stayed the hands of the cruel foe.
The attack on Haverhill on March 15, 1697, made memorable by
the story of one of the captives, Hannah Duston, was made by a small
party of Indians, numbering no more than twenty, but the swiftness of
the savages, the paralyzing fear that their cries and appearance caused,
and the isolation of the houses attacked, made their work bloody and de
structive. Nine houses were bumed, twenty-seven persons, of whom
thirteen were children, were killed, and thirteen prisoners were bome
away. Two miles northwest from the centre of the village was the farm of
Thomas Duston. Here, probably where Eudora street now is, he had
built a cottage in 1677, to which he brought his bride, Hannah Emerson,
whom he had married in December of that year. Twenty years later, be
cause the little house seemed too small for his growing family, — there
were seven children living then, and four had died previously, — selecting
a site still farther west, he began to build a larger and stronger house of
brick. On the eighth of March, 1697, a twelfth child was bom to Mrs.
Duston, and to care for the mother and the infant, Mrs. Mary Neff, whose
home was a mile nearer the village, had come to act as nurse.
It was the fifteenth of March. The wood fire on the hearth threw
its glow over the simple furnishings of the humble home. It flickered
over the bed on which Mrs. Duston lay, weak and ill ; it gave faint color
to the piece of linen still in the loom, which she had been weaving be
fore her illness ; it shone on the week-old baby in her arms, to whom she
had given the name Martha. With no apprehension of danger, Thomas
Duston had started to go on horseback to a distant part of his farm.
He had gone but a little distance when, with horror, he saw stealing
forth from the woods on the north a band of Indians, moving stealthily
but swiftly towards his house. He tumed his horse, galloped back,
shouted to his children to flee, and tried to get his wife from bed, that
he might aid her to escape. There was not time. Urged by his wife to
save the children, he seized his musket, leaped on his horse and rode to
overtake them. At first, thinking that it was impossible to save all, he
planned to seize one or two from the group and ride rapidly away. But
when he came to his children, the father's heart could make no choice,
and he resolved to defend all and bring them to safety, or die with them.
Dismounting, he placed his horse between his children and the enemy,
rested his musket across the back of the animal, and bringing it swiftly to
bear on any Indian who came into the open — ^for they skulked behind
trees — ^he kept the foe at bay and brought all to the garrison! house of
Onesiphdms Marsh, a mile from his home.
In the Duston home the nurse, Mary Neff, had hastily cut the woven
cloth from the loom and wrapped the infant in it, and was starting in
flight when the Indians reached the door. They seized her and the child,
dragged Mrs. Duston from the bed, set fire to the house with fagots
from, the hearth, and started immediately, with the captives, in retreat.
The baby cried, and the mother saw a savage snatch it from the arms of

456 ESSEX COUNTY
the nurse and dash it to death against a tree. Her eyes were dry, but
in her heart grief for her child was rivalled by hatred for its murderers.
With the Indians to whom these captives were given was an English boy,
Samuel Leonardson, who had been captured in Worcester in the autumn
of 1695, and who had leamed the language and customs of the Indians.
Through him Mrs. Duston learned what the fate of herself and Mrs. Neff
was to be — ^that they were to be made to ran the gauntlet, naked, and then
sold into captivity. Cool and undaunted, they planned a different fate.
Under their directions, the boy asked of the unsuspecting savages how
they struck to kill at a single blow, and how they took the scalp lock.
While they were encamped on a small island in the Merrimack, a few
miles above Concord, on the night of March 30, just before dawn, and
while the sleep of the camp was soundest, the three captives arose and
gliding among their enemies killed ten of them by striking them as the
boy had been taught. A wounded squaw escaped, and an Indian boy
was spared. The three captives gathered what provisions were in the
wigwam, scuttled all the canoes save one, and in that embarked on the
freshet-swelled waters of the river. Hardly had they pushed off from
land when Mrs. Duston bethought herself that the story of so remark
able a deed might not be believed without proof. So they tumed back,
scalped the Indians whom they had slain, wrapped these grim proofs of
their deed in the piece of linen that had been about the infant when it
was killed, and once more pushed out into the river. The frail canoe
brought the captives safely down the river to Haverhill, and they landed
where Bradley's brook joins the Merrimack. After waiting a few days,
to rest and gain strength, Mrs. Duston, accompanied by her husband,
Mrs. Neff and the captive boy, journeyed to Boston. They went to peti
tion aid from the Provincial Govemment, and they carried in proof of
their story the scalps which they had brought away from the wigwam.
The House of Representatives voted on June 8 "that Thomas Duston in
behalf of his wife shall be allowed out of the publick treasury Twenty
Five pounds ; and Mary Neff the sum of Twelve pounds Ten shillings, and
the young man concemed in the same action the like sum of Twelve
pounds Ten shillings." Mrs. Duston lived long after this adventure,
dying in 1736, at the age of seventy-nine. In her letter to the church,
asking admission, she quaintly says: "I am Thankful for my Cap
tivity ; 'twas the Comfortablest time I ever had," meaning that God made
His word and His promises then to be of most comfort to her. She died
at the home of her son, near where the monumental boulder on Monu
ment street now stands, but of her place of burial there is neither record
nor tradition^ The last and most disastrous attack on Haverhill was made on
August 29, 1708, just before sunrise. In the hostilities of Queen Anne's
War, an attack was planned by the Freneh in Canada on New England.
It was the intention to destroy Portsmouth first, and then to spread deso
lation over the whole frontier. The English were wamed, scouts and
soldiers were set to protect the New Hampshire towns, and the original
plan was frastrated. Then the French and Indians, two hundred or more
in number, tumed their plans to an attack on Haverhill, a hamlet of less
than thirty houses, and defended by very few soldiers. On this August
moming, just as the first flushings of light shone in the east, John Keezar
an eccentric man, a great walker and leaper— it was told that he had
walked to Boston and back in a night, and that with a heavy pail of milk
in_each hand he could leap over a cart,— retuming from Amesbury, saw

HAVERHILL 457
the savages emerging from the woods close by the village, and near
where the Soldiers' Monument now stands. At full speed he rushed
down the hill to the heart of the village, shouting the alarm, and at the
meeting house on the Common he discharged his musket to alarm the
town. The people were asleep and unguarded. Awakened by Keezar's
shouting and the report of his musket, they heard immediately follow
ing it the terrific yell of the foe. Hideous in their war paint, and with
demoniac shrieks, they came, dividing and scattering, as was their cus
tom, that they mighf at one time make many attacks. One party rushed
to the house of the minister, Benjamin Rolfe, standing where the High
School building now is. Three soldiers formed the garrison of this
house, but they were craven and useful through fear. Rolfe leaped from
his bed to defend his home, but a shot through the door wounded him
in the elbow. The door yielded, and the foe, pursuing him through the
house, killed the minister by the well at the back door. The three sol
diers, with Mrs. Rolfe and her youngest child, were victims of the toma
hawks of the Indians. Two other children, however, were saved by the
quickness and wit of Hagar, a servant, who carried them to the cellar
and concealed them beneath two tubs, while she herself hid behind a
barrel. The Indians pillaged the cellar, and even trod on the foot of
one of the children, but without discovering them. Anne Whitaker, who
was staying in the house, hid herself in an apple-chest and escaped.
West of the meeting house stood the home of Thomas Hartshome.
The foe attacked this, killed Mr. Hartshome and his two sons as they
ran out, seized an infant that was in the attic and threw it from the win
dow, but failed to find Mrs. Hartshome and the other children, who had
concealed themselves in the cellar.
One party of the Indians rushed down the hill to Water street, and
surprised Lieutenant John Johnson as he stood at the door of his cottage,
where the Exchange building now is, his wife behind him, with a little
babe in her arms. He was in his seventy-sixth year and his wife in her
seventieth, and the little babe, Lydia, was his great-granddaughter.
Johnson was shot. His wife fled through the house and into the garden
and was caught and killed where the Osgood Block on Main street now
stands. By some happy chance the child was spared, and when, later,
the villagers sought the dead, they found the infant, unharmed, clasped
in the protecting arms of its murdered step-great grandmother.
The watch house on the Common was attacked, but successfully de
fended. The Indians then sought to bum the meeting house on the
Common, standing nearly opposite the present site of the Hotel Bartlett,
but before they had succeeded in this attempt the rallying of the villagers
and the approach of the soldiers caused them to desist and retreat.
Elisha Davis, a man of courage and audacity, by a ruse frightened the
enemy. He went to the rear of the Rolfe bam and with a stentorian
voice gave orders to an imaginary body of soldiers. "Hurry, my men!
Come on, come on ! Now after them!" he cried, striking the reverberating
bam with a great club. The savages, still busy in the Rolfe house, ran
out, crying to their party, "The English have come ! the soldiers are upon
us !" and immediately the red foe scurried to retreat, but carrying their
booty and taking along the captives whom they had seized. Davis and
his party extinguished the fire that they had set at the Rolfe house and
the blaze at the meeting house. The villagers were gathering, the militia
under Captain Tumer arrived, and the pursuit of the Indians was begun.

458 ESSEX COUNTY
The militia, reinforced by the villagers under the command of Captain
Samuel Ayer and his son, joined with the Indians in fierce combat on the
southeast slope of Long Hill, between the present Hilldale avenue and
North Broadway, and after an hour of bloody conflict the savages were
routed, and made a hurried retreat. Nine of their number were killed,
including Hertel de Chambly, the French leader.
The whole attack, the retreat, the skirmish, and the battle had taken
but a few of the moming hours, and the sun, midway in its course, poured
its hot rays upon the scenes of carnage, the dead, and the exhausted de
fenders. The heat made immediate burial necessary, and the struggle
and the nervous strain left the men too weary to dig separate graves,
and so the most of the dead were buried at once in a single grave in the
old burying ground. There, also, on the second day after, the bodies of
the minister, Rolfe, his wife and child, and Captain Sunon Wainwright,
were buried together.
This attack, so severe in loss of life and property, was the last made
by the Indians upon the town. Lurking savages were occasionally seen
in the outskirts of the town, but no harm was done by them, and gradual
ly fear and apprehension died away, and new problems occupied the atten
tion of the citizens.
The township of Haverhill as laid out in a survey of 1666 was a
triangular tract of land, the irregular line of the Merrimack river form
ing the base, and the sides, one drawn from Holt's rocks and the other
from a point three-and-a-half miles above the present Lawrence dam,
meeting in an apex in the northwestem part of the town of Hampstead.
In the spring of 1724 certain residents in the westem part of the town,
dissatisfied with the provisions made for school and church there, peti
tioned the General Court to be set off as a new town, and, despite the
opposition of the other citizens, this petition was granted, and the large
tract of land southwest from Hawkes' Meadow brook along the Merri
mack and embracing the water leaps known as the Deer Jump and Bod
well's Falls, was made a separate township in 1725, called, in honor of
the King's privy councillor, Methuen. At these falls the great Lawrence
dam was built in the three years from 1845 to 1848. So from the Me
thuen territory that was originally Haverhill territory, that part of the
great mill city which lies north of the Merrimack w^as set off to form in
May, 1847, the municipality of Lawrence.
The boundary line between Massachusetts and New Hampshire, long
in dispute and occasioning a border warfare, was settled by the King
and Council, August 5, 1740, and thereby the most of the territory now
comprised in the towns of Hampstead, Plaistow, Atkinson and Salem was
transferred from the Haverhill territory. While these towns have a
filial relation to Haverhill by reason of their territory being of the original
Haverhill grant, other towns bear that relation by reason of their having
been settled by Haverhill men. Thus Pennacook, afterwards called Con
cord, New Hampshire, was settled by a party of Haverhill men, led by
Ebenezer Eastman, with his six yoke of oxen, who traversed the wilder
ness road through the night of May 26, 1726, and first made settlement in
the future capital of the Granite State. So, in 1660, Jonathan Buck went
from the little gambrel cottage on Water street, nearly opposite Mill
street, to found the town of Bucksport, Maine. So, in 1661, two Haver
hill men, Michael Johnson and John Pattie, were sent to take possession
of certain lands on the east side of the Connecticut river, and to this new

HAVERHILL 459
settlement they gave the name Haverhill, in memory of the old town from
which they went.
- The little log meeting house built in the Mill Lot in 1638 was, after
prolonged and bitter discussion, succeeded by a new meeting house on the
Common, built in 1698, and this was replaced by a later house, built in
1761, also on the Common. Between church and, State in these earlier
years the connection was close, and the meeting house was the place
where the town met for elections and the discussion of matters of politics
and public interest. New churches were established in the! North parish
in 1730, in the West parish in 1734, and in the East parish in 1743. But
these were each of the Congregational creed, and conservatism opposed
any new religious establishment. It refused the use of the meeting house
to George Whitefield, the brilliant and forceful Methodist, and he preach
ed in an open field on Mill street to a large congregation. The authori
ties sent him a letter waming him to depart from the town. He read
the letter at the close of his discourse, and merely remarked, "Poor
souls, they need another sermon." Then he aimounced another meeting
in the same place at sunrise the next moming, and this meeting was
largely attended. The spirit of the times and the town refused recog
nition to the Quakers under the leadership of Joseph Peaslee, but
against this narrowness and proscription there was in some minds a
perception of its injustice. In 1764 a young Princeton graduate of manly
presence, great spirituality, wonderful oratory and the masterful quali
ties of a leader, preached in the parish churches, and was invited to be
come pastor of the one in the West Parish. But when he avowed himself
to be of the faith of the Baptists, the church pulpits were all closed
to him. The more liberal citizens, however — many of them men of
wealth and influence — opened their houses to him, and he also preached
in the open at White's corner. Thus the Reverend Hezekiah Smith first
broke the conservative spiritual unity of the town and established here
a church of a new creed, the Baptist. To the church which he founded
he ministered for forty years, and when he died in 1805 the universal grief
of the town was a tribute to him as a preacher and a citizen.
The village that had clustered on Water and Main streets began to
expand. In 1744 Front street (renamed Merrimack street in 1838, and
now the chief comm'ercial street of this city) , was laid out two-and-a-half
rods wide through the alder-grown parsonage lands. Interest in ship
building arose, and the river side of Water street became the scene of
ship yards and wharves. The serenity of peace, however, yielded often
in these years to the alarum of drums, and Haverhill men fought and
made honorable record in all of the memorable battles of the French war.
The clouds of conflict with Great Britain were arising, and Haverhill
in its town meetings was not lacking in spirited denunciations of the
exactions of the mother country. It acted, too, as energetically as it
talked spiritedly. It appointed committees of inspection and corres
pondence ; it provided for supplies of ammunition ; it added to the three
military companies then existing, a fourth; and these companies were
drilled, that they might be in readiness for the call to arms. The drilling
ground was the northem part of the Common, a place now marked by
the memorial stone erected by the Daughters of the Revolution. In
obedience to instructions from the Provincial Congress, a company of
sixty-three minute-men, "as they are to be ready at a minute's waming,"
was raised. When the news of the fight at Lexington reached Haver
hill, just after noon on April 19, 1775, these men were ready:

460 ESSEX COUNTY
"Swift as their summons came, they left
The plough mid-furrow standing still,
The half-ground corn grist in the mill,
The spade in earth, the axe in cleft," —
and started, minute-men and militia, to the number of one hundred and
five, on the march to Cambridge. Three days before, on the Sabbath, a
disastrous fire had swept the west side of Main street and left but mins
from the Common to White's comer. Seventeen buildings in the very
heart of the town were destroyed, and some of the minute-men left then-
work on these smouldering ruins in response to the orders to march.
In frustrating the plans of General Gage to surprise Lexington and
Concord, a son of Haverhill, William Baker, a youth of twenty years,
played an important part. He was employed in Hall's distillery in Gile's
Court, now Portland street, Boston. One mid- April day there came into
this place a woman who was quartered with one of the British regiments.
Being partially intoxicated, she unwittingly disclosed the designs of the
British to march that night to Concord. Recognizing the importance of
this disclosure. Baker immediately carried the information to General
Warren's headquarters, passing the sentries and guards without sus
picion, because he was known to be an employe of the distilleiy. Im
mediately, plans were formed for arousing the minute-men, and in those
plans the duty was assigned to Baker of having a horse ready for Paul
Revere on the Charlestown shore. Baker returned to Haverhill, enlisted
for the war, won by his ability in military service the rank of captain, and
died a half century later in Providence, Rhode Island.
The Provincial Congress, hastily summoned after the Lexington
fight, among other acts established post riders and post offices, in order
that there might be communication between Cambridge, the headquarters
of theAmerican army, and the principal towns. Such an office was then
established at Haverhill, and the first postmaster of the town, Simeon
Greenough, was appointed.
In the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, seventy-four Haverhill
men took part, and of this number two, John Eaton and Simeon Pike,
were killed. In this engagement Colonel James Brickett of Haverhill
was severely wounded. As he was bome from the field, he met General
Warren, who stopped to greet him. Warren was without arms ; Colonel
Brickett proffered him his, and bearing these, Warren fought and gave
his life in that engagement.
In the more than eight years of the Revolutionary struggle the town
of Haverhill contributed its full quota of men and its full share of ex
penditure. The cost of the war, the payment of bounty money and the
supporting of the families of the soldiers placed a heavy burden upon
the town, but its courage never weakened, its hope never lessened, and
its determination never was broken.
When the activities of war were over, the town sought to rebuild
its shattered industries. The shipyards took on new life; the wharves
were busy with commerce. Ox teams brought in the produce of inland
places, to be shipped down the river to Newburyport in ships that there
spread their sails to voyage to the West Indies, to London and other
ports. Then retuming, they brought cargoes of goods to be distributed
to the surrounding country by the oxen express.
The little town was greatly honored on November 4, 1789, by a visit
from the revered President, Washington. He passed the night at Har-

HAVERHILL 461
rod's tavern, "The Freemason's Arms," then standing on the present site
of the City Hall. He was cordial and winning in meeting the towns
people, gracious in his compliments on the natural beauty of the place and
the enterprise of its people, and courteous and dignified in his bearing;
the memory of his visit shines clear and golden in the annals of the town.
The industry that distinguishes the city today, the making of shoes,
began almost fortuitously in the year 1795. There were shoemakers
among the earliest settlers: Job Clement, who came in 1641; Andrew
Greeley, who came in 1646 ; Benjamin Webster and Samuel Parker, who
were welcomed in 1679 ; but it is interesting to note that William Thomp
son and Peter Patie, who asked in 1676 permission to dwell in Haverhill
and follow their trade of shoemaking, were refused this privilege, al
though later they became residents of Haverhill. In 1795 Moses Gale
advertised that he had several thousand fresh and dry hides that he
would exchange for shoes and await payment until the hides could be
made into shoes. This induced the manufacture of shoes in wholesale,
and thenceforward thi^ became an increasing industry. During the war
of 1812, two storekeepers, Moses and James Atwood, sent a wagon-load
of shoes to Philadelphia and sold them there for a very profitable price.
In 1815 Phineas Webster engaged exclusively in the wholesale manufac
ture of shoes, exchanging his product largely in Danvers for the leather
tanned there. The shoes were packed promiscuously in any kind of a
barrel or box, shipped to Philadelphia or Baltimore, and there retailed
from the decks of the vessels. In 1818 Rufus Slocomb commenced freight
service between Haverhill and Boston, and this business increased until
in 1835 he had forty horses and two yoke of oxen constantly engaged in
hauling his large covered freight wagons over the road, the freight out
ward from the town consisting largely of cases of shoes. In 1837 there
were forty-two shoe manufacturers in the town, but the business received
by the panic of that year so severe a check that it took a decade to re
cover. In 1857 the number of manufacturers had increased to ninety,
but another panic checked the growth. In 1861 there were seventy
manufacturers. After this decade, the period of the Civil War and its
immediate effects, the shoe business increased rapidly. In 1890 there
were three hundred firms, employing 15,000 operatives.
The earliest provision for protection against fire was made Feb
ruary 22, 1768, by the organization of a Fire Club, the members of which
werel equipped with buckets, ladders and bags for saving property. It
was composed of the leading citizens of the town, and its annual supper
was a distinctive social occasion. The first fire engine was purchased in
1769 by a company formed for that purpose, and this was changed from
a private to a public enterprise by the presentation of the machine to the
town in 1780, but the firemen were not paid for their services, except by
the remitting of their poll taxes, until 1841. The first Haverhill bridge
across the Merrimack was built in 1794 and was considered a marvel
of beauty, strength and mechanical ingenuity. The first person to walk
over it was widow Judith Whiting, bom in 1701, and therefore 93 years
old. The memories of this interesting woman, told in her old age — she
lived to be 98 — ^to her minister. Rev. Abiel Abbott, and written down by
him, is the foundation of the history of the Indian attacks and much of the
earlier chronicles of Haverhill. The bridge was rebuilt in 1808, was
changed from an open to a covered bridge in 1827, and after long years
of service, a brown and antiquated landmark, it was replaced by the pres
ent iron stmcture in 1874.

462 ESSEX COUNTY
In the later years of the eighteenth century and the earlier years
of the nineteenth, Haverhill was the home of many families of refine
ment and public spirit, who drew as their guests people of similar quali
ties from other communities. John Quincy Adams visited here his rever
ed aunt, Elizabeth, wife of the Reverend John Shaw, and in her house
hold fitted for the senior class in Harvard College. Ih the youth of the
town he found congenial and high-spirited associates, and in the homes
plain living, but excellent thinking and sprightly wit. The spiritual
summons to do missionary work in far-off lands took Harriet Atwood
Newell from the old home at the head of the Common to the far-off Isle of
France in 1812, and, from across the river, Anne Haseltine Judson to
Burmah. The opening of the Haverhill Academy in 1827 brought to
gether a group of young men and women of unusual character, one of
whom was John Greenleaf Whittier. In the same year a great temper
ance movement was inaugurated in the town. At that time the use of
liquor was almost universal. It was served at marriages; it was offered
at funerals; it was a gift that appeared constantly in the donations to
ministers; it went with the farmer into the field, and the mechanic into
the shop; and in the town of 3900 inhabitants there were twenty-one
places where it was sold. To combat its influence demands the^highest
type of courage. The "Gazette", which led in the movement for tem
perance, lost half of its subscribers; the men who advocated it were
ridiculed, openly insulted and drawn in effigy about the town ; but in five
years the cause became so strong that but one place could be found where
liquor could be purchased, and in ten years the fires of the last distillery
were put out.
In the latter part of the eighteenth century changes in religious
thought caused many to dissent from the strict Congregational creed,
and the First Church of the town was cleft into opposing parties. The
changes became so acute that the party of the old faith withdrew, in
1832, to form the Independent Congregational Church, now the Centre
Church. Those who were left were divided between the Universalist
and the Unitarian beliefs. An agreement was reached between these
factions by which the Universalists received four thousand dollars of the
parish funds and withdrew, in 1834, to join the church of that faith that
had been established in 1823. This withdrawal left the First Parish
Church to the Unitarians, and they have since held it.
When the church was undivided, its house had been used freely for
the town meetings, but after the division, the parish made a charge to the
town of thirty dollars a year for such use. The tovm questioned the
parish's right of ownership of the land — ^the Common — on which the
meeting house stood. The dispute was settled by the town paying, in
1837, a thousand dollars for a quit claim deed to the land, "limiting the
use of the said land for the purpose of an omamental common, and pro
viding for the said deed being void and the land revertingi to the said
Parish if any building or buildings whatever shall, either by said town or
any person or body, ever be placed or suffered to remain on said land."
Thus, and under such conditions, the town acquired the land now known
as City Hall Park. The town meetings, however, from 1828 until the
building of the first town hall, in 1847, were held in the various churches
and halls in the town, going as far west in 1828 as the West Parish
meeting house, and as far east in the same year as the East Parish meet
ing house, and in the later years using altemately the First Parish
Church and the Christian Union Chapel at Washington Square.

HAVERHILL 463
The prelude to the Civil War was long, and its notes, harmonious or
discordant, were heard early and clearly in Haverhill. In December,^
1833, the American Anti-Slavery Society was organized in Philadel
phia. A son of Haverhill, John Greenleaf Whittier, was a member of the
convention effecting this organization. A young man, twenty-six years
old, with dark, flashing eyes, square forehead, his tall, straight form
clothed in Quaker garb, he was noticeable in appearance, and his growing
reputation as a poet added to the interest in him. Of his service here he
said in later life, "I love, perhaps, too well, the praise and goodwill of
my fellow-men ; but I set higher value on my name appended to the Anti-
Slavery Declaration of 1833 than on any title page of any book. Looking
over a life marked with many errors and shortcomings, I rejoice that
I have been able to maintain the pledge of that signature, and in the long
intervening years —
" 'My voice, though not the loudest, has been heard
Wherever Freedom raised her cry of pain.'"
The Haverhill Anti-Slavery Society was formed in April, 1834, and
of this society Whittier was the corresponding secretary. His poetic
power had already been dedicated to the cause of freedom in his tribute
to William Lloyd Garrison, "The Slave Ship", "Expostulation", and other
poems. And all along the struggle against slavery, Whittier brooked and
bore unpopularity and ostracism, while his lyrics rang out their notes of
waming and appeal. And when war broke out, his strains were heard
amid the din of strife, and the loyal soldiers felt their inspiration in the
camp, on the march, and in the hour of battle.
In the thirty years preceding the outbreak of the Civil War the
country was aflame with discussion. In Haverhill, a favorite meeting
place for the discussion of national and local affairs, was the hatshop of
Nathan Webster, on Merrimack street, just west of White's comer. The
arrogance of the Southem representatives in Congress, the repeated
threats of secession, and especially the "Atherton gag," aroused the spirit
of the men who met there. Consequently, they drew up a petition to be
presented in Congress, praying that measures peaceably to dissolve the
Union should be adopted immediately. The paper was drafted by Ben
jamin Emerson, a man who in appearance resembled Daniel Webster,
and who was so uncompromising a foe to slavery and so dark in com
plexion that he was known as "Black Ben." ,The most of the signatures.
to this petition were obtained in the Union Evangelical Church on Win
ter street after the Sunday service. Th petition, so signed, was sent ta
John Quincy Adams, and by him presented in the House of Representa
tives on the 14th of January, 1842. Immediately a tumult arose. A
resolution censuring Adams was introduced. After the matter had con
sumed twelve days, Mr. Adams was asked how much more time he would
occupy in his defence. Mr. Adams reminded his hearers that when
Warren Hastings was tried, Burke occupied some months in a single
speech; he hoped, however, to complete his defence in ninety days. The
resolutions of censure were laid on the table, and the result was inter
preted as a defeat and humiliation of Mr. Adams' enemies, and a signal
victory for the cause of the right of petition. The original petition was
presented to the Haverhill Historical Society in 1908 by the trustees of
the Adams' papers.
On January 4, 1834, a meeting was held at the Eagle House to pro
mote the extension of the Boston & Andover railroad from Andover to-

464 ESSEX COUNTY
Haverhill. The practical results of this meeting were that the work of
grading the road bed of this extension was begun in the autumn of 1835,
and the road was formally opened to Bradford, just across the river, on
October 23, 1837. This important event was celebrated by a free ride
to the stockholders and a banquet in Academy Hall, at which there, were
sentiments and speeches. The road was extended through Haverhill to
Kingston in 1839, and soon after to Portland.
When the town was denied the free use of the First Parish Church
for its town meetings, the subject of building a town hall became of in
terest. At a special meeting in May, 1831, the town voted adversely on
the project, but in 1835 it gave approval to the measure, and appointed
a committee to select a site and make recommendations. Two years later
the matter was again considered, but indefinitely postponed. In 1847,
however, the town definitely voted to build such a structure "on the south
side of the Harrod lot, so called", at an expense of $8,000. When the
building was completed the full cost was found to be more than double
that sum, and it was also manifest that the building had not been plan
ned of sufficient size. Twelve years later plans for a new building were
drawn, and in town meeting, January 7, 1861, a vote was passed for its
immediate erection. The walls of the old building were partially de
molished, when there came the outbreak of the Civil War. Nevertheless,
the work of the construction of the new hall was zealously carried on,
and it was dedicated August 6, 1862. In November, 1888, a fire of un
known origin broke out at 10 :30 in the forenoon, and despite all efforts
of the fire department gutted the building in an hour, the tower falling
at 11 :30. The conflagration was spectacular, flames of varied hues, yel
low, green, red, reaching forth like long tongues from the omamental
windows and curling upward to the roof. The loss was estimated at $80,-
000, with an insurance of $65,000, Plans were at once made for rebuild
ing the hall, and the present structure, outwardly closely resembling the
old building, was completed at a cost of $111,791.
When the CivU War of 1861 inflamed the whole country and made
appeal to arms necessary, the existing military organization of Haverhill
was the Hale Guards, a company of militia organized in the Town Hall,
July 19, 1853, by General Benjamin F. Butler. A little thread leading
back to the Revolution was the attendance of this company in full ranks,
by the order of Govemor Emory Washbum, at the funeral of Jonathan
Harrington, the last survivor of the battle of Bunker Hill, who died at
the age of 96, and was buried in the historic town of Lexington. In
1861 the captain of the Hale Guards was Carlos P. Messer. At a meet
ing of this company on January 23, the roll was called upon the question
of willingness to serve in the imminent war, and every member responded
"Aye." They occupied as an armory the third floor of the building at
the comer of Merrimack and Fleet streets, and on the evening of their
first meeting there, April 15, they requested that the name of their or
ganization be changed from Hale Guards to Company G of the 7th Regi
ment, M. V. M. On Friday, April 19, came the news of the attack on
the 6th Massachusetts Regiment as it passed through Baltimore and
that the first victims of the war lay dead in the streets of that city.' In
mid-aftemoon of Saturday, the ringing of the bells announced that the
summons for the Haverhill company had come. They immediately
gathered at the armory. There were farewell services on the Common
the gift of a Bible to each soldier, and the presentation of a beautiful
silk flag made by Mrs. Nancy S. Buswell, a philanthropic and public-

HAVERHILL 465
spirited woman, who had taken the colors from the silks of her milinery
establishment and stitched them with her own hands. This company,
Carlos P. Messer, captain, became, as Company D, a part of the 5th Regi
ment. This regiment went by way of New York, by steamer to An
napolis, to Washington, and was encamped at first at Camp Andrew and
afterwards at Camp Massachusetts, near Alexandria, Virginia. Here
they remained until near the end of the three months' service for which
they had been swom in. As the time of their retum came near, the
citizens at home planned to welcome them with the ringing of bells, an
address on the Common, and the firing of a salute. On July 16, how
ever. General McDowell began moving the Union troops on from Wash
ington towards Richmond, intending to attack the Confederate army
under General Beauregard at Bull Run. The division in which was
the 5th Regiment, after a long and exhausting march, arrived at the
scene of action on Sunday, July 21. The order was given that this
regiment advance to a hill in direct range of the enemy's battery, and
with unbroken front they obeyed. Corporal Wallace of Company D
bore the regimental colors, and by his side Lawrence bore the United
States flag. A shot killed Lawrence, but Wallace sprang and seized his
colors, shouting, "Stand by the colors, boys." The Union troops, how
ever, were unable to withstand the mass of Confederates opposing them ;
they tumed in retreat, and fled back over the weary road and across the
Long Bridge into Washington. In this engagement fell the first Haver
hill victim of the war, Hiram A. Collins. Wallace was wounded, and
James A. ShaW was taken prisoner. Nine days later, July 30, the com
pany reached home. They marched through the streets to Johnson's
field on Main street, where they gave an exhibition of military drill. Two
objects of great interest in the parade were a cavalry horse, with Con
federate accoutrements, captured from the enemy, and the flag which
Wallace had seized from the hands of the dying Lawrence. This flag
had been presented to the Medford company when they went to the war,
and, doubly precious' for the blood that stained it, it was bome by an
honor guard of Medford men.
With the thrill of war in the air, the spirit of patriotism easily
stirred men to enlist. On April 19, the day of the Baltimore massacre,
a new company was organized in Haverhill through the influence of
Henry Jackson How, who, by unanimous vote, was chosen captain. An
other company of volunteers. Company F, was raised through the efforts
of Dr. Samuel K. Towle. Its captain was Luther Day. Other volun
teer organizations were the Union Guards, with William Taggart as
captain, and the Irish Volunteers, with Michael McNamara as captain.
Many sons of the town, too, sought service in the organizations of other
towns and other states.
Captain Henry Jackson How, originally commissioned in the 14th
Regiment, was designated by an order issued July 27, 1861, as Major of
the 19th Regiment. With this regiment he departed for the front on
August 26, and was in the engagement at Ball's Bluff, October 3. In
the fearful six days' fighting before Richmond, in June, 1862, while val
iantly bringing up the left of his regiment, he was mortally wounded by
a shot in the breast, Monday, June 30. Knowing his fate, he said:
"Let me die here on the field of battle, it is more glorious," and then he
added: "Tell my mother I died a brave man. I am willing to die in so
good a cause. Wrap me in the flag that they gave me at home." The
town in meeting, September 12, 1862, passed resolutions in his memory
Essex — 30

466 ESSEX COUNTY
and honor as "a heroic champion, a gallant leader, and a chivalric, noble
and generous citizen," and it requested of his family, his battle sword, as
a legacy to his native place, be cherished and to bear this inscription :
"The battle sword of Henry Jackson How, who fell in front of Richmond
(at Glendale) while gloriously defending the Constitution and flag of his
Country." The sword is guarded by the veterans of the war m which
he died. Major How Post, 47, of the Grand Army of the Republic.
During the war Haverhill furnished about thirteen hundred men,
including seventy-three commissioned officers. It raised and expended
for the soldiers $188,135, and as State Aid, afterwards refunded by the
Commonwealth, $114,452.
In the very beginning of the war a relief society of ladies, after
wards called "The Soldiers' Relief Society," was organized, its president
being Mrs. Edwin P. Hill, and its beneficent work was continuous and so
broad that it sought to meet every want. When the close of hostilities
brought an end to its activities, the society gracefully suggested the
erection of a soldiers' monument to commemorate the nobility of conse
cration and sacrifice of those who had given life for victory : "The Sol
diers' Relief Society, as is eminently fitting, at the conclusion of their
legitimate service for the soldiers, tum with tender hearts and tearful
eyes to the last kindly act allowed for the completion of their mission^ —
the raising of a memorial to the heroic dead." At their meeting, July
12, 1865, they chose an advisory committee of gentlemen for the incep
tion of the work. In the following year, at the March town meeting,
a committee, James H. Carleton, James V. Smiley and Elias T. Ingalls,
were appointed to procure plans for a soldiers' monument, and in March,
1868, a design presented by Charles H. Weeks was accepted. A volun
teer soldier stands with musket at parade rest above a pedestal, on which
are incut the names of one hundred and eighty-six honored dead. Above
these names is the inscription: "1861-1865. In grateful tribute to the
memory of those who, on land and on the sea, died that the Republic
might live, this monument was erected by the citizens of Haverhill, A. D.
1869." The entire memorial is 26 feet high. Its cost was $8,000. It
stands in a circular enclosure sixty-six feet in circumference, in the broad
space where Kenoza avenue meets Main street. The monument was
dedicated with impressive exercises on Monday, July 5, 1869. A dinner
at the Town Hall followed. In the aftemoon four bands gave a con
cert on the Common, and in the evening the blazing of a huge bonfire
on Powder House hill formed the last feature of the celebration.
Among the sons of Haverhill whose services were given in other or
ganizations than those from the town, it is no invidious distinction that
gives the highest place to Major General William Francis Bartlett. He
was of eminent Haverhill ancestry, bom June 6, 1840, the son of Charles
L. and Harriett (Plummer) Bartlett, and the grandson of the Hon. Bai
ley Bartlett, a descendant of Lieutenant John Johnson, who was killed
in the memorable Indian attack on Haverhill in 1708, and of William
White, whose name is signed to the Indian deed of Haverhill. Educated
in Phillips Academy, Andover, and in Harvard College until he joined
in his junior year, June 17, 1861, the Fourth Battalion of the Volunteer
Militia, he was almost immediately made a captain in the newly-formed
20th Regiment of Volunteer Infantry. At Yorktown, in April, 1862,
he was shot in the left knee, and the leg was so shattered that amputation
just below the knee was necessary. While engaged in the assault of
Port Hudson in May, 1863, he was shot in the wrist and in the ankle.

HAVERHILL 467
In the battle of the Wildemess, May 6, 1864, he was wounded just above
the right temple. In June he was commissioned a brigadier-general,
and in the fight before Petersburg he was captured by the enemy in the
crater of the mine. Held prisoner until the autumn, he was then re
leased, shattered in health by his wounds and by fever. In 1875 he was
both offered the nomination for lieutenant-govemor by the Democratic
party and the nomination for govemor by the Republican party, but he
was unable to accept either. He died in Pittsfield, December 17, 1876,
at the early age of thirty-six. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
upon which his life conferred such lustre, placed a noble bronze statue
of him in the Memorial Hall of her capitol. It was dedicated on May
27, 1904, the forty-first anniversary of the battle of Port Hudson. In a
poem in his memory, Whittier paid him the highest praise, speaking of
him as a son of old Essex.
"Good men and true she has not lacked,
And brave men yet shall be;
The perfect flower, the crowning fact
Of all her years was he."
The population of Haverhill in 1860, just before the outbreaking of
the Civil War, was 9,995; her valuation, $5,450,732; in 1865, the year
of the closing of the war, her population was 10,660 ; her valuation, $4,-
443,107. A city charter was granted to Haverhill by the Legislature in 1867,
but the measure failed because the town did not contain the requisite
number of inhabitants, 12,000. In the following year, 1868, the re-enact
ment of this charter was sought, and, the number of inhabitants being
then sufficient, it was granted. This charter was accepted on May 15,
1869, by a vote of 671 yeas opposed by but 141 nays. The selectmen
divided the town into six wards, and on December 6, the first city elec
tion was held. The first mayor of the city, then chosen, was Wamer R,
Whittier, and on January 3, 1870, the first city govemment was inaugu
rated. The change in the form of administration sharply marks the line be
tween the old Haverhill and the new. The shade trees on Merrimack
street were cut down (1871) and business blocks displaced the old-time
residences there; Washington street, adjoining Washington Square,
changed from a village road, with cottage houses, to a street of brick
manufactories; the hay scales and the old town pump, with its iron
"calabash" for drinking, in front of the City Hall, were swept away
(1872) ; the tall liberty pole in Washington Square — the highest in the
State, erected by the Torrent Engine Company — ^was cut down ; the First
Baptist Church, on Baptist Hill, that once marked the westem boundary
of the village, where the Academy of Music now is, was demolished ; the
historic "Christian Chapel," the old South Church on the comer of Wash
ington and Essex streets, was torn down ; the memorable Atwood house
on Crescent Place, consecrated by the birth there of Harriett Atwood
Newell, the missionary, by the founding there of the first Sabbath School
in 1817, and by the forming there of the Haverhill Benevolent Associa
tion in 1818, was destroyed (1872), and the first town school house, close
by, was removed in the following year, and on the site arose a new
High School building; the age-browned Haverhill bridge, antique and
musty, but quaintly interesting, built in 1794, rebuilt in 1808, and made
a covered bridge in 1825, was removed in ten days, and a new iron bridge

468 ESSEX COUNTY
built to replace it, was opened for carriages first on January 1, 1874.
On January 29, 1873, the Hon. E. J. M. Hale, a son of the town, and
a wealthy and generous mill owner, addressed the mayor and the Muni
cipal Council, offering to found a public library, giving therefor a lot of
land on Summer street as a site for the building and the sum of $30,000
if the city would raise a like amount of money for this purpose within
six months. The offer was accepted and the condition met. The library
building was at once begun, and was built at a cost of $49,543.32. It
was dedicated November 11, 1875, Whittier writing for the occasion the
poem "Let there be light." The first librarian was Edward Capen. He
remained librarian untfl 1899, when he was succeeded by John Grant
Moulton, whose term of office terminated with his death in 1921.
Ezekiel James Madison Hale, the founder of the Public Library, was
bom in HaverWll, March 30, 1813. He was educated under Benjamin
Greenleaf in Bradford Academy, when that institution admitted both
sexes, and in Dartmouth College, from which he was graduated in 1835.
He entered upon the study of law as a profession, but finding a business
life more in harmony with his desires, he connected himself with his
father's woolen mills. In 1859 he purchased the mill privileges and
the factory in South Groveland, and this establishment he enlarged until
he became the largest private manufacturer in the United States. His
business acumen made him a very valuable member of many corporations,
and he acquired a large fortune. Stem in his manner, brusque, un
emotional, he had a heart that was tender to worthy charities, and his
quiet and unvaunted benevolences were many. He died June 4, 1881.
In addition to his large gifts to the Public Library, he made provision for
a city hospital, purchasing therefor a site and leaving by his will $50,000
for a hospital fund. Upon this financial foundation the Hale Hospital
is built. Mr. Hale stipulated that each of these institutions should be
administered by a boai^ of trustees of seven members, the mayor of the
city being ex-officio the chairman, but the other six members holding
office for life, and, in case- of a vacancy, the vacancy being filled by elec
tion by the remaining members.
In 1883, in the mayoralty of the Hon. Moses How, the stone arch
over Little river at Washington Square was extended to the Merrimack
river, a sea wall built, and the unsightly, weed-o'ergrown dump hitherto
existing there, was, by filling, converted into Washington Square Park.
The Park Act was accepted by the city in 1890 and a park commission
appointed to take office. May 1, 1891. The Commission was fortunate
in obtaining the services of Henry Frost as superintendent, and under his
care and supervision, extending over a period of thirty years, the present
wide system of parks and playgrounds has been developed. Washing
ton Square Park, containing 59,750 square feet and valued at $331,750 ;
City Hall Park, containing 28,690 feet and valued at $71,725 ; Mt. Wash
ington Park, containing 48,000 feet, and Riverside Park, containing 35.40
acres, were earliest placed under the control of the Commission. At
present there are under the charge of the Park Commissioners seven
teen parks, the Soldiers' Monument at Monument Square, the City Ceme
tery, Pentucket Cemetery, and Old Burying Ground in Bradford, the
Soldiers' and Sailors' graves in all cemeteries, and the four playgrounds
Passaquo, Margin street, Bradford, and Primrose street. The beautiful
tract of ground known as Winnekenni Park, bordering Kenoza Lake,
was transferred to the care of the Park Commission by the Water Boardi
October 28, 1896. The picturesque castle mthin this park was built bv

HAVERHILL 469
Dr. James R. Nichols, who then owned the estate, in the years 1873 to
1875, f3X)m stone found on the place, — stone that in the glaciaj period
had been brought from the Franconia mountains. The Dudley Porter
fountain within the grounds was formally presented by Mr. Porter's
daughter and son on October 6, 1906, and the Tyler Shelter was the gift
of Adelia E. Tyler in memory of her husband, Henry P. Tyler, Septem
ber 17, 1909. The playgrounds were established in 1909. The chair
men of the Park Commission have been : Thomas E. St. John, 1891-1896 ;
Dudley Porter, 1896-1905 ; Albert L. Bartlett, 1905-1912 ; Henry H. Gil
man, 1912-1920 ; and Charles D. Porter, 1920 — . The present superin
tendent is Frederick J. Caswell.
On January 4, 1897, by an act of the General Court accepted by both
municipalities, the old town of Bradford became a part of the city of
Haverhill, forming its Seventh Ward, but retaining its own name as a
designation. Despite its long and close relations with the city on the
north bank of the river Merrimack, the town on the south bank had a dis
tinct individuality, strong local pride, a gentry of families long resident
there, and an atmosphere of culture that came partially from the influ
ence of the First Church that had even been ministered to by men of
education and intellectual activity, and partially from the presence of its
early-foimded and notably excellent seminary of learning, Bradford
Academy. The territory of Bradford, like that of Boxford and Georgetown
and Groveland, was originally included in the extensive tract that con
stituted the plantation of Rowley. Among the herdsmen of the Rowley
settlers were John and Robert Haseltine and William Wildes, sturdy but
uneducated men,, who drove their flocks far from the settlement into the
wildemess. In the remote stretches w^here they pastured their flocks,
they made clearings, planted the English grains, and built themselves log
houses. In the spring of 1649 the town of Rowley gave to these men
grants in the "Merrimack lands" that were later known as "Rowley-by-
the-Merrimack" and still later Bradford; in retum for this, they were
to look after the herd of cattle which the town of Rowley should pas
ture there, receiving a stipend of two shillings a day for such care.
John Haseltine removed to Haverhill, but he retained his lands in Brad
ford, and in 1655 gave for the public use there a lot on which "to set
their meeting-house, and for a burying place." This is the lot of land on
Salem street that forms the old burying ground. John Haseltine, having
been a deacon in the church of John Ward, a selectman of Haverhill for
six terms, died December 23, 1690. William Warde removed to Ips
wich, where he died in 1662. Robert Haseltine remained in Bradford,
dying there August 27, 1674.
To the attractive lands of "Rowley-by-the-Merrimack" other settlers
followed the original herdsmen pioneers, and in 1675 the place was in
corporated as the town of Bradford, that name having been chosen in
town meeting, January 7, 1672, in memory of the English town of Brad
ford in Yorkshire. In 1667 the Rev. Zachariah Symmes came to the
settlement as a preacher and pastor. He was the son of the pastor of
th^ First Church in Charlestown, who came to New England in the ship
that brought Anne Hutchinson, whom later he bitterly opposed. The son
was graduated from Harvard in 1657, with the highest rank in scholar
ship, and his religious fervor was as notable as his scholarship. The
town built for him a house in 1668, and a meeting house in 1670, placing
it in the west corner of the lot given by John Haseltine. So here, where

470 ESSEX COUNTY
time has leveled the mounds above the ancient dead, and the mosses
have sought to obliterate the inscriptions on the stones, m the earliest
years, the activities of the town were centered. Here was the meeting
house used for religious services and town meetings, while opposite was
the manse; here, by vote of the town in 1672, the burying ground was
established; and here, by vote of the town in 1685, the public pound was
built, "with gate and lock and key." .
The lands lying north of Salem, between the Naumkeag nver and
the Merrimack, were claimed by Masconomet, sagamore of the Aga-
wams, and from him John Winthrop, Jr., obtained for twenty pounds the
territory of Ipswich. Long after Masconomet's death his heirs demand
ed possession of the other townships that originally were a part of Ips-
vsdch. Bradford appointed a committee to treat with them, and, by the
pajrment of six pounds and ten shillings, obtained, January 30, 1700, a
deed of its territory. This deed was signed by the three Indian heirs,
Samuel English, Joseph English and John Umpee, and, for the proprie
tors, John Tenny, Philip Atwood and John Bointon. The territory so
acquired extended on the east to Newbury, .and two communities de
veloped therein. East Bradford, which in 1850 became a separate town
ship, under the name of Groveland, and West Bradford, which retained
the town name. Much of the early history of the township is connected
with the east parish — Groveland — and will be found in the history of
that enteiT)rising town. The westem division was largely devoted to
agriculture, although a considerable business in the manufacture of shoes
was carried on there in the years when the same business began to de
velop in Haverhill. Gradually this business was removed to Haverhill,
and Bradford became mainly a residential town.
The first meeting house, within which a gallery had been built in
1690, after thirty-five years of use fell into decay, and in December,
1705, it was voted to build a new meeting house on a knoll a few rods
east of the old one. By the side of this new but unpainted and unwarmed
structure there was placed a "nooning house" with great fireplaces, where
the people might spend the time between services. Within these olden-
day churches the tithing men, one for each ten families, not only pre
served order, but prevented careless inattention. "It is indecent and
irreverent," this church voted in 1723, "to lay down the head and sleep
in the house of God." Before the door in the early years stood a guard
with flint-lock musket, to watch against the attack of the red enemy.
Because of the distance which the residents in the eastem part of
the town, had to travel, and not because of any disagreements, a new
parish was created — ^the East Parish — and incorporated, June 17, 1726,
and a new church organized ten days later. In the old parish there: was
a succession of notable pastors, the successor of the Rev. Thomas
Symmes being the Rev. Joseph Parsons, who came to Bradford in 1726,
when he was but twenty-four years of age. He was one of the New
England ministers who signed a protest to the Boston ministry against
permitting Whitefield to enter their pulpits. His successor was the Rev.
Samuel Williams, a man of profound scholarship, and especially inter
ested in scientific investigation. Many young men, afterwards dis
tinguished, were his pupils, among them Benjamin Thompson, Count
Rumford, who has been classed with Franklin among the men of that
penod. His ministry lasted until June 14, 1780, when he was made pro
fessor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Harvard College. He
was a fervent patriot during the Revolution, and he had the proud satis-

:• ''.»i«^Bsai«ayi2l^

ABOVE— HIGH SCHOOL, HAVERHILL; BELOW, BRADFORD ACADEMY,
HAVERHILL

HAVERHILL 471
faction of reading from his pulpit the Declaration of Independence.
In Bradford Common there is a boulder of granite marking the site
of the third meeting house, standing there from 1751 to 1833, and com-
memmorating the organization in this building of the American Board
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the first foreign missionary
society formed in America. The inscription on the north face recounts
that: The American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions
was organized June 29, 1810
in the Church that stood here
It has carried the Gospel
into many lands and ministered to nullionB
through churches, schools and hospitals
The institution that has given especial distinction to Bradford is the
academy, Bradford Academy, which had its origin in a meeting held
March 7, 1803, in the home of Joseph Chadwick in the outskirts of the
village to consider how the village school system might be supplemented.
In this meeting a resolution was passed that a building should be erected
for an academy, and this resolution was vitalized by gifts that made the
foundation of the school possible. A lot was procured, a building erected,
a preceptor and preceptress were engaged, and in June, three months
after the first neighborhood meeting, Bradford Academy was opened for
its first term of twelve weeks, with an enrollment of fifty-one pupils,
"fourteen gentlemen and thirty-seven ladies," coming from fifteen com
munities. The humble building that cradled this school stood in the lot
so long used for school purposes on the south-west comer of Main street
and Joel's Road, now Kingsbury avenue. The first preceptor, Samuel
Walker of Haverhill, the honor man of the class of 1802 of Dartmouth
College, received for his services for a single term $80 and his board;
the first preceptress. Miss Hannah Swan, received $5 per week and her
board, and for many years these wages were not exceeded. In 1804 the
institution was incorporated. In the first eleven years of its administra
tion there were thirteen different preceptors. Most marked of these in
his influence upon the school was the Rev. Abraham Bumham, preceptor
from May, 1805, until February, 1807, who changed the spirit of the
school from careless levity to eamestness and spirituality. The mis
sionaries, Harriet Atwood Newell and Ann Haseltine Judson, were
among those strengthened by his influence.
The last preceptor of the Academy was Benjamin Greenleaf, whose
term of service extended from December 12, 1814, to April 6, 1836, a man
of marked personality, great directness, original methods and many pecu
liarities, who as a teacher was patterned after no model and who could
have no imitators. He was bom in the west parish of Haverhill, Sep
tember 25, 1786, the son of Caleb and Susannah Emerson Greenleaf, and
was a descendant of Edmund Greenleaf, born in England in 1600 and
coming to Newbury in 1635, an ancestor, also, of John Greenleaf Whit
tier. A farmer's son, living four miles from the village, at fourteen
years of age Benjamin Greenleaf did not know the multiplication table,
yet he was hungry for knowledge and spent his spare time in reading, and
his few pennies for books. The breaking of a leg tumed the current of
his life, and he was able to enter Dartmouth College, from which institu
tion he was graduated in 1813. The mathematical series of text books

472 ESSEX COUNTY
of which he was the author had their first publication in 1835, the pro
duct of twenty years of thought and practice. Of his Common School
Arithmetic five hundred and sixty thousand were printed from the first
plates, and more than a million were issued in all. His coimection with
the Academy as a trastee lasted until his death, October 29, 1864,
In 1836 the male department of the Academy was discontinued, and
the institution devoted entirely to female education. The head of the
school as an academy for young ladies was Miss Abigail Carleton Hasel
tine, bom in Bradford, March 15, 1783, and a teacher in the school since
1815. An appeal was immediately made for funds for a new building,
and in 1841 a new and spacious edifice was dedicated, the old building
being removed to the rear of the lot and named "Willow Hall." Miss
Haseltine remained in service until July, 1848, and later gave additional
administration to the Academy, her duties closing definitely in 1852. Fol
lowing her in administration came Miss Rebecca I. Gilman, and her suc
cessor was Miss Abby Haseltine Johnson. In Miss Johnson's administra
tion the large tract of land wherein the present buildings are located was
bought and transformed into beautiful graded grounds, wherein was built
a new building, dedicated in 1871, which, with the west wing added in
1883, and the east wing added in 1892, constitutes the present edifice.
Miss Abby H. Johnson, under whose direction the Academy had so
expanded and prospered, resigned in 1873. She was succeeded by Miss
Annie E. Johnson, formerly principal of the Framingham Normal School,
a woman of strong mentality, with a heart of great tenderness, who
placed stress upon the building of character. The years of her great ser
vice to the Academy were terminated by her death in 1892. Her succes
sor was Miss Ida C. Allen, a woman of high artistic development, to
whose pure taste and personal generosity the arrangement and adorn
ment of the public rooms is largely due. Upon her resignation in 1901
the trustees chose as her successor Miss Laura A. Knott, then at the head
of the English department in the Lowell Normal School. Miss Knott's
aspirations and strivings for her pupils are seen in her little volume of
eamest counsel, published in 1916, "Vesper Talks to Girls." Upon her
resignation, in 1920, the present very efficient principal, Miss Marion
Coates was inducted into office.
The Haverhill Historical Society had its origin in the presentation
of the needs of such an association in a city so rich in traditions and his
tory as Haverhill, made to the Fortnightiy Club (a literary club of gentie
men) by a member, which resulted in the appointment of a committee
from this club and from the Monday Evening Club (an older literary
club of gentiemen) to put it into effect. At a meeting at Winnekenni
Castie on June 29, 1897, at which representative ladies and gentlemen
were present, an organization was made. Judge Ira A. Abbott being
chosen president The building occupied by the society is the former
home of Col. Samuel W. Duncan, who died in eariy manhood in 1824 and
was long occupied by his widow. At her death it became the property
of the Hon. James H. Duncan, and by his daughter, Mrs. Mary Duncan
Hams, the mansion house, with an acre-and-a-half of land, was given to
the society as a memorial of her father. The house, built probably in
1914, occupies the site of a "Saltonstall Seat," built probably in 1663 by
Nathaniel Saltonstall, who married Elizabeth, the gentie daughter of
John Ward, the first minister, and received this land from his father-in-
law as the dowry of his bride. The location is the scene of Whittier's
poem, The Sycamores." Close by is the humble gambrel-roofed cottage

ABOVE, BIRTHPLACE OF JOHN G. WHITTIER, EAST HAVERHILL, POSSESSED
BY JOHN G. WHITTIER ASSOCIATION; BELOW, WINNEKENNI CASTLE,
HAVERHILL

HAVERHILL 47a
of John Ward, occupying its original site and restored to its early con
dition, supposed to be the first frame house built in Haverhill. The Ayer-
Elliott Memorial Hall, added to the mansion, and dedicated June 16, 1917,
was the gift of Mrs. Emma S. Elliott Cote and Miss Mary R. Elliott in
memory of their father and mother, Samuel and Sophia (Ayer) Elliott.
On November 16, 1873, a disastrous fire, originating in the Prescott
building, west of Washington Square, destroyed eight buildings in the
shoe district and caused a money loss of $175,000, and the death of two
esteemed citizens, Amos George and Amos C. Heath. On February 17,
1882, occurred the most extensive fire in the history of the city. Shortly
after midnight on that date fire was discovered in a wooden building
standing on the north side of Washington street and half-way between
Washington Square and Railroad Square. It spread rapidly, and when,
after* four hours, it was checked, it had swept out of existence the build
ings of the shoe district from the river to Wingate street, and from
Washington Square to Railroad Square, with the exception of two. The
money loss was a million and a half dollars, and one life was sacri
ficed, that of Joseph St. Germaine, who was killed by a falling chimney
after the fire had been subdued. 'The night was intensely cold' and there
was a very high wide, and only the assistance given by the fire depart
ments of Lawrence, Newburyport, Lowell and Dover prevented the dis
aster from being a stupendous one. The throwing out of employment of
3,000 operatives, the losses and general disorganization, made it advisable
to establish a relief commission. With commendable courage the manu
facturers re-established their operations wherever even the most primi
tive accommodations could be found, and when a year had gone by, at a
dinner on the anniversary of the fire, they were able to congratulate one
another and the city on the new growth of the district and the recovery
from the severe conflagration.
On July 4, 1876, the city of Haverhill celebrated the centennial an
niversary of the birth of the nation with a fulness of patriotic exercises.
There was an abundance of decorations, a civic procession, and in the
aftemoon an oration on "The Colonial and Revolutionary History of
Haverhill," delivered in the City Hall before the city govemment and the
general public by Dr. John Crowell, a son of the town, of much literary
ability and thoroughly versed in local history.
In 1890, during the week beginning June 29, the city elaborately
celebrated the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of its settlement.
In honor of this event, the officials of the city sent invitations to be pres
ent to its notable sons and daughters abroad, to many distinguished men,
and to the officials of the town of Haverhill in England. Of the govern
ing board of that town, the chairman, the Hon. Daniel Gurteen, with his
daughter, Grace, came across the Atlantic to be the guests of the city.
On Sunday there was an observance of the aimiversary by the clergy in
the Academy of Music. On Tuesday aftemoon the literary exercises
were held in the same place in the presence of an audience of especial
distinction. The historic address was given by Samuel White Duncan,
D. D., a son of the Hon. James H. Duncan. A poem by Dr. John Crowell,
whose death preceded by a few months the celebration in which he had
been deeply interested, was read by Prof. John W. Churchill of Andover.
To these exercises John Greenleaf Whittier contributed his fine poem,
"Haverhill," which, at his request, was read by Albert L. Bartlett. The
Hon. Daniel Gurteen formally presented an address from the citizens of
Haverhill, Ehigland. This beautiful document was engrossed on two

474 ESSEX COUNTY
sheets of vellum, surrounded by watered silk, and was inclosed in a box
of polished oak, with a silver plate inset containing the inscription. At
the sides of the inscription are the flags of England and the United States,
and beneath clasped hands, signifying the bond of fnendship.
On Thursday there was a grand parade, in which all departments
of the city took part, and to which the merchants and fraternal orders
contributed floats and displays. The St. James societies arranged a senes
of eight tableaus, illustrating historic events in the history of the town:
The Coming of the First Settiers, the First Meeting House, the Admims-
tration of Justice, the Capture of Hannah Duston, the Escape of Mrs.
Duston, the Indian Attack of 1708, a New England Kitchen in the Olden
Days, the Fire Company of 1768, and Washington's Visit (1789). The
French societies contributed floats illustrating the scenes connecting
France and America. There was a loan exhibition of historic and old-
time articles, and all places in the city of unusual interest were marked
with explanatory signs.
The city celebrated Old Home Week for the first time on the days
from July 26 to 31, 1903, with a banquet in City Hall on Tuesday even
ing, at which there were notable speeches by distinguished guests, with
a civic parade on Wednesday, an old-fashioned Firemen's Muster on
Thursday, and especial events for the children on Thursday, with fire
works in the evening.
The 275th anniversary of the settlement of the town was observed
by a celebration of great impresslveness and beauty on October 10 and
11, 1915. The literary exercises were on Sunday aftemoon, when the
Govemor of the Commonwealth brought the congratulations of the
State and gave a stirring patriotic speech, and the mayor, Albert L. Bart
lett, gave the historic address on "Haverhill: 1640 — 1915." An address
was delivered in the evening by a former pastor of the city, the Rev.
Nehemiah Boynton, D.D. On Monday there was a large civic parade,
and, in the evening, a splendid display of fireworks at Riverside Park.
Haverhill has been honored by the election of five of its citizens as
members of Congress — Hon. Bailey Bartlett, who served from 1797 to
1801; Hon. Leonard White, who served from 1811 to 1813; Hon. John
Varnum, who served from 1826 to 1830; Hon. James H. Duncan, who
served from 1848 to 1852 ; and Hon. William H. Moody, who served from
1895 to 1902. The career of Mr. Moody, to whom the gates of succes
sive honors seemed to open easily until he attained the highest aim of his
ambition, followed almost immediately by physical disability that lasted
through long years when the body was helpless, while the mind was clear
and active, was brilliant in its accomplishment and pathetic in its close.
He was born in Newbury, December 23, 1853, the son of Henry Lord and
Melissa Augusta (Emerson) Moody. From the public schools of Salem,
to which city his parents had removed, he entered Phillips Academy,
Andover, in 1870, and thence he went to Harvard College in 1872. In his
earlier academic years he was more distinguished for interest in athletics
than for scholarly attainment, but in his last year in college his intel
lectual ability manifested itself and he became the unquestioned leader
of his class in scholarship and in that keenness and energy of mind that
henceforth formed his most conspicuous attributes. After a course at
the Harvard Law School, he entered the office of the Hon. Richard H.
Dana, the author of "Two Years Before the Mast," an able and profound
lawyer, and a scholarly gentleman, who knew with exactness the cour
tesies of the best society. Mr. Moody often expressed his great obliga-

HAVERHILL 475
tions to the training that he received from the influence of Mr. Dana.
From this office he came to Haverhill and formed a partnership first with
Edwin N. Hill, ahd later with Hon. Joseph K. Jenness. In 1881 he form
ed a partnership with Horace E. Bartlett which continued until the death
of Judge Bartlett in December, 1899.
In 1888 Mr. Moody was appointed city solicitor of the city of
Haverhill, and later, he was elected district attomey. In November,
1895, upon the death of General William Cogswell, representative of the
Sixth Massachusetts Congressional District, Mr. Moody was elected to
fill the unexpired term. He served in the House of Representatives for
seven years, moving rapidly into prominence and leadership, and attract
ing national attention as well ag winning the high confidence and esteem
of his associates. On March 10, 1902, President Roosevelt appointed
him Secretary of the Navy, to succeed ex-Govemor John L. Long. When
he retumed to Haverhill, after this appointment, the city gave him a
greeting of the greatest warmth and enthusiasm. The whole city was
aglow with illuminations, there was the music of bands, and salvos of
cheers from the citizens crowding the streets. On the evening of March
19 he was given a public reception at City Hall, and presented by the Hon.
George H. Carleton, in behalf of the city, with an illuminated address,
written by Albert L. Bartlett, expressing the pride of the city in the
honors that had come to him.
On July 1, 1904, he was transferred to the position of attomey-
general, and on December 17, 1906, by President Roosevelt's appoint
ment, he became a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Then, having reached through great ability and favoring fortune the
high position to which he had long and honorably aspired, disease smote
his body and, unconquerable, snapped his physical powers and compelled
his resignation. Upon his retirement on October 4, 1910, Roosevelt said
that there was no public servant whom the nation could so ill afford to
lose. His illness continued progressively until death came to him July
1, 1917. The funeral services in his home on July 5 were attended by
distinguished men with whom he had been associated, ex-President Taft,
Chief Justice White, Justice O. W. Holmes, and others. His body was
laid in the old burying ground of Newbury.
The city charter, under which the city had been administered since
its change from a town form of govemment in 1870, followed the form
established in most New England cities, providing a mayor, a chamber
of aldermen, one from each city ward, and a chamber of councilmen, two
from each ward. As the years passed, there was increasing dissatisfac
tion with the charter, because politics so largely entered into the elec
tions and appointments, the administration was divided among many
minor committees, and responsibility for mal-administration or extrava
gance could not easily be placed. There were several attempts to change
the charter, but none of them was successful until 1908. In the winter
of that year the distinguished ex-president of Harvard University, Dr.
Charles W. Eliot, spoke to a large and representative company of men
in the Portland Street Church on city administration, giving his strong
approval to the commission form of govemment as in operation in Des
Moines, Iowa. The distinguishing features of this form were : (a) the
absence of political and all other designations on the election ballots;
(b) a primary election, practically a caucus, from the results of which the
names of the two candidates for each office receiving the highest number
of votes were alone placed on the city election ballot; (c) a small city

476 ESSEX COUNTY
council, consisting of a mayor and four aldermen, chosen at large; (d)
each in charge of, and to a large extent, personally responsible for, one
of the five departments into which the administration of the city was
divided ; (e) employed at a moderate salary, but giving full tune to the
administration ; (f ) meeting as a council regularly, and being in constant
association and conference; (g) the recall, by which, upon petition of a
designated per cent, of the number of voters balloting at the last city
election, the holder of an elective office might be removed ; (h) the refer
endum, by which, in like manner, a measure passed by the municipal
council should be suspended from operation until submitted to the cit
izens and ratified by a majority vote of the qualified voters ; and (i) the
initiative, by which, similarly, the council might be directed to pass a
measure originating outside of the council chamber. The simplicity and
directness of this form of charter greatly appealed to those who listened
to the speaker, and a little group of men, walking home from the meeting,
decided to make an attempt to place Haverhill under such administrar
tion. Committees were formed, many meetings of deliberation were
held, the fullest publicity "and discussion were given to the subject, and a
new charter was drawn by Judge John J. Winn, with the aid of certain
advisors, which followed closely but not exactly the Des Moines one. A
petition favoring this charter, signed by 2,225 voters, was presented to
the Legislature, and this body granting its submission, it was adopted in
special election on October 6, 1908, by a vote of 3,066 yeas against 2,242
nays. Those who were opposed to its acceptance sought to have it de
clared unconstitutional upon five particulars, all having reference to the
mode of election. These were (1) restricting the names printed on the
city election ballot to the two receiving the highest number of votes in
the primary election; (2) denying the right to place upon the election
ballot the names of those nominated by nomination papers, or by a cau
cus ; (8) denying the right to have political or other designations upon the
ballot ; (4) requiring candidates to seek the office, that is, to file a swom
statement that he is a candidate for the specified office; (5) requiring
men to accept an office of uncertain tenure, with liability of being recalled.
The Supreme Court unanimously decided against each of these conten
tions, and upheld the constitutionality of the Haverhill charter. In the
first primary election under the new charter there were seven candidates
for mayor, sixty-six for aldermen, and sixteen for school committee, but
the voters chose with discrimination, and in the first city election made a
choice that was satisfactory to the whole city. In the thirteen years of
administration under this charter, there have been two attempts to
change the charter, both with powerful backing and aided by the fullest
publicity and advertising. These have been defeated by overwhelming
majorities, showing that the charter has the confidence of the citizens.
Its operation has been watched with great interest because Haverhill was
the first city in the East to accept a charter free from political dictation
and so radical in its provisions.
The following is a list of those who have been honored by election
as mayor of the city, in the order of their service, and with the years of
their administration. Under the first charter : 1. 1870-1871 Warner R
y^^^A^f 'u ^- o^^^.' ^^^' "^^y^"^; 3- 1873-1874, James V. Smiley; 4.
1875, Alpheus Currier; 5. 1876-1877, Joseph K. Jenness ; 6. 1878-1879
Nathan S. Kimball; 7. 1880-1881, Charies Shapleigh; 8. 1882-1883'
?^««f How; 9. 1884 Calvin H Weeks; 10. 188^ Joseph H. Sheldon ;
11. 1886, Calvm H. Weeks; 12. 1887, Joseph H. Sheldon; 13. ISSs'

HAVERHILL 477
George H. Carleton; 14. 1889, Fred G. Richards; 15. 1890-1892,
Thomas E. Bumham; 16. 1893-1894, Oliver Taylor; 17. 1895, Samuel
L. Jewett; 18. 1896-1897, Benjamin F. Brickett, died in office, April 10,
1897; 19. 1897, Edwin H. Moulton; 20. 1898, Daniel S. Chase; 21.
1899-1900, John C, Chase; 22. 1901-1902, Isaac Poor ; 23. 1903, Park-
man B. Flanders ; 24. 1904-1908, Roswell L. Wood.
Under the second charter— 25. 1909-1914, Edwin H. Moulton ; 26.
1915-1916, Albert L. Bartlett; 27. 1917-1918, Leslie K. Morse; 28.
1919-1920, Charles H. Croy; 29. 1921—, Parkman M. Flanders.
Haverhill was one of the first towns in Massachusetts to establish a
water-works system, being preceded only by Boston, 1652 ; Salem, 1795 ;
and Worcester, 1798. The situation of the town, built mainly on lands
lying closely by, or rising slightly from the banks of the Merrimack, with
several large lakes lying not far distant and on higher locations, pre
sented a condition distinctly advantageous for the establishing of an
aqueduct system. The pond lying by Mill street and known successively
as Ayer's Pond, Mill Pond, Plug Pond, and now as Lake Saltonstall, has
an elevation of 122 feet and covers 70 acres. At the southem outlet of
this pond a plug dam was built in early years, from which the name that
the i)ond long bore was derived. North of this and for many years tribu
tary to it lies Round Pond, with an elevation of 152 feet and containing
80 acres, A hundred rods east of this lies the beautiful sheet of water
long known as Great Pond, but christened in 1859 as Kenoza Lake, a
name selected by the poet Whittier, who wrote for the occasion the
poem, "Kenoza."
"Lake of the pickerel! let no more
The echoes answer back 'Great Pond,'
But sweet Kenoza, from thy shore
And watching lulls beyond.
"Kenoza I o'er no sweeter lake
Shall moming break or noon cloud saU;
No fairer form than thine shall take
The sunset's golden veil."
This lake has an elevation of 152 feet, and covers 225 acres. In the
westem part of the city, and three miles from its centre, is Crystal Lake,
formerly designated as Merrie's Pond, Merrie's Creek Pond, and Creek
Pond, covering 159 acres and with an elevation of 152 feet.
In January, 1798, Timothy Osgood and others petitioned the Legis
lature to be allowed incorporation under the name of the Haverhill
Aqueduct Company, for the purpose of "taking the water at & from the
round pond, so called, in Haverhill & conveying it through the several
streets of said Haverhill for the use & convenience of themselves and
others who may be desirous of being concemed therein & for their
greater use and convenience." Although there was opposition, the peti
tion was granted. The matter was held in abeyance, however, until
1802, when the sentiment of the town was strongly in favor of the aque
duct. The company was organized, October 11, 1802, in Harrod's Tav
ern, which stood on the site of the present City Hall. Land rights were
secured by payment of damages and an agreement that the grantors of
the land should have the privilege "of taking water at all times out of
said aqueduct sufficient to water their cattle." The first pipes were of
green logs, bored through with a two-inch auger. After the water had

478 ESSEX COUNTY
been let on, the pressure was so great that the log pipes burst. This
difficulty was solved by making a break in the pipe line and permitting
the water to ran into a reservoir, whence another pipe line ran out.
This reservoir was placed nearly opposite the Unitarian church on Main
street. In the early years the aqueduct was facetiously called the "River
Jordan," because an old man named Jordan bored the logs, put them
down, placed the faucets, thawed the stream when it was frozen, made
out the bills, and collected the money. His home and place of business
was at the comer of Main and Pond (now Kenoza avenue) streets. In
1848, when the lines of the aqueduct were greatly extended, the log
pipes were replaced by iron pipes. In 1867 it became apparent that the
water supply from Round Pound was insufficient to supply the rapidly-
growing town, and the company was authorized to use the waters of
Plug Pond and Kenoza Lake. Connection was made immediately with
Plug Pond, and in 1871, with Kenoza.
About 1870 a company called the Silver Hill Aqueduct Company
was formed to supply the residents of the district called Mount Washing
ton with water. A brick well was constructed close by the Merrimack
river and from this, by a windmill, the water was forced to a reservoir
on land 160 feet higher, whence it was conducted by pipes to the resi
dences supplied. The rights and property of this company were sold in
1879 to the Haverhill Aqueduct Company. In the same year the latter
company erected a standpipe on Kenoza avenue, and began to supple
ment the gravity system, hitherto used, by a high-service system. After
the great fire of Febraary 18, 1882, high-service pipes were laid for fire
protection. In 1882 the company acquired the mill sites on the stream
flowing from Crystal Lake, and in 1884 the Legislature granted the right
to use the water of this lake. The company immediately laid a 16-inch
cement pipe from the lake to the city.
In 1884 there was an agitation for the acquirement of the aqueduct
plant by the city, and hearings were held by a committee of the city
govemment, but no definite action towards this result was taken until
1890. In that year a committee of investigation was appointed, and in
the following year the formal order of taking was passed by both branches
of the city govemment, and this order was approved by the mayor, June
10, 1891. A commission of three was appointed by the Supreme Judicial
Court to determine the price to be paid. The company made a claim for
$3,000,000, but the commission fixed the price to be paid as $637,500,
with interest from July 6, 1891, the city to pay the fees of the commis
sioners, amounting to $7,655. The total cost to the city of the hearings,
mcluding experts and counsel fees, was $22,000. The water commis
sioners eariy acquired 623 acres of land, around its storage basin and
Lake Kenoza, at a cost of $157,432, a portion of which is under the con
trol of the Park Cormnission, forming beautiful Winnekenni Park In
1894-5 the Millvale storage basin was constructed by damming East
Meadow river. This has a capacity of 118,000,000- gallons, and the
water from this is pumped through a 24-inch pipe into Kenoza Lake, a
distance of one mile. In 1897, when the town of Bradford became a
part of the municipality of Haverhill, the water commission took in
charge the water system of that place. The source of this supply is
Johnson s Pond, having an area of 22 acres. From this the water is
pumped into a reservoir of 1,000,000 gallons capacity, and is conveyed
by high pressure service.
The board of water commissioners consists of five mfembers, each

HAVERHILL 479
serving for five years, elected by the municipal council, and having full
charge of all matters connected with the department. The chairman
alone is paid, the other members serving gratuitously; the administra
tion of the board has been since its first formation of high character and
excellent ability.
The response of Haverhill to patriotic calls has ever been imme
diate and full, and in the Spanish War, the Mexican Border War, and
the World War her sons have freely offered themselves to their country.
On February 15, 1898, the United States Battleship Maine was destroyed
in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, by a submarine mine, as the investigat
ing committee officially declared. The relations between the United
States and Spain grew more and more tense until they were severed on
April 21. On that day the Senate passed a bill for a volunteer army of
100,00Cr men, and the North Atlantic Squadron sailed to blockade the
harbor of Havana. The President's call for volunteers was issued April
23, and on April 25 President McKinley made official declaration that a
state of war with Spain had existed since April 21.
As soon as war seemed imminent, measures were taken to fill to its
full complement the local company. Company F of the 8th Massachusetts
Volunteer Militia. The officers of this company were Captain, Will C.
Dow ; 1st Lieutenant, O. W. Svanberg (of Amesbury) ; 2nd Lieutenant,
David E. Jewell ; 1st Sergeant, David F. Whittier. There was a rumor
that the company was to be called on Tuesday, April 26, and the city was
full of excitement on that moming, but it was not until May 4 that the
order to move was received. On May 5 the departure of the company
occurred. The address of farewell was given by the mayor, Daniel S.
Chase, at the foot of the Common, where in years long past, the Revolu
tionary minute men and the Civil War volunteers had been given their
God-speed, and with an escort of police and of the veterans of the G. A.
R. and other oragnizations, a procession was made through streets to the
railway station. The company went into camp at Camp Dewey in
Framingham, and thence they went to Camp Thomas at Chickamauga,
and later to Cuba.
In the War of the Mexican Border the same procedure was practi
cally repeated. The call of twelve strokes on the fire bells, repeated
three times, on the moming of June 19, 1916, summoned Company F,
8th Regiment, M. V. M., to assemble at the armory on Kenoza avenue, to
prepare to entrain for the South Framingham camp, there to await or
ders to proceed to the border. The officers were Captain, Charles H.
Morse ; Lieutenant, Johii D. Hardy ; 1st Sergeant, George A. Colloton.
A year later the entrance of the United States into the World War
made strong and serious demands upon the young life and all of the ener
gies and resources of Haverhill, as it did of all other patriotic communi
ties. On the moming of July 27, 1917, Battery A, Second Massachu
setts Field Artillery, which had been recruited in Haverhill, left for the
Boxford training camp under these officers: Captain Charles H. Morse,
Lieutenants Benjamin P. Harwood and William H. Root; 2nd Lieuten
ants George W. Langdon and Percy L. Wendell ; 1st Sergeant Albert L.
Houle; while, a short time later. Company F, commanded by Captain
John D. Hardy; 1st Lieutenant George A. Colloton; 2nd Lieutenant
John B. Peaslee ; 1st Sergeant Harry C. Davis (of Merrimac) , and num
bering 150 men, was taken by autos to the camp at Lynnfield.
No attempt can be made in this limited article to give the history of
the participation of Haverhill in the World War, nor to name those who

480 ESSEX COUNTY
placed above all else the call of their country, and offered life, service
and substance to win the victory. All activities, the recruiting of troops,
the draft board service, the Red Cross, the Liberty Loans, all movements,
were fully met and with the willing spirit, and the sacrifices and losses
touched the whole city. More than 4100 young men were enrolled in
the army and the navy, and more than one hundred gave their lives in
sacrifice, while more than one hundred were cited for bravery.
The population of Haverhill, census of 1920, is 53,884 ; its valuation,
1921, is $64,890,531. The annual appropriation for all purposes is $2,-
016,374 ; for municipal administration solely, $1,700,129. For the schools
the appropriation is $587,000, or 34 per cent, of the total for administra
tion. The schools are administered by a force of nearly 300 supervisors
and instructors. The number of pupils in the high school is approxi
mately 1,700, and in all the schools above 8,000.
The fire department consists of the chief engineer, four assistant
engineers, and seventy-four firemen. There are, in addition, two village
companies, one in Ayer's Village and one in Rock's Village. The de
partment is completely motorized. The appropriation for this depart
ment, 1921, is $172,835. The police department consists of a marshal,
deputy-marshal, and fifty-nine other members, and a reserve force of
sixteen. The department is motorized, and has two motorcycle police.
Since 1916 a police woman has been a member of the department, and
has done excellent preventive and reformatory work in addition to other
duties. The appropriation for this department is $123,942.
The city cares for its sick and injured by the General Stephen Henry
Gale Hospital, instituted in 1916, for which the appropriation is $104,-
€00; the Tuberculosis Hospital, for which the appropriation is $24,579,
and a dispensary, for which the appropriation is $4,765 ; the Contagious
Hospital, for which the appropriation is $21,900; the Hale Hospital, a
public institution, administered by a board of trustees ; an infirmary con
nected with the City Farm; and a general Board of Health, equipped
with nurses, school physicians, and school dentists.
The Public Library is one of the most serviceable in the State, and
is most liberal in its provisions for lending. A system of branch libraries
reaches each school in the city, and there are large and important public
branches in Bradford and in Washington Square. The library is especial
ly rich in works of art and rare books,, and its collection of editions,
pamphlets, fugitive articles, pictures, and material relatihg to the poet
Whittier is probably the most complete one in existence. The birth
place of Whittier, the scene of many of his poems, and world-known as
the scene of the New England idyll, "Snow-Bound," is owned by the
Whittier Association, and is preserved as a typical New England farm-
homestead of the early nineteenth century. Its furnishings are those
used by the family of the poet, the old kitchen being in this respect of
especial interest. The extensive grounds are kept in the simple, homely
style of Whittier's boyhood days. The house and grounds are open to
the public.
1,11 l\^^^ limited space in this volume accorded to the city of Haver
hill, I have sought to present the outstanding matters of interest in the
history of the place. But in every year of its existence there have been
matters and occurrences worthy of being related, for which there is not
room here, and its civic life has been constantly enriched by men and
women of high character and lofty purposes and untiring energy, whose
biographies are deserving of record :

HAVERHILL 481
"And never in the hamlet's bound
Was lack of sturdy manhood found;
And never failed the kindred good
Of brave and helpful womanhood."
To write these would make this article; far transcend the bounds set
for it, while not to write them occasions deep regret. For necessary
omissions, the writer of this article craves forgiveness, while he writes,
as the last line, the prayer of Whittier, "I pray God bless the good old
town." Here concludes Mr. Albert L. Bartlett's excellent narrative.
In addition to the well-written description, or rather, story, of
Haverhill, by Hon. Albert L. Bartlett, other important facts in the his
tory and detailed development of the city follow. From a publication
put out in 1919, by the Haverhill Chamber of Commerce, the same having
been written by Daniel N. Casey, secretary of that body, this is found rela
tive to the city's growth :
Haverhill is the fastest-growing shoe city, and in the period from 1909 to 1914,
which was the last taken by the census of this State, Haverhill made a net gain
of thirteen shoe manufacturing establishments, leading all other competing shoe
centres in the number of concerns gained in this period. In that five years also,
Haverhill gained a total of fifty-two manufacturing establishments, and in 1919
had a total of nearly four hundred industrial plants. Haverhill has more in
dividual shoe manufacturing concems than any other city on the North American
continent, about one hundred and thirty-five firms being devoted to the manufacture
of boots and shoes. Haverhill is also a center for the cut-stock trade, there being
about one hundred and forty firms engaged in this Une. Worsted goods, hats,
morocco goods, leather, box-board, wooden and paper boxes are also produced in
Haverhill. Haverhill for a long time was known strictly as a woman's shoe center,
and is today the slipper city of the world. Her manufacturers have also gone into
the production of other lines of footwear, so that now Haverhill is producing twenty-
five million pairs of shoes a year' for men, women and children in turns, welts, and
McKays. The growth of Haverhill in all lines, particularly in the last ten years, has been
steady. Haverhill has added an average of one thousand persons a year to her
population in the past decade, has built an average of a modern shoe factory a
year in the past ten years, and in, the last five years has added seven and one-half
million dollars to the value of her manufactured products, while her building per
mits have averaged close to a million and a half every year. New concems and
complete store alterations have naturally followed and 2,000 tenements and homes
have been built. Gas in Haverhill in 1919 is eighty cents per thousand feet. Elec
tricity for lighting is eleven cents kw. hour, with a power rate as low as any
in the State. Haverhill has forty miles of street car trackage. It has an area of
thirty-two square miles. There are two general hospitals, a tuberculosis and a
contagious hospital. Sixty trains a day arrive and depart from Haverhill depot, on
the main line of the Boston & Maine. Direct express service to Boston and express
direct to New York. Haverhill has four national banks, a trust company, three
savings and two co-operative banks. Settler in 1640, made a city in 1870, Haver
hiU has a population of 53,000.
Albert M. Child, secretary of the Haverhill Shoe Manufacturers'
Association, two years ago had an article published, from which many of
Essex — 31

482 ESSEX COUNTY
the subjoined points have been extracted, showing, as they do, much
that is relative to Haverhill's great and growing industry:
When we study the history of shoemaking, we find it to be one of the fost
industries to be taken up in Haverhill, after John Ward and his band of ^dventuf"^^
spirits paddled up the Merrimac in 1640 and settled in the most beautiful ^pot which,
their eyes beheld upon its banks. From making shoes ^"^ ^i^eyn^fves then for
their neighbors and then on and on, the industry grew, ""til m the fifties and
sixties, the city was developing into a Shoe City, reaching that distinction when
receiving its city charter in 1870; and in the summer of that year proving that
fact, when her shoe manufacturers entertained upon the eastem shore of Lake
Kenoza shoe buyers from every State in the Union, bringing them from Boston by
spcial train, banqueting them in the "Old Stone House" and returmng them to Bos
ton Haverhill shoe manufacturers of 1870 knew and practiced successful methods
of making, advert;ising and selling their goods. Their successors, with this in
herited knowledge, have, with infinite study, acquired the highest ability in devising
new styles and fancy combuiations to attract and please the buyer. Her shoe
workers are born to the business, growing up in it, trained in it; employers and em
ployes thinking, talking, dreaming and making shoes. So Haverhill well merits its
acknowledged position as the "Leading Slipper City of the Worid." The Cham
ber of Commerce slogan, "HaverhUl Shoes Tread the Carpets of the Globe," is just
as true as though stated in less-thrilling language.
In 1876 at the Philadelphia Centennial, an exhibition of shoes by a local firm,
Hazen B. Goodrich & Co., won a medal for unsurpassed style and workmanship.
Although the style was the square toe and low heel of the period, the workmanship
cannot be bettered today.
In 1919, the value of men's shoes made was $6,000,000. From the State statis
tics in 1914 — seven years ago — Haverhill had 126 manufacturing establishments de
voted exclusively to the making of boots and shoes. The capital invested was
approximately $9,500,000; the value of the stock and material was $14,569,417; and
the amount of wages paid $6,318,254, while the value of the products reached $25,-
319,953. In 1916 the Bureau of Statistics' for Massachusetts had these figures on the
various industries of Haverhill: Number of factory institutions, 364; capital in
vested, $20,496,000; value of stock and material used, $28,000,000; wages paid that
year, $8,598,000; average yearly earnings, $643.96; number males employed, 8,832;
females employed 4,521; value of products, $44,000,000. These industries were
classed as follows: Boot and shoe cut stock and findings, 135 concems; boots and
shoes, 119; boxes, fancy and paper, 6; bread and bakery products, 18; cutlery and
tools, 4; foundry and machine shop, models and pattems, 6; tobacco manufac
turers, 4; other industries, 67.
In 1861, or more than three-score years ago, George Wingate Chase
wrote a small volume devoted to the history of Haverhill, in which is
found this description of the shoe making industry of the town, from the
earliest date. This is all the more interesting when one learns that about
one-seventh of all the value in foot-wear in the United States comes from
the present-day factories of Haverhill, for these great plants have then-
salesmen in all civilized countries of the entire globe. (Beginning on
page 532 of the work just named, this article reads as follows) :
The first shoemaker in the town was doubtless Andrew Greeley, who came here
in 1646, and some of his descendants stUl reside here and are engaged in the shoe

HAVERHILL 483
business. From the above date until within the present century (Eighteenth),
shoemaking was confined almost exclusively to the wants of our own community.
Shoes were not made up in quantities and kept on hand for sale, like most kinds
of goods at the present day; much less were they manufactured for the foreign
trade. The time is almost within the memory of persons living (1861), when it
was the common custom, outside the villages, for shoemakers to "whip the stump";
i.e., go from house to house, stopping at each long enough to make up a year's
supply of shoes for the famUy. Farmers usually kept a supply of leather on hand
for the family use and in many cases they were their own cobblers. Sometimes a
farmer was also a shoemaker for the whole neighborhood, and worked at it on rainy
days and during the winter months.
In the villages, the "Village Cobbler", or shoemaker, gradually came to keep a
little stock of leather on hand, and to exchange shoes with the farmer, tanners
and traders, and others for produce, leather, foreign goods, etc. In this vUlage, as
late as 1794, there is said to have been but two shoemakers. Robert Willis remem
bers being in the shop of Enoch Marsh, in that year, when the latter was making a
pair of shoes for Captain Benjamin Willis — of the privateer brig Betsey — between
the soles of which a layer of gold pieces was placed. The precaution proved to
have been timely, as the brig was captured the same voyage.
In the course of time, store-keepers began to keep a few shoes on hand for
sale. This grew out of the barter system of trade, then so common. They bartered
v(dth the shoemaker for shoes; bartered the shoes with the back country farmers
for produce, and then bartered the produce for English and West India goods.
In 1795, Moses Gale, of Haverhill, advertised that he had "several thousand
fresh dry hides" which he would exchange for shoes, and would give credit untU.
the shoes could be made from the same hides. This is the earliest authentic in
formation we have found of what might be called a wholesale shoe business in town.
From this time on, the manufacture of shoes was regular and grew rapidly. Among
the earliest to engage in this line were Moses and James Atwood, who also kept a
store in the village. During the war of 1812, the first named sent a wagon load
of shoes to PhUadelphia, on which he realized a handsome profit. Later Mr. At
wood moved to PhUadelphia and founded the first wholesale shoe house of that
city. Phineas Webster was of the earliest, if not the very first, who made the whole
sale manufacture of shoes his business; this commenced in 1815. At first he ex
changed most of his shoes in Danvers for morocco and leather. The Danvers
tanners and curriers packed their shoes in barrels, sugar boxes, tea chests and
hogsheads, without regard to size or quality, then shipped them to Philadelphia
and Baltimore, where they were exchanged for produce.
In March, 1832, there were twenty-eight shoe factories in HaverhUl, viz: Jacob
Caldwell, Caldwell & Pierce, Anthony Chase, Tappan & Chase, Samuel Tappan,
Charles Davis, Benjamin Emerson, Jesse Emmerson, Samuel George, Joseph Gree
ley, Gubtal & Haseltine, Harmon & Kimball, Moses Haynes, Caleb Hersey, Kelly
& Chase, Richard Kimball, Oliver P. Lake, Thomas Meady, James Noyes, Peter
Osgood, Page & Kimball, Daniel S. Perley, Job Tyler, Isiah Webster, David Whit
taker, Whittier & George, John Woodman. The first morocco used here came from
Newburyport and Danvers. The first morocco dressed here was by Jesse Harding.
In 1836, Rufus Slocumb, who ran the first line to Boston that year, made one
hundred and fourteen trips, taking from Haverhill in all, that year, 26,955 cases
of shoes, amounting to nine hundred and nine tons.
In 1837, Haverhill had forty-two shops running, and fourteen tanneries and
leather dealers. In 1857 the place had ninety shoe factories, eighty-two of which
were in the center of the place; also eighteen inner sole and stiffening factories.
The Boston & Maine raUroad books show that these were the shipments for three

484 ESSEX COUNTY
decades: In 1850 there were shipped 46,000 cases; in 1855 there were 59,984 and in
1860, it reached 67,856 cases of shoes shipped out of the place.
The latest City Directory gives the following list of factories as
connected with the shoe trade in Haverhill : Box factories, nme ; black
ing-makers, four; last manufactories, two; leather-board makers, four;
leather dealers, fifty-one; leather manufacturers, three; morocco manu
facturers, two; wooden heels shops, sixteen. The number of mdividual
companies or firms in the shoe business in the city is one hundred and
forty. The sum total of value of boots and shoes made in HaverhiU m
1920 was $30,000,000.
Not alone in the manufacture of shoes has Haverhill been noted as
an industrial center. As eariy as 1747, a hatter named Jonathan Web
ster engaged in the manufacture of hats for men and boys. Other early
hatters were Nathan Webster, Isaac How, John Ayer, John A. Houston
& Co,, the last-named company were employing fifteen men m 1861,
Two hundred and fifty dozen hats were being made each month at that
date. The products were carted to Boston and Salem. Some were
taken on horseback and others in one-horse carts. They were made of
beaver fur, and some of muskrat hides, as well as others of raccoon fur,
the last named being "every day" hats. The best" fur hats sold at $7
each and lasted a lifetime. At one time this was a big industry in Haver
hill. When the Chamber of Commerce for Haverhill published its booklet
setting forth the advantages of the city in 1918-19, it recited Postmaster
L. F. McNamara's account of the postal affairs of Haverhill, and the
same will here follow:
Doing an annual business of more than $140,000, and employing over one
hundred people in the transmission of it^ business, the HaverhUl postoffice must
be considered a most important link in Havei-hUl's industry. Haverhill is a first-
class postoffice and enjoys practically all of the postal advantages of the larger cen
ters. MaUs are received and dispatched at all hours during the day and night, and
eleven contract stations, dependent upon the Haverhill postoffice, are so estab
lished that they render convenient service to all the citizens.
In 1893 the erection of the present postoffice building, in Washingrton Square,
was begun and was finished and occupied the following year. The cost was $75,-
000. The land on which the postoffice stands is part of the orignal grant of
two hundred acres of parsonage land, which was granted as pasture land, to Rev.
John Ward, the first minister of Haverhill. On this lot also was set the first
engine-house erected in HaverhUl, this latter having been built in 1783.
The postoffice has kept pace with the growth of the city. September 1, 1882,
Haverhill was given its first letter carriers, and at that time there were but five.
Today HaverhUl has thirty-nine regular and ten substitute carriers, thirty-four
regular and six substitute clerks and four rural carriers. There are three branch
offices in Groveland, South Groveland and Georgetown. The eleven contract sta
tions include East Haverhill, and Ayers VUlage. There are nine numbered stations,
and one independent station in the Bradford district.
In the last ten years, whUe HaverhUl has been growing ten thousand people,
the revenue of the postoffice has nearly doubled. For the calendar year ending 1906

HAVERHILL 485
the receipts were $78,439.40, and for the calendar year ending January 1, 1917, the
receipts were $143,926.75. May 1, 1917, there were 364 depositors in the postal
savings department and there were $59,625 to their credit. There are about 200
maU boxes in the city proper and suburbs.
Midni^t collections are made from all boxes in the principal residential and
business districts, and clerks are on duty all night, dispatching these mails on the
early moming train. Two parcel post teams are operated all the time, and several
special delivery boys are employed to handle this special matter. The present
postmaster, appointed in 1913, succeeded Charles M. Hoyt, who was appointed in
1909. Clarence B. Lagacy is assistant postmaster, Nelson R. Foss has charge of the
finances, George L. Kelly is superintendent and John J. Cronin is assistant superin
tendent of mails.
The records from 1900 to 1917 show many interesting features, in
cluding these: Highest temperature recorded, 104 degrees on July 4,
1911. Lowest temperature recorded, 17 degrees below zero, on Febru
ary 12, 1914. The average yearly precipitation has been a fraction more
than thirty-eight inches. Greatest precipitation in 1900, when it was
forty-eight inches. The least precipitation was in 1914, when it was
only twenty-eight inches. The average snowfall is fifty inches, but in
1916 it was one hundred inches. The least snowfall in. any one year
was in 1913, when it was less than twenty inches. Greatest velocity of
wind was in 1915, on December 27, when it was eighty-five miles per
hour. According to the United States census statistics, Haverhill had a
population fro ml764 as follows : In 1764, estimated, 1,920 ; 1800, 2,730 ;
1820, 3,070; 1840, 4,336; 1850, 5,754; in 1860, 10,000; 1870, 13,092; 1880,
18,472; 1900, 37,175; 1910, 44,115; 1920, 53,884. The area of the city
is 21,985 acres, or more than 34 square miles. It has 140 miles of pub
lic streets, 75 miles of private streets, 60 miles of public sewers, 116 miles
of main water pipe, 91 miles of gas pipe mains, and 35 miles of street rail
way track.
In 1860 the assessed value of Haverhill was $5,450,000; today it is
almost fifty million dollars.
Many years ago, Haverhill had its popular (for those times) Board
of Trade, which was reorganized in May, 1901, with less than one hun
dred members. It served well its purpose, and in 1916 its name waa
changed to that of the Chamber of Commerce. It now has a member
ship of over one thousand. Among its accomplishments may be named
these : It started the factory building project in 1902, under the corporate
name of Haverhill Building Association ; it brought its influence to bear
on the introduction of a new street lighting system in 1913 and helped
raise $10,000 for this purpose. It has worked, in season and out of sea
son, to bring about the Merrimac river waterway project, by which
Haverhill will be able to load and unload large freight boats at her wharfs.
The train service has been much improved by reason of the work of the
Chamber of Commerce. In 1917 a traffic bureau was established. In

486 ESSEX COUNTY
brief, it may be said that this Chamber exemplifies the saying, "In Union
there is strength." Among its eariier officers, after it was known as
Chamber of Commerce, were these: Charies C, Chase, president; Charies
H, Dole, Charles N, Kelly, vice-presidents; George A. Childs, treasurer;
Daniel L. Casey, secretary. To these men is due much of the credit of
properiy founding this Chamber of Commerce, and such is and will ever
be recognized by thoughtful business men of Haverhill. These men took
up a work begun by the first Board of Trade, which was formed in 1888,
and put the modem touch to many business relations of Haverhill with
its city interests, as well as making friends with the great busy outside
world. The Haverhill Public Library was founded in 1873 by the Hon. E.
J. M. Hale, who offered the land for the site, and $30,000 on condition
that, if the city accepted the gift, a board of trastees should be appointed
by the Mayor and City Council, a further sum of $30,000 should be fur
nished by friends of the movement, and the city govemment should pay
the current expenses. This offer the city accepted, and $37,155.55 waa
raised by public subscription. The building was opened November 18,
1875, With Edward Capen, of Boston, as librarian. It then had 20,962
volumes, costmg $18,000. The cost of the building was $50,000. Hav
erhill then had a population of 15,000. Mr. Hale made many gifts to
the library in his life, and at death willed an endowment of $100,000,
half for maintenance and half for new books. Other bequests were
made by James E. Gale, Mrs. Caroline G. Ordway, Herbert I. Ordway,
James H. Carleton, Nathaniel E. Noyes, Matilda T. Elliott, Jonathan E.
Pecker and Elizabeth C, Ames, The total amount of endowment in 1918
was $157,829.72. At the date last named there were 108,000 volumes
in the library, and it ranked eighth in Massachusetts among the free city
libraries. This is the largest public library in New England, north of
Boston, and, with the exception of Northampton, is the largest public
library in the United States in cities of the size of Haverhill. About
five thousand volumes are added yearly, and there are nearly three hun
dred periodicals and newspapers on file. Here one sees some rare and
beautiful paintings and works of art. It has a collection of "first edi
tions" of John G. Whittier, and books about him, that are the largest
and most valuable of the Whittier collections in any city. This library
is of great value to the students of the public schools and Bradford Acad
emy. Indeed, it is a befitting monument to the giver, who passed from
earth's noble activities in 1881.
Haverhill is now a fine type of an American city. In 1869, by a
vote of 671 yeas to 141 nays, the act establishing the city of Haverhill
was adopted. January 3, 1870, the first city govemment was instituted,
with Hon. Warren R. Whittier as mayor. On November 2, 1896,, Brad
ford was annexed to Haverhill by mutual consent. This had been tried
on two previous dates — once in 1869 and again in 1872, but the measure

HAVERHILL 487
failed of passage. In October, 1908, a new city charter, founded on the
commission plan of city govemment, was adopted at a special election,
and under such form of city govemment the city is still carried on suc
cessfully. While it is styled the "Commission Plan," it is not, in fact,
that kind of a municipal govemment; although patterned thereafter, it
lacks several of the important features of such city govemment. In
1916, a member of the Council wrote this conceming the form of govem
ment: "The goveming body of the City of Haverhill, styled the 'Munici
pal Council,' is composed of a mayor and four aldermen elected at large
and without political designations, for terms of two years. In theory,
at least, it is supposed to be continuously on duty for the transaction of
the city's business, as indicated by some of the terms of the charter, by
the amounts of the salaries paid the council ($2,500 to the mayor and
$1,800 to the aldermen), and by the absence of any expressed power to
delegate any duties."
The following includes the present (1921) municipal officers for the
city: Mayor — Parkman B. Flanders, term expires 1923. Aldermen —
George W. Munsey, Jr., Albert L. Bartlett, George L. Martin, Horace M.
Sargent ; president of the council, George W, Munsey, Jr. School Com
mittee — ^Mayor Parkman B. Flanders, president ; Herman E. Lewis, Otis
J. Carleton, Fannie P. Kimball, Herman E. Lewis, Gertrude H. Brackett ;
secretary of school board and superintendent of schools, Albert L, Bar
bour, City clerk, William W, Roberts; assistant clerk, Robert H. Quim-
by; auditor of accounts, Arthur E. Leach; treasurer and collector of
taxes, Arthur T. Jacobs ; superintendent of highways, Jesse J. Prescott ;
city engineer, Louis C. Lawton ; superintendent of street lights, Stephen
W. Howe ; city solicitor, Frederick H. Magison ; city physician. Dr. Leroy
T, Stockes; clerk of overseers of poor, Frank B, Morse; assessors, Fred
L. Bennett (chairman), Harry P, Morse, James D, McGregor; superin
tendent of parks, Henry Frost ; chief engineer of fire department, John B,
Gordon, Since 1880, the tax rate per year on a thousand dollars has been
$20,90, the lowest being $15.80, in 1891, and the highest $26, in 1919.
In 1919 the total number of polls in the city was 15,012 ; valuation of real
estate and personal property, as shown by the last city report published,
$49,306,937. From an article prepared in 1919, on the Haverhill Fire Department,
by Chief Engineer John B. Gordon, the following facts have been gleaned :
The first fire company here was organized on Washington's Birthday, 1768,
when a fire club was formed and four wardens were chosen. In 1769 a company
was formed for the purpose of securing an engine, and such an engine was bought
during that year at a cost of $192. Cornelius Mansise was captain. An engine
house was erected in 1783. The first fire recorded in the annals of the town was
the buming in 1761 of a thatched house owned by Matthias Brittons, of Kenoza
avenue. The third engine was purchased by subscription in 1819, and cost $400.
Up to 1841 the fire clubs were self-governed and received no pay, save exemption

488 ESSEX COUNTY
from poll tax. It was during 1841 that a regular, legalized fire department was
formed by an act signed by the govemor. Ezekiel Hale was first chief elected and
held office untU 1845. A hook and ladder company was formed in 1860. The first
"steamer" was bought in HaverhUl in 1866; it was named "General Grant." The
first serious fire in the shoe district occurred at three p. m. on Sunday, November 16,
1873. Estimates placed the loss at $175,000. But the great fire of Haverhill was
dated Febmary 17 and 18, 1882. Alarm was sounded at about midnight, and the
storm was loud and temperature stinging cold. At two o'clock in the moming both
sides of Washington street, as weU as a part of Wingate and Essex streets, were in
flames. Many houses over in Bradford caught fire from huge cinders flying across
the river. The property loss amounted to $2,000,000, ten acres were bumed over,
' but only one human life was sacrificed, that of a member of the fire company.
HaverhUl had its first chemical engine in the seventies, and the Gamewell fire
alarm system was placed in the city in 1883. There have been twenty-one fire
chiefs in this city since Ezekiel Hale in 1841-45. The one appointed in 1893, John
B. Gordon, was stUl at his post in 1919. In aU that is exceUent, both in men and
equipment, for a fire company, HaverhUl has among the best.
Happy indeed should any city be when it has an abundant supply of
good, pure, clear water. In this respect Haverhill is fortunate. In
1802 there were only sixteen other communities in the United States
with a water works system, and in Canada there was none. The Haver
hill Aqueduct Company was organized at a hotel, which then stood where
now stands the City Hall. This was the commencement of a local water
supply. In 1891 this property was taken over by the city at a cost of
$720,504. The Bradford water plant became the property of Haverhill
at the date of Bradford being annexed to Haverhill in 1896. The supply
comes from never-failing spring lakes within a few miles' radius of Hav
erhill. A report made December, 1916, shows that the city had 117 miles
of main pipe ; 8,005 service taps ; 1,477 stop-gates, 461 hydrants ; the daily
consumption was 5,857,000 gallons, or 116 gallons to each inhabitant.
Haverhill has had many church organizations since the days of its
first settlement. It has many still. Harmony has not always obtained
here; even congregations of the same faith and church polity have not
lived in harmony at all times ; one faction has withdrawn and founded a
second or sometime a third church. But as the years have come and
gone, nearer a trae state of harmony has come to be noticed in church
life of the Protestant faith. Other histories of Haverhill and Essex
county have recorded much conceming the early societies and their bit
ter strifes, hence the matter will not be gone into in detail in this His
tory. It may be well, however, to give a brief outline of some of the
churches, when organized, etc., before dwelling upon developments dur
ing the last thirty years.
But first let it be said that the prominent church organizations in
Haverhill have been formed as follows : The Fu-st Parish church, under
Pastor Dudley Phelps, had a separation of its ninety-one members, and
this was the cause of the formation of the Centre Congregational Church.
As a consequence the parish has ever since been Unitarian. These
struggles have also existed in the West, North and East parishes, but suf-

HAVERHILL 489
fice merely to mention the fact in this connection. The Second Baptist
Society was organized in the East Parish in 1821. The Riverside Con
gregational church was an offshoot from the Fourth Congregational, or
old East Parish Church. The First Universalist Church was organized
May 17, 1823, and built its first meeting-house in 1825, on Summer
street. Several talented men have been preachers in this church. The
Winter Street Congregational Church had a brilliant but short career —
1839 to 1860. The Third Baptist Church was organized in 1858, and the
Free-Will Baptist was formed the same year. In 1860 the latter society
purchased the meeting house of the Winter Street Congregational So
ciety, which had about that date abandoned its activities. The South
Christian Church was organized April 9, 1806. In 1887 it had over one
hundred members,
Conceming the Catholic churches in Haverhill, it may be stated
that Mass was celebrated in September, 1850, by Rev, John T, McDon
nell, The first Catholic church building was dedicated in 1852. It was
greatly enlarged in 1859.
January 22, 1888, the public were invited to attend divine worship
at the following churches and places of gathering : Trinity, Episcopal ;
West Parish, Congregational; First Parish, Unitarian; Mt. Washington
Baptist ; Fourth Congregational, (East Parish) ; Church of Christ,
Grand Army Hall; Wesley Church; St. James' Catholic Church; St.
Joseph French Catholic Church; Second Baptist, Rocks Village; Grace;
Portland Street Church ; Salvation Army ; Centre Church ; First Baptist ;
Church of St. John the Evangelist; Riverside Church; South Christian;
First Spiritualist Society, Unity Hall ; Advent Christian, Walnut street ;
North Church; Winter Street Free Baptist; Calvary Baptist, Ashland
street. Thirty-one years later, 1921, Rev. Francis W. Holden wrote on
the churches of Haverhill under the head of "A Glimpse at the Religious
History of Haverhill Since 1890," as follows :
For a population of over fifty thousand, HaverhUl has none too many churches
and not enough religious workers. Religion is too important a factor in life to be
set aside for other pleasure or business, as has been the tendency during the years
just past. Let the people again tum to religion and the church as a first duty,
and many of the questions which now seem to be hard problems wUl vanish.
Religion measured by denominations during the last thirty years has undergone
but little change in Haverhill. The Christian Science movement is the only form
of religious expression that is in the city now that was not here thirty years ago.
The denomination has two societies, one of which has a small church, the other
worships in a hall. The Spiritualists, though a somewhat older movement in the
city, have divided themselves into three small organizations, and hold their services
of worship in halls. The latest movement along religious lines is that of the
Bahai, but as yet it has not taken upon itself distinct organization. For the real
strength of religious influence now, as in the past, one must know the religious his
tory of the older and well-established churches.
The oldest church in the city is the First Parish, commonly known as the
Unitarian church. There are ten churches of the Congregational denomination,
nine of them have ministers; one is a colored church.

490 ESSEX COUNTY
The second oldest denomination is the Baptist; this denomination has five
churches, one of which is colored; aU have ministers. Therel are also two Epis
copal churches, each having a minister. There are two Universalist churches, one
of which is active and whose minister serves the second church when services are
held. The foUowing denominations have each one church: Unitarian, Presbyterian,
Advent Christian, Seventh Day Adventists, Church of Nazarenes, Disciples Christian
chnrch, Intemational Bible Students Association, Reorganized Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter Days Saints. The above list of churches and denominations in
dicate a great variety of religious thought and feeling.
AU the active Protestant churches maintain schools of religious education and
have a volunteer corps of superintendents and teachers, which make in the city
a strong force for religious instmction. One hour per week, however, for religious
education is altogether too short a time in which to train the chUd in the knowledge
and spirit of religion.
Besides the Protestant churches there are six Catholic churches having five
ministers or priests. The Catholic churches maintain schools for religious instruc
tion. Thq Jewish people have two Synagogues, but one rabbi ndnisters to both
congregations. Each of the Jewish Synagogues has connected with it a Hebrew
school for religious education. It should be observed that nationalities and races,
sects and denominations each administer religious thought and feeling after its
own custom and ways of feeling. Now and then an individual strikes for freedom
and the new thought of God and Man comes into being. Thus there is progress in
reUgion. The best evidence that our Protestant churches are working together for Chris
tian principles rather than denominal ends is the fact that the ministers of all de
nominations are coming together for an exchange of ideas and methods. Haver
hUl has a ministers' association, which has been an active force for nearly twenty
years. No denomination is excluded from this organization; and though some of
the ministers do not become members, the association has placed a stamp for work
ing together along Christian lines that is a most wholesome factor in the life of
the city. The allied organizations connected with the churches indicate a change
in the social life of churches unknown thirty years ago. The so-called "EvangeU-
cal churches" have the Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., the Christian Endeavor Socie
ties; the Liberal churches have the A. U. A., the Woman's AUiance, the Y. P.
R. U., the Y. P. C. U., the Social Union, the Laymen's League. The Catholic have
the K. C, and the Jews, the Young Men's Hebrew Association. Then there is the
Salvation Army and the Missions that are supported by the people as a whole. AU
these are signs of the religion of the future. Social service is a relig:ious demand
of the age.
Something over twenty of the churches of the city have formed a church fed
eration, which is doing very creditable work. Through the federation, the people
and the churches are leaming that they hold more in common than they have of
differences, and that it is the common things which are in reaUty the vital things.
The fact that the churches are working together is one of the most hopefiU signs
of the age. The poet and hymn writer has dreamed and sung of, "One Holy Church
of God." It may be that the dream and the song is to come true in a united
Protestant church.

PUBLIC LIBRARV, LAWRENCE

CHAPTER XXXVI,
THE CITY OF LAWRENCE
Lawrence, according to the last Federal census, is the second largest
municipality in Essex county. This authority gives the population of
Lynn as 99,148, and that of Lawrence as 94,270. This does not include
any territory outsidef the regular incorporated city of Lawrence. Count
ing in its numerous suburbs, it doubtless contains as many as 120,000
population. The city lies in latitude 42 degrees, 42 minutes, 13 seconds, and in
longitude 71 degrees, 10 minutes, 13 seconds, west from Greenwich ; has
a little more than seven square miles (4,577 acres) area, of which 2,216
acres/ are in the Northem District, taken from the town of Methuen ; 2,-
097 acres, south of the Merrimack river, were taken from the town of
Andover. The estimated water area is 264 acres. Excluding water sur
face, railway rights-of-way, public and church lands exempted, 3,102
acres remain as taxable estates. The city is well situated in a broad and
open plain. The central and more thickly-settled portions are upon the
rolling swell of land on the north bank of the Merrimack river, where
that majestic stream curves about the great mills. To the south the
plain is a wide expanse, extending westward from the Shawsheen river,
somewhat rolling and broken near the westem limits. The highlands
west of the city known as Tower Hill, as well as the rolling ridge. Pros
pect Hill, eastward, are sites of attractive residences, having an eleva
tion of eighty to one hundred and fifty feet above the dam. The valley
enclosed by these ridges is nearly two miles broad, extending to higher
lands beyond the city limits.
There seems to be every evidence that the territory now occupied by
the city of Lawrence was once occupied by the native American Indian.
Multitudes of Indian implements have been found in various parts of
the present plat. In the eighties there was in possession of Charles
Wingate a large and very interesting collection of such implements, in
cluding arrow and spear heads, stone axes, gouges, pestles, some rudely
and others artistically fashioned and finished by some skilful artisan in
stonework. In the westem part of the city, when white men first settled there,
an Indian burying ground was discovered, and a more extensive one
farther up the river in Andover. It is believed that this territory was
occupied in many places during the summer months, to which year by
year the natives retumed on account of the abundance of excellent fish
and game found in these parts. Most of the stone implements and the
chips made in fashioning them are of a material not found in this locality.
As to who was truly the first white settler in these parts is not
(never will be) known positively, but it is claimed by some that Messrs.

492 ESSEX COUNTY
Frye and Cross were the original seti;lers. A ti'adition (not improbable)
relates hoW that for a single roll of cloth a pioneer purchased of the un
tutored Indians their rights in all the lands he could sunround m a day's
ta-avel through the forest. Commencing on the nver, with his savage
companions, he took a course northwestward over the highlands about
Spicket Falls, thence southward along the slopes of Tower Hill to the
Memmack, and by the north bank to the point of starting; thus compass
ing a favorite hunting ground, and including the site of a future city.
Among the eariiest pioneers of South Lawrence were the Bamards,
Stevenses and Poors; later came the Parkers and other famUies. The
first-named family traced back the titie of lands neariy two hundred and
fifty years. To North Lawrence came as early pioneer settlers, who re
mained, the Bodwells, Swans, Sargents, Barkers, Poors and Marstens;
possibly others, whose descendants do not remain. Notable among the
sturdy yeomen, native residents, who had homesteads on the plain before
the town was formed, were Captain Nathan Shattuck and Joseph Shat
tuck, Daniel Saunders, Ebenezer Poor, Phineas M. Gage, Benjamin Rich
ardson, Asa Towne, Nehemiah Herrick, John Tarbox, Michael Parker,
Thomas Poor, Caleb Richardson, Nathan Wells, Abiel Stevens, James and
Edwin Sargent, Adolphus Durant, Samuel Ames, Fairfield White, Ste
phen Huse, John Graves, James Stevens and Henry Cutier. Abiel Ste
vens and Adolphus Durant were men of character and were numbered
among the first manufacturers in this section of New England.
In South Lawrence the cross-road settlement where Broadway
crosses Andover street was the nearest approach to a village within what
are the present city limits of Lawrence. Here stood the Essex Tav
ern, subsequently converted into a dwelling; the Shawsheen Tavern,
later the Revere House ; the old pioneer store, and the brick building oc
cupied by Daniel Saunders, founder of the city. The Shawsheen house
was built by John Poor with bricks made at Den Rock in a brick-yard
operated by the Peters family. On the Lowell road westward from this
comer were the farm house of Theodore Poor, the Caleb Richardson
estate, and the old dwellings erected by the pioneer settlers Barnard and
Stevens. On the comer of Andover and Parker streets stood the dwell
ing of Captain Michael Parker. Parker street was named for him.
Nearly forty years ago John R. Rollins, in his annals on Lawrence
and vicinity, took great pains to secure dates, names, and a general chain
of facts conceming the pioneer settlement of Lawrence, and from such an
article we are at liberty in this connection to quote freely, believing that
no more interesting and accurate sketch can be produced of those early
times than he has given :
The first dwelling houses erected after the incorporation of the Essex Com
pany were buUt by them on the westerly side of Broadway, one of which was
occupied by Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Osgood, who for many years there and later in
another part of the city kept an exceedingly good and popular boarding house.

CITY OF LAWRENCE 493
The first sale of land was made in April, 1846, to Samuel T. Merrill, who came
from Georgetown, and on this he erected the first dwelling house in town after
those buUt by the Essex Company; others followed rapidly. But many came with
out pecuniary means, among them many Irish laborers who must in some way be
provided for — for them the Essex Company furnished a large tract on the south
aide of the river, near the dam, on which they might erect shanties, only on con
dition that liquors should not be sold on the premises. And the settlement thus
formed with its quaint, narrow avenues and rustic division fences, was one of the
most interesting spots in Lawrence, one which visiting strangers were always pleased
ta see. These shanties were originally erected on the north side, but as the water
was raised by the construction of the dam and the territory west of the railroad
was occasionally overflowed, the occupants removed to the south side to higher and
dryer ground.
Among the pioneers was Amos D. PUlsbury, of Georgetown, who came to pro
cure a shop for the manufacture, of and the repair of boots and shoes; but finding
no place wherein to commence work, he went to Newburyport, purchased a gon
dola thirty-two by twelve feet ori which he buUt a "state room", put in a stock
of boots and shoes, leather, tools, cooking apparatus and provisions, arrived at
the "New City" just before the first land sale, anchored in the river below the
bridge, threw out his plank, and commenced work. Here he continued untU cold
weather, when he removed to a store on Essex street, which was then ready for his
occupancy. He buUt in 1847 a building near the lower end of Common street, and
while Mr. H. B. Clement was bvulding a house for his own use near by, boarded
with them for a short time.
The history of Lawrence begins with its incorporation as a town,
April 17, 1847. From the first sale of lands, April 28, 1846, to October
10, 1846, the growth of the new settlement had been so rapid that the
population had increased from less than two hundred to about twenty-five
hundred, and there had been erected one hundred and thirty-five stores,
shops and dwellings. The obvious inconveniences of taxation, education,
etc., in two separate civil townships, led to a petition to the legislature
for a charter for a new town. This, as might have been expected, was
bitterly opposed by the people of Methuen. As early as February, 1847,
a town meeting was called to see what action the town would take on
the petition of Charles S. Storrow and others to be set off in a new town
by the name of Lawrence. This meeting was well attended, there being
between two hundred and fifty and three hundred present. John Davis
was chosen to preside, and the meeting was addressed by George A.
Waldo, J. W. Carleton and John Tenney, all in opposition to the proposed
division; but with all the opposition could do, they were defeated, for
April 17, 1847, the legislature granted a charter to the town of Lawrence,
although other names had been suggested, such as Essex and Merrimack.
The name Lawrence was taken in honor of one of its original founders.
A part of the newly-formed town was taken from the territory of An
dover and Methuen.
The first town officers were : Selectmen — William Swan, Charles F.
Abbott, Nathan Wells, James Stevens, Lorenzo D. Brown ; School Com
mittee — James D. Herrick, Dr. William D. Lamb, Dan Weed. The town

494 ESSEX COUNTY
govemment existed in Lawrence from 1847 to 1853, the last set of town
officials being as follows: (1852)-William R. Page, Levi Sprague
Nonis, selectmen; Rev. George Packard, A. D. Blanchard, Rev. Samuel
Kelley, Nathan W. Harmon, John A. Goodwin, school committee; George
W. Benson, clerk; George W. Sanbom, treasurer; Ivan Stevens,, auditor.
From 1848 to 1853 the population of Lawrence increased to nearly
13,000. It will go without saying that the members of the town board
and every town official had their time well occupied in looking after busi
ness under such a form of local govemment. Looking after schools,
cemeteries, highways and the collection of taxes was full of work. The
inconvenience of such a condition led the people to apply for a city char
ter, which was granted, and the act signed by the govemor, March 21,
1853. The first set of officers elected, after the city charter had been se
cured, as above noted, were chosen April 18, 1853, and the new city gov
ernment was set in motion May 10th of that year. Three political par
ties presented candidates for the office of mayor, Charles S. Storrow,
treasurer of the Essex Company, being the candidate of the Whig party,
Enoch Bartlett of the Democratic, and James K. Barker of the Free-Soil
party. Mr. Storrow was elected, and associated with him in the Board
of Aldermen were George D. Cabot, Albert Warren, E. B. Herrick, Alvah
Bennett, Walker Flanders and S. S. Valpey; and in the common coun
cil were Josiah Osgood (president), Nathaniel G. White (many years
president of the Boston & Maine Railroad Company), Dana Sargent,
William R. Spalding, Elkanah F. Bean, Daniel Hardy, Isaac K. Gage,
other members of both boards being selected without regard to their
party affiliations, but for their fitness for the positions for which selected.
The mayors from date of first city charter in 1853 to the present (1921)
have been as follows :
1853, Charles S. Storrow; 1854, Enoch Bartlett; 1855, Albert Warren; 1856,
Albert Warren; 1857, John R. Rollins; 1858, John R. Rollins; 1859, Henry K. Oliver;
1860, Dan Saunders, Jr.; 1861, James K. Barker; 1862, WUUam H. P. Wright; 1863,
WiUiam H. P. Wright; 1864, Alfred J. French; 1865, MUton Bonny; 1866, Pardon
Armington; 1867, Nathaniel P. Melvin; 1868, Nathaniel P. Melvin; 1869, Frank
Davis; 1870, N. P. H. Melvin; 1871, S. B. W. Davis; 1872, S. B. W. Davis; 1873, John
K. Tarbox; 1874, John K. Tarbox; 1875, Robert H. Tewksbury; 1876, Edmond R.
Hayden; 1877, Caleb Saunders;' 1878, James R. Simpson; 1879, James R. Simpson;
1880, James R. Simpson; 1881, Henry K. Webster; 1882, John Breen; 1883, John
Breen; 1884, John Breen; 1885, James R. Simpson; 1886, Alexander B. Bruce; 1887,
Alexander B. Bmce; 1888, Alvin E. Mack; 1889, Alvin E. Mack; 1890, John W.
Crawford; 1891, Lewis P. Collins; 1892, Henry P. Doe; 1893, Alvin E. Mack; 1894,
Charles G. Rutter; 1895, Charles G. Rutter; 1896, George S. Junkins; 1897, George
S. Junkins; 1898, James H. Eaton; 1899, James H. Eaton; 1900, James F. Leonard;
1901, James F. Leonard; 1902, James F. Leonard; 1903, Alexander F. Grany; 1904,
Cornelius F. Lynch; 1905, Cornelius F. Lynch; 1906; John P. Kane; 1907, John P.
Kane; 1908, John P. Kane; 1909, WUliam P. White; 1910, WUliam. P. White (re
signed) ; 1911, John T. CahiU (to fiU vacancy) ; 1912, Michael A. Scanlon (two year

CITY OF LAWRENCE 495
term); 1913, Michael A. Scanlon; 1914, Michael A. Scanlon (died in office); 1915,
John P. Kane (two year term) to fill vacancy at first; 1916, John P. Kane; 1917,
John J. Hurley (two year term) ; 1918, John J. Hurley.
Since 1912, Lawrence! has been under a commission form of govem
ment. On November 7, 1911, at the State election, the present city
charter was adopted, and it went into effect January 1st, 1912, at ten
o'clock, when the newly-elected city council and school board took office.
Th^ adoption of the new charter was the result of a vigorous movement
for a change in the form of local government. When the questions per
taining to the project were submitted to the voters by the legislature,
public sentiment was strongly in favor of a reform. On the question as
to whether the old charter should be repealed the vote was: Yes, 6,027;
No. 2,014; blanks, 840. The vote on the question as to the new form
was as decisive. Two plans were presented: Plan 1, which was to
establish a city govemment of a mayor and nine members in a Council ;
plan 2, which was to establish a govemment by commission. The latter
was adopted by a vote of 6,077 as against 1,358 for plan 1, with 1,646
blanks. No provision being made in the new charter for a board of fire
engineers and a water board, both these boards were abolished. Upon
the adoption of the commission form of govemment, their powers and
duties were put under control of the director of public safety and the
director of engineering, respectively.
In the present system of city govemment, there are five departments
— Finance and Public Affairs ; Engineering ; Public Safety ; Public Prop
erty and Parks ; Public Health and Charities. The department of finance
and public affairs includes all the sub-departments, boards and offices con
nected with it, such as the treasury, auditing, purchasing, assessing, sink
ing funds, tax collection, claims, registration of voters, city clerk and legal.
The department of engineering includes the highway and other ways,
street watering, sewer and drains, water and water-works, bridges and
engineering. The department of public safety includes the police and fire
departments, lighting, wiring, weights and measures and conduits. The
department of public property and parks includes buildings, parks and
public grounds. The department of public health and charities includes
the health and poor departments, city physician and public hospitals. In
1914 the charter was amended to provide that the office of each director
be designated on the ballot at the time of his election by the voters of the
city. The first officers in Lawrence under the commission plan of govem
ment were: Mayor, Michael A. Scanlon; Aldermen — Paul Hannagan,
director of engineering; Michael S. O'Brien, director of public property
and parks; Cornelius F. Lynch, director of public safety; Robert S.
Maloney, director of public health and charities. The present city officials
are: Mayor, William P. White; President of the City Council, Edward
C. Callahan; Director of Public Safety, Peter Carr; Director of Engi-

496 ESSEX COUNTY
neering, John F. Finnegan; Director of Public Property and Parks, Mich
ael F. Scanlon; City Clerk, Edward J. Wade; Assistant City Clerk, John
J. Daly; City Auditor, Richard J. Shea; Assistant Auditor, William F.
Mahoney; City Treasurer, William A. Kelleher; Collector of Taxes, Rob
ert R. Gerkell, Jr.; City Solicitor, Daniel J. Murphy; Purchasing Agent,
M. F. McKenna.
Previous to the building of the Town or City Hall, town meetings
were held in old Merrimack Hall during 1847, but at the March meeting
in 1848 the townsmen gathered in the Free Will Baptist Church, a one-
story wooden stracture on the northeast comer of White and Haverhill
streets. In the warrant presented at that meeting was an article read
ing thus: "To see if the town will choose a committee to obtain a plan
of a Town House, and to appoint an agent to superintend the building of
the same." On April 17 the same year it was voted that a town house be erected,
"to include a town hall and such offices as may be judged necessaiy for
the present and future needs of the town govemment." It was finally
decided to build the structure in its present location, on Common street,
between Pemberton and Appleton. The "town of Lawrence" paid $8,000,
or fifty cents a foot, for the land on which this building stands. Melvin
& Young, architects, of Boston, drew the plans for the building. The
contract price was $27,568, from which sum was reserved $1,000 for a
clock and bell, $700 for heating, and $100 for ventilating apparatus. The
structure in round figures, measures 69 by 120 feet. Charles Bean was
selected to superintend its construction, and no better has ever been built
in Essex county for real lasting and practical qualities. The building was
tumed over to the city, December 5, 1849, and the following day Town
Clerk E. W. Morse (says the record) moved into the office prepared for
him and became the first to inhabit the building. On December 10 that
year it was dedicated, with appropriate exercises, during the evening
hours. In March, 1851, this building and its fixtures was valued at $49,-
119. When the building just described was erected, one of its prominent
and unique decorative features was the large eagle on the high tower.
It has been recently described by Mr. Dorgan as follows :
The eagle, with the ball and pedestal on whieh it stands, was designed and
carved by John M. Smith, a member of the board of selectmen, in 1848, who had
charge of the woodwork construction at the Essex Company machine shop. It
cost $500. Perched, as the bird is, about 156 feet above the ground, one does not
realize that it is nine feet and six inches from the tip of the bUl to the tip of the
tail, with other dimensions in proportion, and that the ball on which it stands is
three feet in diameter. The eagle is in a position of preparing to spread his wings
to fly, and in a description printed at the time it was regarded as a fit emblem for
Lawrence, and the wish was expressed that the young community, so full of prom
ise, might ever be actuated by the noble inspiration "to spread and bear leaming,
virtue and wisdom to all parts of the world:"

CITY OF LAWRENCE 497
Another unsurpassed object of national interest, connected with this
old city building and its tower, has been described in "Lawrence — Yes
terday and Today," by Maurice B. Dorgan, in these words :
The two shot displayed on either side of the doorway in the City Hall came
from Fort Sumter. They were picked up there after the evacuation of the fort by
the Southem forces following the surrender of Charleston, February 17, 1865. As
a token of regard, they were presented to the city of Lawrence by G. V. Fox, As
sistant Secretary of the Navy, and a former citizen of Lawrence, and at one time
agent of the Bay State MUls. These fifteen-inch shot, with many others, were
found among the ruins of Sumter, having been fired from the Federal fleet of mon
itors during the bombardment of the fort on April 7, 1863. No gun of a bore
greater than ten inches had been used on any other vessel or by the army during
the war. In the week ending December 25, 1865, the shot, each weighing three
hundred and fifty pounds, were placed in position on the tower of the hall. The
mountings were designed by Alderman Pajme, and they consist of an iron waU
plate in the shape of a shield embroidered by moulding in the form of a rope. On
the shield is illustrated a monitor in relief, and from it projects a forearm and hand,
in which the shot rests. The arm is clothed with a naval sleeve, bearing the cuff of
a rear-admiral, ornamented in proper form with two bands of gold and a five-
pointed star. The identification inscription was provided by Ericson, the inventor.
This hall has probably served more and more varied uses than any
other public hall in New England. Here have appeared in public many
of the world's greatest orators, lecturers, authors, actors, musicians and
political leaders. The county courts were held here until the new court
house was provided. Many of the pioneer churches here held services.
Here great Civil War mass meetings were held; it was a drill room for
departing volunteers; and in it was wrapped, in an American flag, the
remains of Needham, the first soldier to fall in the Rebellion. At the
time of the fall of the Pemberton Mills, this hall became a morgue; it
has been a house of mourning at the death of Presidents Taylor, Lincoln,
and Garfield, and appropriate memorial services were held on each such
sad occasion within its walls.
For the first few years after Lawrence was founded, its citizens
were obliged, in all civil and criminal cases, to go to Newburyport or
Salem to attend court. The next step in progress was holding certain
courts in the town hall at Lawrence. But this could not long be en
dured by such a people as then made up the place. In 1858 the Essex
Company donated sufficient land for court house purposes, fhe city pro
viding the foundation and the Essex county commissioners erecting the
building from public funds. The architect was James K. Barker, then
city engineer and later mayor of the city. It was not long, however,
that this structure should grace the site on which it had been constructed,
for at the time of the buming of the United States Hotel, in 1859, this
court house was ruined. It was rebuilt in 1860 and served until the
present fire-proof court house structure was provided by the county.
This was brought about by the Lawrence Bar Association, which, work
ing through the legislature, had authorized the expenditure of $100,000
Essex— 32

498 ESSEX COUNTY
for an addition to the old court house (rebuilt in 1860). George G.
Adams was selected architect, and J. N. Peterson & Co., of Salem, were
the contracting builders. It required an extra $150,000 fully to com
plete and enlarge the building operations as seen today. Here' one finds
the various courts; a law library of 13,000 volumes — one of the finest in
New England outside of Boston; rooms for some county officials, grand
and petit jury rooms, and other useful apartments. This stracture is
built of brick, with handsome free-stone trimmings. Its interior marble
finish shows great taste, as well as making it as near safe from the effects
of a possible fire as could be.
The jail should here be mentioned among the public buildings of the
city. Prior to 1850 a lock-up, in rear of the postoffice, near the corner of
Common and Broadway streets, served as a jail for Lawrence. At the
date named above, cells were fitted up in the basement of the Town Hall,
in the brick arches which support the safes connected with the clerk's
offices. This was anything but a decent place in which to make secure
the offenders of the law, as will be observed by this quotation from the
"Lawrence Courier" of March 15, 1851: "It is narrow, dark, unventi-
lated, reeking with moisture, a loathsome place, a disgrace to the town,
and a dangerous piece of property." The first regular jail, or House of
Correction, as frequently called, was the one provided in 1853, built on
the south bank of the Spicket river. It was then known as "strictly
modem," and had every humane and needful appliance. The front por
tion, occupied by the keeper, opened out toward a park of an acre. The
original structure cost the county $100,000. Its location may be de
scribed as standing on Auburn street. Many additions and various im
provements have been made to the first structure. To the octagonal-
shaped original jail have been added wmgs. It now has one hundred
and sixteen cells. One hundred and eighty prisoners may here be cared
for. The town bought the acre park in front of the jail for $2,000, and
the improvements on the park have so far cost in excess of $1,300.
The County Training School, on Marston street, was established as a
county school in 1891. It was first opened as an industrial school for
bad boys by the city of Lawrence, in 1869, and finally became known
as the Reform School. In 1891 the county took over the school, which
later was known as the Essex County Training School. Only tmants
and those who have committed offenses against the schools are admitted.
The grounds are extensive and buildings numerous. Besides the com
mon instruction given, a boy may leam a trade and be taught in garden
ing. The inmates ran in recent years about one hundred and forty, with
only six girls.
The State Armory, on Amesbury street, was opened in 1893 for the
State Militia. An annex was built in 1913 to accommodate the battery.
It is of brick construction, the first of its type in Massachusetts. Out^
door drilling is here made practical.

LAWRENCE— ABOVE, ARMORY; BELOW, Y. M. C. A. BUILDING

CITY OF LAWRENCE 499
The poor farm and municipal hospital, commonly styled the Law
rence Almshouse, is located on Marston street. This institution was
provided in February, 1849, when seven persons were admitted. It now
has an average of about one hundred and thirty inmates. In 1912, four
teen rooms, with twenty-four beds, were nicely fitted up for hospital pur
poses for private patients. It is now called the Municipal Hospital. It
has a resident physician, a surgical staff and twelve good nurses.
In 1902, when smallpox was threatening the community, an isolation
hospital was located on Marston street and served well its object. Of
late there has fortunately been but little use for the institution, but it is
kept in readiness in case of any epidemic in or near the city.
The Tuberculosis Hospital, on Chickering street, was established by
the city in 1909. Before that the day camp of the general hospital cared
for such cases. In 1917 the Municipal Health Department took over the
Tuberculosis Dispensary, and the work is much more satisfactory.
There are now four wards, with twenty-two beds in each. Usually there
are seventy-five patients. There is a superintendent, with seven nurses
and two visiting physicians.
A dental clinic was established by the Health Department of Law
rence in April, 1917. This is for the special examination of children's
teeth. Two dentists are regularly employed in this work, which also
includes visits to the schools and instructions conceming the care of the
teeth. This is proving very popular and of great benefit.
The orphan asylum and home for invalids, known as the Protectorate
of Mary Immaculate, on Maple street, was the first charitable institution
within the city. It was opened by the Sisters of Charity, or the "Gray
Nuns," January 29, 1868. Large additions have been made to the
grounds and buildings. Recent reports show this institution to have as
inmates 221 boys and girls and 22 aged women, who are cared for by the
nuns. There are about a score of Sisters in charge. When the boys
reach the age of twelve, they are given good homes outside of the insti
tution. The girls may stay as long as they wish.
The Lawrence General Hospital, private, was established in 1883,
in a building built for the special purpose on Methuen street. In 1902
the hospital was removed to an ideal location on the summit of Prospect
Hill. It is one of the best-equipped hospitals in Massachusetts for its
size. More than twenty physicians and surgeons and a company of
trained nurses make the place one to be desired by the afflicted of the
community. Lawrence Home for the Aged is located in a brick building at the
top of Clover Hill. It was built in 1909 on land donated by Edward F.
Searles, a millionaire philanthropist. It was incorporated in 1897. It
is surrounded by beautiful, spacious grounds, made attractive by exquis
ite flower beds and elm trees. It is largely supported by voluntary con
tributions.

500 ESSEX COUNTY
September 7, 1846, a postoffice was first opened at Lawrence. It
was kept in a littie building on the old tumpike road, not far from the
present postoffice site. Prior to this time Lawrence was called Mem
mack," "New City," 'Essex" and "Andover Bridge." George A. Waldo
originated the idea of securing a postoffice, and his son, George Albert
Waldo, was made first postmaster. It was at first called Memmack,
and continued to be so called until Lawrence was set off from the towns
of Methuen and Andover in 1847. It was named for the two Lawrences,
Abbott and Samuel Lawrence. Michael F. Cronin was appointed in Janu
ary, 1914, as postmaster.
The present postoffice is a handsome sandstone stracture at the cor
ner of Broadway and Essex streets, and was first occupied in 1905. In
1917 the postal savings department had deposits of $200,000. The mail
of Lawrence is handled by thirty-three clerks and fifty-five regular
carriers. Fortunate, indeed, is the city which from its earliest history has
had access to a good public library, through the forethought and wealth
of a few public-spirited citizens. Essex county has been especially
blessed with such towns and cities, as well as such men as George Pea
body, who in Salem, Danvers, Peabody and other places in the county
has left a monument in hundreds of "stacks" of valuable books more to
be prized by the present and future generations than the loftiest, best-
designed marble memorial building one can imagine. In Lawrence, this
same thought obtained in the minds of some of the original founders and
friends of the place.
What was known as the Franklin library was incorporated in April,
1847. Its first president was Captain Charles H. Bigelow, the engineer
whose master mind planned and superintended the construction of the
first great dam at what is now the enterprising city of Lawrence. Hon.
Abbott Lawrence, one of the founders, as well as one of the two men for
whom the city was named, donated one thousand dollars to be expended
in the purchase of such books as would "tend to create mechanics, good
Christians and good patriots." At his death, in 1855, Mr. Lawrence
gave $5,000 additional towards the support of this institution.
In 1872 the library and funds of the association were tumed over to
the city, and the Free Public Library, aided by the White fund, was suc
cessfully established. The old rooms soon grew too small and rooms were
secured in the new Odd Fellows' building. The present building was
opened in 1892, at the comer of Hampshire and Haverhill streets. Its
first cost was $50,000, but in 1902 it was enlarged at an additional ex
pense of $38,000. It now has nearly eighty thousand volumes of valu
able books. August 1, 1898, a branch library was opened on South
Broadway, and this proved a great success.
The first bridge to span the Merrimack river at Lawrence was built
by a corporation styled the "Proprietors of Andover Bridge." This was

CITY OF LAWRENCE 501
doubtless the oldest corporation within the limits of what is now the
city of Lawrence. In March, 1793, near the close of Washington's first
administration as President of the United States, an act was passed by
the General Court of Massachusetts incorporating Samuel Abbott and
John White, with Joseph Stevens, merchant, and Ebenezer Poor, yeoman,
and associates, as the "Proprietors of Andover Bridge", for the purpose
of erecting a bridge over the Merrimack river, from Andover to Methuen,
at Bodwell's Falls, near where Broadway bridge now stands. The char
ter provided that said bridge should be constructed within three years,
should not be less than twenty-eight feet wide, and should have a central
span of one hundred and ten feet reach over the main channel, to insure
easy passage of great timber rafts. Tolls were fixed by the act for foot
passengers and every kind of carriage from a chariot to a wheelbarrow.
This bridge was constructed to rest on wooden piers ; cost, $12,000 ; was
opened to the public November 19, 1793, the same being a noted event.
A boy named Stevens, who tried to pass by a guard of soldiers, at the
opening day celebration, in advance of some noted personages, was fatal
ly injured by being bayoneted by the guard.
This bridge was never a success, either mechanically or financially.
Bridge building was then in its infancy. Howe, of "Howe Truss Bridge
fame", had not been bom, neither had his brother, Elias Howe, the in
ventor of the sewing machine. This bridge, after eight or nine years, in
August, 1801; in part fell in ruins, while a drove of cattle was passing
over it. Some cattle, fifty-nine sheep, a half-dozen cows and a good sad
dle horse were drowned in the wreck, and had to be paid for by the
owners or "proprietors" of the company. In 1802-3 the bridge was in
part rebuilt, but soon thereafter the central span collapsed. It was
promptly repaired. In February, 1807, a great flood and heavy flow of
ice swept away a larger part of the structure. So far the bridge had
stood where now stands the substantial railroad bridge, but when it was
rebuilt again it was moved up stream to the present bridge site. Here
stone in place of wooden piers were put in, and with certain repairs it
continued in use until demolished, when the present iron structure was
erected in 1881.
As early as 1837 a bridge was built, a rough wooden stracture,
twenty feet wide, with no railings, yet travelers flocked over it in teams
loaded with material for the new dam project, the canal, new buildings
and miU foundations. In 1846 this bridge was taken over by the Essex
Company (the ruling factor in all enterprises then), and in the spring of
1848 the bridge was raised ten feet, as high as the railroad bridge is to
day. It was of the frame-truss type, but in the spring freshet of 1852
the toll-house, south abutment and fishway all went down in the great
rash of angry waters- In 1858 the bridge was thoroughly rebuilt by
Morris Knowles. It continued as a toll bridge until 1868, when it be
came free, Lawrence paying the larger part of the value and assuming its

502 ESSEX COUNTY
care under the county commissioners' awards. At the same date Law
rence bridge, at Union street, also became free. The last named had been
constracted in 1854-55 for the accommodation of people of North An
dover and Lawrence. Both were destroyed by fire— Andover bridge in
1881, and the Lawrence bridge in 1887. The present iron stractures re
placed these bridges.
Soon after operations began on the dam at Lawrence, the first fire
engine house was provided, a small one-story house at the comer of Essex
and Broadway streets. In it was kept a hand-engine, the "Essex",
bought by the Essex Company and handled by the employees of that com
pany. Three years later it was sold to the town. In 1847 the town pur
chased two more fire engines, and two small wooden buildings in which
to store them— No. 2, Niagara, "Rough and Ready", and "Syphon No.
3." Since the very earliest days, however, the present fire department's
site has been marked by an engine house. Prior to 1860 none of the
engine houses was provided with towers. They were occasionally heated
by boxwood stoves and had a small bell upon the edge of the roof. The
city hose carriage consisted of a two-wheeled affair capable of carrying
five hundred feet of hose, and manned by ten firemen, so called, yet they
did excellent work with what they had to operate with. In 1870 the
Eagle Hose Company was formed and a five-wheel carriage was pur
chased. In 1856 the first brick fire engine house was authorized ; it stood
at the comer of Haverhill and White streets, later styled the Old Bat
tery. In 1865 what was known as Bonney Light Battery was formed,
and named for Major Bonney. Hence came the name "Battery Build
ing." Another engine house was erected in 1869, and in 1876 another
was built on the comer of Concord and Franklin streets. The more re
cent engine houses all are of brick, built as follows : Engine 4's, Oxford
street, in 1910; Central Fire station, Lowell street, in 1907; Combina
tion 6's, Howard street, in 1896 ; Combination 7's, Park street, in 1896 ;
Combination 8's, Ames street, in 1900 ; Combination 9's, Bailey street, in
1908. Steam fire engines soon came into general use in Lawrence after the
great Pemberton Mill disaster just prior to the Civil War, Pacific No,
1, Atlantic No. 2 (lastnamed exhibited at the London World's Fair in
1861), Tiger No. 3, Essex No. 4, Washington No. 5, are all well known
"steamers" that have played well their part in keeping the fire fiend
away from the precious lives and valuable property of Lawrence for
many a year.
The town Fire Department was organized June 12, 1847, and es
tablished by legislative act the year following. In 1917 this was pub
lished conceming the oldest active fireman in the United States : "Charles
W. Foster, engineman at the Central station. He had (in 1917) been en
gaged as a fireman in Lowell for sixty-six years, having joined in 1851.

CITY OF LAWRENCE 503
He was still serving when eighty-three years old. For a third of a cen
tury he has run the old Washington 5 steamer."
While the auto-fire tracks are soon to drive from the field the faith
ful horses trained to do the bidding of master firemen, it should be added
here that in 1918 the Fire Department in Lawrence was as follows:
"Fifty trained horses, four steamers, four hose wagons, four combina
tion hose and chemical wagons, one double tank chemical, four hook
and ladder trucks, a water chief and deputy chief's wagons, besides nine
supply and exercise wagons. The personnel includes a chief, deputy
chief, eleven captains, nine lieutenants, sixty-nine permanent men, sixty
call men and one hundred substitutes. There are nine engine houses,
including the seven-run central station, one of the largest of the kind
in the country."
About 1857 an invention of great importance was produced in the
machine shops of Lawrence by Thomas Scott and N. S. Bean, who
brought forth the first real practical steam fire engine. The machine
was awarded the test in Boston over all others then known. The first
engine was constructed in Lawrence and named "Lawrence", and was
purchased by the city of Boston. The invention (patents) were bought
by the Amoskeag Company of Manchester, New Hampshire, where the
engines were manufactured for many years. This fire-engine revolution
ized the fire departments, and Lawrence was not slow to adopt it.
It is generally conceded that considering the area of the bumt dis
tricts, the two fires of 1859 and 1860, the former originating in the United
States Hotel and the latter in the steam saw-mill of Wilson & Allyn,
were the greatest confiagrations ever had in Lawrence, although in later
years a greater amount of property has been destroyed than in those
early day fires.
For more than a quarter of a century after Lawrence was platted
as a town, it depended upon wells and cisterns for its water supply, save
for fire extinguishing and power purposes, which, of course, was obtained
from the Merrimack river. The first attention toward a water supply by
artificial means was in 1848, when the Lawrence Aqueduct Company was
chartered. This corporation was formed by John Tenney of Methuen,
Alfred Kittridge of Haverhill, and Daniel Saunders of Lawrence, with
their associates. The project of bringing water from Haggett's pond,
now the source of supply for the town of Andover, was deemed imprac
ticable. This company was chartered with a capital of $50,000.
In 1851 the Bay State Mills and the Essex Company, dividing the
cost of construction, built a reservoir of a million gallons capacity on
Prospect Hill. Water was pumped from the canal, and was supposed to
stand on a level of 152 feet above the crest of the Merrimack dam. This
was owned and operated by associated companies. For twenty-four
years, pipes and hydrants in corporation yards and principal business
streets were supplied from this source. In the early seventies municipal

504 ESSEX COUNTY
water works were agitated. An act was passed by the legislature, March
8 1872 providing for a commission of three members of the city councfl
to execute and superintend the direct work. This commission made its
report April 18, 1873, and an ordinance was passed calling for the elec
tion of a board of water commissioners. Such commission was as fol
lows: William Barbour (chairman), Patrick Murphy (clerk), and Mor
ris Knowles. The present pumping station was constructed in 1874-75.
On October 19, 1875, water was first forced into the reservou-. In 1893
the original filtering plant vras finished— the first filtering system m the
country eliminating bacteria. It has an area of two and one-half acres.
In 1907 the capacity of this filtering plant was increased by the constmc
tion of a covered filter west of the first plant. In 1916 work was started
on the reconstruction of the east unit of the open filter. At present, the
reservoir has a capacity of forty million gallons, and the pumping capacity
at the station is five million gallons each twenty-four hours. This ap
plies to the old pump, while the turbine pump has a capacity of two mil
lion gallons each twenty-four hours. The Barr pump also forces water to
the amount of 1,500,000 gallons daily. A high service water tower was
built in 1896, 102 feet high and thirty feet in diameter. At one hundred
feet an eight-inch overflow pipe conveys the overflow back into reser
voir. The stand-pipe holds 520,000 gallons. The first cost of this water
system was $1,363,000. The cost today, v/ith the various improvements,
is estimated to be $2,421,000. For a number of years this plant has
been more than self-sustaining.
First the streets of Lawrence were lighted by kerosene lamps, and
later by gas, here and there over the main streets of the place. Police
men turned off the lights at eleven o'clock, and carried matches with
them, in order to light or relight any lamps that "had gone out." In
1880 the first electric lights were installed by the Lawrence Electric
Light Company in the old fishline mill building. Today the city spends
more than $70,000 a year for street lighting. In 1918 there were 1240
lights distributed over the streets, of which 642 were incandescent and
598 arc. The old Gas Company also was among the first stockholders
in the Electric Company. One corporation has always handled both
plants. In 1905, 275,000,000 cubic feet of gas were consumed; in 1917
it had increased to 576,000,000. In 1887 the Lawrence Gas Company
bought out the Lawrence Electric Light Company. In 1890 it acquired
the Edison Electric Illuminating Company, located on Common street.
In 1900, a new plant was built on the south side of the river. It is ran
by water power ; also with steam turbine engines. The combined horse
power of these two systems is 11,000. Both gas and electricity are used
almost universally, for light, heat, power, and cooking purposes.
One of the finest, most modem type of bridges to be found in all
New England is the new Central Bridge. Without going into the details
of its origin, its political significance, construction plans, and other un-

a,A.4

LAWRENCE— ABOVE, WETHERBEE SCHOOL; BELOW, T.^RBOX SCHOOL

CITY OF LAWRENCE 505
pleasant features and obstacles that had to be overcome before it was
finally opened up as a great highway through the city, it may be simply
noted that when fully completed and equipped in all particulars its cost
will have reached nearly $1,500,000. Of this about $500,000 has to be
paid in property damages to the mill owners, etc. The first excavation
was made October 1, 1914, the first concrete was laid October 20 of that
year, and the bridge was finished March 20, 1918. It is a reinforced
concrete structure, 1,500 feet long by eighty feet wide, spanning the
Merrimack river at the foot of Amesbury street, approximately 460 feet
south of Essex street, the main thoroughfare of the city. With the ex
tensions over the canals, the total length of the bridge is 1,750 feet. One
of the great piers is sunk fifty-two feet below the waters of the stream,
making a total height of this particular pier ninety-eight feet and six
inches — as high as the Bay State Building, it is said. The road-way is
fifty-six feet wide between curbing. It is planned to carry two electric
car tracks, twelve-foot sidewalks, and driveway. The bridge is hand
somely illuminated by many 200-candle power electric lights. As a
modem "White Way" this bridge is unsurpassed. As to its lasting
qualities, there is no question. It was built upon honor for all time, as
men sometimes remark. The commission in charge of its construction
comprised John J. Donovan, chairman; John O. Battershill, secretary;
Joseph J. Flynn, John A. Brackett, and Otto Parthum, with City Solicitor
Daniel J. Murphy as counsel. Benjamin H. Davis of New York City
was chief engineer. When one reviews the series of bridges — wooden,
iron and other pattems of structures — ^that have spanned the majestic
waters of the Merrimack river, since the bridge already mentioned as
having been chartered back in the eighteenth century, one cannot but
feel that man is a progressive being, and ever responsive to the urge both
onward and upward.
The population by five year periods since 1845 for the city of Law
rence has been as follows :
Year Year Year
1845   150 1870 ..._  28,921 1895  52,654
1850  8,282 1875   34,016 1900   62,559
1855 ..._  _  16,081 1880  _  39,151 1905  69,939
1860   _  17,639 1885  38,862 1910  _  85,892
1865  21,678 1890  _  44,654 1915  _.._. 90,258
1920 ..._  94,270
It is now (1921) estimated that Lawrence, with its contiguous su
burbs, has a population of not far from 125,000
The city has an area of 4,500 acres; is twenty-six miles from Bos
ton; became .a town in 1847; City Hall dedicated December 10, 1849; be
came a city in 1853 ; first mayor was Hon. Charles S. Storrow ; first steam
engine built in New England was constructed in Lawrence in 1858 ; num
ber of voters at last election, 13,101, including the 380 women who voted ;

506 ESSEX COUNTY
number of polls, 21,000; the city has one hundred and fifty passenger
trains daily ; has public library of 60,000 volumes ; is the center of a street
railway system transporting nine million passengers annually; has six
teen parks and play-grounds, 157 acres in all ; ninety miles of sewers built
at a cost of $1,643,000; main water pipes, 104 miles; water connections
used, 8,316; arc lights, 365; half-arc lights, 228; incandescent lights,
615 -'hydrants, 845 ; regular firemen, 69 ; call firemen, 62 ; policemen, 102 ;
reserve policemen, 26; has thirty mills covering 400 acres; one million
spindles; has 29 public schools; 9,845 pupils; 334 teachers; 110 evenmg
teachers ; eight parochial schools ; parochial school pupils, 6,000 ; has 108
miles of streets; 18 miles of paved streets, with granite, cement and
grout; second city in Massachusetts in point of value in manufactured
products ; savings bank deposits amount to more than $22,000,000 ; has
seven bells, with weights as follows: Parker Street Church Bell, 1,557;
Pacific Mill Bell, 2,360; Arlington Mill Bell, 3,047; City Hall Bell, 3,446;
the John R. Rollins School Bell, 3,984 ; the A. B. Brace School Bell, 6,143
pounds. The Essex Company— In order to gain any definite knowledge con
ceming the early and later history of the city of Lawrence, with all its
multitude of industries and commercial interests, one must needs con
sult the formation and activities of the Essex Company, formed by act
of incorporation March 20, 1845, seventy-six years ago. In less than a
month from the date of the charter, the company was organized in due
form, with a capital of $1,000,000, without the issue of a circular or pros
pectus. The directors were Abbott Lawrence, Nathan Appleton, Patrick
T. Jackson, John A. Lowell, Ignatius Sargent, William Sturgis and
Charles S. Storrow, all manufacturers or financiers of high character.
Harnessing the waters of the Merrimack river to the promotion of
a great manufacturing industry was the thought in mind of this company,
which, in fact, is the comer stone of the present city and its industries.
In 1843 the Merrimack Water Power Association was formed, with
Samuel Lawrence as president and treasurer, and Daniel Saunders as
agent, with associates mainly from Lowell, as the forerunner of this more
powerful chartered company. It had been discovered that near the his
toric Andover Bridge, about Bodwell's Falls, there lay a tract of land
underlaid with blue limestone, so situated that a dam could be construct
ed as to be almost imperishable. When it was seen what had been ac
complished at Lowell and elsewhere in New England from 1825 to 1845,
far-seeing operators were ready to take hold here at Lawrence. Maur-
ic B. Dorgan, in his "Lawrence Yesterday and Today," writes of this
corporation as follows :
It has been said that Lawrence was at the beginning purely a business enter
prise, but it is also conceded that the needs of a future community were clearly
foreseen by the promoters, and that steps were wisely taken to provide for coming
population in advance of the then prevailing conception of public needs. Seldom

CITY OF LAWRENCE 507
do promoters encounter at the start more difficulties than did the founders of Law
rence. Textile manufacturing, in monster mUls, was then an experiment in
America. The works designed were upon a large scale, requiring heavy outlay and
years of working and waiting for conclusive results. When operations were
fairly begun, adverse legislation and financial depression came to hinder and dis
turb, but the directors and managers of this company were men of courage, integrity
and loyalty. Their fortunes and their reputations were staked upon the success of
an enterprise that would affect the lives of thousands of men and women in this
and other lands, and provide new opportunities for bread winners. FaUure would
result in loss to the stockholders and would also prove a pubUc calamity and a
blow at industrial developments in America. The leaders, doubtless, had an eye
for ultimate profits, but there was also a phUanthropic spirit manifest in their
actions. The public at this day probably does not fully realize the extent of the activities
of the Essex Company prior to the incorporation of the city. Besides building the
dam, canals, the drainage system and streets, and fitting lands for human habita
tion, the company buUt, equipped and for years operated the great machine shop,
with' foundry and forge shop, all of stone, (afterward controlled by a company or-
g^anized as the "Lawrence Machine Shop," and now included in the Everett Mill
group) ; also built fifty brick buildings and a large boarding-house, and made ex
pensive improvements in deepening and straightening the Spicket river from the
machine shop race-way to its mouth.
As a protection against fire, at the joint cost of the company and the Bay
State Mills, the Prospect HUl reservoir was built and connected ¦with, a system of
water mains. Andover bridge was purchased and repaired by it; a fine brick
hotel (in later years enlarged and now the present Franklin House) was erected;
gas works were needed, and this company, uniting with the Bay State MUls, built
the first gas plant; the lumber dock on Water street was excavated, and lumber
made and sold in immense quantities during the busy early construction period.
In the loft of the machine shop, a full set of worsted machinery was set up
and operated experimentally, the first attempt to develop that since important and
growing industry of the city. Flumes, race-ways, wheel-pits and protecting walls
were built at great cost at the! Central MUl site. The company also engineered
and built for owners, and in some cases built and sold to the original owners, the
first Atlantic Cotton MiUs, the Upper Pacific MUls, the Pemberton Mills, Duck
and machine shop buildings.
The central and beautiful Common, Storrow Park, Bodwell Park, Union Park
and Stockton Park, besides a large tract of land on the west bank of the Shawsheen
river, from Market to Andover streets, were reserved by the company and conveyed
by deed of gift to the inhabitants of Lawrence, to be forever used as public
grounds. Besides, for recreation, it gave freely of lands for religious and educa
tional purposes. In fact,, there was hardly an activity working toward the develop
ment and advancement of the "New City" in which this corporation was not con
cemed. It may be truthfully said that few incorporated companies have been operated
continuously for more than seventy years along definite linea so Uttle changed. In
the whole history of the company there have been but two treasurers in general
management — Charles S. Storrow, and Howard Stockton. The engineers in charge
have been Captain Charles H. Bigelow, Benjamin Coolidge, and .Hiram F. Mills,
although of late years Richard A. Hale, assistant engineer of the company, has
practically filled the position of engineer. George D. Cabot, Captain John R. Rol
lins, Henryl H. Hall, Robert H. Tewksbury and Rollin A. Prescott have in tum
served as accountant and cashier. George Sanbom was connected with the com
pany for fifty-two years from 1845 to 1898, the most of thei time as superintendent

508 ESSEX COUNTY
of outside constmction. At his death in 1898 he was succeeded by his son, George
A. Sanbom, who stiU holds the position.
The Stone dam across the Merrimack river, the base of all later
operations, was begun in the summer of 1845 and completed "J ISfl-
After more than three-score and ten years it stands as solid as the day
on which it was built. Charies H. Bigelow, a captain of engineers m the
United States Army, supervised this great undertaking. The dam is con
stracted of immense granite blocks laid in hydraulic cement, firmly bolted
upon the river rock bed. It measures thu^y-five feet at the base and
extends up to the crest, where it is only about thurteen feet wide. The
dam and its wings are 1,629 feet in length. The overflow of water is
nine hundred feet. At the day it was built, when matenal and labor
were much lower than today, the cost of construction was about $250,000.
It stood the test of the Merrimack flood in 1852, when the old toll-house
and part of the Falls bridge and fish-way were swept away.
The North Canal, built at the same tune as the dam, is a littie niore
than one mile in length and one hundred feet wide at place of beginning,
and narrows to sixty feet at the outiet. About 12,500 horse-power or
140 mill powers for ordinary working hours in the driest season was
developed. The South canal, built in recent years, is three-fourths of a
mile in length by sixty feet in width and ten feet in depth.
Maurice B. Dorgan in his "Lawrence Yesterday and Today" gives
the following list of distinguished visitors to the city:
Lawrence has had many distinguished visitors, among them, November 14,
1847, Daniel Webster and his wife; September 8, 1849, Father Theobald Mathew,
the distinguished Irish Temperance reformer; in 1850, Horace Greeley, the famous
journalist, who twenty-five years later lectured at City Hall on observations from
his early visits; in February, 1853, Thomas Francis Meagher, the Irish patriot and
after a major-general in the Union Army; in December, 1856, Senator Thomas H.
Benton, for thirty years a member of the United States Senate; in 1860, Stephen
A. Douglas, Lincoln's great opponent; in the spring of 1863, General George B.
McClellan, famous Union commander, and his wifej in August, 1865, General U. S.
Grant, commander-in-chief of the Union Armies, with his famUy and staff; Decem
ber 21, 1877, General James Shields ; January 16, 1880, Charles Stewart ParneU, the
Irish statesman; in 1889, President Benjamin Harrison; in September, 1896, WUliam
J. Bryan, Democratic candidate for President, and later erstwhile Secretary of
State under President WUson; January 2, 1897, Monsignor Martinelli, an apos
tolic delegate to the United States from Rome ; August 26, 1902, President Theodore
Roosevelt, with members of his cabinet. In the faU of 1912, during the presiden
tial campaign, Lawrence had the distinction of receiving a President and an ex-
President of the United States on the same day. In the moming ex-President
Roosevelt, Progressive candidate for President, visited the city; and in the after
noon President William Howard Taft, Republican candidate for re-election, came
to the city and addressed a gathering of citizens on the Common. A Chinese
Embassy, a Japanese Embassy, and a company of naval officers and officials repre
senting the Czar of all the Russias, have paid special visits to Lawrence, inspecting
the mammoth mills with great interest.

CITY OF LAWRENCE 509
Various Historic Paragraphs — The two compass posts on the east
erly side of the Common are about two hundred feet apart, almost
parallel with Jackson street. These define a true north and south line.
The variation from the true north line is now about twelve degrees.
These two granite posts are of invaluable service to civil engineers who
come here to adjust their instruments. The placing of these markers
was brought about by Gilbert E. Hood, who as school superintendent
sent a communication to the school board and city council in 1871 stating
that the legislature of 1870 had wisely provided that the county com
missioners of each county should by means of stone posts establish a
true north and south line in one or more places within the county. He
suggested that the Common was the most logical place for such posts,
as of great value to the pupils of the high school. Upon petition of the
city council, the county commissioners placed the posts at their present
locations. Lafayette's visit was one of the early day notable events, June 20,
1825, he passed through this section from Boston to Concord, New
Hampshire, The General left Boston at nine o'clock in the moming,
with a suite, riding in an open barouche drawn by four white horses.
The route taken was through Charlestown, Medford, Reading, Andover,
through the present Lawrence, and Methuen. He was met at the An
dover line by a company of cavalry and escorted to Seminary Hill, where
the venerable Mr. Kneeland welcomed the' honored guest. Several mili
tary companies in Lawrence joined the cavalry and escorted him to Tay
lor's Hotel, where he was welcomed by the faculty of the institution.
About two p. m. the distinguished party passed over Andover (now
Broadway) bridge in Lawrence, escorted by the Andover cavalry. At
Methuen there was a welcome by the local militia and by some one of
the General's old light infantry soldiers, several of whom met him upon
the route. At three p. m. at the State Line, the cavalry delivered their
guest to the staff of Govemor Morrill, of New Hampshire, the Granite
State party arriving safely in Concord with their distinguished guest
early the same evening. The only halt in Lawrence was to water the
fine-blooded horses at the Shawsheen comer well, and a short rest upon
the old bridge, where the picturesque rapids and pleasant scene at
tracted the attention of the noble Frenchman. The people tumed out en
masse. Writmg of the fall of the Pemberton Mills, the late Hon. R. H.
Tewksbury in his history of this calamity states: "No cyclone or whirl
wind had swept the plain; no torrent had undermined; no lightning
stroke had rent; no explosion had shattered the fair stracture. Some
inherent defect invited and caused collapse so complete that it came with
out waming and overcame eveiy element of strength and solidity."
Fully to appreciate the gloom into which Lawrence was plunged by
this disaster, one should remember that it was in the period of financial

510 ESSEX COUNTY
panics in this country, from 1857 on to 1860, when Lawrence, in common
with all other cities, suffered greatly. The largest woolen mill plant in
the United States had failed ; the great machine shop building was silent
and deserted of its workmen. The Pacific Mills were yet in a stage of
experimenting, struggling to sui-vive. The population had suddenly de
creased fully fifteen per cent. Only after the Civil War came on was
there any demand for goods such as were here manufactured.
The Pemberton Mills were built in 1853 by the Essex Company, and
John Pickering Putnam was managing director. It was designed and
built under the watchful care of Captain Charles H. Bigelow, and was
one of the most attractive and apparently most substantial buildings in
Lawrence. In 1859 it had been purchased by David Nevins of Methuen
and George Howe of Boston, who paid $325,000 for the plant, which had
cost in excess of $840,000. Under these owners the factory had resumed
work, and prosperity seemed to smile upon the undertaking. Shortly be
fore 5 o'clock in the aftemoon of January 10th, 1860, while the machin
ery was still in motion, without a second's waming, the entire building
trembled, tottered and fell, burying beneath its shapeless, broken ruins a
mass of humanity that had been working within its walls. Six hundred
and seventy men, women and children went down in the ruins. Strong
men with stout hearts went to work to remove the living from the ruins.
To make the fatalities more than double what they would have been at
first, about ten o'clock at night, when men were doing their best to re
lieve suffering, a lantem in the hands of a workman was broken by
chance, and the ignited fluid fell among inflammable materials, such as
cotton waste and oil, when suddenly tongues of fire leaped high over the
ruins. One account of this calamity speaks as follows: "The scene
lighted by bonfires, and the flames from the buming mass, in the smoke
that hung about it, was weird, awe-inspiring and indescribable. All
about the streets, from every available outiook, an excited, hushed crowd
gathered from the homes of the city and from the country about, look
ing, on, filled with fear and foreboding. There were 918 persons em
ployed by the corporation, but of these neariy one-third were at work in
out-buildings or in the yard, and were therefore out of danger. Of the
670 persons in the mill when it fell, 307 escaped unhurt, 88 were killed,
116 badly injured and 159 slightiy injured."
The City Hall was transformed into a morgue for the wounded and
dead, by order of Hon. Daniel Saunders, Jr., then mayor, and the physi
cians of Lawrence and surrounding towns were all busy at work The
scene at the City Hall was one never to be forgotten by those who saw
it in all Its awfulness. At one tune there were fifty-four wounded pa
tients m the hall. The heartrending scenes witnessed in the identifica
tion of the dead must here be left to the imagination.
The relief committee, under the mayor and Charies S. Storrow, was
flooded by every incoming mail with contributions from far and near

CITY OF LAWRENCE 511
until these men had to refuse to accept the freely-given offerings. The
total amount received was $65,835.67, and of this sum $52,000 was dis
bursed in aid of the sufferers; the $14,000 remaining was invested as
annuities. Pardon Armington was appointed clerk to make an accurate
record of each case. Four days after the calamity the mayor ordered a
day of fasting and prayer, calling upon the people to abstain from labor
as much as possible and to attend religious services.
The jury called by Dr. William D. Lamb, then coroner, heard the
evidence of eye-witnesses that the roof of the mill first sank at the
southerly end and the whole roof, freeing itself from wall supports, came
crashing down to the floor below. Each floor gave way as the one above
it came violently downward, till the last floor was reached. The wall at
the north end of the 284 foot structure was thrown outward, a portion
falling upon the ice that covered the canal. The chimney at the south
end remained standing with some crumbling walls attached. Only the
main building fell. Pictures of this scene were printed from the then
used woodcuts in "Harper's" and "Frank Leslie's" illustrated papers,
many of which are still to be seen at public libraries. It was the verdict
of the jury that the cast-iron pillars used for supporting the several floors
of the building were weak, on account of defective castings, and it was
agreed by experts and jury that this was the sole cause of the disaster.
Thirteen bodies were removed from the ruins so badly mutilated that
they could not be identified, and these were all buried in BeUevue ceme
tery, over which was erected a plain granite monument with this inscrip
tion : "In memory of the unrecognized dead who were killed by the fall
of the Pemberton Mill, January 10, 1860."
The present Pemberton Mills are on the site of the old mill. Imme
diately after this awful disaster a new company was organized with
David Nevins, George Blackburn and Eben Sutton as largest share
holders. Their company was incorporated as the Pemberton Company,
July 26, 1890, at about nine o'clock (Saturday moming), a whirl
wind swept over the southem ward of the city, in which eight persons
were killed and sixty-five injured. The property loss was about $45,-
000. The storm came from the west, at the velocity of a mile a minute.
A funnel-shaped cloud hung high over Andover street and near West
Parish road, struck the earth, and took everything in its pathway. It
blew away buildings and upturned large trees. The railroad bridge was
badly warped and twisted by the storm. A switchman was killed near
there. It spent itself at the entrance of the Shawsheen into the Merri
mack river. Not very long after, the mayor and city officials were busy
rendering relief. Early that evening a military guard was placed in
charge, to keep order — old Battery C, Field Ai-tillery, under Captain L.
N. Duchesney, and also Company F, under Captain Joseph H. Joubert.
The next day (Sunday) there were fully 50,000 people present as sight
seers, the utmost order prevailing. The total amount in relief funds was

512 ESSEX COUNTY
$37 560. The smallest amount given by any Lawrence person was ten
cents, and the greatest was $500. Lawrence donated $27,000; Boston,
$6 800; Lowell, $2,000; Haverhill, $1,059; Salem, $218; Manchester,
New Hampshire, $66 ; and Worcester, $25. The amount of money drawn
by the building committee to pay awards was $30,000. The estmiated
damage was $37,000, and the actual damage aggregated $42,000.
Lawrence was visited August 4, 1910, by a tomado, which passed
through the heart of the city. Trees were upturned, buildings were un
roofed, but no fatalities took place. One man was injured. The greatest
loss was in the vicinity of the Common. The huge flagstaff, opposite the
site of the present beautiful Shattuck staff, was snapped off at the base
"like a pipe-stem."
On June 30, 1913, the ranway leading from the north bank of the
Merrimack river, just above the dam, to one of the municipal bathhouses,
collapsed, and eleven boys, ranging from eight to fifteen years, were
drowned. Scores more were only saved by prompt and heroic work on
the part of bystanders. While the boys were standing on the boardwalk
extending out over the water, waiting until the keeper should open up
the bathhouse for the first time that season, it suddenly collapsed, and
all were plunger into the water. Only a few cases can' here be mentioned
wherein heroic persons, including boys, riskd their lives to save others
straggling in the waters and unable to swim. Joseph McCann, a fifteen-
year-old crippled lad, probably outshone all others in his daring yet un
successful attempt to save his companions. Without hesitation, he
plunged into the stream. Being a fine swimmer, he was soon in reach
of his chums, who (as is usually the case) grasped his frail his frail
form, and all went to watery graves. Henry Hinchcliffe, aged sixteen,
succeeded in bringing a number of boys safely to shore. He was award
ed the Carnegie Medal for bravery, and also afforded an education by
the Carnegie Hero Fund. Expert divers brought to the surface seven
more boys, making eleven in all known to have drowned. The bath
houses were then closed and never reopened. The relatives of the de
ceased boys each received $100 for funeral expenses, but the supreme
court held later that the city was not liable for damages, for the reason
that no fee had been charged for the use of the bath houses. The inquest
disclosed the fact that the accident was due to lack of sufficient braces
under the board walk. Those who perished were : Secundo AUegdro, 10
years ; William Bolster, 10 ; Joseph Belanger, 8 ; John Cote, 8 ; Romaldo
Gaudette (was visiting in the city and was to have gone home to Fitch
burg on the day following the accident) , 10 ; Joseph Hennessey, 15 ; Rol-
land Jones, 9 ; Joseph McCann, 15 ; Flower Pmta, 11 ; William Thornton,
10 ; Michael Woitena, 14.
What was known as the Lawrence Board of Trade had its origin
on Febraary the eighth, 1888, with James H. Eaton as its first presi
dent; Charles A. DeCourcy, secretary; and Arthur W. Dyer, treasurer.

CITY OF LAWRENCE 513
About eighty men belonged to this organization, including the mill agents
as well as many of the better class of business and professional men of
the city. For a full quarter of a century this organization looked well
to the commercial interests of Lawrence. June 1st, 1913, the old organi
zation died and the newly-formed Chamber of Commerce went into ac
tion, with larger scope and greater activities. Statistical matter has
been printed and sent broadcast throughout the entire country, and good
results have been known to follow this extensive advertising plan. One
of the largest undertakings was the sending out a large display of articles
produced in the many industrial plants. Tens of thousands of descriptive
circulars were distributed in the 1915 Panama-Pacific Intemational Ex
position at San Francisco. Another big feature was the sending of a
special passenger train of one hundred and six enthusiastic boomers for
Lawrence. The fine exhibit at San Francisco was awarded the first
premium in way of such a collection of exhibits.
The old Merchants' Association, which had been formed in 1902, for
mutual benefit to the merchants, was merged with the Chamber of Com
merce. The Chamber now has commodious quarters in the Bay State
Building, and there the facts concerning the growing city of Lawrence
may be readily found by interested parties.
At the outset, the founders of the city made provision for the com
fort and enjoyment of coming generations. The Essex Company, men
tioned elsewhere, liberally donated the Common, and from time to time
deeded other tracts of land to the city, which are now "favorite breathing
spots." Storrow Park, a reservation of ten acres on the highlands of
Prospect Hill, in Ward No. 1, was deeded to Lawrence, December 3,
1853. In 1873 the same company deeded a seven-acre tract known as
the "Amphitheatre", as it is closed on three sides by low ridges ; this is
also called Bodwell Park. The conditions of this gift were that the city
should expend not less than two hundred dollars per year for a term of
ten years in improving and making beautiful the grounds. Another
handsome reservation was laid out by the Essex Company. This con
tains a little more than eleven acres and extends easterly from South
Union street in Ward No. 6, and is now styled Union Park. The public
park off Hampshire street (known commonly as the "Jail Common"), is
another gift from the Essex Company, besides the small Stockton Park
at the junction of South Union street and Winthrop avenue.
The playground movement was started in the summer of 1912, the
first cost being bome by the city, with some assistance by liberal citizens.
However, away back in 1848 the place had its playground in the shape
of the Commons, so generously donated to the newly-laid-out town.
There are now seventeen parks or playgrounds containing 164.67 acres.
This number includes Sullivan Park (named for the late Hon. Edward F.
O'Sullivan), which tract was formerly Riverside Park ball grounds, but
purchased by the city in the early months of 1918. The play grounds are
Essex — 33

514 ESSEX COUNTY
attracting great attention, and are utilized by thousands of children and
youth, who are provided with all sorts of appliance^ for both amusement
and physical culture.
There are but few finer "Commons" than the tract at Lawrence. It
is in the very heart of the enterprising city, and comprises seventeen and
one-half aeres ; the land was deeded to the city in 1848 by the Essex Com
pany. Here are winding paths and walks leading in every du-ection.
Stately elms and maple trees enclose expanses of grass plots, set off with
attractive flower beds. In 1916 the park commissioner gave this com
mon as having four hundred and twenty-two trees. One descriptive
writer, in "Lawrence of Today" says of this park or common:
Originally this common, in the greater part of its area, was only a sand heap.
The high ground was sown occasionaUy with buckwheat, which was plowed in as a
fertilizer. At one time, near the northeastem comer, two acres were set out
with cabbages. The eastern section along Jackson street was an elder swamp,
with a brook running through it. The wUlows on the southeastern comer, the last
of which were removed several years ago, were some of the original trees that grew
up by the waU, which as one of the boundary lines of the Gage farm that stretched
away to the eastward. One of these wiUow trees, cut down in 1899, had sixty-nine
rings in the trunk, denoting an age of sixty-nine years.
In 1874-75 the old fence which enclosed the park was removed and the granite
curbing was provided. The present concrete water-basin, or artificial pond, built
in 1914, replaced the original gold-fish pond for which ground was broken in August,
1857. The beautifuUy designed Soldiers' and SaUors' Monument was here erected
in 1881, as a result of the donations given by the Grand Army Post, citizens of
the place, etc., who formed the Monument Association, with officers as foUows:
President, Robert H. Tewksbury; vice-presidents, John R. RolUns and Thomas Cor-
nelie; secretary. Prank O. Kendall; trustees to receive and invest funds; Mayor
James R. Simpson, Hezekiah Plummer, Waldo L. Abbott, Joseph Shattuck, Freder
ick E. Clarke, James S. Hutchinson, Byron Truell, John Hart, Edmund R. Hay
den. The total cost of this monument was $11,111.75, the total number of sub
scribers being 9,136. Among the long Ust of givers appear the names of these resi
dents. The cfowning flgure of the monument is "Union'', designed by David Rich
ards. The bronze tablet attached to this Civil War Monument contains the names
of two hundred and fifty-five soldiers who were killed in battle. This memorial
to the defenders of their country was appropriately dedicated on the evening of
November 2, 1881, amid a brilliant display of fireworks and calcium lights. It was
accepted on behalf of the city by Mayor Henry K. Webster, who gave a befitting
address. Another attraction on the Common is the unique flagstaff, the gift of Joseph
Shattuck, upon the occasion of the first Flag Day demonstration, October 12, 1912.
Mr. Shattuck gave $4,000 for the erection of this fiagstaff, and an additional
thousand was deposited with the Essex Savings Bank for the purpose of supply
ing new flags, as time goes on. The base of this flagstaff is an emblematic work
of art, representing the industries of Lawrence, especially the weaving of fabrics.
It is an elaborate affair and in connection with the base bears this inscription: "The
gift of Joseph Shattuck, to the people of Lawrence, as a perpetual remembrance
of October 12, 1912, when 32,000 men, women and children of the city marched
under the flag for God and Country."
The present bandstand on the Common was built in June, 1904.
The public sanitary station, located in the same section, was completed

CITY OF LAWRENCE 515
and opened December 30, 1907. The park system includes parks and
playstands in every ward.
The "Service-Roll" was erected temporarily, in honor of the 3,600
soldiers who had been inducted into the United States service for the
World War. This will ere long doubtless be superseded by a more tasty
and enduring memorial upon the part of the citizens of the city.
The great textile strike of 1912 was felt directly throughout Essex
county and indirectly throughout the whole of New England, also causing
labor agitation even beyond the confines of this country, was the one at
Lawrence, beginning January 12, 1912, lasting sixty-three days, in which
27,000 operatives were involved. The real cause was the enforcement
of the 54-hour law, which really meant that operatives lost two hours
per week. The measure prohibited women and children from working
in the mills more than fifty-four hours a week. But, as a matter of fact,
the work of the women and children feeds the work done by the men, so
the new law meant a reduction of two hours in the week's working sched
ule. While the wages per hour were not changed, the amount of the
compensation received by the workers under the fifty-four hour law was
less than under the fifty-six hour law. The workers demanded that they
receive the same wages, regardless of the change of the schedule'; when
the first pay-day arrived, following the date that the 54-hour law went
into effect, they resented the reduction, as they saw fit to regard it, and
the strike began. This was January 11. Five hundred weavers and
spinners in the Everett, Arlington and Duck mills first quit work.
The strike began January 12, 1912, and lasted sixty-three days.
Twenty-seven thousand operatives were involved. Cause: Reduction
in pay, with enforcement of new fifty-four hour law. Two regiments
of infantry, two troops of cavalry, besides metropolitan park police,
assisted augmented La'wrence police force in preserving order. Anna
LoPezzi and John Remi were killed in clashes between strikers and police
and strikers and militia. Joseph J. Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti, strike
leaders, were arrested on charge of being accessories before the fact to
the slaying of Anna LoPezzi; after jury trial, both acquitted. Parties
of children were sent to New York, Philadelphia and Barre, Virginia,
for care until the close of strike ; one group stopped by police and several
an-ests made. Investigation by Congressional Committee, United States
Attomey General, the Federal Bureau of Labor, a committee of the State
Legislature, and the Attomey General of the State. Cost to mills, esti
mated at nearly $1,000,000. Estimated loss of wages to employees,
$1,350,000. Estunated cost of maintaining regular and special police by
the city, $75,000. Estimated cost to State in maintaining militia, $200,-
000. Relief funds sent in from all over the country, approximately $65,-
000. More than 2,500 persons cared for daily during strike period. $45,-
000 collected by I. W. W. ; leaders of that organization accused of mis-

516 ESSEX COUNTY
management and misuse of funds. Estimated number of an-ests 500;
one-half of this number paid fines ranging from one to one hundred dol
lars. Strike ended March 14, 1912. Concessions of mills, five to twenty-
five per cent, increases in wages. Wage advance spread over New Eng
land; a general increase of from five to seven per cent. Estunated cost
to 1,500 textile manufacturers, $5,000,000 a year.
A local writer (Maurice B. Dorgan) gives this description of affau-s
connected with the strike :
Friday moming, January 12, snow began falling at 7:30 and through the
whirling whiteness ran the constantly growing crowd of strikers. It started from
the Washington MiUs, with 500, andj by 10 a. m. had 12,000 people out of the
nulls and the riot call sounding for the poUce. The mob marched over Umon
street and entered the Wood Worsted MUls. Weapons were brandished, belts were
thrown off, obstacles were hurled into the machinery and workers were actually
driven from the nulls. Next the army of strikers went to the Ayer MUls to get
the workers out. Here occurred the first clash with the poUce, who were under
command of Assistant City Marshal Samuel S. Logan. Marching across the Duck
bridge, the mob attacked the Duck and Kunhardt MUls, breaking many windows.
The Industrial Workers of the World had a smaU organization of perhaps 300
in Lawrence, although little or nothing had ever been heard of it untU the strike.
Immediately its local leaders sent for Joseph J. Ettor, an ItaUan organizer of that
body, and he arrived from New York Saturday moming, addressing a mass meeting
in City HaU. He remained chairman of the strike committee, which was organized
on the foUovring Monday, and the real leader of the strike untU his arrest on Janu
ary 30, on the charge of being accessory to the murder of Anna Lo Pezzi, an Italian
woman, who was shot on January 29.
By Saturday night 15,000 of the mUl workers of Lawrence were out. On Sun
day, January 14, Ettor and the strike committee had a conference vrith Mayor
Michael A. Scanlon and the members of the board of aldermen, when the strikers
were advised to observe law and order and not invoke trouble or continue the
destruction of property. Fearing a further demonstration upon the part of the
strikers on the following Monday moming, however, every police officer was ordered
to report for duty early and the three local militia organizations. Battery C of the
Field ArtUlery, Company F of the Ninth Infantry, and Company L of the Eighth
Infantry, were ordered to report at the Amesbury street Armory.
The next moming, Monday, January 15, there was a clash between the troops
and the strikers and there was general disorder. Thirty-five arrests were made. A
strikers' parade started in the vicinity of Union street and proceeded along Canal
street to the Washington Mills. Here the null gate was stormed and a number
succeeded in getting into the mill, where they were arrested. Then the mob moved
up street along the canal of the Pacific MUls, where they were received with hose
streams. After they had been repulsed, a crowd armed themselves with sticks from
a freight car standing on their side of the canal and smashed many windows in the
Atlantic MUls. Shots were fired by the mob at the mUlwatchman, and one rioter
was bayoneted, though not fatally, by a member of Company F, in an attempt to
rush the Atlantic MUl gates.
This marked the entrance of the mUitia into the situation, which had got be
yond control of the civil authorities. Governor Foss ordered mUitia companies
from other cities in the State to Lawrence, and from that day tiU several weeks
later, when the need of the military was no longer apparent, the iron grip of the
soldiery was felt. Cordons of mUitia were thrown about the nulls, and sharp
shooters were located in the factory towers as a precaution against prowlers who

CITY OF LAWRENCE 517
might get by the Une of soldiers. Later a portion of the militia did poUce duty
in the foreign quarters and business section of the city. Col. E. LeRoy Sweetser
was ordered to take command of the troops in Lawrence. Police from other cities
and towns were also brought in to reinforce the local police.
So matters went on day after day and week after week, until the clash between
strikers and the authorities occurred, February 26. Before sunrise that moming
there was a sharp encounter at the lower end of Common street between the police
and the men supposed to be strikers. There were about thirty shot^; exchanged.
One man, an Italian, was wounded in his shoulder. During this strike a well-
organized relief station was maintained by the American Federation of Labor,
where food, fuel and clothing were distributed to the needy.
The conduct of the I. W. W. organization several months later in getting up a
parade and carrying banners such as "No God; No Master," was the death blow
to that society in Lawrence. Public opinion rose higher and higher against such
things, and more than five thousand names were added to a society of loyal men
and women who, in October that year, observed Flag Day. Ie( the parade were
seen thirty thousand men, women and chUdren, marching beneath the folds of the
Star Spangled Banner. Sixty thousand people with loyal hearts were present on
that Flag Day occasion. This ended the influance of the Industrial Workers of the
World, so far as this city was concemed. Pages more might be published on this
great strike of 1912, suffice it to say that it was not long before the people of the
country generally felt that all was done that could be done to shorten the duration
of this terrible labor trouble in one of the fairest cities of the RepubUc.
There is no pretension that the subjoined exposition of the industrial
development of Lawrence from humble beginnings to present magnitude
is exhaustive as to details. It is yet sufficientiy comprehensive, how
ever, to emphasize a gro'wth that reads almost like a romance. Of the
so-called "boom" quality with which the settlement and growth of sundry
American communities is associated, there is little or none in the story
of Lawrence's industrial evolution. If there have been no signal periods
when with diminished business the prestige of a milling centre seemed
likely to pass away, so there have been no stages where the expansion
took on a feverish character. The chronicler can not fail to be impressed
with a development consistent with the building of a sure foundation
and a conduct of affairs conforming to principles that spell permanency
and progress. As will be seen by some of the statements that follow,
certain facts justify a disregard of the discreetness of that rule which
counsels general avoidance of the use of the superlative. No risks thus
inhere in this quarter; for the dominance thus emphasized here and
there is so unquestioned as to compel immediate recognition. Facts and
figures have all been obtained at first hand ; they are therefore removed
from any requirement as to qualification. The review of the milling in
dustries, no precedence being implied, is prefaced with the story of the
Pacific Mills, succeeded by that of the American Woolen Company, both
giant corporations; then follow the recitals, brief though they may be,
that carry with them those adequate details to which the general reader
is entitled. As to the Pacific Mills, when a few far-sighted Lowell and

518 ESSEX COUNTY
Boston business men, prominent among whom were the Lawrence
brothers, from whom our city takes its name, joumeyed by tram to
North Andover and thence by carriage to the site of the rapids m the
Merrimack river at Bodwell's Falls, where Daniel Saunders had foreseen
the possibilities of developing a fine water power and had acquu-ed the
ownership of land on both sides of the river, they had a vision of a
great manufacturing city whose thousands of whirring spindles would
be driven by the power of the water which the dam they proposed to
build would tum into canals, whose banks would be lined with splendid
mills. Now, seventy-five years afterward, we see their vision realized,
as we gaze upon the great stractures which house the machinery that
tums out the millions of yards each year of cotton, worsted and woolen
clothes which have made Lawrence the greatest producer in the United
States of worsteds, and well to the front in cotton cloths also.
The story of the formation in 1845 of the Essex Company to develop
10,000 horse-power of water by building the great dam over which there
is a clear fall of water in a sheet more than nine hundred feet broad and
thirty-two feet high, is told elsewhere in this volume ; but we can pause
to visualize what a tremendous undertaking it must have seemed in those
early days, and with what energy and enthusiasm they set about build
ing this dam, the first stone of which was laid September 19, 1845, and
the last one just three years to a day later, September 19, 1848 ; and to
dig along the north bank of the river a canal over a mile long, one hun
dred feet wide at the head and tapering to a width of sixty feet at its
outlet ; and along the south bank to start a similar but somewhat smaller
canal. During this same time great mill buildings were being erected
along the North canal. The "New City," as it was then called, became
a veritable hive of busy workers, and has so continued ever since.
The first mill site nearest the Canal entrance was that afterward ac
quired by the Pacific Mills, but theirs were not the first mills built; the
next in line, the Atlantic Cotton Mills, and the Bay State Mills (now
the location of the Washington Mills of the American Woolen Company)
were both under way in 1846. The Atlantic Mills, after prosperous
years and years of depression, finally went out of business, and the prop
erty was bought at auction by the Pacific Mills in 1913 ; their history,
therefore, becomes a part of that of the latter company. The Atlantic
Cotton Mills were incorporated Febraary 3, 1846, with an authorized
capital of $1,800,000, which was reduced in 1876 to $1,000,000. This
plant had 106,000 spindles, for cotton yams, and over 3,000 looms making
sheetings, shirtings and pillow-tubing cloths, and employed over 1000
operatives. The Westem or No. 1 Mill was commenced June 9, 1846,
and started spinning yam May 10, 1849. The easterly, or No. 2 Mill
was first operated September 4, 1849; ground for No. 3, or connecting
mill, was broken Febraary 15, 1850, and the machinery for this mill was
built by the Essex Company in its machine shop, which is now the old

CITY OF LAWRENCE 519
stone mill of the Everett Mills. The first cotton to arrive in Lawi-ence
was on January 12, 1849, and was used at the Atlantic Mills. Abbott
Lawrence was the first president of this company, and Charles S. Stor
row was treasurer the first year. Mr. Storrow was the first mayor when
Lawrence became a city. For the first ten years the agent was General
Henry K. Oliver, who became mayor of Lawrence in 1859. He was
originally a school teacher and a lover of music. He selected the various
mill bells, so toned that they would blend harmoniously when all ringing
together, and was the author of the well-known hymn, "Federal Street."
During the Civil War, from 1861 to 1866, he was treasurer of the State
of Massachusetts, and later on served as mayor of the city of Salem, Mas
sachusetts, for three years.. Joseph P. Battles, who succeeded him,
served as agent for over twenty-five years.
The main cotton mill of the Pacific Mills was started by the Essex
Company before it was known what company would operate them.
Ground was broken May 24, 1852, and on June 1st the first stone was
laid at the southeast comer of the main mill structure. It was originally
500 feet long and seven stories high ; the easterly portion of same height
and 300 feet long was built in 1860. The print works buildings along
the river were built at the same time as the main mill in 1852-3.
The Pacific Mills was incorporated in 1853 to make ladies' dress
goods "from wool wholly, from cotton wholly, and from wool and cot
ton combined." Abbott Lawrence was the first president of this com
pany, as he was also the first president of the Essex Company and of the
Atlantic Cotton Mills. Mr. Lawrence and his elder brother Amos were
among the greatest business men of New England of that period, and
Abbott was prominent not only in his business relations, but in politics
as well. Twice he was sent to Congress; he served as a commissioner
appointed by Massachusetts to settle the boundary line between what is
now the State of Maine and Canada, sei-ving with Lord Ashburton ; and
in 1849 was appointed United States Minister to the Court of St. James.
In 1847 he founded the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard, and in
other lines of activity was always a leader. Under his guidance the
Pacific Mills grew and prospered, attaining such strength that it was
able to survive the panic of 1857, when so many of even the strongest
mills and merchants of the time were driven to the wall. The excel
lence of style, quality and durability of the Pacific Mills' cloths won
popularity and built up a reputation which has lasted through all the sub
sequent years.
The first treasurer and agent was Jeremiah S. Young, who had been
active in the formation of the company. Mr. Young was lessee and man
ager of the Ballardvale Mills at Andover, where it is said the first fine
flannels to be made in this country were woven. He brought with him
to the new enterprise many skilled workmen, and devoted himself in
tensely to its development. The immense cost of so large an establish-

520 ESSEX COUNTY
ment and of the expensive machinery necessary for its equipment ex
hausted the capital of the company and emban-assed its progress, so that
the stock, whose par value was $1000 a share, sold at one tune as lov^ as
$100 and less. But Mr. Lawrence, the president, was a man of infinite
resource, who could not endure the thought of any enterpnse m which
he was so intimately connected proving a failure. In his own name he
raised the amount necessary to carry the enterprise forward, and w^
actively and eamestly engaged in its interest until his death in 1855.
The treasurer, Mr. Young, died in 1857, and after a short interval, when
the duties of treasurer were performed by Mr. George H. Kuhn, Mr. J.
Wiley Edmands was chosen treasurer and manager, and for twenty-two
years following the company continued to grow and prosper. Mr. Ed
mands received his early training with the firm of A. & A. Lawrence,
and his thorough knowledge of mercantile affairs contributed much to
the subsequent success of the mills. Associated with Mr. Edmands,
William C. Chapin came in 1853 from Fall River to superintend the Print
Works, and subsequentiy became resident agent. Mr. Chapin resigned in
1871, after having been agent eighteen years, and John Fallon, who was
his successor as chemist and superintendent of the Print Works, became
acting agent.
Following the death of Mr. Edmands in 1877, Mr. James L. Littie
became treasurer. Mr. Little was at the head of the firm of James L.
Little & Co., who had been the selling agents of the Pacific Mills for
over twenty years. Upon Mr. Little's retirement from active business
in 1880, Mr. Henry Saltonstall was chosen treasurer. A man of untiring
energy, a veritable "captain of industry," Mr. Saltonstall set at work to
remodel and modernize the whole plant. During the administration of
Mr. Edmands the mills had experienced a period of great prosperity and
growth, and to meet the demands of the trade for Pacific goods, additions
had been made to the buildings and machinery without due regard to
consecutive or economical arrangement; at this time also, much of the
machinery was found to be out-of-date and needing to be replaced by
more modem. In 1864 the central, or as is now known, the "Lower
Pacific'* site, had been bought, lying between the Atlantic and the old
Bay State Mills, or Washington Mills, as they afterward became, and on
this site was begun the erection of mills for an extension of the worsted
department. Joseph Stone came from the Manchester Mills to be super
intendent of the worsted department in 1880, succeeding Joseph Wal
worth, who became wool buyer. Samuel Barlow was promoted from the
position of color master to be superintendent of the print works, and
Walter E. Parker came from Woonsocket, Rhode Island, to be superin
tendent of the cotton department in 1881. In 1883 Lawrence & Co. be
came the selling agents, and all these co-operated with Mr. Saltonstall
in his task of remodeling the plant and making it thoroughly modem in
equipment and efficiency.

CITY OF LAWRENCE 521
Work was begun early in 1882, old buildings were tom down and
new ones erected, and machinery changed in location throughout the
plant. These changes lasted several years, the worsted manufacturing
being centered at the lower mill and the cotton at the upper site. In
1886 the office building was erected; in 1887 and 1889 the upper mill
weave shed, housing 2000 additional cotton looms ; in 1888 and 1889 the
cotton yarn min having 51,000 spindles. Large storehouses for storing
cotton, wool and finished goods were also built during this period. In
1887 Joseph Stone resigned as superintendent of the worsted department,
and Walter E. Parker became agent of the mills, and Samuel Barlow
agent of the Print Works. Mr. Barlow died in 1892 and Mr. Parker be
came agent of the entire Lawrence plant. He has retained that position
up to the present writing, the first day of April, 1921, marking forty
years of continuous service with this company. The ability with which
he has managed the manufacturing end of this great corporation has
built up for him a reputation second to none in the textile field. In
1894 Henry Saltonstall died and was succeeded as treasurer by Mr.
George S. Silsbee, who filled this position until stricken do'wn in the
midst of his usefulness, in the prime of life, in 1907. His successor was
Mr. Edwin Farnham Greene, who came a a young man for so, important
a position, but whose recognized ability has enabled him to continue the
remarkable record established by his predecessors, and maintain the
high position which this company has always held in the textile industry.
In 1907 the power station was built near the head of the canal, which
develops about 15,000 electrical horse power, driving a large portion of
the plant in North Lawrence, the Print Works having its own electric
power plant. In 1909 to 1912, the Print Works having become anti
quated, a lot of land covering eighteen acres in South Lawrence was
bought, and what is now the largest print works in America was built,
a plant of 48 calico printing machines, with dye works and bleachery,
comprising machinery from the old Print Works, the Cocheco Print
Works at Dover, New Hampshire, the Hamilton and Merrimack Print
Works at Lowell, all of which concems had been bought and merged with
the Pacific. The normal weekly output of this department exceeds 5,000,-
000 yards of printed and dyed cotton cloths, bleached and shoe goods. In
1910 the old brick boarding house blocks along the north side of Canal
street at the upper site were tom down, and in their place was built the
No. 10 Worsted Mill, 550 feet long, 131 feet wide, and seven stories high,
¦with a weave shed having about 1300 worsted looms on one floor. In
1909 the Pacific Mills acquired the Cocheco Manufacturing Company
plant at Dover, New Hampshire, and made extensive changes in this cot
ton mill bf 150,000 spindles and over 3600 looms ; and in 1916 they pur
chased four mills comprising the Hampton Mills department located in
the city of Columbia, South Carolina. This plant has about 200,000 cot
ton spindles and 4800 looms.

522 ESSEX COUNTY
At the present writing (1921) th^ plant at Lawrence comprises
buildings having about 135 acres of floor space: 215,456 cotton and 92,-
464 worsted spindles, 3,833 cotton and 3,689 worsted looms. They em
ploy about 8,000 operatives, to whom they pay each week of 48 hours
over $175,000 in wages. The Pacific Mills was originally capitalized tor
$1,000,000, increased at different periods, as the establishment grew,
until today it stands at $20,000,000.
In the sLxty-seven years which have elapsed since the Pacific cloths
first appeared on the market, great changes have taken place in manu
facturing methods and in the personnel of the working people.- Some of
the original cotton mill machinery was built in this country, but much of
the worsted machinery and that for the print works was imported.
Among the first if not the very first worsted combs in the United States
are said to have been started in the Pacific Mills. One of the eariier
types of the ring spinning spindles was invented by Oliver Pearl, an
official of the Atiantic Mills. The Wade bobbin holder was invented by
A. M. Wade, superintendent of the Pacific Mills cotton department. The
machinery in the mills has been changed time after time, as it wore out,
or better types were put upon the market.
When the mills were first built, the northerly side of the North
canal was lined with.corporation boarding and rooming houses in which
a large portion of the help lived ; for if wages were low, so also was the
cost of living. Women and guris paid $2.25 to $2.50 a week for then-
board, with another $1 a week for their rooms ; men paid $3 for board
and $1 for the room. The working hours were long, wages were paid
once a month, and in the earlier days were computed in shillings and
pence. Where now a weaver works forty-eight hours a week, tends
fourteen to eighteen automatic looms, and earns well up to $25 a week on
plain cotton cloths, in 1860 she worked eleven hours a day for six days,
or sixty-six hours a Week, tending a small number of plain looms, and
earning about 74 cents a day. Many of the girls who worked in the mills
in the early days were daughters of New England farmers and were of a
high class. The skilled printers, engravers, and foremen of the worsted
manufacturing were many of them trained in the "Old Country." A
little later we find English and Irish girls predominating in the mills, to
be supplanted quite largely later on by French-Canadians. The last de
cade has shoAvn a large infiux of workers from Southem Europe, from
Italy and Greece, also many men from Russia and Austria, so that the
names on the payrolls today read far differently from what they did in
the early days.
The Pacific Mills was a pioneer in what is termed now "service
work," maintaining a library and a relief fund for its operatives. In
1868 at the Paris Exposition, at which ten awards of 10,000 francs each
were given to individuals or associations "who, in a series of years had
accomplished the most to secure harmony between employers and their

AYER MILLS, LAWRENCE, MASS.

BIRD'S-EYE VIEW MONOMAC SPINNING CO. MILLS. LAWRENCE

BIRD'S-EYE VIEW^ ACADIA MILLS, LAWRENCE

CITY OF LAWRENCE 523
workpeople, and most successfully advanced the material, intellectual, and
moral welfare of the same," for which there were five hundred applica
tions, was successful in receiving the only award given to the United
States, none being received by Great Britain. Today we see the same
spirit shown, as evidenced by first aid rooms for the injured, rest rooms,
group life insurance carried at the expense of the company upon the lives
of all its workers, a live athletic association, including baseball and bowl
ing leagues, a mill band, etc., also a cafeteria restaurant at the Print
Works. Great as has been the financial success of the corporation, it
has been well earned and deserved.
Few persons in this country have any conception of the magnitude
of the operations of the American Woolen Company. The company is
in no sense a "trust," but rather a giant company, with mills in Massa
chusetts, Maine, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut, New York,
Vermont, and Kentucky, the total number of factory plants being fifty-
nine. The head office is in Boston ; its president is William M. Wood. It
is believed that the information herein contained will be of interest both
to the present and future generations in Essex county, from the fact that
the American Woolen Mills operate in the city of Lawrence, this county,
the Washington Mills, Wood Worsted Mills, Prospect Mills, Ayer Mills,
and occupy the Lawrence, Merrimac and Washington No. 10 Store
houses. Recent literature furnished by this great corporation furnishes
the writer of this chapter much valuable information, as will be observed
by the subjoined paragraphs:
The largest of the American Woolen Mills Company's plants is the
Wood Worsted Mills, the largest in the world today; it covers twenty-
nine acres. Here one finds the Pacific Mills and Arlington Mills; here
are large cotton and print mills — largest ever built in the world.
Of the American Woolen Company's "Washington Mills" in Law
rence, it may be said that the product is men's wear, and eight to sixty
worsted yams ; the equipment consists of 101 worsted cards, 114 worsted
combs, 1,572 broad looms, one narrow loom, 90,948 worsted spindles, 22
boilers, 10 water wheels, electric. They employ 6,500 persons, and dye
and finish their own products.
The Wood Worsted Mills make men's worsted wear and worsted
yams. The equipment includes eighteen sets of woolen cards, 140
worsted cards, 1,500 broad looms, 141 worsted combs, 12,800 woolen
^spindles, 213,928 worsted spindles.
Prospect Mills make worsted yams. The equipment of this factory
consists of 6,400 spindles, 3,000 twister spindles, two boilers, and the
number of men employed is two hundred.
The Ayer Mill devotes its entire energy to the manufacture of men's
wear worsteds. It has 50 worsted cards, 400 broad looms, 1 narrow
loom, 60 worsted combs, 44,732 spindles, 9 boilers of 600 rated horse
power each. Of the company's storehouses in Lawrence, Lawrence

524 ESSEX COUNTY
storehouse is 160 by 170 feet, six stories and a basement; Merrimac
storehouse is 108 by 390 feet, seven stories and a basement ; Washington
storehouse No. 10, 154 by 165 feet, ten stories high. These buildings
are all substantial red-brick structures, with every modem safeguard
and convenience. There are certainly but few dry goods stores on this
continent where the products of these mills cannot be found and are
sold in great quantities.
The magnitude of the American Woolen Mills Company may be
better understood by reading one of its recent statements, which contain
facts as follows :
It owns and controls fifty miUs, employs 35,000 hands, has a pay-roH of $25,000,-
000 annually, and has a total output of all classes of fabrics of 70,000,000 yards per
annum. (It is interesting to consider that the seventy mUlion yards of woolen
fabrics made annually by this company would form a belt that would extend more
than one and a half times around the earth at the: equator; if all the pieces of
woolen fabrics made in a year by this company were placed end for end, this long
strip would extend about one-sixth of the mean distance from the earth to the
moon. — Editor) .
This company buys all of its wools and suppUes of every kind direct. Its
mills are fitted with the most modem and up-to-date machinery. Its designers are
the most able that can be procured. The managers and superintendents are men
of years of experience in the worsted and woolen manufacturing business, who
know the business from beginning to end, and were chosen for their ability and
knowledge. This company employs skUled help, and makes, in a large variety of pattems,
woolen and worsted cloths for men's wear, womeh's wear and various purposes;
but whatever the goods, they are among the best of all grades, from the lowest to
the highest price.
Clear-sighted management and unequaled purchasing power, experienced buy
ers, able designers, efficient equipment, expert operatives, all these unite in pro
ducing goods unexcelled on an economical basis; thus the pubUc is able to obtain
in the products of the American Woolen Company the very best goods that can be
made — goods made honestly and conscientiously from the best of materials and in
the most attractive and fashionable designs — at the lowest prices compatible vrith
the quality of the goods manufactured. This company has shown by its own manu
factures that goods of as high quahty and attractiveness, along its individual line,
can be produced in America as anjrwhere in the world.
For the benefit of those interested in the magnitude of the woolen
and worsted industry in America, it may be stated that statistics show us
that in 1919 the U. S. wool product amounted to 300,000,000 pounds.
The highest amount ever produced was in 1902, when it totalled 316,000,-
000 pounds. The number of establishments is 799 ; value of products
annually, of recent years, is $400,000,000. The total number of em
ployes is 158,692.
The following information concems Lawrence industries in general :
The American Woolen Company employs more help than any other
mdustnal unit in New England, and is the largest manufacturer in the
world of carded woolen and worsted cloths for men's wear. It had its

CITY OF LAWRENCE 525
beginning in Lawrence. This great coi-poration was conceived and
founded by its present president, William M. Wood.
The Arlington Mill of today is one of the largest in Lawrence. It
employed, in 1919, 6,500 men and women, and its buildings cover an area
of twenty acres. Its floor space equals two and one-half million square
feet. This corporation is capitalized at $8,000,000. It was the first cor
poration to pay its employes weekly, a system the law now requires.
When running on full time, the pay-roll here amounts to $115,000 weekly.
The company consumes one million pounds of wool weekly. It produces
weekly 450,000 yards of worsted fabric and 275,000 pounds of worsted
yam. The plant has 117,000 worsted spindles, 2,700 looms, 118 combs
and 150 cards. This company was the first in America to produce the
making of black alpacas, mohairs and brilliantines. This corporation
had its beginning in 1865. Its first capital was $200,000, and its quar
ters were in the old Stevens piano case factory, on Spicket river. In
1866 the structure was bumed, but in 1867-68 was rebuilt and the capital
increased to $240,000. From time to time the business of this mill has
required new and better buildings, both in Lawrence and Methuen. In
1896 a noteworthy departure was the erection of a worsted top mill,
which is devoted entirely to carding and combing wool for the use of
the spinners. In 1917 the cotton business connected with this plant was
sold to the Acadia Mills. In 1905-06 this corporation expended a mil
lion dollars in the erection of several new brick factory buildings. One
of these stractures, the top-mill, is a huge building measuring 110 by
758 feet, and the whole is four stories in height. John T. Mercer is resi
dent agent.
The Everett Mills produce goods famous the country-over — ging
hams, shirtings, and denims. This is the home of the "Everett Classics."
This company was incorporated in 1860, by Charles W. Cortwright, Sam
uel Batchelder and James Dana. Its building, erected in 1909-10, is said
to be the largest cotton mill under one roof in existence. It has twelve
acres of floor space and is six stories high. It was assessed at almost
two million dollars in 1919. Here are consumed a quarter of a million
pounds of wool weekly, and the production amounts to 1,170,000 yards of
cotton goods. There are 143,296 spindles and 4,680 looms in operation.
Thei factory gives employment to 2,000 people and the weekly payroll
amounts to $34,000. Herbert W. Sears is president of the corporation.
The Acadia Mills, formerly the cotton department of the Arling
ton Mills, were established in April, 1917, on a two million dollar capital.
They are located in both Lawrence and Methuen. This plant consists
of five brick mill-construction manufacturing buildings, covering an
area of almost 200,000 square feet. Here are made combed cotton yarns,
mercerized, bleached and dyed. The yams are delivered to the trade
in skins, cones, tubes, quiller cops and warps. The finished product
amounts to 200,000 pounds weekly. Eleven hundred operatives here
find employment, and the weekly pay-roll is $20,000. William Whitman
is president of this prosperous company.
The Monomac Spinning Company was established in Lawrence by
William Whitman in 1910 for the manufacture of French spun worsted
and merino yams; was incorporated in 1913 and capitalized at $1,200,-
000. The actual floor space is five and three-quarters acres. The mill
produces 3,000,000 pounds of merino and worsted yarn on the French
system annually. There are 350 operatives and a pay-roll of about
$7,500 weekly. Connected with the equipment is a Cooper-Corliss con-

526 ESSEX COUNTY
densing steam engine of 1,450 horse-power; a cooling pond, 125 by 200
feet, is maintained for condenser purposes.
The Katama, a recent addition to the industries of Lawrence, is a
part of the Whitman corporation, and was established in 1916 with a
$500,000 capital, soon increased to $1,500,000. It employs 300 opera
tives, and has a pay-roll of upwards of $6,000 weekly. The principal
products are tire duck woven from Sea Island cotton yams. During the
World War the government used all of its products. No danger here,
for every loom is run by a separate electric motor. There are no more
modem equipped mills in the United States than the one just described.
The Wright Manufacturing Company, makers of cotton and mohair
braids, had its origin in a small way in 1854. It was incorporated m
1873, and had a capital of $60,000. A. S. Wright was' superintendent.
Today it has grown to be a large concern. The shoe trade here secures
much of its supplies in braids used in the shoe business. Ninety-five
per cent, of all button shoe companies use the patented braid made in
this mill. The output is about 20,000 gross yardage a week. The plant
has 1,800 braid machines, and at full capacity 300 people are employed.
The George E. Kunhardt Corporation was established in 1886, and
had formerly been known as the Lawrence Woolen Company. It manu
factures men's wear woolens and worsteds, and uniform cloths, having
a weekly output capacity of 40,000 yards; 50,000 pounds of wool are
used each week; 700 persons are employed and the weekly payroll is
$15,000. George E. Kunhardt is president of the corporation.
The Lawrence Duck Company was established in 1853 as makers
of cotton duck; weekly output, 100,000 pounds; employes, 600; weekly
pay-roll, $9,500.
The United States Worsted Company, established in 1908, makes
worsted and woolen men's wear and dress goods ; weekly output, 140,000
yards ; employs, 1,500 ; weekly pay-roll, $27,000.
Pemberton Company, established in 1853 (present company formed
in 1860, after the fall of the original mills) , manufactures cotton goods
and flannels, tickings, awnings, and shirtings; weekly output, 70,000
pounds; employes, 600; payroll, $7500.
Walworth Bros. (Inc.), established in 1895, makers of dress goods
and men's wear; weekly output, 19,000 yards; employs 275 people; pay
roll, $3,500.
In addition to the more important industries in Lawrence in 1920-21
may be named briefly the following concems :
A. G. Walton & Co., established 1916, makers of misses' and chil
dren's McKay's shoes; weekly output, 35,000 pairs; men employed, 600;
pay-roll, $10,000. f :> ,
Lewis Scouring Mill, established 1870; wool scourers and carbon-
e'^iTn'n,^^®^'^ output, 800,000 pounds; employes, 475; weekly pay-roll,
Emmons Loom Hamess Company, established 1866; largest manu-
tacturer m country of loom hamess and reeds; weekly output. 12,000
n ll xnn^™^^^ ^^^ ^'^^^ ^^^^^ weekly; employes, 200; weekly pay-
roll, !po, 500,
Alfred Kimball Shoe Company, established 1900, makers of men's
shoes; weekly output, 2,500 pairs; employs 350 persons, and tiie weekly
payroll is $6,000.

CITY OF LAWRENCE 527
Farwell Bleachery was established in 1886 ; incorporated to bleach,
dye and mercerize cotton piece goods; weekly output, 1,000,000 yards;
employs 350 persons; pay-roll, $5,000.
Merrimack Paper Company, established in 1895; manufacturers of
all kinds of paper ; weekly output, 125 tons ; employs 275- people ; weekly
payroll, $5,000.
J. W. Horne & Sons Co., established in 1871, makers of paper mill
machinery; each year produces enough machinery to equip four com
plete paper mills ; employs 120 men ; pay-roll is $3,000 weekly.
The Plymouth Mills, manufacturers of fibre rugs and matting, was
established in 1906 on a $325,000 capital. Today the plant covers 80,000
square feet, with a boor space of 240,000 feet. It uses each week 100,-
000 pounds of wool, cotton, jute and paper, and finished product amounts
to 75,000 square yards. 'Three hundred persons are employed and the
weekly pay-roll is about $5500.
Tlie Archibald Wheel Company was established in Lawrence in
1871 ; manufacturers of vehicle wheels of all kinds for both horse-drawn
and motor wheels; weekly output varies from 4,000 automobile wheels
to 1,000 of larger and more expensive types; employs 127 men in Law
rence plant, 46 at Guilford, Connecticut, 150 in southem mills; weekly
pay-roll, (Lawrence), $3,000.
The Champion-International Company, one of the largest industries
in Lawrence, tums out a larger quantity of coated paper than any other
paper concern in the world. It makes a specialty of high grade surface
coated papers, which are used in many of the leading periodicals in this
country. This was first established in 1853-54 by 'William Russell and
his sons. It was an incorporated company after 1854, under the name
of Russell Paper Company. In 1898 it was changed to the Intemational
Paper Company, and in 1902 the present corporation was formed. The
Champion Card and Paper Company's mill at East Pepperell, Mass., and
the purchase of the paper and pulp mills of the Intemational Paper Com
pany were consolidated. The weekly production capacity of these mills
is one hundred tons. Six hundred men are here employed, with a pay
roll of $12,000 at this date. This company is capitalized at $650,000.
The present head of the concern is George Fred Russell, of the third
generation of Russells connected with the industry.
There are numerous lesser factories and shops producing useful
wares, and shops doing a machine repair work (twenty shops of last
named), paper mill machinery, steam engines, pumps, mill supplies, fire
department trucks, boilers, bobbins, spools, shuttles, cement, stone,
marble products, iron, brass, copper and tin work, wood products, rugs,
chemicals and soaps.
The Acadia Mills, which were formerly the cotton department of
the Arlington Mills, were acquired by purchase in April, 1917. The
plant consists of five brick mill construction manufacturing buildings,
together with the necessary storehouses, engine and boiler houses, re
pair shops, etc. The buildings cover a ground area of 192,522 square
feet. The floor space in square feet is divided as follows: For manu
facturing, 495,942 square feet ; for storage, 146,190 square feet ; miscel
laneous, 17,442 square feet; total, 659,574 square feet. The plant is
located on the Spicket river, adjacent to the Arlington Mills, and with

528 ESSEX COUNTY
the exception of one comer, which is in Lawrence, is located in the
town of Methuen. There are 1,250 operatives employed, who are for the
most part of American birth.
This concem manufactures combed cotton yams in all counts from
3's to lOO's. The entire product of these mills consists of processed
yams ; that is, yam carried beyond its natural condition through the pro
cesses of mercerizing, bleaching or dyeing. The yams can be supplied
both gassed and ungassed. The process of mercerizing not only pro
duces a beautiful silk-luster, but also decidedly unproves the cotton in
roundness and strength, in working qualities and in adaptability to fine
dyemg. The Acadia Mills have elaborate installations to protect the
bleaching process. A laboratory system is devoted entirely to testing
the water, which enters the establishment after passing through a series
of filtration beds, to the end that throughout the working day, it shall
be impossible for any water to pass into the processes unless it is
chemically pure for its purpose. Maintenance of perfect equality of
shade is of immense unportance to users of dyed yarns. The Acadia
Mills are organized with particular care, and have every facility for
achieving uniformity, from the handling of the dye to the final examina
tion of the dyed yam in the put-up. Good dyes, specialized knowledge
and modem equipment, are demanded, and the Acadia Mills possess all of
these. The gray yams processed by the Acadia Mills are spun by them
or are products of the Whitman Company group, made under the same
rales of manufacture. They are all of special quality for mercerizing,
and thus all the Acadia processed yams, even if unmercerized, have
higher quality than ordinary yams. The twist used is a particular
twist adopted after long experiment for gaining the maximum of luster
and brilliancy. The importance of eliminating knots, slubs, and other
imperfections from these yams, which are used in the more expensive
manufactures, has led to an exceptional development of machinery and
organization for this one purpose alone. Elasticity in Acadia mercerized
thread yams, due to the Acadia twist, gives it unusually favorable run
ning qualities. It represents a silk twist more nearly than any other
thread yam on the market, and is of maximum strength. These yams
are delivered to the trade in skeins, cones, tubes, quiller cops and warps.
The finished product per week amounts to 200,000 pounds. The
officers of the corporation are: William Whitman, president; Emest N.
Hood, treasurer; Frank C. Chamberlain, clerk; William A. Pedler is the
resident agent of the mills. The selling agents are William Whitman
Company, Inc., with offices in Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Chi
cago. The Monomac Spinning Company was established by William Whit
man in 1910 for the manufacture of French spun worsted and merino
yams. The company was incorporated in 1913, and now has a capital
of $5,000,000. The officers of the corporation are William Whitman,

CITY OF LAWRENCE 529
president; Emest N. Hood, treasurer; Frank C. Chamberlain, clerk;
Walter M. Hastings, resident agent.
The plant, which consists of two modem mill constmction brick
buildings, together with the power plant and storehouse, is located on
South Union street in South Lawrence. The manufacturing floor space
amounts to almost eleven acres, while another acre and a half of floor
space is devoted to storage. When Mill No. 2, which was erected in
1920, is completely equipped and running, the number of operatives em
ployed will be in the neighborhood of 1,000. The equipment comprises
about 83,000 mule and frame spindles and all necessary preparatory and
finishing machines. The power plant consists of a Cooper-Corliss con
densing engine, 1450 h.p., and an Allis-Chalmers turbine of 2000 k.w.,
together with a boiler plant of eight 300 h.p. Heine boilers.
The Monomac Spinning Company is a worsted-yam mill, producing
single and ply-yams, both in all worsted and merino, in counts ranging
from lO's to 60's. These yams are all drawn and spun on the French
system. The machinery for this purpose is the best existing in either
America or Europe, having been made by the acknowledged leaders in
French spinning equipment. The installation of mule and ring-spinning
frames and of finishing machineries is as ample as any in the westem
hemisphere. In true merino yam manufacture the best merino yam is made
from blends of cotton and wool that have been combed. The yam
throughout its length is a uniform product, with the wool dominating.
It is a standard product of quality, with its own great value, among
which is the manufacture of underwear that will shrink less than if
made from pure worsted. Peruvian cotton of high rough grade is more
nearly like wool than any other vegetable fibre now known to com
merce, and is the kind of cotton used by the Monomac Spinning Company
in making its "Merino yams." Monomac Merino yams may be dyed
without showing weakness.
The Monomac worsted and Merino yarns are put up for the knitting
trade on cops and cones, and for weaving on dresser spools or in skeins.
Both worsted and merino yams are made in various mixes, as desired.
The mill has a reputation for single warp yams and for single yams for
tops for rubber shoes where an extremely level yam is required. The
Monomac Spinning Company makes uniformity of quality one of its
big rules of manufacture. A user will find any given Monomac product
the same: in quality next year, or the year after next, as it is now. If it
can be improved, it will be. It will not be permitted to deteriorate.
Hygiene, cleanliness and light are maintained for the equal benefit of
workers and product, and the latest facilities for correct temperature
and humidity assure unvarying conditions for the work in all stages of
progress. The entire production of the Monomac Spinning Company is
sold by William Whitman Co., Inc.
Essex — 34

530 ESSEX COUNTY
Mercantile interests is a subject well tareated in the following contri
butions to this chapter :
It is only a matter of seventy-five years since the Lawrence dam in
the course of constraction looked upon its first merchant, Amos D. Pills
bury, who in the year 1846 sold, or we might rather say peddled, boots
and other articles that were needed by men engaged m building the dam.
After the town was established, one of the first dry goods dealers
to come to Lawrence and open a store was Artemus W. Steams, who
was born in Hill, New Hampshure. He opened a store on Amesbury
street in 1846. In 1854 Mr. Stearns erected the building at 309 Essex
street, and removed there when it was completed. The building on ^ssex
street, which he enlarged in 1887, presented at that time one of the finest
fronts on the street. Mr. Steams was a bright and energetic nierchant,
confining himself strictiy to the sale of dry goods. He was well known
and highly respected in the trade, and was considered one of the most
trastworthy of the New England merchants of that time. He passed
away at a good old age in 1896, and four years after his death the busi
ness was sold to Robertson Sutherland & Company. The name of this
concem was later changed to A. B. Sutherland Company, who still oc
cupy Mr. Steams' original Essex street store as a part of their present
department store.
To a stranger who steps off a train at the North Lawrence Station,
it is hard to realize that Essex street, extending seven-eighths of a mile,
with both sides built up with as fine an array of store fronts as any city
and now one of the most beautiful business streets m New England, was
part of a cow pasture only seventy-five years ago. There has been a
steady improvement from year to year in the building all along the
street, but in some sections the development has been more marked than
in others. In the early days the trading center was nearly all along the
north side of Essex street, for most of the south side was not built up
extensively until recent years. What is known as the lower or eastem
end of the street was looked upon fifty years ago as the best trading cen
ter, but the westem end from Lawrence street to Hampshire street has
grown rapidly, and now Lawrence has a longer trading area than almost
any city of its size in the Eastern States.
About 1860 Andrew Sharpe established a dry goods business east
of Appleton street, which he sold out in the '70's to Simpson & Oswald.
A few years later Simpson & Oswald removed to larger quarters, and
Mr. Sharpe again entered business on his own premises, where he con
tinued until his death in 1900. In 1901 the business was sold and the
name of A. Sharpe & Co. disappeared from Essex street. James C.
Stuart was associated with Mr. Sharpe in partnership for a number of
years, but this partnership was dissolved before the death of Mr. Sharpe,
when Mr. Stuart opened a store on his O'wn account next door to A.
Sharpe & Co., where he continued until 1902. He is still living at a good
old age. Simpson & Oswald, who purchased the business of A. Sharpe &
Co., and later removed to larger quarters, were the pioneers of the de
partment store in Lawrence. They occupied the block at the corner of
Essex and Appleton streets. A few years later Mr. Simpson associated
himself with his brother, James Simpson, and Mr. William Crawford,
and removed to Sixth Avenue, New York. There they built up one of
the leading department stores in New York City, kno-wn for many years

CITY OF LAWRENCE 531
by the name of Simpson, Crawford & Simpson. On Mr. Simpson's re
moval to New Yoi'k, Mr. Oswald acquired his interest, and the business
was successfully continued under the name of William Oswald & Co.,
until, in 18d4, it was sold to Reid & Hughes. Mr. James J. Hughes, who
came to Lawrence to manage the business, was one of the most energetic
and up-to-date merchants of his time. He improved the store and de
veloped a very prosperous business. He had a pleasing personality,
was well liked — a fine, all-round gentleman. In ten years Mr. Oswald
again acquired the business, and Mr. Hughes removed to Boston, to own
and manage a larger business than he had in Lawrence. Upon the death
of Mr. Oswald, a few years later, the business again came into the posses
sion of Reid & Hughes Co., under which name it is still conducted, but
controlled and managed by L. E. Bennink, who has lived up to the repu
tation of his predecessors.
In the Sweeney block, east of Appleton street, about the late '70's,
a dry goods store was opened by Campbell & Dow, which afterward be
came Campbell & Taylor. After a few years Mr. Campbell left for a
larger field, in the then rapidly rising city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
On removal there Mr. Campbell established a fine business, and died a
few years ago, leaving a considerable fortune. Mr. Taylor moved to
North Adams, but did not meet with success equal to that of Mr. Camp
bell. Another dry goods dealer who had a store for many years next
door to Mr. Steams was S. F. Snell. He sold his Essex street business
about twenty-five years ago and removed to Broadway, where he con
ducted a store successfully until his death. Another merchant who pros
pered in Lawrence was R. M. Cross; he occupied the store in the block
on the north side of Essex street, between Pemberton and Appleton
streets. His name is still identified with that business. The Cross Dry
Goods Company.
Still another successful merchant who opened a store in 1858 on
Essex street was Byron Truell, later removing to the block between
Pemberton and Appleton streets, adjacent to R. M. Cross. Mr. Truell
was active in business until about 1902, when he retired. He was a
capable and shrewd merchant. He came to Lawrence from northem
Vermont, and opened business for himself at an early age. He was iden
tified with the political affairs of the city and State, serving several
times on the governor's council. When Mr. Truell retired, he was re
puted to be one of Lawrence's richest men. He is still alive, takes active
interest in church work^ and has a very high appreciation of the Repub
lican party, with which he has been identified since its formation.
One of the first men's clothing dealers was Captain William R.
Spalding^ bom in Milton, New Hampshire. He came to Lawrence in
1846 and continued business until about 1890. His store was east of
Jackson street, in what is today considered not one of the best locations
for that line of business. Another early clothing dealer was James M.
Fairfield, a keen and energetic merchant. He acquired considerable
property on the north side of Essex street, between Amesbury and Hamp
shire streets. Most of his property he disposed of before his death.
One of the later merchants was William Hj Gile, who conducted a cloth
ing business with much success for twenty-three years in the Sweeney
block. In 1908 he sold to R. H. Suggatt, his junior partner, and retired.
tired. Perhaps the most successful clothing merchants that Lawrence has
had were the Bicknell Brothers, who established a business west of Hamp-

532 ESSEX COUNTY
shire street. Mr. Edmund Bicknell, the younger brother, was actively
associated with everything that pertained to the advancement of Law
rence He had different methods of doing business from most of the
other merchants. His way of advertising was particularly unique and
attractive. The two brothers were very successful, and when they died
left a large amount of valuable property in and around Lawrence.
In the grocery business there were several successful merchants, of
whom Joseph Shattuck comes to mind especially. He at one tune con
ducted a store with his brother Charies, on Broadway, later removing
to the building occupied by the gas company on Essex street. Mr. Shat
tuck retired from business over twenty-five years ago. He was presi
dent of the Bay State Bank and also of the Essex Savings Bank for many
years, and at his death left a large fortune.
Mr. James R. Simpson was another of the fine high-type merchants
of our city. He engaged in ventures outside of his business, in which
he was invariably successful, and at his death left a large estate. Daniel
Jordan, who died recently, over ninety years of age, was another fine
type of merchant, highly respected and well liked in the community.
One of the early traders was John C. Dow, who opened and con
ducted for several years a book and stationery store, subsequently chang
ing it to crockery and glassware. He conducted this business where
the Boston & Lowell station now stands, until the time of his death.
John Colby was one of the early dealers in the book and stationery line,
and had the pioneer book and stationery store of Lawrence.
One of the earliest furniture dealers was Patrick Sweeney, who
built up a very successful furniture business near Jackson street,! later
removing to the Sweeney building. Shortly before his death Mr. Swee
ney sold his business to three men who were working for him — Buckley,
McCormack and Sullivan. The business is still carried on by Mr. Sulli
van, under the name of M. J. Sullivan, Inc. Another successful furni
ture dealer was Frederick S. Jewett, engaged in business many years at
the comer of Essex and Amesbury streets, while at the comer opposite
was William Greenwood & Sons, fine types of the old-day merchant. Mr.
R. Pedrick and Mr. Carlos C. Closson also conducted a successful furni
ture business at the comer of Essex and Amesbury streets. At this
time the three comers of Essex and Amesbury streets were operated as
furniture stores. Another of the more modem merchants who did a
successful business for many years was William H. Godfrey. In 1914
he sold his building and business to T. J. Buckley. Mr. Godfrey is still
alive and lives on Haverhill street, Lawrence.
William Forbes & Sons conducted a large business in kitchen goods
and kindred articles at the comer of Essex and Hampshire streets. Mr.
Forbes' sons owned the building until a few years ago. Part of the
building is now occupied by the Lawrence Trast Company. Henry Musk
isl today dean of the furniture dealers, having been longer in business
than any other fumiture dealer. Franz Schneider has successfully con
ducted a jewelry business for many years, and is the oldest established
jeweler in the city. Robert J. McCartney is the present leader in the
men's clothing business, having met with good success in his forty-one
years of business life, and is still active and energetic. Another mer
chant bom in Lawrence who has met with phenomenal success as a
men's clothing merchant is Dan A. Donahue. Mr. Donahue owns a
chain of clothing stores in Massachusetts cities and in New York State.
During the last twenty years quite a number of chain stores have

CITY OF LAWRENCE 533
oi)ened branches, of which the Five and Ten Cent stores are the most
prominent. We have now chain drug, grocery, boot and shoe, millinery,
and clothing stores. In passing, mention should be made of Frederick
W. Schaake, who built the Schaake block and conducted a successful
tailoring business there until his death. The earliest merchants in Law
rence were of the old New England stock, but as the city grew, other na
tionalities came in, so that for many years there has been quite! a sprink
ling of English. Irish, Scottish, German and of other European nation
alities. The pioneers, however, were mostly of the sturdy old stock
from New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine, the states that have pro
duced many of the greatest pioneers of enterprise throughout this coun
try. Theref were a large number of merchants who got their start in
Lawrence, who, after staying a few years, removed to larger fields where
they could find greater scope for their ability. In recent years there has
been an infiux of Jews, who are active in the men's clothing, women's
clothing, and women's millinery business.
The A. B.. Sutherland Company has the largest department store in
Lawrence and at the present time is making extensions that will provide
over eleven thousand square feet of additional selling space. In 1900
A. M. Robertson, A. B. Sutherland and J. J. Matheson purchased the
business of A. W. Steams & Company, and Mr. Sutherland came to Law
rence to manage it. In 1904 a lease was obtained on the adjoining prop
erty, with a frontage of 55 feet on Essex street to the west of the Stearns
store, and a new building was erected thereon. In 1916 Mr. Robertson
sold his interest to Mr. Sutherland, and the following year the name was
changed to A. B. Sutherland Company. The business has been since
1900 under Mr. Sutherland's management.
In the wholesale grain business, mention should be made of Henry
K. Webster, who started business in 1868 and continued actively until his
death in 1920. The business is now managed by his second son. Dean
K. Webster. Lawrence has become quite a wholesale center for hay
and grain and groceries.
The period from 1890 to 1918, more than a fourth of a century, has
seen Lawrence make its greatest growth. In 1891 the horse street car
was superseded by the electric system, reaching out to all surrounding
towns and cities. 1905 saw the beginning of a great construction period.
In the three years that followed, ten million dollars' worth of buildings
were erected. It was at that time that the great Wood Mills were built,
also the Ayer Mills. In 1907 was built the large Central Fire station.
Real modem paving commenced in 1908; in 1912 over half a million dol
lars was spent for paving alone. In 1912 the city municipality changed
its old form of government to that of a "commission" form of govem
ment, under which it has been very successful. It was also in 1912
that occurred the great mill strike, fully treated elsewhere in this work.
In 1913 stepa were taken towards constructing a central bridge over the
Merrimack river. The years 1916-17 were among the busiest in the
history of the city. The great demand for textile products, caused by
the European war, kept every mill running to its full capacity. Munici
pal and general business interests shared in the beneficial results. The
mill hands were increased in their wages, voluntarily, several times. In

534 ESSEX COUNTY
June, 1916, local militia units were called to the Mexican border, where
intemational trouble was brewing. In April, 1917, the United States
declared war against Germany and Austria, after which for two years
Lawrence had its full share of war activities, enlistments, drafts and
sorrow occasioned by the death of many soldiers from its midst. Since
the close of the World War, Lawrence has steadily gone forward with its
great manufacturing enterprises as well as its intemal improvements.
Church history in Lawrence has always been interesting; it began
with the founding of the place, and has been a potent factor ever since.
There are now established forty-three churches and ten smaller organiza
tions, making fifty-three religious bodies. The forty-three churches are
included in twelve denominations.
The directors of the Essex Company, trae to the policy of the pio
neers, gave their attention to the moral condition of the new town. The
president, Mr. Lawrence, writing to W. C. Rives, of Virginia, said : "All
intellectual culture should be founded on our Holy Religion. The pure
precepts of the gospel are the only safe source from which we can freely
draw our morality ;" and in the letter which accompanied his gift to the
Library: "It is no less the duty than the privilege of those who possess
influence in creating towns and cities to lay the foundations deep and
strong. Let the standard be high in religious, moral and intellectual
culture, and there can be no well-grounded fear for the result." Ac
cordingly, govemed by no sectarian bias, they gave to the first churches
of several denominations a lot of land on which to erect their buildings,
and to others, later, they made a discount of one-quarter from regulai-
established prices.
The first building devoted to public worship was the Episcopal
chapel ; this stood on ground later occupied by Grace Church, and services
were first held there on the second Sunday of October, 1846. However,
more than a dozen years before the founding of Lawrence, on May 12,
1832, a church was organized in the section known as North Lawrence
(Methuen), in the old Prospect school house, and known as the Fu-st
Protestant Episcopal Church of Methuen; several months later it was
called Mount Zion Church. An effort was made to have a church build
ing constracted on the old Methuen Orthodox church site on Clover Hill,
but failed ; during the four or five years that this church existed, ser
vices were held in the old Prospect Mill school house, in the, brick school
house on Howe street at Grosvener's Comer, and in a hall at Methuen.
The first Christmas service observed in this locality was held by this
church. We cannot fix the exact date of the first Catholic church in Law
rence. Mass was probably first offered in this place in December, 1845,
by Father McDennott, of Lowell. In April, 1846, Rev. Charies French
commenced his work here. He was the first clergyman of any denomi
nation m Lawrence actually to purchase land for a church building. It

CITY OF LAWRENCE 535
was not long before a frame church was erected on Chestnut street,
and there services and a parochial school were maintained. In 1848
it is said that about thirty-five per cent, of the population of the place
were Catholics. Following Father French, who died in 1851, came
James H. D. Taaffe, who in 1854 built a brick church known as Immacu
late Conception. It was in the tower of this edifice that was placed the
first church bell of Lawrence, the date being 1861.
The first church building to be dedicated was Grace Episcopal
Church, just north of the present stone edifice. It was a wood strac
ture, and services were first held there in October, 1846, and in November
' of that year it was consecrated. The stone building was erected in 1851
and consecrated in 1852. It was enlarged in 1896. From the organiza
tion of the church until 1876, the date of the death of Rev. Dr. George
Packard, he served as rector. The present rector is Rev. Arthur Whee
lock Moulton. The first Methodist preaching service was held in June, 1846, at the
house of Charles Bames, on Broadway street. The Essex Mission (so
called) was organized June 1, 1846. Two months later the Methodists
moved across the street into an attic of an unfinished building known as
Concert Hall. The church building at the comer of Haverhill and
Hampshire streets was dedicated February 20, 1848. In 1911 this
society, the First Methodist Episcopal Church, consolidated with the
Garden Street Methodist Episcopal Church, forming the Central Meth
odist Episcopal Church, which now occupies the new attractive stone
edifice on Haverhill street, just east of Lawrence street.
The Merrimack Congregational Society was organized August 1,
1846, but the name was changed to the Lawrence Street Congregational
Church, and meetings were begun in a small wooden building January 5,
1847. The edifice built in 1848 was bumed in 1912, and replaced by
the present modem building, the same being dedicated in May, 1915.
The pioneer Baptist organization was the First Free Baptist Church,
organized January, 1847, although first services were held in the board
ing house of Timothy Osgood, on Broadway street, in April, 1846. The
present church building was dedicated in April, 1857.
The First Baptist Church was organized in the spring of 1847 and
was known as Amesbury Street Baptist Church. The Essex Company
donated a lot on which to build, and a comfortable church was dedicated
thereon October 20, 1850.
August 30, 1847, the Unitarian church was organized. The first
meetings were held on Hampshire street, in the old Odd Fellows' hall.
In May, 1850, the old wooden church building at the comer of Jackson
and Haverhill streets was dedicated, the tower and spire of which were
destroyed by the fire of August 12, 1859, and were not replaced.
This stracture was tom down in 1916 and a much smaller structure pro
vided.

536 ESSEX COUNTY
November 15, 1847, the First Universalist society was organized.
They used leased halls until 1852, when they built an edifice on Haver
hill street, and in 1865 the building was remodeled, enlarged, and a spu-e
added thereto. This building is still in use by the society.
Conceming early churches, it should be said that the Central Congre
gational Church was merged with the Trinity Congregational Church.
This society was formed December 25, 1854, when a new church at the
comer of Essex and Appleton streets was dedicated. This building was
entirely destroyed by fire in August, 1859. In the autumn of the same
year the work of rebuilding had commenced on Haverhill street, the pres
ent Trinity Congregational Church. In 1883 the Central and Eliot Con
gregational churches were consolidated, and the name Trinity Congre
gational Church was taken on. The Eliot Congregational Church had
been formed September, 1865, by the Lawrence Street and Central
churches. The brick church building at the corner of Methuen and Ap
pleton streets was dedicated in 1866. For a number of years this build
ing was the home of the Young Men's Christian Association.
Another pioneer church was St. Mary's Catholic Church, which or
ganized in November, 1848, when Father James O'Donnell came to Law
rence and celebrated mass in old Merrimack Hall. It was not long be
fore he secured the central site now occupied by St. Mary's granite school
building on Haverhill street. Here, on the first Sunday in January,
1849, he first held services in an unfinished rough church edifice. It was
so poorly finished that the snow forced its way through the sides and
roof, falling on the congregation as they were at prayers. The pulpit
was a huge pile of shingles. In 1851 the granite church went up over
and about the little chapel before its removal. In August, 1859, Father
O'Donnell introduced the Sisters of Notre Dame, who established the
parochial school that has come to be such a power in the community.
Father O'Donnell was really the founder of St. Mary's Church, although
the cornerstone of the present magnificent edifice was laid August 19,
1866, during the pastorate of Rev. Louis M. Edge. While in Philadel
phia, arranging for the cross of the new church. Father Edge was acci
dentally killed by being thrown from his can-iage, February 24, 1870.
The present St. Mary's Church was completed under the direction of
Father Galberry, and was dedicated September 3, 1871. The parochial
residence on Haverhill street, occupied by the Augustinian Fathers, who
now have charge of all the English-speaking Catholics on the north side
of the Merrimack river, was completed October 5, 1873. The chime of
bells in St. Mary's church tower was placed in position December 12,
1884. The present (1921) pastor of this church is Father James T.
O'Reilly, who came to Lawrence in 1886. His work has been a great
one, and is appreciated by both Catholic and Protestant denominations.
Other religious organizations had then- being in Lawrence in the
following order:

CITY OF LAWRENCE 537
United Presbsrterian, organized June, 1854. Edifice on Concord
street, now occupied by Armenian Congregational church, built in 1870.
The society moved to the old Haverhill Street Methodist Episcopal
Church, October, 1911, following the merging of that church in the pres
ent Central Methodist Episcopal Church.
Second Baptist, organized September 6, 1860 ; present building dedi
cated in 1874.
St. John's Episcopal, organized May 14, 1866; was located many
years on Bradford street, in building now occupied by Lithuanian Cath
olic Church. The corner-stone of the present edifice, on Broadway street,
was laid October 11, 1903.
South Congregational, organized May 13, 1868, came from a Sab
bath school established in 1852. The present church building was erect
ed in 1896.
St. Patrick's (Catholic), formed in 1868. The first meeting house
was a wooden structure on the site of the present church, dedicated in
March, 1870. The comer-stone of the present brick edifice was laid in
1881, but the church was not dedicated until June 17, 1894.
Parker Street Methodist Episcopal, organized September, 1870 ; the
present edifice was dedicated in 1875.
Advent Christian, started in 1860 ; a church was really perfected in
1870. The Lowell street edifice was dedicated in 1899.
United Congregational, on Lowell street, was organized as a Primi
tive Methodist church in 1871. In 1877 the name was changed to
Tower Hill Congregational, but since March 2, 1886, it has been called the
United Congregational. The church building was first used in 1872.
St. Anne's (French Catholic), formed in December, 1871. Their
church edifice was long in building, and finally dedicated in 1883. While
the church was being completed Mass was said in the basement.
St. Laurence's (Catholic), the old structure at the comer of Essex
and Union streets, now occupied by Holy Rosary Church (Italian Cath
olic), was dedicated as St. Laurence O'Toole's Church, July 12, 1873.
The present brick edifice at the junction of Newbury and East Haverhill
streets was erected in 1903.
Riverside Congregational, on Water street, organized as Union Evan
gelical Church in June, 1875 ; became a Congregational church, March 9,
1878. German Methodist Episcopal, Vine street, was organized in 1878,
and the edifice dedicated December 11, 1881.
St. Augustine's (Catholic) Church building on Water street, com
pleted and first mass celebrated there on December 25, 1878.
German Presbyterian, East Haverhill street, had its beginning in
1872. Church dedicated December 12, 1875. Organized as a Presby
terian church in 1879< There had been a division in the church in 1878,
members of Methodist inclination forming the German Methodist Epis
copal Church,
St. Mark's Methodist Episcopal, first known as Bodwell Street Meth
odist Episcopal Church. Organized in December, 1879; name changed
to St. Mark's Methodist Episcopal Church in 1890. Edifice at the cor
ner of Essex and Margin streets dedicated May 22, 1890.
St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal, on Wyman street, was organized De
cember 30, 1885, as the Arlington Union Church in a building known as
the Lake Street Chapel. Became a Methodist Episcopal church April
30, 1891.

538 ESSEX COUNTY
Religious Society of Friends, established May 12, 1886 ; first service
in the meeting house on Avon street, March, 1896.
Church of Assumption of Mary (German Catholic), pansh formed
in 1887, and present edifice, on Lawrence street, erected the same year.
Congregation of Sons of Israel (Jewish), organized October 3, 1894.
Synagogue on Concord street built in 1913. ,,.,¦,. ioorr
First Church of Christ Scientist, Sunday school established m 1«87.
Church organized in 1896. Edifice on Green street dedicated in August,
1 SQfi St. Joseph's Syrian (Greek Catholic Rite), parish formed by Rev.
James T. O'Reilly, of St. Mary's, in 1898. First worshipped m St. Mary's
stone school building. Church on Oak street dedicated m 1905.
Sacred Heart (French Catholic), parish fonned in 1899. Estab
lished in basement of proposed church building on Groton street in 1915.
Wood Memorial Free Baptist, Sunday school established in 1898.
The first service held in church building on Coolidge street in Novem
ber, 1899. Congregation of Anshea Sfard (Jewish), organized April 6, 1900.
Synagogue on Concord street built in the autumn of 1907.
St. Anthony's Syrian Maronite (Catholic) parish, formed in 1902.
First occupied St. Mary's stone school building. Church on Elm street
dedicated in 1906.
St. Francis (Lithuanian Catholic) parish formed in 1903, by Rev.
James T. O'Reilly, of St. Mary's. Building on Bradford street.
Holy Trinity (Polish Catholic) parish formed in December, 1904.
First worshipped in basement of the Holy Rosary (Italian) Church.
Church on Avon street dedicated February 5, 1905.
SS. Peter and Paul (Portuguese Catholic) parish formed by Rev.
James T. O'Reilly, in 1905. First worshipped in basement of the Im
maculate Conception Church. Edifice on Chestnut street dedicated in
1907. St. Augustine's Episcopal, established as a mission of Grace Church
in 1905, when the chapel .was built, at the comer of South Union and
Boxford streets. Became a separate parish in 1907, and in 1910 occu
pied the basement of the proposed church.
Franco-American Methodist Episcopal, organized October 20, 1907.
Moved to building on Water street in 1914.
Church of Holy Rosary (Italian Catholic) parish formed March 4,
1908, when congregation became established in old St. Laurence's Church
building at comer of Union and Essex streets.
Salem Street Primitive Methodist, organized as a mission station in
September, 1915, and became established in the present building on Salem
street the same year.
Bethel Armenian Congregational, started as a mission of the Law
rence Street Congregational Church about 1902. Organized as a church
in 1916. Became established the same year in the building on Concord
street formerly occupied by the United Presbyterian Church.
In addition to those already mentioned, there are in the city of Law
rence religious societies as follows: Armenian Apostolic Church, First
Spiritual Church, Lighthouse Mission, Lithuanian National Catholic
Church, St. George's Syrian Greek Orthodox Church, St. John the Bap
tist Russian Greek Church, Salvation Army, Spiritualist Temple, Swedish
Lutheran Church, Syrian Protestant Church. Also well organized
Young Men's Christian Association and Young Women's Christian Asso
ciation. The former was organized in 1876 and the latter in 1892.

SETTLERS' MONUMENT, NEWBURYPORT

iii'l I

^/V////' '^///u'// /^'^

I if): Vi'v-

i II r iO'PO li T,

ORIGINAL WOLFE TAVERN, 1762

CHAPTER XXXVII.
CITY OF NEWBURYPORT
In 1642 what was originally Newbury granted authority to Thomas
Parker, James Noyes, John Woodbridge, Edward Rawson, John Cutting,
Edward Woodman, John Lowle and John Clark to lay out a new town.
This town included what later became known as the "Port" of Newbury,
and still later it was known as Newburyport. Lying on the banks of the
Merrimac river, and hard by the ocean, it gained in population quite
rapidly. It is» known that as early as 1725 a part of the First Parish in
Newbury, near the "water-side", was incorporated as a separate religious
organization. In 1738 a Protestant Episcopal church was built. It was
also in 1725 that the First Church in Newburyport was organized, and
in 1746 another church was formed by a faction of the original church.
Later this was styled the First Presbyterian Church of Newburyport.
By the enterprise of the "water-side" people, a new feature was
added to the settlement by the erection, at their own charge, of a new
town-house, and in 1752 the old one on High street, built ini 1735 was
abandoned. The people at the "Port" were compelled to build and sup
port their own schools, for public schools were then unknown, as we
understand the term today.
In 1763 two hundred and six of the "water-side" people, headed by
William Atkins, Daniel Farnham, Michael Dalton, Thomas Woodbridge
and Patrick Tracy, signed and presented a petition to the General Court,
"to be set off from Newbury and incorporated a town by themselves." On
January 28, 1764, the petitioners had their prayers answered, and New
buryport was incorporated. It then had a population of 2,282. The
area of territory set off comprised six hundred and forty-seven acres, a
little more than a present day section of land. The original town of New
bury contained thirty thousand acres, one of the most extensive in Mas
sachusetts. The town having been duly organized and a set of town
officers chosen, nothing but time and its shifting changes could further
develop the new town. The first moderator was Michael Dalton; the
first selectmen were Stephen Cross, Enoch Titcomb, Jr., Timothy Pike,
and Daniel Farnham.
It was about that date when the Mother Country imposed the "stamp
act", by which every instrament in writing, such as a deed, a ship's clear
ance, a will, contract and other business papers, each and all, were re
quired to have affixed to their face (to make them legal) a certain stamp.
These stamps ranged from a half-penny to six pounds. The people at
Newburyport openly opposed this measure, but fortunately it was so
obnoxious that it did not long exist in the Colonies. This was the fore-
mnner of affairs that eventually separated England from her American
colonies, and that was through the medium of the war for national in-

540 ESSEX COUNTY
dependence, which cost so much blood and treasure. The part the citi
zens of Newburyport took in the Revolution will be seen by reading the
Military chapters of this work.
After the close of the war of 1812-14, business activities picked up.
The fisheries, foreign trade and ship-building rapidly forged to the fore
front. It was never known as a great place for fisheries, yet during the
first twenty-five years of the eighteenth century, there were employed
in the Newburyport district about forty fishing vessels in the cod fisheiy
and seventy-five in the mackerel fishery industry. The fur, seal and
whale fisheries, both successfully carried on here, have smce many de
cades been abandoned.
Trade with foreign ports reached its maximum about 1804. After
the retum of peace, the navigation of the town increased from ninety-
nine vessels in 1789, of a tonnage of 11,607; in 1796 to 19,752 tons; in
1806 to 29,713 tons— 25,000 tons of this total was foreign trade. In 1805
there belonged to Newburyport alone 41 ships, 62 brigs, 2 skows, 2 bar
ques and 66 schooners. In fact, nature made this place one suited to the
building of ships and boats, by reason of the large river along its front,
which heads far in the north country, and along whose banks grew so
much suitable timber used in ship-yards. This could be easily floated
down to Newburyport, and that of itself was sufficient reason for making
an excellent boat-building place. There seems to be good evidence that
ship-building was carried on in Newburyport as early as 1680. Between
1681 and 1714, 130 vessels were built on the Merrunac, one hundred of
which were built in Newbury, as then known. For many years the town
owned the ship-yards and fostered the enterprises to the utmost of its
ability. In 1711 a building yard near Watt's cellar was let to Colonel
Partridge, Mr. Clement and Mr. Hodges. In 1734 other leases were re
corded, as now shown in records, either made by the town or by the
"proprietors", who owned a strip along the river. About 1750 there was
an active ship-building era here, and in one year there were built and
launched from Newburyport as many as fifty-two vessels by Gideon
Woodwell, on the lower side of Water street, near the foot of Marlboro
street. In 1766, two years after the incorporation of Newburyport,
seventy-two vessels were on the stocks, between Pierce's farm and Mog-
garidge's Point.
Among the leading ship-builders at this point are recalled : (Before
the Revolution) Ralph Cross, bom in Ipswich 1706. During the Revo
lution the constraction of privateers was largely carried on, and in 1777
a sixteen-gun ship, called the "Neptune", was built, but when leaving
port capsized and sank in sixteen fathoms of water.
After the Revolution had ended, Elias Jackman established a boat
yard and began to build boats. He followed this for thirty-odd years.
In 1798, Orlando B. Merrill built the brig "Pickering", fourteen guns,
for the United States.

CITY OF NEWBURYPORT 541
Major Cross, under direction of William Hacket, built in seventy-five
days, at a cost of $46,170, what was known as the "Merrunack," which
had a 350 ton burden capacity. It was loaned to the govemment and
made many trips ; during five years it captured a number of French ves
sels, as well as recaptured many English prizes. She was sold for $21,-
000 after five years' service, and her name changed to "Monticello," but
was soon thereafter wrecked on Cape Cod.
At the Webster ship-yards at Salisbury, in 1799, was built the "War
ren," eighteen guns, for the United States govemment. In 1810, the year
after the embargo, so disastrous to shipping interests, was repealed, there
were built on the Merrimac river, twenty-one ships, thirteen brigs, one
schooner and seven small craft, with a combined tonnage of 12,000 tons.
In 1813, (during the War of 1812), the United States sloop-of-war
"Wasp" was built by Orlando B. Merrill, and about the same date two
gun-boats were built by Stephen Coft'in, in Newbury.
Among later builders were Joseph Coffin, Elisha Briggs, Stephen
Dutton, Jonathan and Thomas Merrill, Joseph Jackman, William Currier,
James L. Townsend, George E. Currier, Charles H. Currier, John Cur
rier, John W. S. Colby, Enoch P. Lunt, Stephen Jackman, Jr., George W.
Jackman, Jr., Eben Manson, Fillmore & McQuillen, Atkinson & Filmore,
Donald McKay, Joseph Pickett, W. B. Coffin and Cjrrus Bumham. In
all, there were constructed in Newburyport ship-yards, after the close
of the Revolution, four hundred and ninety-two vessels of various sizes
and tonnage capacities. The "Mary L. Cushing", built in 1883 was the
last real ship built in Massachusetts.
In 1851 the class of boats was materially changed at this point, as
well as generally throughout the country. There then came a demand
for larger vessels, especially on account of the discovery of gold in Cali
fomia, and then the annexation of Newburyport, in April, 1851, of a
part of Newbury containing the ship-yards, in which vessels of larger
tonnage had previously been built.
During the war of 1812, privateers sailed from Newburyport as fol
lows: First the "Manhattan", followed by the "Yankee", and the "De
catur" and the "Bunker Hill". Before the summer of 1812 had passed,
the U. S. sloop-of-war "Wasp", after capturing the "Frolic", was herself
taken. Another U. S. sloop bearing the same name was built by Orlando
B. Merrill of Newburyport ship-yards in September. The "Argus" and
the "Antelope" were constracted and soon put out to sea, helping to thin
out the enemy's merchant ships.
In the summer of 1817, President Monroe visited Newburyport and
was given a grand reception, at which Ebenezer Mosely was chairman.
At Ipswich, the President was received by a number of military officers,
and at the lower Green in Newbury, a company of cavalry, under Colonel
Jeremiah Coleman, with the county's sheriff and a goodly number of
citizens, escorted him into Newburyport. After the "meeting" and re-

542 ESSEX COUNTY
ception, he was escorted to the Wolfe Tavem, where dinner was provided,
at which General Swift presided, after which the President proceeded on
his joumey to New Harapshire.
In 1820 the "Institution for Savings in Newburyport and its Vicin
ity" was incorporated and grew rapidly from its first opening. In 1854
the Newburyport Five Cent Savings Bank was incorporated. (See Bank
ing Chapter). A National Bank (The Fu-st) was organized under
United States laws in 1864, and was among the first in the country after
the national bank act had been enacted.
In 1826 a charter was obtained for the bridge known as the New
buryport Bridge, crossing the Merrimac from the foot of Summer street
to the Salisbury shore, and finished in 1827, at a cost of $70,000. The
Essex-Merrimac Bridge, connecting what was Newbury with Salisbury,
now within the limits of Newburyport, may be mentioned in this connec
tion. It was projected in 1791, and a subscription was at once put in
circulation. Two hundred shares were subscribed for. This subscrij)-
tion was headed as follows, in part: "Newbury Port, May 30, 1791.
Whereas, a bridge over Merrimac river from the land of the Hon'ble
Jonathan Greenleaf Esquire in Newbery to Deer Island, and from the said
Island to Salisbury would be a very extensive utility, by affording a safe
Conveyance to Carriages, Teams and Travellers at all seasons of the
year, and at all times of tide." Much litigation ensued, and the General
Court had its time well occupied with this matter for many months, but
finally a charter was granted and the bridge constructed and opened to
the public, November 26, 1792. A native of Boxford, Tunothy Palmer,
of Newburyport, built this bridge in seven months.
Until 1868 the two bridges were toll bridges. June 5th of that
year the legislature passed an act directing the county commissioners to
throw open these two bridges within the next sixty days from date of
notice ; at least, that was the result of the legislation, for they were to
lay out highways the several bridges over the Merrimac river, known as
Andover Bridge, and Lawrence Bridge, in the city of Lawrence ; Haver
hill Bridge, between Haverhill and Bradford ; Rock Bridge, between West
Newbury and Haverhill ; Essex-Merrimac Bridge, between Salisbury and
Newburyport; Newburyport Bridge between Salisbury and Newbury
port ; and the Essex Bridge, over North river between Beverly and Salem ;
and to determine what proportion of the amount of damages should be
paid by the county of Essex, and by the several cities and towns bene
fited by the laying out. The Newburyport bridge charter having ex
pired, there was no damage awarded, and it was decreed that: "so much
of said bridge, being three-fourths of said bridge next adjoining to said
Newburyport, shall be maintained, kept in repair and supported, and the
expense thereof and of raising the draw in said bridge, shall be paid by
the said city of Newburyport ; and that the remainder of the said bridge,
being the one-fourth part thereof lying next to Salisbury, aforesaid, shall

CITY OF NEWBURYPORT " 543
be maintained, kept in repair and supported, at the expense thereof shall
be paid by the town of Salisbury."
As to damages on the other bridges named, it may be stated that
each company or town owner received its proportion of damage money.
And from that date on, there have been no toll bridges to hamper the
traveling public in Essex county.
Commercially speaking, the darkest days experienced by Newbury
port, were when the navigation laws of 1820, together with other
causes, served to discourage capital. From 1810 to 1820, the population
had fallen from 7,634 to 6,852, and in 1830 it had fallen still further, then
totalling 6,741. The tonnage of the town had been reduced from 35,296
tons in 1810 to 16,577 in 1830. One account of the condition of the town
reads thus:
The market, which in earlier days had been filled with country teams, was
almost deserted; the East and West Indies and Mediterranean commerce had well
nigh disappeared, and masters of vessels, once active on the sea, were spending
their time in the reading rooms and insurance office, hoping against hope, for a
revival of the good old times. An inteUigent antiquary in a series of articles writ
ten for the Herald of Newburyport says "that everything was old and rusty and
dead; nobody thought of painting a buUding, and there were so many of them
empty that rent was nothing, and the purchase price of anything was less than
that. If an old fence blew down, there it lay, unless it was picked up to bum, and
when a pump-handle broke, no more water came from that well."
But it is as true of municipalities and of men as of the order of nature that
the darkest time is just before moming. Capital, as closely attracted by the hope
of profit as the needle by the magnet, began to feel that there were other channels
than those of navigation open to it. Lowell had been incorporated in 1826, and
the cotton manufacture was everywhere attracting the attention of enterprising
men. A new wave of enterprise was then sweeping over New England, and this
included Newburyport. The Essex Mill was built in 1833 with a capital of $100,-
000; and though it was neither long-lived nor largely profitable, it served, before
it was finally burned on the 8th of March, 1856, to lead the way for others to fol
low, with surer steps and a better success. Several years after the erection of
the Essex Mills, as the Newburyport antiquary already referred to states: A new
man appeared among us, a well formed, noble-looking person, such a man as you
do not often meet, full of power, energy and enterprise, who had studied machinery
tUl he was himself one of the most powerful machines; who had been among steam
engines till he was a perfect steam engine himself, thinking nothing of what to
others seemed mountains of difficulties, and having an influence over the opinions
and purses of our staid old capitaUsts that no other man had possessed for a long
time." He was none other than Charles Tillinghast James, of Providence, Rhode
Island, then thirty years of age. By his skill and energy, aided by the capital of
WilUam Bartlett, then eighty-nine years of age, and others, the Bartlett mills were
incorporated in 1837 and put in operation in 1838, under the name of the Wessacum-
com Mills. Two years afterwards Mill No. 2 of this corporation was built, and
the name changed to Bartlett mills. The capital of the mills was $350,000, and
with 448 looms and 22,000 spindles, the product was 75,000 yards of fine sheetings
and shirtings per week. These nulls, situated on Pleasant street, were burned
March 1, 1881, and were not rebuUt.
Another mill was built in 1842 by Mr. James, called the "James

544 ESSEX COUNTY
Steam Mills." The first capital was $150,000 ; in 1871 a new company
waa formed, with a $250,000 capital, and the name changed to the Mas
conomet Mills. In 1887 this mill was producing, on 350 looms, and 17,-
216 spindles, brown and bleached sheetings and shirtings to the amount
of 48,000 yards per week. What was later known as the Peabody mills
had a capital of $300,000 — 400 looms, 19,000 spindles, and a product of
90,000 yards of print cloths and sheetings per week. Another large cot
ton mill was the "Ocean", built in 1846 and enlarged in 1868. This was
changed to the "Whitefield Mills", which had 573 looms, 27,000 spmdles
and produced 100,000 yards of print cloth and fine sheetings per week.
These three mills gave employment to more than a thousand people, rep
resenting 2,500 population. The place grew rapidly and in 1850 it had
reached 9,534.
Among other agencies which tended to drive away the commercial
stagnation of Newburyport was the construction of a railroad from Bos
ton in the autumn of 1840, after which inland commerce was carried on
by rail transportation instead of by water. In 1847 — Christmas Day —
telegraph communication was established between Boston and Newbury
port ; Colonel Cushing raised his regiment for the war with Mexico, and
Newburyport furnished one full company in the same. In 1850 the New
buryport railroad was connected with the Boston & Maine line.
Many times had Newburyport attempted to gain larger territory, but
was always foiled in such attempt, until the very nature of the case de
manded it. It was in 1851 that a city hall was built at a cost of $30,000,
and about the same time a portion of Newbury was annexed to Newbury
port by an act of the General Court. June 3, 1851 the citizens adopted
the charter for a "city", and held their first municipal election, as shown
below. At the town meeting held June 3, 1851, the whole number of
votes cast upon the acceptance of the act granting a city charter was
594, of which 484 were in the affirmative.
The original charter of the city of Newburyport was adopted by the
mhabitants June 3, 1851. The mayor is elected annually, and the sub
joined is a list from the first to 1920 : Caleb Cushing, 1851-52 ; Henry
Johnson, 1852-53; Moses Davenport, 1854, 1855-61; William Cushing,
1856, 1857-58 ; Albert Currier, 1859-60 ; George W. Jackman, Jr., 1861-
62-64-65, 1877; Isaac H. Boardman, 1863; William Graves, 1866; Eben
F. Stone, 1867; Nathaniel Pierce, 1868-69; Robert Couch, 1870-81;
Elbridge G. Kelley, 1871-72 ; Warren Currier, 1873-74 ; Benj. F. Atkin
son, 1875-76 ; Jonathan Smith, 1878 ; John James Currier, 1879-80 ; Benj.
Hale, 1882; William A. Johnson, 1883-84; Thomas C. Simpson, 1885;
Charies C. Dane, 1886; Otis Winkley, 1887; William H. Huse, 1888;
Albert C. Titcomb, 1888-89 ; Elisha P. Dodge, 1890-91 ; Orrin J. Gumey,
1892-93-94, 1895; Andrew R. Curtis, 1896-97; George H. Plumer, 1898;
Thomas Huse, 1899-1900; Moses Brown, 1901-02; James F. Carnes,
1908-04; William F. Houston, 1905-06; Albert F. Hunt, 1907; Irving

WORLD'S FIRST SAVINGS BANK, SCOTLAND

INSTITUTION FOR SAVINGS, NEWBURYPORT

CITY OF NEWBURYPORT 545
Besse, 1908; Albert F. Hunt, 1909; Robert E. Burke, 1910-11, 1912;
Hiram H. Landford, 1913-14; Clarence J. Fogg, 1915-16; Walter B. Hop
kinson, 1917-18 ; David P. Page, 1919.
City Officers in 1919-20: Mayor, Hon. David P. Page; Board of
Aldermen-at-Large, Norman Russell, J. Walter Chase, Fred C. Lovejoy,
Harold A. Besse, Percy B. Jackson, Samuel Sargent, Walter N. B. Bry
ant; Clerk, Henry W. Little. Common Council — William H. Hamilton,
Frank E. Ryan, Herbert W. Simmons, ward 1 ; William F. Casey, Fran
cis M. McGlew, Harlan E. Randall, ward 2 ; J. Dwyer Buckley, Maurice
E. Connors, Thomas G. McGlew, ward 3; John D. Hurley, Bernard C.
McQuade, Arthur W. Southwell, ward 4; Charles H. Lord, Mathew A.
Twomey, Wallace L. Whipple, ward 5; Elmer D. Coskery, Clinton S.
Mason, William Peebles, ward 6; Clerk, J. Herman Carver; Treasurer
and Collector, Charles E. Houghton ; City Auditor, William Balch ; City
Solicitor, Horace I. Bartlett; City Physician, Dr. George D. McGauran;
City Marshal, John J. McClean.
City Property in 1920 : Real estate, $152,700 ; schoolhouses, $222,-
500 ; enginehouses, $36,500 ; lands, $40,209 ; personal property, $61,273 ;
sewer system, $150,000 ; water works, $450,000 ; total $1,113,182.
The United States census retums give the following figures on the
population for Newburyport in three decades: 1900, 14,478; 1910, 14,-
949 ; and in 1920, 15,618.
The following table shows the net debt of the city from 1899 to
1920:
1899  $289,556.47 1910  _  $541,348.34
1900  286,876.59 1911   507,916.05
1901  317,272.13 1912  518,129.41
1902  321,725.39 1913  464,470.01
1903  369,687.30 1914  471,146.63
1904  646,819.16 1915  426,408.64
1905  _  671,536.83 1916  360,438.53
1906  630,305.15 1917  295,736.53
1907  596,120.73 1918  _  253,982.14
1908  586,259.64 1919  250,963.43
1909  589,904.27
The water plant was constructed in 1904, hence the large indebted
ness during that special period.
Newburyport has a first-class postoffice, and had a business of about
$58,000 during the last fiscal year. The superintendent of mails is
Charles S. Smith. There are now fourteen mail carriers and eleven
clerks. Two deliveries of mail are made daily. The postoffice has been
in its present quarters since 1882. Ground has been purchased by the
govemment and the city is to have a new postoffice building in the near
future. Two mounted carriers deliver mail in the outskirts of the city.
The postmasters who have served since 1885 are as follows: Sampson
Levy, Willard J. Hall, William C. Cuseck, Fred E. Smith, Frederick L.
Esaex — 35

546 ESSEX COUNTY
Atkinson, W. C. Coffin, James F. Carens, present postmaster, the date
of his commission being January 26, 1916. The present location of the
office is at the comer of Pleasant and Inn streets.
Newburyport now has churches as follows: Baptist, Congrega
tional (two). First church (organized 1635), Episcopal, Methodist Epis
copal, Presbyterian, two Catholic churches. Unitarian, Advent, Jewish,
First Church of Christ (Scientist) , Spiritualist, Salvation Army. These
are all treated in the chapter on churches.
The regular secret fraternities include the Masons, Knights of
Pythias, Odd Fellows and then- ladies' auxiliaries. The list of benevolent
fraternal insurance orders here represented may be numbered by almost
one word — legion.
At present time the. industries represented in the city include the
three boat-building firms — Vv'illiam G. Bowen, McKay Company, and
William H. Morse & Cpmpany. A large foundry is operated by Albert
Russell Sons & Company. Comb factories are operated by W. H. Noyes
& Brother and by G. W. Richardson. An extensive bronze-tablet foun
dry is also carried on by Albert Russell Sons & Company.
The Newburyport Building Association was organized in March,
1908, for the purpose of erecting modem factory buildings in Newbury
port. The following officers were elected: President, William G.
Fisher; secretary, James E. Mannix; treasurer, William Ilsley; trustees,
James H. Higgins, William F. Lunt, Michael Cashman, George H.
Plumer, and Charles A. Bliss. Shares were sold on the installment plan,
monthly assessments of five dollars per share being paid fori three years,
making a full paid share $180. The first series was started in 1908, and
was followed by others, as the work of the association progressed. Regu
lar dividends of four per cent, per annum have been paid for a number
of years. Thd first factory was erected in 1911, being a five-story brick strac
ture containing 50,000 square feet. The next year factory No. 2 was
built. In 1915 a third factory was started and finished early the follow
ing year. The work of the association has been of substantial assistance to
the industrial growth of the city, and has fumished an example of the
value of co-operative efforts v/hen wisely directed. The last annual state
ment, published in 1921, showed a capital and surplus of over $100,000,
the total assets being $179,000.
Lieutenant Adolphus Washington Greely, who became famous for
his Arctic voyage, as well by reason of his experiences in the Civil War,
was bom in Newburyport, March 27-, 1844. He managed the constrac
tion of fifteen hundred miles of telegraph line for the United States gov
ernment in Civil War days in Texas. It was he of whom Colonel Hincks
told Govemor Andrew of this state, that if he "had a regiment like him,
he could whip the whole South." He was attached to the United States

CITY OF NEWBURYPORT 547
Signal Corps, and undertook the great Arctic expedition for the govem
ment. Upon his return from the perils of the far away Northland, the
govemment ordered that his vessel should first land at his birthplace,
Newburyport, which it did, August 14th. He was the guest of the city,
and an elaborate programme was featured for the brave soldier and
hardy explorer. Many noted men were present and took part in the
exercises. The Public Library was organized in 1854. It is located on State
street ; was remodeled from an old Colonial house, the "Tracy mansion"
of brick, originally built in 1771, to which a brick annex was added in
1882 at a cost of about $22,000, by popular subscription, to which Michael
H. Simpson was a donor of $18,500. In 1863, when the library was
moved from the old City Hall, the expense of $21,568 had been con
tributed by sixty-four individuals for that purpose. The following is a
partial list of those who gave liberally toward this public library : John
R. Spring, $20,000 ; George Peabody, $15,000 ; William C. Todd (to estab
lish reading room), $15,000; William O. Moseley, $10,000; Elizabeth
H. Stickney, $10,000; Josiah Little, $5,000; M. Plant Sawyer, $5,000;
Edward S. Mosley, $5,000; Stephen W. Marston, $5,000; Charles W.
Moseley, $5,000; Abram E. Cutter, $4,000; Elisha P. Dodge, $2,500;
Sarah A. Green, $2,000; there were eight individual donations of one
thousand dollars each.
The library is now kept up by municipal appropriations, for adminis
trative purposes, all books, newspapers and periodicals being purchased
from incomes of various investments of bequests or donations. The
present approximate number of books on stacks is fifty-eight thousand ;
number of newspapers and periodicals, two hundred and twenty-five.
The librarians have been only two — Hiram A. Tenney, 1855 to 1889 (ex
cept 1862, when Horace N. Jackman served) ; John D. Parsons, 1889 to
the present date, 1921. The library has upon its walls many fine pic
tures and appropriate tablets in memory of generous donors, etc. This
is an appropriate monument to the good sense of the citizens of New
buryport. What was styled St. Paul's Church, an outgrowth of Queen Anne's
Chapel at the Plains, was presided over by a Church of England minister,
named John Lambton, who came from England and assumed his duties
in November, 1712. In 1715 he returned to England, and was succeeded
by Rev. Henry Lucas, who committed suicide August 23, 1720. Next
came Rev. Matthias Plant, who continued until his death in April, 1753.
These three ministers were sent from England by the Venerable Society
for the Propogation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. About 1740, St.
Paul's Church was opened on the site of the present building. For a
tune Rev. Plant officiated at both Queen Anne's and St. Paul's. The
second church edifice was built in 1800.
"The First Religious Society" was organized m 1725, and settled

548 ESSEX COUNTY
Rev. John Lowell in 1726. In 1735 it was formally set off by an act
of the General Court. The first meeting-house of the society was in
Market Square, but in 1801 another edifice was built on Pleasant street.
Among the ministers recalled in earlier years are Revs. Cary, Andrews,
Thomas B. Fox, Thomas W. Higginson, Charies Bowen, A. B. Muzzey,
George L. Stowell and D. W. Morehouse, who was pastor in the eighties.
Following him came Rev. Samuel C. Beane, D. D., 1888-1905; Lawrence
Hayward, 1905 and still pastor. There are 600 members in this church
today, with a Sunday school of 100 members. In 1915 St. Peter's Chapel-
of-Ease was built a mile to the south of the city.
Central Congregational Church is the result of a merger of three
churches— the Prospect Street, the Whitefield and North Congregational
churches, the union being effected in 1909. The original church was
organized in 1768 and the total membership today is about 525, with a
Sunday school attendance of 268 ; John H. Balch, Jr., being the present
superintendent. The church edifice is valued at $7,500 ; it is an old build
ing and was left to the church by will.
Since 1885 the pastors of the three churches, now forming the one,
were for the North Church, Revs. Charles P. Mills, from 1880 to 1899 ;
Elmer E. Shoemaker, 1900-02 ; Edward H. Newcomb, 1903-09. For the
Whitefield Church— Revs. Henry E. Mott, 1884-88 ; Samuel A. Harlow,
1888-92 ; John H. Reid, 1892-98 ; Frank G. Alger, 1899-1905 ; Leslie C.
Greeley, 1905-09. For the Prospect Street Church — Revs. Palmer S.
Hulbert, 1885-89 ; George W. Osgood, 1890-94; Myron Potter, 1895-1903;
George P. Merrill, 1905-09. The pastor for the Central Church (merged)
in 1909-20 was Rev. Walter H. Nugent ; there is no pastor at this date
(June, 1921).
Of the three original church societies above mentioned as entering
into the church merger, it should be added that the North Congregational
Church was organized in 1768 as the Third Religious Society of New
buryport. Its first members were those who left the First church on
account of liberality when Rev. Cary was called as pastor. The Whit
field Congregational Church was organized January 1, 1850. The church
building of this society was erected in 1852.
Newburyport Baptist Church was organized in 1869, but succeeded
to an organization known as the Green Street Baptist Church, organized
in 1804. Rev. Joshua Chase was the first preacher, and was followed
by Rev. Peak. The Green street society of this denomination really com
menced its activities in 1846, with Rev. Nicholas Medbury, who led one
faction of the old church that was formed in 1804. Since Rev. Medbury,
theministers have been: Revs. John Richardson, J. R. Lane, J. T. Beck
ley, Eugene E. Thomas, 1886-88 ; Louis A. Pope, 1889-1800 ; George H.,
Miner, 1901-05 ; Arthur W. Cleaves, 1906-20 ; Edwin H. Prescott, 1921,
and present pastor. The membership of this church in May, 1921 was
270, and the Sunday school attendance 210. Herman S. Stevens is super-

CITY OF NEWBURYPORT 549
intendent. There is also a colored Baptist Church in Newburyport, of
recent year formation.
The First Presbyterian Church was formed January 3, 1746. Nine
teen members of that church had seceded, and for two years had wor
shiped in a small building on what is now known as High street, with
Joseph Adams, a graduate of Harvard, as minister. Early ministers were
inclusive of these : Revs. Jonathan Parsons, John Murray, Daniel Dana,
D.D., S. P. Williams, John Proudfit, D.D., Charles F. Durfee, William
W. Newell, Jr., and Charles C. Wallace. The meeting-house occupied by
this church was erected in 1756, and the noted Rev. Whitefield was buried
in a vault under his pulpit. Further data concerning this church are not
at hand. The Second Presbyterian Church was organized October 29, 1795,
by seceders from the First Presbyterian Church, who were opposed to
the settlement of Rev. Dana. John Boddely, of Bristol, England, be
came the first pastor here.
"The Fourth Religious Society" was incorporated in 1794, and was
made up of the seceders from the First Presbyterian Church, who be
came dissatisfied with the settlement of Rev. John Murray. They erected
a church edifice in 1793. Rev. Charles W. Melton was pastor until his
death, in 1837, and was succeeded by Rev. Randolph Campbell. The
church building was remodeled in 1800.
The Belleville Congregational Church was organized in 1808 in New
bury, and was originally set off as a separate parish in 1761. At first
the members used the old Queen Anne Chapel, but in 1763 they erected
a church of their own, and it served until destroyed by lightning in 1816,
when a new one was erected on its site.
The Immaculate Conception Church. In 1841 Rev. Patrick Can-
avan of Dover, New Hampshire, came to Newburyport once a month to
celebrate mass and administer the sacrament of the Roman Catholic
church. Services were held for nearly two years at the residences of
Hugh McGlew and others, but in 1843 the vestry of the First Presby
terian Society was purchased and removed to a lot of land on Charles
street, conveyed by Mr. McGlew to the Rt. Rev. Benedict Fenwick of
Boston, "in trust for the use and benefit of the Roman Catholic religious
society in Newburyport." The vestry, remodelled and repaired, served
as a chapel until the church on Green street was completed in 1853.
Father Canavan had charge of the parish until the spring of 1848. He
was succeeded by the Rev. John O'Brien, who came to Newburyport,
where he remained until December, when Rev. Henry Lennon was ap
pointed pastor of the church.
May 6, 1851, Moses E. Hale and John Osgood sold to John H. Nichols
of Salem, a lot of land on Green street. On the 12th day of the same
month Mr. Nichols sold this land to John B. Fitzpatrick, Bishop of
Boston. April 27, 1852, the comer stone of the Church of the Immacu-

550 ESSEX COUNTY
late Conception was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The building,
with the exception of the steeple, which was not finished until twenty
years later, was completed and dedicated March 17, 1853.
Rev. Henry Lennon died July 13, 1871. He was buried near the
southeast comer of the church on Green street, but was afterward re
moved to the Catholic cemetery on Storey avenue. In August, 1871,
Rev. Arthur J. Teeling was appointed pastor of the church and entered
at once upon the duties of his office. In 1872 he purchased for a parochial
residence the house previously occupied by Father Lennon on Court
street, and then tumed his attention to the work of building a spire to
the church, which was completed in March, 1874, and to the hanging in
the belfry of a bell from the foundry of Menealy & Co., West Troy, New
York. A month later land on Storey avenue was purchased for a ceme
tery. It was laid out with avenues and paths and consecrated by Arch
bishop Williams early in the summer of 1876. The parochial school build
ings on Court and Washington streets were erected in 1879.
In April, 1881, the parochial residence was destroyed by fire, and a
new one was built the following year to take its place. April 28, 1884,
the school houses and the parochial residence were transferred to the Im
maculate Conception Educational Association, incorporated under the
laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and on the 2d day of
August following the church and cemetery were incorporated under the
name of the Immaculate Conception Society of Newburyport.
In 1886 the house on the comer of Washington and Green streets,
built by Hon. Theophilus Parsons in 1789, was purchased for the use of
the Sisters of Charity, who have charge of the children in the parochial
schools. In 1893, Father Teeling was appointed pastor at St. Mary's Church
in Lynn, and Rev. William H. Ryan was placed in charge of the Church
of the Immaculate Conception in Newburyport. Under the care of
Father Ryan, the parish has maintained its high standard of excellence
and steadily developed its religious and educational work. In 1904 the
interior of the church was painted and decorated by Italian artists, and a
new marble altar, elaborately carved, was placed in the sanctuary. On
the 2d, 3d and 4th days of May, 1903, the fiftieth anniversary of the dedi
cation of the church was observed with appropriate religious services.
On Sunday, the 3d day of May, mass was celebrated in the presence of
the Most Rev. John J. Williams, archbishop, and the Right Rev. Bishop
Brady, auxiliary bishop of the diocese, and a congregation that filled all
the available seats in the church. A home for destitute children has
been established, accommodating 75 children, a home for aged women,
and a new church at Plum Island Beach, all under the direction of Rev.
William H. Ryan, and all are free of debt. The census of the parish is
about 4,000. Rev. Father Ryan has as his assistants Rev. J. B. Moore
and Rev. Joseph L. Dunn. The parish is a permanent rectorship and in

CITY OF NEWBURYPORT 551
a very flourishing condition, both spiritually and materially.
What is known as the Purchase Street Methodist Episcopal
Church had its origin in the labors of Rev. John Adams, who in 1819
collected a congregation which until 1825 was connected with the Salis
bury Conference. In 1825 Newburyport was made a station and placed
under Mr. Adam's charge. That year a meeting-house was erected on
Purchase street. From that date to this there have been regular services
in this church by the Methodist denomination.
Washington Street Methodist Episcopal Church was organized June
20, 1827, at a house on Liberty street, where later a church edifice was
erected by these people. Rev. Bartholomew Othman was the first pas
tor. Later its present church was built on Washington street, hence
the name. This church is among the active factors in religious circles
in the city today.
There have been formed in Newburyport other churches, including
the Universalist, organized in 1834; the Christian, in 1840, with Rev.
Daniel Pike as pastor. The old Baptist church building was bought and
used by this society on Congress street. The Second Advent Church was
organized in 1848, and after using other buildings several years built an
edifice on Charter street. The Seventh Day Adventists were organized
in 1877. The Christian Science believers organized a church a few years
since, but no facts were fumished for this chapter. St. Paul's Episcopal
Church is in a -flourishing condition today, as is also the Roman Catholic,
Church of the Immaculate Conception. The French Catholics are also
here represented.

PEABODY— ABOVE, PUBLIC SQUARE; BELOW, PEABODY INSTITUTE

CHAPTER XXXIII.
THE CITY OF PEABODY
Peabody comprises a part of the territory originally belonging to the
old town of Salem. Its boundaries are nearly the same as old Middle
Parish of Salem, set off in 1710, and continued a part of Salem until the
incorporation of Danvers in 1752. In 1855 it was separated from Dan
vers, and the name Peabody was taken in 1868. For its history prior
to 1710, see history of Salem, for it was then included in that town. That
most graphic and accurate writer on local history of Essex county, Mr.
Theodore M. Osborne, of Peabody, many years ago wrote of Peabody as
follows :
This town occupies a part of the territory originally belonging to the old town
of Salem. It will be eeen, therefore, that the early history of Peabody is in many
ways inseparable from that of Salem. Its farmers were represented in the Salem
town meeting, and some of them at times held office in the town. Its sturdy yeo
manry formed part of the training bands of the old town, and called out to do
service in all the frontier warfare of that early period. Its reUgious interests were
centered^ in the old First Church, and the records of its proprietary interests is
found with that of all the other lands belonging to the town of Salem. There was
therefore, during nearly a whole century of the town, no occasion for any separate
chronicle of the Uves or the interests of the families who Uved in this part of Salem,
and for nearly half a century after the establishment of Middle Precinct, the people
were one with Salem in everything but parish affairs. For more than another cen
tury the parish was a part of the town of Danvers, and its history is largely one
with that of Danvers. It has had only about thirty years of indei>enden'& exist
ence (1887).
As to early settlement, it may be stated that it is not known just
when the first men settled here, but it is known that the following con
stituted a part of the pioneer band who invaded these parts for the pur
pose of making permanent settlements: By 1633 there were a few set
tlers here. Before 1635 Captain William Trask, ancestor of all the nu
merous New England Trask family, received a grant of about fifty acres
of land at the head of North river, near the present public square in the
city of Peabody. Here he erected his first grist mill. Originally, the
mill-pond was of considerable extent, and remained in use for some me
chanical purposes until about 1860, when it was filled up and a street laid
out across it. This pond collected its water from three principal brooks,
from which Brooksby took its name. Near the mill and its immediate
surroundings a small village was started. Here, in 1637, Richard Adams
had a grant of five acres, and William Hathorne was given a ten-acre lot
near the mill at about the same date. Thomas Goldthwaite also settled
in this neighborhood at a very early date.
Captain William Trask was among the earliest with Endicott. He
possessed great energy and filled numerous public positions. He was a

554 ESSEX COUNTY
prominent military leader and drilled in the training band from the very
start. On account of his sei-vices in the Pequot War m 1636-37 he was
rewarded with more land grants, and at his funeral in 1666 great mili
tary honors were observed by his fellow-countrymen. He it was who
helped survey and lay out the lots in the town of Salem and vicimty.
About 1640, Captain Trask built another mill a half mile down
stream from the first, near present Grove street, and soon after he
moved it and later it was known as Frye's mills. On March 30, 1640,
it is recorded that "Captain Trask hath leave to set up a tyde myll upon
the North river, pvided he make passage for a shalloppe from halfe fiood
to full sea." In October, 1640, the mill was completed, and half an
acre was granted him adjoining it. This mill also became the center of
a settiement. In September, 1640, while this mill was building or soon
after. Captain Trask received a fatherly admonition from the Court "to
be more careful about his grinding & Towle taking." Previous to 1663
Captain Trask's mills held the monopoly of this business. John Trask
at one time, some complaint being made, agreed in behalf of his father
with the town that they would "make as good meale as at Lin, and they
when they could not supply the town for want of water or in any other
respect," then they would "provide to send it to Lin upon their own
charge and have it ground there."
Other pioneer settlers included the following: Colonel Thomas Reed
in 1636 claimed three hundred acres, including Buxton Hill. Robert Cole
and heirs finally held a large tract upon North Brook. John Thomdike
was in the northwestem part of the town, but later left there and be
came a resident in Salem village. In 1652 Robert Goodell had a farm
of five hundred acres. William King had a tract of forty acres in the
northem part of Peabody which he took in 1636. In October, 1637, a
tract of one hundred acres was given to Edmund Batter; he also had
twelve acres more in a fine pasture tract. He was a prominent man in
his day in this part of Essex county.
Others who had lands granted to them hereabouts included Rev.
Edward Norris, Joseph Pope, Mrs. Anna Higginson, Job Swinerton,
Captain Samuel Gardner, and John Humphi-ey, who was a justice of the
Quarter Court; in 1642 a considerable portion of his lands were sold on
execution to Robert Saltonstall. Others were William Clarke, Joshua
Verryn, Francis Johnson, Zacheus Cortis, Robert Moulton, John Brown,
Sr., Richard Bartholomew. The Flints, Popes, Uptons, and Needhams
all had valuable farms; the Proctors came here from Ipswich in 1660;
the Pooles from Cambridge in 1690 ; the Fosters from Boxford ; the Sut
tons from Rowley ; the Jacobs in 1700 ; the Poors in 1770 ; and the Pres-
tons, Shillabers and other prominent families were early settlers. A
part of the farm of Jacobs lay in Peabody.
About February 1st, 1710, a petition was presented to the selectmen
of Salem, signed by Captain Samuel Gardner and others, requesting the

CITY OF PEABODY 555
town of Salem to set off as a new precinct that part of the town outside
the town bridge and below the line of Salem village. The reason set
forth included the fact that many of the residents lived too far from a
place of worship. The boundaries of the proposed precinct were defined
at a special town meeting March 6, 1709-10. Much stir was created
over the proposed new precinct between two factions. It may be of
some interest to the numerous descendants in this country at this time
to know who the petitioners were that asked for such separation, hence
their names are appended in this connection: Samuel Marble, Samuel
Cutler, James Gould, Benj. Verry, Richard Waters, John Waters,
Nathaniel Tompkins, John Marsh, William Osborne, John Giles, Robert
Wilson, Henry Cook, Samuel Goldwaithe, Jr., John Nurse, Ebenezer
Cutler, William King, Ezekiel Goldthwaite, Samuel Cook, Israel Shaw,
William Osborne Jr., Benj. Marsh, John W. Burton, John Gardner, Eben
Foster, Joseph Douty, John King, Abraham Pierce, Samuel King, Ste
phen Small, Nathaniel Waters, David Foster, Jacob Read, John O. Wal-
din, Samuel Stacey Sr., Benj. C. Proctor, Geo. Jacobs, Jonathan King,
Thomdike Procter, John King Jr., James Houlton, Samuel Stone, E.
Marsh, John Jacobs, Nathaniel Felton, John Trask, A. H. Needham, S.
Stacey, Elias Trask, John Felton, Skelton Felton, Sam Goldthwaite, S.
Endicott. An animated discussion took place and petitions and counter peti
tions were in order for many weeks and took up the time of the court and
selectmen, finally resulting on November 1, 1710, in the report of the
legislative committee dated October 31, in favor of setting off the new
precinct. The report was read in the council and left upon the board.
The next day the report was again read and debated. On the 3rd, upon
the question "whether the council will now vote the said report," there
was a tie. It was not till the 10th of November that the report was
finally accepted. The recommendation of the committee was that : "The
said precinct do begin at the Great Cove in the North Field so to ran
directly to Trask's Grist Mill, taking in the mill to the new precinct;
from thence on a straight line to the Mile-stone on the Road to Salem
Meeting-House, and so' along the road to Lyn by Linday's; and then
along the line between Salem and Lyn northward till it comes to Salem
village line, & along by that line td Frost Fish River, & then by the Salt
Water, to the Great Cove first mentioned and that the Meeting-House
be erected on that Piece of land near Gardner's Brook already granted by
the towne for that End."
The report of the committee, which was signed by Penn Townsend
for the committee, was read and accepted by both houses and consented
to by Govemor Dudley the same day, Nbvember 10, 1710. It seems that
although the committee in their report speak of a piece of land as already
granted by the town, there had been no location of the grant, which "was
indeed, by its terms, conditional.

556 ESSEX COUNTY
December 28 a formal vote was passed at a meeting of the select
men, ordering that Captain Jonathan Putnam, Mr. Benjamin Putnam
and Mrs. John Pickering, or any two of them, be a committee to lay out
the quarter of an acre and make retum thereof. It was certainly a
shrewd proceedings on the part of the petitioners to obtain the addition
al grant in advance, and then locate it by the recommendation of the
committee of the General Court, before the layers out had been appointed.
The fact that the land had already been granted may be fairly supposed
to have had some weight in the deliberations of the committee.
After having been set off as a separate parish, the next thing to do
was to provide a meeting-house. The site chosen was that now oc
cupied by the South Congregational Church in Peabody. It appears
that in some way the original quarter of an acre had grown to an acre
before the church was erected. The building committee met without
much delay and planned for their new church edifice. This committee
on the records of the town is always known as "ye grate commity", and
the size of the structure was stipulated to be forty-eight feet long by
thirty-five feet wide. It was also decided by this committee that "the
carpenders have two shillings and six pence a day for so many days as
they work, and that men working a Narro Ax to have two shillings a
day." The length of the new church building was finally agreed to be
fifty-one feet instead of forty-eight feet.
In 1713, the "Unworthy brethren and sisters living within the
bounds of the Middle District in Salem" were as follows : Hanna King,
Elizabeth Cook, John Foster, Hanna Small, Hanna Foster, Samuel
Goldthwait, Jemima Verry, Deborah Good, Susanna Daniel, Martha
Adams, Ebenezer Gyles, Ales Shafflin, Hanna Felton, Abel Gardner, Eliz
abeth Verry, Hanna Goldthwait, Robert Pease, Samuel Gardner, Samuel
Goldthwait, Elizabeth Nurse, Isabelle Pease, David Foster, Mary Tomp
kins, Elizabeth Goldthwait, Richard Waters, Elizabeth Waters, Judah
Mackintire, Sarah Gardner, John Felton, Hanna Southwick, Elizabeth
Gyles, Wm. King, Sarah Waters, Elizabeth King.
To show the formality and legal action taken in all that had to do
with church affairs, as connected with the civil govemment of the early
New England towns, the following request for and final dismissal of
the above named members was issued and is now a part of the town-
church records is here given:
At a Church meeting at the Teacher's house, June 25th, the Church having
received a petition from our brethren and sisters Uving in the District, wherein
they desire a dismission from us for themselves and their chUdren, in order to be
a church of themselves. The Church giveth in answer as foUoweth: That although
we cannot praise or justify our brethren's, proceedings so far as they have done in
order to be a church of themselves vrithout advising with or using means to
obtain the consent of the Church they belonged to; yet the request of our breth
ren and sisters, for peace sake, we permit them and their children to become a
church of themselves ; provided they have the approbation and consent of the Elders

CITY OF PEABODY 557
and messengers of some other churches in communion with us, that shall assist
in their church gathering and ordaining them a pastor. And until they have so
done, they continue members of this church. And so we commit them to the grace
of God in Christ Jesus, praying that they may have divine direction and assistance
in the great work they are upon, and that they become an holy and orderly and
peaceable church, and that the Lord would add to them of such as are vrithin
their own limits, many as such as shall be saved. The above was twice distinctly
read to the brethren of the church before it was voted upon and then consented to
by the vote of the Church.
Rev. Benjamin Prescott was ordained as pastor, September 23,
1713, and the separation of the parishes was at last complete. In all the
history of the separation of towns and precincts, of which our legislative
and municipal history furnishes many noteworthy instances, down to
the eighties, there has rarely been a division more eamestly pursued or
more stubbornly resisted than that which resulted in the formation of
the Middle Precinct of Salem. After this final separation, the Middle
Parish people were generally busily engaged in building up their own
interests as a church and community. They were still subject to the
taxation for general expenses of the town of Salem, and for school pur
poses. Separate schools of their own, however, were soon demanded
and secured. It was in 1714 that the town granted money towards the
support of a "Reading, writing and cyphering school" in the new pre
cinct. While it was not possible at that date to make a new voting precinct
in which votes might be cast for representatives to the General Court,
it was possible to separate from Salem as a district. This was allowed
by the court in 1751-52, and the name given the new district was Dan
vers; the full title being, of course, "Second Parish in the District of
Danvers." Soon, however, it was changed to "South Parish in Dan
vers," which continued to be its name for upwards of a century. The
church was called "The Second Congregational Church of Danvers."
June 16, 1852, the town of Danvers celebrated the one hundredth
anniversary of its separate municipal existence. A pageant represent
ing the early customs of the settlers paraded the streets, escorted by
military forces and by the firemen of the town. Also the pupils of
the public schools took an active part. An address was made by John
W. Proctor, and Andrew Nichols delivered a poem in the old South
Church, with music and religious exercises. A dinner was fumished
in a canvas pavilion on the Crowinshield estate, at which many inter
esting addresses were given by the invited guests. It was at this din
ner that the first gift of George Peabody to his native town was offered,
in a letter acknowledging his invitation to this celebration. He had
ordered that an envelope he had handed in was not to be opened until
the toasts were being proposed at the dinner. After a toast to Peabody,
the letter was opened and read. It contained a sentiment by Mr. Pea
body which has become the motto of the endowments made by him for

558 ESSEX COUNTY
the benefit of education: "Education — a debt due from present to fut
ure generations." Among the paragraphs making up Mr. Peabody's
letter are these:
In acknowledgment of the payment of that debt by the generation which
preceded me in my native town of Danvers, and to aid in its prompt future dis
charge, I give to the inhabitants of that town the sum of twenty thousand dollars,
for the promotion of knowledge and moraUty among them.
I beg to remark that the subject of making a gift to my native town has
for some years occupied my mind, -and I avaU myself of your present interesting
festival to make the communication, in the hope that it wUl add to the pleasures
of the day. That a suitable buUding for the use of he Lyceum shall be erected,
at a cost, including the land, fixtures, furnishings, etc., not exceeding seven thou
sand dollars, and shall be located within one third of a mile of the Presbyterian
Meeting-House occupying the spot of that formerly under the pastoral care of
the Eev. Mr. Walker, in the South Parish of Danvers.
The same letter above named, also contained a liberal subscription
toward the erection of a monument to the memory of General Gideon
Foster. Before 1856 Mr. Peabody had increased his donations to make
a foundation of fifty thousand dollars. In 1869, on his last visit to his
native place, he increased his bequests to the amount of two hundred
thousand dollars.
By an act of the legislature, passed May 18, 1855, the new town of
South Danvers was incorporated, with boundaries corresponding with
those of old Middle Precinct of Salem. About one year later the legis
lature changed the ancient boundary line between Salem and South
Danvers and the same exists today. Peabody took its name from the
great philanthropist, George Peabody, and was made a city in January,
1917. The United States census in 1920 gives the population of Pea
body at 19,552.
George Peabody, for whom the city is named, was a world-wide
benefactor. He was bora in South Danvers, (now Peabody), in the
house which still stands at 205 Washington street. A suitable tablet
in the yard commemorates this event. He left his native town when
young, and embarked in business at Baltimore. He later located in Eng
land, where he became one of the world's largest bankers. He gave
away millions for charity, and did not forget his native town and its
offspring, for two libraries endowed with sufficient money to maintain
them were given Danvers and Peabody. Few cities have been so for
tunate as to have such a benefactor.
Peabody, while not always spoken of or thought of as a great manu
facturing center, has with the passing years had many prodigious fac
tory plants for the production of numerous articles. The tannery busi
ness of the good old Quaker Joseph Southwick, commenced in 1739, was
carried forward by several generations of the same name. About 1770
Joseph Poor started a tannery near the "lane" (now Central street), and
as late as twenty-five years ago the same family was engaged in such

'^'«%:^^^^-2^

•sgi^

CITY OF PEABODY 559
useful business. Other tanneries were carried on by Dennison Wallis,
Fitch Poole and Ward Poole. In 1855 the records show that South
Danvers had twenty-seven tanneries, with an annual product of 131,000
hides, valued at $660,000; 121 men were employed. The same date
there were twenty-four currying establishments, finishing leather to the
value of $805,000, employing 153 men. The manufacture of morocco
and lining skins grew up in a quarter of a century, and in 1856 had a
product of 80,000 skins, valued at $25,000, employing 117 men, with a
capital of $50,000.
The boot and shoe factory trade commenced in 1830, and ta twenty-
five years time it had grown to the making of 800,000 pairs, valued at
half a million dollars, and was employing in 1855 more than one thou
sand men and women.
Chocolate was manufactured here by General Foster, in the early
days, at his mill-pond (now Foster street). General Foster was a
genius at constructing mill dams and water-power sufficient to run a
vast amount of machinery within the town. His mills were destroyed
by fire in 1823. At one time there were no less than thirty potteries in
South Parish. During the period of the War of 1812-14, much pottery
was sent from this district, as English goods were not available to any
good Ainerican citizen. Finally this industry was mostly limited to the
making of the brown and coarser wares such as bean-pots, flower-pots,
and jugs. In 1855 the number of such plants had been reduced to two,
and in 1887 only one small concem remained in operation.
The Danvers Bleachery in 1847 commenced operations under Elijah
Upton and the Messrs. Walker, in 1855 bleaching or coloring one hun
dred tons of goods, employing sixty men, with a capital of $150,000.
Glue was made in South Danvers in immense quantities by the Uptons,
commencing as early as 1817. In the fifties there were three large
glue plants in operation, making glue valued at $120,000 per year, by
the employment of less than twenty-five workmen.
Other industries included cabinet-making, bakery, soap factories,
a patent leather factory, a last factory, whose product was placed at
$16,000 a year; a box factory, and a quarry producing hundreds of
millstones. In the fire of the Boston district in 1872, many of the leather
dealers in this section lost heavily. But still Peabody was then and
is still known as a great leather center. The United States census re
ports for 1880 gave the total number of manufacturing establishments
in this place as 53; number of persons employed, 1,195; capital em
ployed, $1,062,000 ; total product value, $4,278,000.
. Coming down to the present times, it may be said of Peabody that
it still keeps pace with her sister cities in the production: of many pro
ducts which find markets throughout the world. Among these valuable
enterprises may be named the Felt Manufactury; the Densten Hair

560 ESSEX COUNTY
Company; the Essex Gelatine Factory; the American Glue Company;
the Ink Factory; leather working machinery, including the John Boyle
Company, the Peabody-Wobum Machine Company, the Tumer Tan
ning Machine Company, etc. Also the stone-breaking plant by the
Essex Trap Rock and Constraction Company.
The tanneries are inclusive of these concems: Thayer Foss Com
pany, H. S. Snyder and M. W. Snyder, Pearse Leather Corporation,
Kom Leather Company, Formal Leather Company, Essex Tanning Com
pany, and the Ameikaf Tanning Company. There are boot and shoe
manufacturing establishments in Peabody such as the well known plants
of the John J. Ryan Shoe Company, the Boston Baby Shoe Factory, etc.
The embossing and stamping process is carried on here by the Lewis
A. Felt Co. and the Woelfel Embossing and Decorating Company.
The newspaper history, as well as the story of Banks and Banking,
are found elsewhere in this work.
Leather has been the chief industry in Peabody for more than half
a century. Pioneers of this industry settled here, for the water pos
sessed special qualities for vegetable tanning. The original tanners
handled brogan leather, gradually changing to conditions of today.
Relics of the old days can be seen in the many vats about the city,
which are not needed under present conditions.
Concems who produced five hundred sides of leather daily in
the eighties were large ones. Today six thousand sides each day are
produced by one local concem. Sheepskins are the largest item manu
factured in point of numbers. Hides are second, followed by calf
skins. Before the World War, goatskins tanned in India would claim
recognition, but today few are found on acco<mt of import duties.
There are frequent disputes as to the rank of Peabody as a leather
center. In the number of pieces finished she now claims to be at
the top. In value, according to United States statistics, she ranks
fifth, with an output of $25,000,000 annually. Another industry of
today is the one represented by two corporations who take the cattle
hair of the tanners and convert it into felting and even into cloth.
These concems are rapidly developing ideas to increase the output.
There are also cork-sole and fertilization plants, one being the largest
in the world.
As a city, Peabody is only four years old, it having been made
a city corporation in January, 1917. It was set apart from the town
of Danvers in 1855, and became known as Peabody in 1868. It can
justly claim superiority to many of her sister cities in public buildings.
The City Hall was completed in 1883 and still does excellent service
as a city building. An audience hall seating over 1500, a council
chamSaer of ample size, offices, modemized, and an additional building
for the board of health, as well as a new court house, all tend to
make the whole complete. The Public Library presented to the city

CITY OF PEABODY 561
by George Peabody is a lasting memorial and a benefit to all classes.
Combined with the library are an amusement hall, the Sutton Refer
ence Library, and an endowed fund for free lectures each year.
Peabody now has seventy-three miles of paved streets. Its area
is seventeen square miles. The streets in the central part of the place
were all rebuilt when the town became a city in 1917. The city
sewer, which was constracted in 1907, is about twenty-eight miles
long. It cares for about one and one-fourth billion gallons of water
yearly. Because of the large amount of water used in the bleachery,
the leather industry and the glue factories, this sewer is one of the
essential parts of the city's machinery, so to speak. Water is a
necessity in a city of this type where much manufacturing is going
on. Peabody is now pumping 4,500,000 gallons of water daily, as
against half that amount fifteen years ago. Spring Pond and Sun-
taug Lake are the water sources at present. The city has a permit
from the legislature to tap Ipswich river, which will doubtless be
accomplished in the near future.
The fire department consists of two steamers, a combination pump
ing engine and chemical, hook and ladder, two motor combination
chemical and hose wagons, a horse-drawn chemical and hose-wagon,
two horse-drawn hose wagons, a motor chemical and hose wagon
(West Peabody) ; two pony chemicals on Bartholomew street and
Lake Shore Park respectively, and a chief's automobile. There is a
Gamewell fire-alarm system with sixty boxes. There are eighty-five
men in this department, including eighteen permanent men. A new
motor-driven combination engine and chemical has been purchased
and will be delivered soon.
The Electric Light plant was installed in 1892, expressly for illu
minating the streets of the town. A year later a generator was added
for furnishing commercial and domestic lighting. At present the muni
cipality is lighted after strictly up-to-date methods, and has a little
less than three hundred miles of wires over fifty-six miles of highways.
The election of November 7, 1917, decided the matter of changing
to a city govemment in Peabody. The total "yes" was 1170; "no,"
1115; blanks, 607; total vote, 2,892. The 1920 United States Census
gave the city 19,552 population. The number of registered male
voters in 1919 was 3,159; registered female voters, 505; polls assessed
in 1919, 6,606. The net bonded indebtedness in 1920 was $771,661.39.
The city officers in 1920-21 are as follows: Mayor, S. Howard
Donnell; president of city council, Richard W. Horrigan; ward coun
cillors — Ward 1, Frank E. McKeen; Ward 2, John A. Jones; Ward 3,
George H. Eagan; Ward 4, Dennis P. Hogan; Ward 5, Albert F.
Reed; Ward 6, Walter H. Brown. City Clerk, Francis L. Poor. The
other officers include these: City auditor, William F. Goggin; city
collector, E. A. Hershhenson; city engineer, Frank Emerson; city
Essex — 36

562 ESSEX COUNTY
physician. Dr. Elton M. Vamey; city solicitor, William H. Fay; city
treasurer, Francis L. Poor; superintendent of schools, Albert Robin
son; chief of police, Michael H. Grady; mayor's secretary, Alice T.
Chamberlain; matron of almshouse, Bridget Gilroy; superintendent
of almshouse, Thomas F. Gilroy; traant officer, Charles E. Teague;
foreman of water plant, Jesse F. Barrett; inspector of milk, Edward
F. McHugh; health nurse, Ethel C. Boyle; keeper of lock-up, Michael
H. Grady; constables: Alfred A. Hall, Arthur P. Reed. The chief of
the Fire Department is Jesse F. Barrett; engineers: Thomas F. Hut
chinson, Thomas F. Carbrey, Arthur P. Bodge and John W. Castello.
Since 1885 the postmasters at Peabody have been in then- order
as follows: Winsor M. Ward, Thomas F. Jackman, WiUiam F. Wiley,
and the present incumbent, Dennis J. Dullea. The office is kept in
a leased building centrally located, having occupied the present loca
tion since July 1, 1907. The following are connected with the post-
office in their respective capacities: Thomas S. Waters, assistant
postmaster; Richard G. Ward, George F. Hammond, Arthur C. Welch,
William C. Mahoney, Joseph L. Lawless, regular clerks; John A.
Lynch, Michael J. J. Duggan, James H. Murphy, James T. Waters,
Edward J. Bieme and Helen M. Sullivan, substitute clerks. The city
carriers are Samuel Watts, Herbert L. Brown, Thomas P. Hanley,
Edward E. Spence, Walter S. Foss, John F. O'Brien, Charles W.
Ferren, James A. O'Brien, Luke B. Callan, Michael B. Sullivan,
James A. Cronin, regulars; the sustitute carriers are John P. Wil
liams, Herman C. Jung, Silsbee Emerton, Francis T. McCann, William
H. Sweeney, Patrick F. Keilty.
Mr. Fred W. Bushby, for twenty-four years a member of the
board of trustees, contributes the following concerning the Peabody
Institute and Library:
It is unique in being one of the earliest endowed public libraries
in the United States. Up to date it has existed on its endowment,
and never received a cent from the town or city for its support.
It was founded by that generous benefactor, who, self-educated him
self, realized the benefits to be derived from a good collection of books
and expressed his sentiment in that splendid toast: "Education — a
debt due from present to future generations." This benefactor was
George Peabody, born in South Danvers (as Peabody was then
called), of humble origin, destined to become, through his own energy
and perseverence, a wealthy man whose benefactions in later years
gave help to people of two continents.
Mr. Peabody, wishing to do something for his native town, gave
in 1852 the sum of $20,000 to build the Institute. It was left to a
committee of citizens to erect the building, and their success is evi
denced by the substantial building known as the Peabody Institute.
This contains a good-sized lecture or concert hall on the second floor
and a room for the free public library on the first floor. The build
ing was dedicated September 29, 1854, the address being made by
Hon. Rufus Choate.

CITY OF PEABODY 563
The library was opened October 18, 1854, with 5000 volumes, about
half of which were collected for Mr. Peabody in London and sent by
him personally. Mr. Eugene B. Hinckley was the first librarian and
the library was opened two afternoons a week.
Other sums of money were afterwards forthcoming, until by 1869
he had given $217,600. Out of this large fund, an addition to the
original building was built and the portico and strong room for the
custody of Queen Victoria's portrait were added.
This miniature portrait entrasted by Mr. Peabody to the keeping
of the trustees of the Institute, was presented by Queen Victoria, in
recognition of his princely gift of $2,500,000 to the City of London
to better the condition of the poor. In passing, I cannot refrain from
saying that at the time of the last report, just before the war, the
fund had been so well administered as to be three times its original
size, besides having built houses capable of housing a population
greater than the city of Peabody.
The Queen would have bestowed a baronetcy on Mr. Peabody
had he accepted. But this honor he refused, choosing to remain a
plain American citizen, and so she had her portrait painted by the
celebrated painter. Peal, set in a beautiful frame, with gold ornaments
and presented to Mr. Peabody, with her autograph letter.
Other memorials on exhibition are a gold box containing the
freedom of the City of London, a gold box from the Fishmongers'
Society of London, a gold medal and memorial from the United
States Congress in recognition of the Southem Educational Fund.
In the lecture hall in the center of the stage hangs a full-length
portrait of Mr. Peabody, painted by Healey of London, while on either
^side of the stage hang portraits of Rufus Choate and Edward Everett,
both painted by Ames. In the trustees' room are portraits of General
Gideon Foster by Osgood, and President William Henry Harrison by
Abel Nichols, and Alfred A. Abbott, who was president of the board
of trustees from 1859 to 1884. There is also in the Library room a
marble bust of George Peabody, by J. S. Jones, and one of Nathaniel
Hawthorne by Miss Lander of Salem.
There have been six librarians since it was first opened — Eugene
B. Hinckley, 1854-1856; Fitch Poole, 1856-1873; Theodore M. Osborne,
1873-1880; J. Warren Upton, 1880-1898; Lyman P. Osbom, 1898-
1915; John E. Keefe, 1915-
There are at present in the library 49,185 volumes. A course of
free lectures is given each season in the Lecture Hall, and this custom
has been continuous since 1854. All the well-known lecturers of the
country have spoken here. The institution is govered by a board of
trustees, twelve in number, two elected each year, who in tum appoint
a Committee of twelve, who manage the library and attend to giving
the courses of lectures.
Eden Dale Sutton Reference Library — In 1866 Mrs. Eliza Sutton
fitted up a room in the rear of the Lecture Hall and founded, by en
dowment, a special Reference Library, in memory of her son, Eben
Dale Sutton. This room is beautifully finished, with black walnut
cases and drawers for books, and luxuriously fumished. Only books
of reference and art books are purchased.
The choicest book in the library, which now contains 4,669 vol
umes, is a copy of Audubon's "Birds of North America," the elephant
folio edition, in four volumes. No other town or city outside the big

564 ESSEX COUNTY
city libraries like Boston or Springfield can boast of such a large
special reference library.
The Washington Street Methodist Episcopal Church of Peabody
was organized in 1830, and now has a membership of 355, with a
Sunday school attendance of about 400, pupils and teachers. The
present superintendent is W. H. Kimball. The congregation is still
worshiping in a wooden building, valued at about $4,300.
It will be well to briefly review the early beginnings of this
church. In July, 1830, Amos Walton established a prayer meeting
and Sunday school at Rockville (then known as Harmony Village),
in connection with the South Street Methodist Church in Lynn. In
1832 meetings were held in Sanger's Hall, and at the Armory some-
tunes. The leader was Alfred N. Chamberlain; he rented the hall
and managed the affairs largely himself. During the first three
years seventeen different ministers served this flock of Methodists. In
about three years a class was formed and the Lynn Common took
charge of the same. In 1839 Amos Walton began preaching, and in
July, 1840, he was appointed to this charge. The class then num
bered twenty-three, and a Sunday school was organized that year.
While worshiping in the Armory Hall, a building formerly used as a
pottery was purchased, fitted up, and dedicated. Plans were proposed
for a new house and part of the material purchased. This was ia
1843, at the time the South Society was about building a new house
of worship, and the Methodists bought their old church building
erected in 1836. They paid $2,500. The building was moved from
the square "to its present place, near the comer of Washington and
Sewall streets; the Lexington Monument had to be removed for the
time being in order to get the stracture through the street. The
following year $700 were expended in placing vestries beneath the
church, proper. Hard times came on and the mortgage given by the
Methodist church could not be met, and Timothy Walton paid it off,
took the property in his own name, and rented it for a reasonable sum
to the society. In 1S53, during the pastorate of William Gordon, a
board of trastees was organized according to law, under the name of
the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Danvers. At this time the
society purchased the church property from Mr. Walton on liberal
terms. The following is a list of the various pastors who have
served here:
Amos Walton, 1839-40; Daniel Webb, 1841; H. G. Barras, 1842;
Amos Binney, 1843; Reuben Ransom, 1844; I. J. P. Colyer, 1845^46;
Z. A. Mudge, 1847; Thomas Street, 1848-49; O. S. Howe, 1850; W.
C. High, 1851-52 ; William Gordon, 1853 ; A. E. Manning, 1855 ; George
Sunderland, 1856-57; H. C. Dunham, 1858; E. S. Best, 1859-60; F.
Furber, 1861; M. Dwight, 1862-63; S. B. Knowles, 1867-68; Rev.
Leonard, 1869; Albert Gould, 1870-71; F. F. George, 1873-74; Daniel
Wait, 1875-6-7; V. M. Simmons, 1878-79; Daniel Steele, 1880-2; C. N.

CITY OF PEABODY 565
Smith, 1883-85; George A. Phinney, 1886-88; Wm. P. Ray, 1889-91;
Joseph Rand Wood, 1892-94; C. H. Stackpole, 1894-98; Charles H.
Blackett, 1898-1900; George H. Chenney, 1900-02; Jerome Wood,
1902-5; Arthur Bonner, 1905-1907; James W. Higgens, 1908-10; John
R. Chaffee, 1911-12; R. Pierce, 1913-16; B. W. Rust, 1916-17; I. F.
Lusk, 1918-21.
St. Paul's Parish, Episcopal, was organized in 1875, and now has
a total membership of 600; the number attached to the Sunday school
is 110; the superintendent is Dr. Beal, the Rector. The rectors have
served in the following order: Revs. George Walker, 1875-88; Joseph
M. Hobbs, 1888-91 ; Frederick Pember, 1891-92 ; Abel Millard, 1892-97 ;
Franklm W. Bartlett, D. D., 1898- ; Welles M. Partridge, 1900-06;
Edmund J. Cleveland, 1906-08; Allen Green, 1908-18; Rev. Francis
L. Beal, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D., Litt.D., 1918, and still serving the parish
acceptably. The first church, a wooden structure, was opened in February,
1876. The present beautiful brick church on Washington street had
its corner-stone laid in 1913 and the structure was ready and open
for worship in April, 1914. It was consecrated June 30, 1918. A
rectory was built in 1910. The value of the church, including organ,
altar, etc., is $60,000. The value of the rectory is $8,000. In
1920 a bequest from Grant Walker was made of $5,000, the income
of which is to be used for repairs on parish buildings.
St. John's Finnish Evangelical Church, one of the most recent
church societies, was formed January 18, 1904, with eight charter
members. The present total membership is 299; the parochial school
in connection with this church has a scholarship of about sixty. A
wooden superstructure, upon a concrete base, was provided in 1915
at a cost of $5,000. The pastors of this young church have been
Revs. Gabriel Lipsanen and S. H. Ronka.
The South Congregational Church, organized in 1713, was set up
from the original church in Salem. Its charter members were all
identified with that church and continued as such while maintaining
separate services until their enterprise was established by regular
procedure. The present membership is 300, and the number in the
Sunday school is about the same. The present (1921) superintendent
is George W. Abbott.
The first meeting-house was erected in 1710, and taken down in
1736 ; the second building was erected in 1836, and in 1843 was sold to
the Methodists ; the thurd, built in 1843, was burned before it had been
used, in the fire of September 22, 1843 ; the fourth meeting-house was
erected in 1844.
The subjoined is a list of the various pastors in this church:
Revs. Benjamin Prescott, 1713-56; Nathan Holt, 1759-92; Samuel
Mead, 1794-1803; Samuel Walker, 1805-26; George Cowles, 1827-36;
Harrison G. Park, 1837-38; Thomas P. Field, 1840-50; James D.

666 ESSEX COUNTY
Butier, 1851-52; James O. Murray, 1854-61; William N. Barbour,
1861-68; George N. Anthony, 1869-76; Willard G. Sperry, 1878-86;
George A. Hall, 1886-1906; Will Arthur Dietrick, 1906-11; Newell
C. Maynard, 1912-13; Jason G. Miller, 1914-20; John Reid, present
pastor. The West Congregational Church was organized in 1883 and had
for charter members the following persons, possibly a few others:
On confession of faith— L. Augustus Cross, Joel L. Southwick, Daniel
A. Sheen, Jennie H. Danforth, M. Louise Danforth, Ruth S. Mugford,
Rebecca P. Goodale, Matilda M. Felt. By letter— Arthur W. Felt, in
Sunday school for thirty years, Lizzie E. Felt, M. A. Southwick, Mary
A. Mugford, Henry A. Russell, Eliza A. Russell, Mary E. Kennedy.
The present membership is 67, and a Sunday school scholar
ship of about 129; Deacon Edward E. White is superintendent. In
1885 a frame building was erected at an estimated cost of $3,000.
Prior to that, services were held in a hall and in the schoolhouse.
The pastors have been as follows: Revs. John W. Colwell, February
1, 1881, when there was no church congregation, to June 5, 1887;
Israel Ainsworth, 1887-91; Frederick A. Holden, 1892-95; James A.
Anderson, 1895-98; Owen E. Hardy, 1899-1904; Warren L. Noyes,
1905-09; James J. Goodacre, 1909-16; Charles W. Sremway, 1916-17.
(Student pastors) Stanley Marple, 1918; Fred D. Gealy, 1918-20;
Gordon C. Shedd, 1921.
St. John's Catholic Church in Peabody was formed in 1871, and
now has a membership of 7,000. Prior to 1850 there were very few
of the Catholic faith in town, and until 1871 the Catholics at South
Danvers and Peabody worshiped at St. James Church, on Federal
street, Salem. In 1868, Rev. John J. Gray, pastor of St. James
Church, started to form a church in Peabody. In May, 1870, a fair
was held in Mechanics' Hall, Salem, and as a result over $7,000 was
raised toward building a church. That is the commencement of real
Catholic work in Peabody. The first services in this structure were
held in the basement, Christmas Day, 1871. The church was not
completed until 1879. It is indeed a beautiful church. The first
cost was about $120,000. This building has fifteen large expensive
paintings between the windows, representing the Stations of the Cross.
The altars of white marble are elaborate affairs. The original audi
torium seated twelve hundred persons. A parochial school has a
present attendance of about 744, instracted by twenty Sisters of
Notre Dame. Seventy girls are in the high school. The school
building is of brick, and cost $125,000. The parochial residence is
also a fine brick building. The pastors have included: Revs. Michael
J. Masterson, Nicholas Murphy and Thomas P. McGewn, the latter,
the present pastor, is assisted by three other priests. There are other
churches as follows, but no data was fumished conceming their organiza^
tion: The Baptist, the Universalist, the Fu-st Unitarian.

ir

^25^)

•«*i»ii«*ie

A» 1

%'» ^

e^*^

*,<.,-;.¦* ^p^.^i-'i^*' ¦*>v*,^'W<k:^'v ,v "*"'" -" ' ¦-'¦ ¦¦' '¦¦'¦'

^

ABOVE, TABLET ROCK, GLOUCESTER ; BELOW, THE TABLET ON THE ROCK

CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE CITY OF GLOUCESTER.
The present city of Gloucester had a population of 23,000 in
1920; was first settled in 1623; incorporated as a city in 1873; re
vised charter in effect January 1, 1909. It is the largest fishing port
in the world today!
In the preparation of this sketch of the ancient town of Gloucester,
the writer has made use of two former and ever-credited historical
works — the one by the Rev. R. Eddy, published with other towns
and cities of Essex county, in 1887, and that compiled by the resi
dent, John J. Babson, published in 1860. Of course in the present
work, the two former histories form the base and early history of
Gloucester; but to the former interesting and valuable annals has
been added every feature necessary to make an up-to-date history of
the present thriving city of world-wide fame as a fishing port, and of
more recent years a charming ocean resort for summer residents.
Originally, Gloucester included in its territory what is now styled
Rockport, and the whole area formed Cape Ann. Its northern bound
ary was Ipswich Bay, its eastern the Atlantic Ocean, its southem
Massachusetts Bay, and its western the towns of Essex and Man
chester. It was from four and five miles in width by nine miles in
length. It is more than likely that the permanent settlement of Gloucester
was effected in the autumn of 1631. At least, tradition says that Abraham
Robinson, a son of the old pastor of the Pilgrims at Leyden, Rev. John
Robinson, came with his mother and her family to Plymouth in 1630.
The following year Robinson and a few more sailed over from Plym
outh, and, landing at Annisquam, were so well satisfied with the
country, as it seemed good for the ocean fishing business, that they
set up a fishing stage, and made preparation for the accommodation
of their families. There may be some doubt as to the paternity of
Abraham Robinson, as no such name occurs in any list of children of
the Rev. John Robinson, but that a person of that name settled on
the Cape, about 1631, there is little doubt. The Rev. Eli Forbes in a
sermon given in the First Church or meeting-house, in 1792, quoted
from what he called an "ancient manuscript," which is unfortunately
lost, that there were settlers on the Cape as early as 1633, who "met
and carried on the worship of God among themselves, read the word of
God, prayed to Hun, and sung Psalms." We may therefore take the
last mentioned date as fixing the time for permanent settlement.
At a Generai Court, says one writer, in 1641, the deputy govemor
(Mr. Endicott) and Messrs. Downing and Hathorne, deputies from
Salem, were appointed commissioners, to view and settle the boundaries

568 ESSEX COUNTY
of Ipswich, Cape Ann and Jeffries' Creek (now Manchester) ; and to
dispose of all lands and other things at Cape Ann. The commissioners
subsequently appointed the following-named eight men to manage
the affairs of the plantation for 1642: William Stevens, Mr. Sadler,
Obediah Braen, George Norton, William Addes, Thomas Milward, Mr.
Fryer and Walter Tybott. They probably had charge of all affairs,
although most of the orders issued by them relate to highways, trees
and timber. How many people were then residing on the Cape it is
impossible to say. But about this time a large and influential addition
was made to the population by the coming of Rev. Richard Blynman,
with several families, from Plymouth. In May, 1642, the settlement
was incorporated by the simple form then employed, and called Glouces
ter, from Gloucester in England, the native place of several of the
settlers. How many came with Rev. Blynman cannot be ascertained,
as no discrimination is made in the town records between the earliest
and later inhabitants. Mr. Babson gives the following list of persons
who are believed to comprise all known to have been residents or pro
prietors of the soil from 1633 to the close of 1650:
William Addes, Christopher Avery, James Avery, William Ash,
Thomas Ashley, Isabelle Babson, James Babson, Alexander Baker,
Richard Beeford, George Blake, Richard Blynman, Obediah Braen,
John Bourne, Thomas Bray, Hugh Brown, William Brown, Hugh
Calkin, Thomas Chase, Mr. Clark, Mathew Coe, John Collins, Thomas
Cornish, John Coit, Sr., John Coit, Jr., William Cotton, Clement Coldan,
Anthony Day, William Dudbridge, Osman Dutch, William Evans,
Robert Elwell, Sylvester Evelyth, Henry Felch, Mr. Fryer, James
Fogg, John Gallop, Charles Glover, Stephen Glover, WilHam Haskell,
John Holgrave, William Hough, Zebulon Hill, Samuel Haieward,
George IngersoH, Thomas Jones, Thomas Judkin, William Kenie, John
Kettle, Nicholas Liston, Andrew Lister, John Luther, Solomon Martin,
William Meades, Thomas Milward, George Norton, Ralph Parker, John
Pearse, Captain Perkins, Thomas Prince, Hugh Pritchard, Phenis
Rider, Abraham Robinson, Edward Rouse, Mr. Sadler, Robert Sadler,
William Sargent, Thomas Skellin, James Smith, Thomas Smith, Mor
ris Somes, William Southmeade, William Stevens, Stephen Streeter,
John Studley, Walter Tyddot, Thomas Very, William Vinson, Thomas
Wakley, John Walkey, Henry Walker, William WeUman, Philip
Youdall. Two-thirds of these eighty-two subsequently emigrated to other
places, but the remainder continued to be citizens of Gloucester. Mr.
Babson estimated in 1860 that not more than ten of this number had
descendants in this community at that date.
While there are no records to prove it, people posted in early
immigration to these parts believe that Felch, Streeter, Thomas Smith,
Baker and Cotton were in Gloucester before the town's incorporation,
and were located at Done Fudging. Also the foUowing were here
about the same date: Ashley, MUward, Luther, Liston. Of the whole

ABOVE, FIRST TOWN HALL, FORBES SCHOOL, GLOUCESTER. BELOW,
HIGH SCHOOL

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 569
number here prior to 1651, about thirty had their habitations at the
Harbor Cove; five had lots in Vinson's Cove; three resided on Dun
can's Point, between the two Coves; and two lived on the south-east
side of Govemor's Hill. About forty of the pioneers named had houses
on the "neck of house lots," by which they designated the land stretch
ing north from Govemor's Hill, and between the two rivers. Mill and
Annisquam. Having now fairly well established the dates and names
of pioneer settlements, no more space will be devoted to this subject,
but the rather the writer will proceed with the developments of sub
sequent years.
Population of Gloucester, by estimate: 1704, 700; 1755, 2,745;
1765, Colonial census, 3,763; 1775, estimated, 4,945; 1790, by United
States census: 5,317; 1800, 5,313; 1810, 5,943; 1820, 6,384; 1830,
7,510; 1840, 6,350; 1850, 7,786; 1860, 10,904; 1870, 15,389; 1880,
19,329 ; 1900, 26,121 ; 1910, 24,398 ; 1920, 22,947.
The great decrease in population in 1840 may be accounted for
by the fact that 2,640 residents of this territory were set off to the
town of Rockport. The division was brought before the town meet
ing in 1818, and faUed; it was attempted again in 1827, and again
failed. The act of the incorporation of Rockport passed both branches
of the legislature, and received the final approval by the signature of
the governor, Febraary 27, 1840.
In May, 1871, by a vote of 261 to 82, the measure to petition the
legislature for a city charter was carried and the petition granted.
The charter was submitted to the people of the town in the summer
of the same year, but was rejected; yeas, 249; nays, 477. A second
attempt at getting a charter followed from a special meeting held
Febraary 20, 1873, when the vote stood 394, against 48 for no charter.
The legislature granted a city charter May 15th and it was accepted
by 689 yeas, against 353 nays. The city govemment went into oper
ation January 1, 1874, with Hon. Robert R. Fears as mayor. He
served two years, and foUoAving hun came Messrs. Allan Rogers, J.
Franklin Dyer, M. D. ; WUliam Williams, William H. Wonson, Dr.
Joseph Garland, John S. Parsons, and David I. Robinson, who was
still mayor in 1887. John J. Somes was elected clerk in 1874 and
served until recently, making a very efficient officer for the city
throughout all these years.
The present city officials are inclusive of the following:
Mayor, Percy W. Wheeler; Aldermen — Asa G. Andrews, Fitz E.
Oakes, A. A. Silva, Frank W. Lothrop; City Clerk, Allen F. Grant;
City Treasurer, Edward Dolliver; Tax Collector, Richard L. Morey;
City Auditor, Daniel O. Marshall; City Solicitor, M. Francis Buckley;
City Marshal, Daniel M. Casey; City Physician, PhUip W. Rowley;
Superintendent of Streets, Charles H. Barrett; City Engineer, John H.
Griffin; City Messenger, Samuel H. Rogers; Night Watchman at City
Hall, Walter J. Kendall.

570 ESSEX COUNTY
The mayor had this to say in the annual report of the city in 1921 :
In 1923 Gloucester vrill observe its most important tercentenary anniversary.
I have referred to this elsewhere, but at this time I may briefly say that among
the big events of that occasion might properly come the dedication of our
Memorial Building.
It is not out of place at this time to refer to the three important anniver
saries which are to be celebrated in this city the present year. I refer to the
one hundred and fiftieth anniversary • of the installation of Tyrian Lodge of
Masons, and the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the
Universalist church; also the seventy-fifth anniversary of Ocean Lodge, No. 91,
Independent Order of Odd FeUowship. I am sure the city wiU gladly co-operate
in whatever way it can, that these anniversaries shall be events worthy of
Gloucester. In 1923 Gloucester wUl celebrate the three hundredth anniversary of its
settlement. It is a most important anniversary, the most important since the
celebration at Plymouth and Providence the present year. It is none too early
to consider what shall be done to fittingly observe so important an event.
A celebration such as Gloucester ought to have cannot be accomplished at short
notice. There wUl be need of legislative action. The state itself wUl be asked
to co-operate; for it was here in Gloucester that the Massachusetts Bay Colony
was founded. I am deeply interested in this, and shall take occasion to refer
to it later, that the initial steps shall be taken before the end of the present
year. January 1, 1920, the harbor master at Gloucester, Captain Alfred
SpuiT, reported as follows: "Vessels ordered from channels, 62; vessels
removed from channels, 26; sunken crafts removed from channels, 3;
telephone calls for harbor master, 52."
The Sawyer Free Public Library originated in or rather succeeded
to the old Gloucester Lyceum of 1830. The last-named society was
in existence many years, and had struggles of its own which wUl not
add to the interest of this work. The present library resulted directly
from an offer made by Samuel E. Sawyer, of Boston, who was a native
of Gloucester; the offer, however, was not accepted. After four years
had elapsed, he made another offer to the town, that he would donate
two hundred and fifty dollars toward the founding of a public library.
This was in 1854, but matters stUl dragged financially, and soon Mr.
Sawyer offered to give the sum of $1,000, on certain conditions. It
was then that the old Lyceum offered to tum over its 1,400 books to
a new society, which offer was taken up and a library was opened in
the parlor of G. L. Low, at the comer of Spring and Duncan streets.
This was really a circulating library, each member paying one dollar
per year. To this Mr. Sawyer donated $250. In 1863 the library was
moved to Front street, at No. 135, where it grew to considerable im
portance, but the fire of February 18, 1864, destroyed all save three
hundred of the 3,000 books that had been collected; $1,500 insurance
was collected. Again Mr. Sawyer came to the rescue of the library
with a donation of $500, and May 7 of the same year another library
was thrown open in the vestry of the Baptist church in Middle street.

ABOVE, CITY HALL, GLOUCESTER. BELOW, SAWYER FREE LIBRARY

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 571
where it remained untU the buUding of the Babson block, when it re
tumed to its old home on Front street. The ladies of Gloucester strag
gled long and faithfully to keep alive the public library. In April,
1871, a gift was announced from Samuel Sawyer, in the sum of $10,000,
after which Gloucester was to have a truly high-class public free library.
Thus the Lyceum of 1830, with the library of 1854, became a corpora
tion, under the name of the "Gloucester Lyceum and Free Library," a
library "free forever" to the inhabitants of Gloucester. But greater
library facUities were in store for the city. February 1, 1884, Samuel E.
Sawyer purchased from William A. Pew, for $20,000, a spacious and
beautiful residence, comer of Middle street and Dale avenue, where the
library has ever since had a home. Later, Mr. Sawyer (seeming never to
forget his native place), spent many thousands in beautifying the
grounds and improving the building; he also made a collection of fine
paintings and presented the same to decorate the walls of the library.
This library was dedicated with appropriate ceremony, July 1, 1884,
when Mr. Sawyer presented the property to the city, also an endowment
of $20,000. The result has been the making of one of the finest public
libraries within the great Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Of the origin of this old estate, it should be added that it was erected
in 1764 for Thomas Saunders, a leading citizen and a merchant, who
took great pains to build well and worthily. He selected mostly oak,
elm and chestnut woods for the building material. It was "raised" on
July 10, 1764. The next owner was John Beach, succeeded in tum by
Messrs. Samuel Calder, Thomas W. PenhoUow, Dr. WUliam Ferson, the
last change being in 1827 ; in 1849 Mrs. Davidson became its owner and
she bequeathed it to her son. Dr. Herman E. Davidson. In 1878 it be
came the estate of William A. Pew. The buUding is now one hundred
and fifty-seven years old. In 1884 the property was valued at $40,000.
The library in the spring of 1921 had a total of 23,522 volumes;
twelve regular daily newspapers are on file and seventy-three periodicals.
The last year's circulation was 87,467. The present efficient librarian is
Rachel S. Webber, who has been librarian for many years.
The Gloucester Chamber of Commerce, organized in August, 1921,
with a membership of over 700, including both men and women, is the
outgrrowth of the Gloucester Board of Trade, which was first organized in
March, 1866, having an original membership of 65 men, most of whom
were closely connected with the fishing industry. It continued to be an
active organization for about fifteen years, when the interest waned, and
for a number of years it was inactive, although stUl maintaining its or
ganization. It was reorganized in 1888, enlarging the scope of its activ
ities, and continued a live organization till it became merged in the pres
ent organization. In 1898 the retail dealers of the town together with
other business industries organized a Business Men's Association, with
a substantial membership, which existed until July, 1912, when it united
with the older organization.

572 ESSEX COUNTY
The late Directory of the sprightly city of Gloucester gives the fol
lowing list of companies now in operation, many of which are old, well-
established concems. The figures show year of organization and capital.
American HaUbut Co., 1895; $25,000. A. Smith, president; $2,500,000.
Atlantic Maritime Co. Henderson & Johnson Paint Co., $20,-
Atwood & Payne Co., 1909; wholesale 000.
fish house; $10,000. Frank C. Pearce Fisheries Co., 1918;
Cape Ann Anchor & Forge Co., 1866; $500,000.
$150,000. Perkins Box Co., 1918; $40,000.
Cape Ann Cold Storage Co., 1914; Rockport Granite Co., 1864; $300,000.
$24,000. Rockport Isinglass Co., 1905; $20,000.
Cape Pond Ice Co., 1902; $175,000. Rogers Isinglass-Glue Co.
Crown Packing Co., 1909; $10,000. Rowe Bed Hammock Co., 1917; $50,-
Fishermen Net & Twine Co., 1915. 000.
Gloucester Cold Storage & Warehouse Russia Cement Co., 1882 ; $500,000.
Co., 1905; $100,000. Success Manufacturing Co., 1906;
Gloucester Electric Co., 1888; $314,- $100,000.
000. The Eastem Enameling Company,
Gloucester Gas Light Company, 1854; porcelain work, in which factory are pro-
$210,000. duced immense quantities of enamel
Gloucester Net & Twine Co., 1907; sheets, sold to stove and refrigerator
$300,000. makers. This plant is under the man-
Gloucester Salt Fish Co., 1907; $30,- agement of Thomas B. Bolger. The
000. original buUding was sixty by ninety
Gloucester Times Co., 1908; $50,000. feet. Special machinery had to be in-
Gorton-Pew Fisheries Co., Benjamin stalled in this factory.
The author is indebted to the writings of Captain Fitz J. Babson, of
Gloucester, for many facts herein contained conceming early fisheries in
this vicinity. For two hundred and eighty years, the fisheries have been
the main business of Gloucester. Long before the settlement of Ply
mouth, the vessels of France and England had fished on the Grand Banks
and along the coasts of Massachusetts. The French were beyond ques
tion the pioneers in the cod-fisheries of the Westem Atlantic, and in the
early part of the sixteenth century the Basques, Normans, Spaniards and
Portuguese had fifty ships on the Grand Banks. In 1577 the French
had one hundred and fifty vessels employed in American fisheries. The
settlement of Gloucester, as just noted, was attempted at what is called
Stage Fort — the name "stage" denoting that the locality was used for
landing fish from the vessels of the Dorchester Company, of England.
The cod-fishery constituted at that time and for many years later the
only branch of the business pursued ; and whUe many other kinds of fish
had been discovered and their pursuit and capture necessitated the use
of a variety of methods, making each peculiar fishery a distinct business,
still the cod-fishery remains the one great source of the supply of fish
food. The fisheries of Gloucester, chiefly pursued upon the Ocean Banks,
and employing vessels from twenty to one hundred and fifty tons bur
den, comprise cod, halibut, hake, haddock, and cusk. The mackerel are

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 573
now largely a deep water fish, as are the menhaden. The herring fisher
ies employ vessels, although it principally is a coast fishery. Most of
these fish are taken on the banks lying between the Gulf Stream and the
shores of North America. The shore fisheries employ smaller vessels
and boats, and also include the trap and net fisheries, and extend from the
shore some twenty miles. The most important and prolific fishing
ground for Gloucester vessels is St. George's Bank, lying one hundred
and twenty miles southeast from the Cape, forming one of the inner
banks of the Gulf Stream, in that long succession of fishing banks extend
ing from Hatteras to Newfoundland. The fish taken upon this bank are
of a superior quality, and bring a much larger price in the market than
fish from other localities. The nearest land is Cape Cod, 95 mUes;
Brown's Bank, 45 mUes from Cape Sable ; La Have Bank, 60 mUes from
Nova Scotia; Westem Banks, 80 miles from Nova Scotia; St. Peter's
Bank, 75 mUes from Newfoundland; Green Bank, 70 miles from New
foundland; Grand Bank, 90 miles from Newfoundland; Flemish Cape,
300 miles from Newfoundland — are all resorted to by vessels from Glou
cester for codfish and halibut.
None of these fisheries are under the jurisdiction of any nation;
their area, according to United State reports, is 73.123 geographical
square miles. During 1886 there were employed in cod and halibut
fisheries on the New England coast 283 vessels from Gloucester, aver
aging sixty tons each ; total tonnage 15,649 ; aggregate crew, 4,117 men.
They took and landed at Gloucester 54,048,484 pounds of codfish, 11,886,-
135 pounds of halibut, 3,983,978 pounds of other ground fish, and 29,000
barrels of fish oil. The extent of the ocean mackerel fishing grounds is
over seventy thousand square miles. The mackerel fishing grounds of
the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from which American vessels are excluded,
comprise about 775 square miles, or about one per cent, of the entire
mackerel fishery area.
Along the line of Gloucester's chief industry, the following figures
have been collected on recent year operations of the great fishing com
panies of the city: In 1916 the United States custom house books
showed that 128 fishing vessels were enrolled here, carrying 2,400 men ;
vessels carried from twenty ton upwards. Eighty-eight vessels carried
500 men. The greatest number of men thus engaged was 3,000 and
the gross tonnage was 15,135. The value of codfish taken by fishermen
from this port since 1623, when the industry commenced on the Atlantic
shores, has been fixed at $500,000,000. In 1915 Gloucester vessels landed
120,000,000 pounds of all kinds of fish— fresh and salted— the value of
which was over $3,276,000. The same year (1915) Gloucester mackerel
vessels took in 50,000 barrels, equal to $800,000.
Sad, indeed, it is to state that all this ocean wealth has cost many a
precious human life. Since 1830, eight hundred and seven vessels have
been lost, with a financial loss of $4,400,000 ; whUe in the last century it

574 ESSEX COUNTY
is known that 4,534 men, fishermen saUing from Gloucester, have been
sacrificed beneath the angry waves, or an average of fifty-three each year.
As one example, this list of accidents for one boat, the "Joseph P. Mes-
quita," schooner, will tell the sad stoiy of many others, this one being
the losses in 1917 : Gross tonnage of boat, 122 ; net tonnage, 78 ; fisheiy
haddock ; value $18,000 ; insurance $15,000. Men lost as follows : Wash
ed or knocked overboard from vessel, 6; lost by vessel foundering, 7;
died on vessel or in hospital, 8 ; went astray in fog, 1 ; f eU into hold of
vessel, 1 ; fell overboard from vessel, 3.
The following statistics conceming Gloucester are of value : Settled,
1623 ; incorporated a town, 1642 ; incorporated a city, 1873 ; area in acres,
34.540; length in mUes, 9; width in miles, 6; population in 1704, 700;
population in 1920, 22,947; assessed polls in 1918, 7,084; exempted poUs,
624 ; registered male voters, 1918, 5,002 ; registered female voters, 1918,
428; valuation in 1873, $7,711,096; valuation in 1918, $26,343,826; rate
of taxation, $23.20 ; mUes of public streets, 100 ; first schoolhouse buUt,
1708 ; old Town Hall built, 1844 ; second Town Hall buUt, 1866 ; destroyed
by fire, 1869 ; present City Hall buUt, 1869 ; first horse railroad, 1885 ;
first steam cars, 1847 ; first steam cars to Rockport, 1861 ; Rockport set
off from Gloucester, 1840.
Within the last quarter of a century, the number of summer resi-
ddents in Gloucester and its immediate environments has been steadily in
creasing. Many scores of beautiful residences hard by the ocean have
been erected within recent years to accommodate these semi-resident
citizens. Many of the more wealthy, cultured people from Boston and
other eastem cities come here for the heated term, and enjoy the climate
so well that they return with each recurring season, as the summer re
sorts open. The town records show that the assessed valuation of these
residences was in the year 1916, $7,000,000. There were at that date
nine hundred distinct summer houses, with generally five thousand
boarders. The following with regard to the Custom House is contributed :
A custom house was estabUshed in Gloucester by the United States
govemment in 1789. Previous to that time the port had been annexed
to the Salem district, having been made one of the lawful ports of entry
as early as 1683. While the early maritime business of the town was
confined principally to the fisheries, the inhabitants have at various
times in the past engaged extensively in coastwise and foreign commerce,
but it is probable that the duties of the customs officials were connected
with imports rather than exports in the early years.
It is further probable that the beginning of the coastwise trade
was during the last quarter of the seventeenth century, when the division
of the woodland of the town enabled the inhabitants to cut large quan
tities of wood for sale. In 1706 no less than fifty sloops were engaged
in transporting wood to Boston, but this business was of necessity not

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 575
of long duration. The commerce of Gloucester grew directly out of its
fisheries, but as to the time when the foreign and coastwise trade of the
town commenced, no particulars are known. The earliest item of record
in relation to the subject is the seizure here by the collector of Salem of
the brig "Snow Esther," in 1725.
As early as 1732 a trade had begun with the Southem Colonies,
which was continued up to about the beginning of the nineteenth cen
tury. The foreign commerce, which was also for many years after its
origin carried on with the fishing vessels, was of inconsiderable extent
tUl about 1750, when voyages were made to the West Indies, Bilboa and
London. The West Indies cargoes consisted of fish and other pro
visions, for which sugar, molasses, rum and coffee were retumed, whUe
to Europe little was sent except fish, the proceeds of which came back in
salt, wine and specie. Both the coastwise and foreign commerce came
to a temporary cessation with the breaking out of the Revolutionary War.
The voyages to the Southern Colonies were made in the winter season,
when there was no employment for vessels or men in fishing, and the
business was conducted in a manner now little practiced in any part of
the world. In most if not in all cases, no wages were' paid the master
and crew, but in lieu thereof each was given the privUege of bringing
home a certain amount of southem produce. They were probably allow
ed to take out fish on private adventure, as in the few invoices preserved
this article does not appear among the shipments made by the owners,
the principal items being salt, rum, sugar and molasses, also ironware,
woodenware, hats, caps, cloth for breeches, handkerchiefs and stockings.
On these voyages the rivers, creeks and inlets of Maryland, Virginia and
North Carolina were visited, where the cargoes were bartered in small
quantities for corn, beans, live hogs and other products of the country.
'The business was not always reputably conducted, according to tradi
tion, for sometimes exchanges were made with the slaves for stolen
property, and often a demand for different kinds of rum were supplied
from the same cask. Such proceedings, combined with the complaints
of the retail dealers whose business was affected by this commerce, prob
ably led to the legislative enactment which is said to have been respon
sible for its abandonment.
The acts of Parliament for regulating the trade of the Colonies are
said to have been generally disregarded, and smuggling, at which some
of the revenue officers are reputed to have connived, was common. No
officer of the customs is known to have resided here till after the com
mencement by England of the series of measures which resulted in the
Revolutionary War, but officers were sent here from Salem when the
occasion required. On one occasion a brig belonging to Colonel Joseph
Foster arrived from a foreign port with a valuable cargo during the
night, and according to custom the hatches were immediately opened
and the landing of the ca.rgo commenced, the owner himself assisting.
A considerable part had been landed and stored before daylight, but
more than half was still on board, and a tide-waiter was expected from
Salem early in the moming. A watch house had been erected at the
Cut, where John McKean, a stout Irishman, had been employed in time
of alarm about the small pox to stop all strangers and subject them to a
fumigating process before they could enter the town. At the suggestion
of Col. Foster, when the customs official an-ived, he was ushered into the
watch house and kept till after dark, when he was released, purified from
all infectious diseases, so far as a thorough smoking could do it, but in

576 ESSEX COUNTY
the meantime the balance of the cargo had been placed in secure quar
ters. With the attempt for a rigid enforcement of the revenue acts, com
missioners of the customs were sent over from England, to whom was
delegated the appointment of local officials to enforce the provisions of
the act. The first person to be so employed in Gloucester was Samuel
Fellows, who rendered himself so obnoxious to his fellow-townsmen that
one night in September, 1768, a mob of about seventy persons, headed by
several respectable citizens, proceeded one night to the house of Jesse Sa
ville, where it was suspected he was concealed. They thoroughly search
ed the building in pursuit of him, showing much violence in their be
havior and a determination to deal severely with him if found. He
sought safety, however, in flight, and the anger of the mob was vented
on Mr. Saville and his family, the former being knocked down while de
fending his home, while a servant was threatened by Dr. Rogers, forceps
in hand, with the loss of all his teeth unless he told where Fellows was.
One or two of the party were haled into court and fined for their share
in the offence, one being confined in jail several months for the non-pay
ment of a fine of five pounds, but was finally released by the Govemor,
who remitted the fine.
The merchants continued to land their goods in defiance of the
customs regulations, and Mr. Saville, not intimidated by the scene which
took place at his house, accepted a position in the revenue service. The
zeal with which he performed his duty, however, brought upon him the
vengeance of some of his fellow-townsmen. On the night of March 23,
1770, he was dragged from his bed in an inhuman manner by a party of
men disguised and negroes and Indians, and taken a distance of about
four miles to the Harbor, where he was subjected to various indignities,
but was finally allowed to retum home. The outrage caused consider
able feeling in the town, and it was called to the attention of the Gover
nor, who presented it to the general' court. The grievance found little
sympathy or redress from the representatives of the people in the in
flamed state of public opinion, although a mulatto servant of Dr. Plum
mer was later convicted of aiding and abetting in the assault. He was
punished by being kept on the gallows in Salem for an hour, with a
halter around his neck, after which he was whipped, but he refused to
give any information of the persons concemed with him.
A Mr. Phillips held the office of "land-waiter, weigher and guager'
in 1770, and in January, 1771, the commissioners appointed Richard Sil
vester as his successor. Although they could not faU in performing their
duty faithfully to expose themselves to public indignation and the danger
of personal violence, it is not recorded that either received any bodUy
injury at the hands of the people. Silvester, however, was ordered to
leave town with his famUy in September, 1772. He took no further
notice of the order than to publish an ironical card in the Boston News
Letter, in which he "prays leave to acquaint these worthies that he can
not and will not comply with their request."
In 1776 the General Court passed an act providing that in the sev
eral ports of the State, including Gloucester, "there shall be an office
kept, to be called and known by the name of the naval office, for the
purpose of entering and clearing all ships and other vessels trading to and
from this state, to take bonds in adequate penalties for observing the
regulations made or which shall be made by the General Congress or the
General Assembly of the state, conceming trade, take manifests upon

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 577
oath of all cargoes exported or imported, and keep fair accounts and en
tries thereof, give bUls of health when desh-ed, and sign certificates that
the requisites for qualifying vessels to trade have been complied with,
and the fees to be demanded and paid in said office shall be the follow
ing and no greater, that is to say: s. d.
For entering any ship or vessel from any of the States  2 0
For clearing any ship or vessel to any part of the State  2 0
For entering any ship or vessel from any other of the United States 6 0
For clearing any ship or vessel to any other of the United States.... 6 0
For entering any ship or vessel from a foreign voyage  6 0
For clearing any ship or vessel from a foreign voyage  6 0
For a register  6 0
For indorsing a register  1 0
For recording endorsement  1 6
For any bond  2 0
For a certificate to cancel bond  1 0
For a biU of health  2 0
For a permit to unload  1 0
For a cocket  0 3
For a let pass  0 8
Samuel Whittemore received the appointment of naval officer for
Gloucester under the above act in November of that year, and was re
appointed annually, except during a portion of the year 1782, when the
position was held by Samuel Gorham, until a United States custom
house was estabjished in 1792.
For about a quarter of a century after its establishment, the custom
house was located at Annisquam, and after its removal to the Harbor
occupied various sites, according to the convenience of the collector until
the erection of a permanent building. The customs district included
Gloucester, Rockport, Manchester and Essex, and continued as an in
dependent district until July 1, 1913, when all the customs districts of
the state were combined into a single district, known as the district of
Massachusetts, with headquarters at Boston, each former district being
under the charge of a deputy collector. The collectors of customs since
the establishment of the office have been as follows, with year of appoint
ment: Epes Sargent, 1789; WUliam Tuck, 1796; John Gibaut, 1802
John Kittredge, 1805; William Pearce, Jr., 1822; William Beach, 1829
George D. Hale, 1839 ; George W. Pearce, 18bl ; Eben H. Stacy, 1843
Eli F. Stacy, 1844 ; John L. Rogers (died in office) 1849 ; Frederick G
Low, 1850 ; WUliam H. Manning, 1853 ; Gorham Babson, 1858 ; John S
Webber, 1861 ; William A. Pew, 1865 ; Fitz J. Babson, 1869 ; David S
Presson, 1885 ; William A. Pew, 1889 ; Frank C. Richardson, 1895 ; WU
liam H. Jordan, 1900; Walter F. Osborne, 1911; Albert H. McKenzie
(deputy in charge), 1913.
Following the close of the Revolutionary War and the establish
ment of a custom house, a foreign trade of considerable magnitude was
established, which reached its zenith during the period between 1820 and
1850, Gioucster ships making voyages to all sections of the globe, in
cluding South American ports, Calcutta and Sumatra. Among the prin
cipal firms engaged in the foreign trade were Daniel Rogers, David
Pearce, WUliam Pearce & Sons and Winthrop Sargent, the latter import
ing 16 cargoes from foreign ports in 1827. An extensive commerce was
Essex — 37

578 ESSEX COUNTY
also established with Surinam, the capital of Dutch Guiana, which reach
ed its highest point in 1857, when 20 barques and brigs arrived with car
goes valued at over $400,000. Gloucester at one time had a monopoly
of this trade, but the business ceased to be profitable with the freeing of
the slaves in that country, and was abandoned some three or four years
Although the activities of the custom house officials have been con
fined mainly to the fisheries, at the time of the consolidation of the office
with Boston, Gloucester ranked third among the ports of Massachusetts
in the amount bf foreign imports, and was the leading port in the country
in the importation of salt, of which nearly 40,000,000 pounds were im
ported in 1912. The decisions of the Gloucester customs officials on
disputed points regarding the interpretation of the laws govertiing the
fisheries have as a rale been adopted and promulgated by the Treasury
Department, thus governing the method of procedure at other ports.
The following history of the Gloucester Post Offices is contributed
by the same writer as the foregoing :
A postoffice was established in Gloucester a few years after the
adoption of the Federal Constitution, probably in 1792, previous to which
the mails were carried by messenger to and from Beverly, then a part
of Salem and known as "Cape Ann side," the trips being made twice ia
each week. When this arrangement was started or how long it con
tinued is not known, and the name of only one of the messengers, John
Oakes, has been transmitted to posterity. The place for the reception
and delivery of the letters was at the tavern kept by PhUemon Haskell,
which was located on what is now Middle street.
The rates of postage at the time of the establishment of the post-
office and until 1816 were as follows: Single letters, under 40 mUes,
eight cents ; under 90 miles, ten cents ; under 150 miles, twelve and one-
half cents; under 300 miles, seventeen cents; under 500 miles, twenty
cents; over 500 miles, twenty-five cents.
"The first postmaster was Henry Phelps, who served from 1792 to
1809, the office being located in the apothecary shop kept by him on
Fore, now Main street. The postmasters who have succeeded Mr. Phelps,
with the date of their appointment or assuming the duties of the office,
have been as follows: Isaac Elwell, March 3, 1809; WUliam Stevens,
August 2, 1820 ; Leonard J. Presson, November 22, 1834 ; Gorham Par
sons, February 20, 1839 ; T. Sewall Lancaster, January 22, 1849 ; Octa-
vius A. Merrill, May 22, 1853, appointed but never qualified; Gorham
Parsons, second appointment, August 17, 1853 ; John W. Wonson, June
14, 1858; William H. Haskell, July 1, 1861; Charles E. Grover, May 6,
1867; David W. Low, July 1, 1873; Charies C. Cressy, AprU 1, 1886;
James H. Mansfield, March 31, 1890 ; Leonard J. Presson, September 1,
1894; Charies D. Brown, September 1, 1898; Charles D. Smith, April 1,
1915. During the terms of office of the earlier postmasters and until the
erection of a brick building by the United States govemment in 1857 to
furnish quarters for the postoffice and custom houses, the office was lo
cated to suit the convenience of the postmaster, and was generally at his
regular place of business. "Squire" Phelps, the first postmaster, who
kept an apothecary shop and was also the local justice of the peace and
trial justice, had the office near what is now the westerly comer of Main
and Centre streets. His successor. Captain Elwell, removed the office to

CITY OP GLOUCESTER 579
a room in his home on Angle street, and the third postmaster changed
the location to a building near the westerly end of Front (now Main)
street. On the appointment of Mr. Presson, the office was removed to
the westerly comer of what is now Main and Porter streets, and when
he was succeeded by Mr. Parsons the latter transferred its location to a
small buUding a few doors westerly on Front street, this buUding being
now located on Prospect street near the Defiance engine house. Mr.
Lancaster had the office at the comer of Front and Short streets, ad
joining and connected with his dry goods store, and when Mr. Parsons
was again appointed, the office was transferred to a new building occupy
ing the same site as during his previous term, until it was removed to its
present location at the corner of Main (then Spring) and Pleasant streets
in 1857. Through the efforts of Hon. Timothy Davis, then representing the
district in Congress, and who was the only native of the town to be
elected to that position, aided by other citizens, an appropriation of
$40,000 was secured from Congress in 1855 for the erection of a building
to be used for a postoffice and custom house, and a lot was purchased at
the comer of Spring and Pleasant streets. Work was begun April 17,
1856, and it was completed in March, 1857, but was not occupied until
the following September, It is of brick, two stories in height, 60 by 40
feet, and as originally constructed had a separate entrance and corridor
for ladies, the ladies' department being opened December 13, 1857, being
discontinued after a few years.
With the introduction of the free delivery system and especially the
parcel post, the accommodations, already overcrowded by the increase in
the volume of business, became so cramped that it was necessai-y to se
cure additional quarters, and an annex at the comer of Duncan and
Rogers streets was opened July 1, 1917, which is used especially for the
distribution of incoming mail and as quarters for the carriers. An at
tempt was made in 1920 by Congressman WUfred W. Lufkin, then rep
resenting the district, to secure an appropriation for a new and larger
postoffice building, but at the time of writing this sketch, favorable action
on the matter has not been taken by Congress.
The free carrier service was established June 1, 1883, four carriers
being employed, and at the present time the service requires twenty-
three regular carriers and fifteen substitutes, besides twenty-two clerks
and seven sub-clerks in the office. A rural free delivery service was
established January 1, 1903.
The increase of business in the outskirts of the town and the incon
venience caused by the distance from the postoffice and lack of transpor
tation facUities resulted in the establishment of postoffices in other sec
tions of the town, the first one being in the Sandy Bay or Fifth parish in
1825, and having at first tri-weekly service, Winthrop Pool being appoint-
• ed postmaster, who held the office till 1838, when he was succeeded by
Henry Clark, who occupied the position in 1840 when that section of
the town was set off as the town of Rockport.
The residents of the Annisquam parish started a movement for a
postoffice in that section a few years later, but although most of the fish
ing business of the town was at that time conducted in that village and
the custom house was at times located there, their efforts were not suc
cessful until January 1, 1833, when a postoffice was established there,
Oliver W. Sargent being appointed postmaster. Letters destined for
Annisquam unless placed in a separate package from the Gloucester let-

580 ESSEX COUNTY
ters at the office from which they were sent, were subject to an addition
al postage of six and a quarter cents. Mr. Sargent held the office untU
1839, when he was succeeded by William W. Chard, who held the posi
tion till February 14, 1862, a period of over twenty years. Mr. Chard
was followed by John D. Davis, who continued in office for over thirty
years, Frank E. Brown being appointed to the office July 1, 1893, and
holding the position till June 20, 1897, his successor being Charles E.
Cunningham, who when the office was made a sub-station of the Glou
cester office, July 1, 1907, was made clerk in charge and has since con
tinued in that position.
A postoffice was established at Lane's Cove, December 15, 1854,
and given the name of Lanesville postoffice, the, first postmaster being
Levi Dennen, his successors being Albert Young, 1866; Levi Dennen,
reappointed, 1872; Fitz E. Griffin, 1879, who resigned March 15, 1906,
after twenty-seven years service, and was followed by Emerson L. Saun
ders, who was continued as clerk in charge when that section was added
to the free delivery service and the office was merged with the Gloucester
office as a sub-station, April 1, 1909.
The West Gloucester postoffice was established January 1, 1859,
Theophilus Herrick being appointed postmaster, who held the office till
his death, November 29, 1863, his successor being Henry C. L. Haskell,
who was appointed January 1, 1864, and who held the office until it was
abolished June 30, 1903, on account of the establishment of the rural
free delivery service in that section, with the exception of less than two
years, Jacob W. Dennen being appointed in 1888 and resigning the fol
lowing year, Mr. Haskell's term of service extending nearly forty years.
The East Gloucester postoffice was opened March 24, 1860, and was
discontinued July 1, 1885, when the carrier service was extended to
that section. The first postmaster was Henry S. Wonson, who resigned
Febraary 20, 1868, his successors being J. Warren Wonson, 1868; H.
Mackay Coffin, March 28, 1873, and Joseph Parsons, 1875. A contract-
station was established at East Gloucester after the postoffice was dis
continued, with William Parsons (3d) as clerk in charge, his successors
being George H. Gerrard in 1889 and E. J. Farrell in 1920.
A postoffice was established at Riverdale, Febraary 2, 1863, with
Miss Lizzie Elwell as postmistress, she being the first woman in the city
to be employed in the local postal service. The office was located in a
room in her house, and she held the position tUl the office was discon
tinued, December 1, 1886.
The Bay View postoffice was established at Hodgdon's Cove, April
1, 1870, Henry H. Bennett being appointed postmaster, who resigned in
1892, after twenty-two years sei-vice. He was succeeded by Alphonso
Sargent, who held the position till April 1, 1909, when the office was
consolidated with the LanesvUle postoffice, which was made a substation
as before stated.
The village of Magnolia having come into prominence as a summer
resoi-t, a postoffice was opened there in 1875, the first postmaster being
Lorenzo D. Story, his successors bemg Mrs. Sophia J. Tuck, 1881, Arthur
M. Lycett, 1885; Maggie G. Fanning, 1895; Mrs. Mary A. Lycett, 1897;
and Fred S. Lycett, 1907, who was appointed clerk-in-charge when the
office was made a sub-station of the Gloucester postoffice July 1 of that
year. From its commercial and fishing prestige, Gloucester has five United '

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 581
States lighthouse stations, two of which date back to Colonial and early
days. The most important is the Cape Ann or Thacher's Island light
station, consisting of two stone towers each 212 feet high, with lights of
the first class, which were erected and first lighted by the Colonial gov
emment in 1771. During the Revolution, the keeper of the lights was
forcibly removed by citizens for disloyalty to the popular feeling against
the crown, lights remained unlighted for several years. They were
relighted by the United States government in 1791, and have shone con
tinuously every night since. The present towers were erected in 1861.
The lighthouse at Wigwam Point, Annisquam, was erected in 1901, the
present tower being buUt in 1861. Ten Pound Island light was estab
lished in 1821 and a new tower was placed there in 1881. Eastern Point
light was established in 1831, the present tower being buUt m 1891. A
lighthouse was erected on Straitsmouth Island at the entrance to Sandy
Bay (now Rockport) harbor in 1835, the present lighthouse being erected
in 1851. Gloucester citizens have a remarkable record for longevity, no less
than ten of her citizens having according to authoritative records at
tained the age Of more than one hundred years, while the records are re
plete with the names of those who have lived to within a few years of
this age. The earliest record of a centenarian is that of Joseph Eveleth,
son of Sylvester Eveleth or Everleigh, one of the first settlers, who died
November 1, 1745, at the age of 105 years, having previously removed
to Chebacco parish. The oldest inhabitant of the town was John Huse
or Hews, a native of Wales, who came to Gloucester early in the eigh
teenth century and died in August, 1793, at the age of 108 years.
John Blatchford, son of the early settler of that name at Sandy Bay,
who was bom in England, died in 1809 at the age of 107 years; and
William Pew, who came to Gloucester from Virginia, died January 1,
1840, claiming to be 107 years old, and was unquestionably several years
beyond the centuiy mark. Other deaths which have occurred in more
recent years are: Mrs. Joanna Andrews, died April 20, 1847, aged 102
years 2 months 28 days; Mrs. Deborah Saunders, died April 12, 1868,
aged 101 years 6 months 6 days ; Mrs. Mary H. GUbert, died December
1, 1887, aged 101 years 2 months 23 days; Mrs. Betsy Tucker, died
March 28, 1891, aged 100 years 11 months 11 days; Mrs. Sarah D. Steele,
died January 6, 1918, aged 101 years 4 months 15 days ; Mrs. Nancy D.
Babson, died December 12, 1919, aged 102 years 4 months 21 days.
ShipbuUding in Gloucester commenced in 1643, when a man named
Griffin employed William Stevens and other ship-carpenters to construct
him a craft. This is all that is recorded about ship-buUding in the place
until about 1661. There does not appear any warrant for the belief that
there was much ship-building here untU the early years of the eighteenth
century. It was left for Gloucester, however, to become famous with
seafaring men on account of the construction of the first known vessel

582 ESSEX COUNTY
styled a "schooner". The date was not far from 1713. A diary kept by
Dr. Moses Prince, visiting Gloucester, September, 1721, says : "We went
to see Captain Robinson's lady. This gentleman was the first contriver
of schooners, and built the first of the sort about eight years ago."
Nearly seventy years afterwards another visitor gives further par
ticulars of this most interesting fact. Cotton Tufts, Esq. who was in
Gloucester in September, 1790, writes : "I was informed (and commit
ted the same to writing) that the kind of vessels called "schooners" de
rived their name from this circumstance, viz : Mr. Andrew Robinson, of
that place, having constructed a vessel, which he masted and rigged in
the same manner as schooners are at this day, on her going off the stocks
and passing into the water, a bystander cried out, 'Oh, how she scoons?'
Robinson instantly replied, 'A schooner let her be!' From this time ves
sels so masted and rigged have gone by the name of 'schooners' ; before
which, vessels of this description were not known in Europe or America.
This account was confirmed to me by a great number of persons in Glou
cester. The strongest negative evidence confirms these statements. No
marine dictionary, no commercial record, no merchant's inventory of a
date prior to 1713 containing a word 'schooner' has yet been discovered ;
and it may, therefore, be received as an historical fact that the first ves
sel of this class had her origin in Gloucester, as stated by the good
authorities already named."
Gloucester had its first land communication with Boston, April 25,
1788, when a line of travel was opened up by Jonathan Lowe between
the two points. He was a tavern-keeper in Gloucester, living on Front
street. He made these trips twice each week, by a two-horse open car
riage. At that date there were only four stages (besides this one) run
ning into Boston — ^from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, from New York,
from Providence, Rhode Island, and from Salem. Later the trips were
made between Gloucester and Boston three times each week, and in
1805 a daUy service was established. Four-horse coaches soon followed,
and within a few years two coaches were put on the run daily.
In the autumn of 1844 a survey for a raUroad between Beverly and
Gloucester was made. At Beverly the road was to connect with the
Eastem railroad as its branch. November, 1847, regular trips were be
ing ran over this steam road. It will be recalled that raUroading was
then in its infancy in the world, hence to get a raUway at any given place
was indeed rare and greatly appreciated.
Steamboats have been ranning more or less regularly from Boston
to Gloucester since 1840. What was known as the Boston & Gloucester
Steamboat Company was organized, and commenced making regular trips
that year. .
Since the introduction of cement for building purposes, one does not
see or hear nearly so much about stone quarries as people did prior to
1900. But as a matter of history worth preserving, it should be record-

ABOVE, MAIN STREET, GLOUCESTER. BELOW, VIEW FROM HARBOR

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 583
ed that Gloucester and all Cape Ann abound in granite or syenite of vari
ous colors and tints, suitable both for building and paving blocks. A
quarter of a centuiy ago this industiy at Gloucester was a very extensive
one. Another feature of these quarries may be recalled, thati of form
ing the old-fashioned mill-stones for grain-grinding purposes. Joshua
Norwood was engaged in getting out such stones, which found sale over
a large scope of country where such stone did not abound. By 1824 men
from Quincy, Massachusetts, went to Gloucester and engaged extensively
in quarrying granite for shipment. The Sandy Bay stone was very pop
ular. In 1869 quarries were developed at Bay View, known as the Cape
Ann Granite company, operating with a capital of $100,000. Jonas H.
French was president of this company; H. H. Bennett, treasurer; and
Charles W. Foster, superintendent. From three hundred to seven hun
dred men were employed in 1887. Stone from these quarries went into
the constraction of the Boston postoffice building and the Sub-Treasury
structure in Baltimore, Maryland. The beautiful polished granite of the
Philadelphia City Hall interior finish came from these quarries.
Another large quarrying industry was that of the Lanesville Granite
Company, organized May, 1873, on a $50,000 capital. Eben Blatchford
was president and John Butman, treasurer of this company. Here fifty
thousand tons of stone were annually taken from the quarry; one hun
dred and fifty men found employment there. While there is still much
stone taken from these quarries, the amount is not nearly so great as be
fore cement took the place of so much constructing work.
Points of Interest — The Babson House, at Pigeon Cove, erected by
three men, who fled from Salem about 1698 with their mother, charged
with witchcraft, and hid in this house. The Babson House at Riverdale,
built about 1740 by Joseph Allen, is said to still retain the slave pens
Used during slavery times. EUery House, Riverdale, built between 1704
and 1710 by Rev. John White, used for many years as a tavem, contains
many interesting relics. Home for Cape Ann Fishermen; open to the
public. Independent Christian Church ; the first Universalist Society in
America, organized 1770 ; present building erected in 1806. Mount Anne
Park, the highest elevation in the city, 255 feet above sea-level. "Nor
man's Woe," known wherever English is spoken, through Longfellow's
"The Wreck of the Hesperus." Oldest house on Cape Ann, buUt by
Thomas Riggs, the first schoolmaster and town clerk in Gloucester.
Ravenswood Park, bequeathed to the city by Samuel E. Sawyer, to be
preserved as a wild park. Revolutionary House, home of Rev. John
Murray, first Universalist minister in America. United States Fish
Commission Hatchery, on Ten Pound Island, in the harbor; open to the
public. Gloucester has been honored by the election of four of its citizens
as representatives in Congress, a record exceeded by no other city or
town In the county with the exception of Salem. The first candidate for

584 ESSEX COUNTY
Congressional honors among the citizens of the tovm to come before
the voters was Hon. Robert Rantoul, Jr., in 1838, who had been a resi
dent of the town for about half a dozen years, but although his party,
the Jacksonian Democrats, were in the majority in the district, a split in
the party caused his defeat and the election of his Whig opponent. He
soon after removed to Beverly, his native town, from whence he was
elected to Congress in 1850, and died before the expiration of his term of
office. The first resident and only native of the town to be elected to Con
gress was Hon. Timothy Davis, who was elected in 1854 by the "Know-
nothing" tidal wave which swept the State in that year, he receiving 612
votes to 213 votes for his Whig opponent in Gloucester, and carrying the
district by a vote of more than three to one, receiving 7428 votes to 2231
votes for his opponent, the result of the vote being a complete surprise to
the Whigs, who believed themselves strongly intrenched in power. He
was again' elected in 1856 by a larger vote, receiving 833 votes to 283
votes for his opponent in Gloucester, and a total of 10,045 to 4292 in the
district. After the close of the CivU War, Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, of Lowell,
removed to Gloucester, and was elected to Congress in 1866 as a Repub
lican, although he did not become a voter in the town till the following
year. He served for four terms, and at his first election he received 765
votes in Gloucester to 149 for his opponent, and carried the district by a
vote of 8586 to 2722. In 1868 he received 1041 votes in Gloucester to
395 for the other candidates, and carried the district by a vote of 13,080
to 6860. An opposition developed during his second term, resulting in
his receiving only 613 votes in Gloucester to 406 and 216 for the opposing
candidates in 1870, a total of 684, but he carried the district by a vote
of 8333 to 4267 fori his strongest opponent and 1076 for the third candi
date, a total of 5336 votes in opposition. His popularity retumed in
some measure during the next two years, and in 1872 he received 1096
votes in Gloucester to 723 votes for Hon. Charles P. Thompson, the
Democratic candidate, but carried the district by a vote of 11,864 to
5,749. Hon. Charles P. Thompson was elected congressman in 1874, defeat
ing Gen. Butler by a vote of 8703 to 7731, a plurality of 972 m the dis
trict, and carrying Gloucester by a vote of 961 to 818. So confident were
the Republicans of carrying the election that the party leaders had
arranged with a Boston caterer for a complimentary banquet to Gen.
Butler, but the viands were retumed to Boston untasted. The latter
removed back to Lowell, the following year, and two years later was
again elected to Congress from that district.
Judge Thompson was a candidate for re-election in 1876, but was de
feated by Hon. George B. Loring of Salem, receiving 11,228 votes in the
district to 13,326 for Dr. Loring, giving the latter a plurality of 1098,

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 585
the vote of Gloucester being 1328 for Dr. Loring and 1221 for Judge
Thompson. Hon. A. Piatt Andrew, who was elected at the special election in
1921 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Hon. WUfred W.
Lufkin of Essex to accept the position of collector of customs for the
district of Massachusetts, is a native of Indiana, and first came to Glou
cester as a summer resident, but later became a voter and a permanent
resident of the city. A strenuous fight was made in the primaries for
the Republican nomination, which was won by Col. Andrew by a vote
of 19,149 to 10,401 for his leading opponent, his vote in Gloucester being
4753 to 267, a lead of 4486, whUe at the election he received 22,545 votes
to 6792 for the Democratic candidate, a plurality of 15,153 in the district,
canying Gloucester by a vote of 4246 to 282, giving him a plurality of
3964 in the city, or about 15 to 1.
Colonel Andrew is a veteran of the World War, going to France
previous to the entry of the United States into the conflict and organiz
ing an ambulance corps, receiving the French croix de guerre, the Legion
of Honor and the Distinguished Service medals. He was an instractor
in economics at Harvard, and was later secretary of the Monetary Com
mission, director of the United States Mint and Assistant Secretary of
the Treasury. In a sermon preached at the First Parish Church in 1792, and print
ed in 1795, the Rev. Eli Forbes says: "The first settlers of this Cape
Ann were early solicitous to set up and maintain the worship of God
amongst them. Though they were few in numbers and strangers in the
land, yet in 1633, like Abram, so soon as they pitched their tent they set
up an altar, that is agreed on as a place where they might meet for public
worship of God, prayed to Him and sung Psalms." This statement was
authenticated by an old manuscript, extant at the time, and respectable
tradition points to the exact spot where their house of worship stood.
It is probable that this body of worshipers met continually from this
time, increasing in numbers and cohesiveness ; for with the advent of
the Rev. Richard Blyman from Plymouth, with several followers, they
were sufficiently strong to be organized into a church, it being the nine
teenth in order in the colony. They erected their house of worship on
a plain now called the "Green," which was at that time the most acces
sible location to the various settlements on the Cape, and was the only
organized church in the town until 1716. Several of the parishioners,
however, being in the westerly part of the town, found it inconvenient to
attend. The joumey of from three to five mUes, a part of which had to
be made by ferry, was attended even with difficulty in winter, so after
controversy covering three or four years, permission was given to them
to form a separate parish at the above date.
About ten years later, the northerly part of the town having had
quite an increase in population and having industries started that were

586 ESSEX COUNTY
calculated to attract more settlers, applied for a separate church organi
zation, which was finally granted them after much debate in 1728. Till
about 1700, the largest number of inhabitants centered around the origi
nal church and along the river, but early in the eighteenth century the
population around the harbor began to increase, and it was not long be
fore they, too, wished to be set off as a separate parish. This proposition
met with prompt resistence by the parent church, as it foresaw that
further dismemberment would be fatal to the first parish. There was
strong feeling on both sides, and finally several influential members living
at the harbor erected at their own expense, a commodious meeting house
and offered it to the parish. This was accepted on certain conditions, in
1738, a vote being passed that worship should be earned on there in the
future as it had been carried on at the old one. A vigorous minority,
however, took the matter to court, where it remained unsettled for four
years. On December 15, 1742, it was ordered that the first precmct be
divided into two precincts, giving boundaries to the same, and that Mr.
White, the minister, should go to the harbor church, which should be
known as the Fu-st Parish, whUe the seceders, occupying the very spot
of the original church, should hereafter bear the name of the Fourth
Parish. The seceding members, however, were not without indepen
dence and energy; a new church of seventy-six members was organized
and the Rev. John Rogers was installed a^ minister. In 1752 the fourth
and last meeting-house was buUt, but in 1756 another parish was organ
ized at Sandy Bay, the old church having fought a losing battle.
Parson Rogers died in 1782. No successor was chosen to fill his place,
and the pulpit was irregularly filled with chance supplies, mostly Meth
odist. In 1840 the edifice was taken down; the timber was sold, but
afterwards given to the Methodists at the mUls.
To follow the annals of the First parish on Middle street. Parson
White was succeeded by Samuel Chandlers, who received a life settle
ment, and on his death Rev. Eli Forbes was settled. It was during his
ministry that Universalism was first preached ; and as many of the lead
ing citizens had embraced this doctrine, a spirit of dissension prevailed
in the church for ten years. In 1780, however, the Universalist church
was organized, and each set of believers acquiring means to worship God
in their own peculiar way, peace and rest prevailed. Parson Forbes died
in 1804, and was followed by several pastors of the same faith; but in
1829, under the pastorate of the Rev. Hosea Hildreth, dissatisfaction with
the doctrines preached by him arose, resulting in the withdrawal of seven
women and two men, who formed a church knowTi as the Evangelical
Congregational Church.
Mr. Hildreth, a conscientious worker, of conspicuous virtues, was
greatly distressed by this dissension and dissolved his connection Avith
the church. The next incumbent was a man of decided Unitarian views,
and since his installation in 1834 the church has been known as Uni-

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 587
tarian, belonging to the conference of that body. The edifice now stand
ing is the second on the same site, and was built in 1828.
Second Parish Church was incorporated by the General Court, June
12, 1716. Mr. Thompson, who had performed the joint duties of teacher
and minister the three years preceding, was called to the pastorate, and
his ordination took place the following November, but was of short dura
tion, for he died in 1724, at the early age of thirty-three years. History
records him as a man "sweet of temper, inoffensive in his whole behavior,
and orthodox in his faith." He was buried in the old parish buiying
ground, where his tombstone may stUl be seen. The meeting-house was
a substantial buUding standing on an elevated plateau on what is now
called Thompson street, the parsonage standing near by, but no trace
of either now remains. Mr. Jaques followed Mr. Thompson, who in tum
was followed by Rev. Daniel Fuller, the last minister of the Second Par
ish. Mr. Fuller's ministry covered a period of fifty-seven years, when
the aged minister, feeling that the years of his activity were over, re
signed. He was greatly beloved by his parishioners, whom he had com
forted during the trying years of the Revolution, and his death, a few
years later was a great grief to them. About this time in the records
of the church we find several instances of church members being dis
ciplined for holding views incompatible with the established faith, and
in 1830 a vote was taken to ascertain in what faith the church would be
most united. The result was Universalism — three to one — and from
that time on, although there was no settled pastor, the pulpit seemed to
have been filled by Universalist clergymen. At the demolition of the
old church in 1846, the Rev. A. D. Mayo, minister of the Gloucester Uni
versalist church, conducted the farewell service. Later on services were
held irregularly in Liberty Hall, which was partly built from timbers of
the old church. In 1867 the society was organized under its present
name. North Gloucester Universalist, and soon after the lot of land on
which the present house of worship stands was presented to it by Mr.
Sam Jones. In 1876 the building was completed and the church organi
zation effected in April of that year. The church has never had a resi
dent pastor, but has generally shared the services of the minister settled
at Essex, as is the case at present.
The orthodox faction organized a church of their own faith in 1834,
with Levi Wheaton as pastor, and built their present house of worship
on a rise of ground contiguous to the site where it noW stands. Renova
tions and improvements were made, and it was rededicated April 25,
1913. Although never wholly independent of the Missionary Society, it
had pretty generally had settled pastors tiU a few years ago. At present,
each church maintains its separate organization, each its own Sunday
school and Missionary society, but unite for worship under the ministra
tions of Rev. W. H. Rider, pastor of Essex Universalist Church, who
preaches alternately in the two churches.

588 ESSEX COUNTY
The Third Parish was set off as a separate precinct June 11, 1728,
and Mr. Bradstreet was ordained as minister the foUowing September.
His pastorate of nearly thirty-four years was terminated by death. The
first meeting-house was an edifice of considerable size, at the head of
Lobster Cove. In 1755 it was strack by lightning, and in 1830 gave
place to the one now standing on the same site. The pastorate of Mr.
Wyeth, who followed Mr. Bradstreet, was unsatisfactory, and he was
dismissed in 1768. That of his successor, Rev. Obediah Parsons, was
even more so, and he was also dismissed in 1779. From this time on the
pulpit remained unfilled till 1804, when Rev. Ezra Leonard was called.
In his ministry a most remarkable incident took place. Both he and
practically his whole congregation embraced Universalism. The leaven
of this new faith had long been working among his hearers, so when he
announced his confession to it, their confidence in his judgment was so
strong that they followed him mth hardly a dissenting vote. This good
man labored with them until his death in 1832. The church has con
tinued a Universalist church until this day, never, for any length of time,
being without a minister. The present incumbent is Rev. G. H. Lewis.
The Independent Christian Church grew out of the first public
preaching of the doctrine of universal salvation in this country, by John
Murray, and the first body in America for promulgating this faith was
organized in Gloucester. A covenant was adopted in 1779. In 1780, on
Christmas Day, members first assembled for public worship in a small
building erected for the purpose. In 1785 a compact containing regula
tions for govemment was formed. Although the organization had been
effected without the usual public ceremonies, they held that they were
exempted from paying the parish tax upon which their property was
seized, and to recover it they resorted to law. Eminent counsel was en
gaged on both sides, the case being in court three years. In 1786 the de
cision was given in favor of the church. Thus we see that Gloucester
has not only the distinction of being the first community to embrace the
doctrine of the final salvation of the human race, but also defended the
right to support this doctrine without being taxed to support the parish
church. Mr. Murray was publically ordained on Christmas Day, 1788,
and the church was incorporated in 1792, the members signing an obli
gation to be taxed in proportion to the town tax. Mr. Murray preached
here untU 1793,i when he responded to a call to the church in Boston.
For several years there was no settled pastor over the society, but in
1804 Rev. Thomas Jones was called. His connection was severed in
1841, owing to advanced age. Some years before. Rev. David Smith,
having Been settled as a colleague, assumed fuU pastoral duties. His
pastorate, however, was filled with dissension and discord, resulting in
the withdrawal of his followers to worship under a separate organiza
tion in 1843. They built a house of worship, where services were con
tinued till 1856, when the society was dissolved, and the buUding sold to

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 589
the Methodists. Most of the seceders returned to the parent church,
but their action had embarrassed it financially, and it required both
energy and sacrifice to hold continued services. Following Parson Jones
the following ministers tn the order of their succession have served the
church: Revs. F. T. Thayer, A. B. Soule, A. D. Mayo, O. A. Skinner,
E. H. Capen, Richard Eddy, W. H. Rider, Levi Powers, John C. Lee.
In November, 1824, the society held a jubilee of a social and religious
character, celebrating the coming of John Murray to Gloucester. In
1870 the anniversary of preaching Universalism was observed by this
church. More than five thousand persons were in attendance, and in
August, 1920, the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary was observed in
like manner. The first house of worship of this society stood at the head
of Water street, a small stracture without belfry, which was later re
moved and finally demolished. The present edifice was erected in 1805,
Col. Jacob Smith being architect and builder. The church and city are
justly proud of its Wren steeple, which closely resembles St. Clements
in London. Trinity Congregational Church was organized November 17, 1829,
by seven members from the First Parish church, five women and two
men, who felt that they could not support the doctrines preached from
that pulpit. In March, 1830, the society was incorporated under the
name of the Evangelical Congi-egational Church, and the year following
the members erected a meeting-house on the corner of Middle and School
streets, which was dedicated September 8. On January 14, 1832, a
covenant and articles of faith were signed by forty-two people. Rev.
Charles Porter accepted a call to becom.e pastor, and he was ordained in
the Universalist church the foUoMdng August. In Mr. Porter's pastorate
several more seceders from the First Parish Chui-ch connected themselves
with the Evangelical body, which added to its strength and influence.
Mr. Porter was followed by C. M. Nichols, his successor being James
Atkins. Under the pastorate of J. L. Hatch, 1853-56, the first meeting
house was removed and the present edifice erected on the same site. At
the present day it does not preserve the fine proportions and beautiful
spire as it came from the hands of the builders. Elongation and the ad
dition of a basement have destroyed the proportions, vv^hUe the spire,
which was deemed to be unsafe, was taken down some years ago, the
present unsightly structure being put in its place. This edifice was dedi
cated March 22, 1855, the sermon being preached by the pastor. Rev. J.
L. Hatch. Although Mr. Hatch had been largely instrumental in accom
plishing the building of this church, he was destined to preach in it only
a few times, if at all. Having given utterance to beliefs and sentiments
not conforming to those held by the main body of church members, he
was soon asked to resign. A period of dissension followed, culminating
in a withdrawal of his followers, who for a short time held meetings by
themselves. This period of dissension, however, was not of long dura-

590 ESSEX COUNTY
tion and eventually all or nearly all came back and were received as com
municants. From this time on, prosperity has characterized the pastor
ates of the several ministers. In 1892 the parish was abolished and the
church was incorporated under the name of Trinity Congregational
Church. Rev. A. A. Madsen is the present pastor. The present mem
bership is approximately four hundred and seventy-five.
LanesvUle Congregational Church was legally organized August 25,
1828, with thirteen members. March 2, 1831, Rev. Moses Sawyer was
installed as minister, and in 1860 its membership had increased to fifty-
tVv''o, with a Sunday school numbering tv/o hundred. Its first house of
vforship was built in 1828, which was enlarged and repaired in 1853. In
1919 the parish was dissolved and the church became the corporate body.
At that time a constitution and by-laws were drawn up and a church
manual was prepared by Rev. Mary Macomber, pastor of the church.
In 1918 the final debt on the parsonage was cleared, and this is now free
from incumbrance. Rev. E. H. Whitman is at this writing the officiating
clergyman. The present membership is one hundred and fourteen.
The Magnolia Congregational Church was organized February, 1887,
and held its meetings in the littie chapel now standing, sharing its min
ister with the West Gloucester church. The present edifice was built
in 1894, Dan Woodbury being the architect, the land and memorial win
dow being given by the heirs of Daniel Fuller. The bell and communion
service were given by Mrs. WendUl of Jamaica Plains; the organ by Mrs.
Rebecca Coif ert of Philadelphia ; and the communion table by Mrs. A. C.
Thornton, it being built by J. Christpin from a design by the donor.
The introduction of Methodism into Gloucester dates from 1806,
when Rev. George Pickering was presiding elder. He probably came on
the invitation of John Edny, a Wesleyan of English birth, who lived near
the mills. Three years later Mr. Pickering came here as conference mis-
sionaiT, but nothing more is said of his coming here till 1821, when for
two years he made irregular visits, preaching in the old parish church on
"the gi-een". About this time class meetings were held and a class of
eight persons was fomied, meeting at the home of Miss Lucy Low, under
the leadership of Thomas Heller. In 1825 Gloucester was included in a
circuit, Mr. Waitland and Mr. Pickering preaching altemately. After
the death of Parson Rogers there was no settied minister at the parish
church, and the latter having been repaired, the Methodist Conference
was petitioned to station Mr. Vv^aitiand there as minister, and the petition
was granted. In 1828 Cape Ann first appeared as a separate charge in
the minutes of the conference, and the house of worship, built on the
comer of Taylor and Prospect streets, was completed the following year.
This church was designed to accommodate both the Methodists of East ¦
Gloucester and the town parish, the minister dividing his labors between
the two. The church was feeble and its support precarious, but in
1837, under the ministrations of Rev. John Bailey, the debt on the church

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 591
was cleared, and a hundred and ten members, the fruit of a wonderful
revival, were added to its membership.
The Town Parish Methodists, however, were not accommodated by
the meeting-house on Prospect street, and bought a place of worship in
the old district school house, v/hose right to do so was disputed by the
members of another denomination. For a while they carried on their
services at the home of Mr. Samuel Curtes, who subsequently gave them
a lot of land on which to buUd. In 1837 the foundation of a new church
was laid and in the following year it was finished, dedicatory services
being held November 17. L. B. Griffin was the first pastor, and from
this time the two churches became separate charges. Without interrup
tion they have been supplied with pastors by the M. E. Conference, but
from 1843 to 1847 one minister supplied both churches. Like the Pros
pect Street Church, this church was obliged to pass through financial
difficulties. At one time the trustees had to mortgage their own property
to save the church from passing under the hammer, but for many years
it has been able to function with comparative ease, and now sustains pub
lic worship in a modem church.
The Harbor Methodists occupied their first house of worship on Tay
lor street till 1858, when they purchased from the seceders of the Inde
pendent Universalists the house on Elm street, occupied by them during
the time they were separated from the parent church. In 1881 they
erected the present Harbor Methodist Church edifice on Prospect street.
The land was purchased at a cost of $4,800, and the building cost $18,-
400. The final mortgage on the property has been discharged and now
the church is in a flourishing condition. The debt was paid off in Feb
ruary, 1920.
Bay- View Methodist Church was organized in 1870. Previous to
this time Rev. A. J. Hall had conducted neighborhood meetings, but in
April, 1870, Rev. Alonzo Sanderson was sent to this field and organized
the church. Plans were matured for erecting a church building. The
land was given by Kilby Sargent, and Col. G. W. Randall fumished the
plans. In March, 1871, it was ready for occupancy and was dedicated
the 15th of that month. During its first years, the financial struggle
was fierce, but it emerged triumphantly from its difficulties, and has
supported uninterrupted preaching services up to the present time, be
sides doing missionary work among the foreign population in its neigh
borhood. East Gloucester Methodist Episcopal Church was organized Septem
ber 23, 1885, its first minister being Rev. Carl Anderson. Its first house
of worship not being large enough, was sold, and the present church btiUd-
ing purchased of the Universalists. In 1919 the number of communi
cants was eighty-two.
The first Baptist church on Cape Ann was organized at Sandy Bay
in 1808, and was styled the First Baptist Church of Gloucester. In 1830

592 ESSEX COUNTY
the church at the Harbor was formed and was called the Second Bap
tist Church, but after the setting off of the town of Rockport in 1840, the
Harbor Church assumed the name of the First Baptist Church of Glou
cester. Its first minister was the Rev. Samuel Adlam, a native of Eng
land, who was installed March 24, 1831, and^ the first house of worship
was a small buUding on Pleasant street, later sold to the Catholics. In
1850 a larger and better structure was erected on the comer of Pleasant
and Warren streets, but while undergoing repairs and enlargement in
1869, was bumed to the ground. In 1871 the present church was built.
This church has had many able ministers and prominent members.
The East Gloucester Baptist Church had its beginning in two Sun
day schools, one held in the hall of the Engine House, and the other on
Rocky Neck, in the house of David Smith, Susan E. Wonson having
charge of the latter. In 1858 the house of worship was built, and from
1858 to 1861 Father Lysle ministered to these societies. In 1863 the
society was organized into a church. Rev. Andrew Dunn being the first
pastor. In 1869 the church was enlarged, and in 1870 a powerful re
vival added many to its communion. The Rev. John B. Wilson is the
present pastor.
St. John's Episcopal Church grew out of services held in Magnolia
Hall in the early sixties, the parish being organized in 1865. Magnolia
Hall having been purchased and removed to another location, a church,
practically the gift of Theron Dale, was very soon after built on its site.
The Rev. Joshua K. Pierce was the first rector, John Stacy and Joseph
Dan being wardens. During the rectorship of J. A. Mills, the chancel
was redecorated. A parish house was also built in 1911. The present
rector, J. H. C. Cooper, took charge of the parish in 1907 ; communicants
approximately number three hundred and twenty-five.
Beside the church organizations mentioned above by Miss Babson,
may be recalled the Swedenborgian church, foi-med in Gloucester in 1871
and continued about seventeen years, going down with the removal of
Rev. Robert P. Rogers, previously minister of the First Parish (Uni
tarian) church, in 1887.
The First Church of Christ (Christian Science) was gathered by a
Mrs. Leonard, of Brooklyn, New York, in 1884, the first meetings being
held at the home of Mrs. Charies H. Boynton, on Prospect street. A
charter was received from the Mother Church on AprU 29, 1899, and
services have been regulariy held from that time to this. There are at
present approximately forty-five communicants, and a Sunday school of
about twenty children. As yet they have no house of worship, but hold
meetings in Grand Army Plall.
The Swedenborgen Church of the New Jerusalem was organized in
May, 1871, Rev. R. P. Rogers, a former Unitarian minister, being pastor.
At first meetings were held in the house of Mr. Rogers, and later in a
hall. Upon Mr. Rogers' removal from the city, meetings were discon-

CITY OF GLOUCESTER 593
tinued; and although missionaries at various periods have visited the
city, there have not been a sufficient number of followers to unite for a
regular worship.
The Jewish Congregation was organized in Gloucester in 1903 with
eighteen members. At first, services were held in a hall, the Jacobs
building, but in 1905 a house bf worship was purchased by the congre
gation, the same being situated on Liberty street. The congregation
now numbers about fifty-five. In 1914 the society felt the need of more
room, and purchased a dwelling house on Prospect street, and converted
it into a synagogue, which is still used. The president is I. Cohen, and
Rev. J. Steinburg is resident rabbi.
The first attempt to establish a Young Men's Christian Association
was made in 1858, a constitution and by-laws being adopted at a meeting
held July 12 that year, and at a meeting August 2 the Association was
organized by the choice of Charles C. Pettingell as president. There is
no record of when the organization ceased to exist, but it is probable
that the excitement of the Civil War diverted the interest of the public
from local work. The present Young Men's Christian Association was
organized February 19, 1873, its first meetings being held in the old Sav
ings Bank buUding, and in 1880 removed to Hough's block, now the Odd
Fellows' building, and in 1882 purchased the old Odd Fellows' buUding,
which it occupied until the erection of the present building on the comer
of Middle and Hancock streets in 1905. This property, valued at $16,-
000 and known as the Dale estate, was purchased by George R. Bradford
in the summer of 1899, and in January of the following year was pre
sented to the Association. Mr. Bradford died December 31, 1902, leaving
a bequest of $15,000 to the Association on condition that a like sum be
raised by the Association within two years after his decease, and in
November, 1903, about $1000 more than the required amount had been
secured in pledges. The first sod in the erection of the new buUding was
tumed May 14, 1904, and the cornerstone laid with proper ceremonies
July 2 of the same year, the buUding being dedicated March 29, 1905,
and has since been used by the Association. The Ladies' AuxUiary to
the Young Men's Christian Association was organized in August, 1883.
Mrs. Howard F. Smith is the present president. The Association has
employed a general secretary since October, 1881, and a physical director
since AprU, 1894. The 1921 president of the Association is Reuben
Brooks, who has served since 1899.
The Salvation Army first established a branch in Gloucester, Sep
tember 29, 1897, but the work was carried on with indifferent success in
different locations for a number of years, the officers in charge seldom re
maining here more than two years before being transferred elsewhere.
The present officers in charge. Commandant Gunn and wife, took charge
of the work October 2, 1912, and under their management the work re
ceived more general recognition than previously. They were relieved of
Essex — 38

594 ESSEX COUNTY
th work by Adjutant Edward W. Shira, September 11, 1919, Comman
dant Gunn being sent to the latter's station at Newport, Rhode Island,
and under Adjutant Shira a permanent home was purchased on Pleas
ant street. After two years at Newport, Commandant Gunn was re
tumed to Gloucester, September 28, 1921, and at present continues in
charge of the work. The plans of the Army include the erection of a
building in which to hold services, work upon which is now progressing
and which will be completed in 1922.

CHAPTER XL.
BANKS AND BANKING.
As a natural coroHary of the steady expansion in the industrial and
mercantile concems of the communities which form the subject of men
tion in the chapter on banks and banking, stress is to be laid upon the
conspicuous growth of financial institutions. Essex county, as the reader
will note, possesses the second savings bank to be incorporated in the
United States. Some of the other institutions have passed the century
mark. In a number of instances, the growth in business has been no less
striking than significant. To use an abused term, "service" is standing
out in banking operations today, as one of the newer activities to which
bank development has given rise. There is a closer correspondence be
tween many of the customers or depositors, and the various manage
ments. Not only are consultations invited, where depositors feel in need
of counsel, but special efforts are also made in many of the banks to put
a premium upon such visits, that thereby the uninformed or the ques
tioning depositor, may freely avail himself or herself of the counsel thus
available. In another way, too, emphasis may well be laid upon a strik
ing departure from old time methods. We refer to the Uberality with
which the general run of banks and savings institutions resort to the
use of printer's ink in their publicity enterprises. It is not necessary to
go back hardly a generation to find banks, in overwhelming ratio, acting
upon the theory that advertising was unethical. If there were any ad
vertising at all, this was confined to a mere stereotyped announcement,
bare in detail and obviously removed frdm methods designed to stimulate
tbe saving habit. Today, the charges for bank advertising amount in
the aggregate to enormous sums, the country over, with no indications
in sight, that the feature is duly to register a diminishing volume.
Incidental to the details that are incorporated in the following pages,
one interesting fact should not be passed by without at least brief com
ment. It so happened, that at the time the banking chapter was in
course of preparation, the president of the Emigrant Industrial Savings
Bank of New York made public the statistics that had been gathered by
him throughout the country, in connection with the work of the na
tional conference of mutual savings banks to encourage thrift. The
figures showed, in brief, that the people of Massachusetts are the thrif
tiest in the entire country. In a population of 3,852,356, the Bay State
has 2,593,287 savings bank depositors, or sixty-seven per cent. As with
the State, so with New England in its entirety ; the saving habit, in the
form exemplified above, was more pronounced than elsewhere in the
Union. This popular thrift is naturally reflected in the recital of the
growth of deposits in the savings banks and tmst companies of the insti
tutions throughout Essex county.

596 ESSEX COUNTY
Salem — In 1782 a branch of the Bank of North America was
located in Boston, and in 1784 the Massachusetts State Bank was estab
Ushed in that city. Eight years later, the first bank in Salem was or
ganized, the Essex Bank, which commenced business July 2, 1792, with
a capital of $300,000. The Essex Bank occupied a room in the build
ing now known as the Central buUding, on Central street, for a time
known as Bank street. This bank expired in 1819, though its affairs
were not aU wound up until 1822.
The Salem Bank, later styled the Salem National Bank, was or
ganized March 8, 1803, with a capital of $250,000, but in 1859 decreased
to $187,000 ; in 1865 restored to $200,000 ; in 1873 increased to $300,-
000. Its eariier presidents were Benjamin Pickman, 1803; Joseph Pea
body, 1814; George Peabody, 1833; Benjamin MerriU, 1842; George
Peabody, 1818-47; William C. Endicott, 1858; Augustus Storey, 1858;
S. Endicott Peabody, 1882. In 1864 this bank became a National bank,
and moved to the Holyoke BuUding, Washington street, in 1866.
The Merchants' Bank was incorporated June 26, 1811, and it is now
known as the Merchants' National Bank. It is reaUy the oldest bahk
in the city of Salem, and the only National banking concem there. It ia
now situated at Nos. 253-55-57 Essex street. Its original officers in
cluded Benjamin WiUiams Crowinshield, president; John Saunders,
cashier; directors, B. W. Crowinshield, Joseph Winn, Capt. Jothan Neal,
Robert Stone, Jr., Hon. Joseph Story, Capt. James Deveraux, Stephen
White, Joseph Ropes, Capt. John Dodge, Jr. The present officers are
Henry Batchelder, president; Josiah H. Gifford, vice-president; Carl
F. A. Morse, cashier; Albert H. Barrett, assistant cashier; Charles
Howard Bates, assistant cashier. This bank's first capital was $100,-
000 ; it is now $200,000 ; surplus, $320,000 ; resources and liabiUties,
amount to $3,700,000. Its recent deposits were $3,000,000. In 1910 a
fine brick-concrete bank building was constructed and is now valued at
$180,000. This stracture stands on the site of the birthplace of Hon.
Joseph Hodges Choate, the famous lawyer and United States Ambas
sador to Great Britain. B. W. Crowinshield, the first president, was
secretary of the Navy under Presidents Madison and Monroe.
What was styled the Commercial Bank, later the First National
Bank, was incorporated in 1819, capital $300,000, but in 1830 reduced
to $200,000. It became a National bank in 1864, being among the
earliest National banks in the country.
The Exchange Bank was incorporated January 31, 1823, with $300,-
000 capital, later reduced to $200,000. It was moved from its first lo
cation in Essex street to the First Church building, December, 1864.
Later its street number was 109 Washington street. It became the
National Exchange Bank in Febraary, 1865. Its eariier presidents
were Gideon Tucker, John Webster, Henry L. WUUams, Nathan Nichols.
The Asiatic Bank was incorporated June 12, 1824, with a capital of

BANKS AND BANKING 597
$200,000, shortly increased to $315,000. It commenced business in the
Central Street Bank Building; removed from there to the East India
Marine building, on Essex, opposite St. Peter's street, and in 1855
changed quarters to the Asiatic buUding, on Washington street. De
cember 8, 1864, it became known as the Asiatic National Bank. Ste
phen White was the first president, and Henry Pickering its original
cashier. The Mercantile Bank, incorporated March 4, 1826, opened with
$200,000 capital in Central Bank buUding, on the west side of the street,
but in 1827 moved to the opposite side. Nathaniel L. Rogers was its
first president, John A. Southwick its first cashier. This institution,
January 10, 1865, became the Mercantile National Bank.
The Merchants' and Traders' Bank was incorporated March 10,
1827, with a capital of $200,000, but for some reason never commenced
business. The Naumkeag Bank was incorporated March 17, 1831, with $200,-
000 capital, subsequently increased to $500,000. It commenced busi
ness in the Benjamin Dodge store building, on Essex street, opposite
the Essex House, then was moved to the Manning building, and in 1872
to the second floor of the Asiatic building, Washington street. David
Pingree was its first president. In 1864 this institution was changed
to the Naumkeag National Bank. This is now the Naumkeag Trust
Company, as detailed in the following paragraph:
The Naumkeag Trust Company was established October 7, 1909. In that year
there were in Salem five National banks and one Trust company. It was about
that time that the idea obtained among financiers there that it would be expedient
to form a larger institution, which should be able to fumish better facilities to the
public, with a safe deposit vault affording absolute security. The capital is $250,-
000. The present officers are as follows: Leland H. Cole, president; Robert M.
Mahoney, vice-president; George A. Vickery, vice-president and secretary; William
0. Chapman, treasurer. The present surplus and undivided profits are $275,000.
This, together with the stock-holders' liability, furnishes a guarantee of over three-
quarters of a million dollars for the protection of its depositors. The company
commenced business in October, 1909, and took over the accounts of the oldest banks
in Salem, the Salem National Bank, established in 1803, the Asiatic National Bank,
established in 1824, Naumkeag 'National Bank, established in 1831, and later took
over the business of the Mercantile National Bank, which was established in 1826.
"Coming down to the present time, dt may be stated that this institution has re
sources and liabilities amounting to $5,439,119.45, and recent reports show that
deposits amount to $4,851,999.07. The assessed value of the building owned by this
corporation is $138,995. The general style of architecture is Colonial. The wood
work is mahogany, with bronze grill work. Absolute safety was the first con
sideration, but every possible arrangement was also made for the convenience of
customers. The Safe Deposit vaults are entirely separate from the building, stand
ing on their own foundations. Over three hundred tons of steel and concrete were
used in their construction and the entire work is the finest in all particulars. They
are among the strongest vaults outside New York City. A savings department is
maintained as well as a trust department, by which the company acts as executor
and trustees under wills, administrator without a will or with will annexed.

598 ESSEX COUNTY
Other early banks were these: The Bank of General Interest, incor
porated March 17, 1831, with a capital of $200,000. John RusseU was
president, and WiUiam H. RusseU, cashier. It ceased business in 1842.
The North American Bank, incorporated March 31, 1836, with an
authorized capital of $300,000, for reasons now unknown never went
into operation.
The Salem Savings Bank, stiU one of the strong financial institu
tions of this part of Massachusetts, was incorporated January 29, 1818,
being the second savings bank incorporated in the United States. In
1886, between sixteen and seventeen thousand individual accounts were
on the books as depositors. At that date the deposits amounted to
$6,500,000. The first officers were Dr. Edward A. Holyoke, president;
Joseph Peabody, vice-president; and WiUiam P. Richardson, treasurer.
The present officers include Charles S. Rea, president; James Young,
Jr., treasurer. The present amount in deposits is $12,098,428.42; sur
plus, $1,192,260.12; resources and Uabilities, $13,244,213.56.
Upon the occasion of the one hundredth anniversary of the found
ing of this bank, the officers in charge (1918) had compiled and printed
a beautiful and elaborate booklet setting forth the history of this, the sec
ond savings institution in the world ; for be it known that Boston had the
first savings bank established in the world, and Salem the second. In
this booklet are numerous historical sketches of great events in the
country's early history which transpired in Salem, nearly two centuries
before this bank started. From this booklet it is leamed that the fol
lowing have served as presidents: Edward Augustus Holyoke, 1818-29;
Joseph Peabody, 1830-44 ; Nathaniel SUsbee, 1844-51 ; Daniel A. White,
1851-61; Zachariah Fowle SUsbee, 1861-64; John Bertram, 1864-65;
Joseph S. Cabot, 1864-74; Benjamin Hodges Silsbee, 1875-79; Peter
SUver, 1879-83; WUUam Northey, 1883-93; Edward D. Ropes, 1893-
1902; Charles S. Rea, 1902 — to present time. The growth of deposits
in this savings bank is indeed very marked: October, 1818, the number
of depositors was 184 ; AprU, 1838, it was 2,724 ; April, 1848, 5,666 ; April
1858, 8,734; AprU, 1868, 12,364; April, 1878, 15,502; AprU, 1888, 16,-
676; April, 1908, 16,845; 1918, 22,023. The total amount of deposits
on the bank's centennial anniversary amounted to $10,861,242.26. The
dividends for that year amounted to four and one-half per cent.
The Salem Five Cent Savings Bank was incorporated in 1855, and
opened for business in the Downing Block, No. 175 Essex street, later
removing to the second floor of the Northey building. Edward D. Kim
baU was its first president. In 1886 it had deposits amounting to $2,-
500,000, with over eight thousand individual depositors. Today its
statement show resources of $14,941,374.69 (May 24, 1921). The list
of assets show almost three mUlion dollars in United States bonds and
nearly seven mUlion doUars in loans and real estate. The total amount
due the 31,279 depositors is $13,759,820.03. The present (1921) officers

BANKS AND BANKING 599
are Henry A. Hale, president ; Harry P. Gifford, treasurer ; 0. S. Leigh
ton, assistant treasurer; board of investment, Henry M. Batchelder,
Frank A. Brown, WiUiam R. Colby, Matthew Robson.
Roger Conant Co-operative Bank was incorporated November 9,
1894, at Salem, with officers as follows: Charles B. Balcomb, president;
Patrick F. Tiemey, vice-president; Edward L. MiUet, treasurer and
secretary. The present (1921) officers are Vincent S. Peterson, presi
dent; Josiah H. Gifford, vice-president; Joshua B. Merrill, treasurer;
Robert B. Buckham, attomey; George B. Farrington, clerk. The
authorized capital is one milUon dollars; paid in capital, $862,695.66;
present Surplus, $33,168.61 ; resources and liabilities, $797,479.66.
The Salem Trust Company was incorporated April 10, 1902, with a
capital of $200,000. The first president was Graydon Stetson; Harry
M. Wilkins. treasurer. Its capital is the same as when organized, and
its surplus is $50,000. Its resources and liabilities amount to $1,769,-
625.13; recent deposits, $1,415,755.89. This institution succeeded to
the First National Bank of Salem. The present officers are: Graydon
Stetson, president; Forrest L. Evans and Frank D. Tuttle, vice-presi
dents; Harry M. Wilkins, treasurer; WUliam C. Long and Alfonso F.
Fischer, assistant treasurers.
Carmen-Kimball Company, bankers, Salem, established in 1919, suc
ceeding another private banking firm that had been established in 1907.
The first capital was $10,000 ; today it has reached $30,000, with a sur
plus of $1,363.71 ; resources and liabilities, $154,162.32 ; recent deposits
are $33,760.48. This business was established by Kevie Carmen, who
sold out to the Nutile Sharpiro Company. Mr. Kevie's was the first
business of its kind in Salem. It has developed materiaUy and nov/
serves the entire foreign population of the North Shore in all their busi
ness relations with their old homes. From a modest beginning when
Mr. Carmen, in 1909, was the sole clerk, teller and cashier, it has grown
until at the present time a force of five men are kept busy caring for
the interests of its clients. The amount of money sent to Europe
through this office totals vrell over the million dollar mark. During the
distress period of 1920, this firm sent two representatives to Europe,
mainly to Poland, for relief work in connection with money transmit-
tances. Lynn — In 1887 this was published conceming banking in the city
of Lynn: "There are now (1887) in Lynn five banks of discount, with
an aggregate capital of $1,1000,000, to wit: First National, capital, $500,-
000 ; Central National, $200,000 ; National City, $200,000 ; National Se
curity, $100,000 ; Lynn National, $100,000. There are also two savings
banks, namely: Lynn Institution of Savings and Lynn Five Cents Sav
ings Bank, with aggregate deposits of $4,710,000 in January, 1887."
Great have been the financial changes wrought since the eighties in
Lynn and all Essex county. An old directory shows that the Nahant

600 ESSEX COUNTY
Bank was incorporated in 1832 and failed in 1836. In 1854 the City
Bank was incorporated, and reorganized in 1865 as a National bank.
The Lynn Institution for Savings, at No. 25 Exchange street, was
established in 1826, by Amariah Childs and about one hundred other
citizens of Lynn. The first officers were Amariah ChUds, president;
Amos Rhodes, treasurer. After the passage of almost a century, the
officers are Charles A. Collins, president; Philip K. Parker, treasurer;
Edith N. Hudson, assistant treasurer. Banks of this class have no
capital stock, as they are conducted on the mutual plan. The resources
and Uabilities in June, 1921, were $12,500,000; surplus $1,018,000; re
cent deposits $11,332,000. The home of this bank is in the fine brick
building erected in 1890, and is probably worth about $250,000 today. It
is held jointly by the Essex Trast Company and the Lynn Institution foi*
Savings. In the sweeping fire of 1889, this bank suffered loss by being
burned out, after which for a time, it was located near the present Gas
& Electric Company building, on Exchange street.
Central National Bank of Lynn, established in 1863, was founded
by Francis and Henry Nev/hall in 1849 and styled the Leighton Bank,
continuing as such until 1863. When the National Banking law was
enacted, it was among the first to incorporate as a National bank. It
was originaUy named "Leighton," after Thomas Leighton, a farmer,
who settled in Lynn in 1638. The bank v/as first opened in the old
Lyceum building, then at the comer of Summer and Market streets.
Those were eventful times for business in Lynn. The Eastem railroad
had just been completed, and the city's center of activity was moving
graduaUy toward the water front, although many shoe factories still
overlooked the commons. The Newhall brothers above named were the
principal backers of this enterprise, and Francis Newhall became the
first president. After nine years his brother took his place, being fol
lowed in office by Ezra W. Mudge, PhiUp A. Chase and Henry B. Sprague.
The detailed story of its progress, year by year, the various buildings
which have housed its officers and the changes in its personnel, are mat
ters of history which are not so interesting at present as the new and
larger institution which this history has evolved. The year 1921 finds
the Central National Bank lodged in Central Square, in quarters it has
now occupied since 1892. These rooms have been remodeled, new furni
ture and fixtures have been installed, and safe deposit facilities have been
largely increased. AU that plate glass and steel, all that science and
system can do, has been done to remodel the offices, so that they offer
every facility for the prompt and easy transaction of aU kinds of banking
business, as well as reflect the prosperity and progress of the institution
itself. The present capital is $200,000 ; surplus over $500,000, undivided
profits; recent deposits $5,500,000. The present officers are: Henry B.
Sprague, president; James Brophy and Albert M. Creighton, vice-
presidents; Herbert A. Gaboon, cashier and vice-president; Howard R.
Young, assistant cashier; Herbert L. Doyle, assistant cashier.

BANKS AND BANKING 601
The National City Bank was estabUshed in October, 1854, by John
C. Abbott, Otis Johnson and Amos P. Tapley. It was first known as
City Bank of Lynn, and so continued until April 1, 1865, when it became
a National bank. Its first capital was $100,000; its present capital is
$200,000; surplus, $206,607.38; resources and liabUities, $5,223,481. Its
recent deposits amounted to $4,629,367. The present site was pur
chased and a modem brick-concrete structure was built, and is now
valued at $122,704. The first officers of this bank were John C. Abbott,
president, from 1854 to 1858 ; Amos P. Tapley, from 1858 to 1893 ; Ben
jamin V. French, cashier, from 1854 to 1899. The present, or 1921
officers, are: Arthur W. Pinkham, president; Francis E. Brace, vice-
president and cashier; Albert S. Badger, assistant cashier.
The Lynn Five Cents Savings Bank, located at No. 112 Market
street, was estabUshed in 1855 by George Hood, Andrew Breed, Thomas
B. NewhaU, WiUiam F. Johnson, A. S. Moore, Dean Peabody, Charles B.
Holmes, I. C. Breed, John Batchelder, Charles Merritt. The original
officers were George Hood, president; John Batchelder, treasurer. The
officers at this time (1921) are C. Fred Smith, president; Charles C.
Handy, treasurer; Robert E. Ramsdell, assistant treasurer. Being a
mutual savings bank, it necessarily has no capital, but its present re
sources and UabUities amount to $9,228,650.28; present surplus, $781,-
866.92; recent deposits, $8,195,456.46. The building, owned by the
bank, was built in 1869, and is valued at $65,000.
The Equitable Co-operative Bank, at No. 145 Monroe street, was
established in 1877 by Benjamin E. Porter, Benjamin Dupar, D. A.
Sutherland, James H. Richards, Thomas E. Ward, B. K. Prentiss and
others. This is a mutual financial institution, hence no capital is named ;
its depositors are represented by the sum of $4,662,975. The present
assets amount to $5,987,554.32; number of shares in force, 100,371;
number of shareholders, 9,033. The dividend for six months shows a
rate of five and one-half per cent, per annum. The present surplus and
guaranty fund is $130,201 ; resources and liabilities, $6,026,645.72. In
the great Lynn conflagration of 1889, being situated on Exchange street,
this bank was totally destroyed, but in no manner crippled. It is the
third largest co-operative bank in Massachusetts, only two others, both
in Boston, surpassing it. The first officers were James H. Richards,
president; W. C. Lamphier, vice-president; Benjamin E. Porter, secre
tary; A. M. Preble, treasurer. The 1921 officers are Albion Bartlett,
president; Z. L. Seymour, vice-president; Edwin C. Lewis, treasurer and
clerk. The assets by decades have been, in 1885, $36,781 ; in 1895, $365,-
963; in 1905, $730,065; in 1915, $3,882,710; in 1920, it was $5,551,123.
The Lynn Safe Deposit and Trust Company, comer of Market and
Summer street, was established December 1, 1888, by John MacNair
and several others. It took over the business of the Lynn National
Bank, September 1st, 1915. The first officers were John Macnair, presi-

602 ESSEX COUNTY
dent; James E. Jenkins, treasurer. The present offieers are Charles E.
Harwood, president; George E. Bamard, vice-president; Charles W. Har
wood, vice-president; WUliam Dunbar, treasurer; David Dunbar, assis
tant treasurer. The first capital was $100,000 ; the 1921 capital is $100,-
000. The present surplus and profits are $349,834.40; resources and
liabiUties, $4,515,942.01. The reports show recent deposits to be $3,-
969,356.43. The Manufacturers' National Bank, opposite the Boston & Maine
station in Lynn, was established in 1891. The first officers were WiUiam
A. Clark, Jr., president; W. B. Littiefield, vice-president; Frank L. Eari,
cashier. The present officers are as foUows: Clifton Colbum, presi
dent; W. M. Libbey, vice-president; Earl I. Foster, cashier; Joseph R.
Vatcher, assistant cashier. The original as well as the present capital
is $200,000; present surplus, $100,000; resources and UabiUties, $5,-
193,600 ; recent deposits $4,450,000. The bank is centrally located in a
fine buUding, with aU modern appliances for carrying on a large genera)
banking business.
The Lynn Co-operative Bank was established November 18, 1891,
by Ralph W. Putnam and his associates. The present officers are as
follows: Frank E. Wells, president; Fred A. Trafton, vice-president;
Charles B. Bethune, treasurer. The present (1921) resources and Ua
bilities are $1,435,057.92; profits, $184,854.38; reserve, $28,309.95. What
is known in this class of banks as dues capital, amounts in this concern
to $1,189,000.00. Among the items in the account of resources appears
one in the May, 1921, statement of $1,293,565 for real estate loans. This
bank has its headquarters in the Security Ti-ust Building. The present
security committee is as foUows: Frank C. Reed, Robert S. Campbell,
C. B. Bethune. The attomeys are Charles Leighton and Everett R.
Campbell. Commonwealth Savings Bank was established at No. 325 Union
street, in 1900, by WUliam M. Barney. The first officers were Benjamin
W. Currier, president; George H. AUen, vice-president; Thomas Camp
bell, second vice-president; C. Neal Bamey, clerk; WUliam M. Barney,
treasurer. The present (1921) officers are as follows: George H. Allen,
president; Elmer E. Boyer, Patrick B. Magrane, Frank HiUiard, vice-
presidents ; Jesse M. Holder, clerk ; Edward M. Barney, treasurer. The
trastees include George H. Allen, Edward M. Bamey, WUUam M. Bamey,
Maurice V. Bresnahan, WUbert A. Bishop, Elmer E. Boyer, Frank J.
Faulkner, John J. Heys, Frank HiUiard, Jesse M. Holder, Frank N. Hoyt,
C. Hudson Johnson, Walter M. Libbey, Patrick M. Magrane, William
M. Nye, Joseph G. Pinkham, George T. TiU, Frank A. TurnbuU. The
present surplus is $70,020.47; recent deposits, $1,654,575.34; resources
and liabilities, $1,739,037.95.
Lmcoln Co-operative Bank, No. 323 Union street, was established
in 1909, by William M. Bamey. Its first officers were W. M. Barney,

BANKS AND BANKING 603
president; Jesse M. Holder, vice-president; E. M. Barney, secretary; E.
M. Bamey, treasurer. The present officers are as follows: Jesse M.
Holder, president; Charles Woodbridge and E. E. Boyer, vice-presidents;
L. L. Barney, secretary; E. M. Barney, treasurer. The 1921 directors
are L. L. Bamey, E. M. Bamey, W. M. Bamey, E. H. Ballard, W. A.
Bishop, E. E. Boyer, E. P. Butterfield, T. J. Dumas, J. M. Holder, E. H.
Kelley, W. M. Nye, A. E. Quick, Frank Smith, G. T. TiU, C. G. Wood-
bridge, James Bennett and Walter S. Libbey. The present capital is
$293,765.34; surplus, $3,449,35; recent resources and liabilities, $301,-
104.69. The Security Trust Company was established at No. 66 Central
Square in 1910. The Security Safe Deposit and Trast Company was
founded by Benjamin F. Spinney and associates in 1890. The National
Security Bank consolidated with the Security Safe Deposit and Trust
Company in 1910, forming the present Security Trust Company. Its
present capital, same as its first, is $200,000; surplus, $300,000; recent
deposits, $7,356,715.23. Its statement of a recent date shows resources
and liabilities to the amount of $8,022,128.05. Among the items in re
sources is found loans and discounts, $4,426,041.75; also loans on real
estate, $2,070,131.21. The April 28, 1921, statement showed in the mat
ter of deposits, commercial, $4,530,380.21 ; savings, $2,826,335.05. The
main office of this institution is at No. 66 Central Square, and it also has
a branch bank at No. 31 Market Square. The main office and home is
in the imposing flat-iron shaped stracture, eight stories in height, of
solid limestone, value $500,000. The first business meeting held in this
strictly modern banking house was April Oth, 1915. The Foreign De
partment, the Trast Department and the Safe Deposit Department are
each and all complete within themselves. This concem is a member of
the Federal Reserve bank of Boston. The original officers were Ben
jamin F. Spinney, president; Luther S. Johnson, Samuel J. Hollis, C.
Irving Lindsey, vice-presidents. The present officers are: Charies S.
Sanbom, president; Benjamin F. Spinney, honorary president; Samuel
C. Hutchinson, Harrison P. BurriU, vice-presidents; WiUiam M. Nye,
treasurer; Edward T. Chamberlain, cashier; Leo C. Stebbins, auditor;
Ralph L. Law, manager West Lynn Branch.
Essex Trust Company, at No. 25 Exchange street, was established
February 28, 1814, hence is now one hundred and seven years old. It
was founded by John Pratt, James Pratt, Daniel SUsbee, Joseph FuUer,
3rd, Thomas Rich, Samuel Brimblecom and John D. Attwill. The Lynn
Mechanics' Bank, opened February 28, 1814, was changed to the First
National Bank of Lynn, December 9, 1864, and to the Essex Trust Com
pany on July 18, 1904. The original officers were Joseph Fuller (3d),
president; Benjamin Oliver, clerk and cashier. The 1921 officers are
M. P. Clough, chairman df the board ; H. Morris KeUey, president ; John
D. Bartlett, vice-president; Hobart L. Walker, vice-president; Joshua

604 ESSEX COUNTY
MUls, treasurer; J. Frank Miller, assistant treasurer. This institution
started on a capital of $100,000; today it has $250,000, with a surplus of
$250,000. The June, 1921, statement, shows this bank to have had at
that date assets amountmg to $3,312,101.07 in the banking department
and $108,632.34 in the trast department. The building in which it for
merly conducted its banking business was totaUy destroyed in the great
conflagration of November 26, 1889. One vault, containing many books
and papers, was lost; the vault containing the money, notes and securi
ties withstood the flames, and the contents were safely transferred on
November 29th to the vaults of the Lynn Safe Deposit and Trast Co.
The bank resumed business the day after the flre, and aU checks and
drafts were honored on presentation. In 1891 the present bank buUd
ing, a free-stone structure, was buUt, valued at $75,000. This is the
pioneer banking institution of Lynn, and during aU the changes of finan
cial troubles in the United States, including the panics occasioned by
wars and depression, it has steadily made its way.
The State National Bank, No. 22 Central avenue, was established
April 26, 1918. It was an effort upon the part of numerous Lynn mer
chants to have a bank owned and controUed by themselves. Its first and
present capital represents $200,000. Its surplus is now $50,000; re
sources and liabiUties, $2,500,000; deposits in June, 1921, $1,800,000.
The first officers were Thomas H. Logan, president; James J. Donohue,
vice-president; Ernest G. Mitchell, cashier; Frank E. Falkins, assistant
cashier. The 1921 officers are: Ernest G. MitcheU, president; James J.
Donohue and Hiram E. Miller, vice-presidents ; Frank E. Falkins, cashier.
The West Lynn Trust Company was estabUshed August 2, 1920, by
the Lynn State Bank. August 2, 1920, the West Ljmn Trast Company
succeeded the Lynn State Bank, taking over all of its assets and liabUi
ties. The Lynn State Bank was established November 1, 1919. The
flrst officers of the Lynn State Bank, were Emest G. Mitchell, president;
Benjamin F. Nason, treasurer. The present officers are William T. Mur
phy, president, and chairman of the board of directors ; Frank S. Newton,
vice-president ; J. J. Donohue, vice-president ; John M. Nichols, treasurer.
The first capital was $100,000, same as today; the surplus is now $25,-
000 ; resources and liabilities, $550,000 ; recent deposits, $420,000.
Danvers — The earliest bank established in Danvers, prior to the
division of the town, was the Danvers bank, incorporated February 26,
1825. The Westem Bank was incorporated March 5, 1832, and both be
came Peabody institutions. The Village Bank was chartered by the
legislature March 31, 1836, with a petition signed by John Page, Moses
Black, Elias Putnam, Jeremiah Stone, AUen Putnam, Daniel P. King
and Jacob F. Perry. The first meeting of stockholders was held at
Eben G. Berry's tavem, AprU 22, 1836. Elias Putnam was chosen
moderator, and Moses Black, Jr., clerk. The Sleeper residence was pur
chased for $2,800, and it was converted into a bank building. This was

BANKS AND BANKING 605
a large brick building on the northwest comer of the square of Plains
ViUage. In June, 1836, it was voted "an engraving be taken, represent
ing the location and situation of the bank and vicinity for a picture on
the bills." In the great fire of 1845, this building was destroyed, and
various other buildings became the home of this concem, until 1854,
when it erected a good brick structure. The charter of the bank was
extended in 1849 to January, 1875. In 1864 it became the First National
Bank of Danvers. William L. Weston was cashier for forty-three years,
then resigned, succeeded by Benjamin E. Newhall, who held the posi
tion until 1906. The Danvers National Bank succeeded the First Na-,
tional Bank in 1904, and Gilbert A. Tapley was president from 1904 to
1911 ; from 1911 to the present date, the president has been G. O. Simp
son; and since 1913 the cashier has been R. S. Higgins. When the First
National Bank liquidated, the Danvers National Bank was formed by Gil
bert A. Tapley, Walter A. Tapley, WilUam M. Currier, Robert K. Sears
and G. 0. Stimpson. Its capital is $100,000; resources and liabilities,
$975,705.64; recent deposits, $785,455.82. A brick and granite buUding
constructed in 1855 is now valued at $50,000, and this is the home of
the present bank. The Danvers Savings Bank was incorporated March,
1850. Its first president was GUbert Tapley, and WiUiam L. Weston
was its treasurer for many years from the first of its history.
The Danvers Co-operative Bank was established in 1892, with first
officers as follows: President and director, J. Fletcher Pope; vice-presi
dent and director, Joseph W. Woodman; treasurer and secretary, as weU
as one of the directors, Albert G. AUen, Jr. This bank is kept in the
brick banking house of the Danvers National Bank; it was built in a
cheap time, but the lot and building are stUl valued at $10,000. The
assets in Febraary, 1921, were $393,670.00. The present officers are as
follows: President, Jasper Marsh; vice-president, Harry E. Jackson;
treasurer, Carl A. Morse ; clerk, A. E. Perkins ; directors, Jasper Marsh,
M. C. Pettingill, F. W. Marsh, Harry E. Jackson, Lester S. Couch, H. M.
Wilkins, J. Ellis Nightingale, Winsor C. Nickerson; attomey, Harry E.
Jackson. Ipswich — The people of Ipswich and vicinity had no money for
the first two decades after the settlement. The medium of exchange
was musket-bullets, wampum, and later a few English coins. In 1652
sUver was coined in Boston. Rogues soon began to clip and counter
feit the pieces, which occasioned the appointment of "searchers of
coins." Massachusetts coined copper, sUver and gold, from 1786 to
1789, and the United States began coinage in 1793-94. Paper money
was issued as early as 1690. At first the biUs were expedient to meet
the great expenses of the govemment in prosecuting the wars, and
other necessary expenses, but finaUy the people lost confidence in such
money, and widespread distress ensued. In 1781 seventy-five dollars
in paper would only equal one of sUver money. In the nineteenth cen-

606 ESSEX COUNTY
tuiy the national coinage, a system of State banking, obtained until the
War of the Rebellion came on, in 1861. Here in Ipswich an institution
of this kind was established, or rather chartered, March 24, 1833,
when Thomas Manning, Michael Brown, Ephraim F. Miller, Charles
KimbaU, Samuel N. Baker and Samuel S. FaiTington became "the presi
dent, directors and company of the Ipswich Bank," to continue till Oc
tober 1, 1851; capital, $100,000. This banking house stood opposite
where later stood the new savings bank.
"Joseph Ross, Aaron Cogswell, Frederick Willcomb and their asso
ciates and successors" were incorporated March 20, 1869, as the "Ips
wich Savings Bank." The present resources and liabilities are $1,288,-
665.02. The surplus in June, 1921, was $109,225.00; regular deposits,
$1,167,938.33. The present officers are: President, George H. Green,
vice-presidents, George FaU, Charles E. Goodhue; clerk, Arthur C.
Damon; treasurer, George E. Farley. The trastees are as follows:
George H. Green, Frank T. Goodhue, George E. Farley, David S. Farley,
A. Story Brown, George Prescott, George B. Brown, Arthur C. Damon,
Charles E. Goodhue, George Fall, Harry K. Damon, Clifford F. Chap
man, William G. Horton, Norman J. Bolles.
The First National Bank of Ipswich was established in 1892. Its
capital has always been $50,000; present surplus and profits, $67,000;
resources and liabiUties, $596,600.00 ; recent deposits, $427,125.00. The
bank is located in a brick building valued at $20,000. The organizers
of this concem were as follows : George H. Carleton, C. J. Norwood, E.
P. Dodge, E. H. Martin, H. A. Burnham, W. S. Russell, F. D. Hender
son, F. Willcomb, H. B. Littie, I. J. Potter, William G. Brown. The
first officers were: H. B. Little, president; W. S. Russell, vice-president;
Charies M. Kelly, cashier. The present (1921) officers are C. Augustus
Norwood, president; A. Story Brown, vice-president; Charles M. Kelly,
cashier. Andover — What was known as the Andover National Bank was
originally chartered by the State Legislature, in 1826, under the name of
"the president, directors and company of the Andover Bank." The cor
porators were Samuel Farrar, Joseph Kettredge, Henry Skinner, Fran
cis Kidder, Hobart Clark and Mark Newman. The first semi-annual
dividend was three and one-half per cent. In 1865 this bank was or
ganized as the Andover National Bank, after which it commenced pay
ing four and one-half per cent, semi-annual dividends. This institution
has always been careful and conservative, hence never has met with
great losses. Square Farrar held the office of president for thirty years,
when he resigned in favor of John Flint, who served tiU his death in
1873, and was succeeded by John L. Taylor, who served till 1880. Ed
ward Taylor followed Professor John Taylor. Up to 1887, all the presi
dents of this bank were treasurers of Phillips Academy, with the excep
tion of Mr. FUnt. Present resources and liabUities, $1,565,594.60; cap-

BANKS AND BANKING 607
ital stock, $125,000 ; surplus, $100,000 ; undivided profits, $67,270.28 ; de
posits, $1,073,986.86. The officers are, Nathaniel Stevens, president;
James C. Sawyer, vice president ; C. W. HoUand, cashier. The directors,
are Frederic S. Boutwell, Burton S. Flagg, Frederick H. Jones, James C-
Sawyer, George F. Smith, Samuel D. Stevens, Nathaniel Stevens.
The Andover Savings Bank was incorporated in 1834, in the month
of April. It was at first styled the Andover Institution of Savings.
Later its name was changed to Andover Savings Bank. This being a
mutual savings bank, it advertised no stated capital. The first officers.
were Amos Abbot, president; Amos Abbot, Paschal Abbot, B. H. Pun
chard, N. W. Hazen, George Hodges, Nathaniel Stevens, John Smith,
John White, trustees; John Flint, treasurer. The present surplus ia
$265,379.09; deposits, $6,571,119.45; resources and UabUities, $7,355,-
843.47. It operates in a leased building. A small amount was lost by
a robbery many years ago. The present officers are Burton S. Flagg,
president ; George Abbot, Frederick S. Boutwell, John H. Campion, John
N. Cole, David Shaw, George F. Smith, Alfred E. Steams, Samuel D.
Stevens, Colver J. Stone, trustees; Samuel D. Stevens, vice-president;
Frederick S. Boutwell, treasurer; Alfred E. Steams, clerk. The dates
and names as follows show the order in which the various presidents ot
this bank have served: Amos Abbot, 1835-45; A. W. Hazen, 1845-52:
Samuel Gray, 1852-61 ; Nathaniel Swift, 1861-79 ; John Abbot, 1879-82 ;
Moses Foster, 1882-95; Nathaniel Stevens, 1895-1904; John H. Flint,
1904-16; Burton S. Flagg, 1916 to the present time.
Marblehead — Early in January, 1804, the principal business men
of Marblehead, together with a few so-called capitalists, subscribed
$100,000 toward the establishment of a bank, and applied to the legis
lature for an act of incorporation. March 7th the govemor signed the
act to incorporate. It was known as the Marblehead Bank. Captain
Joseph Barker was elected president, and John Pedrick cashier. The
old "Lee Mansion" was later bought for $5,000, and converted into a
banking house.
During the year 1831 the Grand Bank was incorporated with a cai)-
ital of $100,000, its present capital being $120,000. The first president
was Joseph W. Green, and John Sparhawk, Jr., was cashier. It is
known at this time as the National Grand Bank of Marblehead. The
present officers are: Everett Paine, president; Frank Cole, cashier; R.
B. Hampson, assistant cashier. The bank building is of brick and stone.
The AprU, 1921, statement, shows resources and liabilities, $979,257.49 ;
capital stock paid in $120,000 ; surplus, $100,000 ; undivided profits, $45,-
429.09; individual deposits subject to check, $574,894.92.
The Marblehead Co-operative Bank was established in 1886 with
no specified fixed capital, with officers as follows : John Laiicy, president ;
John A. Martin, vice-president; Henry C. MUlett, treasurer. The pres
ent resources and liabilities amount to $337,000.00.

608 ESSEX COUNTY
The Marblehead Savings Bank, at 153 Washington street, was or
ganized March 18, 1871, by Jonathan H. Ome and many other citizens
of Essex county. Its present resources and UabiUties are $943,013.90;
surplus, $58,114.10; recent deposits, $869,589.81. The original officers
were John F. Harris, president; Jonathan H. Ome, N. P. Sanborn, Ben
jamin Lindsey, Thomas Garney, vice presidents ; Isaac C. Wyman, Sam
uel Sparhawk, Henry Hooper, Thomas Appleton, Benjamin P. Ware,
Henry A. Potter, WUUam Hammond, Henry F. Pitman, WUUam B.
Brown, H. H. F. Whittemore, T. T. Paine, J. J. H. Gregory, Daniel Gile,
R. P. A. Harris, trustees; William GiUey, Jr., treasurer; M. J. Doak,
secretary. The bank is in a soUd brick building valued at $10,000. The
officers in the summer of 1921 are as follows: John L. Gilbert, president;
Robert C. Bridge, E. S. Doane, William J. Goldthwait, Edward D. Tutt,
vice-presidents ; Robert C. Bridge, Frank Cole, Frank E. Conly, Ernest
S. Doane, Thomas S. Eastland, Edward W. Farrell, John L. Gilbert,
WilUam J. Goldthwait, Robert B. Hamson, William B. Merritt, William
F. Nutting, Everett Paine, John D. Paine, Thomas W. Paine, Horace S.
Swetland, Edward D. Tutt, Richard Tutt, Joseph S. Wormstead, tras
tees. The present treasurer is William F. Nutting ; the clerk is Richard
Tutt. Gloucester — Nothing definite is now obtainable conceming the
very earliest attempts at operating the banking business in Gloucester.
The two-volume history of Essex county published in 1886, had this to
say conceming banking there, up to that date : "There are four banks in
Gloucester, established in the following order of time: The Gloucester
Bank, 1796; the Cape Ann, 1855; First National, 1864; City National,
1875 ; Cape Ann Savings Bank, incorporated in 1846."
The Gloucester National Bank, first estabUshed in 1796 as the
Gloucester Bank, is now operated with a capital of $100,000, and surplus
of $132,000, while its books show deposits amounting to $1,400,000.
The bank building is of limestone and brick, valued at $150,000. The
present officers are George 0. Stacy, president ; Charles T. Heberle, John
A. Johnson, vice-presidents; Kenneth J. Ferguson, cashier; Chester L.
Curtis, assistant cashier.
The Cape Ann Savings Bank was established in AprU, 1846, by
Joseph Reynolds, John C. Calef, Gorham Parsons, Michael T. Todd, John
J. Babson, Edward Daniels, WilUam Ferson, Eben H. Stacy, WUliam
Babson, Jr., James Sawyer, Jr., Samuel Stevens, Benj. F. Somes, Fred
erick G. Low, Samuel A. Stacy, Samuel Jones, Stephen L. Davis, Ad
dison Gilbert, Alfred Cresson. The original officers were John W. Lowe,
president; WUliam Babson, Jr., secretary. The trustees were Addison
Gilbert, James Mansfield, Samuel Jones, Joseph Friend, Frederick G.
Low. The present officers are: Trustees, Lincoln S. Simonds, president;
Fred A. Barker, vice-president; John J. Pew, Snow P. F. Cook, Ezra L.
Philips, Fred S. Thompson, George H. Perkins, F. C. Pearce, Edward S.

BANKS AND BANKING 609
Griffin, Wm. E. Kerr, George 0. Stacy, Frederick H. Tarr, John J. Eagan,
Elmer W. Babson, Daniel T. Babson, treasurer; Conrad R. Hanson, assis
tant treasurer. The present guarantee profit and loss and undivided
earnings is $433,301.92. Recent amount in deposits, $4,059,220.82 ; re
sources and liabilities, $4,542,713.21.
The Cape Ann National Bank of Gloucester was established in 1856
as the Bank of Cape Ann. Its original directors included Gorham P.
Low, John Pew, Moses Tarr, George F. Monson, David White, Josiah 0.
Proctor, Joshua P. Fisk. The Cape Ann National Bank succeeded the
old Bank of Cape Ann in 1856, and it became a national bank in 1865.
Gorham P. Low was president in 1856, and Samuel J. Giles, cashier. In
1865 the cashier was Hiram Rich. ,The first capital, as weU as that of
today, was $150,000. The present surplus and profits is $177,000; re
cent amount in deposits, $1,800,000 ; present-day resources and UabiUties,
$2,325,000. This bank is housed in its own brick building, valued at
$60,000. In 1864 the original bank building was burned and rebuilt; it
was recently enlarged, and this also gives greater vault space. To show
the steady growth of this financial concern, it may be stated that de
posits in 1905 amounted to $267,000; in 1910, $593,000; in 1915, over
$1,000,000; in 1920 over $1,600,000. The present officers are John J.
Pew, president; Enoch Bumham, vice-president; Kilby W. Shute, cash
ier; J. Hollis Griffin, assistant cashier; Charles A. IngaUs, assistant
cashier. The present directors are John J. Pew, Enoch Bumham, A. M.
Knowlton, Fred Bradley, Edward S. Griffin, N. Carlton PhiUips, Kilby
W. Shute, William P. Stanley, Frank C. Pearce, William G. Brown, Jr.,
WUliam J. Maclnnis, L. Wetherell, William E. Kerr, Arthur C. Davis,
Dr. Roy Garland.
The Gloucester Co-operative Bank was organized February 3, 1887 ;
chartered March 2, 1887 ; began business April 14, 1887. This bank was
founded by Everett Lane of Rockport, Massachusetts. Shares have
been credited v/ith six per cent, per annum since the incorporation of
the bank., The first officers were W. Frank Parsons, Cyras Story, Ever
ett Lane, X. D. Tingley, George E. Lane, J. B. Green, Herbert C. Taft,
D. 0. Marshall, A. G. Andrews, H. A. Swett, J. M. Cloutman, D. W.
Low, G. A. Lowe, 0. E. Parsons, D. 0. Frost, Herbert Presson, J. C.
Shepherd, Sidney F. Haskell, A. P. Stoddart. The present (1921) officers
are Maurice F. Foley, Daniel 0. Marshall, Everett Lane, George E. Mer
chant, Frederick Lane, Edward Hodgkins, Frank W. Lothrop, Joseph
H. MacPhee, Alfred E. Presson, John A. Hawson, J. William Darcy, Eben
C. CarroU, John J. Lowriee, M. Francis Buckley, Frederick A. Shackel
ford. Starting with a nominal capital, this institution now has re
sources of $1,215,633.04; it also has a large surplus fund. The motto
of this bank is "The American Home the Safeguard of American Liber
ties." The Gloucester Safe Deposit and Tmst Company was established
Essex — ^39

610 ESSEX COUNTY
in 1892 by a large number of stockholders. By liquidation, it merged
with the First National Bank and also the City National Bank. The
present officers are C. E. Fisher, president; George H. Perkins and Isaac
Patch, vice-presidents; Horace A. Smith, treasurer; and H. M. Demmon,
assistant treasurer. At first the capital was $100,000, now $200,000
with a surplus of $200,000 more. Recent deposits amounted to $3,939,-
740.02. This concem occupies its own bank building, a three-story brick,
with red granite front. The present value is placed at $100,000.
Saugus — The Saugus Co-operative Bank was founded by numer
ous citizens in May, 1911. The first officers were Frank P. Bennett, Jr.,
president; Henry J. Mills, vice-president; J. Arthur Raddin, clerk:
Joseph G. Bryer, treasurer. The present officers are Thomas Parsons,
president; Walter L. C. Niles, vice-president; J. Arthur Raddin, clerk;
Horace RamsdeU, treasurer. The present capital is $200,000; surplus
and guarantee fund, $772.62; resources and liabUities, $194,567.73; de
posits, $144,567.73.
Beverly — The Beverly National Bank, one of the most impor
tant factors in the financial life of the city, was incorporated in 1802
with a capital of $160,000, reduced in 1815 to $100,000, but increased in
1836 to $125,000. In 1865 it became the Beverly National Bahk, with a
capital in 1885 of $200,000. Its first president was Israel Thomdike,
succeeded by Moses Brown, Joshua Fisher, WiUiam Leach, Pyam Lovett,
Albert Thorndike, Samuel Endicott and John Picket. In the first eighty-
five years of its existence it had only three cashiers — Josiah Gould, Al
bert Thomdike and Robert G. Bennett. Its present officers are Andrew
W. Rogers, president; Charles E. Ober, vice-president; Edward S. Web
ber, cashier; Frank W. Foster, assistant cashier. It was organized as
a National bank, March 16, 1865. It commenced banking operations on
a capital of $80,000, but is now working with a capital of $300,000, with
a surplus of $256,921.21. Its recent deposits amount to $2,011,372.16;
its resources and liabilities are $2,758,931.82. The order in which this
bank increased its capital was as follows : At first it was $80,000 ; then
$100,000; next $130,000, then $160,000, but of recent years as a National
bank it has a capital of $300,000. This business is conducted in a leased
buUding. The present directors are Andrew W. Rogers, Joseph C. Kil-
ham, Geo. P. Brown, Walter A. Perry, Herman S. Brett, Ruel P. Pope,
Roland W. Boyden, Charles E. Ober, George E. Rowe, T. F. Delaney,
Ralph D. Stanley, Ozro M. Field.
The Beverly Savings Bank was incorporated in 1867. Its state
ment in June, 1921, gives deposits, $4,902,096.05; total Uabilities, $5,-
321,875.06. Among the assets are almost one million doUars in U. S.
Liberty bonds ; railroad bonds and notes, $927,000 ; loans on real estate,
$2,020,168. Cash on hand and in banks, $59,947.76. The officers are
Roland W. Boyden, president; Arthur K. Story, treasurer; committee
of investment, Roland W. Boyden, Herman P. Brett, Arthur A. Fomess,

BANKS AND BANKING 611
Patrick J. Lynch, Frederick H. Perry. Deposits are here received from
one dollar up to $2,000, and put upon interest the 15th of each month.
The Beverly Co-operative Bank was organized September, 1888, on
a capital of $1,000. The first officers were Octayius Howe, president;
Charles F. Lee, secretary. The 1921 officers George P. Brown, president ;
Charles F. Lee, treasurer ; Harrie L. Ober, assistant treasurer. The sur
plus and guarantee fund amounts to $42,763.23 ; resources and liabilities,
$1,275,380.71. This bank is located at No. 155 Cabot street. Its at
tomey is Dennis W. QuiU. The thirty-third annual report shows that it
is in an excellent financial condition. The increase over the previous
year in business volume amounted to $148,128, or over ninety-four per
cent. The Beverly Trust Company was incorporated May, 1914, and com
menced business the following August. Its chief office is at No. 217
Cabot street, while its branch place is at 721 Hall street. This business
was established by Ulysses G. HaskeU, Charles W. Tresh, John J. Nu
gent, Walter S. Flint. The present officers are U. G. HaskeU, president ;
PVank I. Lamasney, and Walter S. Flint, vice-presidents ; Caleb B. Hood,
treasurer; Charles A. King, secretary. The present financial committee
is as follows : George K. Thornton, George A. Endicott, Merton E. Ober.
The first and present capital is $100,000; present surplus, $27,000; re
cent deposits — commercial, $397,900.65; savings, $546,529.72; total,
$944,430.37 ; resources and liabilities, $1,091,907.70. In this institution
is carried on a general banking business, savings department and trust
department. Araesbury — The Provident Institution of Savings in the towns of
Salisbury and Amesbury was established in 1828. Its first officers were
Jacob Brown, president; Robert Patten, treasurer. The 1921, or pres
ent officers are Alfred C. Webster, president; Ralph P. True, treasurer,
and Elsa L. WUUams, teller. This institution now occupies its fine,
modem bank structure erected in 1921, of brick and marble material.
The number of open accounts is (June, 1921) 9,013; deposits, $4,041,971;
assets, $4,458,336.
The Powow River National Bank, Amesbury, was incorporated as a
private banking house in 1836, and as a National Bank in 1865. Little
can be obtained from the archives of this concem conceming its earlier
history. Its present capital is $100,000 ; surplus, $50,000 ; resources and
liabilities, "$1,565,660.06. The surplus and undivided profits on the $100,-
000 capital, amounts to about $109,380. The circulating notes are in
the sum of $48,400 ; deposits $1,140,899.31. (These figures are from the
December, 1920, statement.) It owns its own bank building, a brick
stracture valued at $27,500. The present officers are Benj. F. Sargent,
president; WUliam Bloom, and Harland A. Sawyer, vice-presidents;
John Gibbons, cashier. Directors, B. F. Sargent, H. A. Sawyer, George
E. Collins, Alfred C. Webster, William Bloom, J. H. Walker, W. E. Biddle,
A. J. Anderson, Frank M. Hoyt.

612 ESSEX COUNTY
The Amesbury Co-operative Bank, Amesbury, was established in
1886, but by whom is not disclosed by any data fumished the historian.
This bank is a member of the State Bankers' League, and has for its
present officers William W. Hawkes, president ; Richard E. Briggs, vice-
president; John Gibbons, clerk and treasurer; Jacob T. Choate, attomey;
other directors are John Currier, Charles Scofield, George E. Collins.
May, 1921, this bank had resources amounting to $359,785.97; balance
on hand, November, 1920, $25,365.
Newburyport — On June 25, 1795, the Merrimac Bank was in
corporated to operate in Newburyport, being the first in the place. This
institution united with the Newburyport Bank in 1805, the concem being
recorded as the Newburyport Bank until 1831, when it was succeeded by
the Merchants' Bank. The business was continued under the State
charter until 1865, when the bank entered the National Banking System,
under the name of the Merchants' National Bank of Newburyport. The
first president of the original bank was William Bartlet, who served
from 1795 to 1831. His successors were: John WiUs, 1831-32; Henry
Johnson, 1832-53; Micajah Lunt, Jr., 1853-70; Nathaniel HUls, 1870-79;
Isaac H. Boardman, 1879-87; Philip H. Blumpey, 1887-1902; WilUam R.
Johnson, 1902, to present date. One of the earliest directors was Hon.
Caleb Cushing. Joseph J. Knapp and John N. Cushing served the
longest terms, being directors for nearly fifty years. During the period
of one hundred and nine years from 1812 to the present day, there have
been only four cashiers — Samuel MuUiken who resigned in 1851, aged
eighty-two years ; Gyles P. Stone, who served from 1851 until his death
in 1876, when he was succeeded by Albert W. Greenleaf, who continued
until 1899, when at his decease he was succeeded by the present cashier,
WilUam Ilsley. Edward F. Noyes was elected assistant cashier in litzv.
ttom 1865, when this bank became a National Bank, the officers were
as follows: Micajah Lunt, presictent; uf. t. Stone, cashier; A. W. Green
leaf, bookkeeper; Charles E. Stone, messenger. Directors, Micajah
Lunt, J. J. Knapp, Nathaniel HUls, Isaac H. Boardman, WUliam Graves,
John N. Cushing, WiHiam Cushing. The present (1921) officers are
WiUiam R. Johnson, president; WiUiam Ilsley, cashier; Edgar F. Noyes,
assistant cashier. The stracture in which this institution is housed is a
fine brick and limestone building, valued at $50,000. The bank was
capitalized when it became a national institution for the same amount
as it operates under today, $120,000. The present surplus is $120,000;
undivided profits, $30,000; resources and liabUities, $1,110,821.95; de
posits, $727,170.93.
The Institution for Savings in Newburyport and its vicinity, was
organized January 31, 1820, a Uttie more than a century ago. It was
founded by thirty-four residents of Newburyport. The first officers were
William B. Banister, president; Jeremiah Nelson, Thomas M. Clark and
Thomas Carter, vice-presidents; Peter Le Breton, treasurer; Samuel

BANKS AND BANKING 613
Tenney, secretary. This is the list of presidents to the present, 1921
WUUam Bostwick Banister, 1820-1830; Thomas M. Clark, 1831-1841
Eleazer Hale, 1842; Ebenezer Hale, 1843-1845 ; Micajah Lunt, 1846-1854
Josiah Littie, 1855-1860 ; Edward S. Moseley, 1860-1898 ; Henry B. Lit
tle, 1899 to the present. The treasurers have been Peter Le Breton,
Jeremiah Nelson, John Harrod, Nathaniel Hills, Richard Stone, PhUip
K. HiUs, L. W. Piper and William Balch, the last named coming into
office in 1907. The present officers are Henry B. Little, president; WUl
iam Balch, treasurer; George F. Avery, secretary. The present bank
building was erected in 1872 and remodeled in 1903, and is an up-to-date
structure; it is a brown-stone front building. This concem has in its
century of existence never had a loss by fire, flood or robbery, and "has
always paid spot cash," dollar for doUar, in all its transactions. In June,
1921, the books showed a surplus of $751,000 ; resources and liabiUties,
$9,015,000 ; deposits $8,230,000. The growth of deposits by decades has
been: 1830, $80,193; 1840, $337,766; 1850, $567,530; 1860, $1,432,920;
1870, $2,837,366; 1880, $4,003,650; 1890, $5,139,859; 1900, $6,178,793;
1910, $7,008,932 ; 1920, $7,801,118. The rates have varied from three and
one-half to eight per cent, per annum. At the present time there are
deposits from nearly every State in the Union and from several foreign
countries. The Newburyport Five Cents Savings Bank, was organized April
24, 1854, the act of its incorporation reads in part as follows : "Section 1 —
Dudley D. Tilton, John Balch, Edward S. Lesley, John Porter, Daniel D.
Pike, Benjamin I. Lane, Luther F. Dimmick, Daniel M. Reed, Samuel J.
Spalding, William C. Balch, Richard Plumer, their associates and succes
sors, are hereby made a corporation by the name of the Newburyport
Five Cents Savings Bank, to be established in the city of Newburyport,
with all the powers and privileges, and subject to all the duties, liabiU
ties and restrictions set forth in the 36th Chapter of the Revised Statutes,
and of all the laws of the Commonwealth relating to institutions of
savings. "Section 2 — Said Corporation shall receive on deposit sums as smaU
as five cents." [Passed by the House of Representatives, April 22, 1854
and by the Senate, April 24, 1854.]
The present surplus is $354,100 ; resources and liabiUties, $4,020,997 ;
recent deposits, $3,647,000. The buUding occupied by the bank was
erected in 1874 and is now valued at $100,000. The first officers were
Joseph B. Morse, president; James Horton, John Porter, Wm. C. Balch,
Henry Bartlett, vice-presidents; Daniel P. Pike, secretary; James Hor
ton, treasurer. The present (1921) officers are these: Charles Thurlow,
president; Nathaniel Dole, Erskine Clement, Arthur C. Nason, Henry B.
Trask, James H. Higgins, vice-presidents; John T. Lunt, treasurer; J.
WilUs Currier, teUer. The latest dividend rate was five per cent.
Another bank was opened in Newburyport, incorporated in 1836,

614 ESSEX COUNTY
with a capital of $100,000. It was wound up honorably in 1845. The
Mechanics' Bank was established in 1813, and finally had a capital, as
reported in 1887, of $250,000. In 1864 it became the Mechanics' Nation
al Bank. The First National Bank was established in 1864 and ui the
eighties had a capital of $300,000. (See later accounts).
The Ocean National Bank was estabUshed in 1865. The first
officers were WUUam Cushing, president; Philip H. Lunt, cashier. The
present (1921) officers are George W. Richardson, president; John H.
Balch, Jr., vice-president; E. S. Woodwell, cashier. It opened with and
stiU has a capital of $150,000; its surplus is $50,000; present resources
and liabUities are $961,925, and the recent total of its deposits is
$530,000. This institution succeeded the old Ocean Bank above re
ferred to. Its present bank buUding property is valued at $10,000. Its
charter number is 1011, and it is within the First Reserve District.
The Newburyport Co-operative Bank was organized March 15, 1888,
by George E. Stickney. Its first officers were Luther Dame, president;
Frank L. Wilder, vice-president, and George E. Stickney, treasurer. The
bank's officers at this date (1921) are Charles E. Hale, president; Henry
W. Little, vice-president; George E. Stickney, treasurer; Webster D.
Adams, assistant treasurer. The resources and liabilities are $832,-
612.84. The April, 1921, statement shows a capital (dues) of $606,813.-
00. The profits have been $146,640.23. The present surplus is $4,-
031.00. The resources include cash, $17,000 ; U. S. Liberty bonds, $45,-
000 ; real estate loans, $760,000. The 1921 directors are George E. Stick
ney, Leonard N. Kent, Henry W. Little, WUUam F. Houston, Samuel
Brookings, Charles E. Hale, Henry A. Pistorius, Nathaniel M. Jones,
Webster D. Adams, George E. Cooper, John H. Badd, Albert M. Weather-
by, Charles W. Perry; attomey, Nathaniel N. Jones.
Lawrence — The Bay State National Bank of Lawrence is the
oldest and among the most prominent financial institutions in Essex
county. It is the only National bank in Lawrence, and received its char
ter February 10, 1847, under the earUer banking system of the country.
It was organized May 17, 1847, with Charles S. Storrow as president,
and Nathaniel White as cashier. Its first capital was fixed at $200,000,
soon raised to $500,000. Soon after the organization of this bank, a
piece of land at the corner of Essex and Lawrence streets was deeded
by the Essex Company, and a fine structure was erected thereon, a
portion of which buUding was used for banking purposes for fifty-seven
years. The price paid for the lot just mentioned was one doUar per
foot. The original building was of brick, three stories in height, with
banking rooms on the second floor. On April 17, 1861, two days before
the gaUant Sixth Regiment marched through Baltimore, the directors
voted $25,000 for the use of the govemment. In 1865 the bank became
a National or Federal bank. As the years passed and business rapidly
increased, more room was demanded and secured by this concern; the

BANKS AND BANKING 615
last change and addition being effected in 1912, when the building was
greatly enlarged and improved. It now has a frontage on Essex street
of seventy-six feet, by two hundred and six feet in depth. The cost of
this fine structure was about a half million dollars. It is the highest
structure in Lawrence. It has in all, two hundred and thirty rooms,
devoted to offices principally. This institution does a general banking
business, and is equipped with the most modern fixtures and safety
vaults. Three years ago its capital stock was $375,000; surplus $225,-
000; deposits, $2,200,000; assets, $3,400,000.
The Essex Savings Bank, the largest bank in Essex county, and
the first savings bank established in the city of Lawrence, was incor
porated March 15, 1847, and commenced business the foUowing October,
in the rooms of the old Bay State Bank building. Charles S. Storrow
was the first president, and Nathaniel White the first treasurer. Mr.
Storrow served until 1860, ahd was succeeded by George D. Cabot, and
he in turn by Joseph Shattuck in 1877. Mr. Shattuck retired in 1903,
after twenty-six years as president. Walter E. Parker, the prbsent in
cumbent, was then elected president. Nathaniel White fiUed the office
of treasurer until called by death in September, 1866. He was foUowed
by James H. Eaton, who served untU his death, March, 1901. During
his service of thirty-four years Mr. Eaton applied himself diligently to
the work of the bank. His conscientious devotion to duty, together with
his strong personaUty and remarkable ability in matters of finance, won
for him an enviable reputation and redounded to the success of the in
stitution. At his decease Joseph Shattuck, Jr., was elected treasurer,
resigning in 1902, to accept a similar position in the Springfield Institu
tion for Savings, Springfield, Mass. He was succeeded by Albert I.
Couch, who still fills the office. This bank owns its own buUding at the
comer of Essex and Lawrence streets. The bank's quarters were large
ly increased in size in 1917 by the addition of other adjoining property
owned by the bank. The institution has the best of faciUties for the
prompt and efficient transaction of business, and the protective devices
are of the most approved description. The security vault is of very
heavy construction and equipped with the most modem electrical pro
tective appUances. The resources of the bank are now $19,600,000 ; de
posits amount to $17,700,000 ; the surplus is $1,750,000. The Essex Sav
ings Bank has never failed to compound interest each AprU and October,
and the 147 dividends already declared amount to $16,664,573.72. Since
Mr. Couch became treasurer, about twenty years ago, the deposits have
increased more than $9,000,000, while the surplus and undivided profits
have increased more than $900,000. The bank has always enjoyed the
confidence of all classes in the community, hence its wonderful growth.
The Lawrence Savings Bank, the second savings institution to be
estabUshed in Lawrence, was chartered by special legislative act March
10, 1868. It is located at 255 Essex street, comer City HaU Square. It

616 ESSEX COUNTY
was founded by Milton Bonney, president; William H. Salisbury, Daniel
Saunders, Jr., and Frederick E. Clarke, vice-presidents. The officers,
(1921) are Alvin E. Mack, president; Joseph S. Howe and WUUam E.
Philbrick, vice-presidents ; Directors — Mahlon D. Currier, Lewis A. Foye,
Newton P. Frye, Joseph S. Howe, Frank W. McLanathan, Charles H.
Kitchin, James A. McDonald, Alvin E. Mack, WUliam T. McAlpine,
Joseph E. Wolworth, Kendall S. Norweed, John A. Perkins, WiUiam E.
Philbrick, Roland A. Prescott, Dean K. Webster. The treasurer is Lewis
A. Foye; clerk, Newton P. Frye; board of investment, Alvin E. Mack,
WiUiam E. Philbrick, Kendall S. Norwood. The present surplus is $936,-
142; resources and UabiUties, $10,193,998; recent deposits, $9,228,550.
The building occupied by this bank was erected in 1912, of brick and
stone, and is valued at $200,000. This institution also carries school
savings banks in North Andover, Methuen and Lawrence, and publishes a
monthly paper, caUed "Thrift News," distributed gratis to customers.
The site of the present bank buUding was originally the property of the
old Pemberton National Bank, which decided to retire from the banking
field in 1893.
The Broadway Savings Bank was established in 1872. Various
buildings constituted its quarters until in 1905, at a cost of $60,000, the
bank erected the building at No. 522 Essex street, in which it is now
located. The first president was John Fallon, and the first treasurer,
James Payne. In April, 1918, this concem had assets amounting to
$6,000,000 ; surplus, $528,650 ; deposits, $5,381,000. Clinton O. Andrews
succeeded Gilbert E. Hood, upon the latter's death in 1905.
The Merrimack Co-operative Bank was organized April 2, 1892, with
John Breen, president; C. J. Conovan, secretary; C. A. McCarthy, treas
urer. Its first capital was $5,000, but its present capital is $910,627;
profits reported, $156,755 ; present surplus and guarantee fund, $12,686.
The 1921 officers are President, John J. Hurley; James V. Brogan, vice-
president; C. A. McCarthy, treasurer.
The ArUngton Trust Company was established first as the ArUng
ton National Bank in 1890, and was then located at No. 265 Essex street.
Later it absorbed the Pemberton National Bank, and subsequently pur
chased its present site, comer of Essex and Lawrence streets. The first
officers in charge of the present organization were as follows: Thomas
M. CogsweU, president; James F. Lanigan, vice-president; James Hous
ton, treasurer. The present officers are John A. Brackett, president ; Wil
liam H. Russell, vice-president; C. A. McCarthy, secretary and treasurer.
The original capital was the same as today, $200,000 ; present surplus.
$50,000; profits, $54,000; resources and liabilities, $4,000,000; recent
amount of deposits, $3,600,000. This concem owns its building, erected
in 1908, and it is valued at $125,000. Since 1918, this bank has grown
very rapidly, the increase being over two miUion doUars.
The Merchants' Trast Company was established in 1911, as a

BANKS AND BANKING 617
consolidation of the Lawrence National Bank and Merchants National
Bank, and in 1915, with the addition of the old Pacific National Bank.
Its first officers were James R. Simpson, chairman; Harry K. Webster,
chairman of board of directors ; G. Fred RusseU, president ; A. C. Dame,
secretary. The original and present capital is $300,000, with a present
surplus of $150,000. The resources and liabilities are $7,209,220.16;
recent amount of deposits, $6,565,309.02. The present bank buUding
was erected in 1919, and is valued at $225,000. This bank is a member
of the Federal Reserve system. It is directed by a board of directors
of thirty-six men, well calculated to handle its large, increasing volume of
business. The present officers are Henry L. Sherman, president ; Arthur
C. Dame, treasurer; Arthur J. Crosby, assistant treasurer; Edwad L.
Southwick, assistant treasurer; Weston F. Eastman, assistant treasurer;
also manager of the Broadway office.
The Lawrence Trust Company was incorporated in 1910, in July, but
did not open its doors for business until November 23 of that year. Cor
nelius J. Corcoran, present head of the bank, was its first president, and
Peter MacDonald was the first treasurer. In 1915, having outgrown its
business quarters it moved to its present location at the comer of Essex
and Hampshire streets. In 1919 the following was written conceming
this bahk:
The very latest methods and appliances for facilitating the handling of the busi
ness are in vogue. The institution was the flrst bank in the city to use bookkeep
ing machines which displaced the ordinary individual bank ledgers. It was also the
first in Lawrence to establish a Christmas savings club, a project which has since
been generally adopted and which has proved beneficial to the merchants. At the
close of the last season the Lawrence Trust company distributed to the members
of its Christmas Club $300,000, most of which went into the channels of trade.
This bank is reputed to be the originator of the scheme of selling Liberty Bonds by
the weekly payment plan. A recent innovation adopted by it was a departure from
the regular banking hours. Under the new plan, the institution remains open until
six p. m. each business day, thus giving the people employed in the shops and mills
more opportunity with the bank. Two shifts of clerks are used in carrying out the
plan. Peabody — The Danvers Bank, later the South Danvers National
Bank, was incorporated in 1825 with a capital of $150,000. The first
president was WUliam Sutton. The Warren Bank, later Warren Nation
al Bank, was incorporated in 1832 with a capital of $250,000. Its first
president was Jonathan Shove.
The Warren Five Cent Savings Bank was incorporated in 1854, and
was located in the Warren Bank, now the Warren National Bank, and
continued there for a number of years, when it opened a separate bank
ing room. Its first president was Dr. George Osbom. In the spring of
1906 the bank was removed to its present quarters, having purchased the
buUding formerly owned by the South Danvers National Bank. Its
growth has been steady, and since 1904 its deposits and total assets have

618 ESSEX COUNTY
doubled in amount, being at the present time as foUows : Deposits, $5,-
553,000.00; assets, $6,266,000. The vice-presidents are George E.
Spaulding, WiUiam F. Sawyer, John A. Lord, Horace K. Foster, Ben
jamin G. Hall and Patrick H. O'Conor. The president is Arthur F. Poole;
treasurer, A. H. Merrill ; assistant treasurer, Abbott B. GaUonpe ; clerk,
George R. Underwood. Mr. Merrill, the treasurer, has been connected
with this bank for over fifty years, and Mr. Poole, present president,
has filled the position he now holds since 1904, succeeding Mr. Rufus H.
Brown, who served as president twenty-eight years. The present sur
plus is $609,451.09 ; resources, $6,315,886.67 ; liabUities, $5,706,435.58 ; re
cent deposits, $5,695,972.42.
The Warren National Bank of Peabody v/as estabUshed as a Na
tional Bank in December, 1864, being the successor of the old Warren
State Bank. Its first capital was $250,000, which has been reduced to
$200,000. Its present surplus is $160,943 ; resources and liabilities, $2,-
548,820 ; recent deposits, $2,025,794. The present officers are Lyman P.
Osborn, president; C. S. Batchelder, cashier; Harry E. Trask, assistant
cashier. _ It owns the brick building now occupied, which was buUt in
1854, and is now valued at $85,000. It has a board of fifteen directors.
As this bank succeeded to the old State Bank, it really dates back eighty-
nine years to 1832, during which period it has ever stood for honor and
business ability in its financial management.
The Peabody Co-operative Bank was organized and incorporated in
1888. The first statement, in November, 1888, showed dues to the
amount of $5,799, whUe the present dues are $1,623,198.00. The pres
ent surplus is $12,089.69 ; guarantee fund, $21,723.78 ; resources and lia
bUities, $2,222,485.31. The 1921 officers are P. H. O'Conor, president;
Lyman P. Osgood, vice-president ; Roy N. Howe, treasurer. This banlc
occupies leased rooms in the Thomas Block, in Peabody, and also has a
branch at Cliftondale. The total number of shares in force is 34,238,
and the number of shareholders is 3,432. The last dividend was at the
rate of five and one-half per cent, per year. Among the assets named in
the statement were real estate loans amounting to $2,015,850.00. The
65th semi-annual report, as required by law, was dated December 18,
1920. Groveland — Being near to Haverhill and other larger towns and
cities, Groveland has not really felt the need of a bank, but in the sixties
it had a bank, as appears from early accounts of the place. In May, 1869,
Nathaniel H. Griffith, Nathaniel Ladd and Edwin T. Curtis, and their
associates, were incorporated as the Groveland Savings Bank, and the
company's officers were Moses Foster, president, and Henry H. Griffith,
treasurer. After operating for sixteen years the bank gradually wound
up its affairs.
Rockport — The Rockport Bank was incorporated in 1851; capital
stock, $100,000. Ezra Ames was its first president, serving until his

BANKS AND BANKING 619
death in 1874. Deacon Jabez R. Gott was elected cashier, served many
years and finally resigned. When other State banks adopted the Na
tional Bank system, Rockport fell into line, and this concem became
known legally as the Rockport National Bank. The bank has for its
officers (1921), James W. Bradley, cashier; ElUot W. Grimes, teller.
The directors not long since were Frederick W. Tarr, president; H.
Chester Story, vice-president; James W. Bradley, Hosea E. Tufts, Levi
W. Thurston, clerk ; C. Harry Rogers and Lindley I. Dean.
Of the Granite Savings Bank, it may be said that after the closing of
the Rockport Savings Bank some of the citizens felt that an institution
for savings was needed. Accordingly, a petition to that effect was for
warded to the Legislature, and in 1884 the Granite Savings Bank was
legally incorporated. WUliam Winsor, J. Loring Woodfall, John W.
MarshaU, George Elwell, George M. McClain, Nathaniel Richardson, Jr.,
Francis Tarr, Frank Scripture, William H. Colbey, and George A. Lowe
were named in the act of incorporation. The president at first was John
G. Dennis ; J. Loring Woodfall, secretary. The first deposit made in the
bank was April 11, 1885. Today this bank is located at No. 9 Main street
and had a short time since assets of more than $550,000. Its recent
officials have been Henry Thurston, president ; Benj. N. Tarr and Albert
H. French, vice-presidents; Grafton Butman, treasurer; A. Carl But
man, assistant treasurer.
Manchester — The Manchester Trast Company was incorporated
April 12, 1911, and commenced business May 1st of the same year. This
bank was established by Messrs. Frank P. Knight, Oliver T. Roberts,
William Hoare, Horace Standley, Frederick J. Merrill, George R. Dean,
George L. Knight, Edward A. Lane, George S. Sinnicks, Michael J.
Callahan, George W. Hooper, Maynard B. Gilman, George W. BlaisdeU,
Franklin K. Hooper, and Alfred S. Jewett. The capital has always been
$100,000; its present surplus is $40,000; resources and liabilities, $896,-
000; recent amount in deposits, $784,000. The original officers were
Oliver T. Roberts, president; R. W. Babson, Franklin! K. Hooper, vice-
presidents; Ralph H. Mann, secretary and treasurer. The 1921 officers
are Oliver T. Roberts, president; R. W. Babson, William Hoare, vice-
presidents; Harrison C. Cann, secretary and treasurer. The February
statement issued in 1921 gave the following figures : Assets amount to
$917,729.73. Merrimac — In Febraary, 1864, the "First National Bank of
Amesbury" was organized with a capital of $50,000, and its name was
changed by act of Congress, December 27, 1876, to The First National
Eank of Merrimac. Its charter was renewed in 1883. In June, 1864,
its capital was increased to $75,000; and in May, 1875, to $200,000. Its
original directors were Patten Sargent, Thomas T. MerriU, John S.
Poyen, Benjamin F. Sargent and Wm. Gunnison. The first officers were:
Patten Sargent, president; Wm. H. Haskell, cashier; John S. Poyen,

620 ESSEX COUNTY
clerk. The 1921 officers are Byron S. Sargent, president; Fred E. Sweet-
sir, M. D., vice-president; William B. Sargent, cashier. The first as well
as present capital was $50,000 ; present surplus, $30,000 ; resources and
liabUities, $296,361.41 ; recenf deposits, $142,817.41. This bank leases
its building quarters.
What was known as the Merrimac Savings Bank was incorporated
in 1871. Its first officers were John S. Poyen, president; John P. Sar
gent, Isaac B. Littie and J. B. Judkins, vice-presidents ; the treasurer was
Wm. H. HaskeU.
The Economy Co-operative Bank was organized July 26, 1889 and
commenced business August 12, 1889. The original officers were George
Adams, president; Alexander Smart, vice-president; Bailey Sargent,
secretary and treasurer; the directors included George Adams, Alex
ander Smart, Bailey Sargent, Isaac B. Little, Sampson A. McConneU,
George G. Larkin, John B. Judkins, Charles D. Ruggles, J. Austin Lan
caster, Frank E. Pease. The capital is limited to $1,000,000; present
dues capital, $82,339; profits capital, $15,898.57; assets, $102,880.43;
surplus and guaranty funds, $3,079.56. The 1921 officers are Fred S.
Hardwiek, president; Charles W. MorreU, vice-president; Clifton B.
Heath, treasurer and clerk. In Febraary, 1921, the statement showed
assets $97,189.67. This bank now pays a dividend of six per cent, per
annum to its shareholders. It was founded to aid those without much
means to secure a home of their own, and in this aim it has been very
successful. Georgetown — The first bank in Georgetown was a State Bank,
established under the name of the Manufacturers' Bank. It was diar-
tered in 1836, with a capital authorized at $100,000. Benjamin Littie
was president, and George Foot its first cashier. It was located in a
wing of the old Pentucket Hotel. This concem was removed to Methuen
about 1845.
The Georgetown Savings Bank was incorporated May 26, 1868.
Its incorporators were George Boynton, Samuel Little, George J. Ten
ney, and others. Its first president was Jeremiah P. Jones. Its pres
ent officers are Lewis H. Bateman, president ; Edward A. Chaplin, vice-
president; Lewis H. Giles, secretary; Sylvester A. Donoghue, treasurer.
It now has a surplus of $57,812, with deposits amounting to $725,699.
The Georgetown National Bank was incorporated June 30, 1875.
Its first officers were H. Prescott Chaplin, president; Stephen Osgood.
vice-president; George H. Carlton, cashier. Its present officers are H.
Howard Noyes, president; Justin F. White, vice-president; Lawrence
L. Chaplin, cashier. Its present capital is $50,000; surplus, $15,000.
HaverhUl— The Pentucket Savings Bank of HaverhUl was m-
corporated March 17, 1891, by George H. Carieton, John A. Gale, E. 0.
Bullock, Dennis T. Kennedy, Charles H. Hayes, Augustin Boumeuf and
W. Monroe Nichols. The present surplus is $224,038; resources and

BANKS AND BANKING 621
UabiUties, $3,421,632.87. The bank is housed within a good brick struc
ture owned by the concern. The first officers were: President, George
H. Carleton; vice-presidents, Oliver Taylor and John A. Gale; treasurer.
Charles S. Titcomb. The officers at the present time are: President,
George F. Carleton; vice-presidents, Daniel C. Hunt, Willard C. Cogs-
well ; treasurer, Henry B. George ; assistant treasurer, H. Ivan Hall.
The Merrimack National Bank was founded in 1814. In spite ot
strong competition, it has enjoyed great and continued prosperity, whUe
its deposits have constantly increased, having doubled during the last
few years. In the great fire of 1882 the bank building was destroyed,
the vault alone, with its valuable contents, being found intact. The
present buUding is among the best in the State for solidity and safety.
It has been remodeled of recent years at an expense of $40,000. The
original home of this institution stood at the comer of Water and Stage
streets. Its first president was David Howe, Esq., and the cashier
Leonard White. Nathaniel HiU was the second president, and the third
was David Marsh, who was succeeded by James H. Duncan, and he by
Dr. Rufus Longley. Hon. E. J. M. Hale was president from 1855 to
1878, resigning after twenty-three years' service. All these years this
bank was a State institution, but in 1864 it was converted into a national
bank. Ih 1882, when the bank buUding was destroyed by fire, as men
tioned before, Charles W. Chase was president ; he was followed by Dud
ley Porter, who in 1905 v/as succeeded by Charles W. Amold. The cash
iers since Leonard White have been G. L. Bartlett, E. A. Porter, Samuel
White, John L. Hobson, Ubert A. KiUam and Arthur P. Tenney. The
present officers are President, Charles W. Amold; cashier, Arthur P.
Tenney. John L. Hobson is vice-president. This is the oldest banking-
house in the city of Haverhill, and was the successor of the old Merri
mack Bank. Its present capital is $240,000 ; surplus, $240,000 ; undivid
ed profits, $140,000; resources and liabiUties, $2,500,000; recent de
posits, $1,700,000.
The HaverhiU Trast Company, organized May 14, 1891, is now lo
cated at No. 163 Merrimack street. The present offi.cers are : George W.
Lennox, president; Lewis H. Giles, vice-president and treasurer; Irving
L. Keith, vice-president; Jam.es E. Knipe, assistant treasurer. Two
hundred thousand dollars was the first and present capital ; present sur
plus is $100,000 ; resources and Uabilities, $4,068,512.82 ; recent deposits,
$3,723,566.58. The bank occupies its own building, which it has owned
since the date of incorporation. In 1906 the Second National Bank of
HaverhUl was taken over by the Haverhill Trust Company. The Trast
Company is made up of two departments — the Banking department, with
a capital stock of $200,000, and a Savings department, with assets of
$806,026.11; it has deposits amounting to $835,712.50. The directors
are Albert B. Blaisdell, Lawrence Callaghan, Charles C. Chase, Lester
A. Colby, George H. Dole, W. Eugene ElUs, Lewis H. Giles, Milton A.

622 ESSEX COUNTY
Gilpin, Daniel C. Hunt, Irvmg L. Keith, David R. Knipe, George W.
Lennox, Edson W. Noyes, D. S. Frank Page, Austm E. Ruddock, John
W. Russ, Arthur R. St. Onge, Fred J. Thompson, Edmund C. Went
worth and Robert L. Wright.
The HaverhiU Co-operative Bank, organized in August, 1877, is
located at No. 9 Emerson street. Its first officers were President, Amos
W. Downing; vice-president, M. Warren Hanscom; secretary, John W.
TUton; treasurer, George S. Littie; directors, J. B. Swett, Charles But
ters, Nathan Longfellow, J. W. Bennet, O. B. Otis, Walter S. GoodeU,
Edward P. Hayes, John G. Scates and Charles T. Ford. The present
officers are James G. Page, treasurer; Edward A. Fittes, president; the
directors are Charles A. Bodwell, Charles H. Clark, Edward A. Fitts,
Matthew J. Fowler, George E. Frye, Eugene J. Kempton, Samuel A.
McGregor, Benjamin I. Page, James G. Page, John H. Saward. The
present capital is $2,097,543.60, surplus, $61,230.77; resources and lia
bUities, $2,230,166.99. The deposits average $33,000 per month m dues.
The HaverhUl National Bank, the third oldest institution in the city,
was granted its original charter in 1836. The first location was on
Main street, just above the present entrance to the District Court. Some
few years later it moved to 83 Merrimack street, and in 1883 occupied
quarters in the Masonic buUding at No. 117 Merrimack street. By 1913
the business had so increased that more room had to be provided, and
land at the comer of Merrimack and Emerson streets was bought. Here
a fine seven-story fireproof building, after strictly modem plans, was
built. This was opened for business in June, 1915. August 5, 1916, the
bank purchased the business of the Merchants' National Bank. Under
the presidency of the late John E. Gale the bank had a steady growth,
and later under the management of Henry M. Gilman, trained under Mr.
Gale, the institution has progressed to the present date. In 1919 the
statements showed a capital of $200,000 ; surplus and profits in excess of
$400,000 ; and aggregate deposits of $3,200,000.
The First National Bank opened as a State Bank in 1849, as the
Union Bank, and continued in business until June 17, 1864, when the
National Banking act was passed by Congress, and it became a national
bank, being the first national bank in the city of HaverhUl. In the early
days this bank was located at No. 94 Merrimack street. In 1880, as the
shoe business was moving westward to Washington street, the First
National, which was closely connected with the great shoe business of
the city, purchased land at No. 46 Washington street, and erected a
new building. This was destroyed by the fire of 1882, but was im
mediately rebuilt. In 1914 the bank purchased the premises at Nos. 73-
79 Washington street, where the present handsome quarters were pro
vided. The growth of the deposits of this institution has been as fol
lows: In 1904 it had $368,000; in 1907, $658,000; in 1910, $1,274,000;
in 1914, $1,755,000; in 1918, $3,410,000. The recent officers of this

BANKS AND BANKING 623
bank have been Charles E. Dole, president; George F. Carleton, vice-
president ; and Fred H. Harriman, cashier.
The Essex National Bank was formed July 5, 1851, as a State
bank. The original president was E. J. M. Hale. Later the bank be
came a national bank, as it is today. It has a savings department as
well as the ordinary branches of banking. Its dejwsits in 1907 were
$220,200 ; in 1918 the amount was $1,747,693 ; the surplus in 1918 was
$100,000; undivided profits amounted in 1918 to $50,205. The officers
are Charles A. Pingree, president; Perley Leslie, vice-president; Fred L.
Townsend, cashier; James C. Pease, paying teller.
The HaverhiU Savings Bank, almost a century old, established Feb
ruary 8, 1828, has ever aimed to encourage the local thrift of the city.
It has over 17,000 depositors, and assets of about an even nine million
dollars. It is located at No. 153 Merrimack street, and its recent officers
have been as foUows: President, William W. Spaulding; vice-president,
Fred D. McGregor; trastees, John L. Hobson, WilUam H. Floyd, F. E.
Hutchinson ; WiUiam E. Bixby, Isaac Poor, WiUiam W. Spaulding, E. G.
Frothingham, Charies E. Dole, Hazen B. Goodrich, Harold M. Goodwin^
George W. Lennox, Herman E. Lewis, Ira A. Abbott, Charles D. Porter,
John A. Lynch, Arthur H. Wentworth. The treasurer is Raymond
Noyes; clerk, Alfred E. CoUins.
The City Five Cents Savings Bank was organized April 29, 1870, and
its books were opened in May foUowing, in the office of the First Nation
al Bank, in a building where now stands the Daggett building. The
then mayor of Haverhill, Wamer R. Whittier, was chosen first presi
dent, and Elbridge G. Wood was elected treasurer. In September, 1876,
Mr. Wood resigned and his place was filled by George W. Noyes, and he
is stiU serving in that capacity. Several persons have served as presi
dent of this bank. Sylvanus P. Gardner succeeded Samuel W. Hopkin
son, serving until November, 1917, when George B. Nichols was chosen
to succeed Mr. Gardner as president. Recent accounts show the de
posits to be almost four mUlion dollars ; in 1918 they were $3,689,654.
The Citizens' Co-operative Bank, with headquarters at No. 81 Merri
mack street, was written up in the Chamber of Commerce Joumal in
1919 as follows:
In March, 1919, the balance sheet showed that $706,102 had been lent on real
estate loans. It has been the means of many a man obtaining his own residence in
Haverhill. The officers are President, Phil C. Swett; vice-president, William M.
Spaulding. The purpose of this institution is to promote regular and systematic
savings, especially by persons of modern circumstances; to help people to own
their own homes, build or buy homes, etc. This bank provides a plan by which in
debtedness may be rapidly reduced by a monthly payment plan.

CHAPTER XLI.
RAILROADS AND TRANSPORTATION.
Prior to 1833 Essex county was without railroads — they were then
in their infancy. When our ancestors first settled this county, they con
tented themselves, for a time, with the rude means of conveyance and
transportation known to their savage neighbors. One writer says : "The
favorite way to Boston, Plymouth and Cape Ann was by water. The
'dug-out' was much in use, being a pine log twenty feet long and two and
one-half feet wide, in which they sometimes 'went fowling two leagues
to sea.' These 'cannowes' seem to have been inspected at stated inter
vals by a town surveyor, and passed or condemned according to their
fitness for their further service. It was in swimming for one of these,
from a desire to visit the Indian Village at Northfield, that Govemor
Winthrop's son Henry, on the day after his arrival at Salem, was
drowned in the North River."
The condition of the trail, which was the only land transit between
Salem and Boston, is indicated by two writers of the same date. On
April 12, 1631, Govemor Endicott wrote to Govemor Winthrop the fol
lowing letter from Salem: "Right worshipful: I did expect to have
been with you in person at the Court, and to that end put to sea yester
day, and was driven back again, the wind being stiff against us. And
there being no canoe or boat at Saugus, I must have been constrained
to go to Mystic, and thence a foot to Charlestown, which at that time
durst not be so bold, my body being, at this present, in an ill condition
to wade or take cold."
In 1637 Govemor Winthrop passed through Salem on foot, with a
large escort, on his way to and from Ipswich, and next year visited
Salem by water and retumed by land. The first of Salem people who
visited Boston, after its settlement, are said to have spent four days on
the way, and, on the following Sabbath, to have put up a note of thanks
in the First Church, for their safe guidance and retum.
Historian Felt says the first public conveyance was a large ¦-.'-" ~^
chair, or two horse curricle, which ran from Portsmouth to Boston and
back each week, in 1761. "An epidemical distemper" interfered with the
business in 1768, but, two years after, Benj. Coates, then landlord at the
Ship Tavem in School (now Washington) street, gave notice that he
had bought a "New Stage Chaise" which would run between Salem and
Boston "So that he will then, v/ith the one now improved in that busi
ness, be able to carry and bring passengers, bundles and the like every
day except Sunday."
Systematic staging probably began here about 1796, and in this
business Benj. Hale, of Newburyport, seems to have been the pioneer of
the route between Boston and Portsmouth, as was Seth Payne, of Port-
Easex — iO

626 ESSEX COUNTY
land, on the lines farther east. Mr. Hale was a resolute, persevering
man, and there was nothing worth knowing about staging which he did
not know. Many improvements in stage springs are credited to him,
as well as the introduction of the trunk rack, by which means the pas
senger's luggage was employed to ballast the coach, whereas formerly
it had rested, a dead weight on the axles, jolting and tossing as though
springs were yet to be invented.
The Eastem Stage Company was chartered by the State of New
Hampshire for a period of twenty years. The great profit in this busi
ness could not long be concealed and rival companies sprung up. One
set off for Boston from Salem, August, 1810. In 1818, opposing Unes
absorbed the rival stage lines, same as the lesser raUroads today are
merged or sv/allowed up by the more powerful lines.
The first railroad charter granted by Massachusetts, authorized,
March 4, 1826, the building of a raUway from the Quincy quarries to Ne
ponset river, and the first freight transported over it was the comer-stone
of Bunker Hill Monument. It was operated by horse power. The Bal
timore & Ohio road was chartered in 1827. In 1829-30-31 Massachusetts
chartered railroads from Boston to Lowell, to Providence and to Wor
cester. It was in 1833 that the Boston & Lowell line was extended to
Andover, Wilmington, and to Haverhill in 1835. These early roads drove
the stage lines out of business and this caused great consternation among
those interested in the stage coach lines, as well as breeders and dealers
in horseflesh. But the iron horse had come to remain as a potent fac
tor in our general civilization and the stage coach was relegated to the
museum, and others were allov/ed to rot down by the roadside, as a thing
having outgrown its usefulness.
Concerning the advent of railways at Salem, it was written a third
of a century and more ago : "The steam raUroad communications of Salem
are excellent, the Boston & Maine railroad, Eastem Division, formerly
the Eastern railroad, which was opened August, 1838 and the Boston &
Lowell railroad, which has a terminus here, give rapid and cheap trans
portation to every part of Eastem New England and Canada. There are
now (1886) twenty-three regular trains to Boston on the Boston &
Maine, daily, with twenty-two extras and eleven Sunday trains, and a
nearly equal number of trains going east. The trains on the Boston &
Lowell line are also frequent. The freight facUities are equally good,
and the amount of business transacted at both ' stations amount to a
very large sum annually."
Early in the thirties, the steam cars commenced to run through the
town, of Wenham, it was the old Eastem railroad, the first corporation
in the county to construct a steam railroad. The Newburyport & Wake
field branch of the Boston & Maine road was constructed in 1853. In
1886 a street car line was run from Gloucester to Beverly and operated
by horses, that being just a few years in advance of the electric car
system.

RAILROADS AND TRANSPORTATION 627
Beverly records show that a town meeting was held August 20, 1835,
when a committee was appointed to secure a change of location of the
Eastem Railroad, from the east side of Essex Bridge (as projected) to
the west, and this was compUed with in 1837.
In Ipswich the tumpike, the canal, then the railroad, each had its
day in helping to develop this county. The railroad first entered the
town in 1839 and this was in reality the beginning of a new era. The
Eastem Railroad Company was incorporated in 1836 and was soon ex
tending its first line and was eventually bought up by the present Bos
ton & Maine system.
In Saugus the railroad was not so early a help. While the old East
em railroad was built through a portion of its territory, over the marshes
in the extremity of the township, yet there was no station, and for many
years the people had to go to Melrose, which was on the Boston & Maine
line and nearer than was Breed's Wharf in West Lynn. The earliest
efforts at securing a railroad in Saugus was in 1844. Numerous pro
jects were set afloat, but all failed until in 1854, the Eastern Railroad
was finaUy constructed through to Saugus. It is now owned by the
Boston & Maine system. Then one smaU car accommodated the pas
sengers. The experiment of combining car and locomotive was tried.
It caused much fun for the travelers and was dubbed the "Tea-kettle" ;
this was soon set aside.
In Topsfield, the Danvers & Newburyport branch of the Boston &
Maine railroad runs through the center of the town, and its only station
point is the village of Topsfield. This was built in 1853. Trains run
through to Boston without change of cars.
In Rockport, the people had great difficulty in getting their road.
The Gloucester branch of the Eastern Railroad company could not be
induced to extend to Rockport. In 1860 another attempt was made to
build by a home company, but this project, like others before, faUed.
After a few kinks had been straightened out, the Eastem Railroad Com
pany, aided by local stockholders, completed a line to Rockport, the same
being completed in the autmn of 1861. Its cost was $91,000, of which
the town held $75,000 worth of shares.
Danvers, too, had its own troubles in securing a steam highway.
FinaUy, in July, 1848, the old Eastem Railroad was completed to North
Danvers. On the first time-table there were mentioned three trains a
day, each way, to and from Salem. Three thousand persons passed over
this route on the Fourth of July, 1848. By that fall, trains were run
ning to Andover. September 4th that year aU was completed to
Lawrence. The first station agent at Danvers was Samuel W. Spaulding.
Conceming the coming of railroads to Lawrence, it may be said that
direct railway communication was opened with Boston, LoweU and Salem,
and Lawrence became an important railway center. The Boston & Maine
RaUway, having its location changed from Andover to North Andover,

628 ESSEX COUNTY
constructed between April, 1845, and March, 1848, the five miles of road
between those places by way of Lawrence together, with bridges across
the river and canal, and on Febraary 28, 1848, ran their passenger cars
across the bridge for the first time to the station on the north side of the
river. July 2, 1848, the LoweU railway was completed between Law
rence and Lowell. The Essex Railway, from Lawrence to Salem, was
opened September 4, l848. The Manchester & Lawrence railway was
opened for travel in October, 1849. The raUroad facilities foUowed the
growth of the city, and constant improvements were made in the ser
vice. EventuaUy, the need of a horse raUroad was apparent, and in
1867, the first track was laid from the Woolen MiU in Methuen to the
Everett MiUs, at the foot of Essex street.
As the decades have passed by, changes in railway property have
taken place, until today the chief steam roads of the county and for
that matter all eastem New England are now embraced in the Boston
& Maine company.
The Boston, Revere Beach & Lynn railway, commonly known as
the Narrow Gauge Line, is the owner of about ten miles of track of the
narrow-gauge kind, connecting Lynn with Boston. There is also a loop
through the Winthrops, connecting with the main line at Orient Heights.
This line runs along the sea shore, part of the distance over trestles.
It reaches Boston by ferry from Noddle Island to Rowe's Wharf. The
main Une passes through Point of Pines, Revere Beach, Beachmont,
Orient Heights and East Boston. The rate of fare is ten cents to Bos
ton, while from Lynn to Revere Beach it is only five cents. This road is
purely a passenger line. Train service is carried on both day and night.
Through the day trains ran every few minutes and at night every half
hour. The terminals of this line are conveniently located, that in Lynn
being at the junction of Market and Broad streets, and the one at Bos
ton being at Rowe's Wharf on Atlantic avenue. There is a station at
West Lynn, on Commercial street, for the accommodation of that section
of the city. The Narrow Gauge owns and operates three large ferries
in Boston. The abnormal number of trains daily between Lynn and
Boston is one hundred and twenty each way. The records show that in
1915 twenty miUion passengers were carried without an accident to pas
sengers or crew. It is a double-tracked road, operated by steam power.
This thoroughfare was constracted in 1875 and has been a very success
ful enterprise and served the traveling public for near a half century.
In fact, its "builders built better than they knew."
Haverhill was supplied with railways as follows: The Boston &
Maine line was open for business to Bradford in October, 1838. It
reacKed HaverhiU in 1839, when the original bridge was built. There
are now sixty passenger trains daUy from this station. There is ample
trackage room in Bradford for 650 cars. There are six passenger sta
tions within the corporation of Haverhill. The street car system is men
tioned elsewhere in this article.

RAILROADS AND TRANSPORTATION 629
Salem's first street railway was incorporated in 1862, under the
name of the Salem Street Railroad Company. It was extended to what
is now Peabody in 1863, also to Beverly. In May, 1864, a branch was
opened to South Salem, and five years later, June 4, 1869, a North Salem
branch was put in operation. The first company did not prove a finan
cial success, so in 1875 it was re-organized as the Naumkeag Street
Railway Company. The first extension made by this new company was
to the "WiUows" the spot used so many generations as a picnic ground
by Salemites. This was a horse car system, but as many as ten thou
sand persons were transported to that resort in summer, on several
occasions. In 1883 the track was extended to Gloucester Crossing; also
a line to Harmony Grove. In 1884, a new Une was projected to Marble
head. But the most profitable of all, were the lines to North Beverly
and to Wenham depot, on to Asbury Grove. This line, seven miles
long, was completed in 1886. In June, 1886, the Naumkeag road assum
ed the franchise of the old Salem Street Railway, and with the purchase
of the Salem & Danvers line in the spring of 1887, assumed sole control
of all local traffic. In 1887 this company had thirty miles of trackage;
105 cars, 390 horses and 112 employes, with an annual pay-roU of $70,-
000. In 1886 this horse car system had total earnings of $190,000.
The Salem & Danvers Street Railway was capitalized in the autumn
of 1883, by men of Salem, Peabody and Danvers, and was incorporated
in 1884. The road opened for travel in the summer of 1884. This was
the start of what has come to be a great, far-reaching system of electric
street cars and interurban lines in this section.
The history of Saugus discloses the fact that two charters of rival
horse car companies were granted in the spring of 1859, requiring cars
to be running regularly by November 20, 1861. One of these was the
Ljmn & Boston Company. The other was the Cliftondale Horse Railroad
Company, owned by James S. Stone of Charlestown. Cars were running
on time — November 20, 1861. This road was a real estate scheme and
did not prosper. Very soon after this came the change to electrified
street railways.
Early in the summer of 1884, the Lynn & Boston Street Railway
Company extended its tracks to Marblehead and began running to and
from Lynn to Marblehead. Soon thereafter, the Naumkeag Street RaU
way Company extended its tracks from Salem through the town to
FrankUn street, estabUshing regular horse-car connection with that
city. HaverhiU is served by one of the greatest single trolley corporations
in the world — tlie Bay State Street Railway Company. It also has
the Massachusetts Northeastem Street Railway Company, with head
quarters in HaverhUl. The Bay State Company took over the old Haver
hiU & Groveland Company, which was the original horse car line in
HaverhiU, receiving its franchise in 1877, and was installed into an elec-

630 ESSEX COUNTY
trie line in June, 1892. The Haverhill & Amesbury Street Railway
Company received its franchise June, 1892. Later these systems were
all merged with the one company known as the Massachusetts North
eastem. The street railway lines of Lawrence are of great importance,
reaching out, as they do, over so large a scope of territory. Should one
so desire, he might go by electric trolley from Lawrence to New York
and on into Pennsylvania. Great the change. Fifty years ago, stage
coaches were driven between Lawrence, Methuen, Andover and LoweU.
From a little horse car road, the Lawrence division of the Boston &
Northem Street Railway, formerly the Merrimack VaUey Horse Rail
road, and now known as the Bay State Street Railway, has come with
its net-work of fifty miles of trackage upon which are run seventy-five
cars. The entire length of this system is 960 miles.
The first company to operate a street car line in Lawrence was
headed by WiUiam A. Russell, as president. Ground was broken October
21, 1867. Horses were discarded in 1890-91 and electricity took their
places. In 1887 a belt line was constructed. In 1893 the line was ex
tended to HaverhiU. The next season Lowell was reached, Andover hav
ing been connected in 1891.
In 1899 a franchise was granted to the Massachusetts Northeastem
Street Railway Company. This was first styled the Southem New
Hampshire Company. Nearly every street traversed by street car lines
in Lawrence, are finely paved thoroughfares. But few, if any cities in
this country, have a more complete system of street car and interarban
Unes than Lawrence.

CHAPTER XLII.
EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS
The Church and the School have always been dominant factors in
New England, and especially is this true in Essex county. Its pioneers
set about providing suitable meeting-houses and school-houses as soon
as a shelter had been provided for their families. The private, public
and parochial schools, and the higher institutions of learning, have each
had place in the great foundation of educational advantages here en
joyed by the passing generations.
The first settlement was effected in Virginia in 1607, and her first
public school was opened in 1621, fourteen years after the settlement.
The real settlement of Massachusetts Bay Colony was in 1628, when John
Endicott came to Salem. In 1637, nine years later, John Fiske opened
a public school in Salem. In Boston, in 1636, a petition was presented
to the authorities asking for a school, which was probably not estab
lished as prayed for until 1642. Just where the first "free school" was
started is not quite certain, but this much is known, that while Salem
maintained her school from the first in 1637 down to the present time
(1921), the govemor of Virginia in 1671 "thanked God there were no
free schools, no printing, and hoped they would not have any these
hundred years;" and for long after, the Old Dominion taxed school
masters twenty shillings per head.
At first the town of Salem appears to have paid a part of the expense
of schooling the children in her midst, while the parents paid the re
mainder. A vote passed September 30, 1644, provided: "If any poor
body hath children or a childe to be put to school, and not able to pay for
their schooling, that the town will pay it by a rate." John Fiske ceased
to teach (he was Salem's first instractor) in 1639, and in 1640 was suc
ceeded by Edward Norris, who was the only instructor in the town for
twenty years. In 1670 Daniel Epes, Jr., was engaged to teach at £20 a
year, and also to have half -pay for all scholars in the town and whole-
pay from the strangers without who might send to school. The last
years of his life he was allowed from ten to fifteen pounds sterling per
year as a pension, so long as he lived ; and this was doubtless America's
first pension plan in any of the professions. In 1677 Mr. Epes agreed to
teach English, Latin and Greek, and fit pupUs for the university ; also to
teach them good manners and instruct them in religious and Christian
principles. In 1768 the tuition in the public schools became free to all,
as it is today.
There seems to be no positive evidence that Salem had any other
school in her midst until 1712, v/hen Nathaniel Higginson opened a
school "for reading, writing and cyphering, in the north end of the town-
house." The English and Latin schools were united in 1743, but three

632 ESSEX COUNTY
years later were separated. It appears that until about 1793, these
schools were exclusively for boys. It was during the year lastnamed that
the school committee was instructed to "provide at the writing school,
or elsewhere, for the tuition of girls in reading, writing and cyphering."
In 1827 sentiment had materially changed in Saleni and all Essex county,
for the town voted to have two high schools for girls — one located on
Beckford street, known as the West School ; the other in Bath street, and
styled the East School.
From 1807 to 1843 colored children were educated in Salem schools.
The first to teach such a primary school was Chloe Minn. In 1830 some
questioned the right of a colored girl to attend the public school, and it
was taken to the court, which decided she had the same rights as white
girls in way of schooling.
In 1884 a State lav/ compelled the introduction of free text-books,
slates, pencils, paper, etc., into all the schools. It cost the city of Salem
to comply with such a law, the sum of $9,000, the total number of pupUs
then being 4,000. But "without money and without price" the rich and
poof, the black and white, have access to free schools. The total cost
of Salem schools in 1886, more than a third of a century ago, was $81,000.
In passing, il may be said that Salem has modern school buildings,
and that, in contrast with the above figures given for 1886 paid the
teachers of that city, the following obtain today : Superintendent, $4,000
per school year; secretary to superintendent, $1,400; high school prin
cipal, $3,500; women department heads, $1,900; assistants, $1,600; ele
mentary teachers, principals, $2,500; assistants, $1,300; principals in
kindergarten, $1,200; assistants, $1,000.
More space has been given to the different departments of the com
mon school in Salem, for the reason that it will serve as a basis in writing
of the other towns and cities in Essex county, the general provisions be
ing about the same throughout the county.
The Lynn Schools — What about those earliest years when Lynn's
first settlers were building their log cabins in this wildemess known by
the Indians as Saugus? Were there schools here then? Was book-leam-
ing instilled into the minds of the chUdren of those pioneers? and, tf so,
how? George Hood, Lynn's first mayor, in his inaugural address said : "The
church and the school-house grew up together, both significant monu
ments of advancing civUization." His statement is true of many of the
towns begun by our PUgrim and Puritan forefathers, and we love to
praise their zeal for education. Lynn's able historian. Judge James R.
Newhall, has written : "The next thing thought of after the establish
ment of the church was the school." So might it have been ! But was
it? Ljmn's settlement dates from 1629, a year earlier than Boston, three
years later than Salem. Within three years of that time the present Furst

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 633
Congregational Church of Lynn had been established, with Rev. Stephen
Bachellor as its head. In 1637 the General Court passed a vote, admir
able for its brevity, that "Saugust is called Lin." But Judge Newhall
says that the first action of Lynn in her corporate capacity in relation to
schools, so far as the records show, was in January, 1696, when it was re
corded that "The Selectmen agreed with Mr. Abraham Normanton to
be schoolmaster for the town for said year ensuing, and that the Town
is to give him five pounds for his labors, and the town is to pay twenty-
five shUlings towards the hire of Nathan Newhall's house for a year to
keep school in and that said Mr. Normanton hire said house."
Alonzo Lewis, poet, historian, schoolmaster, civil engineer, archi
tect, and public-spirited citizen in general, writing of 1687, says that Rev.
Mr. Shepard "kept the school several months this winter." It seems
likely he continued in the office, for we are told that on Dec. 21, 1691,
the selectmen appointed him schoolmaster for the year ensuing "with his
consent." After hiring Mr. Normanton in 1696, it is of interest to note
that they went back to Mr. Shepard, June 7, 1700, engaging him to keep
the grammar school for thirty pounds.
While we lack absolute proof that Lynn had a public school earlier
than 1696 or perhaps 1687, there is good reason to believe that schools
were kept before those dates. In 1642 Governor Dudley had written his
son in England : "There is a want of school-masters hereabouts." In 1647
the Legislature passed a law that every town of fifty families should have
a school for reading and writing, and all towns of one hundred families
should maintain a grammar school. They gave their reasons for this
law in these words : "It being one chief project of yt ould deludor,
Satan, to keepe men from the knowledge of ye Scriptures, * * yt
leaming may not be buried in ye grave of our fathers in ye church and
commonwealth, ye Lord assisting our endeavors: It is therefore or
dered," etc. But a law upon the statute books is not always a law en
forced. Cjnnis M. Tracy, writing of Lynn in the "History of Essex County"
published in 1878, says that probably Rev. Samuel Whiting, who came in
1636, and his colleague. Rev. Thomas Cobbet, who came next year, did
some teaching, as both were called "teaching elders." When Jeremiah
Shepard became pastor in 1680, Rev. Joseph Whiting was made associate
pastor, being selected as "teacher" and "ordained" into the office. The
Whiting and Cobbet and Shepard schools serve to keep in mind these first
pastors of the old First Church, who were the educational leaders blazing
new traUs upon this virgin soil.
The "Godless public schools", alleged in modem times, could not have
been charged in that first century in Lynn, when the catechism and early
piety fumished the leading topics of instruction, the only reading books
being the New Testament and the Psalms of David, the minister being
the schoolmaster. We realize how important a place religion held in our

634 ESSEX COUNTY
early schools as we examine the old "New England Primer" that came
into general use as late as 1780. Religion was not barred out of those
early schools, for there was but one church in town. Then the early
Congregational Church was practically the "State Church" of New Eng
land. The following quotations from Lynn's oldest existing records will
show how intimate were the relations of Church and State, and hence, of
Church and School. "VOATED" IN TOWN MEETING.
At a Legal Towne Meeting held in Lyn October the 27th 1707
Voated that our Minister Mr. Jerimiah Shepard shall have Eighty pounds in
such money as Now passes from man to man for his labours in ye Ministry for this
present year which will be up the Sth day of January Next Ensewing in Lue or
Consideration of the fourscore pounds voated by the towne March the 2 — 1680-81
and the Contribution to be Keptup as heretofore.
at the Same Meeting
Voated to have a grammar Schoole Master to Keep Schoole in ye Towne for
three months viz. January, february, and March Next following
at the Same Meeting
Voated thirty pounds money to pay the Schoole Master and other towne
Debts. Also the above votes appear, essentially word for word, in the rec
ords of 1708, 1709 and 1710, making a considerable part of the business
transactions of those annual town-meetings. Sometimes there was added :
"the selectment to obtain said Schoolmaster." May we not reasonably
suppose that if the records had been carefully written and preserved in
all the earliest years we might find similar votes recorded back to the
coming of Rev. Jeremiah Shepard in 1680, and perhaps even during the
pastorate of his predecessors? A few earlier quotations will throw ad
ditional light upon what was taught, the compensation of the teacher, how
the money was raised, and how the schools, originally in charge of the
selectmen, occasionally were entrusted to a specially appointed committee.
Nov. 5, 1780, it was voted to have a grammar schoolmaster to keep
school, thirty pounds money was voted for his maintenance for one year
and he was to teach Latin or to write, cipher and read. It was also
"voted that TheophUus Burrill shall take care to procure a schoolmaster
forthwith or as soon as may be."
At a December meeting that year it was "voted that the school for
the year ensuing shall be a free school for the town, and so be kept by
the schoolmaster, as other free schools are."
March 1, 1702, "voted that all such that shall be sent to the school
master for the present year to leam to read shall pay three pence a
week and all such as shall be sent to him to leam to write and cipher
shall pay four-pence a week."
Dec. 14, 1702, "voted ten pounds money for part of the mainten
ance of a grammar schoolmaster qualified according to law, for the year,
to teach such as shall be sent to him to read, write and cipher, and to

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 635
leam Latin ; and such master to have over and above the said ten pounds
two-pence per week for such as are sent to read, three-pence per week
for them that are sent to write and cipher, and six-pence per week for
them that are sent to learn Latin, to be paid by parents and masters that
send their children or servants to learn as aforesaid."
The name, "Grammar School", as then used, signified a school in
which Latin and sometimes Greek was taught, the grammar being essen
tial to the understanding of the language. In the past century the term
has signified a school in which English grammar was taught, while at
present the term seems falling into disuse along with the study itself.
In January, 1703, "voted ten pounds money in addition to the ten
pounds granted Dec. 1702", and it was voted that "the Selectmen should
obtain a schoolmaster for the present year as cheap as they can."
AprU 19, 1703, "voted that the Selectmen shall take care to build
a convenient house for the town to keep school in, and to get it done
as cheap as they can, to stand in some convenient place, betwixt the
meeting house and the burying place." (Vote seems not to have been
carried out) .
March 5, 1710-11, "voted to have a gramer Schoolmaster to keep
schoole in ye Town for the year ensuing and to be paid by the town the
selectmen to obtain and hold sd Schoole in such place and places in the
Town as they shall Jiidge best to promote Laming."
March 3, 1711, "voted that Capt. Johnson, Capt. Bancroft, Henry
Collins Jr. and William Merriam be chosen to obtain a schoolmaster and
agree with him and to settle the schools as shall be judged best."
The above reminds us that in those days "agreeing with the school
master" and "settling the schools" had not become the prerogative ot
the school committee, as is now the case; in fact, the duly-elected and
legally-qualified school committee of the present time had not been dis
covered. And doubtless their one grammar school, held for three months
each winter, was held in hired quarters till later than 1711. In his "His
tory of Lynn," which he wrote in 1829, Alonzo Lewis explains that "In
clearing the forests and obtaining a subsistence the early settlers had
little leisure for their children to spend in study; and a month or two
in winter, under the care of the minister, was the principal opportunity
which they had to obtain the little leaming requisite for their future life.
The consequence was that the generations succeeding the early settlers,
from 1650 to 1790, were generally less leamed than the first settlers, or
those who have lived since the Revolution."
March 2, 1718, "voted that the Selectmen obtain a schoolmaster and
agree with him, the school to be kept in four parts of the town, viz. the
body of the town, over the bridge, the Woodend, and the new portion as
near as may be in proportion to each part's bigness as shall be ordered
by the Selectmen ; having regard to some help for the Rev. Mr. Shepard
in preaching."

636 ESSEX COUNTY
The project of building a schoolhouse met with difficulties, not the
least of which was the growing rivalry as to its location. The outlying
sections were unwilling that the middle of the town should monopolize
the school. As a compromise, it became the custom to move the school
master about ; but even then it was impossible to satisfy all the districts
as to the portion of schooling and season of the year alloted each. In
1720 we find John Lewis teaching in Lynnfield, in Saugus (over the
bridge), on the Common, and at Woodend, all of which were important
parts of early Lynn.
A schoolhouse was buUt in 1728. On March 28 of that year it was
"voted that the school shall not be moved this year and the Selectmen
to look a convenient place for to set up a schoolhouse on." By October
21 they had made such progress with their problem that they held an
other town meeting and voted "that there shall be two schoolhouses
buUded in the town ; the one betwixt Richard Johnson's house and Godfree
Tarbox's house, the other on the westerly side of Mower's Hill."
Mower's Hill was the hill between Tower Hill and East Saugus, as
they are known today. But the west-end people were not satisfied with
this solution, for on June 30, 1731, they succeeded in passing a vote in
town meeting "that one of the schoolhouses shall be removed to MUl
HUl" (Water Hill). It remained there until 1732, when the west-end
champions were overpowered, and it was "voted to move the schoolhouse
to the place where it formerly stood; also, it was put to vote to have a
Committee to regulate the School. It past in the negetive."
That schoolhouse seems to have taken to wandering habits like those
early schoolmasters, for no sooner was it settled in "the place where it
formerly stood" than another town meeting was called, and on Nov. 22,
1732 N S," voted, that the School House Bee Removed from the place
where it now stands that is in Latons Lane so Calld (our present Frank
lin Street) to a knoll in the middle of the Comon."
Now came the time when three months of schooling each year was
not enough. They had school the year round and many years passed
before our modem long summer vacation came into use.
Town Debts to Mr. Jonathan Parpoint for Keeping Scoole Beginning
December ye 12th 1732 at 65 pounds pr year  16 5 0
June 12, 1733 Mr. parpoint for keeping scoole one quarter  16 5 0
Sept. 12, 1733 Due for keeping scoole one quarter  16 5 0
Dec. 12, 1733 Due for keeping scoole one quarter  16 5 0
The following financial records are a little confusing in their fluctua
tions of value. But they help us realize the growing need of a more
stable currency in the colonies.
June 13, 1738 Mr. Richard Mower began the scool for ye rate of 65—0—0. May
14 Richard Mower, Gentleman, begged of for a fortnit to be absent.
Sept. 13, 1738 paid Richard Mower one quarter scooling 16 — 5 — 0.
Oct. 11th Mr. Richard Mower began to keep ye school this day at 95 pounds per
yr.

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 637
Mar. 30, 1744 Mr. John Lewis Junr. began to keep schoole at the rate of 100
per yr. Aug. 6, 1744 John Lewis began at 120—0—0.
The following items seem to relate to "Mr. Nathanell Henchman"
Aug. 8, 1749 By keeping Scool from this day till July 16, 1750 at 220
pounds pr year old tenor is  206 15 0
By keeping Scool from September Sth 1750 to December 5th, 1750 att
270 pr. year old tenor is  67 10 0
Dec. 5th By keeping scool from Dec. 5th 1750 to Dec. Sth 1751 att 280
pounds pr year old tenor is  280 0 0
~556 8 0
1752 Doctor Nathaniel Henchman paid for keeping school for a quarter
of year to Dec. 12  _  9 6 8
33 weeks to Sept. 13, 1753  23 14 8
~33 1 4
May 5, 1752 Paid Ebenezer Bancroft for room to keep school in  0 6 0
Same date Jeddiah Wellman for keeping school in North Parish  5 10 0
Same date Capt. Elishaw Newhall for a Rome to keep school in..._  0 6 0
July 5, 1756 This day Capt. Richard Mower opend ye Scule at the north part
of the town at the same rate as haS of late been given in this town 28 pounds per
y old Tenor Lawful money 37 — 6 — 8
May 5, 1759 To see whether the town will Settle a Schoole in the Body of
the tovm To be Statedly kept through the year and allow the North and West
parishes to Draw the proportion of money they Shall pay towards the Support
of Sd Schoole upon Their providing Schools among themselves at Such Seasons
of the year as will best Suit them to the amounts of Sd Share.
It was put to vote and past in ye Negetive.
The reader of these chapters will understand how fragmentary are
the sources from which a history of early Lynn schools must be con
stracted. Let us pass to more recent years.
The Society of Friends had a semi-public school of their own in Lynn
for nearly half a century. Hon. Nathan Mortimer Hawkes, in an ad
dress delivered in 1907, makes vigorous comment upon the peculiar fea
tures of this school, declaring that "thus was established a full-fledged
and original Parochial school on the soil of Puritan Lynn."
"Sundry persons of the Quaker Society" on March 2, 1776, presented
a petition "for the Grant of a Peace of Land to Sett a School House on."
The "Peace" was not granted, but the next year they established their
school. The schoolhouse stood "half way up Quaker Meetinghouse HUl"
and has been erroneously claimed to be "the second school set up in
Lynn." The location was on Broad street, just below SUsbee. Their
original schoolhouse was moved away and another, built in its place, after
ward became the "Union Store" of olden times.
In 1784 application was made to the selectmen for the proportion
of money which Friends were annually paying for. the support of the
public schools, to be refunded to them, to be used by them for the sup
port of this Friends' School. The request was refused at first but after
ward it was granted and the grant continued till 1821, about thirty-five

638 ESSEX COUNTY
years. But when the Lynn Methodists tried to arrange the same plan to
establish sectarian schools of their denomination upon their share of the
public funds, it was voted in town meeting, Febraary 23, 1792 "that the
Methodists do not draw their part of the school money back."
Micajah CoUins was the master of this Friends' school during most
of its existence. One of his schoolboys in 1814 was D. Wendell Newhall,
who has written the following description of his schoolmaster as he re
members him: "His figure and noble mein, spectacles on nose, sUver
buckles on shoes and breeches, a clean white stocking, a pendant watch-
chain and seal, a white neck-cloth, that peculiar cut vest and drab short-
bellied coat, and those eyes peering out over the school, hushing the whole
school into that Quaker quiet." The writer of the foregoing description,
speaking of the punishments he remembers in Master Collins' school,
mentions various "educational" devices common to many schools of that
day. He remembers "the leather, the wooden ferrule, a something to
stride the nose, a bone for the mouth, and the tony-hole." These last
contrivances have so fallen into disuse that few of us understand what is
meant. "A something to stride the nose" was also in use in the school at the
westerly end of the Common about 1810. There it was known as a "nose
gay," being fastened astride the nose with a contrivance somewhat like
a clothespin, and the boys thus decorated were obliged to stick their heads
out of the windows for the amusement of passers-by. "The bone for the
mouth" was not particularly appetizing. The victim was made to open
his mouth as wide as possible, and a stick, the "bone", was placed be
tween his teeth to hold his jaws apart. The pose became most uncom
fortable and the victim was required to face the other children, greatly
to their amusement and his own mortification.
About 1800 the Woodend School stood at the head of "Fresh Marsh
Lane" on "School House HiU". Fresh Marsh Lane is now Chestnut street
and the hill is at the end of Collins street. Half way up the middle aisle
of this school was a scuttle hole for wood, where unruly boys were fre
quently shut up until the cold and darkness and shame brought them to
repentance. Perhaps such dark holes in other schools may have served
as Tony Holes, just as the Dunce's Corner and stool and cap once had
their run of popularity as educational devices.
The changes in the schools of Lynn in' all these years provide a
most interesting subject for study. The punishments always seem to be
remembered after other experiences fade away. Supporting a book on
the hand at arm's length or holding down a nail in the floor were refine
ments of punishment compared with methods sometimes employed. The
daUy cries of "Fight, fight", "Ring around", are no longer heard in the
school yards, and the gangs of "Beach Streeters" or "Highlanders" or
from "Wapping" no longer wage deadly battie through the streets with
snowballs or sticks and stones.

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 639
A few years ago one school gained notoriety from its custom of pun
ishing whisperers by tying a long stocking over their mouths. The par
ents objected, the daily papers featured their protests, and the authorities
ordered it stopped, not as cruel or abusive, but as insanitary. The slates
that have done service for centuries have been banished for a similar rea
son. Before there were arithmetics, the master would set all the sums
on the slates, and the busy rattle of the pencUs was the music of the
arithmetic hour. But now that is no longer heard because the slates
were found insanitary. Future generations may wonder why, but as for
those of us who remember how they were "cleaned off", we'll say they
were. Nathan B. Chase, writing in 1870, states that in 1800 there were
only two public schoolhouses in Lynn, one at the westerly end of the
Common and the other at Woodend. He has given us an interesting de
scription of the latter. "It was about 25 by 40, set up four feet from the
ground on pasture stones. It had a pitched roof and a chimney at each
end. To one there was a large fireplace, to the other a large box stove,
the iron plates of which were an inch thick, put together with iron rods
at the four corners. It stood in the back part of the center aisle and
was heated with white pine wood. The scholars went to the fire by
classes on a cold day, taking their tums from the first class downwards.
On one side of this fireplace was the front entryway, on the other was
the teacher's desk. From the front to the rear the ascent of the fioor
was about five feet, and going up to the back seats seemed like going up a
small hiU."
"From the first class downwards" suggests that middle-aged Lyn-
ners today remember that in their schooldays, the "Master's Class" was
the "first grade," and the lower grades were given the larger numbers,
the reverse of the present day custom. In that same comparatively mod
ern time it will be remembered that school always kept Saturday fore
noons in Lynn and a few neighboring towns along the North Shore, al
though not the custom elsewhere. This afforded a Wednesday aftemoon
holiday much prized by pupils and teachers.
In old times scholars were required to contribute coppers for buying
brooms and water buckets, and to take turns in sv/eeping the house. Mr.
Chase says "the master frequently stayed after school-hours to set copies
and make and mend pens for the school. He kept the goose-quills and the
more quills he cut up, the greater the profits. Sometimes the school
master would add to his salary by keeping an evening school in winter
and a five o'clock school in the summer." Scholars left school sometimes
at twelve years of age and went to work learning to make "slaps" or
"cacks" or at binding shoes. One tells how, after going to work at that
tender age, he used to go to evening writing school with a turnip in one
pocket for a candlestick and a candle in the other to light his desk by.
Of recent years the "portable schoolhouses" have become too numer-

640 ESSEX COUNTY
ous in Lynn, affording a temporary solution of the housing problem, as
the growth of population continually outstrips the erection of suitable
buUdings. In a few days the carpenters take one of these "AUadin"
structures apart, move the sections to some overcrowded school, screw
them together in the schoolyard, and have a shelter for a teacher and
forty chUdren. They are suited better for a climate milder than ours,
their toUet facUities are not ideal, and they should not be allowed to be
come permanent.
The one-room portables have some resemblance to the ancient school-
house which is still preserved m the rear of the Lummus home on Frank
lin street. A century ago it stood at the end of the Common, about
where the Soldiers' Monument now is, and was then one of Lynn's best
schools. In this buUding Alonzo Lewis conducted the first Sabbath school
in Lynn. The Lummuses have shown a commendable pride in preserving
this old reUc in which Thomas J. Lummus attended school when a boy.
At that time he had as his seat-mate the youthful WUliam Lloyd Gar
rison. The word "seat-mate" suggests the old double seats that many now
living wUl remember, allowing two boys or two girls to sit together,
whUe sometimes as a punishment a boy and girl were made to occupy the
same seat. Some country schools had these seats and desks made of
thick pine plank, the seats being fastened to the front of the desks. A
later pattern was of thinner hard wood, with iron standards. In earlier
times a board table was used, six or more pupils sitting around it upon
benches that had no backs.
Visiting the old Lummus school with its arched ceiling, one may be
reminded that the winter firewood used to be stored in the attic untU,
one day in the Franklin Street school, a cord and a half of this fuel was
precipitated to the room below, carrying with it plastering, timbers and
flooring. Fortunately the children were out at recess. After this the
wood was kept in the cellar.
Many changes mark the stages of school evolution. A few years ago
the teachers' platforms were cut away, so that now the teachers are on
a level with their pupils. The superior aloofness with which the throned
schoolmaster might look down upon his "subjects" has given place to a
mingling of teacher and pupils, with an increasing sense of companion
ship, and now the teacher spends much of her time circulating among
her pupUs as she teaches, giving individual assistance instead of always
sitting at her desk "hearing classes."
In some Lynn schoolhouses you may stUl see the old recitation plat
form extending across the back of the room, where the classes stood in
line when called to recite. It was better than "toeing the crack" in the
front of the room, for that would hide the chUdren in their seats from
the sight of the teacher. In some schools a long bench w^ naUed to
the wall on the rear platform so that the classes could sit, rising in tum

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 641
when called. Modem graded schools have missed all the interest of
classes standing in line to recite, with the smart children working up to
the "head," while the dunces are left at the "foot."
Introduction of modem sanitation has relieved the schools from un
speakably unwholesome conditions. Heating and ventilation are accom
plished facts, eyesight is conserved by proper seating and lighting, text
books and supplies are fumished to all pupils free, while telephone ser
vice in all large schools gives an efficiency of management otherwise
impossible. Truly the world does move.
The earliest records in the possession of the Lynn School Commit
tee date from March 16, 1812, but after that date they are not continuous.
Then the "Superintending School Committee for the Town of hyim" met
at the Lynn Hotel and organized. They voted to buy a book to keep then-
records in, planned to have their first quarterly visitation Monday, April
27, and voted that they would meet at Rev. Mr. Frothingham's house
at nine o'clock.
Free text books came into use in Massachusetts in 1884, and scholars
must not write upon them. Before that the inscriptions inside the cover
were a delight to the owner, especially in the olden times. Sometimes
over his name he wrote : "Don't steal this book.
Not on your life,
For I have got
A big jack knife."
Or perhaps the doggerel said:
"Don't steal this book,
For if you do.
The Devil will
Be after you."
Showing a different spirit:
"Master William Brown, 2nd
This is his book.
This is his pen.
He will be good.
The Lord knows when."
Original book-plates are not the sole property of schoolboys. The
Lynn School Committee, having bought themselves a new record book,
had its inside cover page appropriately inscribed with the foUowing
words:
SCHOOL COMMITTEE of
LYNN— 1812
The strongest dictates of our soundest reason
Require each member to be here in season.
"Punctuality is the life of business"
Es^ex — 41

642 ESSEX COUNTY
"On AprU 27 this Committee visited the schools in Wards 1, 2, 3
and then adjourned to the following day when they visited the schools
in Wards 4, 5, 6, being the whole of their duty." That closing phrase
tells its story. It was "the whole of then- duty" to visit the schools four
tunes in the year and examine them. On Monday, June 22, they again
met and visited the several schools, recording that "the schools were
found in as good condition as could be expected." Another terse though
somewhat vague expression, appearing several times in their records, is
that "the school was found in a state of progress."
No longer was it the custom to vote in March meeting to have the
selectmen find a schoolmaster and agree with him. The school commit
tee had become a settled fact. Each district or ward had its local com
mittee to hire the teacher and equip the school, while this general com
mittee, comprising one member from each ward, had been elected to ex
amine the schools and advise the local committees. Instead of visiting,
all in one body, in July of 1813, the committee divided its labors. Tim
othy Munro, chairman, visited the Asa Newhall school, Abner Ingalls
the John Phillips school. Dr. James Gardner the Nathan Hawkes school,
Richard Mansfield the Mary PhUlips school, John Pratt the Nahant school,
and Jonathan Makepiece and Samuel Hallowell had a school assigned
each. About twice a year the committee held its meeting at Breed's
Hotel, sometimes recorded "Lynn Hotel", these meetings being usually
at the end of a day spent in their quarterly visitations. On January 25,
1813, the secretary paid Thomas A. Breed's bill of $14.58, which came out
of the year's draft on the town treasurer for $29.86 for the expenses of
the committee. Landlord Breed's bUl included both the use of his room
and the refreshments furnished. Next we find forty words completing
the entire records for nine years :
1816 Visited the schools statedly thro the year and reported a new order of
things, which was accepted by the Town Committee are J. G. S. V. Z. A. J. P.
E. C. R.
July 8, 9, 10 Visited all the schools except Swampscott and Nahant.
N. B. From the above date to May 10th, 1825, no records have been handed
down from any committee to their successors.
From 1825 the records are quite complete, indicating increased
authority and greater interest and efficiency.
The salary received by the masters was $100 per term, payable four
times a year. Hannah Johnson was paid $58.50 but the other names
were of men, including Amos Rhodes, Jesse Price, Asa N. Swmnerton,
Alonzo Lewis, John W. Morrill, Jeremiah Sanbom and others.
The committee voted to hold their examination of the schools in a
different way. All were to go together but each member was to have a
distinct part of the work. Reading and spelling were to be examined by
Messrs. Nelson and Ingalls, penmanship by Mr. Breed, arithmetic by Dr.
Gardner, grammar by Messrs. Green and Lummus, and geography by
Dr. Haseltine.

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 643
Benjamin Mudge has written : "In all my schooldays, which ended
in 1801, I never saw but three females in public schools, and they were
there only in the aftemoon, to learn to write." This may explain why so
many women of that time made their cross in witnessing legal papers.
Judge Newhall explains that "previous to the 19th century hardly any
girls attended the public schools", and then gives three reasons for this :
"First, they were needed at home ; second, the studies were not thought
necessary for their sphere; and third, it was not proper to have boys
and girls so closely associated." At first the employment of women as
teachers met with considerable opposition. The change seems to have
been creeping in since about 1820, until now the women teachers out
number the men, ten to one. There are interesting records bearing upon
this subject of sex distinction.
13th June 1825, Met as by adjournment. The school (at Swampscott) was
under the tuition of Miss Judith Phillips and consisted of 16 males and 19 females
that were present.
Voted: That it is expedient that all the schools in town be supplied some
part of the year with a male teacher; and that we recommend to the Ward No. 1
that they employ a male teacher for four months between this time and next March.
Voted to adjourn to the female department in the Chestnut St. on Wednesday
next at 2 o'clock F. M.
_15th June 1825 Met in Chestnut' St. Committee all present, also the Ward
committee. This school contains 60 females but the average number was stated to
be 75 and the whole number of subjects 86.
Thursday 23d inst. Visited the Western schoolhouse near Tower Hill which
was under the care of Miss Raddin.
Voted: To recommend to the committee of the western ward to employ a
male teacher at least three months, and the same for the female deparment at
Woodend. In the latter case at least, the advice of the general committee was
followed by the ward committee, for we find that January 20, 1826, they "visited
the Misses' School under the care of Mr. Levns." Note that after Alonzo Lewis
became its master, "the female department" of the Chestnut Street school in
Woodend became the Misses' School.'
Monday 20 Feb. 1826 The town having authorized the Selectmen to draw on
the Treasurer for the sum of $60 to be awarded to the three most successful in-
Woodend became "the Misses' School."
Voted: To award the $60 in three amounts, $25, $20, and $15 to the schools
that have shown the greatest improvement during the past year.
The committee then ballotted and decided that $25 go to the female
branch of the Woodend school. As Alonzo Lewis was then in ch9,rge,
whUe Miss Annie W. Stone had been in charge a part of the year, it was
decided that he should have $15 and she $10. Then they voted the $20 go
to Mr. Jeremiah Sanbom of the Gravesend school, and the $15 to Mr.
Ezra Willard, instructor of the school near the westerly end of the Com
mon. A week later the committee had obtained an attested copy of the
proceedings of the town, finding there had been a misunderstanding, so
they then voted to reconsider their former votes. After considering the
matter another week, they came together and voted that if the town had
appropriated the $60, they would have awarded it as aforesaid.

644 ESSEX COUNTY
The division of the Woodend school into a school for males and an
other for females was not made permanent. On March 20, 1826 the com
mittee voted that "the school in Ward No. 2 be so divided that the more
advanced pupUs of both sexes be placed under the care of a male
teacher, and the younger pupUs be entrusted to the charge of a female."
Quite a number of the old towns about us mauitamed separate boys'
and girls' schools for years. Conservative Boston stUl continues certain
High and Grammar schools for boys and others for girls. If that is tlie
best way, why not pattern the new schools after them? If it is not the
best way, why not change them?
Perhaps the old schools over-emphasized the distinction of sex,
thereby arousing unnatural self-consciousness. In many schools each
sex must enter by its own side of the school yard, through its own door,
up its bwn stairway, into its own coat room, and occupy its own side of
the classroom. Today 50 per cent, of these artificial barriers have been
removed and with good results.
November 20, 1837, a statistical reply to an official inquiry by Hon.
Horace Mann, Secretary of the State Board of Education, contained the
following statement: "There are seven males and four females who
practice school keeping as a regular employment". In 1850 there were
9 male and 34 female teachers, with 3379 pupils; in 1863 there were 6
male and 53 female teachers, and 4332 pupils ; in 1920 there were 43 male
and 375 female teachers, with 13,297 pupUs.
The various districts originally spoken of as the First Parish,
North Parish, and West Parish, and sometimes referred to as precincts,
had been divided into school wards by 1810. The records of 1812 indi
cate six such divisions, their arrangement of numbers being chronological
rather than geographical. "Ward Number One" was the old first parish,
its school being located at the westerly end of the Common. The second
ward was that of the Friends' school and it had the peculiarity, that,
territorially, it existed wherever in Lynn there chanced to be a Quaker
family sending a chUd to that school. Ward three was Woodend, of which
district the Ingalls school is the present center. The fourth ward was at
the easterly end of the Common. Gravesend, now called Glenmere, was
Ward five, and Ward six was Swampscott.
In those years the school money was divided into proportion to the
count of school population between the ages of five and fourteen. The
figures below are for 1816 :
The 1st ward contained 215 "subjects", allowance $418
133
200
167 76 40
Hill 41
"872
John Lindsey (children at hom $1900

" 2nd

it

" Srd

tt

" 4th

t*

" Sth

"

" 6th

»»

West of General's

Total

subjects

»

317

380360 170

»»

125

West District

85

Nahant

40

dren at

home)

6

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 645
This designation of pupUs as "subjects", the usual custom of that
time, seems to us in this day of long-established democracy as suggesting
a period of despotic rule. Were those schools autocracies, and how far
are the teachers autocratic today? Certainly schools have changed since
those "good old days." And Lynn has been growing as well as changing.
In 1818 the town voted $60 to assist in the erection of a schoolhouse in
Nahant, and a stone buUding was erected there to serve as school and
library, several hundred volumes being donated by gentlemen from Bos
ton. Other sections of the town had grown to need new schools and, in
1821 the school wards were increased to eight and rearranged in con
secutive order:
Ward 6 or Swampscott became Ward 1. Ward 3 or Woodend be
came Ward 2. Ward 5 or Gravesend became Ward 3. Ward 2, the
Friends' district, became Ward 4. Ward 4, at the easterly end of the
Common, became Ward 5. Ward 1, the westerly end of the Common,
became Ward 6. What was known as the West District became Ward 7.
Nahant was Ward 8.
Lynn no longer has Nahant, save in the forefront of her city seal,
so there is no Ward 8. Dye House VUlage, where a small school be
gan to be kept about 1830, has become the populous suburb known as
Wyoma, taking on the number one that Swampscott used to have.
Woodend and Gravesend have interchanged their numbers, two and three.
Otherwise there has been practically no alteration in the numbering, and
the inodem city wards stand as the school wards were arranged a century
ago. Before 1835 very few pupils remained in the public schools after
reaching the age of thirteen years, for the education provided was most
elementary, meager and unsatisfactory. Throughout New England pri
vate academies began to multiply, and chUdren were sent to them if they
wished a higlier education and could pay the charges. There was a
growing demand that public higher schools should be established, avail
able for all. In 1820 the Lynn School Committee asked that a "perpetual
grammar school" be provided as required by the law of the State. In
1821 the town evaded this law by calling one of its schools a "gram
mar school" and removing the younger children to another buUding. The
intent of the law had been a "Latin and Greek grammar school", but in
1826 a special committee reported that such a school must wait because
"expenditures ought to be regulated by the most rigid rules of economy
till the town exonerates herself of debts."
These debts seem never to have been cleared, and in 1838 the School
Committee stated : "Your committee further report that it is highly ex
pedient that the town comply with the letter of the statute which pro
vides that a High School be established in every town containing four
thousand inhabitants. This provision has been too long and unwisely
avoided, the cause of popular education suffers foi< the want of such a

646 ESSEX COUNTY
school more than from any other cause whatever." But still for another
dozen years the expenditures continued "to be regulated by the most
rigid rales of economy" before such a school was provided and the law
obeyed. And during this half century of so-called economy, Lynn depended
upon a private school, the old Lynn Academy, for the education of her
more wealthy famUies. It began its existence, April 5, 1805, with WU
liam Ballard as its preceptor, and, in spite of many difficulties, it was
continued tUl the Lynn High School took its place.
The late George H. Martin, Lynn's able educational leader, has com
piled an interesting paper upon the old Lynn Academy, which was given
before the Lynn Historical Society. He tells how the promoters of the
academy leased their land of the old First Parish and built the house
and were incorporated by the General Court. The preceptors were
continually beginners, just out of college, who would stay a year or a
term, and then move on to something more remunerative. A part of
the time there were pupUs enough to permit employing a preceptress to
teach the girls. At one time Alonzo Lewis was a pupil and later the pre
ceptor of the academy, before beginning his public school teaching.
In 1832 a new act of incorporation was obtained and the school be
came more prosperous. In 1835 Jacob Batchelder became its preceptor
and Priscilla Titcomb the preceptress, remaining in charge till the High
School was established, Mr. Batchelder becoming the first High School
principal, and Miss Titcomb soon followed him as assistant. Principal
or Preceptor Batchelder was known as "Master Jacob", to distinguish him
from his brother, "Master John", principal of the grammar schools of
Wards 5 and 6. The old academy building, shorn of its belfry and guUd-
ed eagle, was moved to the comer of Westem avenue and Center street,
where it served as a paint shop. It used to stand on the site now known
as 170 South Common street.
In 1850 Lynn became a city, and its first High School buUding was
erected. "Master Jacob" had already organized his new school, begin
mng the first year of the Lynn High School on May 28, 1849, occupying
a room in the basement of the school buUding "in Franklin street." But
on January 8, 1851, the school was removed to the "elegant stracture
erected for its accommodation on the south side of City Square."
We begin our school years in September rather than in May, but
that was before the day of the long summer vacation. Perhaps we need
to be told that this new city's newly named "City Square" was later re
named "Highland Square", while the newest Lynners must be informed
that after the boys came home from the World War, "Highland Square"
became "McGloin Square." But the old wooden High School buUding,
that "elegant stracture", looked out upon these changes with hardly any
change of its own countenance. You may see on the side of the buUding
just where it grew longer, changing from five windows to seven, and

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 647
your imagination readily restores the ventUator that used to adorn the
middle of the roof.
That High School had three classes, junior, middle and senior. The
pupil mortality was even greater than nov/, and of 47 who entered the
first class, only 15 graduated three years later. Those preparing for col
lege or so-desiring might remain longer for additional work. The Ctita-
logue of 1852 states there were then in the school, "Gentlemen 54, and
Ladies 100, Total 154", while the catalogue of 1857 gives, "Ladies 99,
Gentlemen 61, Total 160", a gain of only 6 in five years. Henry Lum
mus, A.B., was now principal, "Master Jacob" having accepted a better
position at the head of the Salem Classical High School.
The early catalogues are embellished with a picture of the school,
its rolling lawn occupied by a group of small boys busy with tops or
marbles, while a group of girls were tossing a ball and rolling a hoop.
The later catalogue reveals two scars where these groups have been
erased as too juvenile in dress and sports to accompany the "gentlemen"
and "ladies" listed within.
When ten classes had passed through the school we find the total
graduates numbered "162 ladies and 58 gentlemen," total 220. This
public high school had its rivals. The old Lynn Academy was no more,
but in its place arose the "English and Classical School and Mercantile
and Art Academy." It existed from 1864 to 1872 and seems to have
had considerable patronage under Principal S. P. Boynton.
The old building remained in use for forty years before another
was buUt. The school had then long outgrown its shell, so that classes
of its pupils were housed all over the city wherever vacant rooms could
be obtained. The new school alongside the old one on Highland square
was dedicated June 17, 1892, President Eliot of Harvard University be
ing the principal speaker. UntU 1911 the Classical High School, under
Principal Eugene D. Russell, occupied the first floor, while the English
High School, under Principal Charles S. Jackson, had the rest of the
building, later much enlarged from time to time.
The new Classical building was completed in 1911 and Principal
Russell moved his school into it, remaining its head untU his death.
That school gained a fine reputation for the quality of its work, as shown
by the standing of the children it fitted for college. Both schools are
now crowded to their capacity, the English housing more than 1800 pupils
and obliged to have a part of the freshman class come in the afternoon
for lack of space.
The direct oversight of the schools was originally in charge of the
selectmen, excepting as now and then the annual town meeting voted
that some special committee have charge for a year. About the close
of the eighteenth century we have seen that a duly authorized school
committee had come into legal authority. They tried various experiments
from year to year, dividing the duties between the ward or prudential

648 ESSEX COUNTY
committees and the visiting or supervising committees. Adequate super
vision by competent officials serving gratuitously was most difficult to
obtain, and the problem was never solved satisfactorily until they leamed
to employ an expert professional educator as the Superintendent of
Schools. Lynn has had a succession of three superintendents in charge
of her schools, and a glance over the changing conditions makes us re
alize that a great deal of progress has been made through their forty
years of service.
Orsamus B. Bruce was Lynn's first superintendent, called from teach
ing in Bingharaton, N. Y., in 1879. Then the school superintendent was
a frequent visitor in every schoolroom and his genial, kindly presence
made his sunny greeting of, "Good moming, chUdren," certain of a happy
response of, "Good raoming, Mr. Bruce." Looking back, one could wish
the School Comraittee had left raore authority in the hands of their super
intendent, allowing him to make Lynn schools all that he so earnestly de
sired. He remained in office untU 1901 and a citizen of Lynn until his
death. His oil portrait in the Public Library is an excellent Ukeness,
placed there by the pupils and teachers of the schools in token of their
affection and esteem.
Superintendent Frank J. Peaslee succeeded Superintendent Brace
and continued in the office until 1915, when Charles S. Jackson, the pres
ent superintendent, was elected to the position. Mr. Peaslee came to
the office at a tirae when the rapid growth of the city and its changes in
educational conditions demanded of hira the fullest raeasure of executive
attention. He did not shirk the responsibilities of his position and was
always loyal to the teachers in their best efforts in the cause of public
education. Good progress was made by the schools during his term.
Charles S. Jackson was well known as an educator at the time of his
election to the superintendency, having already served twenty-five years
as principal of the Lynn English High School. In that quarter century
he saw his school grow under his hands from 135 pupils to 1101 and the
faculty increase from 4 teachers to 36. His administration having al
ways been marked by progressiveness and tact, inspiring harmonious co
operation on the part of teachers and a loyal school spirit on the part of
pupUs, the School Committee promoted him to the higher position. Never
have the duties of the office been more trying than during these years
of his service, and the patient perseverance with which he has faced
the most disheartening situations, during and since the World War,
merits the highest appreciation of every one.
The bookkeeping and other clerical work of the school department
becomes more extensive every year, demanding efficient handling of the
school funds at City Hall if the schools are to make good retums to
the city for nearly a million dollars annually expended. Fortunately
for Lynn, Emest J. Stevens, an exjierienced educator of more than
ordinary executive force, is in charge of this work, filling the double

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 649
office of assistant superintendent and secretary of the School Board to
the great assistance of the committee, the superintendent and the
teachers. General Lander Post No. 5, of the Grand Army of the Republic, has
maintained most intimate relations with Lynn schools for years. Just
before Memorial Day, delegations in blue uniforra, wearing the G. A.
R. bronze button, always visited every school, telling the boys and girls
of the stirring times when they marched away in defence of the Union.
Together the pupUs sang "America" and the "Star Spangled Banner"
and joined in the salute: "I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the
Republic for which it stands, one Nation, indivisible, with Liberty and
Justice for all." Who can measure the good Post 5 has done by these
impressive object lessons?
The ranks of Post 5 have grown thin, but the Sons of Veterans, the
Spanish War Veterans, and the Araerican Legion are marching beside
them and assisting in perpetuating their Memorial Day observances. The
Stars and Stripes float above every schoolhouse and adorn every school
room, and the love of flag and country is the great lesson every school
must have its classes 100 per cent, perfect in. The loyalty of our boys in
the World War just ended proves that this teaching has not been in
vain. They faced their duty nobly, they were brave and efficient, and
Lynn was proud of their record.
All through the schools was a united effort to "help win the war."
The children bought war stamps and Liberty bonds to help finance Uncle
Sam, they joined the Red Cross and spent their time and money to send
help to our soldiers arid the sufferers over seas. They forgot the play
ground and often neglected their lessons in their zeal to do more. Knit
ting, that had become a lost art, was revived again, and, as our great
grandmothers would knit along the road while bringing home the cows
from pasture, so some of our teachers and pupUs found they could knit
sweaters and comforters and stockings while carrying on their class reci
tations. Little primary girls leamed to knit at school and then' went home
and taught their mothers ; the boys learned to knit and stayed in from re
cess to finish another sweater for the soldiers. Some schools organized
to roll bandages and make other hospital supplies by the thousands, and
gannents for the orphan children of France and Belgium. Wool and
other materials soared in price, but it must be bought. So the chUdren
had cake sales, candy sales, junk sales, and the classes got up original
"shows" after school with home talent and ten cents admission, or larger
evening affair in the school halls or the home parlors and dooryards.
To give to the soldiers with your own hands the sweaters those
hands had made, each with the name and address of the maker pinned to
it and asking the soldier to write a letter from camp, then to march be
side your soldier through the streets to the depot asking him to bring

650 ESSEX COUNTY
you home the Kaiser's mustache when the war was over, and to wave
goodbye to your soldier as the train pulled out, those were experiences
never to be forgotten.
America is the leading nation of the world in popular govemment.
If we are to endure we raust have public schools in which our future
voters, growing up together, shall learn to stand shoulder to shoulder in
unselfish allegiance to the Stars and Stripes, unitedly upholding the spirit
of liberty, justice and equal rights, of which our flag is the emblem.
Lynn's schools are earnestly alive to this great work. Our city has be
come the home of thousands of foreign immigrants, desirous of liberty,
but strange to our language and ways.
In our schools their children, coming, in multitudes of various races,
are leaming by precept and example the great principles of social or
ganization and equality upon which America's success has been buUt.
The§e foreign chUdren are rivaling those of native stock, not only in their
successful scholarship, but in their loyal allegiance to this land of free
dom. In their homes their fathers and mothers, speaking foreign tongues,
are working and sacrificing to give their children an American educa
tion, and the chUdren are bringing home to these parents from their
schools the spirit of that sane democracy for which America stands in
the progress of the world. The great aim of the schools is the educa
tion of the children, but there is a valuable by-product in the influences
the children carry to the parents, which must be reckoned in when we
compute the dividends upon the public school investment. Lynn's best
investment is in her schools and she cannot afford to have them anything
but the best.
Lynn's senior high schools have their Alumni Associations, leading
a more or less prosperous and helpful existence. The Parent-Teacher
Associations have taken root in certain schools, the Lincoln and Shepard
having especially enthusiastic organizations. Four associations of gram
mar school graduates have had noteworthy records of success, viz:
Master King's Schoolboys, Master Chase's Schoolboys, Master Brickett's
Schoolgirls, and the Cobbet School Associates.
Samuel W. King was the Ward Four schoolmaster from 1846 to
1857, having taught previously in Danvers, his home being in South Dan
vers or what is now Peabody. The Master King Schoolboy Association
originally set the pace for the other organizations. Holding their re-
nnions each summer, they would go to Nahant for a fish dinner, reviving
good fellowship, playing the old games, and doing honor to their old
master as they exchanged reminiscences of their schooldays.
Henry L. Chase was also a Ward Four master and for more than a
quarter century graduated boys and girls who have since become leading
citizens of Lynn. His old schoolboys stUl maintain their annual reunions
with enthusiasm. Then- favorite ball game, "Run-around-tally", ante
dates the modem national game. It is played with a soft ball and a

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 651
"barn-door bat", and they get the runner "out" by hitting him with the
ball as he runs between bases. They kept score by notching their tal
lies on a stick with a jack-knife.
These boys come to their reunions with pockets full of marbles, or,
lacking marbles, with a supply of sweet fern cigars or of "belly-achers"
to trade for marbles. "Belly-achers" were a favorite mixture of cinna
mon, sugar and flour, put up in a folded paper like a doctor's powder
and swallowed dry. The boys always used to include on their outings
their old truant officer, "Bobby" Newhall, although they always elect a
traant officer from their own number, to assist their "Principal" in main
taining discipline. The principal calls their school to order or to din
ner by ringing the same cracked handbell that Master Chase used in the
old schoolyard, — ^the "cowbell", appropriately engraved and highly prized.
Lynn's only feminine organization of this kind does honor to the
memory of Master Leonard P. Brickett, whose term of service coincided
very nearly with that of Master Chase. The schoolgirls have held more
frequent meetings at their various homes, finding no less enjoyment in
these social assemblies than do the boys.
The Cobbet Schoolboys hold annual reunions similar to the others
described, but are so organized as to include the boys who attended the
Ward Five school, under various masters. It is well supported and has
contributed in various ways to the old school, one of their gifts being
the drinking fountain erected in the yard to the raemory of Sidney In
galls Breed, a well loved Cobbet janitor of many years of service. At
the Whiting school is an indoor fountain with a tablet inscribing it to
the memory of Master Chase, presented by his old boys.
It would be hard to find any old fogy so conservative as to wish to
retum to the earliest Lynn schools, with nothing but "Readin, Ritin, and
Rithmetic" in their priraitive simplicity. Those were the times of which
Alonzo Lewis said that "spelling went wholly by fancy." But in the past
two centuries how the glorified "Three R's" have multiplied into the
numerous studies that throng the modem school curriculum !
Spelling became standardized and took its place as a regular study,
so that "spelling matches" and "spelling bees" divided honors with the
old-fashioned singing school as a popular diversion. Geography and
history, starting in a very simple way, have grown into beauty and rich
ness undreamed of a generation ago. English Grammar dawned big
above the educational horizon, but, like many another popular favorite,
has suffered a decline. Not unlike other New England communities,
Ljmn has been a constant battleground between progressive and reaction
ary educational forces, victories and defeats lying thick along the years,
as new leaders, new studies, new methods and new fads have entered the
fray. The music fad may serve as an illustration, strongly opposed as
"omamental rather than useful, a hopeless waste of time for all but a

652 ESSEX COUNTY
few gifted pupils." In 1851 it was placed upon the list of studies and
$100 voted to pay Charles A. Adams for teaching it one term. Next
term he was paid $150, but in 1852 the committee voted to dispense with
the teaching of music in the schools. In 1855 it was ruled that "Teachers
shall pay such attention to singing as circumstances will permit, and so
far as practicable, intersperse singing among the other exercises of their
schools." In 1868 the course of study directed that all schools below
the high school should have singing five minutes and physical culture
three minutes, twice each session. When at last James Edward Abom
became the regular singing master, driving in his buggy from school to
school, year in and year out, singing came to stay, and there was no study
or teacher more enjoyed by the boys and girls.
Drawing at first led a precarious existence, being kept alive by in
cluding it with writing under one instructor. But in the years when
Henry Tumer Bailey, representing the State Board of Education, aroused
the country to the real value of art education, Nathaniel L. Berry, inti
mate friend and co-worker with Mr. BaUey, was the Lynn drawing
teacher. Together they found the way to lead children to appreciate the
beauties of design in forms and color, and then to enable them to express
with brush and pencil the things they had discovered. "Nat" Berry was
both an artist and educator, and his work placed the art instruction of
Lynn schools upon a solid foundation, establishing a high standard which
has been maintained by his worthy successors.
Time fails us to speak of the coraing of hygiene and physiology,
botany, biology, geology, physics, chemistry and the higher mathematics,
civics and political economy, literature, rhetoric and modern languages,
sewing, cooking, sloyd, manual training in wood and metal, printing,
bookkeeping, typewriting and stenography, all with their varied equip
ment of schoolroom, laboratory, shop, studio or kitchen. Also no modem
school is complete without a well-equipped gymnasium and a physical
instructor to coach our young people for their "athletic meets" and to
train their football and baseball teams for victory. The adaptation of
these various studies to the varied tastes and talents of the pupUs has
greatly enriched our Lynn schools.
New England sent missionaries to carry aid and enlightenment to
needy and ignorant peoples in foreign lands. Now the foreign people
have landed upon our shore, thronged our city streets, fiUmg our fac
tories and schools, and asking us to show them how to become good
Americans. Our Atlantic seaboard is engaged in a magnificent mis
sionary effort with these new immigrant races, and Lynn is awake to her
opportunity and the patriotic duty of the hour.
Lynn evening schools have broadened their work to include hun
dreds of foreign-speaking adults, anxious to leam our language and our
ways. Also many Americanization classes have been organized, meet
ing in homes, schools, public libraries and factories, hundreds of the men

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 653
studying to complete their naturalization, while hundreds of women in
"mothers' classes" are learning the things that will keep them in touch
with the lessons their children are leaming in the day schools. The
Americanization work in Lynn is the expression of the spirit of comrade
ship and helpfulness and is resulting in real patriotism.
Since 1915 Lynn has been committed to the Junior High School
plan, in theory the "6-3-3 plan", though thus far our Junior High Schools
number but two grades, while the Senior High Schools retain their four
grades, housing conditions forcing this arrangement. In the Eastem,
Central a,nd Westem Junior High Schools raore than two thousand pupils
of seventh and eighth grades are concentrated. All teaching is depart
mental as in Senior High, and each teacher is a specialist in her chosen
subject. The segregation of pupils of these gi-ades permits of better
management at an age when more democracy and less autocracy are de
sirable, and when the habits of self government should be brought into
use. With adequate equipment and support, this new departure prom
ises big results, both in scholarship and citizenship.
Lynn's Summer School has grown to be a valuable addition to the
educational system of the city. It is practically self-supporting by the
800 boys and girls of all grades who pay $5 apiece for the privilege of
attending three hours a day for six weeks of the sumraer vacation, that
they raay strengthen their weakest studies, reraoving "conditions", gain
ing trial promotions, and avoiding retardation.
Our times demand expert training of all our Yankee ingenuity, since
America competes with the world in mechanical industry. So the teach
ing of manual arts is coming to greater prominence in our day and even
ing schools. Also the General Electric Company is carrying on its admir
able four-year apprentice course, co-ordinating the activities of brain
and hand in the production of electrical goods.
Next came the Lynn Industrial Shoemaking School, the first and only
institution of its kind in America. In this center of the shoe industry,
an opportunity is given for our boys to spend four years in a thorough
training to fit them to become expert shoe manufacturers. All that can
be taught them conceming the materials, processes, tools and machinery,
and every useful detaU of the business, is presented by expert instruc
tors. Is this the dawning of a new era of scientific shoemaking for
America? The! Lynn Continuation School is the latest tenant of the already
overworked English High School building. With evening and day school
more than filling its rooras twice, the Continuation School, holding its ses
sions afternoons, is rapidly taking possession of its available rooms for a
third shift of pupils. Here working boys and girls, between 14 and 16
years old, come for study four hours each week. If they lose their jobs
they must attend for twenty hours per week. Their studies are such as to
give them practical training for the kinds of work they aim to follow, and

654 ESSEX COUNTY
to fit them to get better positions. Nearly a thousand students are en
rolled in this school which aims to make its pupUs realize that their edu
cation need not come to a standstill even though they must begin work
ing for a living.
In conclusion, the writer desires to add that Lynn's schools, their
teachers, and the officials in charge, are deserving of the fullest esteem,
confidence and support of her good citizens.
Danvers — The village and Middle Parish of Danvers was set off
frora Salem more on account of there not being grammar schools near
enough to accoraraodate the chUdren. The first action toward a separate
school within the limits of Danvers and Peabody wast in 1701, when it is
recorded that "Mr. Joseph Herrick and Mr. Joseph Putnam and Mr.
Joseph Putnam, Jun., are chosen and empowered to agi-ee with some
person suitable to be a school-master among us, in some convenient time ;
and make retum thereof to the people." The person instrumental in con
structing the first schoolhouse was the minister of the vUlage church.
Rev. Joseph Green. The first teacher naraed in the records was Kather
ine Deland, who taught before Mr. Green's house was finished. In 1714
Samuel Andrew is the first master mentioned. The first school commit
tee, as a distinctive board, was chosen in 1756, under rules as follows:
"Voted to chuse cora'tee to regulate ye grammar school & to be five men.
Voted Daniel Gardner Daniel Purington Daniel Epes Junr. Nathl Fenton
Sr., David Putnam voted that the school committee Draw up Something
and lay it before ye District on ye adjournment."
In the midst of the Revolutionary struggle (1777) through a petition
headed by Jeremiah Page, a decided step forward was taken in school
matters. At a meeting held in the old North Church, Archelaus Dale,
moderator, it was voted "that there be set up Ten Schools for three
months each year, and that the selectraen regulate the schools and pro
vide proper persons for school-masters." The term "district school" is
first used here in 1780, in these words, "That there be District schools
set up for three months to begin as soon as they may be." In 1783 there
were nine schools "set up." It was not until 1794 that the town was
divided into school districts. The first rules laid down for the govem
ment of schools in the town was in 1806, when Dr. Wadsworth, the min
ister, and Hon. Nathan Reed, with a few others, formulated these rules,
as well as many more, and all under one head were termed Dr. Wads-
worth's Code.
1. It is recommended that each instructor open his school in the morning
and close in the evening by a short prayer.
2. On every school day except Saturday, each instructor shall employ at least
six hours in the instruction of his pupils, and not less than three on that day.
3. To facilitate the acquirement of an accurate & uniform mode of Spelling
& pronunciation, Perrys Spelling book and Dictionary shall be taught in all schools;
and the following shall be the catalogue of Books from which the scholars shall be
supplied at the discretion of the Instructor, viz: "Murray's Grammar Abridged",

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 655
"Morse's Geography, Abridged", "Constitution of the State of Massachusetts", etc.;
"Wakefield's Mental Improvement", "Pike's Arithmetic" & the "Holy Bible," to
gether with such Latin & Greek Classics as are usually taught in Grammar schools..
The first mention of the school committee having pay for their ser
vices was in 1836, when it was voted to give the same pay as to other
town officers. In 1837 was first mentioned the "Massachusetts School
Fund." The year 1839 marked the era when printing and distributing
town school reports in Danvers began. The first report ever made in this
town was dated 1817, and it is still in existence — a crumpled and faded
document, containing raany huraorous and extremely odd as well as use
less expressions. The first high school was opened in June, 1850. It was held at two
points within the town. Thirty-eight entered the South school, and
thirty-one the North school. Philanthropist George Peabody, whose home
had been here, in 1853 sent word that he would give the high school
named for him the sum of $200, and do so annually each year after 1854,
the same to be expended in purchasing prizes for the best scholars, the
same usually to be a medal. In 1867 Mr. Peabody established a fund
of $2,000, the income of which was to purchase medals and books for
graduates from this school.
As the years have passed by, the schools of Danvers met with
changes and improvements, both in manner of instruction and in the
buildings devoted to school purposes. Each generation, however, has
been blessed with the standard of schools common to the time in which
it existed, ending with the present high state of the common and high.
school systems.
In 1920 the following was a part of the teachers' report for Dan
vers : High school, $25,238 ; Maple and Charter streets, $19,693 ; Daven
port, $10,730; Tapley, $11,093; Wadsworth, $4,467; Park, $4,668; Put-
namviUe, $1,030; Hathome, $910; East Danvers, $2,271; Domestic
Science, $2,350; Manual Training, $1,900; Drawing, $1,250; Physical
Training, $1,250 ; Music, $480 ; Specials, $854 ; Substitute Teachers, $731.
Total, $88,988.52.
The high school is served with a lunch, and at tiraes with dinners^
the same being served at actual cost, and consists of wholesome food,,
such as soups, chowders, creamed dishes, cup-cakes, sandwiches, etc.
This system was first conducted by the Daughters of the American
Revolution, but later was taken care of by the department of Domestic
Science. In 1920 $4,700 was spent in this manner, but all free of cost
to the town, each pupU paying his or her share. In 1920 the schools had
a total of about 1900 pupUs. The superintendent of the high school re
ceives $2,750 per school year ; the total paid high school teachers in 1920
was $25,238. Schools of Lawrence — In Lawrence about 1845, there were only three
small, one-story school buUdings, of the type of school buUdings every-

656 ESSEX COUNTY
where found in New England rural districts. They were plain, roughly
finished, and cold in winter time. In 1846 another buUding was provided
by the Essex Company, under the du-ection of the Methuen school com-
nnttee. After Lawrence became a separate town, other schools were
soon provided. The manufacturers who paid sixty-five per cent, of the
taxes said: "Let us maintain the best school we possibly can." The first
high school was opened in January, 1849, and T. W. Curtis was appointed
principal. The Oliver Grammar School was opened in the spring of 1848,
with one hundred and forty students. The Packard School in South Law
rence was opened in 1872. The building was bumed in March, 1885, but
was rebuUt. Free evening schools were established in 1859, under direc
tion of George P. WUson. In 1869 a training school was established as
an experiment, and it proved successful. This was established for teach
ers who did not see their way clear to go to distant State normal institu
tions. Decade by decade Lawrence schools have developed, until today
they stand abreast of others in Essex county.
There are now a large nuraber of strictly modem buildings, and all
are supplied with the best of teachers. It was in 1892 that better school
buildings commenced to be erected. In 1893 a $70,000 brick school
building was erected; soon another appeared, costing $60,000, and stUl
another, costing the same. The gramraar school of 1897 cost $95,000;
the new high school built in 1901, cost $250,000 ; the Alexander B. Bruce
Gramraar School cost in 1902, $100,000; the Hood Grammar School in
1905 cost $150,000, and the John Breen Grammar School, in 1911, costing
$135,000. In June, 1915, the Oliver Grammar school was started, and
was completed in the fall of 1917, at an estunated cost of $210,000. Here
one finds thirty-six class rooms, besides many other useful rooms. The
latest innovation in schools here are the evening and the naturalization
schools for the working and foreign element.
There are also numerous parochial schools in Lawrence, under su
pervision of the churches.
Essex Schools — The schools in the town of Essex have always been
well up with the average of other schools in Essex county. There seems
a shortage of early records in this town conceming school affairs. Com
ing down to the present tune (1921), the records show that there were
resources amounting to $14,813, and expenditures of $15,856, an over
draft of $1,040. The total number of pupils enrolled ih 1920 was 260.
On account of slight attendance, the South School was closed in
1920. The cKUdren who had attended there were sent to the Island dis
trict. The transportation bill in 1920, for this town on account of its
schools, was $1,625.50. The buUdings are in excellent condition at this
time. Topsfield Schools — The first reference to education in the records of
this town is dated March 6, 1693, as follows: "The town have agreed
that Goodman Lovewell, Schoolmaster, shall live in ye Parsonage house

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 657
this yeare ensuing, to kepe Schole and swepe ye meeting-house." For a
long time the town had but the single schoolmaster. He was chosen at
the annual meeting, and v/as generally a citizen of the town. A room in
a private house was hired for school-room purposes, even as late as 1750.
The records speak of no regular school building until after 1790, when
the town was divided into three school districts, named South, Middle and
North districts. The East district was soon added. The Middle v/as
soon changed to Centre School House, and it stood on the present site
of the town hall. In 1867, the town bought the Academy buUding and
changed the Centre school to this buUding. (The Topsfield Academy is
mentioned elsewhere) .
The school committee in a report for 1920 has the following :
As is the case in all schools, we have a few "backward pupils," and it may be
wise to fall in with the general practice, and employ a special teacher to bring these
pupils along more rapidly.
On October 1st was begun the work of our instructress in hygiene and school
nurse. This with us is an innovation and promises to be of great value to the school
children. Miss McGinley has taken up the work with understanding and enthusi
asm, and already much good is visible from her care and instruction. Co-operation
with the School Nurse by parents is eamestly urged, as upon this, the success of
this measure largely depends.
Our school building seems to grow smaller, and its fitness for best care and de
velopment of pupils grows more meager as increasing demands are made upon it
each year, and we earnestly wish for a new and larger school with modem equip
ments. The school expenses increase in proportion with the increased cost of
living, especially in the detail of salaries. Teachers are relatively scarce and de
mand much larger salaries than formerly.
In 1921 the total enrollment was, at the spring term, 165 — 86 girls
and 79 boys. The teachers : James W. Frost, principal, salary, $1,500 ;
Loma B. Tasker, high assistant, $1,150 ; Elsie M. Bremner, high assist
ant, $1,150; Ruth F. Pitman, high assistant, $1,150; Bessie B. Perkins,
Grammar, $1,300 ; Regina C. Donovan, Lower Grammar, $950 ; Elizabeth
A. Paul, Intermediate, $1,100; Alice S. Evans, Primary, $950; Bessie
Cleaveland, Music, $300 ; Dorothy Durham, Drawing, $150.
Amesbury Schools — The first account found in the town records is
an entry that Mr. Wells was chosen schoolmaster, with a salary of £20
per year; this was dated 1694. In 1710 the school apportionment was
increased to £30 per year ; the schools were kept half of the time at the
meeting house and the other half at the house of Roger Stevens, at Jam-
aco. In 1771 the grammar school was ordered kept at the meeting
house, at the "Pond HUls fort."
In 1734 an effort was made to establish a free school. The repre
sentative at General Court was instructed to petition that a body of land
be granted for that purpose. No action was taken, hence we see no more
conceming the free school proposition for some time.
In 1796-97 trouble arose over the location of a proposed schoolhouse
at the Ferry. Finally, it was buUt by private subscription, and later sold

658 ESSEX COUNTY
to the district. The first teacher there was Mr. Burrows, he receiving
$18 a month for his services. The record says : "Mr. Burrows began his
school January 16, 1797, on Monday, the First School that was Teached
in this House." In 1801 a schoolhouse was built at the MUls, costing
$250; this was the house buUt of brick, on Friend street. In 1802 a
schoolhouse was erected at West Amesbury, at an expense of $200. In
1805 an effort was raade to provide an acaderay at Bartlett's Corner, for
the use of Amesbury and Salisbury. A stock company was formed, with
a capital of $2,000, divided into shares of ten dollars each. A lot was
secured where now stands the high school building. The structure was
finished in 1805, and Abner Emerson was appointed first teacher.
Coming down to 1886, Amesbury (including eight parochial schools)
had thirty-three schools within her borders. The chUdren between five
and fifteen years of age numbered 1300. In 1920 there was an enroll
ment of 1,170 chUdren ; teachers, fifty-four ; parochial schools, two ; school
appropriations, $111,350. A physical training departraent was instaUed
in Septeraber, 1920, and is proving a success.
In the year 1890 the town had in use nineteen different school buUd
ings. That this was highly unsatisfactory from an educational stand
point was evidenced by the fact that the coraraittee at various times
recommended raeasures of consolidation. In 1897, at the annual town
meeting, a committee of six was appointed to act with the school com
raittee to ascertain what lots were available for the erection of a school
building at sorae point on Elra street. At the town meeting of the follow
ing year (1897) this comraittee reported that they had selected the Moses
Collins lot on Elm street, which could be purchased at a cost of $2,000.
They recommended also that a four-room building be erected, at a cost
of $10,000, but inasmuch as they thought it possible to endure the cramp
ed conditions for some tirae longer, advised that appropriation for the
erection of a new building be not raade at that time.
In 1897, owing to increased numbers of pupils enrolled, an addition
of four rooms was made to the rear of the high school building. In the
year 1903 the school committee recommended to the town that a com
mittee be appointed to see what steps should be taken for the better
accommodation of pupils in the high school. This committee was ap
pointed at the annual town meeting, and it made reports in various detaU
at adjourned town meetings held on May 18th, June 22d, August 1st,
and October 4th, 1904, the substance being that it was the unanimous
opinion of the committee that a new high school buUding was needed and
should be immediately erected. The matter was referred to the annual
town meeting in March, 1905, where it was killed by the voters. Mean
tirae, during the year 1903, conditions were becoming altogether too
cramped for safety, and the school committee erected an addition to the
school buUding, which was opened in the fall of 1904.
During the year 1903 the first step in the consolidation of schools

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 659
was begun when the committee voted to close up the Pleasant Valley
school and send the five chUdren in attendance to the school in the Ferry
district. In the year 1906 the school committee recoraraended that the
town appoint a committee to act with the school committee to investigate
the matter of consolidating the Azassiz, Garfield, and Mann schools into a
new building on Congress street. At the annual town meeting in March,
1907, the town voted to purchase a lot and build a new school building ;
this is the present Horace Mann School, located on Congress street, dedi
cated September 3d, 1908, and opened for pupils a few days later. At
the end of the school year 1908, the Dorr School on Rocky Hill road was
closed, the pupils from this building being transferred to the Hackett
School in that section of the town, or the Macy and Bartlett Schools at the
Ferry. At the close of the year 1910, the Hackett School, Rocky HUl,
was closed. In 1914 the Pond Hills School was abolished, and in the fall
of that year the pupils were transferred to the Horace Mann School.
In 1916 an article was inserted in the warrant of the annual town
meeting to see if it would vote to increase its school accommodations by
the- erection of a new high school building. A committee was appointed
to investigate the matter and report at a later date. At the adjoumed
town meeting, held on May 1st of the same year, the town voted the sum
of $125,000 for the purpose of erecting a new building and purchase of
equipment for the same. At a further adjoumed meeting on May 22d
the town voted to purchase the site of the so-called Huntington lot at a
cost of $7,000.
When the committee advertised for bids for constraction, it was
found that, owing to the rising price of raaterials due to the war, the
buUding could not be built for the money appropriated. A special town
meeting was called on September 9th, 1916, at which an additional ap
propriation of $10,000 was made. The buUding committee found itself
still further in difficulty financiaUy, and at the town meetingi of AprU 2d,
1917, it received an additional appropriation of $15,000 for furnishing
and equipment, and $10,000 for grading the lot. The foundation was be
gun October 28th, 1916, the cornerstone was laid January 17th, 1917,
and the building was occupied on November 26th, 1917.
Because of the erection of the new high school buUding, further ele
mentary consolidations were possible. In the summer of 1917 the Macy
School was closed, the lower grade pupUs being sent to the Bartlett School
and the fifth and sixth grade pupUs to the Ordway School. In the sum
mer of 1918 the Whittier and Davis schools were closed and all the chil
dren in the seventh and eighth grades in the town were consolidated in
the old high school buUding, which was renamed the Junior High School.
The 'only change made since that date was in the faU of 1920, when the
Davis School was again reopened, owing to increased school enrolment
and the establishment of special classes foi* backward chUdren.
Up until 1902 the school board was composed of three members, who

660 ESSEX COUNTY
had entire charge of the organization, administration and supervision of
schools. This latter work was canied on through the appointment of
sub-committees for different districts, each man acting as supervisor of
his district. The total number of visits made by members to schools
varied from 100 up to 430 in the year 1898. That the school committee
realized the inefficiency of this method, and desired something better, is
evidenced by the fact that year after year they recommended to the town
that expert supervision be employed. In the year 1902 the Massachu
setts Legislature passed a law stating that on and after the first day of
July the school committee of cities and towns not in unions "shall ap
ponit a Superintendent of Schools who, under the dk-ection of the com
mittee, shall have the care and supervision of the public schools."
In compliance with this, on AprU 7th, 1902, the school committee
elected as superintendent of schools, Mr. C. S. Lyman, who began his du
ties immediately. On January 2d of the same year, at a special town
meeting, the members of the school board were increased from three to
nine. This change complicated the organization, inasmuch as the old
committees for the different schools were retained and, in addition, new
ones on teachers' salaries, textbooks and supplies, repairs, finance, rales,
school athletics and industrial education were added. These continued
down until the year 1914, when a gradual reduction in the number was
begun. At present all of the old district committees have been elimi
nated and the board maintains two standing committees — namely, finance
and buUdings. At the beginnmg of the year 1906, Mr. C. S. Lyman resigned his
position. At the town meeting of that year there was much discussion
and criticism of the expense of supervision, and the school committee was
instructed by the voters to secure some one at less cost. In compliance
with this, the committee on April 11th held a special meeting, at which
was discussed the advisability of joining with the town of Merrimac and
forming a union superintendency. It was voted not to enter such an
agreement. On April 23d Mr. Charles E. Fish, then superintendent of
schools in Manchester on part-time, was secured to act as superinten
dent in Amesbury three days per week. Mr. Fish severed his relations
in June, 1915, and was imraediately followed by Burr F. Jones. The
other occupants of this position have been Edmund K. Amold to Decem
ber 1st, 1912 ; L. Thomas Hopkins, to October 1st, 1921 ; and Justin O.
Wellman to date.
Up to March 25th, 1907, it had been customary for a member of the
school board to act as secretary. At this time the superintendent of
schools was elected secretary, at additional compensation of $50. This
method has continued to the present time, with the exception that when
Mr. Amold came as superintendent the additional compensation for this
work was abolished.
At the regular town meeting held in March, 1914, it was voted to

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 661
reduce the number of school committee members from nine to seven, and
one new member was elected in place of the three whose terms expired.
It was found later, however, that this was in conflict with the State law,
which requires the number three or a multiple of three. At the next an
nual town meeting in 1915 it was voted to reduce the board to six,
which number has remained to the present time.
After years of discussion and favorable recommendation on the part
of the school committee, drawing was the first special subject to be intro
duced in the schools in the fall of 1895. This was placed in the hands of
a special teacher. Miss Gertrude Smith. In September, 1902, music was
added, under the direction of Mrs. Harriet J. Bartlett, who has continued
until the present time. This same year Mr. Forrest Brown, principal of
the high school, stated in his report that he had collected a few benches
aiid some tools and started the nucleus of a course in manual training
for the high school. In the spring of 1909 the school committee voted
to introduce sewing, cooking and manual training in the elementary
schools, and instruction was begun in September.
In compliance with Chapter 502, Acts of 1906, the school committee
appointed Dr. Herman Cooper school physician, and he began his duties
in September, 1906. On April 14, 1914, the first school nurse was em
ployed upon recommendation of Dr. Leslie, the school physician, owing
to an epidemic of scarlet fever. She was employed jointly by the school
committee and the board of health, one-half the salary being paid by each.
Miss MacBumie resigned her position early in April, 1915, and on May
11th, Miss Viola Sperry was elected to succeed her. At this time the
joint relationship between the board of health and the school committee
was severed, and Miss Sperry was eraployed solely by the latter. On
June Sth, 1915, the office of attendance officer was combined with that
of school nurse, and this arrangement continued until September, 1920,
when these offices were separated. The school nurse then devoted her
entire time to health work, including regular instruction in physiology
and hygiene. The attendance work was taken care of by a man on half-
time. In 1910 Superintendent Charles I. Fish recommended in his report
that the committee introduce special work in physical education. Noth
ing was done along this line, however, until September, 1920, when a
course was organized for all the schools of the town and placed in the
hands of a special supervisor.
The first evening school was opened March 9, 1891, and continued to
January 22, 1892. Mr. A. E. Tuttle was in charge, with two assistant
teachers. There were enrolled 162 pupils, and the subjects of book
keeping, grammar, mechanical drawing, arithmetic, reading, spelling and
penmanship were taught. The following year the number increased to
210 pupUs, six new teachers were added, and the subject of mechanical
drav/ing was eliminated. Owing to criticisms of the cost of operation.

662 ESSEX COUNTY
during the year 1893-4, the teaching force was reduced to seven with
larger classes. The total expense was $10 per night. The following
year, owing to lack of funds, the term was shortened to ten weeks, and
in the school report of 1895 the comraittee recoraraended a special appro
priation for the maintenance of this school. As this was not granted at
the town meeting in 1896, the school was discontinued.
The next moveraent in this direction was when the school committee
recommended in 1898 that evening instruction in English be offered to
foreign-bom adults who did not have a command of the language. Noth
ing came from this recommendation. In 1919 the Massachusetts Legis
lature passed an act providing that towns maintaining Americaniza
tion classes for adults would receive one-half the cost of operation, pro
vided this act was accepted by the school committee and the school ap
proved by the Commissioner of Education. Under this law the school
committee established Americanization classes in the French Parochial
School. One hundred pupils were enrolled and instruction was offered
in English, arithmetic, writing and citizenship; six teachers were em
ployed. The success of this seemed to warrant further expansion. In
September, 1921), a half-time director was appointed, and on November
6th the work was conducted in the new high school building and ex
panded so as to include English and citizenship for adults, instruction
in the comraon branches for illiterate minors who had not graduated
from the sixth grade, and other subjects, such as sewing and cooking,
shorthand, typewriting, bookeeping, and raechanical drawing. The school
was in session twenty-four weeks and eraployed sixteen teachers. Gradua
tion exercises were held and certificates presented.
Salisbury Schools — Thomas Bradbury appears of record as having
been the fu-st school teacher m Salisbury. The date of buUding the first
schoolhouse is not to be found at this time. Private houses were largely
used for many years. Schools moved from one neighborhood to an
other. This locality was among the nuraber reported to the General Court
as delinquent, in that the parents did not see the necessity of sending
their chUdren to school. The law in 1692 was "that every town within
the Province having fifty Householders or upwards shall be constantiy
provided with a School Master to Teach ChUdren and Youth to Read and
Write, and when any such town or Towns have a number of one hun
dred famUies or Householders there shall also be a Grammar school sett
up in every Town, and some discreet person of good conversation, WeU
Instracted in the Tongues, procured to teach such school." The penalty
for not living up to this law was a fine of from ten to twenty pounds ster-
Img. The first schoolhouse in Salisbury was erected at the Point by sub
scription in 1793. Seth Clark and Hon. Caleb Cushing were among the
scholars who attended this hurable school. Coming down to raodem days,
it may be not without profit to note a few facts gleaned from the school

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 663
reports of 1920 : Paid for teachers' salary, $8,682 ; salary of principal,
$1,110 ; transportation of pupUs, by street raUway, $3,020. The cost of
fuel was $507 ; books and supplies, $675 ; total membership, 288 ; average
attendance, 235 ; number of graduates, seventeen. The contrast of school
days in pioneer times and now, when children may ride to and from
school in all times of the year, by street cars propelled by electricity, is
great. It is doubtful whether the rising youth fully appreciate these ad
vantages bestowed upon them by modem facilities and methods.
Andover Schools — It hardly seems possible that in a community so
long a seat of leaming, with its Theological Seminary and the Abbot and
Phillips schools for boys and girls, should have had as first settlers such
a band of hardy men and women who left then- impress on the future
generations, and yet they themselves without leaming. As a rule, the
men could read and write, and had a fair understanding of the simple
rales in mathematics, but beyond these they had little education ; their
wives had still less, and yet these women were leaders in their society;
they could not in many instances read and write, but made their cross
when their signature was required. The first teachers were also the
first ministers, and under them lads were trained for Harvard College.
The coming of Govemor Bradstreet and his faraily to this town doubtless
helped create a thirst for raore knowledge. As early as 1678 the town
sent to Hai-vard a contribution of twelve bushels of com as a "corapli
raent for ye new building of ye college," this showing the interest they
took in the endeavor to do better by their sons than had been done for
them by their parents.
The law of 1647, requiring every township having fifty farailies to
support a school, and every township having one hundred farailies to sup
port at least two grammar schools, was not regarded in Andover until
1701, when it was voted that "a convenient schoolhouse be erected at ye
parting of ye ways, by Joseph Wilson's, to be twenty foot long and six
teen foot wide." Suitable school teachers were scarce, and the pay was
small ; college graduates were in deraand for the ministry. But the town
was better off than others, for within her midst was the son of Gover
nor Bradstreet, Dudley Bradstreet, who in 1704 became raaster of the
first grammar school in town. In regular succession he was followed by
forty-one others, in eighty-seven years. Regular schools were not estab
lished in the town's outskirts until 1755. At first the schools were of
a low grade, teaching little save reading, writing and arithmetic. In win
ter they were taught by men and in the summer months by women. In
1795 Andover was divided into twelve school districts, in each of which a
school was supposed to be maintained eight months each year. Taxes
were levied, as now, to support these schools. The boys were supposed
to need the rod as well as "book-learning", and they usually received
it, too. The long ferule and the birch were a necessity with the master,
as much as his arithmetic and reader.

664 ESSEX COUNTY
Coming down to the present time, it may be said that the common
schools of Andover are fully abreast with those in other parts of New
England, if not in some ways superior. The school report for Decem
ber, 1920, says that the appropriation that year for schools in Andover
was $92,000. It is indeed fortunate for the residents of Andover that
the town has so many superior schools; for after leaving the excellent
high school, the pupU has a choice of two or three up-to-date institutions
in which to complete a modem education, and that without great expense.
Andover has sent forth to the world its thousands of brUliant men and
women, who have commanded recognition in the busy walks of men, from
one coast to the other.
The total membership of the schools in 1920 was 1,350. The schools
included were the High school, Stowe, John Dove, S. C. Jackson, Indian
Ridge, Bradlee, Richardson, West Center, North, BaUey and Osgood.
Hamilton Schools — From incorporation to the present, the schools in
the town of HamUton have been up to standard. Four ungraded schools
were supported from the first organization of this town, designated the
North, East, South and West districts. Until 1827 the school committee
consisted of eight members, chosen annually. Later it was cut down to
five members, and in 1857 the Legislature fixed the number at three.
Down to 1844, the minister or pastor of the church was chosen chairman
of the board or town committee. In 1850 the average wages paid to fe
male teachers was $9.75 a month, and to male teachers $30 a month.
The school committee visited the schools at least twice each year and
made a very "wise" inspection of methods and discipline, after which
they repaired to some member's house, and there had a liberal feast, and
compared notes on what each thought of the teacher and the pupUs, the
building, and school matters in general. These visits were (to the com
mittee) a real pleasure as well as official duty.
Coming down to the present, the number of enrollments in this town
in 1920 was 371, boys 166, and girls 205. The buUdings are of a stand
ard Massachusetts quality, and kept in good repair. The salaries ran
from $2,400 for the principal to the grades that usually receive about
$1,000. The high school assistants run from $1,100 to $1,400 per school
year. Of the high school students, the Seniors numbered 14; Juniors,
14 ; Sophomores, 22 ; Freshmen, 32. Of these eighty-two, thirty-six are
enrolled in the commercial course.
Boxford Schools — The earliest public school in the town of Boxford
was taught in 1701 by Captain John Peabody, the town clerk. Schools
were held at private houses in various parts of the town for many years.
About 1738 the town was divided into districts, and a schoolhouse was
provided in each district. In 1796 new buildings took the place of the
first schoolhouses. Many years ago, a second lot of schoolhouses was
provided, and in many sections of the town stiU another set have been
demanded and procured. In 1886 the town contained six districts and

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 665
the average attendance was one hundred and twenty. Up to that date,
Boxford had thirty-five graduates frora colleges — sixteen of Harvard,
fourteen of Dartmouth, two of Yale, and one each of Amherst, Brown
and Union colleges, all having been natives of Boxford. Since then many
raore have been added to the graduate list.
The school reports for 1920 give facts as follows : Paid for teachers,
$3,660; music teacher, $275; high school transportation, $985; grade
transportation, $1,169; fuel, $484; the total of all expenses was placed
at $9,887. The teachers in 1920-21 were Ada Clapp, Palmer School, on a
salary of $1,000; Esther Perley, Wood School, salary $800; Jeane F.
Sanborn, Morse Grammar School, salary $1,200; Catherine Mclnnes,
Morse Primary School, salary $1,200.
Groveland Schools — The first reference to schools in Groveland was
in 1701, when it was voted "that the selectmen provide a school accord
ing to their discretion, and that they should assess the town for the ex
penses of the same." But it should be remembered that not until after
the Revolution was the free school system thought of as being the stan
dard, for private and select schools mostly prevailed. The people felt
the need of better educational facilities, otherwise there would not have
been the demand for the founding of Harvard College, in which teachers
might be trained and developed to instruct in the schools of the New
England States. The first common school committee was appointed in
1795, consisting of Nathaniel Thurston, James Kimball, Nathan Burbank
and Seth Jewett.
This county, with many others, did not take kindly to the free public
school system for many years. It rather delighted in select schools
and academies of religious or sectarian polity. Bradford took a leading
part in this role, and in 1803 it was voted and agreed that a building
should be erected for an academy, and subscriptions were raised to meet
the expenses. In three months the building was finished and an academy
was opened. The first principal was Samuel Walker of HaverhUl, with
Hannah Swan as preceptress. (For further history see later details in
this work). In 1886 there were ten public schools in this town, the high school
haAong a membership of twenty-eight. For the year named, $4,200 was
appropriated for teachers. The 1920 school reports for Groveland show
that out of a population of 2,650, there were enrolled 502 pupUs in the
public schools. The average attendance for 1920 was 401 ; assessed val
uation of personal and real property, $1,610,000. Tax rate per thousand,
$30. Cost of schools in 1920, $28,418. Cost per pupU, $65.48. Aver
age wages paid teachers, females, from $100 to $120 per month; raale
teachers, from $170 to $200 per month. Number of teachers, eighteen.
The report also shows a table of percentages as follows: The 1920
school dollar was expended thus : Instruction, 62 per cent ; repau-s and
renewal of property, 131/^ per cent. ; care of buUding, 6 per cent. ; text-

666 ESSEX COUNTY
books, 514 per cent. ; fuel, 8 per cent. ; supervision, 2 4-5 per cent. ; health,
nine-tenths of one per cent. ; incidentals, one-half of one* per cent. ; ad
ministration, eight-tenths per cent.
Haverhill Schools — The first schoolmaster noted in HaverhUl his
tory was in 1661, when Thomas Nasse taught the school for £10 from the
town and what he might collect from outsiders. He was still teaching
in HaverhUl in 1673. Before 1670, schools had been kept in private
houses, but that year an order was passed and executed to this effect:
"As near the meeting-house that now is as may be, which raay be con
venient for the teaching of a public school in & for the service of a watch-
house, & for the entertainment for such persons on the Sabbath days,
at noon, as raay desire to repair thither, & shall not repair between the
forenoon & aftemoon exercises to, their own dwellings, which house is to
be erected upon that which is now the town's common land, or reserved
for public use." The buUding was erected, and Thomas Nasse engaged
as raaster, at not to exceed £10 from the town and whatever he might
collect frora patrons of his school. For a while this worked well, but
eventually the school was a dismal faUure, and the master had to resort
to law in order to obtain his salary, small though it was. Haverhill had
more than once been brought up before the court for not supporting a
school, and had been fined, after which the selectmen "got busy," and
engaged a competent teacher and agreed to pay him £34 for the school
year. Soon the Indian wars carae on, and schools were left out of the
public raind, here as was the case in adjoining towns. In November,
1705, the General Court made an order exempting all towns of less
than two hundred families from keeping grammar school for three years,
on account of the Indian difficulties. In 1827 the HaverhUl Acaderiiy
was dedicated and fiourished many years until superseded by the excel
lent high school.
From old school records, it has been leamed that in 1886 the schools
of Haverhill were in a highly satisfactory condition. In June, 1885, a
superintendent had been elected, and this officer proved of great value.
The cost of these schools, under this plan, and just before, was as follows:
In 1884, $66,600 ; cost per pupU, $22.79 ; in 1885 the cost was $20.32 per
pupil ; in 1887 it had been reduced to $18.40 per pUpU. Albert L. Bart
lett was elected in February, 1888, to serve as superintendent.
Coming down to modem days, it raay be said that the condition of
public schools in HaverhUl was never better than in 1921, the date of this
writing. But in this connection, let the reader note what was brought
out in an article on the schools of the city of HaverhUl in 1919, two years
ago: The public school system includes one high school, a center ninth
grade, twenty-two elementary buildings and eight mral schools. The
various buUdings are now valued at one million dollars. Other school
stractures have been planned within the last year or two. The high

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 667
school buUding is a beautiful and commodious stracture, equipped with
all that modem days require. There is an auditorium holding more than
one thousand persons. The gymnasium is surpassed by few in the State.
This school building cost $400,000. Interested citizens have provided one
of the finest athletic fields in the country. The grandstand will accom
modate five thousand people. Excellent school lunches are provided daUy
in the high and central ninth-grade buildings. Ventilation, temperature,
general morals and other things affecting the welfare of chUdren are
carefully regulated. There is also a night school for such as cannot at
tend days, especially the foreign element.
Ipswich Schools — It has often been repeated by writers that the
Plymouth Colony had only one University man, the Elder Brewster, whUe
the Massachusetts Bay Colony was noted for its men of wealth, social
position and education. In this respect Ipswich was a representative
town, not one whit behind the metropolis in mental and educational influ
ence and ability. A grammar school was established ("set up", as they
called it then) in Ipswich in 1636, and the first teacher was Lionel Chute.
It was begun two years after the incorporation of the town, which did not
make sufficient appropriations, and in a short time the school was aban
doned. In January, 1650, the town granted to Robert Paine, Mr. Wil
liam Paine, Major Denison and Mr. Bartholomew in trust "for the use
of schools all that neck beyond Chebacco river and the rest of the ground
up to Gloucester line adjoining to it." Soon after, the land was leased to
John Cogswell, his heirs and assigns, for the space of one thousand years,
at an annual rental of fourteen pounds. The tenants began to build on
this land, and as early as 1723 a part of the present village of Essex was
built on the same; the rent continues to be paid annually. The object
of all this was the establishment of an endowed school. In 1652, Robert
Paine bought a house and two acres of land for the use of the school
master, at his own expense. In 1650 John Cross "secured" on his fai-m
near Rowley a perpetual annuity of ten shillings towards a free school in
town. The first master in this school was Ezekiel Cheever, who taught
ten years, and moved to Boston, and there became teacher in the Boston
Latin school. Six years after the opening of the Ipswich school, the
town had six pupils in Harvard College. The town agreed AprU, 1714,
to make the Grammar School for the present year "absolutely free for all
scholars belonging to the town."
It should be remembered that there were free schools long before
the town had districts. It was not until after 1800 that districts were
formed in Ipswich by metes and bounds. The pradential committees and
system was abolished in April, 1869, when the district property was
appraised and purchased by the town. Early in the eighties free text
books came into general use in this State. The practice of teaching the
Catechisra in the schools was continued untU 1826.
In 1920 the enrollment of scholars in the town of Ipswich was 1,219 ;
increase in ten-year period, 344. The history of the select, incorporated

668 ESSEX COUNTY
and common schools of this town, with the passing of more than two
centuries, interesting as it is, of course is all too long to appear in a gen
eral work of this character.
Middleton Schools — In 1786 this town had but one schoolhouse, and
that stood by the side of the church, and was moved to Danvers in 1810
by John Fuller. At one time there were three schools located on the east
side, on the north road, in the village in the center. The old Paper MUl
Village also maintained a school for a time, the town paying a part of
the expenses, while the company paid the remainder. There was a library
established here forty years after the first library was opened in Phila
delphia. There is still a good public library in the town, a history of
which appears elsewhere in this work. As the decades have run into
scores of years, the schools here have kept pace with the general ad
vancement, and the free common school means vastly raore than it
did a hundred or more years ago.
The present standing is excellent. The distribution of pupUs for
the year 1920-21 is as follows : First grade, 18 ; 2d grade, 16 ; 3d grade,
16 ; 4th grade, 17 ; 5th grade, 13 ; 6th grade, 17 ; 7th grade, 15 ; 8th grade,
12. The total number of pupils was one hundred and twenty-four.
The school committee at present consists of Arthur E. Curtis, Mrs.
Ruth Hastings, George E. Gifford. The following graduated in 1920:
Raymond Irving Berry, Catherine Mary Green, Howard Henry Hood,
Freida Helen Hurlbert, Peter Felix Jankoski, Dorotha Gertrude Lee,
Seaver Lome MacDonald, Dorothy Amelia Merry, Guy Loren Morrison,
LUlian Gertrade Richardson, WUliam Roberts, Mary Genevieve WUson.
The class motto was "Work and Win."
Saugus Schools — What was known as West Parish of this town very
early felt the need of good public schools, and the people were not slow
in securing such for their chUdren. UntU 1775 schools were held around
from one private house to another, then a small one-story building was
erected in the center of the town, on the southeast end of the burying
ground. This rade school house served until 1811, when it was sold for
sixty-three dollars to Richard Shute, who converted it into an addition
to his house, where he kept groceries for sale. The next buUding was
used many years, and turned into a shoe factory by WUUam W. Board-
man. The old Rock schoolhouse was built in 1806, in the south part of
town. This is now the part known as East Saugus. As far back as
1886, the State educational statistics show Saugus to have been eighth in
rank araong the thu-ty-five towns and cities in Essex county. At that
date there was a total scholarship of 524. North Saugus had 26 ; Center
Saugus, 175 ; Cliftondale, 167 ; East Saugus, 128 ; and Oaklandvale, 28.
The high school of this town was established in April, 1872. From
1875 on, for a number of years, rooms were occupied in the town hall.
A three-year course prevaUed in the eighties, and Latin and French were

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 669
taught. The present day schoolhouses are good and the class of teachers
is excellent. The word "modem" might well be stamped upon the pub
Uc schools of Saugus. The nuraber of school buUdings is fourteen ; total
number of minors, 3,406 ; average membership for 1920, 2,210 ; popula
tion of Saugus, 11,007 ; tax rate per thousand dollars worth of property
for school purposes, $14.31.
Methuen Schools — The early settlers here laid well the foundations
for a good system of schools. In 1729 it voted to lay out a school lot
north of World's End Pond, which was within the heavy forests at that
date. At first, schools were kept at private houses. It was not until
1735 that it was voted to build a schoolhouse, eighteen by twenty feet,
and it was to be near the meeting-house. The first schools did not
attempt any studies except reading, writing and arithmetic. No woman
was allowed to teach untU after 1749. In 1775 the town was divided into
seven districts." Each district built a schoolhouse, and all were buUt by
one contractor, the price being £29 sterling each. Schoolmasters were
obliged to come under the following rales, as far as possible: "The in
structor shall endeavor to govern his respective school by the skillf ulness
of his hand, and the integrity of his heart, with using as little severity
as he shall judge will be for the best good of the school, but when mUd
measures will not subject the idle to the good order and regulations of
the school, the instractor shall have a right to inflict reasonable and
decent corporal punishment."
In 1869 the school district system in Massachusetts was abolished.
In the winter of that year the high school was established, and has ever
since been the leading factor in the schools of the town. Besides the high
school, in 1887 there were eighteen schools in Methuen, all kept open nine
months in the year. As times changed, other improved methods have
been adopted, so that today the educational affairs are fully up to the
splendid standard of the schools in the neighboring city of Lawrence.
Beverly Schools — There appears no record conceming the schools
of Beverly until 1656, when a meeting house was erected on the town's
land, and used as a school house. In 1674 a regular school house was
built on town land, sixteen by twenty feet, and nine feet high ; this was
also used as a watch-house. The first schoolmaster was Samuel Hardie,
and his salary was £20 per school year. In 1700 a grammar school was
established, and Robert Hale, son of the first minister, was the teacher.
In 1704 James Hale, brother of Robert, taught writing, reading, casting
accounts, Latm and Greek grammar, at a salary of thirty pounds. The
grammar school was discontinued in 1782, but resumed on account of the
law compelling such school to be kept. In 1798 it was established in a
new house on Watch HUl, the second story bemg fitted up for town pur
poses. About 1750, the teacher was required to retum a list of the
names of the parents and masters and the number of chUdren and ser-

670 ESSEX COUNTY
vants expected to be taught by him. The selectmen were expected to
tax parents and masters for the support of the schools, and the children
and servants of persons who refused to pay then- proportion of fuel were
not aUowed to warra themselves by the schoolhouse fire. In 1836 a list
of books to be used, and school regulations, revised to date, were pre
pared. In 1798 the site on Watch HUl was purchased of the heurs of Larkin
Thomdike, and a school was opened under the tuition plan. Later the
district bought the school house and land and gave it the name of Briscoe,
in honor of Robert Briscoe. The grounds were greatly enlarged in 1873,
by the purchase of several estates, and the old buUding was removed.
Just after the Revolution a school was established by a few of the
citizens of Beverly in Dike's Lane (now Elm square). This was in a
small plain building, heated by a large open fire-place ; the largest atten
dance was forty scholars. Tuition was four dollars a quarter. The best
teachers received $500 a year at that time. Among the early teachers
of this school is recalled, in record, WUliam Prescott, son of Charles Pres
cott, of Bunker HUl fame, afterwards a distinguished judge, who estab
lished the first law office in Beverly.
Anticipating the abolition of the district system in 1866, the school-
houses throughout the town had fallen into decay, and so remained till
new buUdings had to take their places. In January, 1875, the Briscoe
building was erected at a cost of $75,000. As the years passed by, other
buUdings had to be provided, others remodeled and repaired, but at all
times the future needs were bome in mind by those who had charge of the
schools of the town. Coming down to the present, it should be said that
during the recent World War period, the school children here did good
work, nearly one thousand caring for gardens, the same being known as
"War Gardens." They forraed pig and poultry clubs, and also gathered
peachstones and nut shells for making carbon for gas masks ; more than
a half ton was shipped frora Beverly among the first requisitions made by
the govemment. The children of public schools also contributed toward
the raising of the tall Liberty pole, erected in commemoration of the
250th anniversary of the incorporation of Beverly as a town. In one
school entertainment, the chUdren netted $228.89 for the benefit of the
Red Cross work. Each pupil in all these schools was a member of the
Junior Red Cross, and all aided in making and sending forth to the men
overseas hosts of articles appreciated by the soldiers.
The teachers of Beverly in 1919 were paid about $150,000, whUe the
janitors of the numerous buUdings were paid over $14,000. The report
in 1919 shows that the schools of Beverly cost for teachers' admimstrar
tion, teachers' salaries, janitors' salaries, with an unexpended balance
of $375, the sum of^l68,949. The aun has been for many years
in this town to employ good instructors and have suitable, comfortable
and scientific school buUdings and all modem fixtures in each.

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 671
Newbury Schools — The pioneers of Newbury, as eveiywhere in Mas
sachusetts, at a very early date paid attention to the education of their
children and youth. Teachers were scarce, and generally the intelligent
parents had to instruct their chUdren at horae. Winthrop carae with
more than fifteen hundred men, almost all of whora were ignorant, and
had chUdren whora they were unable to teach, so in self-defense the Gen
eral Court had to provide some means of educating these chUdren. The
various pastors of churches had to assist in school teaching, whenever
possible. The first schoolmaster appointed by the town was Anthony
Someby, who was granted "four acres of land near the river Parker and
some meadow land", as an inducement to keep school one year. It is
thought that a part of the tune he taught at the Frog Pond. In 1652
a schoolhouse was buUt and twenty pounds was appropriated for schools
that year. Before 1719 there were no free schools, but all were on the
tuition plan. In 1675, Henry Short was allowed five punds for teaching a
half year, and six-pence for each pupU. The next year some twenty boys
were taught by Mr. Short in the Watchhouse.
Up to 1691 the school was kept in the neighborhood of the old town
settlement, but later it was ordered that it be kept a part of the year in
each part of the town or viUa.ge. In 1695, Rev. Christopher Toppan
taught school in Newbury ; he was a graduate of Harvard, and afterwards
pastor of the First Parish. Richard Brown, a graduate of Harvard in
1697, taught from 1700 for eleven years, then he was ordained minister
at Reading. He was also town clerk. When he resigned, here is what
he said: I have served Newbury as schoolmaster eleven years and as town clerk five
and a half years, and have been paid with abuse, ingratitude and contempt. I have
sent nigh as many to college as all the masters before since the Reverend and
leamed Parker. Those I bred think themselves better than their master (God made
them better still), and yet may they remember the, foundation of all their growing
greatness was laid in the sweat of my brow. I pray that from unacknowledgement
Newbury may get them that may serve better and find thanks when they have done.
If to find a house for the school two years when the town had none; if to take the
scholars to my own fire when there was no wood at school, as frequently; if to
give records to the poor and record their births and deaths gratis deserves acknowl
edgement, then it is my* due, but hard to come by.
In 1763 the town voted to build a grammar schoolhouse near the head
of Fish street, and in 1774, fifteen years after thej incorporation of New
buryport, Samuel Moody made a donation of £100 to the town, in addition
to a gift of twenty pounds previously given, for use in building a gram
mar school and maintaining the same untU others were better able to do
so than they were then. In 1821 the town was divided into districts,
each looking after its own school and buUding.
In 1887 the number of pupils in the schools of Newbury was two
hundred and forty. At present, good schools are the rule in this town.
The superintendent receives $2,700; the traant officer, $800; school-

672 ESSEX COUNTY
houses, twelve in all, were in 1920 valued at $222,500. Eight of these
were brick stractures. The Curtis schoolhouse, with land on Ashland
street, was then valued at $10,000.
Rowley Schools — In 1647 it was made an indictable offense not to
maintain a school within any town in Massachusetts. It is not known
when the first school here was established, but the date must have been
very early. Charles Browne taught before 1650. Febraary 3, 1656, the
town agreed with WiUiara Boynton to teach school, and advanced money
to enlarge his house for that purpose. He taught for more than twenty
years. In 1789 the town was divided into districts, and so continued
until the district system was abolished in 1869. In 1887 the town had
seven schools in operation. Up to that date ninety-five scholars from the
schools of this town had graduated from colleges, and more than one-half
were finally ministers.
With the passage of the decades, the schools have grown and kept
up to the standard of the county. In 1920 the town had a population
of 1249. The nuraber of pupils was then 228 ; average membership, 216 ;
amount spent per pupU, $42.13 ; spent per pupU for text-books, $1.25 ; for
supplies, $1.47 ; amount paid for high schools, $4,649 ; pupUs transported
to high school at public expense, 43. The following amounts were paid
on account of the school department in Rov/ley in 1920: Committee,
$91.77; superintendent, $486.76; teachers, $5,722.51; noon-day service,
$50; school physician, $50; high school tuition, $3,938; transportation
grade scholars, $570 ; on high school, $2,346.41 ; books and supplies, $593.-
16; fuel, $927.15; janitor service, $562.37; water and electric system,
$682.43 ; misceUaneous, $268.62 ; total, $16,196.09.
Wenham Schools — The early settlers sought to found a common
school system by which rich and poor alike raight become well versed in
the ordinary branches. Books in those days were rare and newspapers
stUl less in number. Before schools in Wenham were established, the
common people had been quite well informed. A complaint was made be
fore the court that no school was yet organized within this town, as late
as 1700, but soon the court appointed Captain Thomas Fiske to teach
chUdren and youth to read and write. As his remuneration, he was to
receive whatever the parents would pay him and his taxes were to be
remitted. The next year the town paid a part of the school expense.
At first the school was kept in the house of Captain Fiske. In 1702
woraen were first allowed to teach in this town. The record reads:
"voted, to let the selectmen have full power to agree with such school
dames as are necessary to leam chUdren to read." This was perhaps
among the earliest instances where women were allowed to teach school.
William Rogers was many years employed as a teacher in the Wenham
schools. In 1735, Daniel Fiske sold the town five square rods of land
in the west end of town on which to erect a school house and maintain a

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 673
school. This buUding was erected in 1739, and that year thirty pounds
was raised for school purposes. The selectmen then had full charge of
the schools. The first school committee was appointed in 1772. It ap
pears that the custom was to rotate the school from one part of the town
ship to another. After 1817 the schools were looked after by a committee
elected annually.
The present system of school^ includes the following, with an account
of their condition in 1920, as per the town's report : Junior High had an
enrollment of 55; Center Intermediate, 42; Center Primary, 58; East
school, 9 ; West school, 16 ; total, 180.
Nahant Schools — Historians have no means of fixing the exact date
of the first school in Nahant. It is known that a school house was in use
prior to 1812. The first school was held in the Hood house, and also one
about the same date in the old Johnson estate. The schoolhouse refer
red to above was formerly used as a shoe shop. It stood where later
was estabUshed the postoffice. In 1887 there was still residing in Na
hant a man (then ninety years old) who had attended that early, if not
first, school in the place, and this is what he had td say of it :
The first school that I ever attended was to the Hood house, and
was kept by Nancy Carter during twelve weeks in the winter. Some
three winters after that we went to school in the old red school-house.
There were then about thirty scholars. Benches ran across both sides
of the room, so that we faced each other; long seats or benches ran be
hind these ; and the teacher had a table at the end of the room, where she
sat. The school was only kept in spring and winter. Clarissa Herrick
was the first teacher, who later married Richard Hood. Betsey Graves,
who afterward married Joseph Johnson, taught the school from 1812 to
1816. The next schoolhouse was built about 1819, of stone gathered from
the granite boulders that were scattered through the pastures. It was
about twenty-five feet square, with a hip-roof. A library and a few pic
tures were donated by William Wood, Thomas H. Perkins and others.
Another thoughtful person also fumished a bell. The heat for the
building was fumished by a large box-stove that took in long, thick sticks
of wood, which the scholars took tums in splitting and canying into the
"entry" each morning for the day's use. This building served as church
and political hall, as well as the center of all attractions in Nahant, for
a number of years. The records show that Joseph Johnson served many
years as one of the pradential committee, and collected from Lynn the
small amount allowed for the Nahant school, while the citizens of Nahant
had to subscribe the remainder required. Joseph Johnson and his sons
served as school committee for more than sixty years. In 1851 this build
ing was tom down and another built. This was the first well-buUt and
then known as "modem built" schoolhouse in the county. When Nahant
was set off from Lynn, this schoolhouse became the property of Nahant,

Essex — 4S

674 ESSEX COUNTY
the date being 1853. In 1853 a second primary school was estabUshed. In
1876 the high school was established, followed by a fourth school, in 1880,
with Miss Nellie Palmer as teacher. A grammar school was also erected
in 1884. Since then the school buUdings and fixtures have aU been of the
best, whUe the schools have measured up to the standard found through
out Essex county in the last thurd of a century.
In 1921 the budget prepared by the school committee for Nahant
was: Salaries, $15,000; tuition and transportation, $4,500; heating and
lighting, $1,500; janitors, $1,800; books and supplies, $1,000; repau-s
and upkeep, $500; school expansion, $1,000 ; equipment, $450; physicians,
$250. In 1920 the cost per pupU was $102.06. Back m 1912-13, it was
$51.03 per pupU. There are now nine regular teachers. The average
salary in Nahant is now $1,100. The number of scholars is about 275.
These schools have departraents in sewing, drawing, manual traming,
doraestic science and cooking.
Bradford Schools — While Bradford is now a part of HaverhUl, it is
not without some interest in this connection to raention the beginning of
educational affairs here, the present history being associated, of course,
with that of the HaverhUl school system. The first vote of the town
upon schools was in 1701, when the selectmen were ordered to provide
school and assess the town for the expense. The next year it was voted
that those who sent chUdren to school should pay two pence a week for
those who learned to read, and four pence for those who leamed to
write, the additional expense to be paid by the town. The first school-
house was built on the meeting-house lot. It was eighteen by twenty-
two feet in size and seven feet high. Its cost was £25 sterling. The
building committee was made up as follows : Jonathan Woodman, Rob
ert Haseltine and Nathaniel Walker. There was at least one "nooning
house," where the people could warm themselves during the noon inter
mission and eat food they brought with them. In 1820 there were seven
schoolhouses in the town. In 1754 it was voted that £40 be raised for the
schoolmaster and his: board. Having thus outlined the first schools of
Bradford, the reader will find later facts for what was Bradford, but now
embraced within Haverhill, in the section of this work treating on that
city and its schools in the educational chapter, as well as what may be
there found concerning the old Bradford Academy. Before passing to
other schools, it may be said that in 1887 the public schools of Bradford
had a scholarship of 546; there were then twelve schools and fifteen
teachers. The high school was established in 1866.
Merrimac Schools — The education of youth in the early days was
obviously not what it is today. The first school board in Amesbury was
chosen in 1792. In 1803 there were in this parish four school districts —
the River District, receiving $174, with fourteen weeks; the "Birch
Meadow," receiving $135 ; the "Esquire Sargent's," receiving $135, with

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 675
eleven weeks, and the "Highland" receiving $92. At the time of the in
corporation of Merrimac in 1876, there were within the districts of this
town eleven schools. At that time there were 367 scholars. The high
school was established in 1873, Frank Wiggin being the first teacher,
continuing until 1883. In 1879, Ellen Gunnison was appointed assistant
and continued until the summer of 1881, when she was succeeded by
Helen K. Spofford.
In 1920 the total number of scholars was 385; the high school had
71; eighth grade, 37; Prospect school, 33; Merrimacport, 25; and the
various grades run about forty each. The total of regular salaries for
the ten-months' school year is $16,900.
The Schools of Gloucester — For the first sixty years the only
schools were those of a private nature, and not very many of them. The
town tbok its first action along the line of schools in 1696, when the
selectmen were ordered to "provide a schoolmaster in convenient time."
There were a few attempts at establishing a school, but such schools
were not regular nor successful. In 1701, at the quarterly session at
Salem, Gloucester was brought before that body for neglecting to main
tain a school. In 1809 Joshua Moody taught a term of school lasting a
quarter, for eight pounds, and in addition to the common branches "he
was to teach lattine, if scholars appear." The first school house was
built in 1708, and was located at the eastem side of the meeting-house.
It was sixteen by twenty-four feet in size and had a six foot studding;
the cost was £24. For thirty years the public grammar school was lo
cated in this building. It was too far for many of the children to at
tend, so in 1725 Sandy Bay secured land and built a building for that
part of the town. The record says "to keep a good school in for the
Godly instruction of children, and teaching of them to read and write
good English." In 1826 a similar school was established at the Head of
the Harbor. The schools were badly broken up during the Revolutionary war
period, but after that straggle much attention was at once paid to schools.
In 1793 the town voted to erect a school house costing about three hun
dred pounds. It was located on Granite street ; it was a square two-story
house. For a time it served as town hall, school house and general pub
lic meeting place. After standing about sixty years, this building was
removed to Beacon street, and there used for the primary department of
the schools. In 1804, according to a new law, the town was divided into
school districts. At first there were eleven districts in the township ; but
after once in the habit of making districts, the number rapidly increased,
until in 1840 there were twenty school districts, and a little later three
more were added. The incorporation of Sandy Bay in 1840 as a separ
ate town diminished the number to sixteen, but it was not many years
before the entire school system was reorganized on better plans. A high
school was organized and grammar and primary schools were located in

676 ESSEX COUNTY
different parts of the town. When the district systeni was finally dis
carded there were 1,672 chUdren of school age in the town. The school
expenses were then ranning about $5,600 per year. In 1887 there were
twenty-two school buUdings in Gloucester City; 122 teachers; 4,326
scholars. The amount appropriated at that date was $52,000. A pri
vate school at the Harbor, as early as 1790, in a buUding erected express
ly for that purpose, was known as the "Proprietor's School House." It
did not survive many years. (For an account of other institutions of
leaming see later details in this section of the work) .
Coming down to 1921, the schools of Gloucester are in an excellent
condition. The apportionments for 1920 were about as follows: Gen
eral administration, $6,400 ; teachers' salaries, $150,500 ; evening schools,
$3,000; text-books and aU other supplies, $14,500; mUitary equipment,
$800; for transportation of pupUs, $4,500. Every feature in a modem
high and graded school may be found in Gloucester today. The public
library mentioned in the city history affords a great help to the scholars
of these schools.
There can be no doubt as to our ancestors' valuation of education. A
law. relating to common schools was passed in 1642 and in 1647 it was
made an indictable offence for towns not to maintain schools. From
Gage's History of Rowley we leam that although schools were probably
established before 1642, there were no definite records of the same as to
dates or teachers before 1656. When the town agreed with WUliam
Boynton to teach a town school for seven years, "male children from four
to eight, parents were to be taxed toward paying the raatter." The
church agreed to loan Mr. Boynton £5, to aid him to put up "an end to
his house," on condition that he keep the school seven years; then the
demand against hun for said £5 to be void ; "but if he do not so keep the
school, then he is to pay the church one-half the apprised value of said
new end of the house." It appears that Mr. Boynton taught the school,
not only seven, but also twenty-four years, the town usually paying him
£5 per year; the residue of his compensation he received by an assess
ment upon the scholars. He also swept the meeting house, and rang the
bell. "For this service he usually received £2 10s. per annum."
From 1682 to (date unrecorded) Simon Wainwright was the teacher.
Then Mr. Edward Payson Colleague, with Rev. Samuel Phillips, was
teacher most of the tune until his death in 1696.*
Soon after came a Mr. Richard Syle, with an increase in the salary,
as it is recorded that in 1701 he received £10 per year, beside the assess
ment on scholars ; and in 1702 he received £20, but had to find his wood
(fuel) . These terms were agreed on for many years.
In 1706 the town was fined for not keeping school as the law re
quired.

*Note — Consider the descendants of Phillips in relation to publio schools. See
Preface, Gage's History of Rowley.

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 677
In 1716 Mr. Syle was to have £16, the town to fumish wood, and he
was to teach three months in the "upper part of the town" — Byfield par
ish — the first record of a public school there. In 1720 the town. Old
Rowley, voted to build a new school house, "26x20, 8 feet post." In 1722
Mr. Syle died, after which Mr. Samuel Payson was employed. Mr. Pay-
son assisted his father in the ministry and taught many years. He re
ceived £30 per annum, and in addition had 3d. per scholar for readers
and 6d. for writers, and was to keep in the westerly part of the town four
months. Here we have the first record, in Gage's History of Rowley, of
a town school in that part of Rowley, which more than a hundred years
later became the town of GeorgetoAvn, and durmg which tune a few im
portant changes in the management of schools should be noted.
The dividing of a teacher's time among the different parishes, as
first arranged with Mr. Payson, was continued raany years. In 1749 the
school money was apportioned among the several parishes according to
their "county taxes paid," and this plan continued until about 1838.
Then the school money was divided among the school districts instead
of the parishes. From 1769 the selectmen were to hire the masters-
After that the town appointed a committee to hire them, and still later
each school district was authorized to hire its own teacher. (This cus
tom prevailed when Georgetown was incorporated) . In 1789 a law was
passed authorizing towns to define the limits of school districts.
In addition to these town schools of Rowley, so briefly noted, were
the private schools, where young men were fitted for college. The min
isters also rendered the same service, and as late as 1850 many a young
man had his college entrance through the minister's study. There were
also some notable dame-schools for the very young, forerunners of the
present day kindergarten. The beginning of the schools of the town of
Georgetown was the carrying on of the Rowley schools as above outlined.
At the time of its incorporation (1838) Georgetown had 336 persons be
tween 5 and 16 years of age, and it granted $600 for the support of the
schools. In 1838-9 the first school year of the newly-incorporated town of
Georgetown, the town School Committee — ^the Rev. Isaac Braman, Rev.
John Burdon and Mr. Moody Cheney — found in their care 836 scholars
and an appropriation of $600, together with a share of the interest from
"surplus revenue" from the United States "which may be received by the
town of Rowley." There were seven school districts : No. 1, known as
the Marlboro School ; No. 2, the South School ; No. 3, or the HUl School ;
No. 4, or the Comer School ; No. 5, the North Street School ; No. 6, the
Third Street School; No. 7, the Warren Street School. No. 7 was in
both Georgetown and Rowley and for many years the two towns alter
nated in the care and expense of the school.
In 1842-3, the town voted to have "400 copies of the school report
printed for the use of the town," and G. P. Tenney and H. P. Chaplin of

678 ESSEX COUNTY
the school committee were made a printing committee. (The Rev. D.
P. Livermore, with Tenney and Chaplin were the committee for that
year) . This report was probably the first printed annual report of the
schools of Georgetown, and we leam by it that there were two terms in
the year — a summer term of 16 weeks, taught by women, and a winter
term of 10 weeks, taught by men. The wages for women were $6 per
month, and their board $5 per month ; men were paid $26 per month, and
board $8 per month. (We assume the raen teachers had, perhaps, a
little higher educational training and surely more physical strength, with
which to impart knowledge to the pupils than had the women teachers).
It is also noteworthy that the management of our schools was
shared by two different bodies. The Town School Conunittee was chosen
by the town and reported to the town. It exarained teachers, gave per
mits or licenses to teach, and examined the schools once or twice each
terra, and a thorough test of progress on that great day, the yearly ex
amination. The district or prudential committeeman was chosen by the
district (which in those days built and owned its school houses) hired and
paid for its own teachers, attended to providing fuel and all of the (then
very meager) supplies. This committee reported to the district each
year. One committee may be said to be the educational manager, the
other the business manager of those old time schools. The former, little
by little, gained in importance, and finally, after years of eamest dis
cussion, the abolition of district lines, and the advent of the superinten-
dnt of schools, the pradential committeeman disappeared, leaving the
janitor as his only successor.
From the Town Committee not a year has passed without a printed
report of the physical, financial and educational condition of the schools,
and let us add, an annual essay on every known or possible phase of
education, often pungent and clear, and always convincing; for the town
has always come to its aid, whenever requests in behalf of schools have
been made.
From these reports we quote: In 1842-3, the committee reported
the house in District No. 2 to be a "miserable hovel," and the year after
the report alludes to the "beautiful new house erected in District No. 2."
In 1845, a very limited grading, by age, was begun in No. 2. The new
school house had two rooms. In 1848, a further grading of pupUs was
considered and the raising of money to enlarge school room for that
purpose advocated. 1849-50 marked the advent of women teachers
for the winter terms, in two of the schools. To Miss Sara McLaughlin,
in District No. 2, and Mrs. C. M. S. Carpenter in District No. 5, feU
that honor.
The committee of 1851 made a strong plea for abolition of district
lines; doing away with large and small districts; the town to provide
equal advantages to all, whether in the center or borders of the town ;
to establish a school for the more advanced scholars, and to take away the

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 679
demand for select and subscription schools. This plea and others bore
fruit, and in 1855 a neW brick two-room school house was occupied in Dis
trict No. 4, the Comer school, and in 1857 a new town haU, with rooms
for a high school, was completed and occupied. At that time the employ
ment of male teachers in district schools was discontinued.
The first teacher in the high school was Mr. William Reed. He had
for the short year's work of 24 weeks $375, no assistant, and eighty-one
pupils from thirteen to twenty-two years of age. In his spare time he
fitted one or two boys for college, and in the woods bought and cut a
few cords of wood for his winter fires for his own home use. To ex
plain the large number of older pupUs : Those who were done with the
district schools were allowed the benefits of the high school untU yearly
admissions by examination of younger pupUs had filled the number to' its
normal Innits. For a few years following the establishment of the high
school there was objection to its continuance, but it finally vanished as
the toAvn as a whole realized its value.
From the establishment of the High School the Town Committee
continued to direct and lead the schools, and for some time little of gen
eral interest occurred, outside the never-failing interest of parents and
guardians of children. The attention of the town was duly called to the
various matters of management and conditions of its schools, such as
state laws. The abolition of district lines and from that time (in 1870)
the condition of buildings which thereby became town property. The
announceraent (in 1871) that the sloping floors and plank seats and
desks had been replaced ^vith level floors and modem fumiture, etc. In
1874 the town tried the superintending of its schools for one year only.
In 1876 the teaching of music had begun, and the committee this same
year vigorously denounced "school books business as an imposition on
parents who had to pay the bill." 1877 was marked by a request or de
sire that the teachers have "raore enthusiasm" of a kind "not satisfied
with daily routine," "a zealous love for their work, rich in expedients
and methods," so that pupils will "feel that study is a delight." These
and following years were marked by much discussion in the State con
ceming state management of schools. There was much doubt as to the
wisdom, some calling such measures an infringement on "home rule," yet
State control continued to increase, as we note. "In compliance with
State law" the town in 1885 began to fumish books and supplies free
to all pupils. In the yeai^ of 1888 the committee indulged in a slighting
mention of visits to the schools by agents of the State Board of Educa
tion, — another intrusion on "home rule." 1893 marked the beginning of
a thorough grading of the schools, and in 1895 the town "voted to accept
the act empowering towns to form districts and to employ a Superinten
dent of Schools." It also authorized the School Committee to confer
with committees of other towns in regard to the matter, and "if in their
judgment it was for the interest of our schools to proceed to form such a

680 ESSEX COUNTY
district." As a result, the committees of Georgetown, Groveland and
Rowley established such a district and in 1896 Mr. Charles W. Haley of
HaverhUl was chosen, and began his duties as superintendent of this new
district. Late in 1898 the Town House was destroyed by fire, and the
high school was removed to the hall of the Fire Engine House. The re
port of the year 1901 (for 1900) tells us of the passing of the high
school, and in its place the acceptance for all high school requU-ements
of the Perley Free School, the trustees of which had successfully arranged
with the town and the State Board of Education for such acceptance.
This school is strictly an endowed school. The buUding was constracted
and the school is maintained by a fund given by John Perley, a native of
Georgetown, and adrainistered by trustees, as provided for in his will.
Repeated reports by the school committee and superintendent of
the deplorable condition of district school buildings resulted in a com
mittee being chosen to survey and report to the town as to the fitness
for their purpose of all school buUdings. This committee, on reports
of 1903 and 1904, declared the buUdings totally unfit, and recommended
the building of a central schoolhouse and the abolishing of district
schools. As a result of these reports, the same committee were made a
building committee, and in 1905 the new Central School house was fin
ished and occupied by all the pupils of the town who were under the high
school grade. In 1920 the town established a junior high school course
and third room for the purpose in the Perley free school building.
During these last years it may seem that there are less noteworthy
changes in our schools than formerly, but progress probably. Changes
surely are constant. Teachers are, technically, more alike in their prep
aration for service. PupUs are more uniforra in fitness as they pass from
grade to grade. Superintendents are of somewhat uniform grade, and
general ability to direct the educational department of schools. There
is a tendency toward what is called "team work." As long as school
committees represent the public, and the especial interest of parents or
guardian exists, changes and progress will never cease. The various
steps in the progress of our schools have appeared slight. They have
been very imperfectly recorded, owing to lack of space, time, and above
all, abUity. We wUl in closing indicate the one great step, as it may be shown in
a comparison of some items of school affairs in 1841-2 and in 1920, re
calling in considering the incomplete record of the former date that at
that time considerable sums were each year paid for old time private
schools. Writing and singing schools all vanished, and the courses they
taught are provided for in the all-containing free public schools of today.
The cost of schools as reported by the auditing committee March,
1842, for the preceding year was $767. This included all service of
teachers and committee, fuel, etc. Of this sum there was received from
the State treasurer from a school fund $68.16. It would thus appear

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 681
that the town raised $698.84. The number of pupUs is not recorded, but
in 1838 there were 336. Cost per pupil per year, probably a little over
two dollars ($2.00). Number of weeks schooling twenty-six. Wages
and board, male teachers, per month, $34.00. Wages and board for
women teachers per month, $11.00. Books and supplies were fumished
by pupils. Pupils buUt the fires and swept the rooms. The cost of the
schools for the year ending December 31, 1920, $17,282.75. Of this
sum the town raised $11,635. Added for Junior high school $3,000.
From the State school fund $1,054.01. From the State income tax, $1,-
305.04. Reimbursement on salary of superintendent, $151.04. From
contingent fund, $137.70. Total amount $17,282.75.
The number of pupils five to fifteen years of age inclusive, 367.
Cost per pupil based on average membership, $51.30. Number of weeks
schooling 38. Average wages of teachers per month $112.00. Books
and supplies fumished by the town. Pupils from beyond the center trans
ported to and from school. PupUs do no janitor work.
One of the great educational advantages of Georgetown is the
Georgetown Peabody Library, an account of which appears on another
page of this work.
The Gloucester Public Schools — A worthy report of the Gloucester
public schools limited to three thousand words yet extending over a period
of twenty-five years, involves a close marshalling of essentials with the
utmost brevity of expression. In his endeavor to meet such require
ments, the writer invokes the considerate spirit of the reader. The period
of the requested report begins with the year 1888.
At the opening of this period, Gloucester was confronted with a
serious problem relating to the comfortable housing of her school chil
dren. This was notably true in the case of her high school pupUs. This
school had once occupied a so-called home, but for years the latter had
been woefully inadequate to the needs. In 1887 the old stracture was
visited by fire. Its destraction was generously complete, to the clarifica
tion of the situation' and the presentation of an exacting emergency that
was wisely met by the city government.
Appropriations were duly made ; in 1888 a new buUding was in pro
cess of constraction. The outlook became hopeful ; there was the prom
ise that, with the opening of the school year 1889-90, the Gloucester
High School would have its first fan- opportunity to compete with other
high schools of the commonwealth. This promise was happUy realized.
Grave doubts had been freely expressed as to the wisdom of providing a
high school building large enough to accommodate four hundred pupUs.
Such doubts soon vanished. The new house was first occupied in Sep
tember, 1889 ; in 1894 the number of pupUs registered was exactly four
hundred, the lirait for comfortable housing. To the upbuilding of this
school and the quality of its work reference wUl be made later in the
report.

682 ESSEX COUNTY
In 1895 a two-room schoolhouse was erected in the Blynman dis
trict, to the grateful relief of the congestion there. About the same
time the situation in Ward Five was becoming serious. The nuraber of
pupUs in this ward was fast increasing. The Collins and Babson dis
tricts were generous to a fault in sharing their buildings with outside
pupUs. The rooms at the Forbes were crowded ; the Beacon street quar
ters were packed ; like conditions existed at the Washington street school.
The needs were pressing and called for prompt action.
A new city govemment was organized. Almost immediately after
entering upon his duties for the year, one of the businesslike merabers of
the new govemment called upon a school official, making known his pur
pose in these words : "I have heard a good deal said about the need of
additional school accoraraodations in Ward Five, and have called to get
information." "Will you give the time necessary for visiting the schools
of the ward?" asked the official. The question was favorably answered
and an early visit made. After a thorough inspection, the city father
pointedly remarked, "I have seen for rayself; now I shall know how to
act." Be it recorded, to his great credit, that he not only knew what to
do, but set about doing it with the least possible delay, having the willing
aid of those whom his report on conditions had convinced of the need of
immediate action. It may be added that before this efficient servant of
the public severed his connection with the city govemment, the Hovey
building had become a welcome addition to the creditable schoolhouses
of Gloucester. It was completed in 1897.
In 1900 an eight-room schoolhouse was finished in season for spring-
terra use in the Maplewood district. Only three of its rooms were put
to use at once ; but it was not long before all were occupied. Still later,
all the grades were represented in this school. In 1907, foUowing a
somewhat prolonged agitation, another eight-room building was com
pleted, its location being on Eastem avenue. This schoolhouse re
lieved the congestion in the Sawyer and HUdreth districts, accommodat
ing all grades of pupUs. MeanwhUe the more antiquated schoolhouses
of the city were receiving needed attention ; improveraents, more or less
extensive, were being made. In some cases additions were of so generous
an extent as to warrant calling the transformed buUdings practically new.
Almost every annual school report of this period has its record of some
thing done toward the better housing of the Gloucester school chUdren.
In 1888 the total registry of pupUs in the public schools was 3,981.
The record for 1889 showed 4,101, a gain of 120. The next two years
witnessed the slight gain of 46 ; but for the next twenty years immediate
ly following there was a steady gain at the rate of about fifty pupUs per
year, the registry for 1910 totaling the largest number, 5,168. This year
ly increase, small as it may seem, kept the housmg problem constantly
before the public, and was effective in bringing about additions to school
accommodations in all sections of the city.

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 683
Much credit belongs to the School Board of this quarter-century
for the willingness to reraain so long in such service. Only raen of genu
ine devotion to the public welfare are ready to give of their time and pa
tience to the perplexing problems that are always confronting the guar
dians of the public schools. The chief perquisites of the office are the
satisfaction of being loyal to duty, the privilege of gratuitous and gener
ous service, the honor attached, and the rasping joys of criticism.
The members of the Board at this time were men of affairs and com
manded the full confidence of the people whom they served. They were
broad-minded and far-sighted ; whUe their clearness of vision kept them
from becoming visionary. They had but one purpose, and were true to
it in all they did. Every step taken and every enactment made was in
tended for the advancement of public school interests. "School politics"
and they had nothing in coraraon. Of all the strong men who were
members of the Gloucester School Coraraittee at the beginning of the
twenty-five years concerned in this report, only one reraains to recall the
activities of that beginning. He is still in the service, this being his
fortieth consecutive year in the office, — a time record surpassing any
other in the history of Gloucester.
Since the one aim of the Board was for results worthy of the mis
sion of the schools, its policy was shaped accordingly. Rules for the guid
ance of the school workers were of the siraplest nature ; their observance
was never irksorae. The committee eamestly desired that the teachers
should derive the greatest possible enjoyment from their service ; to that
end they were permitted to serve as individuals; in other words, recog
nition was raade of the fact that no two teachers can best do the sarae
work in precisely the same way. Ample freedom in methods was given
in order that the teacher's best might be had tn retum. Further, it
was in accord with the policy of the Board that pupils be held to such
quality of work as wbuld make for desirable growth. Any suggestion
looking toward making school tasks easy did not meet approval. The
Board saw, what so many miss seeing, that it is the hardworking pupil
who gets most enjoyment as well as greatest benefit from his school tasks.
While in too many places this quarter-century abounded in experi
mental innovations that would substitute the superficial for the real, the
Gloucester School Committee would have none of them. Fads and frills
were given prompt leave to withdraw on every petition for the privilege
of helping to solve school problems through debUitating methods and
programs. The Board had the wisdom to see that the worth-whUe man
is not the product of the boy with the easy-going habit or just-get-by
spirit of effort ; that the boy, to be a good "father of the man," must be
trained in manly ways. Again, the School Board of this period had a
keen appreciation of the value of harmony as a factor in school affairs,
and sought to have its influence broadly exercised. Such harmony was
desired as would find expression in the happiest possible relations be-

684 ESSEX COUNTY
tween teachers and higher authorities; such harmony as banishes envy
and fosters considerateness ; the harmony that brings pupUs and teachers
together in mutual confidence and a common purpose.
While financial conditions in Gloucester at this tune would not
justify the erection of palatial stractures for use as schoolhouses, it
was possible to transform such school buUdings as the city could afford
into school horaes. This was happUy accoraplished, largely because the
considerate attitude and admirable policy of the comraittee made the
way clear and easy. Each of the twenty or more schools of the city was
recognized as a unit, and granted such freedora of action as would
awaken a worthy eraulative spirit. It was regarded as a member of the
united school republics whose aims were one, but whose individualities
were afforded a choice in methods of achieving that aim. In the stimu
lating privilege of such liberty a glowing school spirit was created and
set in motion. Possessed by this spirit in large raeasure, the school
workers, teacher and pupil, found themelves less concemed about palatial
surroundings than about what they could do, how well they could do it,
and enjoyment to be derived from the doing. With such a spirit domi
nating the school house, an attractive school horae was the inevitable
result. Does it need to be added that such home-like conditions in the school
enhanced the value of the work accomplished? On this point the writer
is permitted to quote frora the observations of that erainently efficient
worker and leader in Gloucester school affairs during this period. Prin
cipal Tingley, of the Sawyer School. Referring to the School Board's lib
eral and trustful attitude toward the teacher, he declares his grateful
approval of it, "Because the joys of the teacher's life were so positively
reflected in the quality of her work." How gladly Principal Tingley wel
comed this policy and how eagerly he accepted it to the upbuilding and
strengthening of his own school are matters of comraon knowledge.
But the school home was not without its wider influence. The good
school spirit could not be confined by schoolhouse walls. It made its way
into the parental home, finding there a quick and supporting response.
The community at large felt its touch and willingly yielded itself to it.
The union of these three agencies — the school, the home and the com
munity — in concerted furtherance of the educational interests of Glouces
ter, was tellingly significant for good. In confirmation of the closer and
worthier relationship established by this welding of school and associate
interests, there was apparent a school attendance of remarkable excel
lence ; for it is a statistical fact that throughout this period of twenty-five
years Gloucester led the cities of the comraonwealth in the daily-percen
tage attendance of school chUdren. The writer has often wondered how
large a proportion of the community realized, at the time, the extent and
value of its contribution to the welfare of its public schools through its
salutary influence toward creating a glowing school spirit and thus help
ing to estabUsh the attractive school home.

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 685
Limited space permits only brief mention of some of the specialties
connected with the educational work of the Gloucester schools during
the whole or a part of these twenty-five years.
Military training in the High School had been given a trial and had
demonstrated its value to the boys of the school. Its continuance through
this quarter-century followed as a matter of course, with the v/arra ap
proval of school authorities and the public. Later, physical education
was carefully and systeraatically introduced. Its beneficial results were
so manifest as to give its worth to the schools early recognition. It soon
found permanency in the curriculum of every school. StUl later, manual
training found its rightful place among the school industries. It had
been given a trial in a limited way some years before ; for reasons largely
financial it had been discontinued.
The Teachers' Lecture Course was authorized by the School Board
for the purpose of giving teachers the desirable advantage of coming
under the educational and inspiring influence of eminent talent from the
lecture field. The granting of this privilege was but one more generous
act among the many so happily in accord with the desire of the Board to
enrich school service. Those worthy men builded better than they knew.
It may be added that the benefits of the course were felt outside the
circle of teachers. The interest of the entire Cape Ann community was
aroused, expressing itself in most gratifying results. This adjunct to
the work of the public schools extended through the last fourteen years
of this quarter-century, each succeeding year witnessing deeper interest
and growing patronage.
As stated elsewhere in this report, the High School had been seri
ously handicapped for years by its homeless condition. In 1884, Albert
W. Bachelor accepted its principalship in the face of difficulties that would
have dismayed one less courageous and aggressive than he. But Mr.
Bacheler was possessed by a marvelous zeal for the teaching sei-vice. He
could meet adverse conditions with a smile, stimulated by the incentive
which such conditions offer a raan of his calibre with an up-hUl contest
before hira. He accepted the challenge of the situation, winning as only
such men can win. Before he gave up work in this school, at the end of
thirty fruitful years of rare devotion to its best interests, he and his able
helpers had given it an enviable place in rank and influence.
When a new and real horae was opened for the school in the fall of
1889, its beneficial effects were iramediately felt. A new year's work
was about to begin under promising conditions, with the' school faraUy
no longer scattered. The outlook was heartening. Methods of service
in this school were such as raake for efficiency. The spirit of co-opera
tion was invoked. The school was led rather than comraanded. The
leader said, "Corae !" and made the saying vitally effective by an example
that kindled the emulative spirit in every worker in the school. He said,
"Let us, as teachers, show our pupUs that we are not mere hirelings;

686 ESSEX COUNTY
that we have a deep personal care for them; that our attitude toward
them savors of friendship ; and that requireraents made of them are only
the expressions of our friendship and interest." What this leader said,
he and his teachers put into practice.
He said to his pupils, "We are all in school for a purpose ; that pur
pose, to be realized, has to do with a liking for hard work. Let us ac
quire the liking. Let drudgery find no place in our daily tasks. Let us
so imbue ourselves with the spirit of effort that we may come to regard
aU difficulties as so raany appeals to the best there is in us. Let us look
upon our school problems as so many life tests in miniature and grapple
with them accordingly." Such counsel, happUy exemplified, was magi
cally effective. An atmosphere of the most telling and desirable sort
entered and pervaded the school. It made itself manifest in the aroused
ambition, the banished lethargy, the purposeful endeavor, a new apprecia
tion of educational benefits, and the eager desu-e for hard work because
of a growing consciousness of the enjoyment it begets.
Under such leadership, supplemented by the ardent enthusiasra of
loyal assistants, the Gloucester High School becarae the worthy pride
of the city. It had been transformed into the "city set upon a hUl" whose
light and influence reached the grade schools with magnetizing effect.
Its advantages were sought by pupUs of adjacent towns. The worth of
this school and the quality of its work came to be recognized by higher
institutions of learning with marked favor. Such upbuilding of the
school was accomplished through wise and vigorous leadership supported
by efficiency and loyalty in the ranks of the teachers. To this leader
ship and loyalty Gloucester owes a debt immeasurably great.
The closing words of this report wUl have to do with the teachers.
This body was composed of raen and woraen of high purposes. Their
salaries were not so high. These devoted servants of the public knew
that they were receiving, in pecuniary compensation, far less than they
were earning; but they rose superior to such knowledge and met every
obligation with praiseworthy zeal. They thus exemplified the teaching
spirit at its best. They had a keen sense of the weight of responsibility
which they assumed in taking under their care the educational welfare of
the city and gave to its carrying the fullness of strength at their comraand.
It mattered little to them that their vocation was regarded as common
place by the unseeing and unthinking; they could feel nothing but com
passion for those who were unable to give it a comraanding place in the
doraain of service that has to do with the highest type of accoraplishraent.
Month after month during the school year they experienced the severe
testing of patience, heavy pressure upon brain and nerve, physical and
mental weariness, and all the discourageraents peculiar to the exactions
of the service ; then, with the school year ended, they had the courage to
take the backward look and the grace to transform toil and difficulty into
cheer and uplift because of the assured progress and growth which they

ANDOVER-ABOVE, ELM ARCH ; BELOW, PHILLIPS ACADEMY

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 687
had directed and stimulated. Such courage and grace, supplemented by
the promise of a limited period of vacation rest, enabled them to an
ticipate another year of like experience with pleasure and content.
Statistics show nothing of the wealth which their devoted service
helped to accumulate; for statistics have no unit of measure for such
wealth. Not until that unit shall have been discovered can the value
of the Gloucester teachers' work during this period of twenty-five years
be computed. PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Aside from the excellent subscription and later common public
schools of Essex county, there have been numerous private institutions
of leaming, such as academies, select schools, schools for boys, and schools
especially for young woraen, situated here and there throughout the
county. Araong the more important of such institutions are the follow
ing: Phillips Acaderay, at Andover, Massachusetts, was founded in 1778
by Sarauel Phillips, then lieutenant-govemor of the coraraonwealth of
Massachusetts. In 1911-12 it had an enrollment of five hundred and
seventy-one boys, it being exclusively for boys. Its equipment consists
of thirty-five good buildings. The school is attended from all States in
the Union and also from several foreign lands. It is still doing a great
educational work. It has been traly said of this academy: "PhiUips
Academy becarae the mother and pattern of that great number of schools
planted all over this country ; not that there were not secondary schools
before, but they were established in almost every instance for the wants
of a single coraraunity, while this acaderay at Andover was planted like
the college — for mankind."
Today, Andover Hill is Phillips Academy. When the Andover
Theological Seminary raoved to Cambridge, a few years since, and be
came associated with Harvard University, PhUlips Acaderay was given a
glorious opportunity. The necessary $200,000 required to be raised and
paid over for the old Seminary buUdings was obtained, and in 1916 An
drew Carnegie paid in his promised $25,000 toward the enterprise. The
first school in the new quarters was opened September 16, 1908. In
1915 the Academy had an attendance of five hundred and fifty-eight
pupUs, and they were instructed by forty teachers. The endowment was
then $1,460,000 and the value of the acaderay property was estimated at
$1,905,000. The library contains 8,675 volumes of excellent standard
books. It is now doing a wonderful work for the youth of raany states
and territories, really outstripping the most cherished aim in the mind of
its generous founder.
Another great institution in Andover is the school for girls and
young women. It was founded in 1829 for the girls then living in New
England, to fit them for life's important work. In its nearly a century of
interesting history "Abbot's Academy" has sent out into the walks of

688 ESSEX COUNTY
life its thousands of well-trained young ladies, who preferred this institu
tion to the regular college courses offered elsewhere. It was the earliest
incorporated school for girls in New England. This school has a rich
heritage in its history and traditions. The early trustees were men of
weight in the community, and laid the foundations broad and deep. Its
constitution stated at the outset : "A school to form the immortal mind
to habits suited to an immortal being, and to instill principles of conduct
and forra the character for an iramortal destiny."
During the middle period of its existence, the long administration' of
Miss Philena McKeen, 1859-1892, the school became widely known and
honored. In 1900 college preparatory work was taken on, after which
the school grew rapidly in attendance. Here have been educated for life's
duties thousands of wives of prominent rainisters, lawyers, and teachers
of world-wide note. The school is situated on about twenty-three acres
of land in the very heart of Andover, with plenty of fine oaks and inspir
ing environments. The various halls and libraries and general religious
influence tend to elevate all who attend this popular institution. This
school possesses a scholarship fund of over $60,000, running from $1,000
to $26,000 each. The recent enrollment was one hundred and forty-one
boarding students and twenty-six local day students, making a total of
one hundred and sixty-seven students. It should be added that this school
was founded by the far-sighted citizens of Andover. It received its name
from one of its founders — as did also its first Hall, that known as Abbot
Hall, naraed for Madam Sarah Abbot, who generously buUt it.
The Andover Theological Seminary, chartered in 1807, really "placed
Andover on the maps of this country," as has been well remarked. It
was not only by act of incorporation and official management, a depart
ment of PhiUips Academy, but also by growth from the original inten
tion of its projector. In fact, this Seminary was founded to teach more
directly the religious doctrines of the Calvinistic faith, as against that
of the Armenians and Unitarians. Great theological men have been con
nected with this school from time to time. But with the passage of
years dissensions arose, particularly in 1886-87, when removals of in
stractors obtained to the detrunent of the institution. Men of world-wide
fame have been connected with Andover Theological Seminary. The
register shows such naraes as Leonard Woods, the first Abbot professor
of Christian Theology in the Andover Serainary; he was a raember of
the Provincial Congress. Eliphalet Pearson, a great "Master," who had
for his pupUs such men as John Quincy Adams, Judge Story, William E.
Channing and Edward Payson. Bela Bates Edwards, D.D., noted as an
author of many valuable books, including the "Eclectic Reader," etc He
became a professor in Andover and was there a great power for the pro
motion of the school. Others were Samuel H. Taylor, LL.D. He became
author of numerous text-books for common and higher schools. Rev.
Austin Phelps. D.D. was another Andover professor, as was also Edwards

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 689
A. Park, D.D., LL.D. He was president of the board of trustees for
Abbot Academy for more than thirty years. Another was Prof. Calvin
Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe's husband.
After a course as an educational institution at Andover, in 1908 it
was removed to Cambridge, and affiliated in a v/ay with the interests of
Harvard University, v/here it at least exchanges privileges. The cur
riculum is now one of three years. Students may divide their work be
tween Harvard University and the Seminary. Fourteen courses are re
quired for the degree of Bachelor of Divinity, three of which may be
taken at Harvard. The faculty consists of six professors, three lecturers
and an assistant. The legal complications to unite these two great
schools of higher learning were not a fev\^, but finally the General Court
in March, 1907, passed a bill which made the transfers legal. The old
and time-honored campus and fine building structures at Andover were
then tumed over to the Phillips Academy.
The Beverly Academy v/as projected as a private school in 1833, by
an association of gentlemen ; and whUe it was of short duration, it was
an iraportant factor in developing sentiment in the comraunity along
higher educational lines. In May of the year just named, land was bought
on the northeasterly side of Washington street and a building was erected,
with Abiel Abbott, of New Hampshire, as principal, and Miss Mary R.
Peabody assistant. This school continued under various principals until
1855. In 1804, an effort was made to establish an academy at Bartlett's
Comer, for the benefit of Salisbury and Amesbury. A stock company
was formed, with a two thousand dollar capital, divided in shares of
ten dollars each. A lot was obtained, where the high school now stands.
The building was erected in 1805 and Abner Emerson was appointed the
first principal. After years of usefulness, this, like other private schools,
finally gave way to the better and more uniform methods of our pres
ent public school system.
In the town of Boxford, in 1826, Major Jacob Peabody established
an academy in the building used by the Third Congregational church.
This school flourished for about three years. The first principal was
Prof. Leavenworth. The average attendance was fifty.
The Baker Free School was founded by a fund given by Jonathan
Tyler Baker, of North Andover, and such fund amounted to thirty thou
sand dollars. This was left by a will of this thoughtful raan, who saw
much in education. The trustees opened this school in 1884 in a leased
buUding in the West parish. Stephen C. Clark was chosen first prin
cipal. Later, a buUding was erected, and the school carried on a num
ber of years longer. From 1865 to 1881, a private school for young men
was established by Rev. Calvin E. Park, at his residence in West Parish.
The Bradford Academy was the result of efforts put forth in March,
1803, when it was mutually agreed that a buUding should be erected for
Essex — 44

690 ESSEX COUNTY
an acadfemy. In three months the structure was corapleted. Samuel
Walker was the first principal. He was a native of HaverhUl and a
graduate of Dartmouth College in 1802. The school was incorporated
in 1804. Benjamin Greenleaf was principal from 1814 to 1836, and he
was the last preceptor. Then the institution was reorganized as a school
for young ladies exclusively. Doubtless, Bradford Academy of today is
greatly indebted to Mr. Greenleaf, v/ho was succeeded by Miss AbigaU
C. Haseltine. In 1853, the semi-centennial anniversary was celebrated
and fifteen hundred former students and their friends were present. In
1869 a fine new set of buUdings were provided. These are within a
twenty-five acre tract of land beautifully situated, the view commanding
the valley of the Merrunac. Many noted persons have graduated from
this academy, including Harriet Newell and Ann H. Judson, well-known
missionaries. This is the pride of northem Essex county, and is among
the oldest institutions for the education of women in all New England,
now being over one hundred and eighteen years old. More than seven
thousand persons have graduated frora this school. Of recent years,
this school has been under the care of Miss Laura A. Knott, A.M., the
principal. Here scores of young ladies are trained for teaching and other
professions each year.
What was styled the Merrimac Academy, a second institution in this
part of the county, was started in 1821 ; the first section of the act of in
corporation reads as follows: "For the education of youth of both sexes
in such languages, and such of the liberal arts and sciences as the tras
tees direct." The building v/as "i-aised" July 4, 1821, at a cost of $900,
when completed. At the best days of this school, about sixty students
were in attendance. A thousand and raore of the inhabitants of Grove
land received their education within its walls. It was sustained in part
by tuitions and partly by subscriptions. The Academy was bumed in
1870 and rebuilt the next season. In 1878 the trustees leased the prop
erty to the town for a term of ninety-nine years. After this the buUding
was enlarged and the town has since then greatly improved the property.
The Manning School, located in the town of Ipswich, was established
in 1874, the founder being Dr. Thomas Manning, son of Dr. John Man
ning. The buUding was to be erected on the one hundredth anniversary
of his birth. Up to 1886 about forty thousand dollars had been paid in
to support the institution. The main building was a two-story edifice,
with mansard roof. At the dedication of the premises one speaker re
marked : "The noble legacies of the dead and more noble gifts of the
living have completed and fumished a structure which the citizens of
Ipswich may look upon with grateful pride and satisfaction." This
school was open to all without regard to religious belief, race or color.
The remainder of the history of this institution is well known to the pres
ent generation. The Marblehead Academy was incorporated in 1792. Shortly after-

EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS 691
ward, the Legislature granted a township of land (six raUes square),
lying between the rivers Kennebec and Penobscot, in the county of Han
cock, for the purpose of supporting the academy. This land was later
sold to Samuel Sewall, for fifteen hundred pounds. This was the founda
tion for the present educational facUities of Marblehead. Her public
schools are excellent and are patterned after the best in the common
wealth. In 1799 land liberally offered by Jonathan Stevens was accepted
for the location, and subscriptions were secured for the erection of build
ings. This school was organized for the use of both sexes and was called
the North Parish Free School untU 1803, when by an act of the court it
was named Franklin Academy. Many bright lights served as instrac
tors here, but especially under the care of Siraeon Putnara, who com
menced in 1817, did this school forge to the front rank of that kind of
educational institutions. This was among the earliest schools for women
where women teachers were employed. It flourished with the years,
and like other institutions finally gave the field over to the better system
of public high schools, normals and academies so frequently found now-a-
days. In Salem a State Normal School for girls was established in 1854.
The city provided the site and erected the building at a cost of $14,000.
The State paid back $6,000, and the Eastern Railroad Corapany con
tributed $2,000 additional. In 1870-71 the building was enlarged at an
expense of $25,000. The original principal was Prof. Richard Edwards.
Other educational factors in Salera, date back to 1770, when David
Hopkins was granted leave to establish a private school to teach reading,
writing and arithmetic. There are here and there snatches of history
showing that during the first one hundred and thirty years, Salera had
numerous private schools, but they left no regular recorded history,
hence the present generation know but little concerning their origin or
character. In 1826 there were sixty-nine private schools, with 1666
pupUs. But with the coming of the common public school system, all
this was changed. Salem now has its modem schools, with a large force
of capable teachers, who have been trained for their profession at the
Normal. Saugus Female Seminary was established in 1821, by Rev. Joseph
Emerson, of Beverly. The parish encouraged the enterprise, voting the
use of the parsonage, with land near by, for a school buUding, which
was erected in the spring of 1822. For two years this school flourished
exceptionally well, but the autumn of the second school year was the
dreadful epidemic season of typhoid fever; several young ladies of the
school died, causing many others to withdraw, and the result was un
fortunate for th^ seminary. The school ceased to exist in the fall of
1826. Topsfield Academy established in 1828, flourished for many years.

692 ESSEX COUNTY
The flrst preceptor was Francis" Vose, and the last to hold such office was
Albert Ira Dutton, who discontinued the institution in 1860. This school
occupied a central location, on an elevation, which raade it the highest
building in the vUlage. A goodly nuraber of men who made their influ
ences felt in later years, lived in the county and graduated from this
school. At the village of Wenham, in 1810, an atterapt was made to establish
an academy. Later, other private schools were started, among them was
one by C. L. Edwards, who opened a private school in the Town HaU.
The date was 1854 ; he reraained one year, and was succeeded by Francis
M. Dodge, a native of Wenham. He continued the school two years and
more, when other schools took the field.

CHAPTER XLIII.
PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY.
Without going into the details of the origin and development of the
science of medicine since away back in Galen's time, it will suffice to
say tiiat since Essex county was first settied by the forefathers, nearly
three centuries ago, the greater advancement in this science has been
raade. Both in Medicine and Surgery, the last half century has accora
plished more in its Une than all the hundreds of years prior to that date.
The medical man is usually too busy to record his goings and comings,
hence the writer of a chapter like this is necessarily a compUer of
physicians' names, with such data as newspapers and old historical books
contain, with here and there a personal sketch or obituary notice, yet
these are not entirely valueless. In certain portions of this county, local
physicians have kindly contributed articles for their own community,
which enriches this part of the work. Of necessity, these writers fur
nish the reader with but little of a date prior to the time in which they
commenced to practice medicine in the county. It is to be regretted that
not more resi)onded to the call for such articles, but such as we have we
herewith present, believing that the mere raention of some good old
"family doctor's" name wiU carry the older reader back in memory to a
time long ago, when the profession was not quite what it is today. As
a rale, the early physicians were a sturdy, honorable and inteUigent type
of manhood, who feared not the storms of winter, nor heat of summer,
but went when called, and rendered such assistance as they could, with
the skill they possessed, and many times without recompense, at that.
Medical Practice in Danvers — It was not until 1815 that
vaccination was the subject of public action. Gen. Gideon Foster's narae
was at its head in a petition for a town meeting, held July, 1815, in the
town of Danvers for the special purpose of considering the expediency
of accepting certain proposals offered by one Dr. Fansher. They were
as foUows: "Dr. Fansher begs leave respectfully to propose to the to\vn
of Danvers that he will (in case it meets the approbation of the town)
vaccinate at such places in the different neighborhoods throughout the
town as shall be designed by a committee for the chUdren to assemble
for that purpose, and attend and exaraine his patients at the proper time
to see that each individual is secure from the danger of the Small Pox,
at twenty-five cents per head, and he believes that no person can possibly
do this nice business and do it justice for a smaller fee and be the gainer."
These proposals were accepted with the provisions reserved — there
must be some Yankee to the trade — ^that all above six hundred were to
be treated gratis : "Resolved — That this town entertain a high opinion of
vaccination, and consider it (when conducted by skUful and experienced
hands) a sure and certain substitute for the small pox. Resolved — That

694 ESSEX COUNTY -1
this meeting deems it the indispensable duty of a community to mak«
use of the means that the Divine Providence has given us to guard against
every impending evU to which we are exposed, especially those which
involve the health or the lives of the inhabitants."
With the single exception of possibly Dr. Gregg, who is said to
have lived in Salem village in 1692, there is no evidence that Danvers had
any settled physician until about 1725, but depended for medical and sur
gical services upon Salem doctors. The first physician is considered to
have been Dr. Prince, a native of Danvers, who studied medicine under
Dr. Toothaker, of BUlerica, and was the preceptor of Drs. Amos Putnam
and Samuel Holton. He lived at the southem slope of Hawthorne HUl.
Amos Putnam bom in Danvers, 1722, practiced until the French and
Indian War, when he entered the service as a surgeon. After the war
he retumed to Danvers, where he practiced untU more than eighty years
of age. Archelaus Putnam, bom in Danvers in 1744, at the old Putnam
homestead, graduated at Harvard College and soon commenced to prac
tice medicine. He was a skilful physician and surgeon and a man of
influence in his community. He died in 1800 and was buried in the
Wadsworth cemetery.
James Putnara, son of Dr. Amos Putnam, bom at Danvers in 1760,
studied medicine with his father and was associated with him in practice.
Andrew Nichols, bom 1785, died 1853, was another well-known doc
tor, bom in the northem part of Danvers, a son of Major Andrew Nichols,
who introduced Lombardy Poplar into this country, his farm being lined
with these trees. Dr. Nichols graduated at Phillips Academy and Har
vard. He was doubtless among the great men of his day and genera
tion — a raany-sided raan — for it is known that he was president of the
Essex County Medical Society in 1811; was a leading Free Mason; fu^t
president of the Essex County Natural History Society in 1836, the
sarae merging into the present Essex Institute in 1848. He was one
of the founders of the Essex County Agricultural Society and delivered
a lecture at the first cattle show at Topsfield, in 1820. He was an old-
line Abolitionist and head of the Danvera Free Soil -party. At his home
many a slave, northward headed, found shelter and obtained food en-
route to Canada and freedom. This good doctor found time to write
much poetry ; was a temperance worker ; was an inventor and improved
the hydrostatic bed, upon one of which he died. He introduced the
cold an- tube system, which consisted of a tube leading from the side
of a window to the sick bed of his patients, that they might breathe
fresh, pure air. He was one of the founders of the First Unitarian
church in what is now Peabody. Indeed, Dr. Nichols was one of nat
ure's noblemen.
Among very early physicians in Danvers, the old books mention
Drs. Clapp, CUley, Gould, Porter, Patten and Carleton. A son-in-law

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 695
of Dr Holten lies buried in Danvers, and this is his tombstone inscrip
tion: "George Osgood, M. D. ; he practiced medicine here fifty-five
years; beloved by all who knew hira. He passed to his rest. May 26,
1863, aged 79 years 2 raonths." Dr. Ebenezer Hunt practiced medicine
in Danvers more than half a century, dying in 1874. Other prominent
physicians of this town prior to the eighties were Drs. Grosvenor, J. W.
Snow, P. M. Chase, Lewis Whiting, Wm. Winslow Eaton, D. Homer
Bachelder, Edgar O. Fowler, Woodbury G. Frost, Frank Gardner and
H. F. Bachelder.
In 1921 those practicing medicine and surgery are Drs. Fred Bald
win, C. L. Buck, Charles F. Deering, J. Ed Magee, Herbert L. Mains,
John Moriarty, Ed. N. Niles, Mrs. Blanche B. Sartwell (Ost.), John F.
Sartwell (Ost.), and John F. Valentine.
Medical History of Lynn — The history of the medical pro
fession in Lynn does not begin until the town was fifty years old. Lynn
was no exception to most of the small towns of New England, and as a
matter of fact, of all England of the seventeenth century. The Ply
mouth Colony had a doctor, who came with the colonists, and he was
sent for to visit the surrounding tov/ns when there was dire distress. At
the invitation of the authorities, he visited Roxbury and Salem when an
epidemic prevailed that the people could not control. At first Lynn was
very fortunate in regard to sickness. WiUiam Wood, who was a sort of a
press-agent for New England, says of the healthfulness of Lynn, "Out of
that Towne, from whence I came, in three years and a half, there died
but three; to raake good which losses, I have seen foure children Bap
tized at one time." Wood takes rather too rosy a view of the healthful
ness of the climate, but his statement in regard to Lynn for the first
three years was probably quite trae. The reasons for the lack of sick
ness at first are: First, the settlers did not come directly to Lynn, and
had therefore recovered from typhus fever, which infested practically
every ship in those days ; and secondly, the first settlers had all been ex
posed to sraall-pox before they reached New England. They were ex
posed to sraall-pox in 1663, when the Indian chief, John Sagaraore, and
many of his people died of it, and the Indian children were distributed
among the settlers, but none contracted it.
Before the days of vaccination, small-pox was a dreaded disease and
it was believed that it was safer to be inoculated with the disease than to
run the risk of catching it. The following is an account of the inocula
tion of a company of Lynn people. "Lynn, May 14, 1777. There was a
company of us went to Marblehead to have the sraall-pox. We had for
our doctors, Benjamin Burchstead and Robert Deavertx, and for our
nurse, Amos Breed. Hired a house of Gideon PhUlips, viz: Abraham
Breed, Jonathan PhUlips, William Breed, Simeon Breed, Richard Pratt,
Jr., Nathan Breed, Jr., Rufus Newhall, James Breed, Jr., John Curtin, Jr.,
James Faime, Jr., WUliam Newhall, Jr., David Lewis, Micajah Alley,

696 ESSEX COUNTY
Jabez Breed, Jr., Micajah Newhall, Paul Farrington, Ebenezer Porter,
WUliam Johnson, Amos Newhall, making nmeteen in aU ; and aU came
home well."
The first mention of a physician in Lynn is in 1680, when Dr. Philip
Read (1680) of Lynn complained to the court at Salera of Mrs. Margaret
Gifford, as being a witch. She was a respectable woraan and the wife
of John Gifford, formerly agent for the Iron Works. The complaint said,
"he verily believed she was a witch, for there were some things that
could not be accounted for by natural causes." Mrs. Gifford gave no re
gard to her summons, and the Court very pradently suspended then-
inquiries. The next physician to settle in Lynn was Doctor Burchsted, in 1685.
He was evidently a well-educated physician, and "Lewis and NewhaU"
gives the following account of hun: "John Henry Burchsted, a
native of SUesia, married Mary, widow of Nathaniel Kertland, 24 April,
1690. Henry, his son, was bom Srd October, 1690. They were both
erainent physicians and lived on the south side of Essex street, between
High and Pearl. (There were two sons both physicians; one was a sur
geon in the British Navy; the other was Dr. Henry, of Lynn, who also
had a son Henry, a physician). Dr. John Henry Burchsted died 20th
September, 1721, aged 64.
The Burchsteds, father and son, were the only physicians untU 1744.
In this year John Lewis began practice here, and in 1747 Nathaniel
Henchman, a son of a minister of the same name, is listed as a physician.
We do not find another new doctor for twenty-two years (1769) when
John Flagg came. In 1771 we find the name of Jonathan Norwood, in
1775 John Perkins, in 1779 Abijah Cheever, and in 1782 Aaron Lummus.
In one hundred years the names of ten physicians are given, but two and
possibly three of them did not practice. PhUip Read received no mention
after his appearance when he accused Mrs. Gifford of being a witch. This
was the one enduring episode of his life in Ljnnn, or anywhere else, so
far as the writer can learn. John Perkins was an old man when he
settled in Lynnfield, having practiced for forty years in Boston. He
did not probably do much active practice after he came here. Abijah
Cheever graduated in 1779 and immediately went into the service with
the Revolutionary army. After peace was declared he settled in Boston,
where he and his descendants have been engaged in the practice of medi
cine ever since.
Lynn has the credit of furnishing two surgeons to the Revolutionary
army, Abijah Cheever, raentioned above, and Doctor John Flagg, who
was coraraissioned colonel. He was an active patriot, a member of the
Committee of Safety and looked after the recruits. He did not see active
service in the field except his brief service at the battle of Lexington.
James Gardner, who settled in Lynn in 1792, and married Doctor Flagg's
daughter, was a Revolutionary soldier, but did not study medicine until
after the close of the war.

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 697
The fees for physicians were low. It was not until Lynn had reached
the rank of a city, in 1850, that the physicians by mutual consent agreed
to charge seventy-five cents a call for house visits. Furthermore, the
people did not call a doctor until they were actually obliged to do so.
It is quite probable that the early physicians were part-time farmers.
That is, they owned a sraall farm and raised their food by working the
land during their leisure.
Aaron Lummus was the only one who remained in Lynn who lived
to see the transition period of medicine. The historians say that he
practiced for fifty years, was very successful and much beloved, but those
who knew him say that he becarae very much discouraged at the lack of
success of his methods. This discourageraent was very prevalent araong
thoughtful raen, and it gave rise to all sorts of fads. There were water
curists, eclectics, botanical physicians, Grahamites and countless others.
In the fifty years from 1782 to 1832, there were nine new physicians
who settled in Lsmn — James Gardner, 1792; Rufus Banus, 1798;
Peter G. Robbins, 1805; John Lumraus, 1816; he was a son of the old
doctor; Edward L. Coffin, 1817; Richard Haseltine, 1817; William E.
Brown, 1828; Charles O. Barker, 1831; WUliam Prescott, 1832. This
division is not entirely artificial. It includes the War of 1812, the growth
of the national spirit, and the ending in 1832 was just before the deluge of
"isras." The increase of cases of consuraption had a very depressing effect
upon the people. Beginning soon after the Revolution, the disease be
came a serious menace. Lewis says, "From some cause, however, there
are a great number of deaths by consumption. Formerly, a death by this
disease was a rare occurrence, and then the individual was ill for many
years, and the subjects were usually aged persons. In 1727, when a
young man died of consumption at the age of nineteen, it was noticed
as a remarkable circumstance ; but now, young people frequently die of
that disease after an illness of a few raonths. Of 316 persons, whose
deaths were noticed in the First Parish for about twenty years previous
to 1824, 112 were the subjects of consuraption. In some years since,
more than half the deaths have been occasioned by that insidious raal
ady. There is something improper and unnatural in this. It is doubtless
owing to the habits of the people, to their confineraent in close rooras,
over hot stoves, and to their want of exercise, free air, and ablutions."
For the following sixty years consumption was a veritable scourge.
During the latter part of that period it gradually diminished, but as late
as 1880 it was the leading cause of death in the city.
The physicians whose names appear in the next period of fifty years
are: 1835 — Edward A. Kittredge; 1836— Abramham Gould; 1836 — SUas
Durkee; 1836— Daniel Perley; 1837— James Clark; 1837— Asa T. New
haU; 1842-Joseph M. Nye; 1843-WUliara Read; 1843~Charles H. Nich
ols; 1843— John PhUlips; 1840— Isaiah Haley. The City Directory of 1851

698 ESSEX COUNTY
gave A. S. Adams, E. Porter Eastman, I. F. Galloupe, WUliam L. Har
mon, Joseph B. Holder, Damel A. Johnson, Edward L. Newhall, James
M. Nye, John Renton, R. S. Rogers, Dryden Sraith, Charles Weeks ; the
Directory of 1854 has Dearing T. Haven, John HUton, WiUiam Kings-
ford, J. Marden, John O'Flaherty, Nathaniel Ruggles. In 1856— J. M.
Blaisdell, Josiah Brown, J. M. True ; 1858— Bowman Breed, A. S. Adams,
H. C. Angeli, WUliam Slocum; 1860— John Delaski, David F. Drew, B.
F. Green, J. P. Prince; 1865— Henry C. Ahlbom, Mary E. Breed, the first
woman physician in Lynn, M. J. Flanders, Julius Weber, Comelius A.
Aheame, D. A. Allen, Horace C. Bartlett, John S. Emerson, J. W. Good
eU, D. W. Jones, W. B. RamsdeU ; 1869— Mrs. C. A. Batchelder, E. T.
Butman, A. M. Cushing, James H. Kunball, Joseph G. Perley, Joseph G.
Pinkham, George CahiU ; 1871— Eugene V. Cushing, Esther H. Hawkes,
Edward S. Haywood, Richard Kennedy, George W. Musso, John H. Sher
man, WUliam Thompson, J. O. Webster; 1873— Mrs. E. T. Butman,
George E. Clark, Levi Famdon, T. T. Graves, Charles R. Kellam, P.. T.
Jenness, J. W. Lindsay, Charles A. Lovejoy, Selian D. Mason, John A.
McArthur, William B. Reynolds, WUliam E. Tarbell, George S. Wood
man; 1876 — F. A. W. Bergengren, Charles R. Brown, Coeleb Bumham,
C. B. Caples, S. W. Clark, R. Fletcher Dearbom, Mrs. I. P. Haywood, J.
McMahon, D. H. Spofford, S. A. Toothaker, J. C. Weeks, Isaac C. Win
chester, G. B. Yeaton; 1878— Miss M. M. Averill, Henry W. Boynton,
William D. Corken, Monica Mason, J. W. Moore, R. K. Noyes, Frank L.
Radcliff, Chauncy C. Sheldon; 1880 — Albert Barrows, Andrew Baylies,
Herman I. Barry, Charles H. Brockway, George Burdett, Mary E. Clark,
Henry Colraan, Lucy B. Guemey, Horace W. Jackson, Charles E.
Meader; 1882— WUliam H. Baker, John W. Bosworth, WUliam Enright,
George H. Felton, R. H. Golden, Edward P. Hale, Stephen W. Hopkins,
Henri A. Jendrault, James E. Keating, Charles Lloyd, John J. MacMahan,
Stella Manning, WUliam A. McDonald, J. W. Moore, M. Rogers Sim
mons, Gustavius F. Walker.
The fifty years from 1832 to 1882 are memorable in the history of
raedicine in general and of Lynn in particular. Firstly, there was a
notable increase in the nuraber of doctors. While there were only nine
new physicians in the fifty years from 1782 to 1832, there were one
hundred twenty-six new names listed in the next fifty years. Secondly
— On October 17, 1846, the first public demonstration of ether anaes
thesia was given at the Massachusetts General Hospital. It was the
privUege of one Lynn physician (Doctor Galloupe) to be present. He
was stUl a medical student, but the event raust have made a lasting im
pression upon his after life. Thirdly — In 1864 Pasteur published his
lectures on fermentation and his work laid the foundation of modem
medicine. Fourthly — In 1855 Florence Nightingale laid the foundation
of modem nursing. Fifthly — In 1867 Lister read his first paper on
the antiseptic treatment of wounds. Upon anaesthesia, nursing and

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 699
antesepis depend all the progress that has been raade in modem sur
gery. Sixth — The CivU War showed the people how dependent they
were upon the doctors.
On October 31, 1874, a meeting was held in Nathan Breed's parlor,
to see what could be done about establishing a hospital in Lynn, and
here was bom the Lynn Hospital. The first hospital was financed and
conducted by the Lynn Union for Christian Work. The first hospital
was located at 12 WaterhUl street. It was a small affair, but it min
istered to the sick from March, 1875, to May, 1879, when it closed its
doors, to be succeeded five years later by the present Lynn Hospital.
It served its purpose in showing the people the need for a hospital and
led to a continual agitation through the press, by public meetings, and
penny collections that did not cease until the present model institution
was opened.
The first physician to locate in Lynn after 1832 was Edward A.
Kittredge. He is described by those who knew him as of a striking
personality. He wore long black curls, had a cleft palate, and was al
ways ready to express his opinions upon all subjects with force and
conviction. He lived in Lynn for many years. In the Directory of 1841
we find among others a vegetable physician and a botanic physician.
In 1837 Dr. Asa T. Newhall located in Lynn and there have been New
halls practicing in Lynn ever since.
The first Homoeopathic physician to locate in Lynn was David A.
Johnson. He probably came in the late forties. His name appears for
the first time in the Lynn Directory of 1851. Whether there was a
directory between 1841 and 1851 I do not know, but I have not been
able to find one.
Doctors Emerson, Lovejoy and Sheldon were connected with the
first hospital and they occupied a prorainent position in the develop
ment of the present one. The physicians of Lynn who served as sur
geons in the Civil War were: Bowman Breed, Isaac F. Galloupe and J.
P. Prince. The following is the list of physicians frora 1884 to 1921 :
1884 — George M. Barrell, John W. Bosworth, Frank W. Chandros, Charles
W. Galloupe, Benjamin GoodvTin, James H. Grant, Alice Guilford, Solomon H.
Holbrook, Michael H. Hughes, Charles E. Jenkins, Thomas F. Joyce, Carey F.
Marshall, James W. Moore, Mrs. E. Newcomb, Frank D. Stevens, William Watters.
1886 — H. F. Bradbury, F. F. Brigham, John De Wolfe, Francena J. Dilling
ham, Stephen M. Furbush, Roscoe HOI, William E. Holbrook, George W. Huse,
William B. Little, George G. Merrow, Miss Lucy J. Pike, Joseph H. Potts, S. W.
Stilphen, Edvan P. Wing.
1888 — Everett F. Adams, John B. Andrews, Eben F. Blake, Thomas Cole,
Charles De Langle, Michael F. Donevan, Roscoe E. Freeman, George W. Gale,
(East Saugus), Frank L. Judkins, J. R. Kinney, Henry P. Leonard, Frank T.
Lougee, Normon R. Miller, Frank A. Morse, Luther Newcomb, Herbert W. New
hall, J. F. O'Shea, Isaac Steams, Frank E. Stone.
1890— Miss Myra D. Allen, R. F. Cross, PhOip F. Dillon, J. E. Frothingham,

700 ESSEX COUNTY
L. M. Marston, William A. McDonald, Wilham H. Merry, Harry J. Pearce, Mur
dock C. Smith.
1892— Comelius A. Aheame, Jr., J. Armand Bedard, Eben F. Blake, Arthur
L. Blue, E. E. Deal, George H. Gray, Leonard F. Hatch, George W. Haywood,
Edson G. Holmes, WUliam T. Hopkins, Warren J. Johnson, Elgin W. Jones, Will
iam R. King, J. S. Lewis, John J. Mangan, John J. McGuigan, John J. McMann,
Joseph Mitchell, John Richmond, Edward O. Wright.
1894— Howard E. Abbott, Charles H. Bangs, Arthur B. Chase, James Farish,
Charles F. Faulkner, G. W. Fowler, Oscar F. George, T. R. Grow, Edward Hanna,
Melvin A. Harmon, Arthur Hodges, WiUiam H. Knight, Charles D. S. Lovell,
WiUiajn E. McPherson, John A. Morse, Emil F. Ruppel, William Seaman, Michael
Seney, George A. Spencer, Clarence A. Stetson, George F. Woodill, and Erwin
Wright. 1896— Leland M. Baker, James Castle, I. H. Chicoine, Charles E. Clark, Caro-
lus M. Cobb, M. Coutre, Benjamin F. Green, Allston F. Hunt, H. D. Kennard,
Frank W. Kenny, James A. Keown, William H. A. Knight, Albert Marie, Edward
B. Marston, Charles W. Putnam, Charles W. Richardson, John W. Ridley, T. K.
Serijan, Albert L. Whipple.
1898-John A. Balcom, E. Van Deusen Gray, George B. Carr, Maria J.
Cushing, Stephen R. Davis, A. S. Dennison, Charles E. Dover, F. B. Dezell, Eugene
Dolloff, Arthur E. Harris, Edward B. Herrick, Mary Hobbs Iredale, Francis A.
Lane, Archibald H. Martin, Clarence E. Meramble, Charles A. Pratt, Willard F.
Read, N. A. Springer, Edith C. Vamey, Mabel I. Waldron, Walton B. Warde,
Frank L. Whipple.
1900— Tekla Berg, Alfred Preston Bowen, Ora W. Castle, William H. Clark,
William L. Fraser, Thomas N. Frost, Benj. F. Green, Mildred A. Libby, Wilmot
L. Marden, J. Brayton Martin, S. K. Momjian, Thomas T. Perkins, Everett
White. 1902 — Frederick L. Bishop, Nathaniel P. Breed, Alexander Caird, William B.
Chase, Joseph U. Eells, George B. Foster, Howard K. Glidden, William D. Harris,
Alfred T. Hawes, F. W. MacPherson ,Edward T. Mannix, Ora Marvin, Geo. H.
Musso, A. Lester Newhall, G. A. Troxell, WiUiam H. Watters.
1904 — Charles H. Bergengren, Nathaniel L. Berry, Frank E. Blake, Winfred
O. Brown, Thomas F. Cogan, Gustav Desy, Peter C. Devlin, Clarence H. Dobson,
T. J. Duncanson, F. Albert Foster, Perley Harriman, Walter S. D. Hitchcock,
John H. MuUen, Charles E. Rich, Frederick L. Sanbom, Mark Shrum, WiUiam
Ward, James J. WUson, Charles A. Worthen.
1906 — Orrin C. Blair, Walter L. Bums, Marion Cowan, Alice Surry Cutler,
Harland A. Danforth, George A. Davis, Charles B. Frothingham, Gustav Hart
man, Walter L. Hearn, Harold A. Johnson, WUlard W. Lemaire, Butler Metzger,
Charles H. Mitchell, Howard F. Morse, Harrington Munroe, WUliam F. O'ReiUy,
Martin W. Peck, Ella Severance, A. H. Stockbridge, John W. Trask.
1908 — John H. Andrews, HanUin P. Bennett, Arthur E. Darling, Charles L.
Hoitt, James A. Jones, George H. Kirkpatrick, WUliam Liebman, Roy W. Mathes,
WUliam L. Soule, Arthur W. Tucker.
1910 — Curtis W. Cotton, George W. Eastman ,Charles L. M. Judkins, IsabeU
C. R. Livingstone, Frederick J. Mclntire, W. Reignald Marshall, Howard N. Nason,
WUUs G. Neally, Charles A. Oak, Samuel Paltum, William G. Shepherd, Charles
E. Stone. 1912 — J. Harper Blaidsell, Gladys L. Carr, Harry C. Clarke, John A. Daly,
Joseph W. Godfrey, Leonard W. Hassett, G. W. Heaslip, Frances G. Lamb John
son, Arthur E. Joslyn, George W. Lougee, George A. Lyons, Alexander McRobbie,
Stanislas Martel, F. Harvey NewhaU, James O'Keefe, Oscar L. Spencer, J. Robert
White.

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 701
1914 — Oliver Bixby, J. Arthur Courtemanche, Ellsworth Garipay, Thomas F.
Grady, Levon Hagopian, T. Francis Hennessey, Nathan L. Jacobson, Charles H.
MerrUl, Everett A. MerriU, Edward S. O'Keefe, Charles O. Pratt, WUlard L.
QuenneU, WiUiam S. Schley, Edward Shon, A. Leo Strain.
1916— Louis A. Blanchet, Frank B. CoUotn, John CosteUo, Horace HiU, WU
liam S. Hodnett, Muriel E. Lewis, Louis H. Limauro, WUUam E. McLellan, Sam
uel G. Underbill, Perez W. Wainshel, John H. Clarke.
1918 — John D. Constantinides, WUliam V. Kane, Edward W. Karcher, Thomas
B. Raiferty, Thomas W. Shaw, Oliver A. T. Swain, Joseph P. Trainor, Angello
Zarrella. 1920— Charles J. Allen, George E. Allen, Thomas A. Barry, Harry H. Butler,
Alden V. Cooper, Henry L. Davis, Earl U. Hussey, Frank W. A. Mitchell, WUbur
M. Paige, Raymond F. Rauscher, Arthur J. Ring, Frank E. Schubnehl, Timothy
E. Shine. From 1882 to 1920 there were two hundred and ninety-six new physi
cians given in the directory. A part of this number stayed but a short
time and the reraainder took the place of the older doctors, of those who
died, or retired, or their services were rendered necessary by the growth
of the city. The notable events in the raedical history of Lynn during
this period were the opening of the present hospital and the World War.
The hospital at first was a small affair and accommodated but six
patients. It was soon evident that room must be found for more patients,
and a new ward was soon added. The hospital was opened for patients
on March 12, 1883. Doctor Charles A. Lovejoy was given full charge,
and on his management the success or failure of the enterprise depended.
Doctor Lovejoy invited to serve with him on the staff Drs. Edward New
hall, I. F. Galloupe, David F. Drew, J. W. Goodell, J. S. Emerson, J. G.
Pinkham, Henry Colraan, and C. C. Sheldon. These raen laid the founda
tion of the present hospital and sorae of thera were spared to see the
growth of the hospital era in New England. Frora a beginning with
accoramodations for six patients the hospital has grown to an institution
able to care for one hundred and fifty patients.
The war with Spain was not large enough or prolonged enough to
make a serious demand upon Lynn's medical profession. The author can
find only one Lynn physician who served in that war. Dr. James Keown.
Of the one hundred and fifty physicians in Lynn, thirty-five respond
ed to the call of their country in the World War. The names are given
below. Many of them saw service across the seas and they all did then-
duty in whatever station the govemment placed them. They are as fol
lows: J. A. Bedard, N. P. Breed, A. E. Darling, H. L. Davis, E. DoUoff,
G. W. Eastman, W. L. Fraser, L. C. Furbush, G. H. Gray, L. W. Hassett,
G. Hartman, C. L. Hoitt, W. L. Hearn, L. W. Harris, C. L. Judkins, A. E.
Joslyn, H. A. Johnson, W. V. Kane, G. H. Kirkpatrick, W. F. Lemaire,
L. H. Lnnauro, B. Metzger, R. W. Mathes, W. E. McLellan, C. H. Mer
riU, E. Merrill, E. S. O'Keefe, G. C. Parcher (Saugus), F. W. A. Mitchell,
R. F. Rauscher, W. S. Schley, Oscar L. Spencer, J. W. Trask, S. G. Under-
hiU, R. White.

702 ESSEX COUNTY
Physicians of Essex (Town) — The first resident physician in
Essex was Dr. Ebenezer Davis, who settled there in 1770. He was
succeeded by Drs. Parker Russ, in 1778, and Reuben D. Mussey, in 1805,
whose son won distinction in the Civil War, becoming a general. Dr.
Thomas SewaU succeeded Dr. Mussey, practicing in Essex for a decade
or more. Dr. Oscar F. Swasey came in 1853, and a few years later
moved to Beverly, where he achieved much popularity as a surgeon. Dr.
WUliam H. Hull commenced medical practice in Essex in 1859, served in
the Civil war and retumed to take up practice in Essex again. He sold
his house and practice to Dr. Towne. Dr. Josiah Larason was one of the
noted doctors of his day in this county. He retired frora his practice in
1861, and was succeeded by Dr. John D. Lovering. In 1880 the last
naraed moved to New Harapshire, and was succeeded in Essex by Dr. A.
P. Woodman. The present physicians of the town of Essex are Drs.
Emest C. Steeves and A. H. Haig, at South Essex.
Rockport Physicians — In 1887 the following list of physi
cians, who had practiced at one date or another in Rockport, but were
then deceased, was published in a general history of this county: Dr.
John Manning, died 1841, aged eighty years; his father was Dr. John
Manning of Ipswich, and he the son of Joseph Manning, another physi
cian of Ipswich. The John Manning of. Rockport accumulated a for
tune, mostly by his practice, with some farm interests which he posses
sed. He served six terms as representative to the General Court. He
had one son, a physician in his native town, where he died in 1843, aged
forty-four years.
Another aged physician of Rockport was Dr. James Goss, who died
in 1842, aged seventy-nine years. Besides his medical work, he also
wrote legal instruments and acknowledged such instraments as wiUs,
deeds, etc. He was a representative at the General Court in 1832. Dr.
Edward E. Barden died in 1875, aged twenty-nine years and seven
months. He was a son of Rev. Stillman and Sarah Bardeuy a Univer
salist minister of Rockport for a number of years. Benjaraui HaskeU,
aged sixty-eight, died in 1878 ; he was bom in Rockport, graduated at
Amherst and at Bowdoin College, Maine, where he received his medical
education. The physicians of Rockport at the present time (1921) are
Drs. E. E. Cleaves, A. M. Tupper and Dr. PhUlips.
Physicians of Topsfield — According to best authority obtainable, the
first physician to practice in Topsfield was Dr. Michael Dwinnell. His
grandfather was probably a French Huguenot, who settied here before
1668. Dr. Dwinnell was bom in Topsfield in 1705 and practiced there
as late as 1733. The next physician was Dr. Richard Dexter, who began
his medical practice here in 1740 and died in 1783. Dr. Joseph Brad
street, bom in Topsfield in 1727, practiced medicine to some extent, but
was not successful ; he taught school at times and finally died a pauper
in 1790.

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 703
In 1783 the year, in which Dr. Dexter died, two physicians came to
Topsfield — Nehemiah Cleaveland and John Merriara. Dr. Cleaveland
was bom in Ipswich in 1760. Besides his raedical work, he was State
Senator raany terras, as well as serving as session justice of the Circuit
Court of Coramon Pleas. In 1823 he was appointed chief justice of the
Court of Sessions in Essex county. In 1837, aged seventy-six years, he
passed from earth's shining circles. Dr. Meniam was bom in Concord,
Massachusetts, in 1758 ; he died of consumption in 1817.
The next physician here was Dr. Jeremiah Stone, who began prac
tice in Topsfield in 1825 and continued a dozen years or more. He died
on Cape Cod, AprU 23, 1875, and was buried at Topsfield. Dr. Joseph
Curaraings Batchelder succeeded Dr. Stone about 1838. He was a na
tive of Topsfield ; began practice in Lynn, went to Carabridge from Tops-
field in 1849 and there reraained the rest of his life. He was assistant
surgeon in the Twenty-fifth Massachusetts Regiraent, in CivU War days.
He died in Terapleton in 1884.
Dr. Royal Augustus Merriam, who succeeded his father in practice
here, was a native of Topsfield, bom 1786, graduated at Dartmouth, and
was an exceptionally good physician; he died of heart trouble in 1864,
aged seventy-eight years. Following this quite noted physician for his
day, came Dr. Charles P. French from Boxford; Dr. David Choate re
maining untu 1857, and then moved to Salem. In the eighties the physi
cians at Topsfield included Dr. Justin Allen, who came in the auturan of
1857 ; was a native of Hamilton ; graduated from Harvard Medical School.
The town is now (1921) supplied v/ith physicians as follows: Drs. John L.
Jenkins and Byron Sanbom.
Wenham Physicians — The first medical man to locate at Wenham
was Dr. John Fiske, where he practiced after his graduation for many
years. In 1694 he moved to Milford, Connecticut, where he practiced
until 1715, when he died. Dr. John Newman practiced here from 1695,
for a short time. Dr. Gott came in 1704 for a number of years. No
other doctor is mentioned until Dr. William Fairfield settled, about 1760.
He was born in Wenham, 1732, and practiced in the French and Indian
war with great success, especially as a surgeon. He died of small-pox
October, 1773, aged forty-one years.
Dr. Isaac Spofford was a native of Georgetown, born in 1752, having
studied medicine at Haverhill under Dr. Brickett. After a short period
of practice in Topsfield, he removed to Beverly, and in the Revolution
became an array surgeon. Dr. Bamard Tucker, a graduate of Harvard,
moved to Wenham and practiced sorae, but thought more of languages
and society than of his chosen profession, hence was not a success profes
sionaUy. I I "51
In 1826, Dr. Samuel Dodge, by invitation of the town, settled here
as a physician and surgeon. He was bom in Wenham in 1800 and prac
ticed in the village of Wenham until his death in 1833. Dr. Sylvanius

704 ESSEX COUNTY
Brown practiced raedicine here two years in the thu-ties. After the death
of Dr. Dodge the next to practice here was Dr. Nathan Jones, who re
raained untu 1858, when he moved to Beverly, where he died in 1860.
Other physicians here have been Drs. Myron O. Allen, David O. AUen,
John L. Robinson, Samuel Ezra Thayer; and Frank A. Cowles, who was
here in 1887 in raedical practice. The present (1921) physicians who
practice in Wenhara are mostly those who visit the town from other
points. Georgetown Physicians — The order in which the doctors in this town
have served the comraunity is about as follows: Dr. Amos Spofford,
1771-1785; Dr. Moses D. Spofford, 1792-1832; Dr. David Mighill, 1809-
49; Dr. Pierce, 1835-41; Dr. H. N. Couch, 1849-61; Dr. Martin, 'Old
Doctor' Root, 1824-62 ; Dr. George Moody, 1830-35 ; Dr. Grosvenor, 1858-
72; Dr. Spaulding, 1855-70; Dr. DeWolf, Dr. Ralph C. Huse, 1865-92;
Dr. Richmond B. Root began in 1867; Dr. Edward M. Hoyt in 1893; Dr.
Albert C. Reed in 1895, and Dr. Raymond R. Root in 1914. The four
last named are in active practice today.
Physicians of Beverly — Among the most noted medical men in early
days in Beverly was Dr. Ingalls Kittredge, a native of Amherst, bom
1769, and died at Beverly, 1856, sixth in genealogical line from John Kit
tredge, of Billerica, who received grants of land in 1660. His father was
Solomon Kittredge. The son followed the profession of his father, was a
graduate of Harvard of the class of 1820, and studied medicine with Dr.
John C. Warren. The name first appears in the tax list in 1803, but he
did not become a resident of Beverly until 1804. His early visits were
made on horseback, but later his large practice caused hira to adopt the
so-called "sulky", which vehicle was only capable of carrying one person.
This doctor would today have been known as of the Eclectic school of
medicine, for he would prescribe anything he thought would cure,
whether it was named in his school of medicine books or not. He achiev
ed great success as a doctor and surgeon. He was among the first ardent
temperance advocates ; was a strong anti-slavery man, a friend of Whit
tier, Phillips, Sumner, Garrison and such men of mark. He aided Fred
Douglas and George Latimer to escape to the north-star country — Can
ada — where they became free men. He managed the line of "under
ground railroad" through this county, and could always be counted upon
as true in his work for the runaway slave. But few such men have
ever blessed a community. With the passing decades, scores of physi
cians have practiced in Beverly, but it is a question whether any have
surpassed Dr. Kittredge in fidelity and eamestness.
The present physicians of Beverly are : Dr. Ida Bames, Maria W.
Bliss, Dwight Cowles, Frank A. Cowles, Marland H. Eaton, Peer P.
Johnson, Thomas Kittredge, George M. Kline, James F. Lawler, Daniel
F. Murphy, Thomas H. Odeneal, WUlard S. Parker, Charles H. PhUlips,
A. F. Roderick, Harry E. Sears, James A. Shatswell, Francis G. Stan-

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 705
ley, Ralph E. Stone, Lawi-ence C. Swan, J. William Voss, Frederick A.
Webster, Hyman Yudin.
Physicians in Andover — Charles E. Abbott, Fred Atkinson, J. Fos
ter Bush, Henry L. Clark, Timothy CuUiance, J. J. Daly, James B. Fuller,
Ed. W. Holt, F. W: Kennedy, Joseph Kitredge, Percy J. Look, Cyrus W.
Scott, WUliam H. Sunpson, Fred S. Smith, W. D. Walker.
Nahant Physician — Dr. Lawrence F. Cusic.
Rowley Physician — Dr. F. L. Collins.
Boxford Physicians — The' earliest member of the medical profession
to practice in Boxford was Dr. David Wood, a native of the town, bom
in 1677, died 1744. He practiced here thirty years. He accumulated
rauch property, but largely through his farming and milling interests,
rather than by medicine. He was followed, in 1753, by Dr. Benjamin
Foster, bom in Ipswich, 1700, and died in 1775. He was a skilful physi
cian and a noted botanist. Next came Dr. WUliam Hale, in 1770. He
was a native of Boxford, bom in 1741, and died in 1785. The next
physician was Dr. George Whitefield Sav/yer, bom in Ipswich in 1770.
He located in Boxford and there practiced until called by death. Dr.
Joseph Bacon practiced in the town with him for twenty years. These
two doctors (one in one parish and the second in another) both died on
the same day, March 23, 1855. Charles French, a young physician, was
here in 1849, and moved later to Topsfield.
The physicians nov/ serving the town (1921) are those who come
from neighboring places and visit the sick, returning to residences most
ly outside the town.
West Newbury Physicians — The present physicians of this town are :
Drs. M. B. Cooney, Charles F. Hall, Wallace L. Orcutt, Gorham Rogers
and George E. Worcester.
Dr. Dean Robinson was, from all accounts, one of the most talented
and beloved physicians who ever practiced raedicine in this part of the
county. He carae to the town with his faraliy in 1811. He was born in
1788, attended the academy at North Andover, and for a time was a
teacher in the Danvers public schools. He studied raedicine with Dr.
Kittredge of Andover, a celebrated man of the county. In his last years,
although a great sufferer, he was patient throughout all of his unusual
pain, tUl death relieved him. He died August, 1863.
Haverhill's Physicians — It is to be regretted that there has never
been preserved much data conceming the physicians who have from time
tol time practiced in Haverhill. However, in investigating the subject,
some interesting facts have been obtained from a few biographies pre
served, and the same here follow: Dr. Kendall Flint, the emigrant an
cestor, came here from Wales. The first mention of him was in Salem
town records in 1650, but genealogists generally believe he arrived at a
Essex — 45

706 ESSEX COUNTY
much eariier date. He was among the first settlers of Salem VUlage,
afterwards South Danvers, and now Peabody. Ee bought two hundred
acres six miles from Salem courthouse, near Phelp's raill and brook,
where the subject of this notice spent his boyhood and youth.
Thomas Flint, son of Thomas, lived upon this homestead. He was
in King Philip's War and was wounded in the swamp fight. He became
a large landowner, having bought, between 1664 and 1702, more than
nine hundred acres of land. Captain Samuel Flint, sixth son of the last
Thomas, received the old homestead house and sun-ounding lands as his
portion of his father's estate. His son Samuel was a soldier in the Revo
lution, was at Boston during the eight months siege, and was kUled at
the head of his company at StUlwater, October, 1777, being the only
officer from Danvers killed in that war. This man's son Elijah (who be
came a major) was the second son of the last-named Sarauel, and received
the homestead. He was a Whig in politics, a Puritan in religion and a
model farmer by occupation.
Dr. Kendall Flint, youngest son of Major Elijah Flint, was bom Feb
ruary 4, 1807. He attended Amherst College, from which he graduated
in 1831. He entered Andover Theological Seminary the same year, and
in 1833, on account of declining health, was compelled to retum to his
father's house, where he was an invalid for two years. His physician at
last decided that he must abandon indoor life and change from the theo
logical to the medical profession. It was a great cross to the young man,
but he had to yield. He studied medicine under* Dr. Osgood of Danvers,
receiving his degree in 1839 at the Boston-Harvard school. Early in
1840 he came to HaverhiU and purchased a situation previously occupied
by Dr. Augustus Whiting. Haverhill then had a population of only 4,-
300. He became a successful, leading physician, and practiced there till
called by death. He served in Civil war days as examining surgeon for
the army, continuing for fifteen years. Such was the career of one of
Haverhill's v/ell-known physicians.
Coming down to more recent times. Dr. John F. Croston became
known as the dean of doctors in Haverhill, and medical exarainer of the
northeastern Essex district since 1882. The local newspaper of July
29, 1921, gave this item concerning the doctor: "He died at his home at
Arlington square today. He was stricken seriously ill Thursday. For
several years he suffered from a heart affliction, but he refused to for
sake his patients, many of them being of old-time families. Dr. Croston
was bom in Bradford, now a district of this city. May 17, 1855. He was
gi-aduated from the Bradford high school with the class of 1872. After
his school career he became a compositor in a newspaper office at Law
rence, under the Me Gen. George S. Merrill and afterwards worked on
the Boston Herald. With his savings as a printer, he entered Dartmouth
CoUge, and then completed his medical course at the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, New York City." He was for a year attached to the hos-

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 707
pital at Blackwell's Island, and then returned to HaverhUl to begin prac
tice, which continued for forty-one years. In 1883 he was raade a mem
ber of the Board of Health, and was successively re-elected to continuous
service, raany years of which were as chairraan. Dr. Croston was ap
pointed medical examiner for the Northeastem Essex District in 1882,
and was reappointed each term thereafter. He served during the recent
World War as chairman of the Draft Board.
About the health and medical profession of Haverhill much raight
be written had the proper notes have been preserved with the passing
years ; but, as it is, only f ragraentary snatches can here be given. Few
cities in the United States have been as progressive as HaverhiU in look
ing after and providing for health and sanitation. As a proof of such
statement, it is only necessary to point to the fact that in the past thirty-
eight years the increase in longevity has been 44 per cent.
It was in 1880 that the Board of Health was created, and then the
average of descedents was thirty years and ten months. The Merriraack
river at this point is found flowing through a valley five mUes and more
wide, and has a surface line along the river's bank for nine miles; this
valley is drained by fifty-six miles of sewers. There are 140 miles of
public highways, thirty-two of which are in the compact part of the city
proper, while 110 railes of pipes fumish water sei-vice to raore than 55,000
people. The parks cover 259 acres, and the public play-grounds furnish
eighteen acres for the children.
The hospitals are adequate to the population. There are two gen
eral hospitals, the Hale and the General Stephen Henry Gale, a con
tagious disease hospital, a tuberculosis hospital, and a city infirmary, as
well as the tuberculosis dispensary. George T. Lennon, agent and clerk
of the board, succeeded the late Chester A. Bryant, who had served in
that capacity for thirty-one years. Haverhill was among the first cities,
if not the first in the State, to employ a bacteriologist. Dr. Homer L.
Conner having served since 1906. In 1911 the Board of Health first
employed a visiting nurse. Miss Anna A. Sheehan. The board now has
two other nurses. Haverhill was among the first in the State to open a
dispensary for the care and treatment of tuberculosis. This department
has been under the care of Dr. I. J. Clarke. He has a staff of a dozen
physicians, who volunteer to serve two months each year. Meat and
mUk inspectors have been employed for a good many years. About 1918
the board inaugurated a dental clinic for school children.
Just who the first physician'^in Haverhill was, is now a question none
can well settle. Suffice it to say, every community has always been pro
vided with its professional men when the demand called for their pres
ence. The early doctors were not as a rule highly educated in their "art
of healing," but many possessed good minds, had reasonably good ordi
nary educations, and in times of emergency were sought after. As the
science of medicine advanced, Haverhill had her full share of well-

708 ESSEX COUNTY
educated physicians, yet people in those days seemed not to care so much
about the education of their "family doctor" as they did their minister.
He must be of their own peculiar religious faith, in order to be even toler
ated and supported. But those times have all changed for the better;
fifty years has witnessed wonderful strides in the medical profession,
especiaUy in surgery and dentistry. The non-graduate has now but
little place to fill in any community.
In the year 1921 the following physicians were in practice at Haver
hUl and its environments: Doctors F. W. Anthony, Henry G. Armitage,
E. A., Bacon, J. A. Bazin, Charles S. Benson, Alexander Blanchette, Wal
ter H. H. Brainard, WUliam H. H. Briggs, Harry Broadbridge, Elmer W.
Carter, L. R. Chaput, I. J. Clarke, F. H. Coffin, WUliam Cogswell, George
J. Connor, M. Blanche Conney, Timothy F. Cotter, George E. Crane, H.
M. Crittenden, J. F. Croston, Hugh Donahue, L. P. Dorion, Charles S.
Dunn, Charles E. Durant, James W. Elliott, W. W. Ferrin, J. J. Fitz
gerald, Arthur P. George, Albert J. Grandmaison, W. C. Hardy, Ches
ter A. Holbrook, A. M. Hubbell, H. C. Jewett, Charles C. Johnson, Henry
Eeileher, E. Philip Laskey, L. B. LeGro, M. M. Leibel, Marion C. Little
field, Charles N. McCuen, William D. McFee, Arthur O. McLaughlin,
Carl Mindlin, Abraham Morris, S. B. Morse, Hyraan A. Mysel, P. Nettle,
Mrs. Minnie J. Nicholson, Socrates Y. Pavlides, Henry Perkins, F. B.
Pierce, H. F. Pitcher, Constantine Popoff, A. A. Ratte, Charles F. Reed,
Robert Rice, William Robinson, Joseph Ruel, John Sproul, Carroll W.
StUl, Leroy T. Stokes, T. N. Stone, F. A. Sullivan, Alice G. Symonds,
Alfred C. Trail, Kari R. Tuttie, G. B. Whitney, George E. Whitten,
Arthur G. Wright.
Physicians of Gloucester — It is unfortunate that the profession at
Gloucester has faUed to prepare an account of the various physicians and
surgeons of the place, as was planned for by the publishers of this work,
for doubtless with the long years of medical practice in Gloucester, its
geographical location, its length of settlement and importance as a sea
port town, the history of medicine would indeed be replete with many
interesting events connected with the practice of one of the three great
sciences. At this time (1921) the physicians, some of who date back in prac
tice a goodly number of years, include the following names: Drs. SUas
H. Ayer, Parker Burnham, Hanford CarveU, Alton J. Choate, Horace J.
Choate, Thomas Conant, S. P. F. Cook, Mary D. Dakin, John J. Egan,
Albert S. Cariand, Roy Gariand, WUliam Hale, Edward B. Hallett, Ed
ward B. Hubbard, Avis M. Keith, James H. Knowles, PhUip P. Moore,
Scott W. Mooring, Charles H. Morrow, Albert F. Oakes, Charles M.
Quiraby, Philip Rowley, William Rowley, EUwood E. Shields, PhUip
Shinn, W. Arthur Sraith, Arthur S. Torrey, Harper Whittiker.
Groveland — Being so near to HaverhUl and other larger centers.

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 709
medical men have not been largely attracted to Groveland. The field is
now occupied by Dr. Elmer S. Bagnall.
Manchester — The present (1921) physicians in Manchester-by-the-
sea are Drs. George Blaisdell, W. H. Tyler, and Robert Clendenning.
Rowley — The physician who attends to the duties of a doctor of
medicine in Rowley at this time is Dr. F. L. Collins.
South Hamilton — The following are the present physicians of South
HamUton: Dr. John G. Cochran and Dr. Charles H. Davis.
Salisbury — Dr. J. S. Spaulding is the only practicing physician at
Salisbury at the present date, 1921.
Newburyport Physicians — Among the pioneer medical men at New
buryport may be recalled Dr. Richard S. Spofford, a native of Rowley,
this county; of the sixth generation from pioneer John Spofford. He was
the son of Dr. Amos Spofford, an eminent physician, and one of the orig
inal members of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He was also an ex
tensive agriculturist. His grandfather was Colonel Daniel Spofford, of
Rowley, who was present at the battle of Lexington, and commanded a
regiment in the Revolutionary War. Richard S., the son of Amos Spof
ford, fitted himself for the medical profession. He first attended PhUlips
Academy, Andover, and entered Harvard College in the class that gradu
ated in 1812. He studied medicine with his father and brother, finishing
his course at Philadelpllia. He returned to Rowley and forraed a part
nership with his brother, but in 1816 moved to Newburyport. There he
remained in practice fully fifty years. He died in January, 1872. On
the burial casket of this physician was this inscription (in Latin) "Rich
ard S. Spofford, M. D., May 24, 1787, January 19, 1872. Men never
approach nearer to the gods than when giving health to their fellow-
men." Dr. George Montgomery was another raan who made a record as a
useful physician and surgeon, and enjoyed a large practice among the
best families in Newburyport and vicinity. He was of an old family,
bom in Strafford, New Hampshire, in 1834, of Scotch-Irish parentage.
His father was John Montgomery, a farmer of more than passing note.
In 1851 he commenced the study of raedicine with Dr. Charles Palmer,
later of Ipswich. After attending various medical schools, he finally
graduated from Bowdoin College in 1854. He commenced his practice
in GUman Iron Works, in New Harapshire, in 1855, when aged twenty-
one years. He forged to the front rank rapidly, remained seventeen
years, and succeeded Dr. John F. Young and settled in Newburyport.
As as a raeraber of the Twelfth New Hampshire regiment, he had served
one! year in the Union array in Civil War days. The life and practice
of this erainent man is within the memory of so many stUl living that
further details will not be entered into.
The physicians in practice at Newburyport in 1921 are as follows:

710 ESSEX COUNTY
Drs. Daniel W. Wendell, Arthur J. Hewett, R. C. Hurd, C. F. Johnson,
George R. Fellows, Charles F. Hall, Robert D. Harailton, Thomas R.
Healy, Abby N. Little, George D. McGauran, F. O. Morse, Arthur C.
Naron, A. J. Pater, J. W. Snow, Frank W. Snow, Frederick Tigh, Roland
L. Toppan, Loring Weed, George W. Worcester.
Marblehead Physicians — The practicing physicians at Marblehead in
the summer of 1921 are Drs. George P. Dunham, Sarauel C. Eveleth, Her
bert J. Hall, Franklin Ireson, Martin V. B. Morse, Francis C. Murphy,
Perley L. Sanbom.
Merrimac Physicians — The present physicians of Merriraac are Drs.
Eugene M. Gale and Fred E. Sweetsir.
Saugus. Physicians — The physicians practicing in Saugus in 1920-21
are Drs. Myron Davis, George Gale, Herbert T. Penny, Mary M. Penny,
Clarence G. Parcher, Lome Harris, John E. Vassalo, Thomas Perkins
and Leroy C. Furbusg.
Middleton Physicians — At present (1921) the only practicing
physician at Middleton is Dr. C. A. Pratt, whose practice extends
throughout the surrounding country.
Lynnfield Center Physicians — The physician who now attends to the
medical calls in and surrounding the town of Lynnfield Center is Dr.
Franklin W. Freeman.
Physicians of Salem — It is of course impossible to give a list of the
hundreds of doctors who have practiced in the neighborhood of the pres
ent city of Salem. The medical profession has been here represented by
many celebrated raen, long since departed this life. They left no record
of their careers, save a few snatches here and there in the way of obituary
notices, or in biographical dictionaries, many years gone to decay, with
the hand of time, etc. That men of worth and high order of intelligence
have graced the medical fraternity in Salem is proved by such reference
as here follows of some early-day physicians of the city:
At the commenceraent of the nineteenth century. Dr. R. D. Mussey
practiced medicine in Salem. In 1816 he was engaged in delivering lec
tures on chemistry, and moved to Dartraouth, to accept a chair in the
college of that place. Later, he was professor in a Cincinnati College.
He published many medical essays, as well as an elaborate treatise on
tobacco. He married the daughter of Dr. Joseph Osgood of Salem.
Dr. Daniel Oliver was engaged with Dr. Mussey in popular scientific
lectures in Salera. He was raany years a resident of Salera, was later a
professor of the theory and practice of medicine at Dartmouth College.
He published "First Lines on Physiology," in 1835.
Dr. George B. Loring, bom in North Andover, 1817, graduated from
Harvard Medical School in 1842. Frora 1842 to 1850, he practiced medi
cine; was surgeon of the United States Marine Hospital, Chelsea, 1843-
50; commissioner to revise the Marine Hospital systera, 1849; member

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 711
of the Massachusetts Legislature, 1866-68 ; president of the New England
Agricultural Society frora its establishment in 1864; was United States
Senator from Massachusetts, 1873-77 ; member of the House from 1877
to 1881 ; United States Commissioner of Agricultui-e, 1881 to 1885. Yet
with all these public duties to attend to. Dr. Loring found time to write
upon diverse topics. As early as 1843, he wrote many articles for the
New England Journal of Surgery and Medicine ; his review of the "Scar
let Letter" was well received. He wrote letters frora Europe to the Bos
ton "Post" — "Scientific and Practical Agriculture", "The Assassination of
President Lincoln", and "Unity and Power of the Republic", and the
oration dedicating the Meraorial Hall at Lexington, 1871, were all works
of his brain and pen. It is not outside the truth to state that his books
and orations numbered into the hundreds. He contributed to the "South
em Literary Magazine", and for many years wrote for the "North Ameri
can Review." To the v/orks of physicians already refened to should be added the
"Meraoirs of Dr. Holyoke," fui-nished by Dr. A. L. Peirson, the leamed
and skilful physician and surgeon. Salera claims some relationship to
all of these distinguished medical men and authors.
Retuming again to Dr. E. A. Holyoke, it should be added that he
was interested in all that was good in American literature. He took a
leading role in all the literary societies of Salem ; he signed the call for
the raeeting at the tavern of Mrs. Pratt in 1760, and was an original
subscriber to the funds raised to establish the Social Library of Salem;
he was the first president of the Essex Historical Society.
The following are among the recent physicians and surgeons of
Salem : Drs. C. A. Ahearne, Charles Aronson, Frank S. Atwood, George
K. Blair, Edward K. Burbeck, Frank Carlton, Henry G. Carroll, De Witt
S. Clark, Camile Cote, Charles L. Curtis, John H. Dearbom, J. Frank
Donaldson, Henry L. Elliott, Arthur B. Ferguson, Martin T. Field, Frank
A. Gardner, George Z. Goodell, C. R. Gould, William T. Haley, William
W. Hennesy, Thomas S. Henry, Thomas Kittredge, Alfred T. LeBoeuf,
Max Lesses, J. H. Liverpool, William V. McDermott, Kate Mudge, Har
vey F. Newhall, WUliam N. Noyes, Edward L. Peirson, George E. Percy,
Hardy Phippen, Walter G. Phippen, George Poirier, Horace Poirier,
James P. Rouler, Edward A. Rushfield, A. N. Sargent, Katherine C. Shee
han, William Sheehan, Thomas O. Shepard, Octavius Shreve, James E.
Sunpson, George A. Stickney, Benj. F. Sturgis, Henry Tolman, Jr., Ed
win D. Towle, George E. Tucker, Albert Webb. A number of these
physicians have- a practice in Beverly and Beverly Farms, but reside in
Salem. Physicians of Ipswich — There have been fewer changes among the
physicians of Ipswich in the past thirty years than in any other profes
sion. In 1890 there v/ere practicing in Ipswich, in the following order.
Dr. Charles Palmer, Dr. WiUiam E. Tucker, Dr. WUliam H. Clark, and

712 ESSEX COUNTY
Dr. George E. MacArthur. Drs. Clark and Palmer are now deceased.
There are now six physicians in the following order of seniority: Dr.
Williara E. Tucker, Dr. George E. MacArthur, Dr. Charles E. Ames, Dr.
George G. Bailey, Dr. Frank L. Collins and Dr. Burleigh B. Mansfield.
Following are brief biographies of the physicians v/ho have practiced in
Ipswich during the past thirty years :
Dr. Charles E. Ames, bom in Brockton, Massachusetts, in 1863,
graduated at the Brockton high school, and at the Heinemann Medical
School of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1886. He settled in Ipswich
in 1894 and has practiced there since. Dr. Ames married Miss Annie
Hayes of Ipswich. They have six children. In addition to general prac
tice. Dr. Ames gives special attention to roentgenology and general ex-ray
work. He is a member of the Essex County Homoeopathic Medical So
ciety and the American Institute of Homosopathy. His two oldest sons
are medical students.
Dr. George G. Bailey, born in Rowley, Massachusetts, graduated at
the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and the Harvard Medical School ;
settled in Ipswich and has practiced there since 1897. He has been medi
cal exarainer for Ipswich since 1897, and was a member of the Medical
Advisory Board for the 22d Massachusetts District during the recent
World War. He has also been a member of the staff of the Benjamin
Stickney Cable Memorial Hospital since that institution v/as established
in 1917. Dr. Bailey married Miss Grace Damon of Ipswich, and they
have three children.
Dr. Michael C. McGinley was bom at Adirondack, New York, edu
cated in the public schools, attended the University of Vermont, and the
Baltimore Medical College at Baltimore, Maryland. In 1904 he located
in Ipswich, where he has since practiced his profession. He has been
the town physician for the last ten years, and was a member of the Medi
cal Advisory Board for the 22d Massachusetts District during the World
War. In addition to his general practice. Dr. McGinley is much inter
ested in surgery, and conducts a private hospital in connection with his
residence on Central street. Dr. McGinley married Miss Mabel Powell,
of Orono, Maine ; they have one child. Dr. McGinley is a member of the
Massachusetts Medical Society.
Dr. Frank L. Collins was born in Warren, Maine, educated in the
public schools and graduated from the medical school at Bowdoin Col
lege. He settled in Ipswich in 1916, after a year's intemeship at the
Salem Hospital, and has practiced here and at Rowley, where he now
makes his home. Dr. Collins served as a member of the Medical Ad
visory Board during the World War in the 22d Massachusetts District.
He is married and had one child. He is engaged in general practice in
both towns. He is a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society.
Dr. George E. MacArthur, bom in Camden, Maine, was educated at
the Waterville Classical Institute, Bowdoin College and the University

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 713
of Vermont, from which institution he graduated. He settled in Ipswich
in 1888 and has resided there ever since, excepting one year, v/hich he
spent in Europe engaged in travel and post-graduate study in the Lon
don hospitals. Dr. MacArthur has been a member of the Ipswich school
committee for more than twenty years ; is chairman of the Ipswich Board
of Health, and school physician. He was chairraan of the Medical Ad
visory Board of the 22d Massachusetts District during the late World
War; was a captain in the Medical Corps of the Massachusetts State
Guard, serving in the influenza epidemic of 1918, and in the police strike
in Boston in 1919. He has been a member of the attending staff of the
Benjamin Stickney Cable Meraorial Hospital since the institution was
opened in 1917. Dr. MacArthur married Miss Isabel Safford of Camden,
Maine ; she passed away in January, 1919. He is a member of the Mas
sachusetts Medical Society, the American Medical Association and the
American Public Health Association.
Burleigh B. Mansfield, bom in South Hope, Maine, educated in the
public schools and at Bowdoin College, from which institution he receiv
ed his degree in medicine ; served one year as interne in the Salera Hos
pital, after which he located in Union, New Hampshire, coming to Ips
wich in 1919. He is married and has one chUd. The doctor is a mera
ber of the Massachusetts Medical Society.
Dr. Charles Palmer, a native of New Hampshire, graduated at Dart
raouth Medical College, and served as surgeon in the Civil War. After
the close of that war he settled in Ipswich and practiced his profession
here until his death. Dr. Palmer is well remerabered by the older genera
tion, and was a physician of rauch skUl and a'gentleraan of the old school.
Mrs. Palmer died a few years after the death of her husband, and
about two years ago the only chUd, Prof. Elizabeth Palmer, of Vassar
College, also passed away. There are therefore no living descendants of
Dr. Palmer. Old friends of the famUy will always hold them in affection
ate remembrance. Dr. WUliam E. Tucker, born in Amesbury, Massachusetts, received
his medical training at the Long Island Hospital Medical College at
Brooklyn, New York. He settled in Ipswich in 1872. Dr. Tucker is one
of the best-known physicians in Essex county, and has always enjoyed a
large practice in Ipswich and surrounding towns in Essex county. He
was medical examiner of the Ipswich district for many years, and was
for more than thirty years physician to the Essex County House of Cor
rection. He is a meraber of the consulting staff of the Benjamin Stick
ney Cable Memorial Hospital, and was for many years a raember of the
Massachusetts Medical Society. For the past few years Dr. Tucker
Ms spent his winters in Florida, where he has practiced his profession.
He is stiU actively engaged in practice. Dr. Tucker married Miss Anna
Tupper of Vermont. They have two chUdren, a son and daughter, both
of whom are now in college.

714 ESSEX COUNTY
Dr. WUliam H. Clark, a native of Connecticut and a graduate of the
University of New York, settled in Ipswich in 1888, and practiced there
until 1897. He was medical examiner of the district the last few years
he resided in Ipswich. He afterwards located in Bellingham, Massa
chusetts, where he met his death in a raUway accident about twenty years
ago. Dr. Clark was about forty-five years of age at the time of his
death. He left a wife and one daughter.
Dr. William H. Russell, bom in Ipsv/ich, was educated in the public
schools and Tufts Medical School. He began practice of medicine after
his graduation and resided in Ipswich until his death, which occurred
suddenly, about ten years ago. His age at the time of his death was
about forty-eight years. He was married, but had no chUdren. Mrs.
Russell passed away a few years ago.
The Benjamin Stickney Cable Memorial Hospital was a gift to the
trastees of the Ipswich Hospital Corporation, by Richard T. Crane, Jr., of
Chicago and Ipswich, as a memorial to his friend, Benjarain Stickney
Cable. This hospital was opened August 1st, 1917, and has served most
admirably the hospital needs of Ipswich and surrounding towns. Fully
to appreciate this hospital, v/ith all of its modem appliances, it must be
seen throughout. Briefly, it may be stated that it is strictly an up-to-
date institution. Their printed report fo? 1920 says that, besides operat
ing the institution, the trastees have been able to pay off about one-half
of the $7,128 debt against the property January 1st, 1920. Voluntary
contributions have been during the year $13,000. The value of the land,
building and equipment of this concem is placed at $208,399. Number
of patients admitted in 1920 was 347 ; number of babies bom in hospital,
76; expenses, $26,113; total revenue, $26,719. The present (1921) offi
cers are : President, Herbert W. Mason ; treasurer, Howard N. Doughty ;
secretary, Mrs. Robert S. Kimball; superintendent. Miss Blanche M.
Thayer. The active and visiting staff of doctors: Drs. G. G. BaUey,
Frank L. Collins, George E. MacArthur.
Methuen Physicians — 1921. — The following are practicing medicine
in Methuen at this date: Drs. Roy V. Baketel, W. E. Nutt, John Parr,
victor Reed, Howard L. Cushman, Ed H. Genley, and Ralph C. Norris.
Medical Profession at Amesbury. — Writing a history of the practice
of medicine in Amesbury, which for its purpose must be somewhat limited
in its scope, or to fix a time limit, would be to forget the practitioners
who carried on the work long before this modem age. It is important
to recall, so far as we have any knowledge, a few of the older physicians,
that their names may not be lost entirely. They may become, as they are,
a part of this history.
The first noted physician of which we have knowledge was Josiah
Bartlett, bom at the Ferry district, although he did not practice here.
He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Araerican Independence.
He is honored by a monument which stands in Huntington Square.

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 715
A long gap intervenes, in which we find no record of physicians untU
about the year 1800. Soraewhere about that tune. Dr. Jonathan French
and Dr. Brown, the latter corabining preaching with the practice of med
icine, were practicing here. Dr. Nehemiah Ordway practiced in town
somewhat later. He lived on Main street. His memory is preserved
in the name of Ordway School, on School street. Dr. Israel Balch, who
studied with Dr. French, resided at the Ferry district. He died in 1858.
Dr. Henry Dearbom lived on Main street, and Dr. Gale on High street.
Dr. Carswell, who lived on Elm street, was a large, full-bearded man,
and was minus one leg. Dr. Thomas Sparhawk, who lived on School
street, at the head of Main street, was bluff and hearty, as well as free
hearted and generous, with an unusually heavy voice. We seem to hear
that impressive voice asking: "How's your bowels?" His meraory is
preserved by the name of Sparhawk street. These naraes bring us up
to 1860 and 1865 and some time after the Civil War. Then we find the
name of Dr. Hurd, who practiced in Araesbury until he accepted an offi
cial position in Ipswich, Mass., soon after 1865. Dr. John A. Douglass
settled on Main street, afterwards removing to Upper Main street, where
he resided untU his death, in 1916. He was a good physician and a
highly respected resident. Dr. Horace G. Leslie, who settled in the
Ferry district and died in 1907, was also a good physician, a kind man, a
fluent, ready orator, and a writer of some abUity. There was a Dr. Mer
ritt and a Dr. Jones here for a short time. A Dr. McAllister, a Dr. Nor
ton, and Dr. Graelie are also to be recalled. During these years, that re
markable Woman, Mary Baker Eddj'^, lived here or was visitingj at the
Ferry district, and for a tirae with Mrs. Sarah Bagley, who posed as some
kind of a healer.
This brings us to 1885, when the physicians were as follows : Drs.
John A. Douglass, Horace G. Leslie, John Carswell, John Q. Adams, John
A. FitzHugh, Benjamin Young, Charles Stanley, John W. Rand and A.
Toole. These physicians, with new practitioners, Drs. David D. Mur
phy, Trudell, John F. H. Biron and Herman Cooper, complete the list to
1900. Later came Drs. Peter Mullen, Herbert C. Leslie, Arthur Lavinac,
Otis P. Mudge, Clarence Hines, Fred S. Evelett, H. P. Robinson, C. W.
Warren. Some practitioners and their personalities have been with us
during the past thirty-six years. Dr. John Q. Adams, who lived on Main
street, was a stem man, a good physician, a reader, and student particular
ly of social problems. Dr. David D. Murphy, short and thick set, with a
hearty mien, is one of our raost successful practitioners. He lives on
Main street and is still active, spending the Avinter months in Florida.
He always had and likes a fast horse. Dr. O'Toole was a politician of
force on Amesbury. Dr. Charles Stanley, who resided on Market street,
a homoeopathic physician, left a fund for children's outings ; he had a large
practice. Dr. Trudell, recalled as a fine-looking French physician, soon
left for other fields. Dr. Benjamin H. Young lived on Cushing street.

716 ESSEX COUNTY
A quiet pleasing man; he never hurried, and enjoyed the confidence of
his clientele. Dr. Herman Cooper, who lived on Market street, was de
voted to surgery and became a fairly good operator, with plenty of cour
age. He died in 1908. Dr. John A. FitzHugh lived on Main street.
He went to London to study and specialize in skin diseases. He finally
settled here, and built up a large practice. Subsequently he was struck
by a locomotive and seriously injured, but lived to be an active worker
in the local medical society. He died in 1914.
The disease most conunon in 1886 was typhoid fever. We always
had this infection in the spring and fall. Consuraption was common.
Diphtheria was a dreaded disease and comraon, together with summer
catarrhal diseases in children. In 1889 first appeared the epidemic of
influenza, which was characterized by fever, chills, muscular pains and
general prostration; while severe, it yet differed frora the later epidemic
in expending its action, not on the respiratory organs, but more on the
heart and nervous system. The years from 1885 to 1921 were a period
of great advance in the knowledge and the application of raedicine and
remedies to relieve sickness. Our principal reliance up to 1896 was
upon vegetable and mineral products, of which raany are still in use.
The coal-tar derivitives were used extensively in the 90's. Aside from
vaccination, we knew little of vaccine and serum treatment. The study
of the causes and the history of nearly all infective and contagious dis
eases have been so active and successful that it has revolutionized the
practice of medicine. The tuberculosis bacteria was discovered in 1883.
Antitoxin was used in 1895. Typhoid vaccine has been perfected, both
as a preventive and cure, so that the disease is under control, and we
seldom see a case. With regard to yellow-fever and malaria, their causes
have been thoroughly discovered and their raethods of cure duly per
fected. It is hoped that cures for cancer, tuberculosis and all infective
and contagious diseases wUl yield to serura and vaccine treatraents. The
study of the glandular systera promises to help. We use them in our
practice. The endeavor is to stimulate the natural resistant forces of
the body, to stimulate antigens and to form antibodies, which are de
structive to germs. The great advance in knowledge of sepsis and anti
septics has opened the way to more progressive operative work. Sterili
zation and cleanliness, with plenty of pure fresh air, are recognized as
the principles. This holds good of all kinds of wounds ; even simple in
cised wounds are now carefully sterilized. The attendant at confine
ments, so far as is possible, is careful to sterilize himself and his sur
roundings. The physicians of Amesbury have kept step with the march
of medical science so far as our field wiU allow. The treatment of ss^philis
and gonorrhea has advanced, but in these diseases prevention is the thing.
local anaesthesia by cocaine and its salts, grows in volurae, whUe freezing
with ethyl-chloride is extensively used. The discovery and perfecting of
the X-Ray and its application is of the greatest benefit to the profession.

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 717
especially in the case of fractures and dislocations, and in locating foreign
bodies in the anatomy. Dr. David D. Murphy bought the first X-Ray
static machine and used it extensively and successfully. There are now
three of them in town. Dr. Clarence Hines, Dr. Peter J. MuUin and Dr.
David D. Murphy now use the blood-pressure apparatus, which is of use
in all obscure cases and in insurance work.
The Amesbury Medical Society was organized in 1896, with the fol
lowing-signed raembers: Drs. John Q. Adams, John A. Douglass, Her
man Cooper, John A. FitzHugh, Daniel D. Murphy, Horace G. Leslie,
Benjamin H. Young and John W. Rand. Meetings are held every two
weeks at the home of the members in alphabetic order, with the host as
president of the evening. Dr. John W. Rand was the first secretary and
Dr. John A. Douglass the first treasurer. The only original merabers are
Dr. John W. Rand and Dr. Daniel D. Murphy. Papers were read and
discussed and a repast was served. In 1899 a fire destroyed the house
and office, with contents, of Dr. John W. Rand, wiping out the books of
records of, the raeetings. Later, a book was lost, so that we have no
record until 1907, when with increased raerabership the affiliated physi
cians were the following: Drs. John Q. Adaras, J. Edgar Blake,
Herman Cooper, John A. Douglass, John A. FitzHugh, Herbert G. Leslie,
Peter J. Mullen, Daniel D. Murphy, John W. Rand, H. P. Robmson, Ar
thur Lavinac, Benjamin H. Young, J. F. H. Biron. Fred. S. Evelett and
Olis P. Mudge in 1909. These meetings came every two weeks untU
1914, except during the summer raonths, when owing to death, resigna
tions and loss of interest, meetings were only called when important
business deraanded attention. The membership in 1921 comprises Drs.
J. Edgar Blake, D.D.S., Clarence Hines, Daniel D. Murphy, Peter J. Mul
len, Otis P. Mudge, John W. Rand, Charles Warren, Arthur Lavinac and
John F. H. Biron.
Many years ago an effort was raade to establish a sraall hospital
here. At a duly-called raeeting, an association was formed; it after
wards received state authority. The late Cyrus W. Rowell was the first
president ; Dr. Herman Cooper was clerk and Harvey Loocke, treasurer.
There is need of a hospital in town to care for maternity and operative
cases ; and, as we have an industrial business, such an institution is needed
to care for accident cases. Some progress has recently been made in
securing a site. In 1899 Dr. David D. Murphy was appointed assistant
medical examiner, and has held that office since.
The selectmen have appointed a town physician to take medical care
of indigent poor cases. This position has been filled by different physi
cians. Dr. Arthiir Lavinac is at present town physician. The exami
nation of the dead body by autopsy was quite common up to 1900. With
the advance in surgery there is less need of such work. It is seldom we
have a post mortem.
We have a pest house in Amesbury, located back of the town farm.
It is in decay and has not been used for years.

718 ESSEX COUNTY
The Old Ladies' Home is located in the Ferry district. Main street,
and is a comfortable, substantial buUding. The physicians give then-
time and care freely, each in rotation serving two months. We are glad
to do this work.
Five years ago the town purchased a police ambulance. This has
been of great benefit to the people, as well as to the police. There are
quick responses to accident and insane cases, and also cases requiring
hospital attention. Its great value was shown in the influenza epidemic
of 1918. Two of the pulmonic apparatus were purchased, one to be left at the
police station, the other on the fire apparatus. They are of doubtful
utility, although it is well to have thera in cases of drowning or asphyxic
frora any cause.
All physicians in Amesbury have their office in then- homes. The
equipment varies from special apparatus for the nose and throat to
the X-Ray vibrators and fiuroscope machines. All physicians have a
blood pressure gage, and carry an office supply of medicmes, mostly in
tablet form. A charge is made to cover the cost of the tablets. All our
physicians prescribe freely as needed.
There are six drug stores in town, all in fine condition. The older
druggists have died or been supplanted by new men. It is interesting
to note the change in the arrangeraent of the tinctures, fluid extracts
and spirits; these have been relegated to back shelves or back room, by
the prescription counter.
The Board of Health is an elective office, and consists of three mem
bers. Its activities in 1885 were to receive reports of infective and con
tagious diseases and to placard houses for small-pox, diphtheria and
scarlet fever, keep a record of deaths, and fumigate where it was thought
necessary. This fumigation was later done away with, as it was of no
utility against germs. We depend on cleanliness, sunlight, fresh air and
isolation. For twenty years board of health have been more active in
looking more carefully after the public health. The list of reportable
diseases is quite lengthy, and includes all contagious diseases. Cultures
are required in all diphtheria cases. All sputum examinations are
made free by the State Board of Health. Dr. Peter J. Mullen was at one
time the town bacteriologist. After investigation and objection, the
office was discontinued. All specimens are sent to Boston for examina
tion. Vaccination is compulsory among all school children.
Prior to July 1, 1912, when the Workmen's Compensation Act be
came a law, the workman injured in industry found himself without any
legal claim for the loss of his v/ages, doctors' bills and his sufferings.
He bore the whole burden himself. The law recognizes that he should
not bear the whole burden, but that a part of it should be charged up to
industry. This has been of great benefit to all concemed. We make
full use of the act in our industries. A workman, even with very slight

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 719
injury, now feels free to have surgical care, and in many cases this pre
vents more serious trouble. Some of our factories have first-aid rooms,
with a nurse in attendance.
The invention and development of the automobile is one of great
benefit to the medical profession, also to the sick public. The physician
is enabled to respond quickly to emergency calls and can do his work
without the weariness of the long rides with a tired horse. All physi
cians in active practice in Amesbury use the automobile. The first one
bought and used here for his practice belonged to Dr. Herman Cooper..
It was a small aff'air, a gasoline driven buck-board. Machines were pur
chased frora time to time, and local doctors all use thera today.
Most physicians secure a change either by a summer or a winter
vacation. This is a matter which each physician raust deterraine for
himself. Some prefer to give constant service and probably are as well
off, as most vacationists retum tired, tanned and lazy.
Following the discovery of the bacillus tuberculosis and better knowl
edge in combating its spread, an active( movement, national and State^
was started, with local societies in nearly every town, to spread its his
tory and to enlighten and instruct the general public as to cause and rem
edy. While the enthusiastic hopes have not been wholly realized, a
great amount of good has come. The disease in Amesbury prior to 190S
was very comraon, now we do not have many cases. The extreme treat
ment has giveii way to raore rational raethods. In 1908 a local Red
Cross Society was formed here, and has been active in helping the sick
with money and other ways. It has assisted tubercular cases to the hos
pital, whUe a nurse responds to calls by the hour.
The science and ai't of nursing has been developed greatly within
thirty-six years. Time v/as when nurses in Amesbury were supposed to
be on the work 24 hours a day. Their duties were to attend the sick
patients, do the cooking and general housework for the family, wash and
dress and attend to the children, and with it all keep a good countenance
and cheerful manner. The experienced one did surprisingly well. Most
of the old nurses are dead. I know of only one nurse living who was
with us thirty-six years ago. She is 87 now, a cheerful, happy lady, with
raany friends. We now have young, well-trained women nurses, who are.
of the greatest help to the physicians, easing him of raany worries and
cares. In all important cases we place a trained nurse in attendance, a
long remove from the "Sara Gamp type." A registry of nurses was kept
for years at the store of Frederick Merrill. After his death, the practice
fell away. A school nurse is nov/ required to look after public school
childen, acting in concert with the school physician. Miss McBurnie was
the first school nurse, and Dr. Herman Cooper the first school physician.
The World War finally involved this nation in its terrible tragedy.
A national draft lav/ v/as passed, calling for 1,000,000 young men to help
preserve to the world that freedom for which our ancestors fought for

720 ESSEX COUNTY
and died. There served on the draft board from this town, Drs. Otis P.
Mudge, Herbert G. Leslie and Charles Warren, the last-named seeing
service. The first epidemic of influenza appeared in 1889 and sporadically up
to 1893. The features of the disease were different frora the epidemic
of 1918. The initial stages were much the same as with chills, prostra
tions, fever, cough, muscular pains and weakness, and the effects were
more keenly felt by persons of middle and old age. The disease left its
mark on the heart and nervous system.
The great epidemic or pandemic of 1918 was characterized by its
severity and rapidity of attack, and in its singling out of the young, par
ticularly people frora 25 to 40 years of age. Its special force was on the
respiratory organs, in the form of broncho-pneumonia, bronchitis, pleur
isy, many cases of pneumonia proving fatal in from two to four days.
The disease spread so rapidly and attacked so many that it aroused the
general public to combat its ravages. It was soon learned that many of
the sick were not receiving sufficient care. This being impossible in their
surroundings, and with so many sick to properly care for them, a meet
ing was called of representative and official citizens, and at that meeting
was started an eraergency hospital in the Y. M. C. A. rooras, with a
trained nurse in charge. The general public volunteered to help with
food, clothing, bedding, and to do any needed work. It was soon in fan-
working order, and did much to isolate and control the spread and to
save many lives by the care they thus received.
We have had in the past thirty-six years some severe winters and
hard storms, which for a time interfered with medical work, especially in
the country districts. The winter of 1919-1920, however, was the
severest winter known to any of us, a constant test to man and beast.
Horses were hard to get. We could not use the automobUe, whUe the
electric-cars found it so difficult to run that some divisions were closed.
The physicians who passed through that abnormally stormy winter will
never forget its severity, nor the obstacles in attending the sick.
The physicians in active practice, in August, 1921, are. in order of
length of practice: Mrs. John WUliam Rand, David D. Murphy, Peter
J. Mullen, John F. H. Biron, Arthur Lavinac, Otis P. Mudge, Clarence
Hines and Charles Warren.
Physicians in Lawrence — When it became known that the great
water power of the Merrimac river was to be utUized at a point near the
old Andover bridge between Andover and Methuen, this same thought
carae into the minds of hundreds of recent graduates of medicine, "What
a fine place for me to start the practice of medicine." In the days before
Lawrence was founded, the young doctors were looking anxiously for
locations, whUe now there is a scarcity of doctors, and many towns are
looking anxiously for doctors. The first doctor to take his chance in the
new settlement was Dr. Moses L. Atkinson. Dr. Atkinson was bom in

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 721
Newbury, Massachusetts, in 1814. He graduated from Dartmouth Col
lege in 1838, and from Harvard Medical School in 1844. He died in 1852.
In those days the faraily physician was obliged to depend upon himself,
in deciding what was the matter with his patient, and what treatment he
would give, for there were no laboratory experts, or X-ray machines, and
very few specialists.
When a few rough houses had beeni built around the dam then in
the process of constraction, when the later Lawrence was variously re
ferred to as the New Settlement, Andover Bridge, and Merrimac, Mr. J.
F. C. Hayes came here, and on October 10, 1846, began the publication of
a weekly newspaper, the Merrimac "Courier." In the first issue of this
paper appears this advertiseraent: "E. W. Morse, M. D., physician and
surgeon, office at Mr. Tiraothy Osgood's on the Tumpike, Merrimac,
Mass." One week later there appeared in the "Courier" this item: "The
first physician in this place was Dr. M. L. Atkinson, who came into town
October, 1845, and opened an office here the first day of January, 1846."
Below is a list of the first eighteen physicians to settle in Lawrence,
arranged in the order in which they settled here: M. L. Atkinson, J.
Brown, William D. Lamb, David Dana, N. Ayer, J. H. Curtis, C. Marsh,
A. D. Blanchard, J. Harris, Aaron Ordway, E. W. Morse, E. B. Allen,
J. H. Morse, J. H. Curtis, G. W. Sanborn, C. Gibbs, N. Swift, J. A.
Parant. Following are a few notes, of some of the representative physicians
who have lived and died in Lawrence :
Dr. G. W. Garland was bom in Barnstead, New Hampshire, January
3, 1813, of Dutch and English descent. According to the custom of
that age, he studied for two years under preceptors, at first in Laconia,
New Hampshire, and afterwards in Boston. He graduated from Bow
doin Medical School in 1837. He practiced for the first seventeen years
in New Hampshire, coming to Lav/rence in 1865. Di"- Garland, although
a very busy man, found time to write^^many valuable articles for the medi
cal magazines. He died in Lawrence, May 5, 1881.
Dr. J. G. McAllister was born in 1842. He entered the array of the
North in the War^ of '61, unmediately after graduating from the medical
school, serving about two years as surgeon. When the war closed, he
came to Lawrence and began the practice of medicine. Dr. McAllister
practiced medicine in Lawrence for forty-two years. He was a trusted
and able counselor to his patients, as well as to his fellow practitioners.
He died on June 20, 1908, at the age of sixty-six.
Dr. Michael Roberts practiced medicine in Lawrence for more than
thirty years. He was a busy and successful practitioner of medicine,
and died in Febraary, 1884.
Dr. David Dana graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1847,
and in the sarae year began the practice of medicine in Lawrence. He
practiced medicine in Lawrence for forty-one years, and for many years
Essex — 46

722 ESSEX COUNTY
he was the leader of the local medical profession. He died in 1888.
Dr. George W. Sargent was the son of Dr. Seneca Sargent, a promi
nent physician of Lawrence. Dr. George W. Sargent was born in Ver
raont in the year 1834, coraing to Lawrence when he was twelve years
of age. He graduated frora the Albany Medical School in 1857 and be
gan the practice of medicine in Lawrence in 1858. During the CivU
War Dr. Sargent was assistant surgeon in the famous 6th Massachusetts
Regiment. For raany years after the Civil War he was a surgeon with
the rank of raajor in the Massachusetts MUitia. Dr. Sargent was one
of the best known physicians, that Lawrence has produced. As a physi
cian and surgeon, he was a wise and safe counselor. As a raedical wit
ness, his reputation was Statewide. He died January 1, 1893.
Dr. Frank B. Flanders was bom May 16, 1850, and died September
28, 1911. His academic education was obtained in the public schools of
Lawrence and Harvard College. He graduated from Harvard College in
1874, and from Harvard Medical School in 1878. He spent one year as
house officer in the Rhode Island Hospital and began the practice of medi
cine in Lawrence in 1879. Dr. Flanders began the practice of medi
cine at about the time that antisepsis became known, and surgery was
fast becoming an exact science. He early developed a liking for surgery,
and becarae one of the most skilful surgeons in Northeastem Massa
chusetts. He was a tireless worker, and was always completely happy
when caring for the sick.
Dr. Albert W. Hancock, was born in Antigna, one of the British
West Indies, in the year 1877, and died by drowning June 18, 1915. A
brilliant young man, his death was a distinct loss to Lawrence.
Dr. S. Wedell A. Abbott was born October 24, 1849, and died Sep
tember 1, 1916. Dr. Abbott graduated from the New York University
Medical School in 1879. He was for many years the leading physician
of Lawrence, in general medicine and obstetrics.
In 1873 the Rev. Charles N. Dunning, the Lawrence City raission-
aiy, saw the need of a day nursery for children, whUe their mothers were
at work, and also a hospital, where people without homes could be cared
for when ill. In a very short time, he so interested fifteen of the good
women of Lawrence that they formed a society and adopted the name
of "Ladies' Union Charitable Society." The results of the humble be
ginning by Mr. Dunning and these women is the Lawrence General Hos
pital of today v/here over three thousand patients are cared for every
year. Ooctober 5, 1875, the Ladies' Union Charitable Society was organ
ized and January 4, 1876, a charter of incorporation was given by the
State Legislature of Massachusetts. The first officers of this society
were : President, Mrs. A. P. Clark ; vice president and treasurer, Mrs.
William A. Russell ; there was a board of twelve durectors. At first the
society hired a few rooras, and four children were cared for during the

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 723
day. In May, 1877, it was decided to keep the chUdren over night. Dur
ing the same raonth the invalids' horae was established and four patients
were admitted. It seems that the Invalids' Home was intended at first
only for people who were slightly Ul, or needed a rest, for in 1880 it was
voted to admit only persons that were really Ul. During the first five
months of the existence of the Invalids' Home, seventeen patients were
admitted. Dr. Susan E. Crocker was the medical supeiwisor of the
home and made one hundred and* eighteen visits on these seventeen
patients. January 1, 1878, Dr. David Dana was asked to assist Dr.
Crocker in the care of patients in the Invalids' Home, and a few months
later Dr. O. T. Howe began to assist Drs. Crocker and Dana. In 1880,
the name of Dr. W. D. Lamb appears in the records of the Home as a
regular attendant. During this year a larger home was hired on Mont
gomery street, to take care of the increasing number of patients. This
buUding was used until the new hospital was finished. In 1881, Dr. C. N.
Chamberlain was appointed as a visiting physician. During the first
years of the life of the Invalids' Home, there often arose the question of
closing the institution for lack of funds, but in every emergency some
thing happened to save the day. Either some patient would pay a board
bill, or a friend would give a few dollars to tide over the crisis.
In 1881 the Society bought land on Methuen street, and began to
build a brick buUding, sixty feet long, twenty-four feet wide, and three
stories high, and the cost was to be seven thousand dollars. In Feb
ruary, 1882, the new buUding, still called the Invalids' Home was opened,
and the first patient admitted was a women with a corapound fracture of
the leg. During the year 1882 the naraes of Dr. J. G. McAllister, and Dr. C.
G. Carleton were added to the list of visiting physicians. In October,
1882, a training school for nurses was organized. In 1883 Dr. H. M.
Chase's narae was added to the staff. During this year one trained nurse
was employed, and there seemed need of another, but money was lacking.
During this year Dr. Chamberlain resigned and Dr. S. W. Abbott was
elected to fill his place. Up to this time it seeras that only woraen and
girls were admitted to the home, for in 1882 it was voted to admit male
as well as female patients, and wards were fitted out for both sexes. In
this same year an operating room was fitted out. It was a source of
great satisfaction to the members of the society that no surgical case
need to be sent to Boston for treatment. With all these additions and
improveraents the debt grew larger every year, and raany people thought
bankruptcy was imminent, but the storm was always weathered.
In 1885 a regular consulting medical staff, consisting of Drs. David
Dana, C. N. Charaberlain, G. W. Sargent, was appointed. The active
staff consisted of Drs. S. W. Abbott, S. E. Crocker, C. G. Carleton, H. M.
Chase, O. T. Howe, J. G. McAllister, G. C. Talbot. June 20, 1885, the
medical staff organized, with Dr. David Dana president and home secre-

724 ESSEX COUNTY
tary. The number of patients for this year was ninety-seven. From
this time on the hospital was run in an orderly manner, and began to be
recognized as one of the good hospitals in Massachusetts. In 1886 the
new building was finished, and dedicated, and all debts were paid. The
name adopted was the Lawrence General Hospital. From this time on,
the work of the hospital increased rapidly, and in 1898 it became appar
ent that a larger building was needed. This becarae possible through
the legacy of Mr. WUliam A. Russell, who left in his will a large tract of
land and the Russell homestead at the comer of Prospect and Garden
streets. The horaestead was enlarged and reraodeled and dedicated No
vember 20, 1902, and two surgical wards were added. Since the hos
pital was dedicated, there have been added the Parker ward, donated by
Mr. W. E. Parker, and used for the treatment of diphtheria and scarlet
fever. Mrs. R. M. Cross has given a bungalow for the isolation of
doubtful cases. There have also been added a maternity ward, a chU-
dren's ward and a new nurses' home.
The Lawrence General Hospital now has raany departraents excelled
by few hospitals in the United States. The training school for nurses is
one of the best to be found in Massachusetts, and the graduates of this
schqol stand very high. Since the Lawrence General Hospital training
school was started that have been graduated two hundred and fifty-five
nurses. In 1918 the University of the State of New York placed the
Lawrence General Hospital on the accredited list of hospitals of the
United States and Canada. The graduates of such accredited hospitals
have a very high standing in every country in the world.
Chief clerk and almoner, Timothy M. Riley, of the Health and Chari
ties department of Lawrence, in 1921 gave out the following: There was
a commission appointed December 28, 1908, to erect a Tuberculosis Hos
pital, under Mayor John P. Kane's administration. The cost of the land
and buUdings was $47,500.06. The hospital has a capacity for caring
for one hundred patients at a cost of $475 a bed. The trastees were
Alexander L. Siskind, James F. Lanigan, Fred H. Eaton and James Flan
agan, all of whom resigned March 19, 1912, when the new city govem
ment went into effect. The first superintendent appointed was Miss Mary
CahUl; second superintendent. Miss Anna Allen, appointed April 20,
1912 ; third superintendent. Dr. T. J. Joyce, appointed Deceraber 1, 1919.
Edward C. Callahan is the present director of Health and Charities. The
present school physicians are Drs. Bannon, Bartley, Schwartz, McCarthy,
Cyr, Levek. The city physician is Dr. P. J. McKallagat and the assistant
is Dr. O'ReUly.
The records show that the people looked after the unfortunate and
afflicted persons away back before CivU War days. At a meeting held
January 9, 1861, David Ambrose was elected superintendent of the
Almhouse. The value of the land, stock, produce and fixtures on hand
was then $8,622.55. In December, 1860, six and one-half acres more

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 725
land was secured at an expense of $656.19. The various superintendents
of the Almshouse and Cottage Hospital from 1892 on were as follows:
F. S. Spaulding, J. F. Calhoun, Otis Freeman, James J. Stanley, Dr. T.
J. Joyce, Dr. J. A. Bacon. The last named is stUl serving, having com
menced in December, 1919. The insane patients were turned over to
the Danvers State Asylum in September, 1904, and at that time there
were tumed over to the state authorities sixty-four insane. Total of
sixty-three beds: 31 female and 32 male inmates. The number of pa
tients admitted to the Municipal hospital during the year 1920 was 704.
Number inmates in Almhouse January 1, 1921 — male, 63; feraale, 39;
total, 102. The total cost of almhouse and hospital for the year 1920
was $90,646.47. The present school nurse is Mary T. Murphy; school
dentists, Drs. W. O'Brien and W. H. Fingleton.
October 27, 1875, fifteen doctors of Lawrence met at the house of
Dr. C. N. Chamberlain, for the purpose of forming a raedical club. The
reasons why these doctors wished to forra a club were, that they wished
to know one another better, and they believed that a raeeting once a
month of the medical men of Lawrence would result in mutual improve
ment and social enjoyment. Each of these fifteen men knew the need of
such a club, and so without much discussion a club was formed and the
by-laws were drafted and accepted. The name adopted was the Law
rence Medical Club. The object of the club as stated in the by-laws was
mutual iraprovement in the art and science of raedicine. The charter
members were Doctors, William D. Larab, David Dana, Michael Roberts,
C. C. Talbot, Eugene S. Yates, Charles P. MorrUl, J. G. McAllister, H.
M. Chase, George W. Sargent, George W. Garland, C. N. Chamberlain,
Timothy Sullivan, Thomas Manley, James Pierce, O. T. Howe, F. B. Flan
ders, C. G. Carleton, John H. Crawford. Of these eighteen original mem
bers, only one is alive today. Dr. O. T. Howe, who lives in Boston and
is in good health. The club has increased in size every year since its
formation, and now has thirty-six members. The Lawrence Medical
Club has always served a good purpose in Lawrence. The meetings
have relieved the monotony of medical practice. The papers read at
the monthly raeetings, the exchange of views, and the experiences of the
members have been of help. This club has done good work in opposing
pernicious legislation and in promoting legislation beneficial to the health
of the community.
The following doctors of Lawrence were officers in the Great War.
The first to enlist was Dr. J. Forrest Bumham. He was in the service
nineteen raonths, nearly all of that time in command of the medical de
partment of the Remount Station at Camp Devens.
Dr. H. H. Nevers was a raeraber of the National Guard when the
war began, and was transfen-ed to the regular army. He was later dis
charged because of physical disability. Dr. George P. Howe, the only
physician from Lawrence to be killed in battle, enlisted in the English

726 ESSEX COUNTY
Army in 1917. He was killed in the Polygon woods September 28, 1917.
Dr. Walter M. Craudall, Dr. Harold M. Allen, Dr. Richard B. Leith,
Dr. Rolf C. Norris, and Dr. Joseph M. Scanlon, served v/ith the American
Army in France.
The doctors who enlisted and received military training were Drs.
G. S. Allen, L. M. Ashton, Joseph A. Bacon, Alfred W. Burr, John F.
Curtin, Henry F. Dearbom, Timothy S. Donovan, John J. Hilton, Hugh
F. Lena, Joseph A. Levek, Justin A. McCarthy, Wm. H. Merrill, Thomas
W. Murphy, Francis A. O'ReUley, Arthur A. Rattey, Andrew F. Shea,
Millard Clark, V. A. Reed.
The following men died in the service: Alfred W. Buit, Justin A.
McCarthy, MUlard Clark.
The only doctoi* from Lawrence to enlist in the Spanish War was
Dr. George E. Chamberlain. He was also in the World War.
In the CivU War were Drs. C. G. Carleton, J. G. McAllister, George
W. Sargent, David Dana, C. N. Chamberlain, H. M. Chase, George C.
Howard. Although few of the doctors of Lawrence were fortunate enough
to cross the Atlantic, it seeraed that they have enough in common, to
form a society, so that in Septeraber, 1920, such a society was formed,
and had its first meeting September 3, 1921. The club has seventeen
members, and the meetings are scheduled for the first Thursday of Feb
raary, May, September and December. Dr. William H. Merrill is presi
dent of the club, and Dr. Joseph M. Scanlon secretary and treasurer.
The charter merabers are G. S. Allen, J. A. Bacon, E. H. Ganley, J. A.
Levek, W. H. Merrill, H. H. Nevers, F. A. O'ReiUey, J. M. Scanlon, Har
old M. Allen, J. F. Bumhara, H. F. Dearbom, J. J. Hilton, R. B. Leith,
T. W. Murphy, R. C. Norris, V. A. Reed.
Physicians of Peabody Since 1867 — The period of tune in the history
of Essex county from the year 1865 to 1900 was, generally speaking,
the generation after the close of the CivU War. During those years
medical practice in the town was for the most part in the hands of four
well-known practitioners.
Dr. George Steme Osbom was bom in Peabody in the year 1839.
He was the youngest son of Dr. George and Sarah (Whitridge) Osbom,
his raother being the daughter of Captain Whitridge. He was educated
in the public schools of Salem and entered Harvard College in 1856. In
1859 he began his studies in the Harvard Medical School and was gradu
ated from this school in 1862. Immediately after graduation he enlisted
in the First Massachusetts Cavalry, and on March 17, 1863, became
assistant surgeon, with the rank of lieutenant. In Deceraber of the same
year he was promoted to the rank of major, and raade surgeon of the
Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry, which position he held until the following
year, when he resigned on account of Ulness. On recovering his health
he retumed to the service and was raade surgeon in charge of the Hos-

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 727
pital Transport "George Leary", remaining in that position until Sep
tember, 1865, when he was discharged. He spent the next two years
abroad, completing his medical education by studies in Vienna and Paris.
Upon his retum he was married to Sarah Pollard Vanbrunt, in Dedham,
Massachusetts, in 1868, and immediately commenced the practice of medi
cine in Peabody, in which work he continued constantly until the death
of his wife in 1894. He then retired from practice and devoted his time
to travel and study. Dr. Osbom was a close student of French and Ger
man, and could read these languages as fluently as English. During the
years bf his active practice in Peabody, he served for several years on
the school board, and was for many years a director of the Warren
National Bank. He was an active member of the Second Corps of
Cadets, serving as surgeon of both the active and Veteran Corps, and was
also medical examiner of the Eighth District of Essex County for sev
eral years. He was greatly interested in yachting, and was farailiar with
the waters all along the eastem coast of the United States. The last
few years of his life were spent in Salem, where he died June 1, 1901.
One son and two daughters sur\aved him.
Dr. Charles Colby Pike was bom in New London, New Hampshire,
May 5th, 1844. He attended the New London Academy and then served
in the 11th New Hampshire Volunteers during the Civil War. In 1869
he graduated from Dartmouth Medical College and after two years of
practice in New Hampshire he carae to Peabody and was engaged con
stantly in the very active practice of his profession frora 1871 until his
sudden death in January, 1894. The local paper of January 31st, 1894,
had this headline, "Peabody Mourns the Loss of a Good Physician and
Friend" and added "No raan has died in Peabody for a generation whose
loss has called forth such a universal feeling of sympathy and general
expression of regard. There has not been so large a public funeral in
Peabody since the funeral of George Peabody." Dr. Pike fllled a very
large and conspicuous place in the community during all the years of his
busy life here. He was active in all the affairs of the town, but conspicu
ously so in the organization and carrying on of the Law and Order
League. He had the rare faculty of hating the evU without hating the
evil-doer. He devoted his life and strength to the things which seemed
to him to be of the greatest importance, and was not a seeker of public
office, although he was for several years a member of the Pension Board,
a member of the Board of Health and a very active and helpful member
of the South Church and the Grand Army of the Republican. In his
professional work, he was enthusiastic, energetic and efficient and gave
his strength and skill alike to those who could compensate him and those
who could not. He was a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society
and of the Masonic Order, Odd Fellows and other fraternal bodies. He
was generally conceded to be an all-round, strong man, a good citizen,
an efficient physician and the friend of everyone. His years of medical

728 ESSEX COUNTY
service stand out prominently in the histoiy of Peabody during the gen
eration in which he lived. Dr. Pike was twice married ; his second wife,
who survived him, but who has since died, was Miss Susan Baker, daugh
ter of Francis Baker of Peabody. He left no children.
Dr. George MelvUle Frost was another active practitioner of medi
cine in Peabody during the sarae term of years, following the Civil War.
He was the son of Joshua and Catherine (Paul) Frost and was bom at
Eliot, Maine, April 27, 1843. He was graduated from Berwick Academy
and began the study of medicine with Dr. C. H. Guptill, later entering the
Medical School of Maine and receiving his M. D. degree frora that institu
tion in 1869. Iramediately after graduation he began the practice of
raedicine in Peabody, where he reraained until his death, on June 20,
1898. He built up a large and lucrative practice, and was prominent
as a member of the Board of Health, being chairman of the board for
nearly twenty years. He also held other official positions in the town.
He traveled and studied abroad and was, during his whole life, a close
student of medical literature and of definite and fixed opinions. He was
married in 1873 to Miss Asenath Ober, who survives him. He had no
children. His valuable term of service to the coramunity covered a
period of twenty-nine years, from 1869 to 1898.
Dr. Fitzwilliam Sargent Worcester was bom in South Framing
ham, April 1, 1857, and was the son of Dr. Samuel H. Worcester, for
merly of Salem. He graduated from the Harvard Medical School in the
class of 1873. Later he took up the study of Homoeopathic practice,
taking a course of instruction in Paris and Vienna. He then began the
practice of raedicine in Peabody, and remained there continuously for a
period of forty years, his death occuring in December, 1913. Dr. Wor
cester was a type of the "old school" faraUy, doctors, being very kind-
hearted and friendly towards all classes and conditions of society and
most faithful and painstaking in his efforts to relieve those who came
under his care. He made a special study of the diseases of chUdren and
diseases of the lungs, being especially successful in treating pneumonia.
He was much interested in the formation of a Medical Club which should
include all the physicians of the town. Such a club was forraed, largely
through his efforts, and he was elected its first president. A widow, one
son. Dr. George F. Worcester, of HaverhUl, Massachusetts, and a daugh
ter survive him. Dr. Worcester was the only homoeopathic practitioner
during the forty years of his residence here.
Several other physicians have been in practice for short periods of
tune during the years from 1865 to 1900. The terms of some of those
still in active practice in Peabody extend back to about 1880. But the
four whose long terms of service have already been recorded were the
centers of medical history in Peabody during their generation.
Among those who practiced medicine for a few years and who es
tablished a successful clientage, may be mentioned Dr. Alice M. Patter-

PHYSICIANS OF THE COUNTY 729
son. She was born and educated in Peabody and in the Homoeopathic
Medical School of Boston and Tufts Medical School. After several years
of successful practice in Peabody, she went into institutional work at the
Danvers State Hospital, and later at other sirailar public institutions.
Dr. Patterson is still engaged in similar work.
Dr. Charles G. Weston had a successful practice in Peabody for a
few years, taking over the office of Dr. Elliot. He was a graduate of
the Harvard Medical School and served a terra at the Boston City Hos
pital. He removed to Minneapolis, Minn., and is now at the head of the
Hilcrest Surgical Hospital in that city.
Dr. Charles B. Frothingham also practiced in Peabody for several
years and removed to Haverhill, Massachusetts, and is now retired.
Dr. Williara Henry Downey was another physician who built up a
successful practice in Peabody, but has since died. He was bom in 1870,
was educated at the North Broodfield High School, Amherst College,
1892, and Harvard Medical School, 1897. He then spent a year and half
in hospital service at the Boston City Hospital and then began the prac
tice of medicine in Peabody. He served a term as a meraber of the school
committee and was a raember of the board of trustees of the J. B.
Thoraas Hospital. He raarried Mrs. Kate Walsh of Taunton in 1910, and
three years later, on account of ill health, he removed to Taunton, Mass.
He died suddenly in October, 1914. His widow survives him.
Several others have been established in Peabody for short terras and
have reraoved to other places.
There are now in Peabody thirteen practitioners. There is one
specialist, one horaoeopathist and the others are graduates of regular
schools of medicine. The list of physicians practicing in Peabody since
1920 is as follows : Frank L. Burt, Fred O. Elder, Ralph E. Foss, Horace
K. Foster, J. C. Kirby, Harry Halpem, John J. Hickey, John F. Jordan,
Lawrence KeUey, Harry D. Kennard, Byzant Manoogian, Joseph W. P.
Murphy, Harris Pomroy, John J. Shanahan, S. Chase Tucker, Elton M.
Varney.

CHAPTER XLIV.
NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY
There seeras to be no question about the stateraent that Sarauel Hall,
a young man, a native of Medford, Massachusetts, was the first person to
undertake to conduct a newspaper in Salem. He was a practical prin
ter, having leamed his trade in New Hampshire of his uncle, who was
the first printer in that State. Young Hall had been associated just prior
to coming to Salera, with Mrs. Anne Franklin, a sister-in-law of Ben
jamin Franklin, in the publication of the Newport (R. I.) Mercury, found
ed by James Franklin. In coming to Salem, Mr. Hall evidently had the
sympathy and possibly financial backing of the patriotic party made up
of the younger men of this section of the country. He opened his office
in Salem in AprU, 1768, on Main street, near where the Creamer block
subsequently stood. His newspaper was styled the Essex Gazette.
The first number of his paper appeared August 2, 1768, and it was
a well edited and handsoraely printed paper, considering the times in
which it was published. Its size and form was that of a crown sheet,
folio, ten by sixteen inches, three columns to the page, and was men
tioned in the prospectus as being "four pages, printed in folio." Its head
was embellished (?) by a rude cut, comprising* the figure of two Indians,
with a cod-fish overhead, and a dove with a sprig in its bill in the center.
This device bore sorae reserablance to the Essex County seal, and was
intended to be emblematic of peace, the fisheries and successful immigra
tion. Political news from various portions of the globe, domestic news,
under the headings of different towns within the Colony, a few legal no
tices, and filled out with advertisements, made up the paper's contents
weekly. The Essex Gazette was published in Salera about seven years —
eventful years they were, too — for they iraraediately preceded the Revo
lution. In October, 1770, an attempt was raade to injure the subscrip
tion of the publication on account of alleged partiality in its colurans
toward non-importation agreements, but the effort was a failure, for the
subscription list even increased on account of what was said against the
paper and its editor.
After the fight at Concord and Lexington in April, 1775, a full ac
count of the struggle was given in the Salem Gazette, and soon thereafter
the paper was removed from Salem to Cambridge for political purposes.
The last number printed in Salem was May 2d, and the next number was
printed May 12th in Carabridge. The narae was changed then to the
New England Chronicle or Essex Gazette. The paper remained in Cam
bridge until the evacuation of Boston by the British, when it was removed
to that city, and then the title was simply New England Chronicle.
Historian Streeter says: "Before Messrs. Hall left Salem, their printing

732 ESSEX COUNTY
office was bumt out by the great fire of October, 1774, which destroyed
a meetinghouse, custom house, eight dwellings, fourteen stores and sev
eral bams and outbuildings. The meetinghouse destroyed was the Rev.
Dr. Whittaker's, which was succeeded by the Tabemacle, and stood on
King street just above School street, about where the Endicott buUding
now stands. The Custom House was just above. The printing office
was subsequently located in a brick building on School street, which was
afterward incorporated in the brick block near the comer of Norman
street." Before Mr. Hall left Salem with his printing office another paper
had been started, July 1, 1774. Its title was The Salera Gazette and
Newbury and Newburyport Advertiser. It was published by Ezekiel
Russell, from Boston, who was an unsuccessful printer. He leaned tow
ard the Tory party. Mr. Russell's office in Salem was in Ruck street,
somewhere on Washington street, near the depot site. The head of this
publication announced that it was "A weekly. Political, Commercial and
Entertaining Paper — Influenced neither by Court or Country." But the
"country" decided that it was biased towards the Court and favorably to
the British, hence it terrainated its career within a few raonths.
The third newspaper in Salem was the American Gazette, or the
Constitutional Journal. This publication, too, was by the same man
Russell, who had conducted the second paper in the town. It was pub
lished during the Revolution, beginning June 19, 1776, and closing in a
few weeks. Nominally it was published by John Rogers at Mr. RusseU's
office. It was published weekly at eight shillings per annum. Russell
moved to Danvers and ran a printing shop for a number of years near
Bell Tavern.
Salem's fourth newspaper was the Salem Gazette and General Ad
vertiser. For about five years during the Revolutionary War, Salem
had no newspaper, but in 1780, Mrs. Mary Crouch, widow of a printer
in South Carolina, removed hither, with press and tjrpes, and December
6, 1780, issued a prospectus in the name of Mary Crouch & Co., for
the publication of the paper above naraed. The first nuraber of this
paper was dated January 2, 1781. It was "issued weekly at fifty cents
a quarter." It coraraenced the publication of stories, tales and other
entertaining articles usually appreciated about the home and fireside.
Financially the paper was a faUure, and after nine months it "went the
way of all the earth." Mrs. Crouch gave as her reason for quitting
"the want of sufficient assistance, and the impossibUity of obtaining
house-roora for herself and family to reside near her business." Her
printing office was at the comer of Derby and Hardy streets. Later,
Mrs. Crouch, an estimable lady, removed to Providence, her old home and
native place.
Salera seeraed destined to have a local paper with the word "Gazette"
attached to its title in some way. Just after Mrs. Crouch's paper was

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 733
discontinued. The Salem Gazette was launched by Samuel Hall, who had
established the first paper in Salem, as above related. The initial num
ber of this Gazette was dated October 18, 1871. He continued the pub
lication of this series of Gazettes for raore than four years, enlarging the
sheet on its third volume, and finally closing operations in Salem, No
vember 22, 1785. He again returned to Boston. In leaving Salem, Mr.
Hall stated in substance that he did so under the pressure of stem neces
sity. His business had been raaterially injured by a tax upon adver
tisements, which had been imposed by the Legislature the previous sum
mer. This tax, in conjunction with the decline of trade, had operated
so disastrously as to deprive him of nearly three-quarters of his income,
hence he was advised by friends again to move to Boston.
Mr. Hall immediately reraoved to Boston and established (without
missing a single issue) the Massachusetts Gazette, and made arrange
ments to fumish his subscribers at Salem, as usual, by a carrier system.
Later he sold his Gazette to other parties, and engaged in the book-store
business in Comhill, which store was later known as Gould & Lincoln's.
Mr. Hall was a many-sided man ; was a native of Medford, bom in 1740,
and died at the age of sixty-seven years. In all of his writings he advo
cated freedom and loyalty to the land in which he lived. Govemor
Buckingham once said of this pioneer Salera journalist: "This country
had no firraer friend, in the glooraiest period of its history, as well as in
the days of its young and increasing prosperity, than Samuel Hall."
The Salem Chronicle and Essex Advertiser, frora March, 1786, for
less than a year, filled in the gap between the two papers conducted by
Mr. Hall. This was run by George Roulstone and was printed on what
was known as Paved street.
The Salera Gazette commenced its publication October 14, 1786,
with John Dabney and Thomas C. Cushing at the helm ; they published
the paper under the title of The Salem Mercury until 1790, when its name
was changed. Mr. Dabney withdrew from the paper in its third year,
and opened a book store in Salem. Mr. Cushing then becarae sole pro
prietor and continued until October, 1794, then transferred the property
to William Carlton, his partner in the book business.
"The amiable and gifted Cushing," on account of Ul health, with
drew from the paper m December, 1822, and two years later died, aged
sixty. He is described as one "having strong powers of mind, warmth
of fancy, various and extensive knowledge, and a famUiar acquaintance
with the best of English literature, which gave attraction and fascina
tion to his conversation."
The next publishers of the Gazette were Caleb Cushing (son of
Thomas C. Cushing), and Ferdinand Andrews, who commenced at the
beginning of 1822, but Mr. Cushing withdrew after a few months. In
1825 a half interest was sold to Caleb Foote, who had served an appren
ticeship with T. C. Cushing, who had himself been an apprentice of Mr.

734 ESSEX COUNTY
Hall, and thus was established a personal connection between the origi
nal Essex Gazette and the Salem Gazette that flourished later. In 1833,
Mr. Foote became sole proprietor of the paper. In 1851 Nathaniel A.
Morton became associated with Mr. Foote as publisher and editor. From
1847 to October, 1851, the Gazette was issued tri-weekly, on Tuesday,
Friday and Saturday. Later it was enlarged, but made into a semi-
weekly paper. It becarae a radical Republican organ.
The Salera Register was the eighth newspaper established in Salem.
It made its bow to the public in 1800, its flrst issue having been pulled
frora the press on May 12th of that year. It was first known as the
Irapartial Register, and v/as published on Mondays and Thursdays, by
WUliara Carlton, who had withdrawn frora the Gazette, and had for his
partner, for a time, Thomas C. Cushing. This organ was started in op
position to the Federal party, and ably defended the Republican cause
in the violent political struggle. It was greatly aided by Dr. Bentley,
whose miscellaneous v/ritings v/ere well received by the subscribers.
Early in 1802 the word "Impartial" was dropped frora the heading of this
joumal. An original motto was then added to the imprint of the paper,
the same having been written impromptu by Judge Story, who, it is
stated, scratched the following on the side of a printer's case with his
pencil : "Here shall the Press the People's Rights maintain,
Unawed by Influence, and unbribed by Gain;
Here Patriot Truth her glorious precepts draw,
Plelged to Religion, Liberty and Law."
During the fall of 1802, the editor, Mr. Carlton, was convicted of a
libel on Timothy Pickering, and suffered imprisonment therefor. In
writing of this, a well-posted citizen of Salem said:
This occurred just after the election of a member of Congress for this district,
when Jacob Crowinshield, Democratic candidate, was chosen over Mr. Pickering,
who was the Federalist candidate. The Register had asserted that "Robert Lis
ton, the British Ambassador, distributed $500,000 amongst the partizans of the
English nation in America," and intimated that Mr. Pickering might have partaken
of these secret legacies, some little token, some small gratuity, for all his zealous
efforts against liberty and her sons, for all his attachment to the interests of Eng
land, at the same time indulging in contemptuous flings toward the distinguished
ex-Secretary of State. To answer for this article, Mr. Carlton was indicted by the
grand jury, and tried before the Supreme Court, at Ipswich, in AprU, 1803. He
was convicted, and sentenced to pay a fine of $100 and the costs of prosecution;
to be imprisoned in the county jail two months, and to give bonds, with two sure
ties in four hundred dollars each, to keep the peace for two years. This unfor
tunate affair is simply illustrative of the tension of party feeling at that time.
A little more than two years after this imprisonment, Mr. Carlton
died, July, 1805, aged thirty-four years. He had suffered frOm fever
during his imprisonment, as stated by Dr. Bentley, and continued feeble
until the day before his decease, when he was suddenly seized by violent
fever and derangement, which terminated his life in twenty-four hours.

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 735
Mr. Carlton was a native of Salem, and descended from two of the an
cient families of the country. His constant friend said of him: "He
always possessed great cheerfulness of temper and great benevolence of
mind. He was distinguished by his perseverance, integrity and upright
ness. To his generous zeal the public were indebted for the early in
formation which the Register gave of the most interesting occurrences.
To a tender mother he was faithful, and to his famUy affectionate. The
friends of his youth enjoyed the warmth of his gratitude. His profes
sions and friendships were sincere. He was an able editor and an honest
man." Mr. Carlton's wife conducted the paper until the following August,
when she died. Then Dr. Bentley and Warwick Palfray, Jr., assisted in
running the Register for about two years. July 23, 1807 a new series of
the paper was commenced under the title of "The Essex Register", under
Haven Pool and Warwick Palfray, Jr., assisted by Cleveland Blydon.
In Jime, 1811, the eldest of the proprietors, Mr. Pool, only twenty-nine
years old, suddenly died, leaving Mr. Palfray sole editor and publisher.
He continued twenty-three years.
This printing office was located successively in three buildings, next
below the Franklin Place until April 28, 1828, when it was transferred
to Steams' building, and in 1832 to Central building. The following is
an outline of owners and editors of this paper after the death of Mr. Pal
fray in 1838, when came his partner John Chapman, who took full charge
of the publication editorially. The paper was a strong supporter of the
Whig party, and for his good political work he was appointed postmaster
at Salem by President Lincoln. In 1839, Charles W. Palfray, a son of .
the former proprietor, and a graduate of Harvard, assumed the place
vacated by his father. In 1841, the earlier name. The Salem Regis
ter, was again adopted. Eben N. Walton becarae associate publisher
and editor, January 1, 1873, and after the death of Mr. Chapraan, AprU
19, 1873, the paper was conducted by Palfray & Walton.
The Weekly Visitant was established in 1806, during the rage in
party politics. It was founded by Haven Pool, and was of a literary
character, octavo in size and forra, and published Saturday evening "di
rectly west of the Tower of Dr. Price's Church." It appears to have
been launched as a means of giving the Salemites soraething besides
political squabbles between rival party papers. Its raotto was — "Ours
are the plans of fair, delightful peace, unwarped by party rage, to live
like brothers." This publication had a successor the next year in the Friend, started
by Mr. Pool, in connection with Stephen C. Blyth, as editor. It was
published weekly, on Saturday evening, was of the comraon newspaper
form and had a subscription rate of two dollars per year. It announced
itself as "the new and neutral paper," and it sought to make peace in
the community in both secular and religious matters. Its Bible motto

736 ESSEX COUNTY
was : "Sweet language will multiply friends ; and a fair-speaking tongue
will increase kind greetings." After six months of joy and gladness the
Friend, on July 18, merged with the Register, the two publishers forming
a co-partnership. Mr. Blyth, by perraission of the General Court,
changed his name to Blydon. He was born in Salera and taught in the
schools of the place. Subsequently he moved to Canada, where he died.
We hear the chUdren of today speaking about the "funny paper,"
meaning the illustrated sections of daily papers made exclusively for the
younger generation. These papers were not known in earlier times, but
Salera certainly had its share of huraorous publications. In 1807-08
John S. Appleton, of the firm of Cushing & Appleton, known as a ready
wit, got out two or three small humorous papers. One of these was
known as The Fool, by Thomas BraiiUess, Esq. LL.D., jester to his
raajesty, the public. Another useless, foolish publication was issued in
1807, known as the Barbershop, kept by Sir David Razor. Another
"funny sheet" was the Salmagunda, emanating from the same source.
In all of these light-weight papers the Republican party was held up to
satire and ridicule. It should be remerabered that this was the first Re
publican party — not the present day party, which carae into existence
alraost a half century later.
Recording the papers of Salem in the order in which they were
established, it should be said that the fourteenth paper was the Gospel
Visitant, a quarterly octavo magazine, commenced in 1811, to espouse
the then new doctrine of Universalisra.
The first number of The Salem Observer appeared January 2, 1823.
Its proprietors were William and Stephen B. Ives. It was of the royal
size, and was issued Monday evening from the old Washington Hall
buUding. This sheet was supposed to be purely a literary and miscel
laneous character. It was still running in the late eighties, and never
believed in meddling much in politics. During its first year it was edited
by Benjamin Lynde Oliver. At the beginning of volurae 2, in 1824, its
title was changed to Salem Observer, and Joseph G. Waters became its
editor. January 15, 1825, the name was enlarged and known as Salem
Literary and Commercial Observer, and this lasted untU 1829, when it
was again changed to Salem Observer. In 1882 the owners of this paper
buUt the Observer building, of three stories, of brick, in Kinsman Place,
next to the City Hall. The publication was founded in animated politi
cal debate times, but true to its motto, it never sought political power,
but rather the publication of a clean, newsy famUy newspaper. At the
termination of Mr. Water's editorship, Soloraon S. Whipple becarae a reg
ular contributor, and afterwards WUson Flagg, Rev. E. M. Stone, Edwin
Jocelyn and Stephen B. Ives, Jr. GUbert L. Streeter becarae associated
with the Observer January 1, 1847, and in a measure was the strength of
the publication for many years.
The Salem Courier was started in 1828 by Charles Amburger An-

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 737
drews ; it was a weekly paper, published on Wednesday, at three dollars
per year, from an office in the East India Marine Hall. It proclaimed it
self strictly independent, a supporter of Adams' administration, an, op
ponent of the tariff, etc., and it became, however, a theological rather
than political paper, and was a zealous antagonist of the doctrines of
Calvanism. After one year the publication of this organ was discon
tinued. Mr. Andrews was a raember of the Essex county Bar and served
as a representative qf the city in the Legislature. He died June 17, 1843.
The Hive, a small weekly paper for children, issued its first number
in the fall of 1828 ; it was published by W. & S. B. Ives. The cut of a
bee hive adorned its first page and its contents were mostly selected. It
existed two years and was Salem's first real exclusive paper for children
and youth. The Ladies' Miscellany, a small weekly folio, commenced January,
1829, by John Chapman ; it had as a subscription rate one dollar per year
and supplied both amusing and instructive reading to the ladies of Salem
and vicinity. After numerous struggles this paper finally, in its second
volume, suspended for lack of financial support.
The nineteenth paper established in Salem, the Essex County Mer
cury, started really by the publication of a small weekly paper in 1831,
by the proprietors of the Gazette, named the Salem Mercury. It was
later considerably enlarged, and in the eighties was known as the Essex
County Mercury, Danvers, Beverly and Marblehead Courier. It was
made up largely from items found in the Gazette.
The Salem Advertiser, begun April 4, 1832, by Edward Palfray and
James R. Cook, was the first organ of the modem Democratic party. At
first it was published as a semi-weekly. The office was in Central build
ing, over the Savings Bank. It was a strong supporter of General An
drew Jackson, and strove hard to build up the Deraocratic party for seven
teen years. After one year it had annexed to its title, Essex County
Joumal. It was then published weekly. In 1837 Palfray & Cook sold
to Charles W. Woodbury, who issued it again as a serai-weekly, under
the name of the Salem Advertiser. It was published untU its final
issue in August, 1849. Araong those who edited or partly edited this
paper are recalled such men as William B. Pike, H. C. Hobart, F. C.
Crowninshield, Messrs. Vamey, Parsons and Perley, also Eben N. Wal
ton, who began in 1847 and continued until the paper suspended. Mr.
Woodbury, one of its earlier editors, became postmaster in Salem; he
was the third person to go into the Union army in Civil war days, and
was drowned whUe en route home from the service of his country. Be
fore coming to Salem he had published the Gloucester Democrat.
The Saturday Evening Bulletin was the title of a small neutral
paper, published weekly, by Palfray & Cook, at the Advertiser office.
Price, one dollar a year. It continued only about one year. It was edited
by Nicholas Devereux.
Essex — 4T

738 ESSEX COUNTY
The twenty-second paper in Salem was the Constitutionalist. This
paper was the political successor of the Bulletin. After the Congression
al campaign, in which Joseph H. Cabot was a candidate, had ended, or
for a term of about six months, it suspended publication.
The Landmark was the next paper launched in Salem. The date
was August, 1834 ; it was a semi- weekly paper of goodly proportions. Its
days of publication were Wednesday and Saturday each week; it was
first edited by Ferdinand Andrews, formerly of the Gazette, but sub
sequently publisher of the Boston Traveller, and then edited largely by
Rev. Dudley Phelps. This paper stood out boldly for three things — ^then
great issues of the times — anti-slavery, temperance and opposition to the
teachings of the Unitarian religious faith. Unfortunately, this paper
published a communication from Rev. George B. Cheever, then the young
pastor in Howard street church, Salem, entitled "Enquire at GUes'
Distillery." It was a stinging, radical article, denouncing the manufac
ture and drinking of liquors, and had personal reference to a prorainent
deacon of the First Church, then a distiller. It was decided by the court
to be a libel, and the usual fine was imposed upon the editor, who was
forced to apologize in his next issue. But public excitement was high,
and two weeks later. Rev. Cheever was whipped by the foreman of the
Giles' Distillery, the place being in Essex street and the whip being one
made from rough, hard cowhide. Hara, the foreraan, was fined fifty dol
lars and Cheever was later tried for libel; although that great lawyer,
Rufus Choate, defended him, he was found guilty, and sentenced to a
fine of one thousand dollars and imprisonment in the Salera jail for one
raonth. Later, Mr. Ham became a very ardent teraperance worker.
Cheever left the Branch Church and coraraenced his well-known career
in Nev/ York City. The Landmark was more than a decade in advance
of public opimon and v/as not supported, so it ceased November 2, 1836.
It is doubtful whether there can be found a city of its population, and its
age, in the entire country, where so many different papers have been
started as in the city of Salem.
The twenty-fourth paper started there was known as the Light
house, printed at the Gazette office, and "edited by an Association of
gentlemen", the object of which was to represent the sentiments and
espouse the interests of liberal Christianity." It was recognized as the
antagonist of the Landmark, and continued from June untU October 31 of
1835. The Essex County Democrat removed frora Gloucester in the autumn
of 1838, to sustain Joseph S. Cabot and the Deraocratic party, especiaUy
the wing of that party to which he belonged. It was edited and published
by Joseph Dunham Friend. Its first number was issued November 2.
At first it was a semi-weekly, but after a short time was cut down to a
weekly. This publication, like most carapaign papers, only lasted about
three months.

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 739
The twenty-sixth paper of Salem was known as the Harrisonian, an
other campaign organ removed from Gloucester in the 1840 campaign.
It commenced its career February 22, and continued until the election, and
each issue aided the Whig nominees.
The Whig was another organ started for campaign purposes in 1840.
It was printed at the Register office to further on the election of General
WUUam Henry Harrison, as President. The subscription price for all
these campaign papers was nominal, and of course freely circulated.
Two "papers," both published under the same direction by Rev. A.
G. Comings for two years, were the Genius of Christianity and the Chris
tian Teacher, the date of their career being 1832 for the last-named and
1841 for the former.
What was styled the Locomotive, an independent journal, was
established in AprU, 1842, by WUliam H. Perley, at Lynn, but later moved
to Central building, Salem, in December, 1842. It was issued there each
Saturday until July, 1843. It was humorous and raiscellaneous in its
general character.
Among the earliest teraperance organs in this county was the Essex
County Washingtonian, printed during a portion of the year 1842 at
both Lynn and Salem. Among its editors was Rev. David H. Barlow,
of Lynn. What was known as the "Washingtonian Moveraent", in tem
perance campaigns, was of the moral suasion character. Its Salem
office was in Washington Hall. It was there edited by Charles W. Deni
son and published by Theodore Abbott. In 1843 it assumed the New
England Washingtonian, and was published in Boston for a number of
years. In chronological order, the thirty-third newspaper in Salera was
the Independent Deraocrat, started in 1843, by reason of a split in the
Democratic party. This paper worked for the election of David Pin
gree for a seat in Congress against Robert Rantoul, Jr., It commenced
in March, and continued for only a few weeks. Even back in those
days the people, especially political workers, had much faith in the
"power of the press."
The Voice of the People was established in May, 1843, by Sylvanus
Brown (who was at that time languishing in the jail at Salera for dis
turbing public worship), and continued to run a sraall sheet for a time.
Mr. Brown belonged to a sect known as "Comeouters", then quite
numerous, and thus named on account of their protest against the pro-
slavery tendencies in the pulpits generally at that time.
Another unique and short-lived publication recalled by the older
citizens of this section of Massachusetts was known as the Voice
Around the JaU. It had its birth in 1843, when its founder, Henry
Clapp, Jr., editor of the Lynn Pioneer, was in jail at Salem under a sen
tence for libel. The Voice was in favor of radical reform. Mr. Clapp
was a Garrisonian Abolitionist, and a man of much ability and courage

740 ESSEX COUNTY
in defending what he believed to be right. Later he became a weU-
known journalist in New York City.
The second attempt to establish a Universalist periodical in Salem
was in August, 1843, in way of a small weekly paper, issued each Satur
day. Its editors were L. S. Everett, J. M. Austin and S. C. Bulkeley,
pastors in Salem and Danvers. It was styled the Evangelist and exist
ed only about six months.
The Essex County Reformer was the thirty-seventh paper estab
Ushed in Salem, the same being started in the fall of 1843 as a supporter
of the Washingtonian teraperance raoveraent. T. G. Chipman was its
editor. Its story was told in less than four months.
The Temperance Offering by Rev. N. Harvey, of the Free Church,
was estabUshed in Salem in Febraary, 1845, and continued untU 1846
as a monthly, 12 months, periodical. It was printed at the Gazette
office. Later, it was published in Boston and then styled the Youth's
Cascade. Subsequently, parts of this paper were published in neat book-
form. Another paper of brief duration was the Salem Oracle in 1848, by
Henry Blaney.
The Essex County Times was a Democratic weekly joumal, pub
lished in the autumn of 1848, by E. K. AveriU. It began m Marble
head, where ten numbers were printed, then moved to Salem, and ended
its career in about one month. The chief writer for this paper was E.
K. AveriU, later known as a writer of "yellow-covered literature" for
Gleason's publishing house in Boston.
Publication number 41 in Salem was the Free World, a spirited,
political campaign paper, run during the Presidential contest in 1848,
in support of Van Buren and Adams, Free Soil candidates. George F.
Cheever was its editor and it was printed at the Observer office.
Salem Daily Chronicle was the title of the first daUy publication in
Salem. It was by Henry Blaney, who in 1848, on March 1st, commenced
the publication of the above named daily. It was printed in Bowker's
building, and published every aftemoon at one cent per copy. It took
no part in politics and was of necessity short-lived.
A young folks' paper was launched in August, 1848, in Salem, by
WUliam H. Hutchinson, a job printer, who named his paper the Asteroid,
meaning star-like. It was designed for entertainment of the youth.
Subsequently it was removed to Boston.
Essex County Freeman, a free-soil organ, was established in Salem
in 1849, by GUbert L. Streeter and WUliam Porter. Its design was to
further the cause of anti-slavery. It was published Wednesday and
Saturday each week, at three doUars per year, from an office in Hale's
buUding. November 25, 1850, Mr. Streeter withdrew from the paper
financially, but was still its editor. Mr. Porter continued this paper
until Febraary, 1852, then tumed the plant over to "Benjamin W. Lan-

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 741
der for the proprietors." It was then that George F. Cheever associated
himself with the former editor as joint conductor of the publication. In
1853 the paper was purchased by Rev. J. E. Pomfret, who retained the
former editors for a few months. After another year had passed the
paper fell into the hands of Edwin Lawrence, of the Lynn Bay State.
He issued a weekly until June 14, 1854, when the publication ceased,
after a term of five years.
Of all short-lived organs in Salem, may be recalled the prospectus
or specimen sheet of the National Democrat, May 24, 1851, by James
Coffin. It Was another unsuccessful attempt at ranning the politics
of a county.
The Union Democrat was more successful as an anti-coalition Dera
ocratic paper. This paper lasted nearly eleven months. It was com
menced by Samuel Fabyan, a printer from Boston, July, 1852, and closed
in the autumn of the same year. It was a semi-weekly.
The forty-seventh newspaper venture in Salem was when the Mas
sachusetts Freeman, a tri-weekly free-soil paper was established, and
run for a short time, by J. E. Pomfret, commencing June, 1853. Really,
it was made up from the colurans of the Essex County Freeraan. Mr.
Pomfret had published the Amesbury VUlager. He was a minister of
the Universalist denomination, and subsequently settled in Haverhill.
The People's Advocate was begun in Marblehead in November,
1847, by Rev. Robinson Breare, a Universalist minister, and then bore
the name of The Marblehead Mercury. In 1848 it was sold to James Cof
fin and Daniel R. Beckford. A year later it was the People's Advocate
and Marblehead Mercury, and that season it became the sole property oT
Mr. Coffin. In 1853 the policy of the paper changed frora a neutral paper
to a Deraocratic organ. In October, 1854, the office was raoved to Salem
and the paper's title changed to The People's Advocate. It was discon
tinued in 1861, at the outbreak of the Civil War.
The Salem DaUy Joumal, the second attempt at ranning a daUy in
Salem, was started by Edwin Lawrence in 1854. He issued the first
number of his daUy July 24, that year. It was published in the after
noon, as had been the Chronicle in 1848. After a trial of over one year,
the paper was discontinued. At first the Joumal was neutral, but later
favored the Native American Party, and in the autumn of 1855 approved
the Republican platform. This Mr. Lawrence was the same gentle
man who had previously pubUshed the Newbuiyport Union, Lynn Bay
State and Essex County Freeman.
Salem's fiftieth newspaper venture was the establishing of the Es
sex Statesman in 1863, in the middle of the CivU War period. It com
menced by issuing January 17, 1863, publishing Wednesdays and Satur
days, under Edgar Marchant, and later by Benjamin W. Lander. It was
aimounced as "conservative" and mUdly opposed the national adminis
tration, under President Lincoln. After four years of struggle, it went
down to rise no more.

742 ESSEX COUNTY
The next paper publication was in 1872 in the month of July, when
came forth fresh from the press a weekly entitled The City Post, by
Charles H. Webber. It was also named the Salem City Post, and the
Salem Evening Post. Before Mr. Webber sold out, he had made it into
a semi-weekly paper. The next owner was Charles D. Howard. In
1885 the paper was sold to the Telegram Publishing Company, a new
penny daily. Politically, the Post was in reality Democratic, although
it posed as a neutral paper.
The Salem Evening News, established October 16, 1880, was the
fifty-fourth newspaper started in the city. It was also the thu-d daUy,
and it stands today, in the forty-second year of its existence, the most
successful and profitable journalistic enterprise in the history of the
community. The principals at the outset were Charles H. Cochrane of
New York, and Robin Damon, formerly of Middleton. At the lapse of
about a year, Mr. Cochrane disposed of his interest to his partner and
retumed to New York. In November, 1881, Benjamin F. Arrington of
Lynn, formerly of the Lynn Reporter and the Lynn Bee, took editorial
charge. With the exception of one year, while absent in Springfield,
Massachusetts, as editor and general manager of the Springfield Demo
crat, he served continuously as editor of the News, retiring. May 29,
1920, the dean of Essex county editors, with a record of rising thirty-
seven years in the service of the paper. Early in July, 1920, Mr.
Damon, while motoring to his summer camp in Farraington, Maine, was
in collision with another autoraobile, the accident occurring near Row
ley common. He was conveyed to the hospital in Ipswich, where he
succumbed, a few days later, to his injuries. During his funeral, one of
the largest in local history, business was generally suspended in Salem.
Mr. Damon possessed marked executive abUity. Harry E. Flint, a
nephew, had long been trained in the business department of the daily,
and he duly succeeded, following the untimely death of his uncle, to the
responsibilities of publisher. The News possesses a fine plant, all the
departments being complete in every requisite, and is ranked as one of
the most progressive dailies in its class in New England. The first loca
tion was in a sraall office on Central street, but for many years it has
occupied its present coraraodious quarters in the Peabody buUding,
Washington street.
In June, 1881, the Salem Daily Argus was established, later called
the Post, and still later the Salem Evening Post ; it subsequently passed
into the hands of the Evening Telegram Publishing company.
The Salem Times was established in March, 1887, but only survived
until Febraary, 1888.
The Evening Telegrara was established Febraaiy 9, 1885, as a
penny daUy to rival the News. Its first number was printed by the
Telegram Publishing Co., and it continued until March, 1887, when for
financial reasons it was sold to the publishers of the DaUy Times.

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 743
The Salem Public, a weekly newspaper started Saturday, April 23,
1887, with Charles F. Trow as proprietor, had a subscription rate of
$1.50 per year. This paper was devoted largely to the interests of the
Grand Army of the Republic. Mr. Trow had foi-merly been associated
with the Methuen Transcript and Salem Telegram.
The Salem Daily Sun was started by Charles E. Trow, April 16,
1888, survived until the end of two months, and was discontinued.
The Evening Telegram was the name of another daily paper. It
was founded April 2, 1888, but lasted only a short time.
October 10, 1890, WUliam H. and Charles H. Cochrane established
the DaUy Call, which ran until July 5, 1891.
In 1889 the newspapers of Salem were : The Mercury, by Foote &
Horton; the Gazette, by Horton & Son; The Fireside Favorite, a com
mercial publication, by John P. Peabody; the Salem News; the Salera
Gazette, by N. A. Horton & Son ; the Observer, by George W. Pease &
Co.; Salem Register, by Palfrey & Walton. About a decade later, the
newspapers of Salem were reduced to the Evening News, Salem DaUy
Gazette (by the Gazette Publishing Co.), the Saturday Evening Observer,
by Newcomb & Gauss, continuing untU about 1919.
In 1909 Salem's papers included the Evening Gazette, Salem Even
ing News, Saturday Evening Observer, the Salera Dispatch, PUgrun
Leader, WUlow Budget, and Le Courier de Salera (French paper), and
these publications were all being conducted in 1914. In 1915 the papers
had narrowed down to the Salera News, Salem Sunday Mercury, Satur
day Evening Observer, WUlow Budget, and the French publication,
which is still conducted, but its place of publication is now at Lowell.
The last daily to be started in Salem was the Dispatch, listed in the
foregoing paragraph, by Arthur Howard of New York. It was pub
lished intermittently at the outset, small in size and crude in make-up.
In time, however, it managed to acquire sufficient impetus to appear
regularly. It was successively increased in size, its most generous pro
portions marking the period when it was printed, by contract, in Lynn.
Financial difficulties continued, and finally the Dispatch, unique in the
later annals of journalism in Salem, was forced to submit to the inevit
able. Mr. Howard, the editor and publisher, was not a trained news
paper man. He ran his paper on "original lines," and through the repu
tation thus acquired, both as a free lance and as a "champion of reform,"
he bore off the mayoralty honors in an exciting election. After his de
parture from Salem, he edited a Vermont daily for a whUe, later dying
in New York.
There have been other publications in Salem, but they were not,
strictly speaking, newspapers. Many were issued by merchants, fairs
and societies. The Essex Institute Publication appears quarterly. The
historical publications of one kind and another have been printed since
1859, and are now highly prized by those interested in historical af
fairs.

744 ESSEX COUNTY
Another series of publications, of a scientific character, should here
be listed in brief, as being a part of the literary products in Salem.
Benjamin Lynde Oliver was a distinguished contributor to scientific
works before the Revolution, and his "Essays on Comets" was published
in Salera frora pioneer Hall's printing office. The naraes of Count Ben
jamin Rumford, John Pickering, Nathaniel Bowditch, Edward A. Hol
yoke, and Charles L. Page should be included in a list of able authors.
The Essex Institute and Peabody Academy of Science have both been
prolific in their publications in recent decades. The Joumal of the Es
sex County Natural History Society, frora 1838 on through the CivU
War period, published many collections of historical sketches, now of
invaluable use to students and lovers of historic and scientific lore.
The American Naturalist, an Ulustrated joumal of natural history,
had its origin in Salem, but later was transferred to New York and
Philadelphia. The original editors of this periodical were, commencing
Ul March, 1867, A. S. Packard, Jr., Edward S. Morse, A. Hyatt and
F. W. Putnam.
Coming down to the autumn of 1921, we find three publications
only, the Salera Evening News, the Essex Antiquarian and Little Folks
magazine. Lynn Newspapers — September 3, 1825, was the date of the
first newspaper published in Lynn. It was known as the Mirror, and
v/as founded and conducted by Charles Frederick Lummus. The event
was one of great importance to the community, although the paper was
not especially well edited or mechanically handsome. There was no
greeting to the public, nor allusion, in any shape, to the prospects, plans,
or executions of the publisher. An original tale occupied five of the
little columns, and an original poem filled another. Probably Mr. Lewis
wrote both of these. The third page contained three advertisements,
and the remainder of the space was taken up by news iteras and short
extracts. The four pages of the sheet were a little less than nine by
eleven inches. The type was much worn, the ink poor, the paper
course and dingy. Long primer was used, save one page, which was
set in brevier. The proprietor continued to run a page or two in large
type, saying editoriaUy, that it was to please his older readers, whose
eyesight was poor. This paper was published in a small wooden build
ing, on the west side of Market street, but after four years was moved
to the west end of the comraon, where the most active business of Lynn
was then being conducted. In March, 1832, this paper was sold to
James R. Newhall, that is, the printing plant was sold to him for $200,
the publication having ceased to be issued longer than March, 1832.
The founder, Mr. Lummus, became involved, and his paper failed to
support him. In the summer of 1832, he published Lynn's first business
directory ; it contained seventy pages and was paper-covered. April 20,
1838, Mr. Lummus passed from earth's activities. Thus ended the

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 745
career of Lynn's first weekly newspaper founder.
The next paper here was the Star, later called the Mirror, which
was succeeded by a long list of weekly papers, raost all being short-lived.
These included the Record by Alonzo Lewis, poet, author and historian,
and his partner, Jonathan Buffum ; the Pioneer, by Henry Clapp, Jr. ;
The Lynn Saturday Union, of which Samuel Foss, the noted local poet,
was editor; the Bay State, the Lynn Transcript, the Reporter, second
Record, and the Little Giant (first Lynn daily). Other newspapers re
called are the long-since defunct publications known as the Essex Demo
crat, the Weekly Messenger, the Lynn Chronicle, Lynn Focus, the Ban
ner, the Lynn Democrat, the Puritan, Freeman and Essex County Whig ;
the Democrat-Sentinel, the Republican, the Protectionist, the Voice of
the People, Essey County Whig, which was later known as the first
Lynn News, the Essex County Washingtonian, later called the Pioneer.
The last named was a radical of radicals, and because it assailed a
local judge its editor spent three raonths in the Salera jail, where he
edited his paper frora his cell ; on his release, was looked upon as a hero,
and a parade was gotten up in his honor. Subsequently, he went to
Europe and the tour was paid for by his many admirers. Sraaller publi
cations in Lynn included these: A Pebble Against the Tide, the True
Workingman, the True Friend, the Forum, the Old Rat, the Tattler,
the Sizzler, the Free-Soil Pickaxe, Freedom's Araulet, the Lynn Dew-
drop, the Spectator, the Grindstone, the Temperance League, the Organ,
the Kite Ender, the New England Mechanic, the Banner, and the Old
Time Vendor, all of which were of brief duration, but each had its
"Day in Court."
In the public library in Lynn is a scrap-book collection of matters
relative to the press of that city, including the list of publications, dates
and proprietors' names ; the same here follows : 1825 — The Lynn Week
ly Mirror, by Charles F. Lummus ; 1831 — The Essex Democrat, by Ben
jamin Mudge ; 1832 — The Messenger, by James R. Newhall ; 1838— The
Lynn Freeman, by Eugene F. W. Gray ; 1842 — The Essex County Wash
ingtonian, by D. H. Barlow; 1844 — The Essex County Whig, successor
to the Freeman ; 1846— The Lynn News, by J. F. Kunball ; 1849— The
Bay State, by Lewis Josselyn; 1854 — The Reporter, by Peter L. Cox;
1855 — The Lynn Daily, by Lewis Josselyn.
The Lynn News was first established in 1846, as a weekly, and con
tinued untu 1861. In 1889, a paper was started under the name of the
Moming News, but it was of brief duration.
What was styled the Lynn City Item, a weekly, was established
January 7, 1876, by Horace N. Hastings, who had labored first on a
Woburn weekly, and subsequently came to Lynn, where for years he
filled a responsible position on the Lynn Semi- Weekly Reporter, then un
der the proprietorship of Peter L. Cox. December 8, 1877, the Weekly
Item was converted into a daily, under the narae it now bears. Daily

746 ESSEX COUNTY
Evening Item. This was printed in the Sweetser buUding, at the junc
tion of Union street and RaUroad avenue. The buUding was destroyed
by fire, November 26, 1889. The Item next erected a new buUding' on
the old site, and this, with others, was demolished when the elevation
of the tracks of the Boston & Maine raUroad signalized the disappear
ance of grade crossings within the confines of the city. The present
Item buUding, which not only houses the paper in manner second to
none among the suburban dailies of New England, but also accommo
dates a large clientele of office tenants, was ready for occupancy in 1900.
The Item did not miss an issue when its establishment was wiped out in
the great fire of 1889 ; but aided by a job office in Lynn and the Boston
Post, was able to continue regular daUy publication. The Item is pub
lished by its proprietors, the Hastings & Sons Publishing Company, and
is fuiry equipped m aU the essentials that go to make up the raodem
daily. Harlan S. Cummings, who worked on the Lynn papers and sub
sequently was identified with the Salera News and the Salera Gazette,
is the editor.
The Lynn Bee was established in June, 1880, by Eugene F. Forraan,
who met death by falling from the fourth story of the Sagamore Hotel
buUding. This publication was bumed in' the great fire of November 26,
1889, and after collecting the insurance, the paper started up with a
new outfit, on Market street, in a basement office roora. But the paper
was not a financial success and only continued to be published a little
more than a year after the fire referred to above. The Bee was edited in
rooms over the McGrane's department store building, on Market street,
and many of the present day printers were employed there at one time,
including Chet E. Morse, later reporter for the Boston Globe.
In 1897, Robin Damon established the Lynn Daily News, but later
disposed of his interest. In 1912 the News came into the ownership of
a corporation, which made it an independent paper, so called; and its
officers were: Fred E. Smith, president; James H. Higgins, treasurer;
Edward E. Hickey, secretary ; F. H. Druehl, business manager. On July
22, 1918, the publication was merged with the Lynn Telegram, under
the name of the Telegram-News.
The Lynn Telegram was established in 1912, as a daily evening
publication, Deraocratic in politics, with a Sunday issue — the only Sun
day paper in Lynn. It started out as a daily penny paper, which on
Sunday sold at two cents. It is now the Telegrara-News, as above
stated, and is one of the two daily papers in Lynn at present, with an
equipraent fitted to its requirements. Frederick W. Enright is the edit
or and publisher.
Saugus — The Herald was founded in 1877. Its present size and form
is a six-column from six to twelve pages per issue. It is all home-print,
is issued each week on Thursday, at a subscription rate of one doUar
and fifty cents per year. Politically, it is an independent paper and has

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 747
for its motto at its head "An Independent Newspaper Devoted To The
Interests of Saugus and Vicinity." The Herald is ran by electric motor
power. The plant has equipment including a linotype, cylinder, jobber,
power presses; also a paper-cutter and folder. The office has an excel
lent business in its job printing department. The paper circulates most
ly in Saugus and suburban places. This newspaper office is the property
of the McKay Publishing Company, Robert W. McKay, manager and
publisher; A. E. Starkey, editor. It is one of the cleanest, news-full,
famUy papers in the county. Its editorials are always to the point, up-
to-date, and tinctured with good sense and editorial propriety.
Haverhill Newspapers — Chase's "History of HaverhiU" (good author
ity), says the first newspaper in HaverhUl was the Guardian of Free
dom, which first made its appearance September 6, 1793. From that
date on down the years, various men had control of this and other news
papers. It is not the province of this chapter to go into the details of all
these changes, further than to say that Haverhill has never been entire
ly without a local newspaper since the birth of the one already named.
The narrative continues in substance to relate that in 1824 Nathan Bur
rill sold his printing establishment, the Herald-Gazette, to one Isaac
R. Howe, who edited and published the paper until October, 1826, when
he engaged the services of A. W. Thayer to assist. Congressman John
Varnum was once a partner in the paper with Mr. Howe. These men
were law partners and connected by marriage ties. In February, 1827,
Mr. Thayer bought the establishraent and changed the narae of the paper
to the Essex Gazette. He was a practical printer and a former fore
man of the same paper for a time. He remained in HaverhUl from
October, 1826, to July, 1835. He was what today would be called a "live
wire" in any community. According to historian Chase, he was the first
man to advocate total abstinence from intoxicating liquors, and the sec
ond in the world, in a newspaper, to so declare himself. In HaverhiU
there were at that date twenty-nine places where liquor could be bought
by the drink ; within five years he so changed public opinion that there
was only one secret place where it might be obtained. Mr. and Mrs.
Thayer took deep interest in the schooling of the farmer lad, John G.
Whittier, and who was connected with the Gazette from July, 1830, to
December, 4th, 1836. For many years Dr. Jeremiah Spofford, of Grove
land, was in a way associated with the raanageraent of this paper and
was an interesting writer.
In July, 1834, Rev. Thomas G. Famsworth established the Essex
Banner and Haverhill Advertiser as a Democratic weekly paper. Eben
H. Safford soon connected himself with this paper. WUliam Taggart
was connected with it from 1838 to 1843, when Safford took full con
trol and continued untU his death in December, 1887, after which it was
edited by his daughter for a time.
January 1, 1859, Z. E. Stone began to publish the Tri-weekly Pub-

748 ESSEX COUNTY
Usher, an independent paper. The same year the Essex County Dem
ocrat was started by D. P. Bodfish and A. L. Kimball.
It appears that in 1861, Haverhill had four newspapers, with an
aggregate of four thousand copies in circulation. These were the Ga
zette, the Banner, Tri-weekly Publisher, and Essex County Democrat.
The last named was of short duration ; the Tri-weekly Publisher survived
until 1878, when its list and good will was sold to the Bulletin. Another
early paper was the Merrimac Intelligencer; it went down in 1818.
Nathaniel Greene established the Essex Patriot in 1818, published it
three years, and sold out.
The first daUy newspaper in Haverhill was the DaUy Bulletin,
established by A. J. Hoyt & Co., July 1, 1871. The following January
the Weekly Bulletin was issued; in Septeraber, 1875, the property was
owned by Mitchell & Hoyt. The Tri-weekly Publisher was merged with
the Weekly Bulletin in 1877-78. In 1887 this paper had a circulation
daUy of 2,500 and of the weekly issue 3,000. Politically, it was always
Republican. The HaverhUl Evening Gazette is the only daily published in the
city, and is one of the oldest publications in New England; it occupies
a three-story office building on Merrimac street, with its model mechan
ical plant on Menill's Court. It is published every day except Sunday
and legal holidays. Its sworn circulation is (or was a year or two
since) 13,500 copies. It is published by a corporation, with Robert L.
Wright as treasurer and publisher. It was built up by the late John
B. Wright, father of Robert L., who was among the best known writers
and editors in the State. The Gazette has ever been an independent
publication, not owned or controlled by political parties. To raake plain
this position as an independent paper, it has for many years carried the
following at the head of its editorial columns: "The Gazette is a
fighter — it aims to be a real friend of the common people and believes
in the masses more than in the classes. It espouses every deserving
cause and cares nothing for so-called party obligations if the people
be the gainer by advocating an independent policy."
The Sunday Record was established by Lewis R. Hovey at No. 4
Main street, in 1903, in partnership with Dennis A. Long, of LoweU.
Soon after, Mr. Long sold his interest, and the concem was incorporated
by the Record Publishing Company. It moved to 108 Merrimack street,
15 West street, and 24 Locust street. It is the only Sunday paper in
its territory, and has been a success from the beginning. Politically, it
is independent. Its job department is extensive and raodem in all its
appointments — "Ansrthing from a calling-card to a newspaper" being
its slogan. Newspapers of Newburyport — The first newspaper established
in Newburyport was the Essex Joumal and Merrimac Packet, by
Thomas & Tinges. The first nuraber was dated December 4, 1774,

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 749
and in June, 1775, its name was changed to that of the Essex Joumal,
or the Massachusetts and New Hampshire General Advertiser, which
was indeed some name, or at least would be so looked upon today.
The Imperial Herald, a Federal paper, was started in 1793, and
was the parent of the Herald of a much later* date. The first number
was pulled from the hand-press May 17, 1793, and consisted of four
pages of four columns each, the price being nine shillings per year.
It was published in Market Square, each Saturday aftemoon. The two
proprietors were Edward M. Blunt and Howard S. Robinson. Decem
ber, 1794, it becarae a semi-weekly, and continued such until June, 1879,
when it again became a weekly paper. In October, 1797, it was changed
to the Political Gazette, under ownership of William Barrett. The
Gazette and Herald were merged into the Newburyport Herald and
Country Gazette. About 1801 the Herald and American Intelligencer
were merged as the Herald, under Allen & Stickney. Mr. Allen was
chief proprietor until 1834. About that date his office was bumed, Avith
many other buUdings. Until December, 1811, Mr. Allen occupied tera
porary quarters at Brown's Wharf, but at that tirae he raoved the office
of the Herald to the place where it stood so many years.
June 1, 1832, Mr. Allen started a daily paper, and two years later
he sold to Joseph B. Morse and WUliam H. Brewster, who conducted it
until January 1, 1854, when the Daily Evening Union, then five years
old, was united with the Herald, and at the sarae tirae WUliam H. Huse
became a partner in the business. Arthur L. Huse and Caleb B. Huse,
with George J. L. Colby, were associated with the paper until early in
the eighties. In 1880 a Daily Evening H.erald was started, and also the
weekly was issued, too. The DaUy Herald, at six dollars per year, was
the first daUy newspaper in Massachusetts outside of Boston.
The Merrimac Valley Visitor was established in 1872, published
every Saturday by Colby & Coombs, and remained a permanent fixture,
whUe other papers went out of business.
The Daily News of Newburyport was established in January, 1887,
by Fred E. Smith. Its proprietors have been Messrs. Sraith, James H.
Higgins, E. E. Hicken, N. D. Rodigrass, J. E. Mannix, forming the News
Publishing Company, (Incorporated). The News is publiahed every
evening except Sunday; it is a Republican paper and has seven columns
to the page. The office in which this paper is printed has aU modem
equipment, including five linotypes. Cox duplex press, whUe the job de
partment produces a general ran of book and job work. The paper
circulates in Newburyport, Newbury, Amesbury, West Newbury, Salis-
buiy, Merrimac, Georgetown, Ipswich and Byfield. The News succeed
ed to the DaUy Germ, and afterwards purchased the Newburyport Her
ald. The proprietors of the paper own their own buUding, which is
valued at about $10,000.
Amesbury Newspapers — The Chronicle was the first paper printed

750 ESSEX COUNTY
in Amesbury. It was established in 1832, by Nayson & Caldwell. A
year later, Mr. Caldwell assumed full control, and caUed his paper the
Evening Chronicle, but in 1834 it was known as the Moming Courier.
In 1837 it was changed to the News and Courier, C. E. Patten, editor,
with Caldwell & Whitman publishers. In 1839 Caldwell again had fuU
control of the paper and called it the Evening Transcript. In 1840 it
was sold to Robert Rich, and he sold to Joseph M. PettingUl, who had
charge untU 1845, when he formed a partnership with Joseph E. Hood,
and the paper was continued and known as the Essex Transcript. It
was made the organ for the old Liberty party in Essex county. In 1848
Mr. PettingUl sold his mterests to Daniel F. Morrill, who continued the
paper one year as the VUlager. In 1849 W. H. B. Currier assumed
control of the paper and continued to conduct it for thirty years. In
1833 he sold to J. M. and I. J. Potter, who continued it as the Amesbury
and Salisbury VUlager.
In 1880 a second paper was founded in Amesbury by J. B. Rogers,
called the Weekly News, but soon changed to the Amesbury News, of
which later mention is made in this chapter.
The Amesbury Daily News was established in 1888, its first issue
being dated May 5th. It was founded by J. M. and I. J. Potter, both
of whom subsequently died, and the paper was purchased March 1, 1902,
by Edwin J. Graves and Thoraas F. Coffin, who have since conducted it
in the name of the Amesbuiy Publishing Company. The first name
The Daily, was changed in 1893 to The Amesbury Daily News. In
reality, this paper was the outgrowth of the old Weekly ViUager,
a well-known paper in Massachusetts for many years. It was this paper
to which John G. Whittier, the poet, contributed for nearly a score of
years; at one tirae he v/rote the political editorials. Politically, the
News is independent Republican. It circulates raostly in Araesbury,
Merrimac, Salisbury, HamUton, Kensington, Newton, Hampton Falls,
Hampton, New Hampshire. This paper is well equipped with machin
ery, including linotypes, cylinder presses, etc. The job department
keeps pace with raodern demands.
The Press of Peabody — What was known as the Danvers Eagle
was published for about one year beginning in 1844. The Danvers
Whig, a political sheet, was published during the Presidential campaign
of 1844. The Danvers Courier, edited by George R. Carlton, was estab
lished in March, 1845, continuing until September, 1849. The present
newspaper of Peabody is the Enterprise, established in 1912, by Frank
W. Peimiman, who is the present proprietor. It succeeded the Peabody
Press. Politically, the Enterprise is independent and its circulation is
mostly in Peabody. Its present forra is that of a six coluran quarto,
printed on a platen press, the coraposition being largely by raeans of an
iraproved linotype. This paper affords the community in which Pea
body is situated aU the readable news.

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 751
Newspapers in Gloucester — For the first two centuries of the exis
tence of Gloucester as a town, its inhabitants depended on newspapers
published outside its borders for their knowledge of cunent events.
The Boston News Letter and the Salem Gazette, after their establish
ment, supplied such information of passing events as their columns af
forded. Having a very limited circulation in the town, the few copies
received here, after being perused by the original recipients, were dis
tributed araong their friends.
The first paper in the tovm began publication January 1, 1827, as a
weekly, being issued every Saturday, and continued as such until 1834,
when it was issued as a serai- weekly until 1873, after which it was
published weekly until it ceased to be issued in 1876. The first daUy
paper was issued June 26, 1884. Five weekly and five daily papers have
been started since the first paper raade its appearance, of which only one
daily now remains, besides several others, which had merely an ephermal
existence. The Telegraph was the first paper, the first copy being issued Janu
ary 1, 1827, by WUliam E. P. Rogers, a native of the town, and was pub
lished by him until July 6, 1833, when he sold the paper to Gamaliel
Marchant, and removed to Bangor. Mr. Marchant continued as publisher
until October 28, 1835, when he disposed of it to Hemy TUden and Edgar
Marchant, and also reraoved to Bangor. The two Marchants were
brothers and learned the printer's trade in the Telegraph office. The
paper was raade a serai-weekly, issued Wednesdays and Saturdays, in
1834, and Mr. TUden becarae the sole proprietor, October 12, 1836, con
tinuing it until January 1, 1843, when on account of the death of his wife,
he decided to reraove from the town, and sold the paper to John S. E.
Rogers, who had announced his intention of starting a weekly paper, the
Cape Ann Light, to be published Saturdays, on that date. Mr. Rogers
continued its publication as a semi-weekly until August 1, 1873, when it
was made a weekly paper. It was purchased by Martin V. B. Perley,
December 19, 1874, by whom it was published untU October 4, 1876, when
it was discontinued after an existence of nearly fifty years.
The publication of the Cape Ann Light was begun by Mr. Rogers
January 1, 1843, in accordance with his previous plans, being issued on
Saturda.ys as a weekly edition of the Telegraph until August 1, 1873,
when the Telegraph became a weekly and it was discontinued.
The early issues of the Telegraph were devoted alraost exclusively
to miscellany, little attention being paid to local and general news. The
first copy was a sheet of four pages of five columns each, of which near
ly one-half was devoted to advertisements. It was coraraenced as a
paper neutral in politics and continued so tUl 1834, when upon the com
mencement of a vigorous political warfare between the supporters and
opponents of President Andrew Jackson's administration, -under the
name of Democrats and Whigs respectively, it became a strenuous ad-

752 ESSEX COUNTY
vocate of the latter. After its purchase by Mr. Rogers, it became for a
tune a neutral paper again, but soon espoused the principles of the
Whig party, and after the death of that party advocated the principles
of the Republican party until it suspended publication. During Mr.
Rogers' proprietorship, it devoted more attention to local matters, and
became a valuable repositoiy of accounts of local events.
The establishment of a printing press in the town induced an effort
for the publication of a religious paper, and the first nuraber of The
Christian Neighbour was issued from the office of the Telegraph Novem
ber 7, 1827, its editor being Samuel Worcester. WhUe it did not claim
to be a controversial paper, its sectarian bias was in favor of evangelical
doctrines, and the first issue contained a review of three sermons preach
ed by the liberal clergyraen of the town. Rev. Thoraas Jones, Rev. Hosea
Hildreth and Rev. Ezra Leonard. A sufficient nuraber of subscribers
did not respond to the appeal for its support, however, and no second
nuraber was published.
Later in the sarae year an effort was made to establish a paper in
the interest of the doctrine of Universalism, and the first number of
The Liberal Companion was issued, also printed at the Telegraph office,
being edited by Rev. Benjamin B. Murray, minister of the Universalist
society at Sandy Bay, but this effort was also futile, its publication end
ing with the initial issue.
The espousal of the doctrines of the Whigs by the Telegraph in 1834
resulted in the establishment of a paper in advocacy of the principles of
the Democratic party, called the Gloucester Democrat, the first issue of
which appeared August 18, 1834. It was edited by Robert Rantoul,
Jr., who resided in Gloucester at the tirae, and was printed and publish
ed by his brother-in-law, Charles W. Woodbury. Being established as
a political organ, it paid scant attention to local affairs except as, they
affected the welfare of the party and its candidates. In September,
1839, it passed into the hands of F. L. Rogers and George W. Parsons,
by whom it was continued till February 16, 1838, when it was merged
with the Salem Advertiser.
Another Democratic paper, called the Jeffersonian Republican, was
started in October, 1838, in the interest of the election of Mr. Rantoul
to Congress, but its publication ceased with the defeat of the party at
the election in November. It was issued semi-weekly and bore the name
of John F. Hall as editor and proprietor.
The second strictly local paper was the Gloucester News and Semi-
weekly Messenger, the first copy being issued October 11, 1848, by John
J. Piper, who came to Gloucester frora Fitchburg as principal of the
Town Grammar School. It was published on Tuesday and Friday morn
ings, while the Telegraph was issued on Wednesdays and Saturdays,
and the rivalry between the two papers was at times exceedingly keen.
It was continued by Mr. Piper untU Deceraber, 1851, when it was pur-

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 753
chased by Mr. Rogers and merged with the Telegraph, under the title of
Telegraph and News.
The next newcomer into the. local journalistic field was Procter's,
Able Sheet, an advertising publication, which was started by Francis
and George H. Procter in July, 1853, and was circulated gratuitously,
being published monthly to October, 1855. The publication was re
sumed in January, 1856, under the narae of Gloucester Advertiser, and
issued raonthly untU June, 1857, when it was changed to a semi
monthly, continuing as such untU October 23, 1858, the name being
changed to Cape Ann Advertiser, December 5, 1857. On November 5,
1858, the publication was changed to a weekly under the name of the
Cape Ann Weekly Advertiser, and continued to be issued as a weekly
until June 28, 1901, when it was discontinued as the result of the field be
ing more satisfactorily covered by the Daily Times.
The Advertiser was devoted primarily to local news, being neutral in
politics, and established the policy of having special correspondents in the
neighboring towns and suburban vUlages. During the CivU War, from
1861 to 1865, it maintained correspondents with practically all the Glou
cester companies which served in the Union arraies, thus securing an
invaluable record of the experiences and doings of the raen who repre
sented Gloucester in the camps and on the battlefields in that great
straggle. Another political paper was issued from the Advertiser office in
October and November, 1857, for five weeks in the stormy political cara
paign between Nathaniel P. Banks and Henry J. Gardner for governor of
Massachusetts, in the interest of the latter, being published by Stoiy &
Harris and edited by Dr. Charles H. Hildreth and Hon. Timothy Davis.
The Cape Ann Bulletin was started as a weekly publication Novem
ber 7, 1877, by John D. Woodbury and David Low, under the firm narae
of Woodbury, Low & Co., continuing under the sarae raanageraent untU
January 1, 1878, when the interest of Mr. Low was purchased by Thomas
Tresilian, and the name of the firm changed to Woodbury & Co. In July,
1880, Sidney F. Haskell secured an interest in the paper, and the name of
the firra was changed to the Bulletin Publishing Corapany. Mr. Wood
bury withdrew from the company in September, 1883, and the publication
was continued by his associates until May 7, 1887, when the name was
changed to the Cape Ann Weekly Breeze, being discontinued on July 9
of the same year.
The first daUy newspaper published in Gloucester was the Gloucester
DaUy News, the first issue of which appeared June 28, 1884, being pub
lished by the News Publishing Company, F. A. Wiggin, editor and man
ager, at one cent per copy. It was continued under this management
until August 1, 1885, when the Daily News Company assuraed control,
with John D. Woodbury as manager, who continued in that position
until January 9, 1886, when he resigned and was succeeded by M. Herbert

Besex — 4!

754 ESSEX COUNTY
Nichols, who had been a reporter on the paper from its start, and who
continued as manager until the suspension of the paper Febraary 4, 1886.
The Cape Ann Evening Breeze, another daUy, was first published
August 29, 1884, being issued from the Cape Ann Bulletin office, with
Sidney F. Haskell and Thomas TresUian as editors and managers, the
name of the company being changed a few years later to the Cape Ann
Printing Company, with George R. Bradford as president, and Sidney F.
Haskell as treasurer and manager. Like the News, it was originally
four pages and sold at one cent per copy ; the nuraber of pages was later
increased to eight, and it was the first paper in town to be printed with
stereotype plates. It was merged with the Gloucester Daily News, the
second publication bearing that name, December 2, 1901.
An atterapt to establish a Sunday paper was raade by the News Pub
lishing Corapany in 1884, when the Sunday Call was issued from that
office, but the project was unremunerative, and the paper was discon
tinued after a few issues.
The Cape Ann Clipper was started as a weekly paper, Febraary 24,
1887, by M. Herbert Nichols, and was published on Thursdays for ten
weeks, the last issue being dated April 28, 1887.
The Gloucester Daily Tiraes was the third venture in the daily news
paper field, and has outlived all its corapetitors, having had the field to
itself without corapetition since 1909. It was started June 16, 1888, by
the Times Newspaper Company, Francis and George H. Procter, editors
and managers, and continued under the sarae management untU Decem
ber 1, 1908, when a half interest in the company was purchased by Fred
E. Sraith and James W. Higgins of Newburyport, the former assuming
the position of managing editor, while the latter became business man
ager. It was the first paper to be printed upon a perfecting press.
Originally starting with four pages, it now prints eight, ten, twelve and
frequently sixteen pages, as the demands of the news and advertising may
require. A second paper under the title of the Gloucester Daily News was
started AprU 23, 1900, by the Gloucester Publishing Company, John J.
Flaherty, president; David B. Smith, treasurer; and Jaraes R. Pringle,
managing editor; and was pubUshed under that name till December 2,
1901. It was then consolidated with the Cape Ann Breeze, under the
name of the Cape Ann DaUy News, and published by the Cape Ann News
Company until the spring of 1909, when it passed out of existence. Mr.
Pringle retired from the manageraent at the time of the consolidation,
which was assumed by Mr. Haskell. The following year WUmot A. Reed
and Jaraes R. Jeffrey purchased a controlling interest in the company,
and assumed the management of the paper, which they held until 1905,
when they disposed of their interest to Leonard WUliams and George H.
Brewster, by whom the paper was published at the time of its suspen
sion.

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 755
The Gloucester Citizen, a weekly paper, was the last one to enter the
field, and was published by Edward T. MiUett, the first nuraber being
issued March 24, 1916. Its publication continued till AprU 11, 1918,
when the last issue was published.
The Newspapers of Lawrence — According to the historical records,
the first printing in the "New City," as Lawrence was called in the early
days, was a poster announcing that The Merrimack Courier would ap
pear the foUowing day. This was published by J. F. C. Hayes in Octo
ber, 1846. Others associated with this publication during its existence
were John A. Goodwin, Henry A. Cooke, Rev. Henry F. Harrington and
Nathaniel Ambrose. It suspended shortly after Lincoln's election in
1860. Such were the beginnings of newspaper journalism in Lawrence.
As in most places, the story is one of a straggling devotion to ideals and
the cause, with the ultunate survival of the fittest. It is a long step
from a weekly paper like the Merrimack Courier of small size and cir
culation to a modem daUy, such as The Evening Tribune of today, with
its large circulation and extensive advertising patronage, giving its read
ers probably more news matter in a single issue than would the old-time
weekly in a three-month period. Nevertheless these weekly publications
were the foundation of present day journalism. The progress was slow,
but there was a continuous advance, step by step, until at last the more
venturesome among the publishers dared to try the experiment of a daily
issue. Following the Merrimack Courier there came in chronological order
these publications:
January, 1847 — The Weekfy Messenger, published by Brown &
Becket for about two years. 1847 — The Engine, issued by E. R. Wilkins.
Only two issues. 1848 — The Herald, published by Amos H. Sampson.
Short lived. 1848 — The Vanguard, brought out by Fabyan & Douglas,
This was a Democratic publication, which later became The Sentinel.
Under this name it existed until recent years. During its career there
were a number of noted writers connected with The Sentinel, among them
such men as John K. Tarbox, Abiel Morrison, Jeremiah T. and Edward
F. O'Sullivan. 1855 — ^The Lawrence American was published by George
W. Sargent and A. S. Bunker. The latter soon retU-ed and the weekly
was contmued by Mr. Sargent alone. 1856 — The Home Review was
started by J. F. C. Hayes, who later merged it in The Courier. 1867—
The Essex Eagle was started by Charles G. Merrill and H. A. Wads
worth. 1871 — The Lawrence Joumal was issued by Robert Bower, who
soon sold it to Patrick Sweeney. This was later changed to the Sunday
Register and continued untU late years under different managements.
1884 — The Sunday Telegram was started by Winfield G. MerriU.
We have said that the weekly papers were the foundation of the
daUies. Looking backward now it is easy to trace the connection, for the
present Sun- American is an outgrowth of the Lawrence American ; The

756 ESSEX COUNTY
Eagle Tribune of The Essex Eagle and The Lawrence Telegram of The
Sunday Telegram.
During the period that The Lawrence American was under the man
agement of George W. Sargent, he had as an assistant George S. MerriU.
After a few years the latter became sole owner and editor. Under the
control of Major Merrill, The American gained steadUy in influence and
was rated araong the foreraost weeklies of New England. In July, 1868,
an aftemoon daily was issued under same name, and as a Republican
organ was highly esteemed throughout the State. Major Merrill had con
siderable political influence and ultimately was made Insurance Commis
sioner of Massachusetts. He disposed of his plant in 1892 to WiUiam S.
Jewett. The latter started The Sun as a moming paper August 1, 1893,
and shortly after a Sunday edition under the sarae narae was started. Mr.
Jewett disposed of his interests to the present owners. The Sun- American
Publishing Co. in 1914. Under the new management The Sun was dis
continued and the name of the aftemoon paper changed to The Sun-
Araerican. The Sunday Sun still continues as the only Lawrence Sun
day newspaper; other publications being devoted to corament only.
Soon after the publication of The Essex Eagle was commenced,
Charles G. Merrill retired, and Horace A. Wadsworth earned on the
paper alone. He started The Daily Eagle, July 20, 1868, and since the
daily issue of The American was not in evidence until the following even
ing, the Daily Eagle has the honor of being the oldest daily newspaper
in the city. In 1873 these papers were sold to Hararaon Reed, who after
a few years sold thera back again to Mr. Wadsworth. He started The
Evening Tribune as an aftemoon paper in 1890. The Tribune was suc
cessful frora the very beginning and as the years have passed has gained
steadily in influence and prestige. Mr. Wadsworth died soon after The
Tribune was started, and in 1898 F. H. Hildreth and A. H. Rogers pur
chased the plant, under the firm name of Hildreth & Rogers. Upon the
death of Mr. Hildreth, in 1909, the present manageraent, a stock company,
took over the papers, under the corporate name of Hildreth & Rogers Co.
George Goldsmith, who became associated with Winfield G. MerrUl
in the publication of The Sunday Telegram, later came into control, and
with Harry Nice started The Lawrence Telegram as a daUy on March 5,
1895. Its progress was decidedly slow at first. In 1896 John N. Cole,
of Andover, took hold of the paper, and by hard work succeeded in estab
lishing it upon a firm foundation. In 1906, Kimball G. Colby of Methuen,
secured a controlling interest in The Telegram and has continued it suc
cessfully. There have been a few unsuccessful attempts at daily papers in Law
rence which merit passing notice. The first on record was The Daily
Joumal, issued by Dockham & Place, December 1, 1860. Publication as
a daily was continued for about two years, then it was changed to a tri
weekly, and in 1863 was merged in The American. James E. Donohue

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 757
established The Star as a weekly in 1893 and started The Daily News in
1900. Both papers expired after a few years.
Present weekly publications include the Anzeiger und Post, a Ger
man weekly, and The Sunday Leader, classed as a "joumal of comment",
and carrying only a brief news summary.
Beverly Newspapers — Beverly depended upon Salem newspapers for
a record of local happenings until 1851. The three Salem newspapers
were then published semi-weekly, which gave a publication nearly every
day, and was almost the same as a daily paper.
March 28, 1851, the initial number of the Beverly Citizen appeared,
the first newspaper to be published in the town. It was a six-column folio,
printed in Boston, and well filled with reading matter. Arthur F. Wales
was the publisher. His real business was running an express route be
tween Beverly and Boston. Beverly people were slow to wean from the
Salem newspapers, all of which at that time had been published for more
than a quartei* of a century, and Mr. Wales discovered that it was not a
profitable venture. In 1855 John B. Cressy purchased the good will of
the business and put in a printing plant, the first in Beverly, at 7 Wash
ington street.
Irving W. Allen purchased the Citizen in 1881 and continued it for a
number of years. George Chinn was the editor for several years, and
he was succeeded by J. Herman Carver of Newburyport. The office was
on Vestry street in the Lafavour Opera House block, where is now the
E. W. Rogers fumiture store. Dec. 30, 1892, Charles A. King purchased
the establishment and continued the paper until June, 1919, when he sus
pended publication, like many others, on account of the high cost of
material and labor. He owned it all this time, except for two years, when
he was editor of the Berkshire Courier at Great Barrington. During this
time the Walter Brothers were the publishers. Mr. King also published
the American Benefit Joumal, for 25 years. Previous to coming to
Beverly, he owned the Merrimac Budget, and foi-raerly was part owner
of the MUford Joumal and the Bennington, Vt., Gazette. In 1890 W. C.
Trump published the Beverly Chronicle on Saturdays, in Commercial
block. The paper was short lived.
The Beverly Evening Times, which is now a household word in
Beverly, was established in 1893. Previous to that tune Albert Vittum,
the publisher of the Times for more than a quarter of a century, was the
publisher of the Weekly Times. The Weekly was started in October,
1881, by Ephraim M. Bates, now deceased, WUlard O. Wylie and Wil
liam C. Morgan. The first few numbers were printed in the office of the
Beverly Citizen, and later in the office of the New England Newspaper
Union, Boston. The paper was a four-page sheet, 8x10 inches in size.
Messrs. Morgan and Wylie sold then- interests a short time later to Mr.
Bates, who continued the business. Mr. Bates conducted a job office in
connection with the paper, and finding the latter more profitable; sold to

758 ESSEX COUNTY
George W. Cook, who had had previous experience as editor of the Bev
erly citizen. Mr. Cook subsequently sold to Isaac M. Marshall of Man
chester, Massachusetts, the present pubUsher of the Manchester Cricket.
In May, 1887, Albert Vittum, who under the firm name of Femald
& Vittum had published the Peabody Press in Peabody, purchased the
paper. It was moved to the job office of Mr. Bates, and with the equip
ment of the Lynn Union, which Mr. Vittum had purchased previously of
Sam Walter Foss, there was abundance of good material to issue a week
ly paper. The make-up of the paper was changed to a seven-column
folio and special attention given to local news. In May, 1888, Mr. Vit
tum started the Essex Echo, and in October of the same year the Man
chester Cricket. Both of these papers proved good property, and are
now owned by Isaac M. Marshall, to whom they were sold when the Even
ing Times was established.
In 1892, Mr. Vittum established the Wenham-Hamilton Tunes and
Asbury Grove Cottager, both of which were later taken over by Charles
A. King of the Beverly Citizen. In 1893, the need of a home daUy be
coming apparent, with the rapid growth of the population, the Evening
Times was established by Mr. Vittum, and when the question of a city
charter for Beverly came up for discussion, a daily edition of the Times
was promised by the publisher of the Weekly Times, should the charter
be granted, when the new city govemment was inaugurated. A canvass
of the city was made and six hundred subscribers for a daily paper were
secured. In October, 1893, in spite of the panic that prevaUed at that
time, the first issue of the Daily Evening Tiraes was printed. Inside of
six months, the circulation had increased to 1000 copies sold. The paper
was started as a six-column folio, and at the close of the first year had
enlarged to seven columns, and at the end of the second year to eight
columns. The equipment now consists of a batteiy of three Mergen
thaler linotype machines, a Ludlow Topograph, and a Cox Duplex press.
The Times was first published under Mr. Vittum's competent manage
ment in the Atlantic Block on Cabot street, then in the Bates job office on
Franklin place, then on RaUroad avenue in the building now known as
the Highland Apartment house, then in the Bumham building on Cabot
street. The last move was to the present quarters in the Savings Bank
building, which it has occupied since the erection of the building. Mr.
Vittum continued the business with marked success untU December, 1919,
when he sold his interests to Walter E. Hubbard of Brattleboro, Vermont,
for many years editor of the Brattleboro Reformer, a newspaper man of
raarked abUity, with twenty-five years experience in newspaper work in
varied fields, who has conducted the business successfully since.
WhUe the personnel of the Evening Times has changed much dur
ing the years of its existence, WUliam C. Morgan, the city editor, has
been with the paper since its start. Lawrence P. Stanton, his assistant
in the reportorial department, came to the paper, when in the Beverly

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 759
high school, furnishing items from the school. Noland E. Giles, fore
man of the mechanical department, took around the first copy of the
Weekly Times as a newsboy in 1881. These men are stUl on the job.
Other faithful employees who have been with the paper for years are
Robert J. Mumey of the reportorial staff. Miss Minnie L. Goodridge, the
efficient bookkeeper, who has a thorough knowledge of the business office
in all its details; and J. Fraser Stuart, in charge of the advertising de
partment, who has been a large factor in the success of the paper. WU
liam H. Barnes, the "make-up" man, has been with the paper since 1905.
Comelius P. Connolly has been the competent pressman for 13 years.
The other places on the reportorial staff, in the business office, the cora-
posing arid press room are filled with competent help.
In September, 1921, the Evening Times again changed hands, Mr.
Hubbard disposing of his holdings to Thomas Leavitt, of Dorchester,
who has a newspaper training of raore than a quarter of a century. He
has introduced sundry changes, with every promise of adding to the
achievements of his predecessors.
The story of the press in Beverly would be incomplete without a
word conceming the North Shore Breeze. The North Shore Breeze was
started in the spring of 1904 by its present editor, J. Alex. Lodge, and
has been from the start a publication that has focused its efforts on the
summer resort business centering upon that section of the Massachusetts
coast between Boston and Newburyport, so popularly known as the North
Shore. Magazine in form, ranging from 24 pages in the dull winter
months, to 80 and more pages, with colored cover, in the summer season,
the Breeze so appeals to the tastes of the large number of wealthy people
who flock into New England from all parts of the country for the summer,
that they subscribe by the year, thus having the paper follow them to
their winter residences. The late Robin Damon, of the Salem News, once
wrote of the North Shore Breeze that it was probably read by more mU-
lionaires than any weekly paper in America. In the first years of its
pubUcation, the office of the Breeze was in Beverly, but in 1906 Editor
Lodge moved it to his home town, at Manchester, because he at that
tune bought a small printing office that has since developed into one of
the finest-equipped publishing plants in Essex county.
In 1910 the North Shore Breeze was incorporated, the only stock
holders outside of the original owner being about a score of the represen
tative summer residents, whose personal interest in the enterprise had
much to do with the constant but very evident growth of the business
since that date.
It was in 1913 that the North Shore Reminder, a weekly, published
in the Swampscott-Marblehead section of the North Shore, and much of
the same nature as the Breeze, was purchased by Mr. Lodge from E. R.
Grabow of the United Fruit Company interests. Since that time the
Breeze has covered the entire North Shore field from Nahant to New-

760 ESSEX COUNTY
buryport, including Cape Ann, instead of devoting its attention ahnost
exclusively to the territory between Beverly and Magnolia and the ad
jacent inland section. WhUe the paper is devoted very largely to the
summer resort business, it has always maintained a local field in covering
that section of the shore line including Magnolia, Manchester, Beverly
Farms and Pride's Crossing.
Ipswich Newspapers — Before speaking of the various newspapers
that have been published in Ipswich a word should be mentioned con
ceming the authorship of several quite noted books from this vicinity.
New England's first book of poetry was Mrs. Anna Bradstreet's, early of
Ipswich. One of the first histories of New England was by an Ipswich
clergyman, Williara Hubbard. The first Latin book printed in America
was by Rev. John Norton, of Ipswich. The "Body of Liberties", con
taining the essence of our civU rights today, and the "Simple Cobbler of
Agawam," long to be remembered as an old time classic, were the works
of the author, preacher, jurist and scholar Nathaniel Ward, of Ipswich.
These are a few of the most illustrious names. But now, coming to the
newspaper press of Ipswich, it may be stated that the first local news
paper established here was the Ipswich Joumal, issued weekly, by John
H. Harris, who began its publication in July, 1827, and discontinued in
August, 1828. Then came the Register, edited by Eugene F. W. Gray;
its first number was pulled from the old handpress June 1, 1837, and it
went down a year later. The town then went without a newspaper untU
1850, when the Clarion was started and issued once in two weeks, by
Timothy B. Ross. It was a newsy folio paper. The first Saturday in
January, 1868, the Bulletin first appeared and continued until August,
only. Charles W. Felt of Salem, was its proprietor, and he proposed to
fumish a paper to several near-by towns. Thus the Rockport Quarry
and the Ipswich Bulletin were the same with the name changed. This
was a new idea in newspaperdora and soon followed the "patent" sheet
systera, then sterotyped stories and news. July 3, 1871, began to be
published the Ipswich Advance, with Edward B. Putnam as editor and
proprietor. He continued untU March 16, 1872, when Edward L. Daven
port and Frederick W. Goodwin, having bought the establishment, began
the publication of the Ipswich Chronicle. Lyman H. Daniels took hold
of this paper four years later and associated with him I. J. Potter, who
later was sole proprietor. After a year or two Mr. Porter associated with
his brother J. M. Potter and they conducted the chain of papers for side
towns as follows: IpsAvich Chronicle, Amesbury VUlager, Lynn Re
porter, Lynn Bee, and the Yankee Blade of Boston. September 10, 1886,
the Ipswich Independent edited by Charles G. Hull was another active
force in newspaperdora in the place. Later it went down after a hard
straggle to exist. The Chronicle is the only paper in Ipswich now. It is
independent in politics ; is an eight-page, six column paper, printed Fri
days ; it uses electricity for its power in printing; subscription rate is $1.50

NEWSPAPERS OF THE COUNTY 761
yearly. A good job department is conducted in connection with the news
paper. Marblehead Newspapers — Marblehead's first local newspaper was
established March 13, 1830, and was known as the Marblehead Register,
and was founded by Henry, Blaney, who for three years struggled vigor
ously to make his enterprise a success but finally had to discontinue the
publication. Several other papers have been started in the place since
then, and made a similar disappointment to their proprietors. The pres
ent newspaper, the Marblehead Messenger, was established in 1871, and
its only owners and proprietors have been N. A. Lindsey & Co. (Incor
porated). Frank L. Armstrong is president and treasurer at this tirae.
This is an eight-page paper, circulating mostly in the entire town, the
Neck and in Clifton. Its day of issue is Friday; politically, it is Repub
lican. June 25, 1877, the office was destroyed by fire, along with many
other Marblehead business places. The office ia now well equipped with
modem appliances, including typesetting raachines and facilities for hand
ling all kinds of job printing, including coraraercial and catalog work.
The Messenger stands for all that is good and useful in the coraraunity in
which it circulates.
The Andover Townsman was established in October, 1887; it is
owned by the Andover Press Company (incorporated). It is published
each Friday, is a Republican paper with a subscription rate of $2.00 per
year, having a good circulation both at Andover and throughout the coun
tiy generally. It is published in a buUding erected in 1906 by the cor
poration that owns the plant, and it is finely equipped with such articles
as go toward making up a first-class job and book printing establishment,
in connection with the publication of the Townsman. The equipraent in
cludes one large cylinder press and six other job presses ; two monotypes,
power paper-cutter, etc.
The Townsman is an eight-page, seven column paper devoted to the
local interests of Andover, and it is almost entirely printed at home. An
dover being a college town, .there is necessarily a large amount of job
printing work of which this office executes a large per cent.

STATUE OF JOAN OF ARC
In Memory of Gloucester's Fallen Heroes in the World War

CHAPTER XLV.
MILITARY HISTORY
In the numerous wars in which Essex county has participated, down
to the recent great World War, the town of Essex has fumished her share
of men and supplies. The following is a concise account of the activities
during the wars in which Essex people have shown then- patriotism:
The soldier record in Essex commences in 1637, when John and
Thomas Bumham, Robert Crosse and Andrew Story were drafted to
serve in the war agamst the Pequot Indians ; for this short service these
men received grants to several acres of land. It is believed this was the
first instance on the American continent where a bounty was given for
the service of a soldier. In 1643 the brothers Bumham were again in the
service against other Indians.
Essex also took part in King Philip's War, and sent men good and
tme. Among these was John Bennet, who was kUled at Deerfield, Mas
sachusetts, September, 1675. He was a member of the company from
Essex county, known in all New England annals as "The Flower of Essex"
commanded by Captain Thomas Lathrop, of Beverly. Surprised at
Deerfield by the Indians, at what is now called Bloody Brook, he and
most of his command were slaughtered. Out of the company of eighty-
four, seventy-six were killed, having been ambuscaded by nearly seven
hundred Indians. It is said that this band of warriors was led by King
PhUip in person.
Captain Joseph Gardner, of Salem, organized a company to join the
expedition against Narragansett. In this corapany were Robert Andrews,
Zaccheus Perkins, John Prince, Sarauel Rust, Samuel Story, and Joseph
Soames. This company was mustered at Dedham, Massachusetts, in De
cember, 1675, and marched to Rhode Island. Capt. Gardner, Robert An
drews, Joseph Soames and six others in this company were later killed in
battle in the Narragansett Swarap ; the command then devolved on Wil
liam Hawthorne, of Salem. This Hawthorne was an ancestor of the dis
tinguished author Nathaniel Hawthorne.
In 1708 Essex fumished other brave men who fought against the
Indians. Rev. Benjamin Choate, a native of the place, was for some time
stationed at Deerfield, near where thirty years before Captain Lathrop
and so many men were ruthlessly murdered by the red-skins. Rev.
Choate was acting as chaplain at the time he was near Deerfield.
In the hostilities with Spain, in the expedition to Spanish West In
dies, in 1740, was Major Ammi Ruhami Wise, son of Rev. John Wise, and
a native of Essex, and possibly several others frora Essex.
In the Siege of Louisburg, under Pepperell and Warren, in 1745,
were several men from Essex. In the Eighth Massachusetts were Col.
John Choate, Lieut. Thomas Choate, Jr., William Andrews, Aaron Fos-

764 ESSEX COUNTY
ter (maternal grandfather of Hon. Rufus Choate) , and Daniel Giddings.
In other coraraands of this carapaign were Abraham Martin and four
others, whose naraes have been lost with the fiight of years.
During the French War, in the expedition to Fort Ticonderoga, was
a command under Capt. Stephen Whipple, in the first regiment raised in
Massachusetts to operate against Canada. It took part in the disastrous
campaign to Lake George in 1758. Three of the officers — first and sec
ond lieutenants and ensign, Nathan Bumham, Stephen Low and Samuel
Knowlton, as well as Rev. John Cleaveland — were from Chebacco. The
two lieutenants were fatally wounded in the attack upon Ticonderoga,
July 8th. Of the death of Lieut. Bumham, the Bumhara genealogy says :
"Tradition has it that before leaving for the war, he took his sword on his
hand to try the metal, and it broke. Turning to his wife, he said, 'I shall
never come back.' He went on, but retumed to pray once raore with
his faraily before taking his final leave."
In the Revolutionary War, Essex fumished in all, for various periods
of service in the array, raore than one hundred raen. Crowell's "History
of Essex" gives a list of one hundred and five naraes, and the record re
raarks in a note that "no doubt several more served whose names cannot
be obtained conectly at this date." Seven men whose names appear
among early families in Essex were at Bunker Hill: James Andrews,
Benjamin Burnhara, Francis Bumham, Nehemiah Choate, Aaron Perkins
and Jesse Story, Jr. The last-named was killed in the engagement there,
and Francis Bumham, a brother of Capt. Nathaniel Bumham, was
wounded. Two others were eraployed during the previous night to make
cartridges — Aaron Low and Samuel Proctor. Low was one of the seven
soldiers from Essex who were with the forces sent out to suppress the
Shay Rebellion.
In the array of General Gates, at the defeat of Burgoyne, were
twenty-eight soldiers frora Chebacco, of which five were detaUed to guard
his forces, after their surrender, while en route to Charlestown prior to
their erabarking for England. Major John Bumhara served throughout
the Revolution, was with Washington at Valley Forge in the winter of
1777 ; served under Lafayette and Gen. Greene ; was araong the first to
settle at Marietta, Ohio, and finally died in New Hampshire in 1843.
In the second war with the Mother Country in 1812, nineteen men
from the place enlisted. Abel Andrews was one of the sergeants. An
drew Bumham, a native of Essex, who died here in 1885, aged one hun
dred years and two months, was a soldier. Enoch Bumham and Ben
jamin Andrews were taken prisoners in the Bay of Biscay while on the
privateer "Essex", and were in prison two years in England.
Of course it might go without saying that a town that had fumished
such splendid array of mUitary talent during previous wars would not be
found wanting when Lincoln called for his first 75,000 men. During the
four-year struggle from 1861-65, Essex furnished 182 men, of which

MILITARY HISTORY 765
number 144 were her own citizens. Of these, three served in the navy ;
twenty-three never retumed home, three having been shot dead in bat
tle, and five died of wounds ; one was accidentally drowned ; fifteen died
of disease ; and two perished in Southem prison pens ; twenty-two were
wounded in battle. These men were on thirty-seven battle fields of the
CivU War, including the greatest. Six Essex men were taken prisoners —
George W. Bumham, John B. Bumham, Lewis Bumham, Albert A.
Has(*iell, James B. Kimball, and Rufus E. Mears. Mark Francis Bum
ham was in fifteen engagements and had four horses shot under him.
Two horses were shot under him at the battle of Winchester, under that
gallant leader. Gen. Phil. Sheridan. The commissioned officers from
Essex were : Colonels — Jonathan Bumham, John Choate, Jonathan Cogs
well ; Majors — John Burnham, Thomas Bumham, Caleb Low ; Captains —
Charles Howes, David Low, Francis Perkins, William Story; Ensign —
Samuel Knowlton; Lieutenants — Cyrus Andrews, Nathan Bumham,
Samual Bumham, Thomas Choate, Jr., John Cleaveland, Jr., Stephen
Low. In all the wars to the end of the Civil War, this town had fumished
340 soldiers. In the Spanish-American War in 1898-1890, Essex filled
her quota without any trouble. In the World War, three laid down then-
lives for the cause of world-peace : George F. Lendall, Stephen H. Meuse
and Laurence E. Perkins. Essex did its full share in the various depart
ments of war work at home, and "went over the top" in its government
bond purchases in several drives.
Danvers in Various Wars — Not long after the incorporation of
original Danvers began the storm of discontent throughout all the
colonies. These years sifted out the hearts of men with crucial test.
What was styled the "writs of assistance" were issued in 1761 ; the odious
stamp act was pased in 1765, when Franklin wrote, "The sun of liberty
is set." American raerchants agreed to non-iraportation until its repeal.
New taxes and the act for the enforcing quartering troops by citizens in
1767 ; the refusal of Boston to furnish quarters ; three years of constant
irritation and a massacre in the streets of Boston, March, 1770 ; the "Tea
Party", December, 1773 ; the Boston Port BUl ; the first Continental Con
gress ; John Hancock's Provincial Congi-ess at Cambridge, and its raeas
ures for coraraittees of safety and minute-men, 1774; then Lexington,
war, independence, the United States of America.
Danvers'kept pace with all the events. How well its citizens grasped
the situation of the times and how forcibly and well they expressed them
selves it has been left on the records for any to read who will. They came
together after the passage of the stamp act; Thomas Porter was their
representative in the General Court.
It was between five and six o'clock on the moming of April 19, 1775,
that the engagement took place on Lexington Commons. The British
arrived at Concord, sorae six mUes beyond, about nine o'clock. By that

766 ESSEX COUNTY
time the alarm had reached Danvers, sixteen mUes away. It raet with
instant response. Two companies of rainute-raen and three companies of
militia, from 150 to 200 raen, hurried to the scene of action. Leaming of
the retreat from Concord, the object was to reach Cambridge soon
enough to cut off the British from effecting a retum. To this they went
on a ran, and in a few hours they were in the midst of action. Few well
men could be found in Danvers that day ; at New MUls not one.
The women who were left alone at New MUls gathered at the house
of Colonel Hutchinson to watch and wait together. A reliable account
says : "To their anxious vigU news of the fight came on the evening of
the 19th. Were the men safe? Most of them. Were any hurt? Some.
Were any  ? Yes, young bride of a few weeks, your husband, Jotham
Webb, was one of the first martyrs to Liberty. Six others, only one more
than twenty-five years old, lost their lives, out of the men who went out
frora Danvers. Henry Jacobs, Sarauel Cook, Ebenezer Goldwaite, George
Southwick, Benjarain Dalan, Jr., and Perley Putnam. Nathan Putnam
and Dennison Wallace were wounded ; Jos. Bell, missing."
On the evening of the 20th several men on horseback drove to the
house where the woraen waited, escorting a horse-cart which bore a
precious burden. On the kitchen fioor of that house, which is still stand
ing, the dead were unrolled from the bloody sheets, and the next morn
ing were taken away for burial. Danvers suffered more than any other
town after Lexington. The corner-stone of the raonuraent at the comer
of Main and Washington streets, Peabody, was erected in commeraoration
of the dead, April 20, 1835, the sixtieth anniversary of the fight. Gen.
Gideon Foster, who led the way to Lexington, took part in the exercises,
and a number of the survivors of the battle were present. Of the differ
ent companies in which soldiers of Danvers were members were these:
Hutchinson's, Page's and Flint's.
In 1814, during the second war with England, sixty raen, mostly too
old to be of regular mUitary age, banded together and formed themselves
into a company in defense of the Stars and Stripes. The officers were
Sarauel Page, captain; Thoraas Putnara, lieutenant; Caleb Oakes, ser
geant; John Endicott, sergeant; John Page, clerk; Richard Scidmore,
drammer; Stephen Whipple, fifer; Ephraim Sraith, fugleraan.
It appears that the citizens of Danvers anticipated trouble with the
South after President Lincoln's election, and had called a town meeting a
week before Fort Surater was fired upon. This meeting was called to see
about raising a company of mUitia, as well as money, in case of war.
Arthur A. Putnam presided. The matter of being first to enlist in this
proposed corapany was looked upon as an honor, and it was bome off by
Neheraiah P. Fuller, who stepped forward to volunteer, but it later ap
peared that one Ruel B. Pray had signified that he was to enlist first, and
really had put down his narae ahead of Fuller. This corapany was called
the Danvers Light Infantry. The officers elected were as follows : Capt.

MILITARY HISTORY 767
Nehemiah P. Fuller; First Lieut., WUliam W. Smith; Second Lieut., Ruel
B. Pray ; Thu-d Lieut., WiUiam W. Gould ; Fourth Lieut., D. W. Hyde. A
few days later another company was recraited in Danvers ; Capt. Arthur
A. Putnam was elected to command.
In about two months the first company, Danvers Light Infantry,
was transferred to the 17th Infantry. The Putnam Guards were trans
ferred to the 14th Infantry. The first mUitary funeral of the war in
Danvers was that of Thomas A. Musgrave, of Capt. Fuller's company,
who died August 9, 1861, at Camp Lynnfield. The entire regunent
marched to the Universalist church.
Danvers fumished, in aU, 792 men for the CivU War, a surplus of
thirty-six over and above all demands. There were forty-four commis
sioned officers. The total amount of money raised on account of the war,
exclusive of State aid, was $36,596.
When the Spanish- American War came on, Essex county, through its
National Guard and otherwise, fumished her full quota of men, as is
shown by the records of the various towns.
During the recent World War, the people of Danvers were fully up
to the standard in which they were found in all previous wars. From
first to last, the people gave of their means in way of govemment bond
sales. Red Cross work, and in enlistments of men even to above her de
manded quota. Some enlisted away from home, and hence were not cred
ited to Danvers. Of the scores of brave boys who went forth into this
conflict, the following have been inscribed on the "roll of honor" or
memorial of the town : Ludwig Carmichael, Arthur F. Drapeau, Hadley
M. McPhetres, Harry E. Little, Raymond F. Knowlton, Ernest A. St.
HUaire, Merritt H. Bames, Frank A. Small, Ralph W. Lane, Marcus A.
Jordan, Dexter E. Woodmen, Herbert W. Staples, Robert Nangle. These
perished that Democracy might become world-wide.
Salem's Military History — Salera's fame rests not only upon her mUi
tary record, for she has had forts and artillery and tramping armies, but
also on account of her peaceful state all down through the almost three
centuries of history. When other sections of the country, to which she
has been allied, have been in war and needed her help, no city or town has
been more ready and willing to assist than Salem. As was written by a
local observer many years ago : "In every Indian skirmish, and on every
smoke-wreathed field' known in our history, from the taking of 'Sassacus
his fort' to Bunker HUl and Gettysburg, or firing their guns on the ocean
in all latitudes, have stood men of Salem, patriotic, brave and enduring.
Their blood has wet the sod from the Chapparal of Mexico to the shores
of the great lakes, and their shattered bones lie fathoms deep in every
sea." It was really in Salem where the Revolution began, when the Gen
eral Court, the same year, formed itself into a Provincial Congress, and
later, adjourning to Concord, appointed officers independent of the crown

768 ESSEX COUNTY
and proceeded to procure arms and ammunition. Here also, says one his
torian, occurred "the first actual collision with the British troops, which
though without bloodshed, resulted in their retirement without the
accomplishment of their purpose."
One year before the "Lexington Alarm," Salera had been raaking
ready for ariy emergency that might come. After Lexington, no com
promise seemed possible. Men everywhere arranged to enter an army
to fight to the bitter end. A lady wrote from Salem in June, 1775 : "The
men are listing very fast; 3 or 400 are gone from here." A few men
were present at Bunker Hill, but most of the company did not arrive soon
enough. Lieutenant Benjarain West, a gallant young officer from Salem,
was kUled at Bunker HUl, about the breastworks.
The naval part in which Salem engaged throughout this war was of
much importance, and kept the English navy busy watching the move
ments. At last peace came to the Colonists, and all was tranquil until
1812, when war was declared against England the second tune by this
country. For three years forty vessels, practically all men-of-war-ships,
cruised from Salera, heavily armed, and manned by skUful seamen ; this
does not include over one hundred letter-of -marque trading vessels, which
also took a hand in fighting as well as in trading.
As was the case in all previous times, Salem had her part in the
Civil War, waged between the North and South from 1861 to 1865.
This is not the proper place in which to discuss the causes of that four-
year conflict; sufficient to say, slavery was back of it, and the right of
one State in the Union to secede from the others had to be tested on
many a hard fought battle field. Salem shared with other New Eng
land towns in her anger at the South for firing on the Union's own fort,
with the Union's own guns and powder. Five days after Sumter was
fired upon, a meeting was called in Salem, at Mechanics Hall, at which
Mayor S. P. Webb presided. It was there determined to stand by the
Union, corae what raight. Several thousand dollars were subscribed on
the spot for immediate use in organizing and for carrying out anything
the govemment at Washington might deem wise. The following day the
Salem corapany of Light Infantry, under Capt. Arthur Devereux, number
ing sixty-two muskets, left Salem for Boston, where it was raade a part
of the Eighth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers. Within five days,
two hundred men left Salem for Washington at the call of President Lin
coln. But Salera saw ahead and believed more raen should be sent to other
parts of the Southland, and hence went about recruiting companies of
soldiers. It was not hard to get enlistments "for three years or the
war," and at an Irish patriotic raeeting, forty men enlisted on the spot.
The Salem City Council appropriated $15,000 at its first meeting after
Sumter fell. The years of war went steadUy on, men were wanted and
men were had ; money was needed and raoney was forthcoming — anything

MILITARY HISTORY 769
to save the flag and the Union. When the final report was raade, in
round numbers, it was discovered that Salem had sent forth 2,760 pri
vates and 340 commissioned officers, making a total of 3,100 men. Of the
great number of "killed, wounded and missing," from out the more than
three thousand soldiers from Salem, let the years of eternity disclose the
facts. The next war in which Salem was called upon to make her offering
and sacrifice was that of the War with Spain in 1898-99, when Cuba
gained her freedom from the Spanish yoke of four hundred years' burden.
As most of the men demanded in that war were from organized militia or
National Guard companies, the local work of mustering and recruiting
in Salem was easier accomplished than in previous wars. No authority
in way of corrected military reports as to men serving and of the death
lists having been provided by the State of Massachusetts, further mention
of the service in the Spanish-American War cannot here be given.
Of the recent World War, govemment reports have not yet been
compiled, and the local authorities failed to retain a copy of the enroll
ments, war activities, etc. for Salem, only little can therefore be said in
interesting detail about the part Salem took in the straggle.
The following war activities in Salem, as shown by their different
department records, had officers as follows : Food Administration — James
C. Poor, Essex County Director; Arthur H. Phippen, Salem Food Direc
tor. Fuel Board — Alvah P. Thompson, chairman, Salem Chamber of
Commerce. Legal Advisory Board — Robert W. Hill, chairman. Masonic
Temple; Charles A. Salisbury, Probate officer, Superior Court; WUliam
H. Hart, District Court. Liberty Loan Coraraittee — Henry M. Bachelder,
chairraan. City Hall; Edraund G. Sullivan, secretary, Charaber of Cora
merce. Public Safety Comraittee — Arthur H. Phippen, chairraan. City
Hall. Public Service — George W. Pitraan, chairman, Salem Charaber of
Commerce. American Red Cross — Rev. Edward D. Johnson, chairman,
Salem Chapter; Annie L. Warner, executive secretary, Salem Chapter,
Masonic Temple. War Chest — George W. Hooper, president; D. A.
Donahue, treasurer ; A. B. Towers, clerk, Salem Five Cents Savings Bank
Building. It may be said that in each and every call for men and dollars, Salem
went to the standard set, and in most cases "over the top", as did many
of her brave sons over the seas, when seeking to silence the power of
the great foe before them.
Military History of Lynn. — Every good law-abiding citizen is inter-
estedd in the history of the military raoveraents in which his people have
been connected. In the nearly three centuries since white raen first
looked upon the fair and valuable domain known as Essex county, Mas
sachusetts, and the town of Lynn, so historic in its day and generation,
there has been need of many trained soldiers, and they have always been
forthcoming. That sacrifices have been made to carry forward what has
Essex — 49

770 ESSEX COUNTY
been deemed just wars, goes without saying. The first wars were occa
sioned by the savage Indian tribes, and later the white race fought be
tween themselves. White raen here in New England first taught the
untutored savage the art of using a gun, and such an act was about the
worst thing they could have offered the red-skin. MUitary skUl was
naturaUy in high repute araong the early fathers in New England.
Plymouth had her MUes Standish and Lynn had John Humphrey, the
first major-general of the colony, who settled in Lynn in 1634. From
that time to this, raany are the military characters of which this sketch
is all too short to narrate.
It was early in 1630 that a military company was organized here
under Captain Richard Wright, with Daniel Howe as lieutenant, and
Richard Walker as ensign. This company was provided with two
iron cannon. At the breaking out of the Pequot war, in 1636, Captain
Nathaniel Tumer of Lynn commanded one of the companies detailed for
service in that war. Among the Lynn soldiers in the Pequot war was
Christopher Lindsey, who kept the cattle of Mr. Dexter, at Nahant. He
was a laboring man, and in his honor the elevation! of land there was
called Lindsey's HUl. It was in 1638 that the Ancient and Honorable
ArtUlery was organized in Lynn. Among the first members were WUl
iam Ballard, Joseph Hewes, Daniel Howe, Edward Tomlins, Nathaniel
Tumer and Richard Walker.
The last great struggle of the red man commenced in 1675, in what
is termed the King PhUip War, in which Lynn was not especially inter
ested, only as it being of general interest to New England. Thomas
Marshall was then captain of the Lynn company, and had been a resident
here forty years. He kept the tavem near Saugus river many years.
Lynn did her full share in that meraorable war. Much space cannot be
given here for details in these early wars in which Essex county took
part. The towns have araple records, where one interested can obtain
the salient facts conceming the Indian wars and the French and Indian
as well as the Revolutionary straggle. However, a few facts should
here be narrated.
Several Lynn men were present at the battle of Lexington, April 19,
1775, the opening battle of that long straggle. Four of these men were
killed — ^Abedenego Ramsdell, William Flint, Thomas Hadley and Daniel
Townsend. April 23, that year, a committee of safety was formed in
Lynn. At first it consisted of Rev. John Treadwell, minister of the
First Parish, Rev. Joseph Roby, minister of the Thurd Parish, and Deacon
Daniel Mansfield. An alarm company was organized and three night
watches were established. Colonel John Mansfield's regunent marched
to Bunker HUl, but arrived too late to render assistance. Lynn fur
nished in that war for independence two colonels, three captains, five
lieutenants, five sergeants, six corporals, and about one hundred and sixty
privates. Lynn was poor at that date, and business prostrate, yet she

MILITARY HISTORY 771
voted in 1770 to each company of soldiers fumished for the expedition
into Canada, fifteen pounds sterling to each man. In 1780 she voted as
much money as would purchase 2,700 sUver dollars to pay off the soldiers.
The War of 1812 was necessarily a naval combat, but it occasioned
much distress and business depression. The gallant contest between
the English frigate "Shannon" and the American frigate "Chesapeake,"
June I, 1813, was witnessed by crowds of the people of Lynn, who not
only climbed the hills, but also clung to the housetops. At about that
time there were three well-uniformed and equipped companies in Lynn —
Lynn ArtUlery, organized in 1808 ; the Light Infantry, organized in 1812 ;
and the Rifle Company, organized in later years. The gallant Lieutenant
Mudge, of Lynn, lost his life in the Seminole, or Florida War, about 1835.
The Mexican War, which commenced in 1846, continuing two years, asked
for men from Lynn, and she fumished twenty volunteers.
The CivU War, or the Rebellion of the Southem States, opening with
the firing on Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, and lasting more than four
years, called from Lynn and all Essex county a large number of men,
many of whom sacrificed life on the altar of the countiy. In five hours
after President Lincoln called for 75,000 men, Lynn had two full com
panies ready for duty. Early the day following they left for the seat of
war. These two corapanies formed a part of the Eighth Massachusetts
Regiment of Infantry, and were styled Company D and Company F. The
former, the Lynn Light Infantry, was comraanded by Captain George T.
Newhall and the latter by Captain Jaraes Hudson, Jr. The regimental
officers belonging to Lynn were : Timothy Munroe, colonel ; Edward W.
Hinks, lieutenant-colonel ; Ephraim A. Ingalls, quartermaster ; Roland G.
Usher, paymaster ; Bowraan B. Breed, surgeon ; Warren Tapley, assistant
surgeon; Horace E. Munroe, quarterraaster-sergeant. In all that dread
ful straggle, Lynn fumished 3,274 raen, 230 raore than her quota. The
principal victories were celebrated by the ringing of bells, by bonfires
and other demonstrations. Many who were the "loyal blue" lost their
lives — some on battlefields, some starved in prison-pens, beneath a South
em sky, while others died of disease. The Lynn ceraeteries hold raany
of the forras of Union, soldiers, whUe a greater share were buried in the
far-off Southland. In 1873 a beautiful raonuraent was erected in City
Hall Square. It is a solid bronze allegorical cast made at Munich, Bava
ria, and its cost was over $30,000.
Coming down to the Spanish-American War in 1898-9, it raay be
said that Lynn fumished more than nine hundred men, and almost one
hundred are now buried in the city cemeteries. The veterans of that
war keep up an organization, similar to the old Grand Array of the Re
public. When war was declared by Congress and President Wilson in April,
1917, Lynn, with all other parts of Essex county, commenced to do its
full share in sending to the scene of action men as fast as transports could
carry them over seas.

772

ESSEX COUNTY

The various Liberty Loan campaigns or "drives" resulted as follows:
Fu:st, no quota, $3,348,450 subscribed; Second, quota, $4,730,000,
$4,691,700 subscribed; Thu-d, quota, $2,917,500 ; $3,391,550 subscribed ;
Fourth, quota $4,545,000, $4,577,550 subscribed. Among the committees
for these "drives" the foUowing served for the "fighting" or Fourth Lib
erty Loan drive : Charles A. Collins, chah-man ; Charles F. Sprague, vice-
chairman ; Mrs. John H. Hollis, chau-man of the women's committee, "and
100,000 more."
The War Chest work was great, and resulted in much good. The
following organizations made up the "Chest": Young Men's Christian
Association, Red Cross Society, Knights of Columbus, and Salvation
Army. The War Chest Committee was as follows: Mr. Edward S.
Underwood, Charles A. Collins, C. Fred Smith, Dr. F. W. Perkins, Rev.
John Sheridan, Mrs. John H. Hollis, Mrs. Daniel C. Goss, Mrs. Charles
A. Collins, Mrs. John Adams, George R. Beardsell, Adolph Ackerman,
Charles S. Sanbom and Harrison P. Burrill. The exact amount of money
raised by this budget is not yet audited, but the author personally knows
that it rans into tens of thousands of dollars, and all was placed where it
would supposedly do the most good. The work carried on in the public
schools was also a wonderful accomplishment. Prof. Haseltine, in his
chapter on "Public Schools of Ljmn" in this work, makes special and im
pressive mention of this feature on the part of children and teachers.
In front of the City Hall stands a large granite rock, in which is
securely imbedded a heavy bronze tablet bearing in plain raised letters
the inscription of the names of those who sacrificed life for their loyalty
to the flags of the aUied forces in the recent war. The heading of the
inscription reads thus :
"Soldiers, Sailors and Marines Who Died for Their Country in the
War Against Germany, Austria and Hungary."
Their names follow:

Anderson, Emest C.
Anderson, Theodore
Andrews, Cecil E.
Austin, J. Frank
Baker, Francis P.
Balcom, Horace V.
Bangs, Edward Wilson
Baston, Edgar H.
Bazinski, Joseph
Beaupre, Joseph D.
Berube, Thomas H.
Bird, Everett E.
Boissonneau, A. A.
Borginski, Joseph
Buchanan, Mathew L.
Burdette, Ealph M.
Burke, Frank L.
Burrill, George F.
Burrus, Frank K.
Buttimer, George A.
Caldwell, Calvin A.
Call, James C.

Carter, Eichard C.
Chamberlain, Joseph W.
Chase, David
Chase, Edward F.
Chesley, Louis Albert
Ciampa, Fasquale
Clark, Fred A.
Collier, Raymond
Conneroy, WUliam H.
Cosgrove, James J.
Crozman, James Elmer
Currier, Rowland L.
Curtis, Fred L., Jr.
Deicman, Thomas J.
DoUey, John H.
Doolan, Patrick
Draper, John
Dunn, Frank J.
Ethridge, Geo. F.
Faretti, Carlo F.
Farrell, John J.
Peatherstone, Charles D.

Feeney, George Francis
Fiske, CroweU G.
Fitzgerald, James
Fleet, Chester A.
Flemiken, John
Ford, Frank
Fowler, George
Freeman, Frank F.
Frey, Rollin W.
Furlong, Francis J.
Gagnon, Rene J.
Gardner, Clyde H.
Gormeley, Owen J.
Goss, Roy E.
Griswold, Merwin L.
Grover, William A.
HaH, Archie C.
Hannify, Francis M.
Hanrahan, Daniel J.
Harris, Harold H.
Hobbs, Joseph Henry
Hudson, Charles A.

WORKING FOR WORLD WAR SOLDIERS, LYNN

MILITARY HISTORY

773

Hurd, Arthur B.
Hurley, John H.
Jordan, Albert F.
Kavanaugh, Eugene M.
Kehoe, Thomas, Jr.
Kelley, William E.
Kennedy, Arthur J.
Kiley, WUliam E.
Kimpton, Arlo
Kinane, James R.
King, Philip E.
Kourtis, Peter
Lane, George A.
L&ngdell, George W.
Lathe, Harold W.
Law, Harold A.
Leach, H. W.
Leslie, Frank
Lilegren, Karl A.
Lindsey, Andrew B.
Lindsey, Stanley H.
Lundburg, Elmer H.
Maag, E. P. C.
Mace, Lawrence R.
Madden, Robert L.
Magrane, Francis J.
Malady, John J.
Mallinson, H. L.
Marks, E. Milton
Morrison, L. J.
McCarthy, Charles J.

McCartin, Patrick J.
McDonough, Thomas L.
McGloin, Edgar J.
McGlue, John R.
McGovern, James P.
McGrath, Joseph F.
Mclsaac, Richard R.
McLean, George L.
Minard, Asa Raymond, Jr.
Mitchell, Lester
Mooney, George T.
Morisette, CyrU P.
Morrelli, P.
Morrisey, Charles A.
Munroe, George
Murphy, Frank
Murphy, Frank Joseph
Nelson, Leroy E.
Noonaii, Thomas E.
Oreghva, Joseph
Parker, Albert
Parker, Wilfred
Paylor, George F.
Peckley, Joseph G.
PhUips, Ralph
Pickman, Ed J.
Preston, Harold C.
Purdon, Frederick W.
Puzzo, Charles
Quinn, John T.
Reen, John J.

Rice, Melvin F.
Richard, Marcel E.
Robinson, Aubrey E.
Ryans, Robert M.
Sacron, Benjamin
Saubders, Clayton F.
Saunders, Jeffrey H.
Sawage, Carroll
Sewell, Loren W.
Shaw, Ed W.
Shea, Earl W.
Shelton, Harold
Smith, Samuel
Southworth, R. O.
Stephens, William J.
Stevens, Raymond
Stewart, Guy D.
Taylor, Stephen H.
Thomas, George E.
Thorpe, John Reynolds
Timmons, Basil D.
Tulloch, John S.
Walsh, Francis A.
Walsh, WUliam H.
Watson, Edward O.
White, WUliam L.
Wilkins, Lloyd E.
Wood, Benjamin Clifford
Worth, Charles E.
Young, Walter H.

In the recent World War, Lynnfield proved herself equal to the task
of responding to the numerous calls for both men and money. The
various "drives" were met with the same promptness as in the other
towns of Essex county, and the final result of the war was gratifying to
all within her borders. The sad part was the loss by death of three of
her brave sons, who fell in the strife — Willard James Freeman, Benja
min Lincoln Mitchell and John Farrington Lammers.
Gloucester's Military Record. — The first call for service by a mili
tary company in Gloucester was in 1675, during the Indian War. These
eight men were the first called: Andrew Sargent, Joseph Clark, Joseph
Somes, Joseph Allen, Jacob Davis, Vincent Davis, Thomas Kent and
Hugh How. When the retum was made, they all signed before the
words: "due want warm clothing, and must have new coates." Thir
teen others served from Gloucester in the first Indian war. These
twenty-one persons represented about one-third of the male citizens of
the town capable of bearing arras. In 1676, when the Indians were
committing depredations at Andover and other near-by places, Glouces
ter was put in a state of defence ; a committee of General Court reported
"Cape Ann has made two garrisons, besides several particular fortifica
tions." The next call for service was when came the expedition against Louis
burg, the well-fortified French town, at Cape Breton, in 1745. Trans
ports from Gloucester, under Captain Thomas Sanders and Captain
Charles Byles, with a company of forty-five soldiers from Gloucester,
took part in this important expedition.

774 ESSEX COUNTY
When the French and Indian War came on, in 1755, Gloucester had
a large interest at stake, as its Grand Bank fishery, now being of much
importance, had been greatly interfered with by the French. The suc
cess of the English was therefore necessaiy to the best interests of
Gloucester. One whole company was fumished from Gloucester, and
several soldiers in other companies, in the first year of the war. After
the war just named, the country was at peace for a nuraber of years,
but upon the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765, there soon were heard
the mutterings of a storm, the climax of which was the Revolutionary
struggle and final independence of the Colonies. Early in 1775, active
military preparations commenced ; small arms were bought, musket balls
procured and cartridges made, all by the direction of the town; a com
pany of minute-men was organized, commanded by Nathaniel Wamer.
While all this was going on, came news of the fight at Lexingfton. An
express was sent to Carabridge to procure arras. A committee of safety
of thirty-one men was formed and enlistments were vigorously pushed
forward. It is not known just the number of men from Gloucester,
but it is certain that there were four corapanies, wholly Gloucester men,
and thirty enlisted here from Ipswich. One account says: Gloucester
had in the first campaign over three hundred soldiers. Two Gloucester
companies were present at the battle of Bunker Hill. Two gallant men
were lost that day — Daniel Callahan and Benjamin Smith. The other
Gloucester company was commanded by Captain John Rowe. It left
Gloucester June 12th, en route to Cambridge, via Wenham. They soon
met a large company of raen from the Cambridge array, and, uniting
forces, all marched to Bunker Hill, where quietly they began throwing
up breastworks. In the ensuing engagement Francis Pool, Josiah
Brooks and William Parsons were killed and raany others wounded.
Mr. Babson (historian) says that "all but six were fisherraen and saU
ors. Thirty-five were natives of Gloucester. Seventeen were under
twenty-one years of age, five only over thirty, and none over forty. The
youngest was William Low, only fourteen years old. John Row, Jr.,
was only sixteen years of age."
Many ships went forth as privateers and captured several valuable
prizes in the War of 1812. In fact, the greater strength of war activi
ties from Gloucester in that war was that concerning marine or ocean
operations. The mails of the moming of April 15, 1861, brought full particu
lars of the firing on Fort Surater in Charleston harbor. South Carolina,
the opening of the CivU War. That evening Company G, of the Eighth
Regunent of Infantry, was recruited and left Gloucester on the moming
of the 16th. This was soon followed by Company K, of the Twelfth
Regiraent. Mass-raeetings were held, and in a few days Corapany C
was recraited and raade a part of the Twenty-third Regiment. Com
pany D, of the Thu-ty-second, and Company K, of the Thirtieth Regi-

MILITARY HISTORY

775

ment, gave a respectable lot of soldiers from Gloucester. In December,
1864, a company of Coast Defense was raised at Gloucester and sta
tioned at Marblehead port till the end of the war. The men credited
to Gloucester during the four-year CivU War were as follows: Three
months' men, 67 ; one hundred days' men, 72 ; for six raonths, 3 ; for nine
months, 106 ; for three years, 649 ; for one year, 129. Total for army,
1,026 ; in the navy, 478 ; total array and navy, 1,504.
Passing over the war period of the Spanish-American War, 1898-99,
in which the National Guard of Essex county made the chief bodies sent
out, the reader is invited to note the particulars of the recent World War:
Trae to its record in all previous wars in which the country has been
engaged, Gloucester did its part in the great World War, furnishing
over 1,650 men, of whom over 500 were in the naval service, in response
to the cry of the Allies for help in their great straggle against Germany,
fifty-seven of whom, including one woraan, laid down their lives that
Liberty and Freedora raight be preserved throughout all the earth. As
a meraorial to the services of these raen, the Old Town Hall, erected in
1845 and used as the public meeting place until the erection of a more
modem building in 1867, and later as a school house, was remodeled and
placed at the disposal of the survivors as a Memorial Building, while in
the square in front a tribute to the heroic dead was erected in the form
of an equestrian statue of Joan of Arc, a duplicate of the statue near
Riverside Drive, New York, the work of Miss Anna Vaughn Hyatt, of
Cambridge, a sumraer resident of Annisquara.
The statute stands on a pedestal of Cape Ann granite, of attractive
design, the work of Frederick G. Hall, of Boston, a summer resident of
East Gloucester. On one end of the pedestal is the motto, "For Their
Country, 1917-1918," surrounded by a wreath, with a representation of
the city seal on the other end, while on the sides are bronze tablets con
taining the names of fifty-six men and one woman who made the su
preme sacrifice while in the service, above the names being the motto,
"Aeternum Vale," and beneath, "Sons of Gloucester Who Gave Their
Lives in the World War." The names upon the tablets are as follows :

LendaU H. Abbott
Frank B. Amaral
Harvey R. Anderson
WUliam E. BlaisdeU
Rodney D. Brown
Samuel H. Byers
Roland L. Cole
Lester E. Collins
Philip Cunningham
Arthur E. Diamine
Patrick E. Degnan
Kilby S. Dennison
Leon H. Donahue
Thomas R. Doucette
Thomas H. G. Douglass
Wilfred J. Duchane
Manuel H. Enos
O. Proctor Friend
Daniel C. Gale

John E. Gosson
Roland B. Griffin
Edward E. Hamilton
PhiUips HaskeU
Edward W. Howe
Franklin S. IngersoH
Alfred A. Jedry
Mrs. Winifred Call Jeffery
Aino E. Johnson
James E. Keating
Charles B. Knutson
Milton E. Lane
Eric Lingard
Raymond W. Lowe
Joseph S. Mattos, Jr.
James E. McDonald
J. Russell McKenney
Donald C. McKinnon
Joachim Murray

Edward D. Newell
Harold E. Oakes
A. Maxwell Parsons
Lawrence C. Peabody
Frank R. Perry
Arthur M. Pinkham
Albert T. Plourde
Herman S. Robinson
Thomas L. Saxild
Carl L. Seaburg
Carlton J. Smith
George H. Stenstream
Waldo L. Stream
James J. Torretta
Nestor T. Walen
Lester S. Wass
Martin L. Welch, Jr.
George H. Whiting
Lawson A. WUe

776 ESSEX COUNTY
Newburyport. — A committee of safety was appointed at Newbury
port just before the battle of Lexington, and the seizure of public stores
at Concord by the British troops was the final signal for action. On the
receipt of the news, Captain Moses Nowell at once mustered his corapany
of railitia and started at eleven o'clock for the scene of action. In May,
1775, a -volunteer corapany was formed in the town and raarched away
to unite with Colonel Moses Little's regiraent. Still a third company
was recruited, but had within its nurabers raany from outside towns.
Finally, these all joined the Continental army, and with Capt. Lunt were
at the battle of Bunker Hill. During seven years of the Revolutionary
War, Newburyport fumished 717 enlistments, including those who came
frora outside towns and enrolled there. From the date of the Lexing
ton alarm to the end of the conflict, Newburyport had appropriated the
sum of £500,000 sterling, nearly all having been spent for war expenses.
Men frora this town were found on the ocean wherever the new flag,
"Old Glory" as now styled, was seen floating to the breeze. Wherever
a gun was flred by Newburyport men, it was in defence of true liberty.
When the War of 1812 came on, there were raany men in Newbury
port who understood something of what a war meant to any country.
This had corae to be a very large shipping and boat-building port, and
when the British began seizing our boats it hurt the business interests
here to a great extent. The hundreds of craft here built and owned
were at the sport of the British navy. When war was declared, New
buryport had about 8,000 population; its tonnage was 24,000 tons; its
duty on imports v,ras $47,000. Here, as all over New England, this was
not a popular v^ar. Votes were passed refusing to pay bounties for en
listments should men be called for. The seizure of our boats greatly
tended to enthuse the people, however, and finally they were fast for
war. Before the close of 1812, they had a busy fleet of privateers on
the seas. The "Manhattan" was the first privateer to sail out from the
town. All in all, Newburyport did at last stand united with other States
in repelling the British scheme of ruining our sea trade and undermining
our coraraerce. Again in 1861, when the Southem States rebelled and the safety of
the Union of States was threatened, Newburyport took a bold stand, and
her sons went forth at the first call of President Lincoln. The Sth Regi
ment was an Essex county regiment, and the Cushing Guards, under
Capt. Albert W. Bartlett, was known as Company A. The next com
pany to leave was the McClellan Guard, under Capt. Luther Dame; it
left Massachusetts on June 27, 1861, and was assigned to the 11th Remi-
raent, and its record was replete with thrilling conduct in all the great
battles of the war. The next corapany v;as that known as Company B,
of the 35th Regiment, under Capt. Albert W. Bartlett. It is easier to
say thaf it was in all the great engagements than it is to try to enumer
ate the many battles. Company A of the 48th Regiment was raade up

MILITARY HISTORY 777
at Newburyport, under C. M. Woodward. The total number of en
listments credited to Newburyport was 1,343. Besides these in the
army, there were 242 volunteers in the navy, making 1,585 in all. The
ladies of the town were ever alert, and the amount of needful articles
were forthcoming whenever a call was made for them. The Horae
Soldiers' Relief Association raised and disbursed $13,000 in cash during
three years, to which was added boxes of articles for the health and
corafort of the raen in the field. The raoney and articles fumished
was in excess of $31,000. When the war had ended the ladies had a
balance of $1,500, which was distributed araong the various churches of
the town. In the Spanish-American War of 1898-99, when Cuba was set free,
as one of the results of the sinking of the "Maine," Newburyport re
sponded with men and money to further a war which, happily, was of
short duration, it being largely an ocean warfare.
The late World War, in which the allied forces, including the United
States, had for their enemy Gerraany, Austria and Hungary, coraraanded
the attention of all loyal spirits on American soil. Newburyport was
fully up to the standard in what she did, and what she furnished in men
and in means in support of the cause of true democracy, world-wide.
The govemment reports are not yet published, so that a roster of men
sent to this conflict cannot now be given. In front of the City Hall in
Newburyport has been erected a wooden tablet (preparatory to raore
permanent memorials) to the men who sacrificed life in the war. This
tablet shows the names of the foiiowing: James H. Aurelius, Rayraond
T. Balch, Edwin E. Boston, Eben Bradbury, Jr., Harry M. Burke, Fred
A. Clark, Joseph S. Chaisson, George Dow, Cornelius J. Doyle, Fred C.
Duelvitz, Jaraes G. Gallagher, Francis M. Fowler, Daniel H. Lucy, Ar
thur Morin, Cornelius F. Moynihan, Joseph A. Pelkey, Ed. H. Perry,
Wicenitzy Pieterneck, Harry L. Pray, John W. Ryan, Arthur H. Wright,
Harold Gove, Fred Horsch, Daniel P. Horgan, John T. Hallisey.
Haverhill. — From various records and historical writings, including a
recent article frora the pen of Major Ralph D. Hood, the following has
been gleaned as to the part taken by loyal citizens of HaverhUl in all of
the conflicts since the Indian wars and the Revolution, as well as in the
late World War.
As early as 1631, a railitary corapany was authorized, and in all
probability Ensign Noyes, the first surveyor, was an officer, although it
was not until 1662 that a record was made of the organization of a raili
tary company, with Captain William White and Lieutenant Daniel Ladd
as officers. In 1675 a fort was constracted around the meeting house,
and from that date till 1762 the Colony was almost continuously under
arms in defense of their horaes from the attack of the Indians and
French. AprU 30, 1697, the famed Hannah Dustin and two companions
killed and scalped ten Indians, thereby carving a place for herself in the

778 ESSEX COUNTY
world's history as the Araerican Amazon. In the Indian massacre of
August 29, 1708, the following officers were killed: Captains Samuel
Ayer and Simeon Wainwright, and Lieutenant John Johnson.
In the period before the Revolutionary War raany companies of
militia were formed. Araong those whose naraes have been perpetuated
are found those of General Israel Bartlett, the only general officer men
tioned in early history, and the following: Captains, Edmund Mooers,
Richard Saltonstall, David Johnson, John Hazen; and Ensign Moses
Hazen. These officers kept up the organization of the military com
panies of that early period. Before September 5, 1774, all of the Hav
erhill troops had been infantry, but on this date a company of artillery
was organized under Captain James Brickett, with Lieutenant Israel
Bartlett and Ensign Joshua B. Osgood as officers, probably in anticipa
tion of the Revolution.
April 19, 1775, Lieut.-Col. James Brickett, with Capts. Jaraes Saw
yer's and Ebenezer Colby's and Lieut. Samuel Clement's companies of
minute-men, a total of 105 officers and men, left Haverhill for Cambridge
in answer to the first call of the American Revolution; one company of
militia was left behind to protect the town and coraplete the spring work.
At the battle of Bunker (or Breed's) Hill, two companies were in action
and a number of men were wounded, among thera being Col. James
Brickett. A greater portion of these men, with raany horae recruits,
continued in the service throughout the war, araong whora were Capt.
WUliam Baker and Gen. Thomas Bartlett, the latter having been the
ranking officer from the town of HaverhUl.
In 1804 Capt. Huse was coraraanding the local company, and on
May 26, 1810, the Haverhill Light Infantry was organized, commanded
by Capt. Jesse Harding, with an armory in the Bannister block, on the
site of the Wachusett Club, at the comer of Bridge and Merrimack
street. The town boasted, in 1812, of three companies. September 10,
1814, Capt. Sarauel W. Duncan's company of the 5th Regiment, Second
Brigade, Second Division, M. V. M., with Lieut. Nathaniel Burrill and
Ensign Thomas Newcomb, marched to Charlestown for service in the
war against England. At the close of the war in 1815, the town held
a celebration in honor of their successful efforts to maintain their inde
pendence. The names of Majors Duncan, White and Harding appear
as the ranking officers of that occasion. The HaverhiU Light Infantry
was disbanded in 1841 and was succeeded by the Hale Guards, under
Capt. William Taggert.
No corapany was organized for the Mexican War in 1846-48, but
many Haverhill soldiers went with Col. Caleb Cushing's Massachusetts
regiment, and at least seven of these veterans are buried in HaverhUl
ceraeteries. No remarkable military events occurred between 1849 and 1861.
During a part of this time the Hale Guards were quartered in the Town

MILITARY HISTORY 779
Hall, and later were transferred to the Armory, at the comer of Merri
mack and Fleet streets, where they were when the call came to put down
the Rebellion. Under Capt. Carlos P. Messer, the Hale Guards, as Com
pany D, 5th Massachusetts Infantry, entrained for Washington and took
part in the Baltimore riot on their way. The following companies were
later recraited and did loyal service from 1861 to 1865: Company E,
17th Volunteers, Capt. Michael McNaraara; Corapany F, 17th Volun
teers, Capt. Luther Day; Conipany H, 22nd Volunteers, Capt. WUliam
F. Gibson; Company G, 50th Volunteers, Capt. George W. Edwards;
Company F, 50th Volunteers, Capt. Samuel Duncan; Company I, 60th
Volunteers, Capt. David Boynton.
Many detached units followed, all doing heroic service. Many
earned high rank and honor, among them Major-General Henry Jackson
How, whose brilliant life closed on a Southem battlefield. With a total
population of less than ten thousand persons, Haverhill furnished 73
officers and 1,003 men to preserve the Union, and of this number 186
gave up their lives in battle.
MUitary matters were at a standstill in HaverhUl after the end of
the Civil War, until July 1, 1869, when Company F, 6th M. V. M., was
transferred from Concord to Haverhill, and Capt. Edmund G. W. Cart-
wright, 1st Lieut. Henry T. Fitts and 2nd Lieut. WUliam H. Tumer were
elected officers on August 6, 1869, and camped at Boxford, August 24 to
29, 18B9. In 1873 the State purchased the State Camp Ground at Framing
ham, and the militia was equipped with the muzzle-loading Springfield
rifle. May 19, 1873, John N. Ellsworth was coraraissioned first lieu
tenant, and Frank A. Dow second lieutenant. April 13, 1874, John N.
Ellsworth was commissioned captain, Frank A. Dow first lieutenant, and
Charles H. Stanton second lieutenant. The latter was succeeded by
Marshall Alden, Septeraber, 1875, and later becarae first lieutenant,
Septeraber 17, 1877. It was in 1877 that this company was equipped
with Springfield breech-loading rifles, calibre 45. Septeraber 11, 1878,
Marshall Alden became captain, and in December, 1878, the company
was transferred frora the 6th to the 8th Regiraent. December, 1879,
George H. Hansom became captain. In 1883 the Armory was moved to
Fleet street. B. H. Jellison was commissioned captain in January, 1884.
In March, 1893, William C. Dow was commissioned captain, and in 1895
he was commissioned major in the 8th Regiraent, M. V. M.
At the call to the colors for service in the Spanish-Araerican War,
Company F became a unit in the 8th Massachusetts, May 10, 1898, and
on May 11, 1898, Capt. W. C. Dow and Lieut. David E. Jewell were com
missioned in the United States service at Framingham, Massachusetts.
The company went to Carap George H. Thomas at Chickamauga, Tennes
see, arriving May 19, 1898, then to Camp Hamilton at Lexington, Ken
tucky, and from there to Camp Gilman, Americus, Georgia, on Novem
ber 10, 1898.

780 ESSEX COUNTY
During the absence of Company F for Spanish-Araerican War ser
vice, a provisional company was formed and mustered into the State
service June 21, 1898. It was commanded by Lieut. Carlos E. Palraer,
being disbanded April 15, 1899, at the Arraory on Eraerson street, when
Corapany F returned, and was reorganized under Capt. W. C. Dow, with
Lieuts. David E. Jewell and David F. Whittier. Captain Williara C.
Dow was commissioned for the second tirae in the U. S. Volunteers, and
gave up his life while in the Philippine service.
In 1899 Capt. David E. Jewell was elected; June 7, 1904, Harry B.
Carapbell was coraraissioned captain. January 5, 1912, Company F
saw service for three weeks in the LaWrence strike. Captain Campbell
was made a fleld officer and Ralph D. Hood became captain. The next
captain of the corapany was Charles H. Morse, elected March 7, 1916.
On June 20, 1916, Company F was ordered out for service on the Mexi
can border, and during its absence, on August 2, 1916, John D. Hardy
was coraraissioned first lieutenant. Septeraber 23, 1916, George A.
Colleton becarae second lieutenant. After five months' service on the
border the company returned to Haverhill, November 11, 1916, and was
received with honors.
After the transfer of Capt. Charles H. Morse to the field artillery,
an election was held on May 1, 1917, and the following officers were com
missioned : "Capt. John D. Hardy, First Lieut. George A. Colleton, Second
Lieut. John B. Peaslee.
The World War brought to Haverhill a new arm of the military
service, the Second Battery, Massachusetts Field ArtUlery Regiment, its
predecessor having been organized here September 5, 1774.
Concerning the late World War, it raay be stated that at the tune
this war began HaverhUl had a population of about 49,450. It raised
$11,254,379.81 for war work, including four Liberty Loans, Red Cross
campaigns. United War Work drives and numerous tag days. There
were 4,342 raen in the United States service from this city, or about 8%
per cent, of the population, the average per cent, in all the States being
3.68. Of the total number frora HaverhiU in the United States service,
1,920 went over seas. The number of casualties was 208, of which 111
were reported killed or died from disease or accident whUe in the service ;
105 of this nuraber have been identified, and seven still reraain a question
as to whereabouts. The total of Greater Haverhill was 134 casualties.
When war was declared, Haverhill had about seventy-five men in
the regular army, but soon the sons of this city were seen in every
branch of the service. They fought in France, in North Italy, North
Russia, Siberia, Palestine, the Dardanelles and in Bavaria. It was rep
resented in raost of the cantonraents. Forty-five woraen heard the call
to the colors and entered the service as Red Cross nurses, ambulance
drivers, yeomen. Salvation Army workers, whUe one girl enlisted in the
signal corps as a telephone operator. The leading workers among them

MILITARY HISTORY 781
were Pauline Jordan, decorated by a foreign govemment for her work;
Major B. Pauline Boumeuf, with the telephone unit ua France; Miss
Stella Grant Warren, a yeoman in the naval reserve in Boston, who died
at home. The two brave Salvation Army gu-ls from HaverhUl were
Capt. Geneva Ladd and Lieut. Mary Walker. Miss Dorothea Davis and
Miss Ethel Gray enlisted in the reconstruction department of the United
States Medical Corps, and Miss Eraraa B. Mortiraer in Red Cross service,
received the rank of lieutenant.
WhUe Battery A left Haverhill with one hundred and ninety men,
many retumed wounded or otherwise disabled, so that only ninety of the
origmal number came back in the 26th Division. Of the one hundred
and sixty in Company F who left Lynnfield, only seven went into Com
pany F of the 104th at Pittsfield. The first raember of Battery A to die
was private Jeremiah Moynthan, aged twenty-three years; he died at
home, and his funeral was held at St. James' Church, with full military
honors, on May 23.
The greatest day in the lives of raany of the men from Haverhill
was June 5, 1917, when 5,403 lads between the ages of 21 and 31 regis
tered for the national army. Nine hundred claimed exemption on ac
count of being aliens. Private James F. Broderick was kUled by light
ning, aged twenty-four years, while at camp at Boxford, during a ter
rific thunderstorm.
The Red Cross from the beginning and up to 1919 contributed in
membership and in gifts nearly $200,000. In 1918 the membership was
22,000, or forty per cent, of the population. The women workers pro
duced and shipped surgical dressings, 41,120; hospital and refugee gar
ments, 17,031 ; knitted articles, 21,531. The Y. M. C. A. and Knights
of Columbus each did their full share of excellent giving of service and
means. In the Public Library at Haverhill may be seen a volurae sacred to
its soldiers, its first page stating: "A Rejcord of the Heroic Sons of Hav
erhUl Who in the World War of 1914-19 Fought and Gave the Suprerae
Gift of Life for the Honor of Their Countiy, Its Citizenship, Humanity
and Liberty." This beautifully typewritten record, bound in morocco
covering, was the compUation of Miss Bessie Sherboume, Boston, and it
wa^ dedicated to the library in a well-timed speech, full of patriotic feel
ing, by Hon. Albert L. Bartlett. This record of the deceased soldiery
of the city is carefully preserved in the fire-proof safe in the librarian's
office. The volume contains the photograph (in most cases) and name
alphabetically inserted. The deaths of these soldiers occurred some
time between 1914 and 1919, the list being as follows :
Pvt. Anton Andruszklwicz Pvt. Geo. E. Becker Pvt. Roy R. Castle
Sergt. Rodney C. Ramford Pvt. Roy Berry Vv'^agoner W. W. Chase
Pvt. Pasquale Barrasso Corp. Alex. Booth Pvt. Wm. M. Conneau
Pvt. John A. Bassani Corp. Michael Bucuzzo Corp. Jas. De Conley
Corp. Albert J. Beausoleil Lieut.-Com. F. J. Butterfield Corp. Daniel F. Cooper
Pvt. Peter P. Beauregard Pvt. Geo. B. Carney Corp. John F. Coughlin

782

ESSEX COUNTY

Corp. Jere. J. Cronnin

Pvt. John B. Kavanaugh

Fireman John J. Cummings Pvt. Robt. W. Lake

Pvt Harry S. Cunneen
Pvt. Adrain J. Desourdie
Lieut. Frank E. Doyle
Pvt. Emest A. Eaton
Pvt. Frank P. Eaton
Lieut. Patrick A. Finnegan
Pvt. Lester R. Fletcher
Pvt. Emest S. Fortier
Sergt. Ernest W. Foster
Pvt. Wm. Peabody Freke
Pvt. Henry J. Germin
Pvt. Winfred J. Gosselin
PVt. Pasquale GuUo
Lieut. Glenn G. HaU
Shipwriter P. H. Hamilton
Machinist Sylv. J. Healey
Seaman John L. Herbert
Sergt. H. P. Hicks
Sergt. HoUis V. Hooke
Pvt. Fred B. Horsch
Pvt. Geo. N. Jennings
Sergt. Albert B. Jerard
Pvt. Peter E. Kalouniris

Pvt. Amie Lamore
Corp. WUliam G. Laplante
Sergt. Albert Laville
Serg^t. Comelius Lawrence
Lieut. Robt. A. Lawton
Pvt, Arthur Lenesque
Pvt. Abraham Lipsky
Pvt. James LoConte
Seaman James Lord
Pvt. G. Lucci

Pvt. Arthur G. Pottie
Pvt. Herbert G. Raymond
Pvt. Abraham Riebstein
Pvt. Melvin F. Rice
Pvt. Daniel T. Ribg
Pvt. Le Roy G. Rivers
Pvt. MUon D. Rowe
Sergt. Geo. A. Roberts
Pvt. Arthur Roux
Corp. Leon A. Sadler
Corp. Hypo. Sartirpoulas
Pvt. Herbert T. Slattery

Seaman Frank B. Marinaro Lieut. R. G. Sprague

Pvt. C. H. Starvis
Pvt. Daniel J. Sullivan
Pvt. Leo E. SulUvan
Pvt. Jos. M. Sweetser
Sergt. Herbert A. Tobey
Pvt. Michael Usuriello
Pvt. Geo. Vordoukas
Pvt. Nathan M. Webster
Pvt. Hernbert G. Whitney
Seaman H. S. Wightman
Pvt. Stanley F. Wood.

Pvt. Geo. W. Merrill
Pvt. Luke F. Moran
Pvt. Jere. E. Moynihan
Pvt. Harry Musch
Corp. A. D. McLaughlin
Pvt. Philip McMurrer
Col.-Sergt. M. D. Noonan
Pvt. Thos. O'ConneU
Corp. Fred O. Donnell
Pvt. Alfred B. Perkins
Pvt. Frank E. Pickering
Sergt. Karl H. Pitcher
Nahant — In 1812 the schooner "Dolphin" was sold to John Phil
lips, of Swampscott, from fear of the English cruisers, which left the
settlement without a vessel. Soon after peace Was restored, Caleb John
son bought of Mr. Crowinshield the sloop "Jefferson" of Salem, which
had been used there as a privateer. In the War of 1812-14, English
ships frequently visited Nahant, opposite Bass Point, so near that the
men could be seen on the deck of the frigates. One skipper was cap
tured and brought alongside of the vessel, refusing to allow the captain
to take his fish without paying for them, which so araused the officers
that they paid hira for the fish, remarking, "Let the exacting Yankee
fisherman go, but if we catch you again, we will keep you, fish and all."
In Civil War times, 1861-65, Nahant was not by any raeans new in
military history, for several early settlers had taken part in the Indian
wars, while one of the naval officers frora Nahant had served in wai< and
his ancestors had fought in the French and Indian War. So when the
CivU War carae on, in the spring of 1861, Nahant had raany descend
ants of her early settlers ready to enter the service when the call was
raade by President Lincoln. A war meeting was held at Nahant, April
23, only a week after Fort Sumter had been fired upon, the people in at
tendance meeting in the vestry of the church. Patriotic speeches were
made and a Horae Guard was organized at once. Luther Dame was
elected captain of a company, to which nearly every ablebodied man in
town subscribed his name as a member. Arms were bought by sub
scription, and military drill commenced at once. Members of the com
pany fumished their own uniforms. The first public parade was in union
with the Guards at Lynn. A flagstaff was raised at the top of Bass
Beach Hill, and soon the starry banner was seen fluttering in the breeze.
It was then that Captain Dunham, who had served in the War of 1812

MILITARY HISTORY

783

and the War with Mexico, had command of the gun. He applied the
match, sending the report thundering over the sea and land, amid the
applause of the assembled citizens. Soon actual soldiers were demanded,
and many men enlisted from Nahant, thus lessening the size of the Home
Guard company. Mortiraer L. Johnson, the first to enter the regular
service, was assigned to the U. S. frigate "Sabine," as raidshipraan. He
raade a fine record on the seas, being more than once cited for his
bravery and tact.
Several hundred dollars were paid in bounties for soldiers, and the
aid rendered the families of soldiers was considerable. Nahant fumished
forty-two men for the war, a surplus of five over its quota. The whole
amount of money appropriated and expended by the town on account of
the war, exclusive of State aid, was $6,508. During the whole of the
war, the ladies of Nahant held raeetings to make underclothing for the
soldiers, which, with boxes of provisions and small stores, were sent to
the Sanitary Commission.
Again in 1917, when war was declared against Germany, Nahant
was called upon to do her duty and it was perforraed in a praiseworthy
manner. The following list of men fumished by the "little neck out in
the sea" tells the story. In the suraraer of 1921, the coraraittee appointed
to provide a suitable, perraanent tablet, containing the names of the
men fumished by Nahant in the recent World War, decided that the
following, and possibly a few others, were entitled to a place on the
proposed tablet:

Anderson, Frank,
Athey, John,
Athey, Martin,
Blanchard, Harold,
Boyden, Charles,
Bradley, Thomas S.,
Butler, Alfred J.,
Coakley, Bernard,
Coakley, Frank W.,
Coakley, John J.,
Coles, Elmer F.,
Coles, Frank E.,
Coles, Robert T.,
Collins, Eugene H.,
Connelly, Thomas,
Conroy, James E.,
Crocker, Francis B., Jr.,
Crocker, J. Arthur,
Crocker, John W.,
Delano, Leon M.,
Deveney, Timothy L.,
Dodge, Lawrence W.,
Donnelly, John,
Doyle, Patrick,
Dwight, Joseph,
Fay, Arthur D.,
Fay, J. H.,
Fay, Richard D.,

Fuller, Andrew,
Gallery, Charles C,
Gelleo, George,
Gove, Frank A., Jr.,
Gove, Frank,
Guild, Henry R.,
Guild, Edward M.,
Guild, S. E., Jr.,
Heptonstal, WilUam H.,
Hyde, Edmund J.,
Johnson, R. Howard,
Kelley, Henry,
King, Barthy, J.,
Lane, Peter T., Jr.,
Lewis, Benj., I.,
Lewis* Harry W.,
Lewis, Harold W.,
Lewis, Mayland P.,
Lewis, Philip H.,
McLaughlin, Wm. J.,
McLauglin, Henry,
Melanson, Leonard,
Meyers, Clifford,
Meyers, Kenneth R.,
Motley, J. Lathrop,
Motley, Warren,
Murphy, Henry,
O'Brien, Andrew,

O'Brien, Ralph C,
Olsson, Olaf A.,
O'Malley, Thomas F.,
Parrott, Ralph N.,
Patterson, Roland,
PhUbrick, Everett G.,
PrendivUle, Thomas,
Robbins, Mortimer G.,
Robertson, Arthur H.,
Roland, Philhps H.,
Rooney, Patrick J.,
Russell, A. Lebaron,
Scannmon, Charles F.,
Smith, Howard B.,
Southwick, Rollin W.,
Stanton, Irving W.,
Sturgis, George,
Taylor, John M.,
Tiemey, James C,
Timmins, Fred L.,
Tumer, William,
Vary, Charles D.,
Waitt, Lyman W.,
Wickens, Geo. W.,
Walton, Richard J.,
Welby Patrick,
Ward, Edward A.,
Yokelson, William,

Boxford — It was in 1674 that the General Court gave the people
Boxford the liberty "to train at either place they saw fit." As soon as the

784 ESSEX COUNTY
town was incorporated, a military corapany was formed. The first stock
of ammunition was procured in 1689, and consisted of "powdr & bullets
and flents." The officers of the First Parish military corapany were
Asa Perley, captain; John Hale, lieutenant; Thomas Andrews, ensign.
A powder-house was buUt in the town in 1801, and in 1856 it was sold
and taken down. In 1832 the two millitary corapanies were united, and
in 1840 a general State railitia law disbanded such' corapanies. The Box
ford Washington Guards was formed in 1836, the last of that kind; of
military companies. In 1840 the town buUt this company an armory
and the company continued to exist about ten years. The first actual
service perforraed by the railitary men of the town was in King PhUip's
War, in 1675. Joseph Bixby served in the company of Capt. Brockle-
bank of Rowley, hence escaping the fate which overtook raany of his
neighbors. Robert Andrews was killed at Ft. Narragansett, Rhode Is
land. Boxford raen were stationed at Scarborough in 1748-49, and at Gor-
haratown and New Marblehead in 1750, as well as along the eastem
frontiers in 1755. Some of the Boxford soldiers assisted in depopulating
the province then known as Acadia (now Nova Scotia) of many of the
French farailies who were supposed to be neutral in the war with the
French, but who were not true at all times to their promises. Fifteen
of these Acadians were brought to Boxford, and were supported by the
province until 1760, when they were sent to Canada.
In the tirae of the French and Indian War, the town had two com
panies, one under Capt. Israel Herrick, and another under Capt. Francis
Peabody. Boxford greatly resented the Stamp Act and other like bur
dens, and in May, 1770, voted at a town meeeting "that they will to their
utraost encourage the produce and raanufacture of all such articles as
have formerly been imported from Great Britain and used among them ;
that they will not use foreign tea, nor suffer it to be used in their fam
Uies (save in case of sickness) until the duty shall have been entirely
taken off." Seventeen days before the signing of the Declaration of
Independence, this town voted unanimously that in case the Continental
Congress should declare their independence, they would soleranly engage
their lives and fortunes to support them in such raeasure. When finaUy
the Revolution coraraenced, the two railitia companies of Boxford were
ready. There were ninety men in these corapanies, and in the Minute-
men company there were fifty-two. They all marched to Lexington, but
arrived too late to take part in the first engageraent in the Revolution
ary War. The mUitia retumed home, but the rainute-raen went on into
Boston, in the rear of the British, as they retreated. These Boxford
raen also were present at Bunker Hill ; eight of their nuraber were left
dead on the field. Captain Knowlton, so successful in defending the
rail-fence there, was a native of Boxford, and General Israel Putnara
had called Boxford his early home.

MILITARY HISTORY 785
In 1775 saltpeter was made in Boxford for the purpose of manufac
turing gunpowder, and blacksmiths' forges were utUized for running lead
into bullets. During the more than seven long years of the Revolution,
Boxford men never wavered. Enos Reynolds a Boxford man, was one
of the personal-guard in the cell of Major Andre on the night before his
execution. At Valley Forge and Monmouth many a brave Boxford man
gave up his life, while others were tortured at the hands of the savage
Indians. In the War of 1812, which was not a popular measure in New Eng
land, Boxford was loyal to the deraands made upon her by the govem
ment. Coming down to the dark days of the Civil War, 1861 to 1865, Box
ford sent far more men than was her quota, as well as appropriating for
war aid at home, $10,756. The volunteers nurabered ninety-two. Of
these, two died in AndersonvUle prison and one in Libby prison, twenty
succurabed to the fatal rifle balls and Southem diseases, while thirteen
more were wounded and died later as a result of such wounds. Thirty
men were drafted from Boxford, five others entered the navy, and served
weU their country until death or until discharged. In reading or think
ing about the soldiers from the town of Boxford, one should bear in mind
that they were early in the conflict and were caught at Bull Run and
Cedar Mountain, while others were among the fallen heroes of Port Hud
son, Antietam, Spottsylvania, Gettysburg and Lookout Mountain.
Carap Stanton at Boxford in 1861-63 was named for Secretary of
War Edward M. Stanton. Since then the State Guards have used these
grounds as their carap. In 1874 Jonathan T. Barker gave the West Par
ish $1000, to which the citizens added as rauch raore, and with it the
handsome soldiers' raonuraent was erected. On its faces are inscribed
the names of the men who fell in that conflict.
In the recent World War, Boxford was fully up to the sister towns
in sending forth men and raising raoney and supplies for the aid and re
lief of the men sent to do the fighting. From out the nuraber sent, these
sacrificed their young lives on the altar of their country: Emest W.
Foster, of pneumonia, 1918; Robert W. Lake, killed in action, 1918;
Franklin Taylor Cooper, died of pneumonia, 1917.
Ipswich — Though situated better than many places in Massachusetts
in relation to Indian troubles, yet the people had to ever be on the alert
and prepared to defend themselves against the savages. The farmer and
professional men had to carry their trusty rifles with them daily, in order
to be safe. The town kept a regular watchman out, day and night ; com
panies were forraed and the entire populace were really minute-men. In
1633, it was ordered that Saugus, Salem and Agawara assist Boston in
building a fort. The next year the Ipswich assistant was ordered to so
licit recruit funds for a movable fort at Boston; every man raust be
trained for service. Daniel Denison and Nicholas Easton were to have

-50

786 ESSEX COUNTY
charge of the powder at Ipswich. The town was to receive its share of
ammunition, muskets, bandoleers and rests, just then unported, and the
use of two sakers, if they would provide carriages for thera. In 1635 the
corapany was ordered to maintain its officers; eight swords were added
to their equipraents. In 1636 the mUitary force of the jurisdiction was
divided into three regunents — Saugus, Salem, Ipswich and Newbury mak
ing one, with John Endicott, of Salem, colonel. The next year it was or
dered that "no person shall travel above one mUe from his dwellmg, ex
cept where other dwellings are nearer, without arms, upon pain of 12
shUlings for every default." Each town had to have a watchhouse, and
keep a watch ; eight annual trainings were ordered ; Daniel Denison was
commissioned captain.
In 1636 occured the Pequot War, wherein Ipswich was represented
by twenty-three soldiers, and WUliara Fuller as gunsraith. The Indians
met with an overwhelming defeat. Francis Wainwright attacked a knot
of Pequots, expended his amraunition, broke his gun over them, and
brought in two scalps. Judge Wedgewood was wounded and taken pris
oner, and John Sherman was wounded in the neck. The following were
granted frora two to ten acres of land for their services : John Andrews,
John Bumura, Robert Castell, Robert Cross, Robert FUbrick, Edward
Lumus, Andrew Story, Williara Swynder, Palmer Tingley, Francis Wain
wright and Williara Whitred.
The records show that in 1639 a reservation was made for a fort on
Castle Hill, where the land was granted to John Winthrop, Jr. The town
had two barrels of powder, and raight sell on the county's account, at two
shUlings per pound ; the following year the raeeting-house was used as a
watch-house. In 1642 there was a general alarra, believing that the
various Indian tribes intended to annihilate the white race in this country.
It was then ordered that Ipswich, Rowley and Newbury should disarm the
Merrimack sachem. Forty men went the next day, and not finding the
chief, they took away his son as a hostage. That year a retreat for wives
and children was to be provided; twelve saker bullets were allowed the
town ; when going to a house to sound an alarra, the watchraan, in case
of an attack, was to cry: "Arra, Arm !" In 1643 worshippers were order
ed to go to church only when properly armed.
In 1652 a corapany was to consist of sixty-four or more privates, and
to have at least two drums. General Denison in 1653 ordered a squad of
twenty-seven men from Ipswich and Rowley, to "descry the distant foe,
where lodged, or whether fied ; or if for fight in motion or in halt" ; for
it had been reported, as ten years before, that a general conspiracy had
been formed against the whites. Each private was allowed a shUling for
four days' service.
King PhUip's War in 1675, when it really commenced, was a long
straggle. He was a powerful monarch, sagacious and crafty. His eagle
eye scanned the encroachments of the English upon his lands and hunting

MILITARY HISTORY 787
grounds, and he was prepared for a bitter contest. The Indian lurked in
every forest and glen ; he watched for the lonely settler as he opened his
door in the moming, as he was busy with his field work, or attempted to
attend church services. The settler, too, was on the alert for every skulk
ing Indian. This war cost the Colonies more than a mUlion dollars and
six hundred precious lives, forty of these from Ipswich. Every eleventh
house in the colony was bumed, every eleventh soldier kUled. Ipswich
was represented in Captain Prentice's troop and in the "Flower of
Essex" that perished at Deerfield, and she fumished her quota for the
next year's 460 men. In this war fell Edward Cobum, Thomas Scott,
Benjamin Tappan, Freegrace Norton, and Sergeant John Pettis.
Queen Anne's War soon followed, and fell mercUessly on all New
England. Ipswich was true to the cause of the settlers. It was repre
sented at Port Royal in 1707, where Samuel Appleton had command. In
1710 WUliam Cogswell was killed. Also in the conflict with the Aus
trians, known as King George's War, wherein Louisburg was reduced by
4,000 fishermen and farmers, including those from Ipswich. Soon after
1748 came the great French and Indian War, which was a deciding step
in many national affairs between the English, French and Indian people.
After a century and a fourth came on the Revolution, just after the
startling warwhoop of the savages had subsided from the forests and
shorelines of New England. The seed planted in the "Mayflower" was
now to bear fruitage in the Declaration of Independence. Ipswich met
the great issues, on the very start, with no uncertain sound. She record
ed her instructions to her representative, October 21, 1765: "We must
maintain our Charter." In 1774 Daniel Noyes and Deacon Stephen
Choate, Captain Michael Farley, John Choate and Nathaniel Farley were
voted a committee to "see what could be done in this distressing time."
The same year a lot twenty-five by fifty feet was granted just east of
the town house, for military purposes. The wages of minute-men were
fixed by the town. In 1775, that memorable year in American histoiy,
found Ipswich hiring money to pay minute-men and looking after coast
defences. The first clash of arms was at Lexington, AprU 19, 1775. It
was Paul Revei-e and William Dawes who started at the sarae time to give
the alarm. The ringing of bells and firing' of guns told the first story of
what was to be a long eight years of ruthless warfare between the Ameri
can colonies and England. On the 19th, five companies marched from
Ipswich to the scene of conflict. They were led by Captains Thomas
Bumham, Daniel Rogers, Abraham Dodge, Elisha Whitney, Abraham
How and Nathaniel Wade. Nearly three hundred stout-hearted yeomanry
left home and fireside in what they believed to be, and, what proved to
be, a holy cause. The State archives show Ipswich rainute-raen found in
that conflict to be : In Company One, Captain Thomas Bumham ; Com
pany Two, Captain Nathaniel Wade ; Company Three, Captain Abraham
How; Company Four, Captain Daniel Rogers; Troop of Horse, Captain

788 ESSEX COUNTY
Moses Jewett. As the war proceeded, Ipswich fumished her full quota
of men. These soldiers raight have been seen in every part of the coun
try, doing service as only brave men can. Their bloody footprints through
Jersey and their intense sufferings at Valley Forge were no myth, but
facts that tested the metal of men. While the soldiers were at the seat of
battle, the horae-f oik were paying out raoney for the support of their fam
ilies, and in all ways denying themselves every comfort of life. It was by
these brave, sacrificing acts, here as elsewhere, that America won her
liberty, and the same quality of patriotisra obtains in their chUdren's chU
dren even to this day.
In the hard, long winter carapaign of the Shay's RebUlion, 1786-87,
Ipswich fumished twenty-five raen.
The War of 1812-14 with the Mother Country came on. June 19,
1812 the United States declared war. Of course, whatever was required
at the hands of loyal Ipswich, was granted.
In the prosecution of the CivU War frora 1861 to 1865, Ipswich never
lagged, but sent her brave sons to the front, and gave her tens of thou
sands in aid of the home war activities. She sent out about 375 men.
Fifteen of her men were coraraissioned officers. At the end of the war
she had fumished a surplus of thirty-three men. She expended $53,000,
exclusive of State aid, which was $12,000 more. In 1869 the town erect
ed a handsorae, solid raonuraent centrally situated, at a cost of near
$3,000. Conceming the Spanish-Araerican War of 1898, little can be
written on account of the Coraraonwealth not having published its reg
ular adjutant-general's report on that war. The most of the soldiers
called out were raembers of the National Guard ; and where there was no
corapany located, few volunteered; however, it is supposable that a
nuraber went frora Ipswich and were credited to other places.
The part taken in the late World War by the citizens of Ipswich be
speaks well' for the place and for the patriotisra and liberality of its
people. Though raany are of foreign birth, all proved themselves trae
Araericans in spirit in those stirring days frora 1916 to 1919. WhUe it is
not practicable to enter far into details conceming the activities of Ips
wich in this war, it would be unbecoraing on the part of a local historian
not to raention a few of the raore important features of the part which
Ipswich had in the conflict.
The Ipswich Protective Volunteers, recraited to the number of sev
enty-three, took the oath of allegiance Wednesday evening, October 3,
1917, and were incorporated into the Massachusetts State Guard as Com
pany 141, of the 15th regiment. Ipswich had appropriated $2,000 in
September to buy equipments. A drill was corapulsoiy for all members
on Tuesday evening each week at the town hall. Uniforms were worn
after November 8th. Company N, 15th Massachusetts State Guard, was
mustered into the service of the Coramonwealth October 3, 1917, by Col.

MILITARY HISTORY 789
Edward H. Eldridge. Those raustered into service at that date were:
Walter H. Hathaway, captain; W. Quincy Kinsraan, first lieutenant;
WiUiam T. Dunbar, second lieutenant; Walter M. Atkinson, W. R. Bailey,
Charles H. Bagley, James R. Bell, August F. Benedict, Herbert E. Bowen,
John H. Cameron, Frank Carr, Timothy F. Carey, Charles L. Chance,
Albert Churchell Chouinard, Henry A. Cogswell, Woodbury L. Cole,
James E. Cowperthwaite, Elmer C. Curtiss, George H. Day, Herbert M.
Dolan, Henry M. Doughty, H. N. Dieuham, John Fessenden, Walter D.
Fewkes, Louis M. Frost, J. M. Gagne, Napoleon Gallant, Manuel GUligan,
Charles H. Goditt, WUliam H. Goodhue, Geeorg E. C. Gonsalver, An
tonio P. Gwinn, L. R. Herd, John Hill, Ralph C. Holland, Ed J. Hull,
Charles G. Hull, James H. Jean, Jr., William G. Johnson, Elon B. John
son, Winfield L. Kelly, William J. LaCount, Ralph R. Ladien, Winfield
S. Lenuix, R. Little, Edgar Lord, Farley C. Lord, George T. Lord, Har
old F. Manthone, George N. Manzer, Arthur W. Martel, Joseph L. Mathe
son, Eugene McCormick, Stanley C. Miller, Joseph H. Paige, Edward H.
Poirier, Joseph A. Roper, Harry H. Scofield, George A. Sheppard, Jr.,
Lionel Smith, Dexter M. Smith, Gordon Smith, Richard H. Smith, Jr.,
Julian D. Smith, George Stanley, John J. B. Strongman, Oliver E. Super,
Thomas H. Wilkinson, Zebulon Withans, William C. Worcester. To fill
vacancies, these enlisted : Burke Harland, Frank O'Malley, Raymond W.
Perkins, Foster C. Russell, Elliott Appleton, Sarauel W. Durgin, Elmer A.,
Hertle, James G. Kneeland, Fred S. Sonza, Guy E. Wells, Henry S,
Amold, L. O. Adams, Charles W. A. Pickard.
April 4, 1917, the Senate of the United States voted, 82 to 6, that a
state of war existed between the governments of the United States and
Germany and the House of Representatives passed a sirailar vote April
6, standing 373 to 50. The President urged the Declaration of War ira
mediately. A fine group of Ipswich manhood entered the service on the
Mexican border in the summer of 1916. Sergeant Eugene V. H. Gilbert
and Corporals Elmer S. Cowperthwaite, Chas. A. Mallard and his brother
Frank W. Mallard, Terrence T. Saunders, Chester A. ScahUl, Dennison
Wallace and Dennis J. Wamer were enrolled in Company H, SSi Massa
chusetts Infantry. Also the foUowing entered Corapany A, 1st Massa
chusetts Field Artillery: Sergeant Floyd R. Bruce, Carl W. Conant, Ar
thur Drapeau, Henry Lavoie, Frank H. Morgan, EUery S. Webber,
Roger S. Winch.
When it was known that America was really to enter the World War,
preparations were unmediately set on foot and each county in the United
States, as well as the towns and cities, had their public safety commit
tees. One was organized for Ipswich and vicinity. Dr. Frank W. Keyes
was chosen chairman, Charles E. Goodhue secretary, and Howard N.
Doughty treasurer. Many sub-committees were appointed. Many ap
plications were made for small tracts of lands for garden purposes. Land
holders usually freely granted the use of these lands, that all possible

790 ESSEX COUNTY
crops of vegetables raight be produced. The executive manager of such
work was Howard N. Doughty. The town voted $500 toward the cul
tivation of a larger tract on railroad lands near the depot. In all, twenty-
three boys and girls tended garden patches and raised a large amount of
valuable vegetables. The ages of these children ranged from ten to
fourteen years.
May 18, 1917, at the Town Hall, a Red Cross Society was organized
with Dr. F. W. Keyes, president ; Judge G. H. W. Hayes, vice-president ;
George E. Hodgkins, treasurer ; and Miss Ellen V. Long, secretary. There
was also a large executive board, of which Mrs. H. N. Doughty was chair
man of the work in the workrooms, whUe Mrs. Francis R. Appleton and
Mrs. Robert B. Parker had charge of the surgical dressing, and Mrs. G.
F. Langdon of the knitting department. The Red Cross had as many as
1738 members; knit 2,861 garments; refugee garments, 887; hospital
garraents, 863; Christraas bags, etc., 740; surgical dressings, 1,100. In
the quota for $10,000 in Ipswich for Red Cross work, it went "over the
top", as it was terraed, and raised $19,000.
When the United States made it known that govemraent bonds had
to be taken by the people, in order to do their part along with other
allies, the citizens in Ipswich carae nobly to the front. The first call
for the placing of the First Liberty Loan Bonds was in May, 1917. The
apportionment for Ipswich was $120,000. Lively committee work was
planned and successfully carried out in a campaign that raised by June
15, $140,000. To wam the subscribers of the close of this "drive" by
nation-wide agreeraent, the church bells were sounded four times to in
dicate that only four days yet remained in which to purchase bonds. At
noon, bells and steam whistles sounded ten minutes. In Ipswich, sub
scriptions were received at the First National Bank and in an army tent
on the triangular green in the square. National Guards and Boy Scouts
aided materially in the sale of bonds. Speeches were made, automobUes
ran hither, and yon throughout the district. When finally counted out, it
was found that the amount of $206,850 in bonds had been sold to 1,123
individuals — ^nineteen per cent, of the population. The account of the
various War Bond campaigns stood as follows :
Asked Received Individuals
1st Bond Issue  _  None $206,850 1,123
2nd Bond Issue  $260,000 340,450 981
Srd Bond Issue  _  172,000 297,000 1,097
4th Bond Issue  344,000 442,000 1,249
5th "Victory" Loan  _  258,000 316,700 671
$1,034,000 $1,603,000
Visitors to the Ipswich Historical Society will be shown a flne silk
banner given by the Comraonwealth to the place that fumished the most
bonds in the "Victory" Loan, population considered. No place in Mas
sachusetts bought so large an amount of these bonds as did Ipswich.

MILITARY HISTORY 791
Ipswich was placed in what was designated the 21st District Exemp
tion Board comprising Andover, North Andover, Boxford, Groveland,
Georgetown, Middleton, Rowley and Topsfield. This board had officers
as follows: Judge George H. Hayes, chairman; William Bray, George
town, secretary; and Percy J. Look, M.D., of Andover.
It was on September 21, 1917, that the first soldiers left Ipswich for
Georgetown. Sixty-eight in all went that day. They retumed to Ips
wich and at the station Judge Hayes called the roll ,to which all respond
ed. Each was given a "comfort kit," and as the train pulled out the
band played, as never before, "America."
In all, as nearly as can now be leamed, 304 soldiers went frora the
vicinity of Ipswich, and frora that number sixteen made the "suprerae
sacrifice," as is shown by the memorial tablet buUt in front of the City
Hall. Their names are: Rodney C. Baraford, Joseph T. Barney, Paul
Choput, James Clark, John F. Dolan, Arthur Dropeou, Arthur J. Gal-
lent, Samuel J. KUbom, Joseph H. Murray, Russell S. Murray, Joseph
L. Martel, John N. Nutkje, Nicholas Pappar, Engel Pappadoyian, Michael
Szuka, Charles A. ScahUl. Future generations cannot faU to look with
pride upon such a record as was made by the citizens of Ipswich during
the recent World War.
Military History of Amesbury — In the early years of the town's
settlement the people were not disturbed much by the Indians; but as
the settlement grew in population, the Indians became troublesome and
caused the settlers to set a watch over their homes, both day and night,
for raany years. A watch-house was built in each ward, and the people
of such ward had to fumish the expense of the watchraan, including fuel.
No farraer dared to enter his field without his gun, and even old friendly
Indians could hardly be trusted. • One of these garrisons was located
near the Estes estate, one at Pond Hills, and one at "Jaraaco," also one
at Birchy Meadow. No persons were allowed out later than ten o'clock
at night, save by perraission of the guards. These conditions obtained
first in 1676, and the following year an Indian raid occurred, and several
persons were killed by the Eastern Indians. Among those killed was
Robert Quinby, and his wife was knocked down and left for dead, but
finally survived the shock of the blow given her. King George's War in
volved the colonies in a very expensive conflict with the French and In
dians of Canada, which resulted in the capture of Louisburg. Amesbuiy
men served in all the old French wars, each town being required to fur
nish their quota.
Just as the Continental Congress was organizing, Amesbuiy voted
to stand by the independent position to be taken against the Mother
Countiy. Two days before the battle of Lexington, AprU 19, 1755, this
town had authorized the selectmen to hire £100 sterling, to aid in a war,
should one be declared by the Colonies. A company was formed under
Captain Currier and marched to the scene of the conflict. In all, two

792 ESSEX COUNTY
companies were present and took part in the Battle of Bunker HUl. July
1st, three days before the "Declaration of Independence", a town meeting
was held in Amesbury, the citizens declaring "that they would abide by
and defend the Merabers of the Continental Congress with their Lives
and fortunes, if they think expedient to declare the Colonies Indepen
dent of Great Briton." When the important measure was brought for
ward in Congress, Dr. Josiah Bartlett (the ferry-boy of 1729) was a mera
ber from New Hampshire, and placed his narae next beneath that of John
Hancock, when the docuraent was finaUy signed. The war came on, and
call after call for meen frora Araesbury was raade, and in each call a
response was made and large bounties were paid for raen to fill the ranks.
So raany men left the farms that ere long it was hard to secure suitable
farm help to tUl the soil. Many farailies were supported by the town.
In 1778 as high as £sixty sterling was given as bounty to raen to enlist in
the army for nine raonths. So busy were these men from Araesbury that
they took no tirae to prepare any records of their doings, hence we have
no list of the number of raen sent to the scene of the confiict.
In April, 1861, when Fort Sumter was fired on by the power later
styled the Southern Confederacy, a call was made by President Lincoln
for 75,000 raen. A town raeeting was held in Amesbuiy, April 27, to
plan for a company of men to be sent at once. A bounty of ten dollars
was offered each single young man who should enlist, and twenty dollars
to all married men. The company was soon forraed and they elected as
their captain Joseph W. Sargent, who with his company became a part
of the Fourteenth Massachusetts Regiraent. Later this became a part of
the heavy artillery. As the war continued", many men went to the seat
of war from Amesbury, but after 1862, it became harder to get raen to
enlist and large bounties were offered, ranging frora $60 to $300 for each
volunteer. In 1863 so great was the deraand for soldiers that a draft had
to be made to the number of fifty-nine men. However, raany received
$300 bounty and enlisted rather than stand the draft. The selectraen did
all in their power to raise men and money and supplies for the men at
the front. Let this be a perpetual raonuraent to the loyal citizens of
Amesbury. To classify with just recognition and appreciation the diverse ele
ments of activity that any given community contributed toward the win
ning of the World War most difficult. The record made by the loyal
citizens of Amesbury has been fairly well preserved, and from its pages
the historian is permitted to draw such facts as space will allow to be
used in a general histoiy of the county.
The Amesbury Branch of the Red Cross saw a wonderful increase
in the activities of its world-wide order. William E. Biddle was ap
pointed chairman ; Mrs. EmUy B. Smith, vice-chauman ; Mrs. B. F. Sar
gent, secretary; and James H. Walker, treasurer. As the years go by,
it will be interesting to know who had charge of certain departments in

MILITARY HISTORY 793
this work, hence, it raay be stated that home nursing was under man
ageraent of Mrs. EmUy B. Smith ; civilian relief, Carl F. Vietor ; finance,
Alfred C. Webster; sewing, Mrs. H. P. Wells, succeeded by Mrs. H. T.
Ames and Mrs. F. W. Smith; surgical dressings, Mrs. William E. Bid
dle; yarn and knitted goods, Mrs. Emily B. Sraith, Miss Mary Sawyer
and Mrs. Sarah Hinckley. Over two tons of partly worn clothing were
shipped as a result of the two drives. Thousands upon thousands of gar
raents, bandages, pads and other articles were sent from this Red Cross
Chapter. The two membership "drives" in Amesbuiy were very success
ful. In that of 1917, 1,919 merabers were obtained, and as a result of
the 1^18 carapaign for Red Cross meraberships, there were enough to
make the total 2,950. Its financial organization was complete and in
1918 was able to exceed its quota by almost fifty per cent. During the
National Red Cross "drive" in 1917, Amesbury Branch secured contribu
tions of $10,594.72, and in 1918, $14,458.47, the total exceeding $25,000,
for the two drives. Martin F. Connelly was appointed to take the chair
manship after the resignation of Williara E. Biddle, the remainder of the
board serving through the war, except one secretary, whose place was
taken by Miss May S. Allen.
The Local Draft Board here consisted of Thomas C. Simpson of
Newburyport, chairraan; Dr. Randolph C. Hurd of Newburyport, raedi
cal exarainer; and Jacob T. Choate of Araesbury, secretary. Drs. Her
bert G. Leslie and Dr. Otis P. Mudge took part in the work of physical
examination. During the war period there were 550 men mobilized by
the Local Board of this division. As was well said by Jacob T. Choate
in winding up the business after the war's end: "Who would have
thought ten years before the war that in a country so used to peace, and
so lacking in the military spirit, out of every thirty thousand inhabitants,
six thousand raen would be suraraoned to schoolhouses or other public
buildings, and there be corapelled to disclose under oath the araount of
their earnings, the cost of faraily expenses, the araount of their property
and other facts upon which liabUity to raUitary service would be de
termined ; that of the six thousand, two thousand would be summoned to
a police station and compelled to submit to a most thorough physical ex
amination, and that later still, more than five hundred would be mobilized
and sent to war, — and that all this would be done without any friction
whatever, and that everywhere the utmost cheerfulness, the loftiest
patriotism would be displayed ! The success of the draft systera is one
of the marvels of the ages. A quarter of a century from now, the raaga
zines will be filled with articles reminiscent of the Selective Service Law
of 1917." Amesbury's contributions to the final needs of the U. S. Govemment
in the conduct of the war may be briefly stated to have been as follows :
It seems almost incredible that in a community of about ten thousand
souls 8,591 individual subscriptions were received, and yet such was the

794 ESSEX COUNTY
fact. Except in the first loan, where no quota was fixed, the subscriptions
exceeded the quotas by $611,700. One of the committeemen remarked:
"While we have no call to boast of such favorable showing, we cannot be
denied the satisfaction of having more than fulfilled the obligation which
was placed upon us." The subjoined shows the amounts subscribed in
the various War Bond drives : Number
Subscribers Amount Quota
First Loan  1,828 $314,300
Second Loan  1,143 579,700 $286,000
Third Loan  1,702 464,150 346,500
Fourth Loan  _  2,448 861,450 693,000
Fifth (Victory) Loan  1,470 550,300 519,500
Totals  8,591 $2,769,900
Winnifred L. Bean, in writing in Amesbury of the part taken by the
women of the city, has well said:
It was a wonderful lesson in economy to us American women. We had been
accustomed to lavishness we scarcely appreciated, the necessity to conserve food
made us realize that we had been enjoying luxury. This being an article on
woman's part in the war, I feel that I must call attention to the various ways women
filled in the breach made by the absence of the men at war. Even before this
country entered the conflict, American women volunteered by the thousands to go
across as nurses and welfare workers. Heroic telephone girls well fought their
battle, oftentime very close to the front.
Women entered all kinds of industries. They worked in munition factories;
they drove automobiles in motor corps; they served as yeo women in the Navy;
they operated elevators and street cars; and they filled clerical positions wherever
needed. Women, realizing the need for more production from the soil, clad in
suitable raiment, with hoe in hand, flocked to the farms, creating a picturesque figure
never to be forgotten. We tried to be good soldiers, feeUng certain that if we obeyed
the commands of our higher oflicers, we were most surely helping to win the war,
thus bringing it to an end and speeding the return of our dear ones to us.
Toi women was sent the beautiful gift of hope, many bearing with unbelieving
fortitude the months and almost years of anxiety, hoping that soon the hour would
come when the clouds would tum inside out and reveal to us their sUver linings.
Responding to the appeal to increased food production, the pupUs of
the Araesbury schools, both public and parochial, proraptly enlisted in the
club organizations for home gardens and canning. In co-operation with
the representatives of the Essex County Agricultural School, and the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, and the garden department in the In
terior, the boys and girls carried forward this work with great enthusi
asm. In the summer of 1918, 452 boys and girls planted gardens. They
were organized in companies, one corapany to a school, with officers and
coraraittees of organization. Inspection of gardens was carried on by
certain merabers of the teaching force, under the general supervision of
Miss Mabel E. Lunt. The area of land under cultivation was twenty-sbc
and one-half acres and the value of the product araounted to $2,359.89.
There were also Pig clubs. Poultry clubs, and in the Bond drives, the

MILITARY HISTORY 795
young folks were not behind in showing their loyalty. Nine hundred and
sixty-one boys and girls held War Savings Stamps to the amount of
$5,747.00. The Boy and Gu-1 Scouts, the Soldiers' Aid Society, and the
Aid and Information Committee, as well as the Emergency Hospital, each
and all, were successful institutions in Amesbury throughout the war.
No greater loss could any community have sustained in the recent
World War than did the citizens of Amesbuiy in sacrificing the following
list of noble sons, that the world might approach nearer to a state of
universal peace. It is believed that this list covers all who lost their lives
as a result of the war service they saw, up to 1919, when a raunicipal
souvenir was compUed for use and distribution to the men at a home-com
ing reception tendered them in September of that year. At least one of
these retumed soldiers has died as a result of the war, since that date,
and his name is here attached. The total number of deceased is seven
teen. Peace to their ashes ! Their names are Cyril C. Bishop, Timothy
C. Brick, James F. Broderick, Charles A. Reimer, Earl L. Buchanan, Wil
liam L'Ecuiyer, Luke F. Moran, George B. Carney, Alfred J. Dupont,
Frank Gaudette, John J. Thornton, Martin R. Wall, Harold J. McNanley,
Edward Porter, Leroy F. Goddard, Martin T. Jennings, Albert Thompson.
Cited for Bravery — Webster L. Blanchard, Belgian Croix de Guerre.
Sergt. Peter J. Brisson, received French cross. Ralph W. Cole, Canadian
Volunteer War cross in 1917. Edward D. Hanley, Jr., French Cross,
cited by Gen. Edwards. Captain James E. MacDougall, Co. D, 322 Inf.,
cited by Division General and General Pershing. Michael F. Kelley,
cited by Commanding General. Luke F. Moran, Co. K, 102d Regunent
Infantry, 26th Div. Cited for bravery in carrying raessages through shell
fire, second battle of Mame. Clarence C. McLaine, cited by General
Edwards. Harold F. Proctor, presented with Distinguished Service Cross
by General Pershing. With a corapanion he captured machine-gun nest,
taking forty prisoners. Harry L. Pender, awarded Victory Medal with
four battle clasps for participation in major operations.
Marblehead in Time of War — In 1775, in what is termed the French
and Indian War, as soon as the confiict was fully under way, Marblehead
at once took measures to defend her own interests, as well as those of
the colonies. A powder-house, suitable for securing ammunition, was
buUt by vote of the town. Col. Jacob Fowle, Col. Jeremiah Lee and Maj.
Richard Reed being members of the buUding comraittee. The French
materially injured the shipping industry in fish on the high seas. Sev
eral vessels were by the French captured, causing much distress. In the
early spring of 1759, recraits were called for, and forty-five able-bodied
men went into the service in Canada. These men were for the naval ser
vice. They helped to take Quebec, which was to be forever the end of
France having rule over Canada. Many interesting pages have been
written on the capture of various English vessels, including those from
Marblehead, but space here forbids insertion in this work.

796 ESSEX COUNTY
Without entering in any way into the causes leading up to the Revo
lutionary war, let us hasten to record a few important paragraphs con
cerning the part taken in that war by Marblehead. The British soldiers
quartered in Marblehead made much trouble, and were the cause of the
first acts of violence on the part of the citizens. Finally the troops were
withdrawn, and there was then sent a vessel by the English government,
to lay about the harbor and search every boat that entered port, obtaining
all amraunition and arras that might be shipped to the colonies. This
was done by authority of the Governor of Massachusetts. However, one
vessel containing guns and powder managed to land in the night and
secreted the chests of guns, etc., at an outside place; these were finally
used in equiping the first company of soldiers which fought the English
in that war. Colonel Glover comraanded a regiraent of four hundred and
fifty raen at Marblehead, and sorae of this regiraent were in the battle
of Bunker HUl later on. There was also a corapany of artUlery that was
of great service in the earlier years of the straggle. Two men from
Marbltehead were killed at Bunker's Hill.
When Independence was declared, July 4, 1776, a messenger rode
into Marblehead, giving out the news, and it was counted so great a thing
that within a few weeks, when printed copies of the document were ob
tained, the town clerk was instructed to transcribe the sarae in the records
of the town ; this was carried out, and the transcription raay still be seen
in the town hall.
During the War of 1812-14, Marblehead was not beyond any other
part of the country in denouncing the English Govemment, and both on
land and sea she made herself felt in a raost powerful way. Over one
thousand men from Marblehead were in the war for "Free Trade and
Sailors' Rights." Of these 726 were on board privateers, 120 in the navy,
57 in the army, and 100 were in the Marblehead Light Infantry.
Concerning the Civil War and the part taken by Marblehead, it raay
be said that she sent her full quota in all the caUs of President Lincoln
for men. Three corapanies of railitia were araong the first sent to Boston,
AprU 16, 1861. These raen belonged in the Eighth regiraent. During
that four-year war Marblehead fumished the army and navy with 1,048
men, a surplus of ninety-nine over quotas ; 820 were in actual mUitary
service, and 222 in the navy; 110 were killed in battle, or died from
wounds and sickness, and 87 were wounded and sent home, many of
whora later died as a result of their wounds.
The whole araount of money spent for war purposes in Marblehead
was $139,725, aside frora that expended by the State ; $108,000 was raised
by the town and paid to support soldiers' famUies. Later Massachusetts
paid back this large amount. Whoever visits Marblehead wiU see a fine
monument, erected in 1876, in memory of the fallen heroes of the CivU
War. Of the World War, all the data obtainable for this work were the

MILITARY HISTORY 797
subjoined names of the fallen heroes and a few other facts. Out of over
two hundred soldiers who went from Marblehead, the following died
abroad: Lieutenant Charles A. Evans, Irving E. Brown, (body retumed
tq this countiy). Christian Christensen, John A. Roundy, and William
F. Farrey. There are no reliable records of the local war work in Marblehead,
hence all that can be said is that this town was fully up with her sister
towns, and in the various drives always went to and generally above the
quota caUed for.
Military of Georgetown — Inasmuch as the article written by Miss
Spofford on the general history of Georgetown contains rauch conceming
the mUitary record of the town, nothing need be said in this chapter, the
reader being referred to the chapter of Georgetown for such facts. In
passing, it may be stated, however, that in the recent World War George
town furnished ninety-seven men, ten of whom were commissioned of
ficers. Five of the men from this town never retumed — two died in hos
pitals, and three were kUled in action. Miss Spofford's narrative fol
lows: The citizens of Georgetown have never been found deficient in
patriotism, or backward in coming to the defence of their country when
necessary. King PhUip's War was the first one in which raen from the
territory afterward known as Georgetown were engaged. (Dapt. Samuel
Brocklebank, already mentioned as one of the first settlers of George
town, reported to (Governor John Leverett, November 29, 1675, that:
"This may certify that we have impressed twelve raen, according to our
warrant." He then bade farewell forever, as it afterward proved, to
his home on Pen brook ; for on April 21, 1677, he, with two other officers
and about one hundred men, was drawn into arabush by the Indians in
the town of Sudbury, and all three officers and about fifty raen were
killed. All were buried in one grave in the forest where they fell.
Up to the close of the French and Indian War, there was raore or
less fighting with the Indians, and in these early Indian wars raen frora
Rowley and New Rowley were found taking their part. In 1707 one of
the Stickneys from Long Hill was called out for a short campaign against
the Indians to the eastward. Jonathan Wheeler and Lieut. Benjamin
Plumer were in the early French and Indian wars. In 1755 there were
two or three men frora New Rowley at Lake George with a Rowley com
pany. These soldiers wore their own clothing and carried their own
muskets, blankets alone being provided. The early successes of the
French in the French and Indian War alarmed the Colonists, and a com
pany of mUitia was organized, and frequently drilled in almost every
town. Soldiers enlisted for a short service or for a carapaign, usually
entering the army in the spring and retuming to their homes in the
winter. In 1756 volunteers were called for by the province of Massachusetts,
a bounty of $6 was offered, and pay for privates of £t 6 s. a month. At
first the volunteers wore their own clothing and frequently brought their
own muskets, for which an extra bounty of $2 was allowed ; but later a
uniform of red and blue breeches, a powder horn and some other things
were provided. A severer struggle than that of the French and Indian

798 ESSEX COUNTY
Wars was ever to test the strength and endurance of the Colonists to the
utmost. As early as 1770 papers were circulated in New Rowley, pledg
ing the signers to non-intercourse with England, and in January, 1775,
special enlistments as minute-men were ordered by the town, and men
were drilled once a week. On April 19 reports of a battle at Lexington
reached the settlement, and Colonel Daniel Spofford of the Seventh Rgi-
ment of mUitia in Essex county marched to Cambridge, but faUed to
arrive in season to take part in the engagement. In the battle of Bunker
HUl, at least two raen from New Rowley fought, Dudley Tyler and James
Boynton, who were kUled. The firing of the artUlery in this battle was
distinctly heard here. There were a number of officers in the Revolution
ary War frora this town, one captain, Benjamin Adams, and at least five
lieutenants. The naraes of at least ten raen from New Rowley who fought in the
War of 1812 have been preserved. During this war the fear of British
invasion was so great that specie and other valuables were carried into
the interior. In the Florida War, only one person from this town is
known to have enlisted ; in the Mexican War there were three.
In the early days of the Republic there were companies of militia in
every town, and under old militia law a muster in October, and three sea
sons for drilling every year were required. There is one record of a sham
fight between the New Rowley and Boxford militia, in which part of the
men were disguised as Indians. Later, an independent company of in
fantry, the Lafayette Guards, was formed, which was noted for its drill
and discipline. About 1858 or 1859 an independent corapany known as
the Citizens' Guard was formed and was in regular practice when the
Civil War began.
During the years of agitation and discussion which preceded the War
of the Rebellion, Georgetown was moved to its depths. Among the anti-
slavery leaders here were Theodore G. Eliot, Moses Wright, Asa W.
Swett and Mrs. Alraira Swett. The reforraers were called "corae-outers."
Much opposition to thera developed, and they were obliged to hold then-
meetings in groves, in barns, and on the steps of churches. Mr. Eliot's
house, now Odd Fellows' Hall, was one of the stations of the "under
ground railway." Mr. Eliot and Amos D. Pillsbury, working in con
junction with John G. Whittier, the poet, helped a number of fugitive
slaves to escape.
Mrs. Almira Swett was very bold in support of the cause. She used
to take her knitting to church, and was anested for contempt of wor
ship, tried, convicted, and sentenced to Ipswich. When the officers came
for hef, she refused to enter the sleigh, but was lifted in. When, how
ever, she reached Ipswich, the keeper of the house of correction declined
to receive her, declaring that "those who had brought her there deserved
more than she to be retained."
The first action taken by the town with regard to the CivU War was
on AprU 30, 1861, when $5,000 was appropriated to aid enlistments, and
a committee of one from each school district was appointed to see what
supplies might be needed by volunteers or their famUies. Company K
of the 50th Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, was largely recraited
frora Georgetown, and in all the town furnished 194 men for service,
making a surplus of 26 men more than required for filling their quota.
Six of these raen were coraraissioned officers. The whole amount of
money raised was $24,217.99, and the amount of money raised and spent
during four years for state aid to soldiers' families was $20,824.39. The

MILITARY HISTORY 799
ladies in town were very active in work for the soldiers all through the
war. The Ladies' Sewing Circle of the Congregational Church gave gar
ments, bedding, socks, books, and other articles to the hospitals and Sani
tary and Christian Commissions to the value of $2500.
Memorial Day was first observed in Georgetown, May 30, 1867, and
on May 30, 1870, the soldiers' monument was dedicated. Inscribed upon
it are the names of fifty soldiers dying in the service.
Post 108, Grand Army of the Republic, was organized here August
18, 1869. It was named for Everett Peabody. A Women's Relief Corps
was organized in conjunction with this post, AprU 2, 1883, and now has
sixty-three members with Etta M. Adams as its president.
In the Spanish- American War, Georgetown was represented by at
least one volunteer, Amos Spofford. There were probably others, but
no record has been preserved.
On April 6, 1917, war was declared with Germany. Georgetown
boys iramediately began to enlist, and it was not long before they were
representing the town in nearly every branch of the service. They were
fighting with the infantry on the fields of France ; they were on the great
war ships in the navy ; they were in the U. S. Marine Corps ; they were
in the base hospitals of the medical department; they were in the lum
ber camps of the forestry department; they were in the air service, and
they were training in the camps in this county to be ready if needed.
Ninety-seven boys from this town were enrolled, and of this number ten
were commissioned officers. Five of these boys never came home, two
died in hospitals and three were killed in action. Their names are : Bryant
A. Browne, Rene J. Gagnon, Harry L. Murch, Edward P. Nolin, Joseph
H. Tidd. Perhaps never in the annals of Georgetown was there a day of such
rejoicing as the day when the news of the signing of the armistice, No
vember 11, 1918, was received. We were notified very early in the mom
ing by the blowing of whistles and ringing of church bells. Factories
were closed, the schools were dismissed, an iraproraptu parade was form
ed, and in common with the rest of the world, for one great day we were
jubUant, whUe the bells of victory rang far into the night. The boys
soon began to come home. When all had retumed, they were given a
royal "welcome home" by the town on October 13, 1919. Every effort
was made to do them honor. In the moming there was a flag raising
and a parade, and a victory medal was given to each veteran. "Old
Nancy" was brought from her hiding place and was a prorainent feature
of the parade. For several days a committee of public-spirited men had
been cleaning the auditorium of the Memorial Church, for many years
abandoned, and preparing it for their reception. In the afternoon, there
was speaking and music in this "Memorial Hall," and a poem composed
for the occasion by Mrs. Charles Tenny was read. This was followed
by a Danquet in Odd Fellows' Hall, the festivities closing with a ball.
About a month before this Welcome Home Day, Post No. 211 of
the American Legion had been formed, with 18 or 20 charter members.
The number grew untU nearly every veteran was enrolled. A fair was
held, and with the proceeds rooms were hired and fitted up for the use of
the Legion. , , ,
WhUe our boys and young men were fighting for us across the sea,
the folks at home were not idle. Five times the govemment asked for
financial assistance. We were asked to contribute substantial sums
toward the four Liberty Loans and the Victory Loan. So large was

800 ESSEX COUNTY
Georgetown's quota that at times it seemed unpossible that it could be
raised, but through the untiring efforts of the bank officials and the pa
triotism and sacrifices of the people, Georgetown went "over the top"
each tune. The total amount raised by the sale of these govemraent
bonds was approximately $425,000.
Long before the United States entered the war, the women of the
town organized for work under the direction of Mrs. E. O. Taylor, and
the click of the knitting needle began to be heard everywhere. It never
ceased until raonths after the armistice was signed. People were knitting
everywhere, at club meetings, in concert halls, lecture rooras, and school
rooms, on the cars and at railroad stations, and continually at odd rao
raents in their horaes. As early as May, 1917, work for the French
wounded was started by Miss Pauline Bray, and later the workers were
forraed into a branch of the American Fund for French Wounded. Under
the leadership of Mrs. Olive Pingree, the workers met once a week to
sew and knit for the cause. About 600 garraents were raade and 150
knitted articles, chiefiy socks and sweaters. Each Christraas bags were
sent to the soldiers in the hospitals. About $600 were raised for this
work. Through the untiring efforts of Mrs. E. O, Taylor, the Red Cross
work was organized under the Essex County Chapter of the North
eastem Division of the Red Cross, with Mr. Allan H. WUde as presi
dent. The workers met twice a week for many raonths in the historical
roora of the Peabody Library, and there, under the supervision of Miss
Sarah Bateraan, thousands of garments were made for the soldiers in the
hospitals. Mrs. Mary Salraon had charge of the knitting, which was
done chiefly at horae. Great nurabers of socks, sweaters, trench caps,
mittens, mufflers and other articles were raade. Christraas boxes were
also sent to the soldiers at the front. A large sum of money was raised
for this work by raerabership fees and contributions. An iinportant
branch of the Red Cross work was the departraent of surgical dressings
under the supervision of Miss Bertha M. Larkin. The workers raet
once a week in the Perley School and between June, 1917, and November,
1918, about 14,000 dressings were made.
A Junior Red Cross was organized in each of the schools. In the
Perley School, Miss Lena B. Carleton had charge of the work. Comfort
bags and books were made for the hospitals, and considerably raore than
$100 was raised for surgical dressings. In the Central School scrap
books for the hospitals were raade, and in one roora two afghans were
knit, one by the boys of the class and the other by the girls. More than
$100 was raised by raerabership fees and as the proceeds of a concert.
In the pageant presented at the Pilgrira tercentenary celebration at
Plymouth, there was a great moment when, amid clash of cymbals and
thunder of drums, the flags of the Allies were seen to cross the field and
wave and beckon, whUe from the "Mayflower," at anchor in the harbor,
rang out, clear and high, a bugle call inviting the natibns of the earth
to rally to the support of freedom's cause. And so the bugle call of
freedom came to this generation in our little town, as it came to our
forefathers, to those Puritans who hesitated not to leave country and
home that they raight be free, to the pioneers who cleared the wilderness
and fought with the Indians, to the brave minute-men of the Revolution,
to those fifty who gave their lives in the CivU War, and to those others
who Suffered on battlefield and in prison pen. It is gratifying to know
that, like them, our generation responded to the call and gave their best

MILITARY HISTORY 801
— their risoney, their hours of patient labor, and their sons "that govem
ment of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the
earth." Merrimac in Various Wars — In all the wars of this republic, Merri
mac has been ready to defend the American cause for freedom and jus
tice. In 1757, during the French and Indian trouble, Amesbury was re
quired to fumish forty-three men to join the forces at Kennebec, Oswego
and Crown Point. Of these, thirty-one were theu residents of the West
Parish, now Merrimac. In 1778, Captain Richard Kelley, with twenty
men of his company, joined in the unsuccessful expedition against Louis
burg. In 1775, after the battle of Lexington, twenty men of Captain
Curry's company were from West Parish and present at Bunker HUl. In
the last year of the Revolution this town sent out in all 163 soldiers. In
Shay's Rebellion five were from what is now Merrimac. During the
CivU War (1861-65) Merrimac will ever be remembered in historical an
nals by the company raised by Captain Joseph W. Sargent, the same be
ing "E" of the Fourteenth Regiment. In 1863 thirty-five more men en
listed from Merrimac. Coming down to the Spanish-American War,
there were few required from any one location, but every call on this
town was made up quickly. The men who served in that war left home
in May, 1898 ; the war -virtually ended the same year, and the men were
discharged! and came home. Conceming the last war, the World War
1917-18, it should be said that Merrimac was fully up to the standard
of Essex county in furnishing her quota of men and war supplies. The
women as well as the men worked vigorously, and forwarded supplies as
rapidly as possible; they also purchased her share of Govemment war
bonds, did excellent Red Cross work, and proved that the same patriotic
blood runs in the veins of the people of the town as away back a century
and more ago.
The Merrimac soldiers who lost their lives by reason of the World
War have their names cast on a heavy bronze tablet attached to a huge
boulder, on the main street of the vUlage; these names are as follows:
Stanley F. Woods, for whom the Legion post was named ; Walter Bisbee,
Joseph H. Tidd, Marion W. Sargent, Carl S. Linden, Martin T. Jennings,
Carl G. Davis, Alfred N. Brown and George J. Barry.
Swampscott in World War — The following records herewith speak
for themselves, and show how the young men and' women served then-
country with distinction. Over fifty per cent, of Swampscott men in
the army were in the American Expeditionary Force, and a large number
saw service in the Navy in foreign waters. This emphasizes the high
standard of Swampscott's contribution to the greatest war of all times.
The death record shows that men from the United States serving as sol
diers from Swampscott in the Army and Navy in Canada, who lost then-
lives, numbered twelve. As to the deaths in all departments, it should
be said that such a list is not yet quite completed. However, these figures

802 ESSEX COUNTY
are significant : Soldiers in U. S. Army, 349 ; in U. S. Navy, 83 ; in the
U. S. Marine Corps, 14 ; in Shipping Board, 8 ; British service, 4 ; Canadian
service, 6 ; French service, 1 ; records not yet received, 45, making a grand
total of 510.
In the matter of Liberty Loans, it may be stated that in the first two
drives Swampscott was not separated from Lynn and the county, but all
gave to the full extent. In the Fourth and Fifth Liberty Loan drives
Swampscott subscribed as follows: Fourth Loan, $1,172,350; Fifth
Loan, $774,050, a- total of alraost $2,000,000.
The work of the women in Swampscott in the support of the Red
Cross is beyond praise. The raerabership by years was, 1917-18, 1509;
1918-19, 1950 ; 1919-20, 1450. When the final record is made, Swamp
scott v/ill not be ashamed at the total footings in men and money and
time expended in the great conflict which sought the further extension
of freedom and world-wide deraocracy.
Methuen in World War — In the great World War, Methuen did her
share faithfully and well. Out of the hundreds who were called from
then- homes to serve in the allied forces, the following lost their lives as
a result of service, either over seas or at home: Merrill Grant, died in
France, April 3, 1916; Thomas Burwick (British army), in France, June
15, 1917 ; WUliam L. B. Guthrie, AprU 18, 1918 ; WiUiara J. Tooney, in
France, May 2, 1918; James N. Grierson; Frank Harrington, July 5,
1919; Walter Hooper, July 22, 1918; Frank Wright, July 23, 1918, in
France; August Malhison, September 25, 1918; WiUiara Slingsby, in
France, October 4, 1918 ; Fred Gilson, in France, October 6, 1918 ; WU
liam Dixon, in France; George Chittick, in France, November 6, 1918;
Frederick Edvi^ards, in France, Februaiy 21, 1919; Frederick J. Wood-
burn, in France, May 20, 1919; Richard G. KeUey; Edward L. Hutchm
son, Siberia, June 13, 1919; Thomas Dougherty, in England, June 13,
1919; Chester McCuUum, in France, October 23, 1918; also aU of the
following died in France or were killed in battle there: Alfred Berry,
August 26, 1918; Herbert Davis, October 10, 1918; Arthur Hadfield, Sep
tember 2, 1918 ; Alden B. Howard, Septeraber 22, 1918 ; Albert Lunsby,
Septeraber 28, 1918 ; Frank C. PUling, Noveraber 7, 1918 ; Ernest Robson,
July 1, 1916; Herbert Rostrora, August 12, 1918; James Stevenson
(Canadian), August 12, 1918; Frank Scott, September 29, 1918; Charles
P. Welding, August 8, 1918; Sarkis Tavitan, AprU 22, 1921; Keitanas
Kurpia, December 13, 1920.
The Red Cross Chapter in this county, especially the Methuen
Branch, was well raanaged throughout the war. In 1917 when their
operations really commenced in the place, the officers and committees in
cluded these: Mrs. Franz Schneider, chairman; Mrs. D. D. Woodbury,
vice-chairman ; Miss Ethel Warwick, secretary ; and Henry S. Eraerson,
treasurer. Others who served in various capacities were: Mrs. G. A.
Lewis, Mrs. D. D. Woodbury, Rev. John Mason. Many more served

MILITARY HISTORY 803
throughout the war and at present (1921) the following are serving:
Chairman, Mrs. Franz Schneider; Secretary, the same as last named;
Treasurer, Walter L. A. Gilcreast; Executive Committee — W. A. Pedler,
D. D. Woodbury, Henry B. Emerson, Mrs. Alfred Sager, Mrs. C. A. Ste
vens, Miss Alice R. Wheeler, Mrs. G. V. Russell, Mrs. J. H. Busby, Mrs.
W. J. Sands and Rev. Gertrude Earle.
Military Affairs of Rockport — Just as the little settlement at Sandy
Bay and Pigeon Cove had commenced to thrive through the fishing indus
try and scanty farming, the rude blast of war was heard along the rock-
bound coast, casting a withering blight upon all previous efforts of the
people, who here were doing their best to become an independent and
contented community. In April, 1775, when the British were marching
on Concord, some twenty fishing boats were being harbored in Rockport
waters. When the fishermen heard the news, they iramediately weighed
anchor and set for home. By nightfall about all were at Gloucester,
with such arras as they could secure. Rockport was well represented at
Bunker Hill with a company of sixty-five men. Several English boats
were captured near Rockport in that war, one of which was loaded with
cattle ; these were taken ashore at Rockport and sold at auction. In every
way in her power, the town aided the common cause of freedom from
English rule.
The War of 1812-14 was not desired, at first, by the people in this
section of New England ; but as it was declared against England by Con
gress, it had to be supported, and in the end proved the wisest move that
our country could have set in motion. Yet it was hard on the coast men
and fishing interests, as the English seized nuraerous boats and greatly
annoyed the poor class all along the shores. The town finally rose in her
might arid stood solidly against the acts of the Mother Country ; by 1815
the strife had ended, and the people here were again beginning to prosper.
Next came the CivU War, in which every town and hamlet in the
entire Northland had to raake its sacrifice, some even unto death. When
the news reached Rockport, whUe at church worshiping, the spirit of
war seemed uppermost in the minds of many in the congregations. Union
guns in the hands of rebels firing on one of our forts was too much for
these Rockport people. An informal meeting was called in Johnson's
Hall, and a few days later the town appropriated $3,000, to be used as
follows : Each volunteer of Rockport was to be paid twenty dollars, and
what remained was to go toward the support of soldiers' famUies. A
company was unmediately offered the govemment, but "red-tape" pre
vented it getting into actual service for several months ; in the meantime,
raany left it and enlisted in Maine and other states. The Maine regi
ment in which the Rockport men enlisted reached Washington in time to
participate in the first Bull Run battle, and continued fighting in sorae
of the bloodiest battles of the war. As the war progressed, Rockport
sent forth her men and yielded up what means for support of the families

804 ESSEX COUNTY
of the brave men she could. So great was the enthusiasm that on one
occasion, when only twenty-nine men were asked for, one man offered
fifty dollars to be allowed to put his name down and be mustered into
service. The total number of men credited to Rockport for the CivU War
was 358 for the army, and 41 for the navy. Only thhliy-four were paid
to volunteer. The State records show this town sent sixty-three more
men than all her calls amounted to. The cost to the town for furnishing
men was $30,000. The State paid back one-half of this amount. If any
one questions the goodness of a people let them look into their war rec
ord, as hi it will be found the key to the true character of such a com
munity. Out of about two hundred soldiers who served in the World War
from the vicinity of Rockport, the following six lost their lives, aU
dying in France except one, who died after coming home: Sergeant
Dwight Paul Dutton; Privates Edward Peterson, Harold Tarr Grover,
Edward R. Everett, James E. Bryan. John A. Carlson, died after retum
ing to Rockport.
Rowley Men in Various Wars — In 1640 Sebastian Brigham was caj)-
tain and John Remington lieutenant of a military company, sent out to
disarm Passaconaway, who lived near Merrimac river. In Augfust,
1653, this town fumished men for a scouting party at Piscataqua. In
1673 a company was formed by order of the town, and in the "King
PhUip War" it saw service. Joseph Pearson was in the "Flower of
Essex" company and was killed at Hatfield. Friday, April 21, 1676, at
Sudbury^ Captain Brocklebank and a part of his coramand were entirely
destroyed by PhiUp and his warriors. In 1689 this town fumished men
for the defense of HaverhUl and Dover. In the expedition against Que
bec in 1690, Rowley fumished PhUip Nelson, Abel Platts, and thirty non-
comriiissioned officers and privates. In various Indian wars many went
from Rowley, but the names are lost with the passing of years. In 1755
a company was raised to serve at Lake George. In 1756 a company was
fonned for service at Fort Edward. In 1759 many parts of companies
were formed at Rowley.
April 19, 1775, word reached Rowley that fighting was going on at
Lexington, and the two Rowley companies immediately started for the
seat of war. They remained about Cambridge untU the end of the week
and retumed home. Rowley sent many men into the Revolution, as well
as to the second war agamst Great Britain. Also in Shay's Rebellion it
fumished many men and a few commissioned officers.
In the Civil War from 1861 to 1865, Rowley is entitied to much mili
tary credit. "The Record of Massachusetts Volunteers" is the authority
for the statement that Rowley sent her men as fast as called for; and
when the strife had closed, the town had a credit of fourteen men as a
surplus. There were hundreds of men from Rowley in the war.
In the World War, the only soldier from the town of Rowley who

MILITARY HISTORY 805
made the "supreme sacrifice", was George L. Bartlett. In war activities
the town was fully up to the patriotic standard of Essex county through
out the entire conflict, and was fortunate in losing only one raan.
The MUitary in Topsfield— In 1676 the General Court ordered that
each town should "scout and ward, and clear the highway of brash and
undergrowth" to prevent the skulking of the eneray. A garrison-house
was built by the early settlers of Topsfield, yet it is not known to have
ever been used. Very early, a military company was organized here,
agreeable to the laws. In March, 1678, the town made a rate of £42 with
which to purchase powder and bullets. In 1818 the town voted to buUd a
powder-house in which to keep all mUitary stores. The State mUitary
compaiues were all abandoned in 1840. Topsfield aided with her men and
money in all the Indian wars and the French and Indian War. Several of
the Topsfield soldiers perished at Cape Breton in 1774.
Joseph Gould commanded the mUitia company in Topsfield in March,
1775. A company of minute-men was under command of Captain Ste
phen Perkins. It consisted of about fifty men. When the Lexington
Alarm was sounded in April, 1775, the two Topsfield companies marched
to the scene of conflict. At various dates .through the Revolution, this
town sent men and expended much money in beef and other supplies for
the army. There are found about three hundred names of Topsfield sol
diers who bore arms in the war for independence.
When the War of 1812 was declared, the citizens here were not in
hearty accord with the declaration of war; but when forced to do then-
part, they soon went into it with as much good wUl as people in other
parts of Essex county. The town raised her quota of men in ample time
to be of service.
Peace was then the lot of the people of this countiy until the South
em States seceded in April and May, 1861 and we were, for the first time,
in a real civil war — brother against brother — North and South. Topsfield
paid as high as $200 bounty for men to enlist. During that strife she
sent to the service of her country, 113 soldiers, six more than demanded.
Five of these were commissioned officers. Five perished in Anderson
vUle prison-pen. Others were cast into Libby and Salisbury rebel prisons.
Others died on the field of battle and were buried beneath a Southem sun.
Read the account of the hardest fought battles of that bloody war, and
then you will know what many of the men sent from Topsfield as else
where, endured for their country's flag. Eleven served in the navy de
partment and two never retumed home. The names of Topsfield soldiers
who gave up their lives in that civil war are inscribed on marble tablets
in the Town Hall, whUe they "sleep the sleep that knows no waking."
The amount of money expended by the town, exclusive of State aid, was
$14,746. In the Spanish-American War, Topsfield furnished her quota of men,
few though it was, from towns of its size. Then came the World War

806 ESSEX COUNTY
— ^that war that has eclipsed all other known wars of the globe. In all
that was asked by soldier and govemraent, Topsfield gave freely. The
roster of her soldiers is not yet fully corapiled, but the list of such as
were known to have been entitled to a place on the Roll of Honor appear
below. The following list of soldiers frora Topsfield was inserted in the an
nual report of the town clerk for 1920 : Andrews, Dwight Boyden ; Bur
gess, Arthur Eben; Burgess, Charles Maynard; Dolan, Patrick; Emslie,
Jaraes D. ; Fuller, Araos W. A. ; Harrington, Frank Edward ; KUhouley,
Peter Joseph ; Laskey, Augustus Alfred ; Lewis, WUliara McF. ; Lyons,
Patrick ; Mercer, James E. ; Muikhy, Joseph W. ; Pace, Eamest L. ; Peas-
ley, Charles A.; Perkins, RusseU F.; Smith, Russell Charles; Soper, Her
bert M. ; Todd, Harold H. ; Watson, Guy E. ; Wheatland, David Pingree.
It is more than likely others should have been accredited to this town,
but this was all that had been reported, legally, at the date of compUing
the town report, from which this information was taken.
Military in Wenh^am — A military company was organized in Wen
ham at a very early date. For many years Thoraas Fiske was the lead
ing military spirit. He was chosen "clerk of ye band to ye company 28 ;
9, 1654." In 1683 the Court ordered "that Thomas Fiske be captam of
ye foot company and Williara Fiske his ensign." The first conflicts in
New England was of course with the Indians. Wenhara's most serious
Indian trouble was in King PhUip's War, 1675-6. Hundreds of the whites
were killed and wounded, and town after town was destroyed. FinaUy
the Massachusetts Colony sent forth an army of five hundred and fifty
men. Some had volunteered in Wenham, among whom were Thomas
Abby and Caleb Kimball, who joined the little army, while Mark Bachel
der, Richard Hutton, Thomas Kimball, Samuel Moulton, and Philip Welch
were irapressed frora the Wenham company by Thomas Fiske, who was
then sergeant, November, 1675. They raarched through the snows of
winter to the Nanagansett, first of the Indians in Rhode Island, where
they attacked the red-skins in a furious manner, and blood was freely
shed. The Indians greatly outnumbered the whites, but the English
came out victors, though they lost heavUy. One of the men there frora
Wenham was Mark Batchelder, another was Caleb Kiraball, both bf whom
were killed. Many more served in that battle from Wenham, but theu:
naraes are lost of record today. Some frora Wenham took part in the
French War, in which Thomas Perkins and Thoraas Pousland were killed
at Island Battery, in 1745, and Israel Porter died at Cape Breton.
Again in the French and Indian War the men from Wenham were
found in the ranks, and a number suffered and finally died as a result of
battles and exposure. Soon after the close of this war came the Revolu
tion. June 30th, 1773, at a town meeting it was voted that the town was
of the opinion "that the rights of the colonies, and of this in particular
are infringed upon in many instances, therefore it is a great grievance to

MILITARY HISTORY 807
all His Majesty's subjects and has a direct tendency to the destraction
of our happy constitution."
The people felt the storm coming, and put in a supply of ammunition
arms, etc., as best they could. At the beginning of 1775, the town had
one militaiy company, but soon another, known as the Minute-Men, was
organized. On the moming of the attack on Lexington, the two com
panies marched to the scene, but arrived too late to engage. The mUitia
corapany, consisting of thirty-seven raen, was in commarid of Capt.
Thomas Kunball; the Minute-Men company was in comraand of Capt.
"BUly" Porter, both corapanies being a part of Col. John Baker's regi
ment. The former history of Wenham states that there were 137 raen
frora the town of Wenham who served through the conflict, for a longer
or shorter period. During the years preceding 1777, it had paid out in
money five hundred and seventy-four pounds for supplies and sustaining
their own men in the field. When all was over and Wenhara was a part
of a free and independent people, matters went on in quite a different
manner than for eight long years before the sacrifice had been made.
But the war cloud again appeared in the national sky and what is known
as the War of 1812 (second war with England) came on. In this strug
gle the survivors of the Revolution, with younger men, were soon in the
field and doing their part to subdue the foreign foe. Sorae enlisted as
privateers, some in the regular United States army, and fought till the
fates of nations decided that England must not undertake to control our
waters and dictate the course of our trade and comraerce on land or sea.
Wenham has taken part in every war since the settlement of the county.
When the War of 1812 ended, for a nuraber of decades peace was ruling
in our fair republic, but in 1861, the Civil War opened. From Wenham
went forth "the boys in blue" to the number of 130 men. The pastor
of the Congregational church served as chaplain, and Dr. John L. Robin
son was assistant surgeon in the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment. Others
served in the navy, on various noted battleships, including the "Kear
sarge," that sank the famous "Alabama." Let the reader tum to the
history of the Rebellion and note the scores of hard fought battles, and
then remember that few if any, were not represented by men frora the
loyal town of Wenham. The roster of men and list of fallen heroes is all
too long to spread on these pages. Hon. Edward Mudge, representative
in 1868-69, generously donated his entire salary toward erecting a suit
able raonuraent for the soldier dead in Wenham. Later the town appro
priated more and the handsome monument was buUt to the sacred mem
ory of the CivU War soldiers.
Whatever was demanded of the town in 1898-9, for soldiery in the ,
Spanish-American War, was forthcoming from Wenham and the same
was tme in the recent World War. Lieut. Norman Prince, enlisted in
the French army in 1914, and was kUled October 15, 1916. In the Ameri
can army were the following:

808

ESSEX COUNTY

OUver D. Sawyer
James Ackerman
Edgar W. Sawyer
Frank Henry Prince, Jr.
James W. ^nsella
B. Hammond Tracy, Jr.
Ohn H. Young
Joseph ScanneU
Henry A. Bragdon
Herbert F. Jaquith
John J. Einsella
George W. Cummings
Roger E. Knowlton
Robert C. Jones
Arthur J. Landers
Albert W. Pembroke
Henry R. McKean, Jr.
Albert W. Dodge, Jr.
Furber M. Libby
Alva W. HUyard
Lawrence H. Hatch
Douglas Smith
David A. Bamie

Hugh P. McLean
Curtland C. Brown
Albert E. HaskeU
Joseph E. Batchelder
Leonidas C. Whiting
Samuel S. Conary
Fred M. Cutler
Leverett W. Campbell
Randolph P. Dodge
Frank E. Nelson (deceased)
John C. Phillips
Raymond P. Trott
Harry Carveth
Raymond K. Tarr
Charles E. Lament
Frank W. Welch
Gelean G. Campbell
F. Blake WUkins
Albert W. Jones
Hammond H. Homan
Lyman B. Preston
George F. B. Johnson
John D. McLean

Roland H. Patch
Michael J. Maroney
Jerome F. Flynn
George H. Cook
John W. Bames
WUUam F. Glavin
Jesse E. WUson
John B. Cannon
John M. Perkins
Elwyn L. Cannon
Alonzo Young, Jr.
Daniel J. Lucy
Agostino Smigiano
Guiseppe Marini
Charles T. Quimby
George A. WUUams
Samuel Johnson
John E. Lucy
Ralph S. Putnam
Walter R. Reed
WUUam Taylor
James A. McLeod

This town was not one whit behind her sister towns in giving mate
rial aid in this great war for a world-wide peace. Govemment bond
and Red Cross campaigns were successfully carried out and great good
resulted. The list of those who did well their part is not at hand, but
the community knows who did the war work, and the reward vrill not be
overlooked in the far-away home of the soul.
Groveland. — The Revolutionary career of Bradford, in which the
East Parish was prominent, should not be forgotten in the military an
nals of Essex county. In 1773, Capt. Daniel Thurston was representa
tive from Bradford in the General court. At that time the special
grievances of taxation and the salaries of the judges had created an ex
citement which was spreading through the entire province of Massachu
setts Bay. A town meeting was called January 17, 1773, to see what
instructions should be given to their representative in view of impend
ing troubles. The committee appointed to investigate the affairs con
sisted of Dudley Carelton, WUliam Greenough, Benjamin Gage, Jr.,
Thomas Webster and Araos MuUekin. Captain Daniel Thurston was
also a meraber of the Provincial Congress. The body convened at Salem
and John Hancock was its president. The town laid in a store of am-
murUtion before hostilities began, and appropriated thirty pounds ster
ling for its purchase. Minute-men were equipped and drilled, and after
the battle of Lexington, Captain Nathaniel Gage marched to Cambridge
with forty men, and was engaged in the battle of Bunkers HUl.
At the very opening of the CivU War in April, 1861, this town, on
April 30th, held a raeeting and voted to "choose a committee, consisting
of E. B. George, Elijah Clark, John C. Foot, Nathaniel H. Griffith, and
D. H. Stickney, who shaU fumish all persons who are called into active
service for this town, with all necessary articles, and to provide for their
families during their absence at the expense of the town." It was also

MILITARY HISTORY 809
voted "that all volunteers from this town in regular organized com
panies, holding themselves liable to instant call to the service of their
countiy, and in constant drill to prepare themselves for service, to be
paid the sum of ten dollars per month by the town while so employed."
July 19, 1862, the town voted to pay a bounty of $100 to each sol
dier enlisting before August 5th, for three years, to fill the quota of
twenty-one then required of the town. On July 26 the bounty was in
creased to $150. August 13, 1862, a bounty of $150 was offered for
enlistments for nine months to the extent of the required quota. De
cember, 1862, it was voted to pay no more bounties to nine-months men,
and to authorize the selectmen to fill the quota of the town with three-
year's men on the best possible terms. AprU 8, 1864, the selectmen
were authorized to pay $125 for each enlistment, to fill the quota then
required of the town. In all, this town fumished 185 soldiers, of which
number seven were commissioned as officers. The total amount of
money expended was $27,812.57. In 1866 a marble monument was
erected on the commons as a perpetual reminded to the passerby of the
sacrifice made by the citizens of this town in the Rebellion.
. The town sent her full quota of men to the World War, and from
the number the following lost their lives: Charles J. Cook (on a boat),
George A. Roberts, Nathan M. Webster (died in France), WUliam A.
McAuley and WUliam Wallace Myers.
MUitary History of Andover — During the French and Indian War,
Andover fumished her quota of men, and lost lives by battle or exposure
and disease. The successful expedition against Louisburg brought
grief to many an Andover home. The following soldiers from Andover
were killed or died from sickness or wounds received while in the King's
service at Louisburg: Benjamin Frye, Samuel Farnham, Jr., Ephraim
Barker, Andrew Johnson, Jonathan Chandler, David Johnson, Isaac
Abbott, Francis Dane, Andrew Allen, Benjamin Carlton, Joseph Marble,
Philip Abbott, Isaac Chandler, Jonathan Darlin, Tunothy Johnson, Jr.^
Jacob Martin. Of these sixteen Andover raen nearly aU fell by sick
ness. FinaUy the war ended, and Louisburg was given back to France.
Peace then retumed to the colonies for a season and the people retumed
to their ordinary vocations.
The following Andover men held coraraissions from 1745 to 1763:
Col. Joseph Frye, Lieut-Col. James Frye, Adjt.-Col. Moody Bridges, Sur
geon Ward Noyes, Surgeon Abiel Abbot, Capt. John Farnham, Capt.
Thomas Farrington, Capt. Abiel Frye, Capt. Asa Foster, Capt. Henry
IngaUs, Capt. Peter Parker, Capt. James Parker, Capt. Thomas Poor,
Capt. Jonathan Poor, Capt. Asa Stevens, Capt. James Stevens, Capt.
Johri Wright, Capt. Isaac Osgood, Lieut. John Peabody, Lieut. Nathan
Chandler, Lieut. Jacob Farrington, Lieut. Nicholas Colt, Ensign Na
thaniel Lovejoy, Ensign George Abbot, Ensign John Foster, Ensign.
WUliam Russ.

:^810 ESSEX COUNTY
When it becarae fully known that a resort to arras must eventuaUy
settle the difficulty between England and her American colonies, the
town of Andover voted "that one-quarter of all the training men of the
town enlist theraselves, and for their encouragement they were prom-
^ ised pay for every half day they shall be exercising themselves in the art
of mUitary." A Comraittee of Safety and a Coraraittee of Inspection
were formed, the duty of the latter being to see to it that the non-con
sumption agreeraent be strictly lived up tb; that every species of ex
travagance and dissipation be discontinued. They were to recoraraend
a reduction in the articles and expense of raourning material, to inspect
the traders of the town, and if they had violated the rules of the town
and its association, to publish their names. They were to further en
courage the people to improve the breed of sheep, and to increase their
number, at the same tirae to promote agriculture, arts and riianufactures.
That there was fighting going on in Charlestown, and that the An
dover companies were engaged in it, was known in Andover in the early
part of the day. The booming of cannons from the ships and from
Copp's Hill was heard in the homes of the soldiers in the trenches. The
people left their work, gathered in the streets and on the hill-tops.
Many hastened to the place of conflict with provisions and other sup
plies, women brought out their old linens for bandages and their choice
cordials for the use of the wounded, and many a parent's, sister's or
wife's heart beat anxiously for the loved one exposed to death, possibly
wounded, possibly dead. The next day brought tidings of the battle
and its disasters. There is no full record of the casualties in the An-
• dover companies. It is known that Capt. Farnum was badly wounded,
that Capt. Fuebush was disabled, and that his lieutenant, Sarauel BaUey,
Jr., was killed. Of Capt. Ames' company, it is known that Joseph
Chandler, Philip Abbot and WUliam Haggit were killed, and that Lieut.
Isaac Abbot, Lieut. Joshua Lovejoy, Jaraes Tumer, Jereraiah Wardwell,
Stephen Chandler and Israel Holt were wounded.
The thoughts of all were tumed towards Cambridge. All who
could go, hastened thither. The sanctuary was forsaken, the Rev.
French of the South Church, who in early life had been a soldier and af
terward a military surgeon, seizing his Bible and surgical instruraents,
hastening to the succor of his wounded and bereaved parishioners in camp.
In an obituary of Col. Johnson, published in 1796, the following is
found: "In 1777, he commanded a regiment detached frora the county
of Essex, and led thera to victory and glory in the memorable action on
the 7th of October, where his firmness and courage were particularly
distinguished. His regiment was a part of that highly respectable yeo
manry, whom Gen. Burgoyne honored as the owners of the soil — ^men
determined to conquer or to die."
In the decisive battle on the 7th of October, which Burgoyne had
challenged, it is said by historian Bancroft, "that during all the fight.

MILITARY HISTORY 811
neither Gates nor Lincoln appeared on the field." "That the action was
the battle of the husbandmen," and "the victory was due to the enthusi
asm of the soldiers." The regiment of , Col. Johnson must have taken a
hand in this "Battle of the Husbandmen," composed as it was of the yeo
manry of Andover and other farming towns in Essex county.
Febraary 16, 1778, it was voted by Andover "to procure for each
soldier in the Continental army doing duty for this town, one pair of
shirts, two pairs of stockings, one pair of shoes and a blanket." This
was brought about by the destitution reported at Valley Forge, where
Andover had many soldiers during that never-to-be-forgotten winter.
The Civil War was supported loyally from the first to the final
struggle in 1865, by the people of both sexes, in Andover. On the even
ing of April 18th, a meeting was called hastUy, at Frye village, but de
ferred until a general town mass-meeting could be held on the following
Saturday night. At that raeeting Francis Cogswell was made president,
and he was aided by twelve vice-presidents, and Prof. Calvin E. Stowe
(husband of Harriet Beecher-Stowe) of the Theological Seminary, offer
ed a fervent prayer. Proper sets of resolutions were written by a cora-
mittee composed of Judge Marcus Morton, Jr., Prof. Calvin E. Stowe,
Oliver H. Perry, William G. Means and Samuel Rayraond.
Ma,y and June, 1861, were crowded full of sewing circles, flag-rais
ings, military music, liberal donations (one as high as $3,000 by the
Smith-Dove & Co. manufactory), organizing companies of cadets at the
PhUlips Academy campus, and the furnishing of a beautiful song to
cheer the young soldiers ere they left for the far away Southland, from
the pen of that gifted and loyal writer, Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe,
then residing at Andover, and many other needful things preparatory
to the great on-coming conflict. June 24th, 1861, after two raonths drill
ing, the Andover Light Infantry, the first corapany frora the town to
enlist, left for Fort Warren. The sarae day they left for the National
Capital. July 5th they were raustered into the service of the United
States, and designated as "Company H, 14th Regiraent Massachusetts
Volunteer Infantry." This was the only full company of privates and
officers sent out during the CivU War from Andover. Its officers were
as follows: Capt, Horace Holt, 1st Lieut. Charles H. Poor, 2d Lieut.
Moses W. Clement, 1st Sergt. Samuel C. Hervey, 2nd Sergt. George T.
Brown, 3rd Sergt. Orrin L. Farnham, 4th Sergt. Newton Holt, 5th Sergt.
Frank B. Chapin, 1st Corp. George S. Farmer, 2nd Corp. George A. W.
Vinal, 3rd Corp. Peter D. Smith, 4th Corp. John Clark, 5th Corp. Alonzo
T. Berry, 6th Corp. H. W. Waedwell, 7th Corp. George F. Hatch, 8th
Corp. Phineas Buckley, Jr., Musician Newton G. Frye, Musician George
M. Smart. The whole number of men fumished by Andover was 599 ; this was
163 more than the quota called for. These soldiers and seamen were
distributed among forty-six regunents, in various departments and on

812 ESSEX COUNTY
the seas. For army purposes Andover spent (including bounties),
$35,623. Private citizens of the town donated to war causes, outside
the above named amount, $27,226, in paying bounties, substitutes and
other ways.
As to the men who served from Andover in the Spanish-American
War in 1898-9, no record has been prepared by the Commonwealth, by
counties, hence no further reference can here be given, but doubtless a
few found their way into the service of their countiy in that war.
There is being now compUed a very authentic record of the doings
of the various World War boards from 1917 to 1919, in Andover, but
at present no accurate account can be had of the important data this
record wUl cover, historically, hence all that the writer of these annals
can possibly add of value in this connection is the list of honored dead,
and whose naraes are now inscribed in golden letters on a shield over
hanging the doorway to the public library in Andover. This list is as
follows: WiUiam Pert, WUliam Rae, Michael Joseph Daly, PhUlip G.
Morrison, Thomas W. Piatt, Jr., John J. Greagan, Thomas E. Carter,
John H. Baker, John Murphy, David C. S. Croall, Patrick O'NeU and
Charles A. Young.
Military of Hamilton Town. — Never in the history of the town and
hamlet of Hamilton has this part of Essex county been slack in mUitary
calls. In 1755, several of the young men of the hamlet of HamUton
were eiUisted in the French War, and upon the eve of the expedition
against Crown Point, Rev. Wigglesworth delivered a discourse to the
soldiers. It was a firebrand, and roused the soldiers to daring deeds.
Among those who went forth to do battle were Captain Stephen Whip
ple, Benjamin Binder, Ebenezer Porter, Joseph Whipple, Nathaiuel
Adaras, WUliara Poland, Stephen Brown, Stephen Lowater, Benjamin
Glasier, John Baker, John Marshall, Thomas Adams, John Boynton,
Antipas Dodge, John Jones, Joseph Symonds, Araos Howard, Elijah
Maxey. A nuraber of these "boys" were seriously wounded. Robert
Dodge, afterwards colonel, and Abraham Hobbs, were present at the
taking of Quebec, and Hobbs heard General Wolfe say to his men, when
the French were near them, "Now, boys, do your best."
At the coraraenceraent of the Revolutionary straggle, after the news
reached Harailton of the battle at Lexington, Dr. Cutler addressed the
raen of the haralet of HamUton ; the rainute-raen who were already drill
ing, and hiraself rode on horseback to Cambridge, in company with Mr.
WUlard of Beverly, who was later president of Harvard College. He
reached there in time to see the enemy retreating to Boston. As late as
1832 there were seven on the pension rolls frora HamUton.
John Whipple, Jr., was a captain in 1775; John Thompson was a
lieutenant and Jonathan Lamson was ensign. In 1776, Joseph Lufkin,
who was in the westem army, was kUled by the falling of a tree, which
broke his neck, while the soldiers were cutting wood preparatory to go
ing into carap for the night.

MILITARY HISTORY 813
In May, 1861, the first year of the CivU War, the records show that
the town of Hamilton appropriated $1000 to assist the volunteers and
their famUies. In August, 1862, the bounty was raised to $200. Dur
ing this war there were seventy-five men enlisted from here on the quota
of the town; of these fifty-five were residents and the remainder non
residents. Nine of these brave men died in service : James A. Chase, at
Gettysburg Hospital ; Isaac K. Dodge, Thomas K. Dodge, died in Ander
sonvUle prison-pen ; George W. Dodge, John E. Whittredge, WUliam H.
Dodge of "Barryville, Elam W. Bumham, Austin Kinsman, Alvah Tib
betts, at AndersonvUle prison.
In the late World War the combined towns of Hamilton-Wenham
(always associated together) had several hundred soldiers, arid at an
expense of more than $100,000 Mrs. George S. Mandell, whose son was
kUled by reason of that conflict, erected a handsome brick Community
and Memorial Hall in his memory. On the front outer wall is an ar
tistic and permanent stone tablet affixed with the names of those who
lost their lives. The inscription includes the following: Major Augus
tus P. Gardner, died Jan. 14, 1918 ; Lieut. Samuel P. Mandell, died Nov.
5, 1918 ; Lieut. Norman Price, died Oct. 15, 1916 ; Sergt.Major WUliam
Collins, died March 1, 1919 ; Corporal WUliam L. Taylor, died Oct. 18,
1918 ; Corporal Frank E. Nelson, died Dec. 23, 1918 ; Private Lester D.
Hodgson, died Dec. 23, 1918; Private Reginald Young, died July 25,
1918. The memorial hall is situated just at the edge of the vUlage of
Hamilton station, and is a befitting tribute by the bereaved mother to
her brave son.
MUitary in North Andover. — While much of the history of North
Andover is connected with the original Andover before the separation,
yet it has a distinct mUitary history of its own, in a way, that should
not be mistaken. Prior to the Revolutionary straggle, there were nu
merous animated resolutions passed in the town meetings and placed on
record. These are too lengthy to reproduce here, but are excellent, as
showing the spirit that was everywhere prevalent in North Andover ter
ritory, even at so early a date. June 12, 1776, just before the famous
Declaration of Independence, the selectmen resolved "Whether the Hon
orable Congress should, for the safety of the colonies, declare themselves
independent of the Kingdom of Great Britam, you will solemnly engage
with your lives and fortunes to support them in the measure" ; it passed
in the affirmative without a dissenting vote.
In the French and Indian War, the prominent officers from North
Andover included Capt. Joseph Frye, Col. Moody Bridges, Lieut.-Col.
James Frye, Ward Noyes (surgeon), Capt. John Farnum, Capt. Thomas
Farrington and Capt. Abel Frye. In 1775 there were four companies
in the town, numbermg a total of 400 men and officers. Two com
panies appear on the muster roll of the "Lexington Alarm," in the regi-
.ment of Col. James Frye. A number of veiy aged men rode to Cam-

814 ESSEX COUNTY
bridge with the four companies from North Andover, having the "spuit
to fight," but were too aged and infirm.
The subjoined, concerning one noble character from North Andover,
is recalled : "Col. Joseph Frye, conspicuous in the destruction of Arcadia,
coraraenced in this war his long career. His house in North Andover
stood near the faraous elm tree planted by Captain Frye, when he de
parted for LoveweU's expedition. He had comraand of a sraall body of
troops outside Fort WiUiam Henry, when the disastrous attack was
raade on it by Montcalra with his savages. He fought the eneray in
front, opposed capitulation in the rear, and slew the savage who had led
hira forth, naked, to be tortured to death." Volumes of good war
history center in and near the town of North Andover and Andover,
proper. The social and civU current of North Andover ran on as usual untU
the breaking out of the CivU War in AprU, 1861, when all was changed.
At the town raeeting May 6, 1861, it was voted to appropriate $5,000
with which to uniforra soldiers and provide for their faraUies. These
raen received fifty cents a day whUe drilling, and ten dollars a raonth
frora the date of their muster to the date of discharge. A full company
was imraediately organized. In 1862 the town voted to allow $200
bounty to each volunteer, and in August that year this was increased to
$250. In March, 1864, it was raised $125 raore. In all, this town fur
nished 250 raen, fifteen more than was called for by her legal quota. Of
this nuraber of brave men thirty-three died. Space forbids the listing
of these men in this connection. The whole amount of money raised and
expended by this town in Civil War days was $40,795; besides this the
families of soldiers were given as donations, by the citizens of the town,
$12,978. Perhaps no raan of those tiraes ranked as a soldier higher than
General Isaac L. Stevens, a native of the town and a cadet of West
Point. In the War with Spain in 1898-99, and in the late World War,
North Andover was of the type that brightens the railitary pages of
Essex county. While she did her full share in this last war, in purchas
ing war bonds, doing Red Cross work, etc., and in filling up her quota
for men when called for, she was indeed fortunate in having a loss of
only one man — Albert Thompson, who was kUled overseas.
Saugus in Various Wars. — Frora an article written a few years
after the Civil War, by Wilbur F. Newhall, the following facts have been
taken as authentic and are here reproduced, in substance:
In the late war of the Rebellion, our town nobly showed its patriotism by an
early and prompt response to the country's call for volunteers. One hundred and
sixty-three men enlisted, and of these eight served in the navy. The larger niun-
ber of these were in the Seventeenth and Fortieth Massachusetts regiments. Among
these soldiers, serving as they did in a great many regiments, and in almost every
arm of the service, strange as it may seem, yet we cannot name any who were

MILITARY HISTORY 815*
kUled in battle, although many were seriously wounded, some to die from the
wounds received, and some from exposure and disease in the service.
The veterans of Saugus, in June, 1869, organized as the 'General E. W. Hinks
Post 95, Grand Army of the Repubhc,' vrith Charles A. NewhaU as their com
mander. In every war, this town has given of raen and raeans to the full ex-
tent of her quota. In the last great World War, it went "over the top"
as the act of over-paying and raising more raen than was required was
called. The work of Red Cross Chapter, sale of Liberty Bonds, and
other measures intended to further on the cause of the war, .were strictly
attended to in Saugus between April, 1917, and 1919. Of the hundreds
of brave men who went forth into this war, and whose names are in
scribed on a well-constructed tablet at the Town Building, were the
following soldiers, who were either reported deceased or wounded, at
the time the tablet was constructed, about the close of the war. A star
in blue and gold on the tablet represents the men who gave up life or
lunb in the war above named, sometime between 1917 and 1919 : Walter
0. Bennett, James P. Bentley, Olin O. Bentley, Arthur C. Booth, An
tonio Chiofolo, William Olaf Cooper, Abraham G. W. Fiske, Samuel
Goodman, Harold B. Gray, Alfred H. Hanson, Alton C. Hobbs, Frank
Hobbs, Harold R. Hobbs, William Sloan Hodgson, WUliara F. Johnson,
Frank Lakin, Archie C. Lord, Raymond E. Morrison, Sextus E. Norden,
Henry I. Pilcher, Clarence E. Pyoh, Walter C. Rice, James H. Smith,
Alexander J. Stewart, Willard F. Swan, Gerald L. Townsend, Herbert
M. Wentworth, Edward P. Wing.
Beverly. — In 1765, troublesome times were approaching, and the
records of the day show that the people of Beverly were alive to every
fateful prognostication from over the ocean. A powder-house was erect- ¦
ed on the south side of the coraraons in 1767, to contain the town ararau
nitlon, which had previously been stored in the basement of thd meeting
house. In 1775, bearing date February 27, among articles in the caU
for a public hieeting of the town, the records show this : "To see if the
town will have a watch kept for the preservation of the town, and come
into such measures relative thereto as may then be thought best; and
there was a warrant issued out to the several constables to wam the
same as follows: viz; to Samuel Woodbeny 3d, to warn Farms and Bald
Hill districts ; to Joseph Woodberry to wam Royal Side and Bass River
districts, and to WUliam Elliott to wam the Ferry district."
It was later decided to have a watch, consisting of nine persons,
posted at different places ; and that "if the watch discover that any hos
tilities are likely to be made on the town or any of its inhabitants there
of, they are to make an alarm by the firing of three guns and the ringing
of the church bell." It was also voted that the town raise forty-four
minute-men, including the officers. Thus it was that when that noted
day arrived — April 19, 1775 — these people were prepared for the "Lex-

816 ESSEX COUNTY
ington Alarm," as now caUed in history. When the messenger came,
teUing of the British march on to Concord, the business of the day was
at once abandoned; every man took his trasty gun and was ready for
any emergency. The captains of the local mUitia, Joseph Rea and Caleb
Dodge, and others, mounted then- horses and posted to the Farms and
other districts, arousing the people. By three o'clock that aftemoon
every able-bodied raan in Beverly was ready for what might come. They
were a long distance away, but were on hand at the skirmishes follow
ing the battle of Lexington. One of then- number was killed, Reuben
Kennison, and three were wounded — Nathaniel Cleavrs, WUliam Dodge
(Srd), and Samuel Woodbury.
Between March and November, 1781, fifty-two vessels, carrying
746 guns, with crews of almost four thousand men, were fitted out, most
ly from Salem and Beverly. Beverly sent out the first commissioned
privateer of the Revolution, the "Hannah," the papers of which were
issued September 3, 1775, and signed by General Washington. Beverly
was the first to commence operations against Great Britain's mercantile
^marine and maintained her privateers throughout the war.
During the second war with England, Beverly bore her part man
fully and weU. There were three companies of militia in the time of thia
war, in which were enroUed about three hundred and fifty raen. The
North Beverly company was commanded by Abraham Lord, with Israel
Trask as second lieutenant; the Cove and Farms company was com
manded by Aaron Foster and lieutenant Jona Foster. In the center of
the town was a company comprising about one-half of all the town's
;soldiers; this was commanded by Capt. Nathaniel Lamson, with John
DaAds as lieutenant. The Beverly soldiers were accounted among the
best trained of any in Massachusetts at that date. At the termination
of the war, a great peace celebration was held in Beverly on Febraary
:22, 1815. The newspapers at the time had this to say conceming this
event: "The assembled people flew to the gun-house, dragged the heavy
artUlery to the highest hilltop, and from amidst the peals of bells, fired
salutes which proclaimed the pleasures they felt. In the evening, the
destraction, by fire, of the dwellinghouse of an unfortunate citizen sus-
:pended for a whUe the natural joy, which had begrun to flow from the
'domestic circle."
The war with Mexico was raore unpopular in Beverly than the War
of 1812, and as a result there were few enlistments. The most of these
joined the U. S. regular army. Among the men from Beverly who went
to that war are found the names of Charles F. Dodge, Joseph Bradshaw
and Thomas J. Pousland. Through the acquisition of Texas, New Mex
ico and Califomia, a vast territory was thrown open for settlement.
Gold was soon discovered, and Beverly sent forth many of her hardy
;Sons in quest of the shining metal.
The mUitary spirit shown in previous wars was again alert when

MILITARY HISTORY 817
President Lincoln called for his first 75,000 men to put down the Re
bellion in April, 1861. Here in Beverly, one always could count on find
ing a well-trained mUitia company, the mUitia spirit commencing away
back before Revolutionary days, in 1662. At one tune there were three
full mUitary companies in Beverly ; but strange to say, in the spring of
1861, only one company existed. This was known as Company E, Bever
ly Light Infantry. Company E, was the first in Massachusetts to report
for duty; Captain Porter received his orders at 5 p. ra., April 15th; he
at once notified his men in person. This was the second corapany to
arrive in Boston. MUitary corapanies were formed throughout the town,
over one hundred members during the first week.
The Eighth Regiment left in tirae to arrive in Boston on the 16th ;
left that city on the 18th, was greeted all along the way to PhUadelphia.
Gen B. F. Butler accompanied it as its commander, it being in his brig
ade. The regiment reached New York, AprU 19 — that noted historic
day in American history — ^when the Sixth regiraent was attacked by a
mob in the city of Baltimore. This was the second Massachusetts regi
ment that had marched through Broadway, New York, amid congratu
lations by a vast multitude. The regiraent arrived in Washington, D. C,
on the 26th. The "National Intelligencer" the following moming said
editorially: "We doubt whether any single regiment in the country
could fumish such a ready contingent to reconstruct a steam engine,
lay a railroad track and bend the rails of a man-of-war." One of the
Beverly company wrote back frora Washington that President Lincoln
appeared on their arrival in Washington, and said: "Three cheers for
the Eighth Regiraent of Massachusetts, who can build a locomotive, lay
raUroad tracks and re-take the Constitution."
It appears that upon the arrival of the Eighth Regiment at Annap
olis, Gen Butler found the railroad engine-house locked up. He broke
it open, and discovered the engine all in pieces. "Who knows anything
about an engine?" was the question. One raan stepped out of the ranks,
and said: "I do. General, I made that locomotivoy and can repair her
in two hours," — and he did. This man was none other than Charles S.
Homans, of the Beverly Light Infantry, who found his mark on the dis
abled locomotive at Annapolis, and superintended its construction. The
man who served as his fireman on the re-buUt engine was he who left
the depot at Beverly with the soldiers, but had not enlisted at that hour ;
he caught the inspiration and later became a soldier in fact.
The whole number of men fumished to the Union cause from Bev
erly m the CivU War under various calls was as follows: AprU 16, 1861,
three months men, 75; June 17, 1861, three years men, 172; July 4,
1862, three years men, 140; August 4, 1862, nine months men, 101;
March, July and December, 1864, three years men, 127; three years
men who received no bounty, 118; ninety day men, 86; one hundred
days men, 77. This made a total of 896 men, and a total paid in boun-
Essez— 52

818 ESSEX COUNTY
ties of $61,120, of which the State of Massachusetts refunded $18,000.
At least one hundred others served from other places, but who really
belonged to Beverly ; and nearly as many more served in the navy, hence
were not counted in the above list. The whole number of men who died
in the army and navy waa about ninety, or ten per cent, of the whole
number enlisted.
A recapitulation raay be raade as follows: Number of enlistments
from Beverly during the Rebellion was 608 ; in the navy, 74 ; total, 682.
The whole number of enlistments, counting re-enlistments for nine
months, one hundred days and three years, was 988. The several calls
of the govemraent for men were promptly raet, and at the end of the
war with a surplus of ninety men, sufficient to raeet her quota to a call
of another 300,000. Beverly furnished thirty-two commissioned officers
for the army, most of whom were promoted frora the ranks. Also in
the navy a large nuraber received coraraissions as volunteer officers.
The town was represented by three railitary organizations — Corapany
E, of the Eighth regiraent; G of the Twenty-third regiment; and K of
the Fortieth regiment, and the muster rolls from almost every part of
the State showed names from Beverly. While most of the "boys in
blue" have passed to their eternal reward, there still remain a few old
veterans honored by all who know them.
In close proximity to the City Hall in Beverly raay be seen four
raetal tablets on a wood background, and on these tablets are inscribed
the naraes of the soldiers of the late World War, who were either kUled
in action or died v/hile in the service of the United States in that terrible
struggle. These names are as follows: Araes, Oliver; Baker, Arthur
E. ; Brockamonts, John C. ; Brown, Ray F. ; Burchastead, Ed. 0. ; Codi-
gan, M. J.; Cressey, Nelson; Creesy, Andrew E. ; Deantonio, Stephano;
Fowler, Alfred F. ; Gorman, James H. ; HUl, Ralph S. ; Halligan, John
E. ; Harwood, Leroy A. ; Kelleher, Frank J. ; Lyons, Percy F. ; Lee,
Charles A. ; Levanture, Louis H. ; Knowlton, Charles A. ; Millsbad, Ar
thur; Penna, Francesco; Perrigo, Harold K. ; PuUiston, Lorenzo; Ro-
manin, Luigi; Sutherland, Clark E. ; Simpkins, Nathaniel, Jr.; Cooney,
Robert J. ; Waldie, Peter M. ; Wardell, Earl ; Whittaker, Percy E. ; Sel-
len, Harrold; Dorsett, W. Austin; Martin, Lif a; McEvoy, Frank. The
total enrollment of soldiers from Beverly in this war was 1,428, from
which number thirty-one gave up life in defense of the principles of their
native or adopted country, over which waves the "stars and stripes."
The draft board for Beverly was composed of the following gentle
raen: Thoraas D. Connolly, Dr. James A. Shatswell, Oliver T. Roberts
and Herbert W. Porter. Also the Mayor, Hon. James McPherson ; chief
clerk — Miss Winifred L. King; clerk — Miss Lucy Baker. The legal ad
visers were Dennis W. QuUl (chairman), August P. Loring, and Albert
W. Boyden. Peabody's MUitary Record — The Stamp Act imposed upon the

MILITARY HISTORY 819
Colonies by English rule started the war-pot to boUing, and as the years
passed on, the hotter became the fire in the hearts and breasts of the
Colonists, including those at Peabody. November 12, 1774, this town
voted to adhere to all the resolves of the Provincial Congress, thereby
repudiating the govemment of England. January 9, 1775, it was de
cided to arm every able-bodied man in the town. Danvers sent two
hundred raen in all to the Lexington Alarra call. The record shows,
however, that the number of men from Danvers in the entire Revolu
tionary War was 197, serving in the regular Continental army, out of a
population of 1,800. The South parish fumished about one-half the
number sent. The "Lexington Monument" dedicated to the meraory
of those from Danvers who were kUled in the Battle of Lexington, April
19, 1775, gives the deceased in battle as follows : Samuel Cook, aged 33 ;
Benjamin Daland, 25 ; George Southwick, 25 ; Jotham Webb, 22 ; Henry
Jacobs, 22; Eben Goldthwait, 22; Perley Putnam, 21.
Much interest was taken in military affairs in the War of 1812.
There were three companies in Danvers. The Danvers Light Artil
lery continued as an organization untU 1850.
No sooner had the echo from Charleston (S. C.) harbor died away
on the moming of April 12th, 1861, and the telegraph click stated
that the South had opened up a civil war, then the citizens of this town
were aroused to their old-time railitary activities. Lincoln called for
75,000 men for three months, and forty-two of the citizens here at once
responded to the call. Nine merabers of the Salem Zouaves, under Cap
tain Devereux, starting on the morning of the 18th to join the Eighth
Regiment, and ten men in the Mechanics Light Infantry, Captain Pier
son, and twenty-one in the City Guards, Captain Danforth, followed Sat
urday to join the Fifth Regiment under Colonel Lawrence. One Dan
vers raan enlisted in the New York Zouaves, and one! in an Iowa regi
ment. This was but the start; for four long years the town read its
calls for "more men"— 100,000, then came the calls for "300,000 strong,"
and these were repeated till the North had conquered the South. Large
amounts were raised to pay soldiers' bounties and to provide for the
families of soldiers at home. War meetings were the common order of
the day during those history-making years. Finally the war ended, and
then came the buUding of monuments in honor of the fallen heroes. The
Peabody Town Hall is graced with marble tablets containing the names
of the seventy-one raen who gave up life for the freedora of men. The
total number serving in the war from here was seven hundred and
eighty-one. The following is believed to be a coraplete list of those who raade
the supreme sacrifice as soldiers from Peabody in the recent World War
Fedor Borivik, aged 22 ; Michael J. Burke, 21 ; Eugene F. Connelly, 39
Daniel A. Driscold, 27 ; Franklin J. Famsworth, 22 ; John HourUian, 28
Charles J. Howley, 28 ; Charles S. Hutchinson, 26 ; Daniel F. Keefe, 27

820 ESSEX COUNTY
Peter Kosronis, 27 ; Louis W. Love, 23 ; Frank F. Mortinak, 18 ; Leroy
E. Nelson, 29. These names appear on a tablet raade of wood (tempor
arily) , now placed in front of the city buUding.
MUitary of Manchester — Frora various sources the following is
gleaned conceming the wars in which Manchester has participated:
May 18, 1774, a letter was received from the Comraittee of Correspon
dence at Boston, on the subject of the separation of colonies. A town
meeting was called and a committee was chosen to report thereon. The
resolutions passed at Ipswich were of unmistakable import :
First — If any danger arises froai this meeting, the town vrill be liable for the
same. Second — To send delegates to the county Congress and they be paid eight shU-
Ungs per day.
Third — John Lee, Andrew Marsters, and Andrew Woodbury are elected dele
gates to the county Congress to meet at Ipswich, to consider the critical state of
our national affairs.
On the 16th of Septeraber, "Andrew Woodbury was elected to the
General Court, and in the event of its dissolution he was to attend at the
Provincial Congress at Carabridge." In Deceraber of the same year, the
town voted that "the money in the hand of the constable should not be
paid to the treasurer of the Province, but to Henry Gardner, of Stowe" ;
"thus the sinews of war" were diverted from the customary channel to
the popular cause. And that importation might be reduced, it was voted
"that we give no scarfs or gloves at funerals and wear no mourning for
deceased friends, except a small piece of crepe."
Minute-men were appointed, araraunitlon was purchased, and the
railitia organized by the election of Andrew Marsters, captain; Samuel
Forster, first lieutenant, and Elazer Crafts, second lieutenant; and the
corapany was raore frequently drilled on the Coraraon. The town
also ordered "a subscription for the poor of Boston."
The order frora the Provincial Congress, for supplying clothing for
the army was cheerfully complied with; and fifty bushels of com were
bought for the poor of the town. Watch-houses were built along the
coast that the raoveraents of the eneray raight be observed. In AprU the
news of the battle of Lexington reached the town, and the railitia, un
der Captain Marsters, started iramediately for the scene of action. They
went as far as Medford, where they had orders to return. Twenty-one
of his company enlisted in the Continental army.
Coming down through the CivU War and the Spanish-American
strife to the late World War, the town has ever been thoughtful and
loyal. There was no exception in the last war, when all the various
activities of both men and women were seen in the extreme. Bonds
put out by the govemment sold readUy, even to those who had but little
money laid up. In Red Cross work and in that of various societies,
each sought out its own peculiar duty and performed it well. In send-

MILITARY HISTORY 821
ing out soldiers Manchester went "over the top" in every case. The
death roll was as follows: Frank B. Amiral, Michael Coughlin, Joseph
McNeary, Edward Goldthwait. Also, Amrai Wright Lancashire, Ph.B.,
1911, who was born June 28, 1887, in Saginaw, Michigan, died of influ
enza complications in the Philadelphia Navy Yard Hospital, September
27, 1918. He was buried in his native State. Having attended Phil
lips Academy at Andover, he left the sum of $20,000 to that academy.
While not really a soldier from Manchester, he having enlisted else
where, yet his people reside there, and his education was obtained in
Essex county, hence this mention of a worthy man, cut down in the
prime of his young manhood.
Military History of Lawrence — What is known as Lawrence was
not in existence when the early wars were waged in New England ; but
when the Civil War came on, it had its full share of sacrifice to make.
The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment — so faraous in its deeds en route to
the National capital, and all through the four-year conflict — contained
two corapanies frora Lawrence, which at this time (April, 1861), was
commanded by Col. Edward F. Jones. The lieutenant-colonel was Wal
ter G. Shattuck ; and major, Benjarain F. Watson of Lawrence. During
the riot, while passing through the city of Baltimore, on their way to
Washington, four of the Lawrence men were killed and thirty-six
wounded. Statistics show that Lawrence was ever ready at every call
for men or money. She furnished 2,617 volunteers and drafted men, a
surplus of 224 above all calls made upon her. This was less than one-
seventh of the population. Of this quota 255 men were kUled in battle
or died of wounds. The city govemment was prompt in appropriating
money with which to carry on the activities of the war. More than
$315,000 was raised during the war period, a portion of which was paid
back by the State, later on. Through the agency of the Grand Army of
the Republic, in 1881, a splendid monument was erected in Lawrence to
the faithful defenders of the Union in those dark days.
At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the sons
of Lawrence were among the first to enlist. Most of the soldiers frora
this city were from out the National Guard companies — Company F, of
the Ninth Regiment, and Company L of the Eighth Regunent, Massa
chusetts Volunteer Infantry. Both companies were raustered into the
United States service May 10th, 1898, and were duly ordered South.
Corapany L was sent to Chickamauga, Georgia, and Company F to Camp
Alger, Virginia. It hardly landed in Cuba before it was ordered into
battie, and had its full share of real warfare, from first to last. The
company served six months and lost four men. Company L spent part
of the tune in camp at Chickamauga, and in January, 1899, it was or
dered to Cuba, on provost duty. It was mustered out of service and
arrived in Lawrence after a year's service.
When trouble arose between this country and the border-land of

822 ESSEX COUNTY
Mexico, in the spring of 1916, Lawrence militia units responded to the
call, but soon they were destined for greater service as soldiers.
In the World War, Lawrence achieved a good record among the
other cities and towns within Essex county. In men, money and labor
the city contributed generously. Several raonths before- the war ended,
a published list of deceased soldiers from Lawrence showed a footing
of thirty-two killed or died from effect of wounds on the firing line.
The first soldier belonging in Lawrence to be killed in action was "Kap
lan, Samuel, Corapany F, 101st Infantry." The first soldier frora Law
rence with the United States forces to die in service (victira of appen
dicitis, at Fort Slocura, N. Y., Dec. 21, 1919) was "Ravich, Joseph,
United States Regular Army."
Under orders of the President, Lawrence conducted her selective
draft registration on June 5, 1917, without expense to the Federal gov
emraent. While the drafts were going on, four local, units of the Na
tional Guard were sent to training camps, where they were raerged into
new regiments, and later sent to France to take their place on the firing
line of the westem battle-front. These units were Battery C, 1st Field
Artillery; Company L, 8th Massachusetts Infantry; Company F, 9th
Massachusetts Infantry, and Headquarters Company, Field ArtUlery.
They arrived at the front line trenches early in Febraary, 1918. Bat
tery C fired its first shell into the German lines on February Sth. At
the end of the first year after the United States got into this war, Law
rence had sent 3,500 raen to the array and na-\y. Of this nuraber 3,000
volunteered. Also, Lawrence fumished 610 soldiers who joined the
British colors.
On account of the lack of records, the complete amounts given for
bonds and other war calls in Lawrence cannot be given here, but the
earlier calls showed the following totals: First Liberty Loan, under
Fred H. Eaton, bonds were sold to the amount of $3,387,000 ; second Lib
erty Loan, under Albert I. Couch, $6,368,000 ; third Liberty Loan, under
George Fred Russell, $4,600,000. The second American Red Cross fund
was $138,867; Y. M. C. A., $104,792; Knights of Colurabus, $46,000.
During the raain drive for Red Cross raemberships 21,353 signed as
merabers. George Fred Russell was chairman of the committee on this
branch of work. The Draft Exemption Boards coraprised: Division 1,
H. Christopher Chubb, chairman ; Fred E. Twiss, Dr. Granville S. Allen.
Division 2, Wilbur E. Rowell, chairman; Clinton O. Andrews, Dr.
George W. Dow. Division 3, John Hendry, chairraan; Nathaniel E.
Rankin, Dr. John J. O'Sullivan. On the District Board of Appeals
Lawrence was represented by Matthew A. Gregg.
In honor of the men in the service, the city erected a handsome
tablet on the comraon, on which wooden structure were printed the
names of all soldiers who were credited to Lawrence up to that date.
This memorial tablet was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies on

MILITARY HISTORY 823
Patriot's Day, AprU 19, 1918. The following is a list of those who made
the "supreme sacrifice" up to the date of dedicating this tablet :
Oswald E. Apitz, U. S. Regular Army. Samuel Kaplan, Co. F, 101st Inft. (First
Joseph D. Ashkenazy, U. S. Regular to be kUled).
Army. John Kellett, British Army.
Frank Beevers, U. S. Marine Corps. Everett R. Kenney, Battery C, 102nd
Thomas Berwick, British Army. F. A.
John Bodkin, American National Army. Felix Lynch, Canadian Army.
John Booth, British Army. Warren McDonald, U. S. Navy.
Thomas J. Cate, U. S. Aviation Corps. Daniel McGUlen, Canadian Army.
John Cranston, Canadian Army. Charles A. Martin, U. S. Navy.
Joseph Damphouse, Canadian Army. Fred Morgan, British Army.
Thomas J. Fallon, American National Frank O'Connor, U. S. Regular Army.
Army. Robert Peel, Co. F, 101st Inft.
Charles G. Fyfe, Headquarters Com- Joseph Ravich, U. S. Regular Army,
pany, 102nd F. A. (first to die in service).
Gerry Gaudette, Canadian Army. Thomas Rogers, British Army.
WUliam J. Guthrie, Co. L, 104th Inft. Emest RusseU, U. S. Regular Army.
Alfred Hewett, Canadian Army. John J. Sweeney, Co. F, 101st Infantry.
Elwood C. Hutcheson, American Nation- Benjamin Townsend, British Army.
al Army. Arthur VaudreuU, Co. L, 103rd Inft.
John Welch, Canadian Army.
Salisbury Military History — The action of this town during the
Revolutionary period from 1770 to the close of the war, is a record of
patriotism and devotion to the nation. There were men from Salisbury
who fought at Crown Point, at Ticonderoga, at Quebec, at the fall of
Louisburg, at Bunker Hill, and sailors who manned the yards in the
old ship "Alliance," and other of our early naval vessels.
The records of this town show that £20 were voted to provide timber,
rocks and labor towards stopping the channel of the Merrimac to prevent
English ships from entering. More than one hundred raen went into the
various departments of the war. Thirteen soldiers were paid who went
to Providence, and ten were paid who went to points in Rhode Island.
The cost of shoes, clothing and blankets fumished the soldiers of the
Continental army by the town was £1900 sterling. For fear the British
might sail up the Merrimac river, and to further prevent such a thing,
the town voted to build two fire-rafts. The money in aid and for defense
of Salisbury during that period was loaned by the people of the town,
among whom should be named a Mrs. Clark, who contributed £500 ster
ling. When the CivU War broke out, Salisbury as a town, bore her part
bravely and well. The roster of these men covers scores of the best
citizens of the town. These served on land and water and they inet with
the usual losses by death and disease. A few of the sons of Salisbury
were in the War with Mexico and in the War with Spain, in 1898-9,
when Cuba was set free.
In the recent World War, Salisbury gave of men and money freely.
Fortunate indeed was this town that she lost only the following by death
from the scores who went into that service from her borders: Frank
A, Beevers, killed in action in France ; Herbert W. Willmot, died in camp
at Devens, as a result of being run over by an auto-truck.

CHAPTER XLVI.
BENCH AND BAR
It is not the conception of the writer of this article that a history
of the Bench and Bar is or ought to be in any sense biographical in its
nature ; therefore a search through the pages devoted to this chapter of
the history of Essex County will result in disappointment to those who
perase it with the expectation or hope of finding therein genealogical
facts or tracings of ancestry. It is subraitted that no knowledge is gained
of how the Bench and Bar really has developed solely by sketching the
lives of the Benjarain Lyndes, Theophilus Parsons and Tiraothy Picker
ings of each generation of judges and lawyers, their ancestry, education
and achievements, right proud though the loyal sons of our ancient
county are df the shining lights flashing forth so conspicuously in every
age and in every sphere of activity in the progress of Colony and Nation,
even frora the earliest beginnings on these shores down to the yery
present. Begiiming with John Endicott and continuing down through the
almost three centuries of history, hardly a page of the tale of human
progress on the shores of the New World can be tumed without meeting
there the name of sorae son of Essex County whose influence has beeri
felt in the raarch of events which have forraed the structure of the Re^
public. Were each of these raen to be sketched as his activities for the
public weal merit, there would be no opportunity in these volumes for
anything but biography, and an impossible task would be presented to
the writers of the various subject raatters to select those who by reason;
of some particular conspicuousness raight be thought raore worthy of a
place in the sun than others less known but equally influential in the
work of building the nation.
It is not an exaggeration nor is it invidious to say that no county
in the State or Nation has fumished to manifold fields of service so many
sons whose names in their times and in ours are bywords ; when powerful
intellect, leadership in public service, eminence in constructive thought,.
progressive sturdiness of character and statesraanship, are the raeasures.
of excellence. " Especially is this true in the raen, past and present, of
Essex County, whose intellect and thought were trained and directed by
education and participation in the practise of law.
It almost seems as though the rugged soil of this old county was
from the beginning irapregnated with a virus that entered into the veins
of its sons and made of them men especially fitted and developed to be
judges of great leaming and lawyers of distinguished ability, — as though
from the very air they breathed in childhood and manhood they found
that which formed them by natural process of growth into a preerainence
of judicial mentality and legal attainments. And this is strange, too, for-

^26 ESSEX COUNTY
up to the time of the separation from the raother country there were
comparatively few who were trained by actual study in the law; and
even judges were chosen, not frora raembers of the bar, but frora the laity.
No great opportunity was offered the ambitious aspirant for the judicial
career for education in the law, and few came from across the water
where legal lore was to be had, to try their fortunes in the Colonial
courts. A strange prejudice, (perhaps, as sorae think, not yet allayed,) early
existed against the profession and its members even to the extent of
denying them the qualification of being elected to the General Court.
That lawyers were considered at least a necessaiy evU in those early days
may be deduced frora the appeal made in 1685 by Edward Randolph re
citing that there were only two attomeys in New England and asked the
mother country "to send some honest lawyers, if any such in nature.",
That such unreasonable view towards the profession of the law has ex
isted and to sorae extent does exist, raay not be gainsaid, and is greatly
to be deprecated; yet when one thinks of the constructive work of our
legal minds in govemment as well as judicial matters, the conspicuous
part played in every crisis of American progress, the quick tum to them
for constructive solutions of public problems and the ready self-sacrificing
response, the wonderful story of the gradual union into a great nation
of a heterogeneous mass of separate entities by the peaceful, steady,
incisive, compelling method of judicial decision, one cannot but be filled
with a sense of contentment to be even a humble raeraber of such a
profession which, even against prejudice and unreasoning distrust forces
the hand which unthinkingly scorns, to tum to it in time of need and not
in vain, for aid and guidance.
The profession of the law and its practise both at the bar and on
the bench is essentially a public one. Each act of judge and counsel,
each step in legal procedure, is in essence a raaking of history ; and there
fore the written story of bench and bar is but a tale of the progress of
public affairs in this particular sphere. It is but the culling out of the
public record the essentials of the developraent of the judicature and the
tracing of its progress to the present. Necessarily in such a case there
can be but little if any variance in the details of the story, for it is all
histoiy, all raatter of record.
The writer must, therefore, at this point, acknowledge his indebted
ness in great measure to the able and exhaustive histories of the bench
and bar and the judiciary by Emery Washbum and William T. Davis.
The authors of these volumes must have spent many hours, days and
months of laborious study and research to have gathered together the
great amount of detail and biographical history appearing therein, but
whUe interesting and of iraraense value from that standpoint, the pur
pose of the instant article, as the writer conceives it, does not warrant
nor can it compass so vast a field.

BENCH AND BAR 827
It will be the endeavour herein to brief and condense rauch that
Jias appeared heretofore, rather than extend to what would necessarily
with the passage of tune be an unlimited length if all the preeminent
personages of bench and bar in Essex County were to receive a merited
review, for the intervening years have but added in marked degree to
the long Ust of those who stand forth conspicuously in the white light
that always beats mercilessly upon the actors on so public a stage as
courts and court proceedings. And it is not too much to say that, as the
present stars of the legal fraternity in Essex County pass off the stage,
their parts played in keeping with the standards set them by their pre
decessors in the long succession, already, to observers like the writer,
viewing the participants from side stage, so to speak, can be discerned
those not yet at center whose patent destiny is to still further add lustre
to the laurels of the profession, as they advance to the places made
vacant by those who yield to thera the activities of its practise.
The beginnings of government and courts on American soil are found
in the original authority for colonization, which really meant parceling
out huge portions of land on the new continent. Patents to land under
grant of the King to deserving courtiers or adventurers gave rights in
immense tracts of territory, the extent of which no one dreamed, and
with the limited knowledge Which was theirs of what they were under
taking, we of today must wonder at the hardihood of those who con
ceived, planned and carried out the hazardous enterprises involved in the
various schemes of planting colonies to which the granting of patents in
the new world gave rise.
We are concemed only with those which gave birth to New England,
Massachusetts and Essex County. Apparently, the first of which any
record appears, in 1606, so far as our inquiry is concemed, resulted in
nothing tangible, though undoubtedly it must have caused the thoughts
of the speculating public to be tumed to the possibilities which it con
templated of new opportunities for pioneering spirits as well as for those
seeking profits from the investment of capital in hazardous enterprises.
But, however that may be, it was not until fourteen years later, in 1620,
that the patent from which the structure of our courts and judiciary
derives its authority was granted to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and his
associates of the Northem Virginia Company, so-called in distinction to
the Southem Virginia Company, each company receiving land located
respectively north and south of each other. The associates of the
Northem Company were made up of knights, gentlemen merchants and
adventurers who came largely from Bristol, Plymouth and Exeter; whUe
those of the Southem Company were mostly from London. The famUiar
names of counties and towns in New England may easUy be adduced in
testimony of the origin of the composition of the Northem Company.
The patent or charter applicable to New England was entitled "The Coun
cU established at Plymouth in the County of Devon for the planting or

828 ESSEX COUNTY
ordering, ruling and governing of New England in America," and re
cognized that the mere granting of land was not the sole or final proposi
tion of the Company, and, realizing that the wmning ofthe soU could only
be done by successful colonization, expressed in terms the age-old pas
sion of the Anglo-Saxon for local self-governraent, in that it granted to
the associates power to make laws, appoint governors and other officers,
and generally to establish all necessary forms of govemment.
From the Council at Plymouth in 1627-8 came a sub-patent after
wards confirraed by the govemraent to certain persons, granting land ex
tending frora three railes north of the Merriraac river to three railes south
of the Charles. By sale, this sub-patent carae into the hands of John
Winthrop, Isaac Johnson, Matthew Craddock, Thomas Goff and Su- Rich
ard Saltonstall, who with John Humphry, John Endicott and Sunon Whit
comb, original patentees, formed a new company. Of these, Mathew
Craddock was raade governor according to the charter, who remained in
England taking care of the financial interests of the association at horae.
Frora this forraation on English soU came the concrete fulfilment of
the scherae when John Endicott led a band of pioneers across the water
in 1628 and planted at Salera the beginnings of democracy in the soil of
Essex County under the style of "The Govemor and Company of the
Massachusetts Bay in New England." The charter, granted March 4,
1628, by which they received their authority and under which they acted,
provided that the officers should consist of a Govemor, Deputy Gover
nor and eighteen associates to be chosen annually by the freemen at a
General Court. The General Court, consisting of the Govemor, assist
ants and freemen, was to be held four times in each year, and by it officers
were to be chosen and laws and ordinances enacted. The charter pre
scribed the holding "upon every 1st Wednesday in Hillary, Easter, Trin
ity and Michalraas as terraes respectivelie for ever, one greate, generall,
and soleme assemblie, which foure Generall Asserablies shall be stiled and
called foure Greate and Generall Courts of the saide Corapany."
Thus was established in Essex County the first bench and bar,
significantly deraocratic in the simplicity of its makeup. There was no
code of legal procedure, no body of the law, save only the great body of
the common law which was brought over in the comraon sense and in
nate character of the Eriglishmen who comprised the colonial, com
munistic faraUy. The bench and the bar needed not judges and lawyers
as such, but resolved itself in its General Court into a sufficient judiciary
to serve the necessities of its simple life. Thus it raay not be too great
a stretch of iraagination to place first in the list of bench and bar of
Essex County the name of John Endicott, the first Govemor chosen after
landing at Salem, as the first Chief Justice, and all the freemen of his
plantation as associate justices and bar.
Endicott was succeeded as Govemor by John Winthrop in 1629, due
to changes in plans at home. He carae to the colony in 1630 and assumed

BENCH AND BAR 829
the office under the new provisions of the charter, the seat of the govem
ment being transferred then to Boston, where the first General Court was
held on October 19th of that year.
Under such a system, the groAvth of the judicature of the new world
can be traced only through the development of the raethods of govem
ment with which it was so closely intertwined, emerging therefrora only
with the diversification and increasing coraplications of life as the colon
ists spread further and further from the centre of the communal society
by its gradual expansion in winning the wilderness frora savagery ai^
waste, into a separate and distinct activity more and more specialized
as the intricacies of life multiplied law and its application, even down to
its present aspect in a civUization replete with the complexity of society
carried to the nth. degree.
At the first General Court in Boston, the original deraocratic aspect
of governmental activity underwent a radical change when the people
surrendered to the assistants the election of Governor and Deputy Gov
emor, and to the Governor, the Deputy Govemor and assistants the enact
ment of laws, and retained to themselves only the election of assistants.
Apparently this proved unsatisfactory to the self-governing instincts of
the rapidly increasing body of iraraigrants, for by 1636 we find that the
General Court had taken back the right to elect Govemor and Deputy,
as well as assistants, and also the exclusive power of enacting the laws.
The difficulty of travel from outlying posts of civilization and the in
convenience to freemen to meet in general councU, brought about the
inevitable change frora personal participation in the affairs of govem
ment on the part of the individual members of the company, and the
systera of representative govemment found its birth in the physical ne
cessities of the situation in which the adventurers found themselves. The
whole body of freemen assembled annually in the meeting house at Bos
ton, at which time delegates were chosen to perform the functions of
govemraent which it was originally intended should be participated in by
all, but even this occasioned too much hardship, and it was provided that
the freemen of Salem, Ipswich, Newbury, Saugus, Weymouth and Hing
hara might hold their election at home and send in their votes to the
annual meeting by proxy, and this was afterwards made applicable to all
the towns. Thus may be seen the beginning of the idea which sub
sequently developed into the forraation of counties and county govem
ment. The deputies from the towns representing the freemen, at first met
and sat with the assistants, and this continued down to 1644, when a
dispute arose as to whether a majority of both bodies sitting together
determined the matters pending before them, as claimed by the deputies,
or, as asserted by the assistants, whether there was a concurrent power
on the part of the latter, virtually a veto. The result of the controversy
was that the two bodies should no longer be combined, but should re-

830 ESSEX COUNTY
solve themselves into two branches of government, each with power of
concun-ing or vetoing the decisions of the other. Over the Court of
Assistants the Governor presided, while the Court of Deputies elected a
Speaker as its ruling officer. Thus was created a two branch General
Court which has survived in the Senate and the House of Representatives.
of a later day.
The inherited training of the English mind for law and order, im
bibed from long generations of straggle for equality before the law, did
not lose itself in the vast wilderness of the New World, but rather
seemed to expand and grow amid the new surroundings with their un
tried experiences, and so as early as 1636 we find the attempt to cany
that innate characteristic into concrete expression when the colonists.
provided for four courts to be held each quarter — one at Ipswich, to which
Newbury shall belong; two at Salem, which included Saugus; and others
with like subdivisions in other parts of the new Coraraonwealth. These-
courts were held by such raagistrates as dwelt near the towns raentioned
and by such other persons as raight frora tirae to tirae be appointed by
the General Court, which designated the particular raagistrates or per
sons who were to hold court at the particular places to which they were
appointed, care being taken that no court should be held without at least
one raagistrate. With the raagistrates were to sit such persons as the General Court
should designate as assistants, who were chosen out of a nuraber of norai
nees by the various towns. The total membership of the courts was to
be five, including the magistrates. They had jurisdiction of all civU
causes involving not raore than ten pounds, and in crirainal raatters not
to include any punishment conceming life, meraber, or banishraent. An
appeal lay to the next great Quarter Court, which must be pursued dUi-
gently, and if found frivolous the appellant was appropriately punished.
The sessions of the Great Quarter Courts were held at Boston by the
Govemor and Assistants, — one each in June, September, December and
March. It should be borne in mind that the use of the word raagistrates in.
the early provisions for courts as distinguished frora the General Court,
which was the assemblage of all the freemen and later by delegates or
deputies, was synonymous with assistants, so that the judicial power of
the colony was vested in and retained by them to the exclusion of the
socalled more popular branch. This was definitely established as the
judicature until 1639, when it was provided that because the business be
fore the Court of Assistants had grown to such proportions that it could
not be expeditiously handled, the magistrates who lived near Boston were
authorized, or any five, four or three of them, to assemble together and
hear any civil cases involving not more than twenty pounds and any
criminal cases not extending to life, member, or banishment, according
to the course of the Court of Assistants, and to summon jurors out of

BENCH AND BAR 831
the neighboring towns, the marshal and other court officers attending
as at other courts.
Under the act of 1636 establishing the Quarter Courts, the magis
trates and persons appointed to hold court by the General Court were:
for Salem and Saugus — John Humphry and John Endicott, magistrates,
and assistants. Captain Tumer, Mr. Scrugge and Mr. Townsend Bishop.
Of the court, Ralph Fogg was naraed clerk. For Ipswich and Newbury —
Thomas Dudley, Richard Dumraer, Simon Bradstreet, magistrates, and
Mr. Saltonstall and Mr. Spencer associates, with Robert Lord as clerk.
The first Quarter Court at Salem was held June 27, 1636, with Magis
trate John Endicott and the assistants, Nathaniel Turner, Townsend
Bishop and Thomas Scrugge present.
The first recorded case in the files of the clerk of the courts in Salem
is after certain fines for non-attendance by jurymen and constables and
a sort of ordinance relating to a survey of canoes, that of Phillip Verin
vs. Francis Perry. What it is about, does not appear; but at the next
session, July 27, 1636, fines were meted out for various offences, such
as to Wm. James and his wife Elizabeth, who were bound over to appear
at next court in Boston to answer for confessed uncleanness; James
Smith and others, fined for taking excessive wages ; Thomas Brooke, fined
100 shillings for being overseen in drink ; John Adams, whipped for ran
ning away from his master ; and Thomas Scrugges, fined 5 shillings for a
pound breach. As there could be hardly two of the last named in Salera
at that early time, and as one of that name was one of the assistant judges
of the court, it may well serve as an illustration of the impartiality and
evenhanded justice of the first court of Essex County.
Under the civil cases heard at this session appears: Robert Cotta
vs. Sargt. Dixie, assault and battery ; Michaell Sallows vs. James Smith,
trespass; George Emerie vs. Ben. Felton; Mathew Weston vs. Richd.
Hutchens, Debt.
As one reads the proceedings and decrees of those early sessions,
it stands forth as evidence that rules of law and the technicalities of
practise found no place, justice being dispensed according to the dictates
of coraraon sense and the principles of natural justice between man and
man. On the 2nd of June, 1641, a further step in the judicial development
of what was to be Essex County was raade when the General Court pro
vided by its enactraent "to ease the country of all unnecessary travails and
charges," that there should be four Quarter Courts held yearly by the
raagistrates of Ipswich and Salera with such assistants (called corarais
sioners) as might be appointed by the General Court, but not to exclude
any of the magistrates who might desire to help. Two of the Quarter
Courts were to be held at Salem and two at Ipswich, each town alter
nating with the other at stated terms. The magistrates of both places
were to attend, but no jurymen were to be summoned from Salem to Ips-

832 ESSEX COUNTY
wich nor any from Ipswich to Salem. In addition a Grand Jury was pro
vided for to sit once a year:
Wheras it is desired by this court to ease the country of all unneces
sary travels and charges, it is ordered that their shall be 4 quarter Courts
kept yrly by the matrats of Ips & Salem wth sch others to be joined in
coramission wth thera as this court shall appoint, not hindering any other
matrats that wUl help thera; this order to take effect after these 2 1-4
courts shall bee ended at Salem and Ipswich, 2 of thes 1-4 courts to bee
kept at Salem and the other at Ipswich, the first court to bee kept the
last 3rd. day of the 7th. raonth at Ipswich (and the rest at the sarae time
former courts were) , the next 1-4 at Salera, the 3rd 1-4 at Ipswich the 4th.
at Salera and the raatrats of Ipswich and Salem to attend every of these
courts but no jurymen to be wamed from Ipswich to Salem nor from
Salem to Ipswich. To each of these places a grand jury shall be wamed
once a yeare and these courts to have the same power both in civill and
criminal causes, the court of assistants hath at Boston except tiyalls
for life, lirab or banishraent wch are wholly reserved to Boston Court,
provided, it shall be lawful to appeal frora any of these courts to Boston.
And it shall bee in the liberty of any plaintiffe that hath an action of
above 100 pounds principali debt to try his cans in any of thies courts
or at Boston the fines of these Courts to defray the charges of the sarae
and the overplus to be returned to the Treasurer for the publique. And
Salisbury and Harapton are ioned to the jurisdiction of Ipswich and Salem
and each of thera to send a grand jury man once a year.
These county courts or inferior quarter courts had jurisdiction in
civil and crirainal cases except that trials for life, lirab or banishraent
were excluded and reserved for the Court of Assistants at Boston. They
had the power to suramon grand and petit jurors, to appoint their own
clerks and other necessary officers, to lay out highways, license ordinaries,
to see that a proper rainistry was supplied, to prove wills, grant adminis
trations, and to have general control of matters in probate. In 1664 the
germ of present naturalization power was added when they were author
ized to adrait freemen. In general they had jurisdiction in all matters
not reserved to the Court of Assistants, to which there was retained the
right of appeal. The writs, declarations and other pleadings, complaints,
indictments and course of proceedings in the courts, were simple, brief
and inforraal. For the first twenty years the testiraony in a trial was
written down by the clerk of the court and becarae part of the records in
the case, but in 1650, on account of "the inconvenience of takinge ver-
ball testiraonies in court by reason of raany irapertinencyes in theire re
lations so that the Clarke cannot well raake a prfit record thereof," it
was ordered that henceforth all testimony be given in writing to be at
tested in court if the witness lived within ten railes of it, and before a
magistrate if the witness lived at a greater distance. These statements
or depositions went to the jury, who retumed them into court with
their verdict.
An action involving one hundred pounds could be tried in these
Quarter Courts or could be taken to Boston at the option of the plaintiff.

BENCH AND BAR 833
In this Act, Salisbury and Harapton were added to the jurisdiction of
the Ipswich Court. Though up to this period no division into counties
had been made, the tendency thereto can clearly be discerned, and the
first distinct judicature act of the colony was but the precursor of that
step, inevitable and soon to be taken. County subdivision, both geo
graphical and governmental, was familiar to the colonial mind, and in
1643, only a little over a decade after the first clearing had been made
in the untouched forests for the homes of the settlers, Essex County was
set off to include Salem, Ipswich, Rowley, Gloucester, Enon (afterwards
Wenham) , Lynn, Newbury and Chochicawick (afterwards Andover) . In
cluded in Norfolk were Salisbury and HaverhUl, and it continued down
the coast, covering Hampton, Exeter, Dover and Strawberry Bank (Ports
mouth), so far, even in such a short period of time, had the insatiable
wanderlust of the newcomer carried him even to this very outpost of the
possibUities for communal life.
The towns of Haverhill, Amesbury and Salisbury were in 1679 de
tached from Norfolk county, and made part of Essex, that being, as the
Act reads, their former allegiance and the natural place where they should
be for the sake of convenience of their people in attending the courts.
Norfolk county ceased to exist as originally designed, and later the name
was given to another part of the colony. It should not be confused with
the present geographical limits of Norfolk county, as originally it com
prised the land lying north of the Merrimac river. With the formation
of counties, the system of courts was not materially changed, though the
Quarter Courts were afterwards called County, or Inferior Quarter
Courts. As early as 1634 provision had been made for a system of recording
of the ownership of lands (even before it was in use in England) which
in 1640 was perfected to include deeds and mortgages so that an ade
quate record could be kept of transfers and incumbrances. In the County
Courts was lodged, in addition to theu: judicial powers, the recording of
deeds, probate jurisdiction, and the laying out of highways, and included
all the duties which we now find performed by the probate courts, the
clerks of the courts, the registers of deeds and probate and the county
commissioners. The clerk of the court was the recorder, and each town
appointed a clerk of the writs whose duties were similar to those of town
clerk. A retum of his records of births and marriages and deaths was
made by him to the clerk of the courts, in whose custody they were finaUy
lodged. Probate business whUe originally performed by the Great and
General Court, was after the forming of counties given to the Quarter
Courts, but as a matter of fact most of it was done in Boston, especially
during the administration of Govemor Andros, that the business might
be centralized so as to obtain the fees. But under the new charter, pro
bate courts were established m each county, and in 1692 Bartholemew
Gedney was appointed the fu-st judge of probate in Essex County. This
Eases— 53

834 ESSEX COUNTY
court has continued substantially in like form down to the present tirae.
The early records kept by the clerks of the courts for Essex County
are now preserved in that office, and while rauch is lacking so far as an
unbroken record is concerned, it is remarkable that so much has sur
vived the lapse of time. A complete transcript is now being raade of
the early records through the joint efforts of the county and the Essex
Institute of Salem, and issued from tirae to tirae in printed forra. From
them the writer has taken the liberty of copying herein freely.
Supplementing the record books kept by the clerk of the courts is a
large collection of original papers consisting of presentments, depositions
upon almost every conceivable subject, correspondence of greatly varied
character, deeds, wills, inventories of estates, contracts, attested copies of
records, papers connected with the witchcraft trials, apprentices' inden
tures, inquests, writs, executions, and papers of every kind connected with
the various cases.
To the instinct of the early settlers for exactness we are today in
debted for the unexpected light which can be thrown upon the doings of
that long-ago period, not long ago when one contemplates centuries of
recorded human histoiy, but set in the midst of a trackless wildemess
with the hardships necessarily attendant on the work of keeping life in
their hardy bodies, it is little to be expected that thought would be given
to such a comparative luxury as orderly procedure in govemment, judica
ture and records, yet it was present in the minds of the fathers in old
Essex from the very beginning. It was as though the raagnificent con
ception of what it was to be, the mighty tree tnto which it was to grow,
was discerned at the start, and the deliberate planting of the seed was
with design and forethought planned to produce the growth of which
today we have the fruition. And so as a result we in Essex have today
in our Registry of Deeds the entire records dating back to 1638, less than
ten years after the first heelprint on the sands of old Salem, and the pro
bate and court records go back to even an earlier date. Originally the
Registry of Deeds was at Ipswich, but in 1651 it was transferred to Sa
lera, where it has been ever since for the entire county, except that in
1869 its geographical limits were divided and the registry at Lawrence
was established covering the tenitory embraced in Lawrence, North An
dover, Andover and Methuen.
Recently we in our day have been turning our thoughts to a seeming
ly novel and untried experiraent in judicature as we have straggled to de
vise raethods of bringing evenhanded justice within the reach of all, rich
and poor alike, and the sraall clairas courts experiments have caught
our imagination and appealed to our sense of fairness in the solving of a
very apparent problera of jurispriidence, yet the breadth of vision of those
ancients again forcibly strikes us as we discover that in 1638 provision
was raade "that for avoiding the countrys charge by bringing sraaU causes
to the Court of Assistants, that any raagistrate (assistant) in the town

BENCH AND BAR 835
where he may hear and determine by his discretion all causes where the
debt or trespass or damage etc. doth not exceed twenty shUlings, and in
such town where no magistrate dwells, the General Court shall from
time to time nominate three men, two whereof shall have like power to
hear and determine all such actions under twenty shillings ; and if! any
of the parties shall find themselves grieved with any such end or sentence,
they may appeal to the next Quarter Court or Court of Assistants. And
if any person shall bring any such action to the Court of Assistants be
fore he hath ended at home (as in this order is appointed) he shall lose
his action and pay the defendant's costs."
A somewhat anomalous court was provided for June 6, 1639, which
must be noticed in passing, though not strictly a part of Essex County
judicature development. By that enactment, a Strangers' Court was
established in the following language :
For the more speedy dispatch of all causes which shall concem
strangers who caimot stay to attend the ordinary courts of justice, it is
ordered that the Govemor or Deputy, being assisted with any two of the
magistrates (whom he may call to hira to that end) shall have the power
to hear and determine (by a jury of twelve men or otherwise as is used in
other Courts) all causes which shall arise between such strangers, or
wherein any such stranger shall be a party, and all records of such pro
ceedings shall be transmitted to the Secretary (except hiraself be one of
said magistrates who shall assist in hearing such causes) to be entered
as trials in other courts at the charge of the parties. This order to con
tinue till the General Court in the seventh month come twelve month
and no longer.
I am not aware of any use having been made of this attempt to solve
the early problem of advancement for speedy trial in our county. Per
haps we can see in this plan the germ of the present Municipal and Dis
trict Courts — in the Quarter Courts the present Superior Court, and
in the Court of Assistants the present Supreme Judicial Court. If so,
the conclusion is irresistible that the scheme of judicature in our county
has little changed from that evolved out of their necessities and their
inborn devotion to law and order by this race of pioneers which gave
birth to a great Republic.
In addition to the local tribunals as illustrated by these small claims
courts with limited jurisdiction (afterwards raised to forty shillings), a
certain jurisdiction was given to the selectmen of towns to try viola
tions of their own bylaws or ordinances where the penalty did not ex
ceed twenty shUlings (afterwards raised to forty), but not in the event
that such violation involved anything of a crirainal nature. This juris
diction of selectmen also included cases in which a magistrate or one or
more of the commissioners were included as parties in interest.
Such was the original judicature of the Commonwealth, and it stood
the test of the vicissitudes of clearing the Avildemess for fifty years as
new blood came in a constantly swelling stream, and settlement after

836 ESSEX COUNTY
settlement stretched forth its tentacles farther and farther from the par
ent community, deeper and deeper into outlying forests, in the insatiate
acquisitiveness of the Anglo-Saxon for land and yet more land.
And so it stood in 1685 as a well defined and orderly judicial system.
First, The General Court, a legislative body with certain jurisdiction on
appeal from the Court of Assistants. Second, The Court of Assistants
or Great Quarter Court, with exclusive criminal jurisdiction of greater
degrees or crime, and appellate jurisdiction from county courts, with con
current jurisdiction in certain smaller matters of a civil nature. Third,
County or Inferior Quarter Courts with jurisdiction of causes of lesser
moment than the Great Quarter Courts, with a grand and petit jury sys
tem, and also certain administrative functions including probate matters
and appellate jurisdiction from Commissioner's Courts. Fourth, Stran
ger's Courts, with powers simUar to County Courts in causes where
strangers, that is, non-residents, were parties. Fifth, Small Claims and
Selectmen's Courts in the different towns.
As one glances through the pages of the early records, the impres
sion is forcibly made that our forbears were indeed a contentious, litiga
ting people, and that all, to state it mildly, were not walking the straight
and narrow pathway of puritanical direction. Perhaps the fact that there
were so many directors and directions may explain the multitudinous
lapses from the multitude of limitations set to personal conduct. At any
rate it is hard to see how the laymen judges could find time from their
judicial duties to pay any attention to their ordinary business pursuits,
so frequent must have been the calls upon them to mount the bench and
dispense justice to the numerous suitors and trespassers of the laws and
regulatory measures of the times.
But a change took place with the taking away of the old charter
under which the original administration of justice had grown to such
large proportions, and with the granting of the new charter and form of
govemment in 1685 came also a new era with its closer foreign super
vision and control. The little noticed and neglected settlement in the
New World had grown to such an extent that at last it became an object
of interest to the Mother Country, and she could no longer allow it to
go its own way and work out its own salvation unaided and uncontrolled
by the land that claimed its allegiance. The independent life on the new
land was surcharged with ideas and ideals which looked dangerous in
their development to the ancient prerogatives of royalty, and the guiding,
controlling hand of power was needed to curb the turbulence of the fast
growing democratic spirit of this offspring of the effete civilization of the
Old World. In 1684 the freedom of development along the lines of its
own thought, drawn from the hard experience of growth and expansion,
was arrested for a time ; and New England became the ward, in fact, of
its legal guardian. A president and councU were appointed by the King
to rule and govern the land. At first they possessed no legislative power.

BENCH AND BAR 837
bat had the right to establish a judiciary as well as certain judicial juris
diction in themselves. They established a Superior Court with three
sessions a year at Boston, and "Courts of Pleas and Sessions of the Peace"
in the several counties. William Stoughton was the presiding justice
of the county courts which included Essex, and John Richards and Simon
Lynde were his assistants. An appellate jurisdiction was given the Presi
dent and Council from these courts. This was done under the presidency
of Joseph Dudley, and was of short duration, for he was supplanted by
Govemor Andros in 1686, under whose jurisdiction all New England was
placed, including Plymouth. Under Andros, power was given the Coun
cil appointed by him to make laws, subject to the approval of the King.
Justices of the peace were given certain small jurisdiction, and Quarterly
Sessions Courts were established in the several counties, held by the sev
eral justices therein, and in each county an Inferior Court of Common
Pleas to be held by a judge and two or more justices of the county.
In Salem and Ipswich and elsewhere in other counties was to be held
the Superior Court of Judicature which was above all the other courts,
and over which Joseph Dudley presided as chief justice.
Again in 1691 came a new charter and a new form of govemment
uniting all the territory into the "Province of the Massachusetts Bay in
New England." This radically changed the form of govemment and pro
vided for a Govemor, Deputy Govemor and Assistants or Councillors
chosen by the General Court, and a House of Representatives elected
each year by the people. A veto power was lodged in the Govemor, and
the further approval of the King was necessary to the validity of elections
and legislation. The General Court from now on had no judicial power
but could provide for courts and judicature. The Govemor and CouncU
retained jurisdiction in probate matters, although such were as a matter
of fact delegated to judges of probate in the several counties.
At this tune witchcraft hysteria was at its height, and the fh^t
action under its new power by the new govemment was the establishing
of a special court of Oyer and Terminer to take care of this historic de
lusion. We are particularly interested in this for the reason that the
court's activities were largely confined to Essex County, where apparent
ly, for some unknown reason, the scourge raged more severely.
The makeup of the Court is significant: Anthony Checkly, the At
tomey General, a merchant; WUliam Stoughton, the Chief Justice, a
clergyman; Samuel Sewall, a clergyman; Wait Winthrop, a physician;
John Richards, a merchant; Jonathan Curwin, a merchant; Peter Sar
geant, a merchant; Nathaniel Saltonstall, who declined to serve, a mili
tary man; Bartholomew Gedney, a physician.
The Court met at Salem, June 2, 1692, and passed out of existence
the foUowing September 17. In all there were twenty convictions, each fol
lowed by the death penalty. Of the witchcraft trials by the Court of
Oyer and Terminer, undoubtedly an unauthorized and invalid court, hav-

838 " ESSEX COUNTY
ing been created by the Govemor and not by the General Court, Wash-
bum says:
For the credit of New England it would be well if oblivion could
settle down over this period of her annals. But the histoiy of the Court
furnishes a lesson which ought not to be forgotten. It was a popular
tribunal, there was not a lawyer concemed in its proceedings. Every
rale of evidence by which the Courts of common law are govemed was
abrogated, and judges and jurors were left untrammelled by the "quib
bles of the law" to follow their own feelings and the popular will. Hu
man nature may have changed and a court equally popular and equally
unacquainted with the rales which govern judicial proceedings raight
stand against a strong popular delusion or exciteraent, should such occa
sion again occur, but he must disregard the light of experience who could
hope to be safe under its administration. Is it to be believed that abuses
as monstrous as the whole proceedings of the court, in fact, were, could
be tolerated, had there been an enlightened bar in Massachusetts whose
services should have been exerted in favor of the accused? It was not
for the want of leaming or honesty on the part of those who were en
gaged in those trials that injustice was done. It was that their habits of
thought, their entire ignorance of the salutary rales of law, and their
want of familiarity with the process of investigating the merits of judicial
controversies, unfitted thera to hold the scales of justice with irapartial
hands, and to discrirainate between the excited prejudices of the raany
and the truth or falsehood of the charges which they were called upon
to exaraine." His point is clear, and coraraent is unnecessary on the lesson he im
presses both for his own time and now. That they were honest in their
convictions is clear, and that they themselves subsequently recognized the
delusion is shown by Sewall's confession raade in 1697 on the occasion
bf a public fast which was appointed by the General Court "that God
would pardon all the errors of his servants and people in a late Tragedy,
raised amongst us by Satan and his instraments." Washbum concludes
with a waming also as appropriate now as in the days he wrote it and
in the day of which he wrote : "If the popular cry is to be the standard
of what is right, the security of property is at an end, personal liberty
is no longer safe, and the blood of the innocent will often seal the triumph
of a popular adrainistration of justice, in the triumph of popular
vengeance." After several attempts at establishing a new judicature, there was
finaUy at the close of the century, in 1699, evolved a systera of courts and
jurisdiction not dissimUar except in narae to that which had been original
ly devised and developed and had brought the country through its forma
tive period.
The County system was again the foundation of the new judicature.
It consisted of a Court of General Sessions of the Peace and an Inferior
Court of Coraraon Pleas in each county, and a Superior Court of Judica
ture for the Province. The Court of General Sessions of the Peace was
coraposed of the justices of the peace of the county, and dealt as its name

BENCH AND BAR 839
indicated with preservation of the peace. The Inferior Court of Common
Pleas was a civil court, and was composed of four appointive justices.
It had appellate jurisdiction from justice of the peace courts and original
jurisdiction of matters involving more than forty shillings and of matters
relating to freeholds. The Superior Court of Judicature was held for the
province, and consisted of a Chief Justice and four assistants appointed
thereto. Its jurisdiction, as may be inferred from the systera described,
was large and general. It sat at specified times in each of the counties,
in Essex, at Salem, on the second Tuesday of November, and at Ipswich
on the third Tuesday in May. The local annals tell us of the pomp and
cereraony with which the court was received at the outskirts of the
county seat on court days as the procession of judges traveling on circuit
was met and escorted by the sheriff to their quarters.
The Inferior Court of Common Pleas continued substantially down
to 1811 except that the name was in 1782 changed to Court of Common
Pleas. The Judges of the Court were : Appointed Deceraber 7, 1692 — Bar
tholoraew Gedney, Samuel Appleton, John Hathome, Jonathan Corwin;
1691— William Brown; 1698— Daniel Peirce; 1702— Nathaniel Salton
stall; 1704— John Appleton; 1707— Thomas Noyes; 1708— John Higgin
son, in place of Jonathan Corwin, appointed to the Superior Court ; 1715
—Samuel Brown; 1720— John BurriU; 1721-22— Josiah Wolcott; 1729—
Tiraothy Linall and John Wainwright; 1733 — Theophilus Burrill and
Thomas Berry; 1737 — Benjamin Marston; 1739 — Benjamin Lynde;
1745-46 — John Cheat, in place of Benjarain Lynde, transfened to the
Superior Court; 1754— Henry Gibbs and John Trasker; 1756— Benjamin
Pickman; 1759— Caleb Cushing; 1761— Stephen Higginson, Nathaniel
Ropes and Andrew Oliver; 1766— William Bourn; 1770— WUliam
Browne; 1772 — Peter Frye, in place of Nathaniel Ropes, transfened to
the Superior Court; 1775— John Lowell, Caleb Cushing, Benjamin Green
leaf and Axor Ome; 1779— Caleb Cushing, Benjamin Greenleaf, John
Pickering, Jr., Samuel Holten; 1782— Samuel PhUlips; 1798— Ebenezer
March; 1799— John Treadwell; 1808— Samuel Holten retired, and was
appointed Chief Justice of the General Court of Sessions.
The Court of General Sessions of the Peace likewise remained un
changed down to 1807. Sorae changes in the courts were raade at about
this time. A Circuit Court of Coramon Pleas was provided for in place
of the distinctiy County Court, and Suffolk, Essex and Middlesex were
placed in one circuit. This court consisted of Chief Justice and two
Assistant Justices appointed thereto, and in addition two of the justices
of the Courts of General Sessions from the county in which the court was
held were to "sit with them.
The Court of General Sessions now became the distinctive County
Court, and consisted of one Chief Justice and such assistants as were
appointed to the court by the Governor and CouncU. This enactment de
prived the justices of the peace of the county from constituting this

840 ESSEX COUNTY
court. For a period of two years the Court of General Sessions was
merged in the Circuit Court of Coramon Pleas, after which it was again
revived for a period of three years oiUy, to again be merged in 1814 with
the proviso that two session justices should be appointed by the Gover
nor and CouncU in each county, who were to sit with the Circuit Court
of Common Pleas when holding court in their counties respectively, in
connection with matters relating to the administering of the affairs of
the county and in such other matters as the Court of General Sessions
had jurisdiction. A further divorce of county business from the courts was made in
1819, when the Court of General Sessions was revived for purely adminis
trative county matters, such as erection and repairs of jails and county
buUdings, constructing highways, bridges, taxation, licensing, etc. The
court was to consist of one Chief Justice and two Associate Justices ap
pointed by the Govemor with the approval of the Council. Thus may be
seen the beginnings of what was to develope into the system as we know
it of county administration by county commissioners. The transition
was speedy, for beginning with 1826 the duties of the Court of Sessions
relating to highways was taken from it and given to "Commissioners of
Highways" appointed by the Govemor and approved by the CouncU, and
in 1828 the act creating the Court of Sessions was repealed and the duties
transferred to a like appointed "Board of County Commissioners" for
each county, and finally in 1835 the Board of County Commissioners were
made elective. It has remained substantially the same down to the pres
ent day, with few changes except as to rotation in office and added ad
ministrative powers. In this Board is seen a survival of its ancient
judicial powers in that it sits as a "Court" of County Commissioners with
definite statutory terms, with the clerk of the courts ex officio its clerk,
and its records kept and its doings recorded as are those of the courts.
This change in the judicial system made the Circuit Court of Com
mon Pleas the law court of the county, and it in 1821 ceased to exist and
a Court of Comraon Pleas came into existence with one Chief Justice
and three other Justices which, as business increased, was finally en
larged to a court of seven justices. On the fifth day of April, 1859, this
court was in tum abolished and the Superior Court as we now know it
was created, at first comprising ten justices, but increased from time to
tirae until today (1922) it is coraposed of a Chief Justice and twenty-
seven Associate Justices (twenty-nine by a current act of the legis
lature) . The Superior Court Justices are appointed at large throughout
the Coraraonwealth by the Govemor with the advice and consent of the
Council. The terras of court are to a large degree, whether civU, jury,
or jury waived and criminal, established by statute to be held in the sev
eral counties of the Commonwealth, and the judges are assigned each year
by the Chief Justice to hold the various sessions. It is not a county court
as such, though the terms are held by counties, the old system of shire

BENCH AND BAR 841
town preserved, and the writs, processes, records, etc., use the county
as territorial units.
To the Bench of the Court of Common Pleas the following judges
were appointed : Samuel PhiUips, 1782 ; Benjamin Greenleaf, 1782 ; Joha
Pickering, Jr., 1782; Samuel Holten, 1782; Nathan Dane, of Beverly,
1794; Ebenezer March, of Newbury, 1796; John Treadwell, of Salem,
1798; Tunothy Pickering, Chief Justice, of Danvers, 1802; Daniel Kil
hara, of Wenham, 1811.
The following special justices of the Court of Common Pleas were
at various tunes appointed: Samuel Osgood of Andover, 1786; George
Cabot of Beverly, 1786 ; John Choate of Ipswich, 1786 ; John TreadweU
of Salem, 1796; Samuel Nye of Salisbury, 1798; Jonathan Cogswell of
Ipswich, 1802 ; Nathan Read of Danvers, 1802 ; Asa Andrews of Ipswich,.
1809 ; John Prence of Salem, 1810.
Special justices of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas were ap
pointed when the regular justice could not serve by reason of interest
amounting to disqualification: Samuel Appleton, 1711 and 1715; John
Burrill, 1711 and 1715; John Wainwright, 1725; Theophilus BurriU,,
1725, 1729 and 1731; WUliam Gedney, 1729; Richard Kent, 1731; Na
thaniel Coffin, 1734; Benjamin Lynde, Jr., 1734; Epes Sargeant, 1740,
1744 and 1762; David Appleton, 1740 and 1744; John Choate, 1744 and
1745 ; John Greenleaf, 1755 ; Daniel Appleton, 1762 ; Jacob Fowle, 1763 ;
Samuel Rogers, 1763 ; WUliam Brown, 1766.
The foUowing judges of, the General Court of Sessions for this county
under its various reorganizations between 1807 and 1828, when it went.
out of existence and was replaced by the system of County Commissioners
were : Nathan Dane, of Beverly, 1807, Chief Justice ; Thomas Kittredge,
of Andover, 1807; William Pearson, 1807; John Punchard, of Salem,
1807 ; Josiah Smith, of Newbury, 1807 ; Samuel Holten, of Danvers, 1807,.
Chief Justice ; William Cleveland, of Salera, 1808 ; Henry Atkins, of Wen
ham, 1808; John Saunders, of Salem, 1808; Henry Elkins, of Salem,
1811; John Prince, Jr., of Marblehead, 1811; Joseph Fallon (3rd), of
Ljmn, 1811; John Heard, of Ipswich, 1819, Chief Justice; Nehemiah
Cleveland, of Topsfield, 1819, Chief Justice ; Lonson Nash, of Gloucester,
1820 ; Hobart Clark, of Andover, 1820 ; Robert Rantoul, of Beverly, 1822 ;
Stephen W. Marston, of Newburyport, 1822 ; John Merrill, of Newbury,.
1827; John Walsh, 1827.
Judges of the Court of Common Pleas for the Commonwealth from
Essex County were : Joshua Holyoke Ward, of Salem, 1844 ; Jonathan
Cogswell Perkins, of Salem, 1848.
Of the Judges of the Superior Court established in 1859, Essex:
County has had the following: Otis PhUlips Lord, of Salem, 1859; Mar
cus Morton, of Andover, 1859 ; Charles P. Thorapson, of Gloucester, 1885 ;
Edgar Jay Sherman, of Lawrence, 1887; Henry Wardwell, of Salem,
(?), 1896; Charles Upham BeU, of Lawrence, 1898; Charles Ambrose
DeCourcey, of Lawrence, 1902; John Joseph Flaherty, of Gloucester,
1905; Joseph Francis Quinn, of Salem, 1911; James Henry Sisk, of
Lynn, 1915; Louis Sherbume Cox, of Lawrence, 1918; Henry Tilton
Lummus, of Lynn, 1921.
The Superior Court of Judicature ceased to exist in 1781, when the
Supreme Judicial Court, which is the present name of the court of last
resort, displaced it. This court was originally constituted with a Chief

.¦842 ESSEX COUNTY
Justice and four Associates, and in 1873, after several changes, became
as it is now, with a Chief Justice and six Associates.
The following Essex County men served on the Superior Court of
Judicature: John Hathom, of Salem, 1702 ; Jonathan Curwin, of Salem, 1708 ;
Benjarain Lynde, of Salem, 1712, Chief Justice, 1728 ; Ricard Saltonstall,
of HaverhUl, 1736; Stephen Sewall, of Salem, 1739; Chief Justice, 1752;
JBenjarain Lynde, of Salem, 1745, Chief Justice, 1771 ; Nathaniel Ropes,
of Salem, 1772 ; William Brown, of Salem, 1774 ; Nathaniel P. Sargeant,
of Methuen, 1775 ; Jedidiah Foster, of Andover, 1776 ; David Sewall, 1777.
On the Suprerae Judicial Court, Essex County has had the following:
Theophilus Parsons, of Newburyport, Chief Justice, 1806; Samuel Sewall
of Marblehead, 1800, Chief Justice, 1814; TheophUus Bradley, of New
bury, 1797 ; Samuel Putnam, of Danvers, 1814 ; Caleb Cushing, of New
¬buryport, 1852 ; William C. Endicott, of Salera, 1873 ; Otis PhUlips Lord,
of Salera, 1875 ; Charles A. DeCourcy, of Lawrence, 1911.
Under the Provincial Charter, probate adrainistration was lodged in
the Govemor and CouncU, but it was early delegated to Judges and Regis
ters of Probate in the several counties. They did not function as courts
strictly speaking, but found their authority solely as agents, so to speak,
of the Govemor and Council. In 1784, however, it was established as a
court, both Judge and Register being appointed by the Govemor, and has
reraained as so constituted except that in 1856 the Register becarae an
•elective office. In the same year a Court of Insolvency was created of
which the Judge and Register of Probate later became the Judge and
Register of Insolvency under the title of Judge and Register of Probate
and Insolvency. It is still in existence as such, although of course since
the National Bankruptcy Act it has ceased to function as a Court of In
solvency. The Judges and Registers of Probate in Essex County have been as
follows :
Judges — :Bartholomew Gedney, 1692 ; Jonathan Curwin, 1698 ; John
Appleton, 1702; Thomas Berry, 1739; John Choate, 1756; Benjamin
Lynde, 1762 ; Nathaniel Ropes, 1766 ; Benjarain Greenleaf, 1779 ; Sarauel
-Holten, 1798; Daniel A. White, 1816 ; Nathaniel S. Howe, 1854; Abner C.
Goodell, 1857, Judge of Insolvency; Henry B. Fernald, 1858, Judge of
Insolvency; George F. Choate, 1859, Judge of Probate and Insolvency;
Rollin E. Harmon, 1889, Judge of Probate and Insolvency ; Harry R. Dow,
1908, Judge of Probate and Insolvency ; Alden P. White, 1918, Judge of
Probate and Insolvency.
Registers — Stephen Sewall, 1692 ; John Croade, 1695 ; John Higgin
son, 1698 ; Daniel Rogers, 1702 ; Daniel Appleton, 1723 ; Samuel Rogers,
1762 ; Peter Frye, 1773 ; Daniel Noyes, 1779 ; Nathaniel Lord (3rd) , 1816 ;
Edwin Laurence, 1852 ; George R. Lord, 1854 ; James Ropes, 1856 ; Jon
athan Perley, Jr., 1857; Abner C. Goodell, 1858, Register of Insolvency;
Charles H. Hudson,^ 1858, Register of Probate ; Abner C. GoodeU, 1859,
Register of Probate and Insolvency ; Jereraiah T. Mahoney, 1878, Regis
ter of Probate and Insolvency ; Arthur Bogue, 1912, Register of Probate
and Insolvency; Horace H. Atherton, 1913, Register of Probate and In
solvency.

BENCH AND BAR 843
In the early days, the sheriff of the county was called a marshal. He
was a nulitary and ^eace officer as well. It was down to 1855 an appoin
tive office, at which tune it became elective. WhUe not strictiy a part of
the history of the Bench and Bar, this officer is so closely connected with
the courts that marshals and sheriffs to a large extent form part of its
history. Those who have held the position of sheriff are as far as the
records show:
Marshals--Samuel Orchard, 1663; Henry Sherry, 1670; Robert
Lord, 1685; Jeremiah Neale, 1686; John Rogers, 1691; John Harris,
1692. Sheriffs— George Corwin, 1692; William Gedney, 1696; Thomas
Wainwright, 1702 ; WUliam Gedney,  ; Daniel Denison, 1708 ; William
Gedney, 1710; John Denison, 1715; Benjamin Marston, 1722; Robert
Hale, 1746 ; Richard Saltonstall, 1766 ; Michael Farley, 1779 ; Bailey Bart
lett, 1792; Joseph E. Sprague, 1831; Frederick Robinson, 1852; Thomas
E. Payson, 1854 ; James Cary, 1856 ; Horatio G. Herrick, 1867 ; Samuel
Johnson, 1893 ; Patrick F. Tiemy, 1920.
The present incumbent is Mr. Arthur G. Wells of Lynn, elected in
1921. The clerks of the courts were originally appointed by the Courts
themselves, except the period between 1811 and 1814, when the Govemor
and Council became the appointing power. After that tirae it was
lodged in the Suprerae Judicial Court, until in 1856 it becarae an elective
office in the various counties : The following is a list of those who have
been Clerks of the Courts for Essex County so far as can be discovered
frora the records:
Ralph Fogg, 1637; Henry Bartholemew, 1647; Robert Lord,  ;
Elias StUeman, 1653; Hilliard Veren, 1658; Bart. Gedney,  ; Ben
jamm Gerrish, 1683 ; Stephen Sewall, 1692 ; Mitchell Sewall, 1727 ; Joseph
Eowditch, 1750; WUliam Jeffrey, 1771; Joseph Blaney, 1774; Samuel
Osgood, 1779 ; Isaac Osgood, 1783 ; Thomas Bancroft, 1795 ; Samuel Hol
ten, 1797; Thomas Bancroft, 1798; Ichabod Tucker, 1804; Joseph E.
Sprague, 1812 ; Ichabod Tucker, 1813 ; John Prince, Jr., 1828 ; Ebenezer
ShUlaber, 1842 ; Asahel Huntington, 1852 ; Alfred A. Abbott, 1872 ; Dean
Peabody, 1885 ; Edward B. George, 1897.
The present clerk of the Courts is Archie N. Frost, of Lawrence, ap
pointed in 1917.
During the colonial period and down to 1715, the clerks of the
Courts or recorders were the recording officers corresponding to the
Registers of Deeds. At that time it was provided that sorae person
¦should be chosen by the county who had a freehold of at least ten pounds
for that purpose. It has remained so down to the present time. The
foUowing have been Registers of Deeds exclusive of the Clerks of the
Courts :
Mitchell Sewall, 1727 ; John Higginson, 1774 ; John Pickering, 1780 ;
Amos Choate, 1807 ; Ralph H. French, 1832 ; Ephraim Brown, Jr., 1852 ;
Ephraim Brown, 1870, for the Southern district ; GUbert E. Hood, 1870,
for the Northem district; Ephraim Brown, 1875, for the Southem dis-

844 ESSEX COUNTY
trict; Abel Morrison, 1875, for the Northem district; John R. Poor„
1878, for the Northem district; Charles S. Osgood, 1879, for the Southem
district; WUlard J. Hale, 1897, for the Southem district; John J. Don
ovan, 1892, for the Northem district; Aretas Sanbom, 1895, for the
Northem district ; Thomas F. Delaney, 1904, foi' the Northern district.
The present Registers are : Moody Kunball, of Newburyport, for the
South District, 1920 ; Moses Marshall, of Lawrence, for the North Dis
trict, 1907.
The history of Essex County Courts would not be completed without
brief mention of those courts which, outside possibly of the Probate
Courts, come closest to the people, and by which the popular estimate of
our judicial system is largely formed, namely the District Police Courts.
These courts are localized and limited in their civil and criminal jurisdic
tion. They were established in Salem in 1838, Newburjrport in 1883,
Lawrence in 1848, Lynn in 1849, HaverhUl in 1854 and Gloucester in
1858. As now constituted the District Courts are as foUows:
Newburyport — Jurisdiction, Newbuiyport, Newbury and Rowley
with concurrent jurisdiction in Salisbury and West Newbury. Justice^
Thomas C. Sirapson. Special Justices, Nathaniel N. Jones and Oscar H.
Nelson. Clerk, Edward H. RoweU.
Salera (Fu-st Essex) — Jurisdiction, Salem, Beverly, Danvers, Hamil
ton, Manchester, Middleton, Topsfield and WerUiam. Justice, George B.
Sears. Special Justices, Robert W. HUl and Charles A. Murphy. Clerk,
Morgan J. McSweeney.
Araesbury (Second Essex) — Jurisdiction, Amesbury and Merrimac
and concurrent jurisdiction in Salisbury. Justice, Charles I. PettingeU.
Special Justices, M. Perry Sargent and Jacob T. Choate. Clerk, Fred A..
Brown. Ipswich (Third Essex) — Jurisdiction in Ipswich. Justice, George H.
W. Hayes. Special Justices, Albert F. Welsh and Harry E. Jackson.
Clerk, George A. Schofield.
Haverhill (Northem Essex) — Jurisdiction, Haverhill, Groveland,
Georgetown and Boxford with concurrent jurisdiction in West Newbury.
Justice, John J. Winn. Special Justices, Otis J. Carlton, Daniel J. Cavan..
Clerk, Brad D. Harvey.
Gloucester (Eastem Essex) — Jurisdiction in Gloucester, Rockport
and Essex. Justice, Sumner D. York. Special Justices, Lincoln S. Sim
onds and John J. Burke. Clerk, Siraeon B. Hotchkiss.
Lynn (Southem Essex) — Jurisdiction in Lynn, Swarapscott, Saugus^
Marblehead and Nahant. Justice, Ralph W. Reeve. Special Justices,
Elisha M. Stevens, Edward B. O'Brien and Philip A. Kiely. Clerk, J.
Joseph Doherty.
Lawrence — Jurisdiction, Lawrence, Andover, North Andover and
Methuen. Justice, Jeremiah J. Mahoney. Special Justices, Wilbur E.
Rowell, Frederic N. Chandler. Clerk, Natharuel E. Rankin.
Peabody — Jurisdiction, Peabody and Lynnfield. Justice, Daniel C.
Manning. Special Justices, Horace P. Farnham and WUliam H. Fay.
Clerk, Charles J. Powell.
Trial Justices — Albion G. Pierce, Methuen; Colver J. Stone, An
dover; Newton P. Frye, North Andover; Moses S. Case, Marblehead ^
WUliam E. Ludden, Saugus; and Walter H. Southwick, Nahant.

BENCH AND BAR 845
The origin of the office of Attomey General as a part of the Judi
cature of Massachusetts seems lost in antiquity. There appears to have
been no Attomey General during the period of the Colonial Charter, and
the date of the first appointment to this office was probably 1680. Under
the Provincial Charter it was a well recognized office. He was the chief
prosecuting officer during this period, as shown by the record and his ap
pearances in court, though but little appears of a statutory nature as to
his duties and limitations. While recognized by the constitution as a
part of the scheme of govemment then devised, yet, as was said by
Rugg, Chief Justice, in Commonwealth v. Korlowsky, "It often has been
recognized that the powers of the Attomey General are not circumscribed
by any Statute, but that he is clothed with certain common law facUities
appurtenant to the office."
Essex County has been represented in the office of Attomey General
by the following:
James Sullivan, 1790 ; Bamabas Bidwell, 1807 ; Perez Morton, 1810 ;
James T. Austin, 1832 ; John Henry ClUford, 1849 ; Rufus Choate, 1853 ;
Stephen Henry PhUlips, 1858 ; Dwight Foster, 1861 ; Chester R. Train,
1872 ; Edgar J. Sherman, 1883 ; Andrew J. Waterman, 1887 ; Henry C.
AtwUl, 1915.
Apparently the duties of the Attomey General as the law officer of
the counties became too onerous, for the office of State Attomey was
established in 1807, and in that year Joseph Story was appointed to the
office. In 1811 it was called County Attomey, and David Cummings of
Salem received the appointment. It later became known as District
Attomey, when in 1852 county lines were abandoned as such, though so
far as Essex County is concemed the Eastem District, by which name it
is now known, is contiguous with the county lines.
The following have been District Attomeys of Essex County and the
Eastem District:
Joseph Story, of Salem, October 21, 1807; Asa Andrew, July 31,
1809 ; David Cummings, of Salem, September 27, 1811 ; Samuel Putnam,
December Term 1813 ; John Pickering, September Term 1814 ; Stephen
Minot, March Term 1824; Asahel Huntington, August 19, 1830; Albert
H. Nelson, March Term 1846; Asahel Huntington, March Term 1848;
Stephen H. PhUlips, of Salem, April 16, 1851; Alfred A. Abbott October
Term 1853; Edgar J. Sherman, January 25, 1869; Henry P. Moulton,
January Term 1883; Henry F. Hurlburt, January Term 1884; WUham
H. Moody, January Term 1890; Alden P. White, January Term 1896;
W. Scott Peters, January Term 1899; Henry C. AtwUl, Januaiy Term
1911 ; Michael H. SuUivan, January Term 1915 ; Louis S. Cox, January
Terml916;HenryC. Wells, May Term 1918. , .„ ^ j v.- .« ..
The present incumbent is S. Howard Donnell, of Peabody, his first
assistant, WiUiam G. Clark of Gloucester, and his second assistant, Ed
ward F. Flynn of Lynn.
The early history of the bar as distinguished from the bench is an
exceedingly difficult thing to trace, probably for the reason that there

846 ESSEX COUNTY
was no such institution. As pointed out heretofore, even the early
judiciary was not chosen with any views to legal knowledge, and training
in the law of common sense seemed to be a prime' requisite rather than
farailiarity with legal lore and the intricacies of pleading and practice.
Laymen and lawyers sat on the bench and dispensed justice without much
regard to the rules of evidence or the refinements of demuners, pleas,
rebutters or surrebutters. If raen or woraen behaved theraselves un
seemly, they were placed in the stocks or whipped after the decree of
their lawfully constituted judges, who were of their neighbors and feUow
citizens. If a man encroached on his neighbor's domain or restrained his
pig, a tribunal weighed the facts and told him what he must do if found
in the wrong. The siraple life of the nation builders did not need the
complication of our systera of jurisprudence to deterraine right and rectify
wrong. The increasing coraplexities of society gave rise to the existence
of a bar as an institution, which has itself grown as the social life en
larged. It must be kept in mind that the early society was in essence a re
ligious one, and the government consequently was that of a religious
comraunity. The clergy were the leaders of the day, and Govemors and
Judges alike were prone to call in the rainister to advise and expound
the law as well as to help decide what ought to be done. The need for
a code of laws was not felt for a considerable period after the first settle
ment, and when it was finally determined upon in 1641, a rainister from
Ipswich, Rev. Nathaniel Ward, was the one who was delegated to "fur
nish a copy of the Liberties." Though he had been trained in the law
in his early days in the mother country, he had cast aside the ermine of
the courts to assurae the robe of the pulpit, and it is not to be raarveUed
at that his code was taken from the Mosaic law and that as to capital
offences and their punishment it was annotated with references to chap
ter and verse frora the Bible. This code consisted of one hundred laws,
civU and criminal, and was far in advance of the laws of England at the
tirae, and indeed may be said to be the foundation of our statute law as
we know it, having in substance been adopted with amplifications in every
subsequent codification of the laws of the Colony.
The lack of court procedure and of the practice of the law as an
exact science finds raany illustrations in the early records. Of these the
witchcraft delusions and the creation of a special tribunal to deal with
the situation, fostered, cultivated and guided by the leading clergy of
the day, stands forth strongly. It is even stated, strange as it may
seera, that as late as 1769 in a raurder case arising in Ipswich, the obso
lete "Ordeal of Touch" was invoked and actually enacted with all its
superstitious and awe-inspiring atraosphere, but, failing in a determina
tion of guUt, was followed by grand jury indictment and subsequent trial
and acquittal of the suspected parties.
For years the clerk wrote out the testimony given in court, but thia

BENCH AND BAR 847
became so cumbersome that the testimony was coraraitted to writing, and
the papers -with affidavits were given to the jury to be considered by
them. There was no cross-examining of witnesses, and all a lawyer had
to do was to argue the case. No attention was paid to rules of evidence,,
and a juryman not clear in his mind as to the case could in open court
advice with any he saw fit as to the controversy before him and his fel
lows. A salutary law was passed in 1656 which perhaps without detrunent
to present proceedings might well be brought forward in some modem
actions in court. To expedite proceedings in court, it authorized the
fining of a party twenty shUlings an hour for the time occupied in his
plea beyond one hour. Lawyers or those acting as such were ignorant of
the principles of the law, were bound by no oaths and were irresponsible
to the courts, although attempt at regulation appears to have been made
m 1686, when an order was passed providing for a form of oath and pre
scribing the fees to be charged.
The names of five are handed down to us. They were or had been.
merchants, one an apothecary, and another a tailor. Judicial office and,
indeed, most political offices, were largely a faraily affair, which re
sulted in a disTinct goveming class. Judges and lawyers wore robes and
wigs, and it was customary for the sheriff of the county with a military
guard or body of prominent citizens to meet them riding the circuit on
horseback at the borders of the shire town and escort thera to their
lodgings with great parade and pomp.
However, after the Colonial era there seems to have arisen some
serablance, naturally enough, to the practice of the English courts, and
barristers and attorneys and counsellors, with some distinction between
thera, existed down to 1836, when such differentiations were done away
with. The early difference between these seeras to have been the length.
of practice before the Inferior Courts, that of the barristers being the
highest and could be attained only after a period of preparation varying
from three to seven years. How many barristers there were in the
earlier days probably cannot be determined, but Washburn in his "His
tory of the Judiciary" says that in 1768 there were twenty-five in Massa
chusetts, of whom Daniel Farnham, WUliam Pynchon, John Chipman,
Nathaniel Peaslee Sargent and John Lowell came from Essex County.
Apparently, training in the law did not foster the pioneer spirit, for
no record appears that the plaint for "honest attomeys", quoted supra,
was answered by any horde of aspirants for legal distinction in the forums
of the new land. They were not looked upon with any degree of favor,
and there was even an interdict on their becoming merabers of the Gen
eral Court, which ordered in 1663 "that no usual and coramon attomey
in any Inferior Court should be adraitted to sit as Deputy in this Court."
A rule of court was adopted in the Superior Court of Judicature in
1781 relating to the admission of barristers, which well merits the perusal

«48 ESSEX COUNTY
of present and future members of the Bar, and if adopted as a pledge of
honor by the profession will for all tune place the lawyer far beyond aU
possibUity of suspicion and contempt in the minds of the laymen. This
rule was:
Whereas leaming and literary accomplishments are necessary as well
to promote the happiness as to preserve the freedom of the people, and
the leaming of the law when duly encouraged and rightly directed, being
as well peculiarly subservient to the great and good purpose aforesaid, as
jiromotive of public and private justice ; and the court being at all times
ready to bestow peculiar marks of approbation upon the gentlemen of
the bar, who, by a close application to the study of the science they pro
fess, by a mode of conduct which gives a conviction of the rectitude of
their minds and a fairness of practice that does honor to the profession of
the law shall distinguish as men of science, honor and integrity ; Do order
that no gentleman shall be called to the degree of barrister untU he shall
-merit the sarae by his conspicuous bearing, ability and honesty ; and that
the court will, of their own mere motion, call to the bar such persons
-as shair render themselves worthy as aforesaid; and that the manner of
calling to the bar shall be as follows: The gentleman who shall be a
candidate shall stand within the bar; the chief justice, or in his absence
the senior justice, shall, in the narae of the court, repeat to him the
'qualifications necessaiy for a barrister-at-law ; shall let him know that it
is a conviction in the mind of the court of his being possessed of those
• qualifications that induces them to confer the honor upon him ; and shall
.solemnly charge him so to conduct himself as to be of singular service to
-his country by exerting his abilities for the defence of her Constitutional
freedom ; and so to demean himself as to do honor to the court and bar.
And again by the same court, in October of 1781, a further rale, full
<of patriotic spirit and suggestive of the troublous times, was ordered :
Where it is provided that all attomeys commonly practicing in the
Courts of Justice within this govemment shall take the oath prescribed
Jn the law for attomeys and the oath of allegiance to this (Commonwealth,
and the 12th article in the declaration of rights having provided that
every subject shaU be heard by hunself or his counsel at his election; in
-order therefore to cany the same provisions into effect and to exclude
men who are enemies to this countiy, immoral persons and disturbers of
the peace, from stirring up unnecessary law suits and fomenting dissen
sions and divisions amongst the good people of this Commonwealth, the
Court do in pursuance of the authority by law given them make the fol
lowing rale, viz : That no person shall be permitted to practice in this
court as an attomey untU he shall have been regularly swom as the law
directs; and that no person shall be admitted as an attomey of said
court until they are convinced from the manner of his life that he is a
friend to the interest and independence of his country, that he sustains a
jfood moral character and has had time and opportunity for and hath
really acquired sufficient leaming to render himself useful in the profes
sion and practice of the law.
The procedure such as it was after it had developed, was patterned
after the English practice and was ponderous and formal, full of pitfalls
and missteps ready to trip up the unwary by its labyrinthian maze of

BENCH AND BAR 849
technicalities and intricacies. It is related of Gridley, a foremost ad
vocate of Revolutionary days, that he was an attomey for a minister
named Lombard, about the year 1769, who was sued on a bond that he
would deliver up to the deacons of the church of which he had been min
ister, a parsonage upon the settlement of another minister therein. Within
a year after giving the bond the church selected a very illiterate man as
minister. Lombard refused to give up the parsonage on the ground that
the new incumbent was not such a minister as was intended in the bond.
The jury upon the trial in the Court of Common Pleas found a verdict for
the plaintiff. Gridley appealed to the Superior Court, where the case was
again tried and a verdict again retumed for the plaintiff. Gridley moved
in arrest of judgment upon the ground that no issue had been joined.
Judgment was arrested and a repleader directed, when Gridley filed a
plea in bar reciting that by the terms of the grant of the township the
parsonage was reserved for the use of a pious, leamed, orthodox minister,
etc. Daniel Farnham, attomey for plaintiffs, replied, omitting to put
"leamed" in issue. To this reply Gridley demurred for a departure in
the replication, to which Farnham made a rejoinder in demurrer. After
argument the court decided the replication to be insufficient and rendered
a judgment for the defendant. Lombard was not in court at the time,
but entered a few minutes later, when Gridley said to him, "Man, you
obtained your cause". Lombard in astonishment asked, "How, Sir"?
Gridley replied, "You can never know untU you get to Heaven". Dickens'
celebrated case of "Jamdyce vs. Jamdyce" could not ring the charges of
rebutter, surrebutter, pleas in abatement, to the jurisdiction, demurrer,
etc., any better, and it is no wonder that even Gridley felt that only the
oraniscient light from the wisdom of Heaven itself could penetrate the
gloom and darkness of the deviously winding judicial procedure of early
times as practiced by the luminaries of a dark legal age.
It is no wonder "there were giants in those days." They had to be.
The relations between Bench and Bar in the early period of the Comraon
wealth after the Revolution were not cordial. The lawyers in their
forensic contests raanifested littie respect for judges, of whora they com
plained for the severity of their raanners. Referring to the conduct of
Bench and Bar of that time, one writer has said that "a man should go
into court with a club in one hand and a speaking trampet in the other".
All this, however, changed gradually with the beginning of the last cen
tury, and has grown to the less coraplicated, the orderly and dignified
practice of the present, where the tendency is increasingly manifest to
cast aside with impatience the technical and trivial and to emphasize the
human element in seeking the trath and the consequent justice. The
rales above quoted seem to have marked the beginning of the regulation
by the courts of admissions to the bar, and in 1806 it was provided that
no attomey or counsellor should be admitted without a previous exami
nation. Hssrat — 54

850 ESSEX COUNTY
The records of the Bench cannot serve as in any sense an enuraera
tion of the Bar for, as heretofore stated, to be a lawyer was not all a
prerequisite to qualification as a judge, and raany there were who were
far frora qualified, and no distinction appears to have been made be
tween those who were and such as were not.
The earliest record of admission to the Bar in Essex County appears
to be in 1795, and from that tirae down to the present a more or less
complete record has been preserved.
Various attempts to form and keep alive a Bar Association for the
county have from time to time been raade. This effort dates from 1806,
when the first Bar Association was formed. It appears from the records
that there were then twenty-seven merabers of the Bar in the County,
viz : Salera — Elisha Mack, Benjarain R. Nichols, William Prescott, Sam
uel Putnam, John Prince, Jr., John Pickering, Jr., Joseph Storey, Samuel
Swett, Leverett Saltonstall, Joseph Sprague, Jr. Newburyport — WU
liam P. Bannister, Joseph Dana, Sarauel L. Knapp, Edward St. Loe Liver
raore, Edward Little, Ebenezer Mosely, Moody Noyes, Daniel A. White.
Haverhill — Stephen Minott, John Varnum. Gloucester — Lonson Nash,
Nathan Bruce. Marblehead, Ralph H. French. Ipswich, Asa Andrews.
Beverly, Nathan Dane. Andover, Samuel Fanar. Lynn, John Stuart.
The purpose of the formation of the Association raay be partly at
least discerned since at an adjoumraent of the first annual meeting of
the Bar Association a committee reported (and the report adopted) a
fee bill. Modem lawyers raay justifiably raise their eyebrows in the
perusal of this schedule of charges. Writ varying with amount involved,
four to six dollars ; real actions, six dollars ; divorce, twenty-five doUars ;
petition for naturalization, five dollars ; will, five dollars ; argument in
Court of Comraon Pleas, fifteen dollars; in Suprerae Judicial Court,
twenty-five dollars ; Bill in Equity, sarae as writ. And it was provided in
the by-laws that any raeraber not conforraing to the fee bill shall be
guilty of unprofessional conduct and iraproper practice tending to the
scandal of the profession. A complete set of rules goveming attomeys
and counsellors was adopted in 1806, among which is a prohibition against
attomeys acting as counsellors, and raaking all attomeys who have been
admitted three years prior, counsellors. They further required an ex
araination before adraission as attorneys or counsellors, and provided for
the appointment frora among the barristers and counsellors of a com
petent number of examiners, any two of whora could conduct an exami
nation and issue a certificate of qualification or rejection, with right of
appeal to a justice of the court who could then conduct a second exami
nation and confirm or reverse the deterraination of the examiners. A re
quirement of adraission of attorneys provided, "all such as have, besides
a good school education, devoted seven years at the least to literary
acquisitions, and three years thereof at least in the office and under
the instmction of a Barrister or Counsellor practicing in this court. Any

BENCH AND BAR 851
person who has been admitted as an attomey and as such practiced two
years may be a candidate for admission as barrister and examined there
for." The first Association lasted until about 1812, and since then lapsed
into extinction to be revived again in 1831, when a new association was
formed with Leverett Saltonstall as president, with fifty members con
stituting the Bar of the county. This, too, went out of existence shortly
after its birth, and there was no revival unil 1856, when the present Bar
Association was formed at the "new Court House at Lawrence." Its
presidents have been: Otis P. Lord, of Salem, 1856-7; Asahel Hunting
ton, of Salem, 1859 ; W. C. Endicott, of Salem, 1869 ; Stephen B. Ives, Jr.,
1873; WiUiam D. Northend, 1879; Elbredge Burley, of Lawrence, 1890;
Henry P. Moulton, of Salem, 1896 ; WUliam H. NUes, of Lynn, 1902 ; John
P. Sweeney, of Lawrence, 1915 ; Starr Parsons, of Lynn, 1916 ; Michael
L. Sullivan, of Salem, 1920. The president of the Bar Association in
1922 is Michael L. Sullivan, Esquire, of Salem.
The following is a copy of the names appearing in the "Bar Book"
so-called, kept in the office of the Clerk of the Courts. This is the book
which all members of the Bar admitted in Essex County have signed sub
scribing the oath of admission since 1806. It does not contain the names
of all the practising attomeys of the county since, of course, many were
admitted elsewhere and removed to the county.
Prior to 1897, examinations for admission to the Bar were conducted
by county boards of examiners appointed from among the members of the
Bar of each county, but that year, by act of the Legislature, it was pro
vided that the Supreme Judicial Court should appoint five membersi of
the Bar, each from a different county, who should constitute the board
for the whole Commonwealth. Petitions for admission can still be filed
in the Supreme Judicial and Superior Courts, but as a matter of practice
by far the greater number are filed in the Supreme Court in Suffolk
County and admissions made there. This easUy accounts for the
smaUer number who of late years have entered their names in the "Bar
Book": Ichabod Tucker. Eben H. Beckford, Salem; C. C. P., Sept.
Joseph Dana. Term 1808.
Ralph W. French. Nath'l. Sawyer, Salem; C. C. P., Sept.
Samuel Swett. , Teiro 1808. ,..„ „ r, r, c ^
Jno. Pickering. Joseph Hovey, Haverhill; C. C. P., Sept.
D A White Term 1808.
Leverett Saltonstall. B. L. Oliver, June Term 1809.
Ebenezer Moseley. David Cummings, Salem; C. C. P., Sept.
Henry A. L. Dearbom. ^ Teiro 1809.
William B Sewall. John Maunce O'Bnen, Newburyport; C.
John Pike' C. P., Sept. Term 1809.
Joseph Sprague, 3rd. Jacob Gerrish, Newburyport; C. C. P.,
Ben. K. Nichols. ^ March Term 1810.
Wm. S. Titcomb. Larkin Thomdike, S. J. C, Nov. Term
Moo^v NoSss Sam'l. Merrill, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1813.
Sam'l L. Knapp. J- B- Manning, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1813.

852

ESSEX COUNTY

R. W. Swett, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1813.
John A. Richardson, C. C. P., Sept. Term
1823.
Rufus Choate, C. C. P., Sept. Term 1823
Thornton Betton, C. C. P., Sept. Term
1823.
Robert Rantoul Jr., C. C. P., Sept. Term
1823.
John Prince, Jr., June 28, 1808.
John Gallison, C. C. P., Sept. Term 1810.
Jno. King, C. C. P., Sept. Term 1810.
Micah Bradley, Amesbury; C. C. P., Dec.
T#rm 1810.
Stephen Hooper, C. C. P., Sept. Term
1810.
Timothy Hammond, C. C. C. P., June
Tigrm 1812.
James C. Merrill, Haverhill; C. C. C. P.,
Sept. Term 1812.
William Burley, Jr., Beverly; C. C. C. P.,
Sept. Term 1812.
Jacob Willard, Nov. Term 1812.
Jacob Gerrish, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1812.
Jno. Glen King, S. J. C, Nov. Term
1812.
Frederic Hines, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1812.
Eben Everett, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1812.
Theodore Eames, Salem, C. C. C. P.,
Dec. Term 1812.
Geo. Newton, Salem, C. C. C. P., March
Term 1813.
Edw'd. Andrews, Ipswich; C. C. C. P.,
Sept. Term 1813.
Thos. Stephens, Jr., Beverly; C. C. C. P.,
Sept. Term 1813.
Octavius Pickering, Salem; C. C. C. P.,
Sept. Term 1813.
John Scott, Rowley; C. C. C. P., Sept.
Term 1813.
Henry Pierce, Salem; C. C. C. P., Sept.
Term 1814.
James H. Duncan, C. C. C. P., Sept.
Term 1815.
Elisha F. Wallace, C. C. C. P., Sept.
Term 1815.
W. A. Rogers, C. C. C. P., Dec. Term
1815.
Wm. Thomdike, Beverly; C. C. C. P.,
Sept. Term 1816.
Rufus Y. Hovey, Lynn; C. C. C. P., Dec.
Term 1816.
Thos. M. Woodbridge, Jr., Salem; C. C.
C. P., Sept. Term 1819.
Andrew Dunlap, 2nd, S. J. C, Nov. Term
1818.
Solomon S. Whipple, S. J. C, Nov. Term
1818.
Jno. Foster, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1818.
Ebenezer Shillaber, Salem; C. C. C. P.,
Dec. Term 1819.
John W. Proctor, C. C. C. P., Dec. Term
1819.
A. W. Wildes, S. J. C, Oct. Term 1820.
Isaac R. H6w, S. J. C, Oct. Term, 1821.
E. Hersy Derby, Jr., C. C. P., Dec. Term
1821.
Joseph G. Waters, Salem; C. C. P., Dec.

Term 1821.
Benj. Wheatland, Salem; C. C. P., Sept
Term 1822.
Robert Cross, Newburyport; Dec. Term,
1823.
G. C. Wildes, Newburyport; Dec. Term
1823.
Wm. Oakes, Danvers; Dec. Term 1823.
John Walshe, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1824.
Benjamin Tucker, C. C. P., June Term
1825.
A. Huntington, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1826.
Moses Parsons Parishe, C. C. P., Dec.
Term 1826.
Gilman Parker, Haverhill; C. C. P., Sept
Term 1827.
Stephen P. Webb, Salem; C. C. P., Sept
Term 1827.
J. C. Stickney, Salem; C. C. P., Sept
Term 1827.
David Roberts, Salem; C. C. P., Sept
Term 1827.
W. S. Allen, Newburyport; C. C. P.,
Sept. Term 1827.
Sam'l. Phillips, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1827.
David Mack, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1828.
N. J. Lord, Salem; S. J. C, Nov. Term
1828.
Geo. Wheatland, Salem; S. J. C, Not.
Term 1828.
Ellis Gray Loring, S. J. C, Nov. Term
1828.
John Tenney, Dec. Term 1828.
Edmund L. LeBreton, S. J. C, Nov.
Term 1829.
Nath'l. P. Knapp, S. J. C, Nov Term
1829
N. W. Hazen, S. J. C, Nov. Term 1829.
John Codman, Sept Term 1830.
John S. Williams, Sept Term 1830.
Alfred Kittredge, Haverhill; C. C. P.,
March Term 1831.
Charles Minot Haverhill; C. C. P., Sept
Term 1831.
Francis B. Crowninshield, Salem; C. C.
P., Sept Term 1831.
Henry Field, Salem; C. C. P., Sept Term
1831.
Charles A. Andrew, Salem; C. C. P.,
Dec. Term 1831.
W. Devereaux, C. C. P., Sept Term 1832.
Ephraim F. Miller, C. C. P., Sept. Term
1832.
Joshua H. Ward, C. C. P., Sept Term
1832.
George H. Devereaux, C. C. P., Sept
Term 1832.
Wm. G. Woodward, Dec. Term 1832.
John W. Browne, Sept Term 1833.
George Lunt S. J. C, Nov. Term 1833.
Francis H. Silsbee, Sept. Term 1834.
William Fabens, Sept Term 1835.
J. C. Perkins, Sept Term 1835.
Otis P. Lord, Ipswich; Dec. Term 1835.
Thomas B. Newhall, March Term 1837.
Joseph Couch, June Term 1838.
Wm. Taggart, Sept. Term 1838.

BENCH AND BAR

853

Nath'l. F. Safford, Sept Term 1838.
Francis Cummins, S. J. C, Nov. Term
1838.
William O. Moseley, Newburyport;
March Term 1839.
Edward P. Parker, Haverhill; June Term
1839.
Richard C. West, Salem; Sept. Term
1839.
Francis H. Upton, Nov. Term 1839.
Joseph G. Gerrish, C. C. P., Dec. Term
1839.
H. F. Barstow, Salem; C. C. P., March
Term 1840.
Wm. Williams, Jr., C. C. P., June Term
1840.
Simon Forrester Barstow, C. C. P.; June
Term 1840.
Armory Holbrook, March Term 1844.
Benj. F. Mudge, Lynn; June Term 1844.
William C. Endicott, Dec. Term 1850.
Frederick Merrill, March Term 1842.
Luther A. Hackett, Newburyport, June
Term 1842.
Horace Plumer, Dec. Term 1842.
George Haskell, Ipswich; March Term
1843.
Alfred A. Abbott, Sept. Term 1844.
Joseph F. Clarke, Sept. Term 1844.
William M. Rogers, Sept. Term 1844.
Moses Foster, Jr., S. J. C, April Term
1845.
William S. C. Steams, S. J. C, April
Term 1845.
Daniel Kimball, S. J. C, April Term
1845.
Benjamin Barstow, C. C. P., Sept. Term
1845.
Jeremiah P. Jons, C. C. P., Sept. Term
1845.
William D. Northend, C. C. P., Sept.
Term 1845.
Augustus D. Rogers, March Term 1846.
Dan. Weed, March Term 1846.
Isaac Ames, Sept. Term 1846.
Horace L. Connolly, Sept. Term 1846.
W. Aug. Marston, June Term 1847.
Louis Worcester, March Term 1848.
Geo. R. Lord, Ipswich; Sept Term 1848.
N. G. White, Sept. Term 1848.
George F.. Choate, S. J. C, Nov. Term
1848.
N. S. Howe, C. C. P., Dec. Term 1848.
Wm. H. P. Wright March Term 1849.
Jarius W. Perry, May Term 1849.
Nath'l. Pierce, Nov. Term 1849.
B. Frank Watson, Dec. Term 1849.
E. W. Kimball, March Term 1850.
Geo. Andrews, June Term 1850.
Dean Peabody, Oct Term 1850.
Philo L. Beverly, Jan. Term 1851.
Wm. C. Prescott, Jan. Term 1851.
Stephen G. Wheatland, Salem; C. C. P.,
March Term 1851.
John B. Clarke, C. C. P., March Term
1851.
Stephen B. Ives, Jr., Salem; C. C. P.,

March Term 1851.
Ammi Brown, Salem; C. C. P., March
Term 1851.
Jacob W. Reed, Groveland; C. C. P.,
March Term 1851.
Daniel E. Safford, Hamilton; S. J. C,
Nov. Term 1851.
Sidney C. Bancroft, Salem; C. C. P.,
March Term 1852.
Caleb Lamson, Hamilton; C. C. P., June
Term 1852.
J. A. Gillis, Salem; Sept. Term 1852.
Joseph H. Robinson, Marblehead; Sept.
Term 1852.
Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Salem; S. J. C,
Nov. Term 1852.
John N. Pike, Newburyport; C. C. P.
Dec. Term 1852.
Chas. J. Thomdike, Salem; C. C. P.,
March Term 1853.
Chas. H. Stickney, Lynn; Sept. Term
1853.
Michael Bernard Mulkem, C. C. P., Sept.
Term 1854.
Hiram O. Wiley, Lawrence; C. C. P.,
Sept Term 1854.
Francis S. Howe, Haverhill; C. C. P.,
March Term 1855.
C. W. Upham, Jr., Salem; S. J. C, May
Tfirm 1855
Wm. G. Choate, Salem; C. C. P., Sept.
Term 1855.
G. A. Peabody, Salem; S. J. C, Nov.
Term 1855.
R. S. Rantoul, Beverly; S. J. C, April
Term 1856.
Harrison G. Johnson, Newburyport; C.
C. P., March Term 1856.
Joseph H. Bragdon, Newburyport; C. C.
P., Sept Term 1856.
C. Osgood Morse, Newburyport; C. C.
P., Sept Term 1856.
Edw. L. Sherman, Springfield; C. C. P.,
Sept. Term 1856.
Geo. W. Benson, Lawrence; C. C. P.,
Dec. Term 1856.
Benj. Boardman, Lawrence; C. C. P.,
Dec. Term 1856.
E. P. G. Marsh, Methuen; C. C. P., Dec.
Term 1856.
Jacob Haskell, Newburyport; C. C. P.,
March Term 1857.
Wm. H. Parsons, Lawrence; C. C. P..
March Term 1857.
Joseph Eastman, Haverhill; C. C. P.,
March Term 1857.
Harrison Gray, Beverly; C. C. P., March
Term 1857.
H. N. Merrill, Haverhill; C. C. P., March
Term 1857.
P. S. Choate, Lawrence; C. C. P., March
Term 1857.
John James Ingalls, Haverhill; C. C. P.,
Sept Term 1857.
John Buffington Stickney, Lynn; C. C.
P., Sept. Term 1857.
Henry Carter, C. C. P., Dec. Term 1857.

854

ESSEX COUNTY

Amos Noyes 2nd, Newburyport; C. C. P.,
Jan. Term 1858.
Edgar J. Sherman, Lawrence; C. C. P.,
March Term 1858.
Ephraim Alfred Ingalls, S. J. C, April
Term 1858.
Wm. M. Rogers, S. J. C, April Term
1858.
Charles Kimball, Ipswich; C. C. P., Sept
Term 1858.
David B. Kimball, Manchester; C. C. P.,
Sept Term 1858.
Geo. Peabody Russell, Georgetown; C.
C. P., Jan. Term 1859.
Alden TuUar, Gloucester; C. C. P.,
March Term 1859.
William P. Upham, Salem; C. C. P.,
March Term 1859.
Benjamin H. Smith, Salem; C. C. P.,
March Term 1859.
B. G. H. Hutchinson, Danvers; C. C. P.,
March Term 1859.
John F. Devereaux, Salem; C. C. P.,
June Term 1859.
John S. Driver, Salem; C. C. P., June
Term 1859.
Wm. Lawrence Peabody, Lynn; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1859.
Charles Sewall, Sup. Court, Oct. Term
1859.
Arthur A. Putnam, Danvers ; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1859.
Thomdike, D. Hodges, Salem; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term 1859.
Henry W. Chapman, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, March Term 1860.
John K. Tarbox, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
March Term 1860.
John C. Sanbom, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
March Term 1860.
Wm. G. Currier, S. J. C, May Term
1860.
W. Fisk Gile, S. J. C, May Term 1860.
Thomas A. Cushing, Amesbury; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1860.
William Cogswell, Bradford; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1860.
Isaac H. Boyd, West Newbury; Sup.
Court Dec. Term 1860.
John Milliken, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
March Term 1861.
Francis H. Berick, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1861.
Micajah B. Mansfield, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1861.
Alphonso J. Robinson, Salem; Sup.
Court, Oct Term 1861.
George E. Bousley, Salem; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1861.
Edward P. Kimball, S. J. C, April Term
1862.
Henry G. Rollins, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, May Term 1862.
Horace Langdon Hadley, Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1862.
Geo. Foster Flint Sup. Court, Dec. Tenn

1862.

ii^lJilll

Geo. Wheatland, Jr., Salem; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1862.
Nath'l. J. Holden, Salem; Sup. Court
March Term 1863.
Caleb Saunders, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
June Term 1863.
Frank Kimball, Salem; Sup. Court, June
Term 1863.
Minot Tirrell, Jr., Lynn; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1863.
Chas. S. Osgood, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1863.
R. B. Brown, Salem; Sup. Court, Jan.
Term 1864.
H. L. Sherman, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
March Term 1864.
A. R. Sanbom, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
March Term 1864.
John W. Porter, Danvers; Sup. Court,
June Term 1864.
Geo. H. Poor, North Andover; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1864.
H. W. Boardman, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1864.
W. H. Dalrymple, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1864.
Charles A. Sayward, Ipswich; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1864.
Solomon Lincoln, Jr., Salem; Sup. Court,
Oct Term 1864.
N. Nortimer Hawkes, Lynn; S. J. C,
Nov. Term 1864.
David M. Kelly, Sup. Court, March Teim
1865.
Elbridge T. Burley, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, March Term 1865.
Porter F. Roberts, Salem; Sup. Court,
June Term 1866.
John P. Adams, Sup. Court, Sept. Term
1865.
Eben A. Andrews, Ipswich; Sup. Conrt,
Sept Term 1865.
William L. Thompson, Lawrence; Sap.
Court, Oct Term 1865.
William E. Blunt, Haverhill; Sup. Court,
March Term 1866.
Wilfred Breed, Lynn; Sup. Court March
Term 1866.
John W. Berry, Lynn; Sup. Court, June
Term 1866.
C. A. Phillips, Salem; Sup. Court, June
Term 1866.
Walter Carter, Bradford; Sup. Conrt,
June Term 1866.
Thomas F. Hunt, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1866.
Warren H. Mace, Amesbury; Sup. Court
Dec. Term 1866.
William C. Fabens, Marblehead; Sup.
Court, Jan. Term 1867.
Andrew C. Stone, Lawrence; Sup. Court
March Term 1867.
George W. Cate, Salisbury; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1867.
Robert W. Pearson, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1867.
James L. Barker, Lawrence; Sup. Conrt,

BENCH AND BAR

855

Oct Term 1867.
James L. Young, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1867.
Henry P. Moulton, Beverly; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1867.
Henri N. Woods, Rockport; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1867.
George Holman, Salem; Sup. Court, Jan.
Term 1868.
Horace C. Bacon, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
March Term 1868.
Benj. E. Valentine, Sup. Court, March
Term 1868.
George W. Foster, Andover; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1868.
Charles Webb, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
Oct Term 1868.
J. Kendall Jenness, S. J. C, Nov. Term
1868.
Jeremiah T. Mahoney, Peabody; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1869.
Joseph Cleaveland, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term 1869.
Nathan N. Withington, Newbury; Sup.
Court Dec. Term 1869.
John Edward Leonard; Sup. Court, Dec.
Term 1869.
Rollin Eugene Harmon, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, March Term 1870.
Charles E. Briggs, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, March Term 1870.
Frederick D. Bumham, Newburyport;
Sup. Court, June Term 1870.
John S. Gile, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
June Term 1870.
Hiram P. Harriman, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, June, Term 1870.
Charles G. Saunders, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1870.
William S. Huse, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, May Term 1871.
Samuel A. Johnson, Salem; Sup. Court,
Oct. Term 1871.
James H. Giddings, S. J. C, Nov. Term
1871.
John Vance Cheney, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March Term 1872.
Ira Anson Abbott, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March Term 1872.
Chas. W. Richardson, Salem; S. J. C,
April Term 1872.
Fred B. Byram, Amesbury; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1872.
Ira B. Keith, Lynn; Sup. Court, Sept.
Term 1872.
William Henry Gove, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1872.
Leverett S. Tuckerman, Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1872.
Josiah F. Bly, Danvers; Sup. Court, Oct.
Term 1872.
Wm. W. Wilkins, Peabody; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1872.
Abra. N. Lincoln, Haverhill; Sup. Cotirt,
March Term 1873.
Joseph E. Buswell, Methuen; Sup. Court,
March Term 1878.

Charles Upham Bell, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, March Term 1873.
Frank P. Ireland, Newburyport; S. J.
C, April Term 1873.
Chas. A. Benjamin, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1873.
Andrew Fitz, Salem; Sup. Court, Sept.
Term 1873.
Chas. D. Moore, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1873.
Amos E. Rollins, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
March Term 1874.
Louis W. Kelley, Salem; Sup. Court
Sept. Term 1874.
Charles H. Pearson, Sup. Court, Sept
Term 1874.
A. L. Huntington, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1874.
Frederic A. Benton, Gloucester; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1874.
Arthur F. Norris, Lynn; Sup. Court, Dec.
Term 1874.
Charles Roberts Brickett, Haverhill;
Sup. Court; Dec. Term 1874.
John P. Sweeney, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
June Term 1875.
Willis E. Flint, Danvers; Sup. Court,
June Term 1875.
Frank W. Hale, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1875.
N. D. A. Clarke, Lynn; Sup. Court, Sept.
Term 1875.
Thomas Huse, Jr., Newburyport; S. J.
C, Nov. Term 1875.
Edward B. George, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March Term 1876.
Milon S. Jenkins, North Andover; Sup.
Court, March Term 1876.
Samuel H. Hodges, Lynn; Sup. Court,
March Term 1876.
David Little Withington, Newburyport;
Sup. Court, March Term 1876.
Francis Henry Pearl, Bradford; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1876.
Frank Pierce Allen, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1876.
Jerome Horton Fiske, Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1876.
Heiiry Francis Chase, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1876.
Henry T. Croswell, Gloucester; S. J. C,
April Term 1877.
Daniel C. Bartlett, Haverhill; Sup. Court,
June Term 1877.
James E. Breed, Lynn; Sup. Court, Jime
Term 1877.
William Francis Meagher Collins, Salem;
Sup. Court, Sept Term 1877.
Peter William Lyall, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1877.
Newton P. Frye, North Andover; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1877.
Chas. F. Caswell, Sup. Court, Sept. Term
1877.
Moses H. Ames, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1877.
Eben F. P. Smith, Lynn; Sup. Court,

856

ESSEX COUNTY

Sept Term 1877.
George F. Mears, Essex; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1877.
Thomas C. Simpson, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1877.
George Galen Abbott, Lawrence; S. J.
C, Nov. Term 1877.
Chas. Allen Taber, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1877.
Boyd B. Jones, Georgetown; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1877.
John A. Page, Haverhill; Sup. Court,
March Term 1878.
George J. Carr, Lynn; Sup. Court, March
Term, 1878.
Hiram Howard Browne, S. J. C, April
Term 1878.
William Henry Moody, Haverhill; S. J.
C, April Term 1878.
Dennis W. Quill, Beverly; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1878.
Thomas F. Gallagher, Sup. Court, Sept.
Term 1878.
William F. Moyes, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1878.
John C. M. Bayley, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term 1878.
Horace Irving Bartlett, Newburyport;
Sup. Court, Dec. Term 1878.
Daniel Napoleon Crowley, Danvers; Sup.
Court, Sept Term 1878.
Patrick J. McCusker, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1878.
George B. Ives, Salem; Sup. Court, Sept.
Term 1878.
Frank H. Clarke, Salem; S. J. C, April
Term 1879.
Edward P. Usher, Lynn; S. J. C, April
Term 1879.
Joseph v. Sweeney, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, June Term 1879.
Michael J. McNeimey, Gloucester; Sup.
Court, June Term 1879.
Joseph F. Hannan, Salem; Sup. Court,
June Term 1879.
Forrest L. Evans, Salem; Sup. Court,
June Term 1879.
Charles Leighton, Lynn; Sup. Court,
June Term 1879.
Edwin F. Cloutman, Farmington, N. H.;
Sup. Court, June Term 1879.
Charles D. Welch, Topsfield; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1879.
Frank V. Wright, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1879.
Jacob Otis Wardwell, Groveland; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1879.
Charles G. Dyer, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1879.
Charles H. Symonds, Salem; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1879.
Edward E. Foye, Swampscott; Sup.
Court Dec. Term 1879.
Theodore M. Osborne, Peabody; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term 1879.
N. Sumner Myrick, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1879.
Daniel J. O'Callaghan, Salem; Sup.

Court, Dec. Term 1879.
Charles A. Russell, Gloucester; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term 1879.
Chas. Howard Poor, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term, 1879.
Benjamin Newhall Johnson, Saugus;
Sup. Court March Term 1880.
Josiah F. Keene, Lynn; Sup. Court,
March Term 1880.
Jonathan Lamson, Hamilton; Sup. Court,
March Term 1880.
William A. Butler, Georgetown; Sup.
Court, March Term 1880.
Frank S. Skinner, Sup. Court; March
Term 1880.
Charles S. Wilson, Salem; S. J. C, April
Term 1880.
Frank E. Farnham, Peabody; S. J. C,
April Term 1880.
Henry C. Durgin, Lynn; S. J. C, April
Term 1880.
Alden P. White, Danvers, S. J. C, April
Term 1880.
Charles E. Todd, Lynn, S. J. C, April
Term 1880.
William Perry, Salem; S. J. C, April
Term 1880.
Calvin B. Tuttle, Lynn; S. J. C, April
Term 1880.
G. M. Stearns, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1880.
John R. Baldwin, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1880.
Samuel Merrill, Haverhill; Sup. Court
Sept. Term 1880.
Benjamin K. Prentiss, Jr., Lynn; S. J.
C, .NTov. Term 1880.
Frederic G. Preston, Salem; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1880.
Edward C. Battis, Salem; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1880.
Charles A. DeCourcy, Lawrence; S. J.
C, April Term 1881.
Albert Barney Tasker, Peabody; S. J.
C, April Term 1881.
John Milton Steams, Lawrence; S. J. C,
April Term 1881.
Alfred L. Baker, Sup. Court, Dec Term
1881.
William F. Noonan, Lynn; S. J. C, April
Term 1882.
William H. Lucie, Lynn; S. J. C, April
Term 1882.
Charles F. Sargent, Lawrence; S. J. C,
April Term 1882.
WilHam D. T. Trefry, Marblehead; S. J.
C, April Term 1882.
James W. Goodwin, Sup. Court, June
Term 1882.
Edward H. Brown, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, June Term 1882.
Benjamin C. Ames, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, June Term 1882.
Edward H. Rowell, Amesbury; Sup.
Court, June Term 1882.
John C. Pierce, Rockport; Sup. Court,
June Term 1882.
Nathaniel C. Bartlett, Haverhill; Sup.

BENCH AND BAR

857

Court, June Term 1882.
Edwin A. Clark, Lynn; Sup. Court, June
Term 1882.
George L. Weil, North Andover; S. J.
C, Nov. Term 1882.
Tristram F. Bartlett, Lynn; Superior
Court, Dec. Term 1882.
Nathaniel N. Jones, Georgetown; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term 1882.
Isaac A. Lamson, Hamilton; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1882.
Marshman W. Hazen, Rowley; S. J. C,
April Term 1883.
Charles A. Weare, Peabody; S. J. C,
April Term 1883.
Thos. H. Ronayne, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1883.
Sumner D. York, Rockport; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1883.
Frank C. Ricliardson, Essex; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1883.
William A. Pew, Jr., Gloucester; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term 1883.
George E. Batchelder, Salem; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term 1883.
Melville P. Beckett, Peabody; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term 1883.
Edmund B. Fuller, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, Dec. Term 1883.
Sam'l. A. Fuller, Beverly; S. J. C, April
Term 1884.
Eugene T. McCarthy, Peabody; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1884.
Wm. T. McKone, North Andover; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1884.
Joseph F. Quinn, Salem; Sup. Court
Sept. Term 1884.
John R. Poor, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
March Term 1885.
George H. Eaton, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
March Term 1885.
Warren B. Hutchinson, Sup. Court,
March Term 1885.
John J. Flaherty, Gloucester; Sup. Court,
March Term 1885.
Jeremiah E. Bartlett, Sup. Court, March
Term 1885.
Byron E. Crowell, Lawrence ; Sup. Court,
Oct. Term 1885.
Robert O'Callaghan, Salem; Sup. Court,
Oct. Term 1885.
Comelius J. Rowley, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Oct Term 1885.
Robert T. Babson, Gloucester; Sup.
Court, Oct. Term 1885.
Thomas Keville, Jr., Sup. Court, Oct.
Term 1885.
Richard E. Hines, Salem; Sup. Court,
Oct Term 1885.
John C. Donovan, Ipswich; Sup. Court,
Oct Term 1885.
Elbridge R. Anderson, Salem; Sup.
Court, June Term 1886.
Harry J. Cole, Sup. Court, June Term
1886.
Winfield S. Peters, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, June Term 1886.

Edward P. Morton, Sup. Court June
Term 1886.
Horace M. Sargent, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, June Term 1886.
William O'Shea, Lynn;. Sup. Court, June
Term 1886.
William C. Endicott, Jr., Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1886.
William R. Rowell, Methuen; Sup. Court,
Sept. Term 1886.
Geo. H. WilUams, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Jan. Term 1887.
Benjamin G. Hall, Sup. Court, Jan. Term
1887.
Andrew Ward, Salem; Sup. Court, Jan.
Term 1887.
Harry R. Dow, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
Jan. Term 1887.
Rufus P. Tapley, Jr., Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March Term 1887.
Archibald N. Donahoe, Gloucester; Sup.
Court, March Term 1887.
Robert D. Trask, Haverhill; Sup. Court,
Oct. Term 1887.
Jacob T. Choate, Amesbury; Sup. Court,,
Oct. Term 1887.
Robert E. Burke, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
Oct. Term 1887.
Arthur A. Averille, Salem; Sup. Court,
March Term 1888.
Wilbur E. Rowell, Lawrence; Sup. Court,..
June Term 1888.
Francis E. Pike, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, June Term 1888.
Chas. H. Libbey, Lynn; Sup. Court, June
Term 1888.
Arthur W. Sim, Peabody; Sup. Court,
March Term 1889.
Samuel W. Forrest, Lynn; Sup. Court,
March Term 1889.
William J. Bradley, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, June Term 1889.
Fred A. Hajmes, Haverhill; Sup. Court,
June Term 1889.
Walter H. Southwick, Peabody; Sup..
Court, June Term 1889.
George W. Moulton, Lynn; Sup. Court,
June Term 1889.
William L. Quimby, Lynn; Sup. Court,.
June Term 1889.
Benjamin Phillips, Lynn; Sup. Court,
June Term 1889.
Samuel H. Hudson, Nahant; Sup. Court,
June Term 1889.
Timothy J. Donoghue, Haverhill; Sup.,
Court, June Term 1889.
Marshall B. Peaslee, Haverhill; Sup..
Court Sept. Term 1889.
Walter Coulson, Lawrence; Sup. Court
Sept. Term 1889.
Peter A. Breen, Lynn; Sup. Court, Sept
Term 1889.
Mellen A. Pingree, Haverhill; Sup. Court,,
Sept Term 1889.
Edward Holmes Brown, Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept. Term 1889.
Michael Joseph Connolly, Beverly; Sup.

:858

ESSEX COUNTY

Court, Dec. Term 1889.
•Chas. D. Smith, Beverly; Sup. Court,
March Term 1890.
William D. Chappie, Salem; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1890.
¦Charles E. Haywood, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Sept Term 1890.
John Ballantyne, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1890.
Ulysses G. Haskell, Beverly; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1890.
•Joseph H. Pearl, Bradford; Sup. Court,
Dec. Term 1891.
Linville H. Wardwell, Beverly; Sup.
Court, Oct Term 1892.
5tarr Parsons, Lynnfield; Sup. Court,
Oct Term 1892.
Waldegrave S. Bartlett, Salisbury; Sup.
Cpurt, Oct Term 1892.
.John A. O'Keefe, Lynn; Sup. Court, Oct.
Term 1892.
John M. Dunlea, Haverhill; Sup. Court,
Oct Term 1892.
Frank M. Whitman, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, Oct. Term 1893.
"Gilman S. Harvey, Gloucester; Sup.
Court, Oct. Term 1893.
-James P. Hale, Salem; Sup. Court, April
Term 1894.
.A,. Preston Chase, Danvers; Sup. Court,
April Term 1894.
Robert B. Buckham, Salem; Sup. Court,
March Term 1895.
Joseph B. Saunders, Salem; Sup. Court,
March Term 1895.
William H. Rollins, Salem; Sup. Court,
March Term 1895.
-Charles C. Allen, Lynn; Sup. Court,
March Term 1895.
Colver J. Stone, Andover; Sup. Court,
March Term 1895.
Daniel B. Kelley, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, March Term 1895.
John J. Reddy, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, March Term 1895.
'Benj. E. Porter, Ljmn; Sup. Court,
March Sitting, 1895.
-John M. Barry, Lynn; Sup. Court, March
Sitting 1895.
David P. Page, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1895.
James E. Odlin, Lynn; Sup. Court,
March Sitting 1895.
•'Oliver Howard Story, Gloucester; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1895.
George H. W. Hayes, Ipswich; Sup.
Court, June Sitting 1895.
John P. Kane, La-wrence; Sup. Court,
June Sitting 1895.
Miles J. Daley, Salem; Sup. Court, Dec.
Sitting 1895.
James H. Dalton, Lynn; Sup. Court,
June Sitting 1896.
John J. Ganey, Peabody; Sup. Court,
June Sitting 1896.
John J. Cahill, Peabody; Sup. Court,
June Sitting 1896.
John J. Ryan, Haverhill; Sup. Court,

June Sitting 1896.
Philip A. Kiely, Lynn; Sup. Court, June
Sitting 1896.
John C. Sanbom, Jr., La'wrence; Sup.
Court, June Sitting 1896.
Owen D. Young, Haverhill; Sup. Cotirt,
June Sitting 1896.
Christopher H. Rogers, Methuen; Sup.
Court, June Sitting 1896.
Frederic N. Chandler, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, June Sitting 1896.
John J. Donovan, La-wrence; Sup. Court,
June Sitting 1896.
Da-vid A. Pingree, Georgeto-wn; Sup.
Court, June Sitting 1896.
George A. Morse, Salem; Sup. Court,
June Sitting 1896.
Frederick H. Tarr, Rockport; Sup.
Court, June Sitting 1896.
Arthur T. Brown, Peabody; Sup. Court,
March Sitting 1897.
John J. Connor, Peabody; Sup. Court,
March Sitting 1897.
James Benj. De-vine, Salem; Sup. Court
March Sitting 1897.
Fred Henry Eaton, La'wrence; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1897.
Archie Norwood Frost, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1897.
James Andrew Gavin, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1897.
Charles Sumner Goodwin, Haverhill;
Sup. Court, March Sitting 1897.
Malcolm H. T. Gall, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1897.
Franklin N. Newell, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1897.
James Manuel Marshall, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1897.
Martha L. Roberts, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1897.
Richard L. Sisk, Lynn; Sup. Court,
March Sitting 1897.
William E. Sisk, Lynn; Sup. Court,
March Sitting 1897.
Augustus B. Tolman, Lynn; Sup. Court,
March Sitting 1897.
Frederick J. Lufler, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, Sept Sitting 1897.
John J. Burke, Gloucester; Sup. Court
Dec. Sitting 1897.
Vere Goldthwaie, Haverhill; Sup. Court,
Dec. Sitting, 1897.
Oscar E. Jackson, Danvers; Sup. Court,
Dec. Sitting 1897.
Alfred B. Jones, Lynn; Sup. Court, Dec.
Sitting 1897.
George R. Lord, Salem; Sup. Court
Dec. Sitting 1897.
John T. McGowan, Beverly; Sup. Court,
Dec. Sitting 1897.
Charles A. Murphy, Salem; Sup. Court,
Dec. Sitting 1897.
Frederick F. Sherman, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, Dec. Sitting 1897.
Perley D. Smith, Lawrence; Sup. Court,
Dec. Sitting 1897.
George O. Swasey, Beverly;, Sup. Court,

BENCH AND BAR

859

Dec. Sitting 1897.
Martin, Witt, Salem; Sup. Court, Dec.
Sitting 1897.
Harry T. Lummus, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Dec. Sitting 1897.
Carleton H. Parsons, Gloucester; Sup.
Court, June Sitting 1898.
George Edward iKerrigan, Haverhill;
Sup. Court, Dec. Sitting 1898.
George Mitchell, Jr., Haverhill; Sup.
Court, Dec. Sitting 1898.
Emest J. Powers, Danvers; Sup. Court,
March Sitting 1899.
Myron H. Goodwin West Newbury; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1899.
P. Joseph Reddy, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, Oct. Sitting 1899.
John H. Sheedy, Salem; Sup. Court,
Oct Sitting 1899.
Essex S. Abbott, Haverhill; Sup. Court,
Oct. Sitting 1899.
Thomas Francis Delaney, Lawrence;
Sup. Court, March Sitting 1900.
William J. McDonald, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1900.
Michael J. Meagher, Gloucester; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1900.
William Bennett Murphy, Lynn; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1900.
Fraaicis Vincent McCarthy, Peabody;
sup. Court, March Sitting 1900.
Thomas Charles Koehan, Lynn; Sup.
Court, Oct. Sitting 1900.
William Henry McSweeney, Salem; Sup.
Court, Oct. Sitting 1900.
Oscar Howe Nelson, Newburyport; Sup.
Court, Oct Sitting 1900.
Daniel Henry Bradley, Somerville; Sup.
Court, Oct Sitting 1900.
Watkins W. Roberts, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, Oct. Sitting 1900.
LeRoy Vincent Ray, HaverhiU; Sup.
Court, Oct Sitting 1900.
Albert Francis Hunt, Jr., Newburyport;
Sup. Court, March Sitting 1901.
William Vincent Hutchings, Gloucester;
Sup. Court, March Sitting 1901.
Theodore Appleton Tufts, Beverly; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1901.
George McLane, Jr., Lawrence; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1901.
John James Cunningham, Gloucester;
Sup. Court, March Sitting 1901.
George J. Davis, Haverhill; Sup. Court,
March Sitting 1901.
Guy C. Richards, Salem; Sup. Court,
March Sitting 1901. ^ ^
Edward J. Carney, Salem; Sup. Court,
March Sitting 1901.
Otis Johnson Carlton, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, Sept Sitting 1901.
William Charles O'Brien, Gloucester;
Sup. Court, Sept Sitting 1901.
Lewis Henry Schwartz, Lawrence; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1902.
Albert Franklin King, Jr., Lawrence;
Sup. Court, March Sitting 1902.
Homer H. Smith, Gloucester; Sup. Court,

Sept. Sitting 1902.
Daniel Alphonso Arundel, Lawrence;
Sup. Court, March Sitting 1903.
Robert Boyes Brewster, Georgeto-wn;
Sup. Court, March Sitting 1903.
Edward James Wade, La-wrence; Sup.
Court, Sept Sitting 1903.
Edward Mark Sullivan, Ipswich; Sup.
Court, Sept. Sitting 1903.
Herbert Ashley Bowen, Lynn; Sup.
Court, Sept Sitting 1903.
George Munroe Gage Nichols, Haverhill;
Sup. Court, Oct Sitting 1903.
Henry Bert Knowles, Gloucester; Sup.
Court, March Sitting 1904.
Charles Justin Averill, Topsfield, (Dis
barred) Sup. Court, March Sitting
1904.
Joseph Francis Williams, Lynn; Sup.
Court (Boston) Aug. 10, 1904.
Patrick Henry Lyons, Danvers; Sup.
Court, Sept. Sitting 1904.
Henry Hamilton Lepper, Swampscott;
Sup. Court, Sept. Sitting 1904.
George Clinton Donaldson, Topsfield;
Sup. Court, Sept Sitting 1904.
Joseph Stanislas Doucet, Salem; Sup.
Court, Oct Sitting, 1904.
Daniel Joseph Linehan, Haverhill, Sup.
Court, Sept. Sitting 1905.
Charles F. Hathaway, Lynn; S. C,
March Sitting 1906.
Everett Birney Stackpole, Haverhill; S.
C, Sept Sitting 1906.
Walter W. Pyne, Lynn; Sup. Court, Sept.
Sitting 1906.
Charles Atherton Holmes, Georgeto-wn;
Sup. Court, Feb. 12, 1907.
Michael Joseph Reardon, Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept 9, 1907.
Morgan John McSweeney, Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept. 9, 1907.
Willard Goodrich Cogswell, Haverhill;
Sup. Court, Sept 9, 1907.
John Joseph Cavan, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, Sept 9, 1907.
Torrest VanZandt Smith, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, Sept 9, 1907.
Harry Morton Sayward, Ipswich; Sup.
Court, Sept 14, 1908.
Thomas Oliver Jenkins, Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept 17, 1908.
Adelbert Daggett Sprague, Haverhill;
Sup. Courty Sept 17, 1908.
Arthur Franklin Priest, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, Sept 17, 1908.
Hollis Lee Cameron, Beverly; Sup.
Court, Sept 14, 1909.
George Emest Willmonton, Manchester;
Sup. Court, Sept 19, 1909.
Ralph Walker Reeve, Lynn; Sup. Court
Sept 19, 1909.
J. Edward Carey, Danvers; Sup. Court,
Sept 19, 1909.
William Fairfield Craig, Lynn; Sup.
Court Sept 19, 1909.
James Edgar Bames, Lynn; Sup. Court
Sept. 19, 1909.

860

ESSEX COUNTY

Daniel Joseph Cavan, Haverhill; Sup.
Court Sept 19, 1909.
Harry Devereux Wheeler, Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept. 19, 1909.
Brainerd Edwards Smith, La'wrence;
Sup. Court, Sept 14, 1909.
George B. Ives, Salem; Sup. Court;
Dec. 16, 1909.
Horace Hale Atherton, Jr., Saugus; Sup.
Court Feb. 24, 1910.
Harry McDonald Nolan, Haverhill; Sup.
Court Sept. 12, 1910.
William Howard Ricker, Lynn; Sup.
Court, Sept 12, 1910.
Dominic Peter Curran, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, Feb. 20, 1911.
Harold Edward Thurston, Lynn; Sup.
Court, Feb. 20, 1911.
Charles Glidden Willard, Sup. Court,
March 9, 1911.
Fred J. Hamelin, Lynn; Sup. Court, Sept.
11, 1911.
James Kinsella, Salem; Sup. Court, Feb.
21, 1913.
Charles John Powell, Peabody; Sup.
Court, Feb. 21, 1913.
Charles Anthony Green, Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept 16, 1913.
Joseph Frank Pelletier, Salem; Sup.

Court,, Sept 15, 1913.
Patrick Francis Crowley, Danvers; Si^
Court, Feb. 20, 1914.
Thomas James Casey, Beveriy; Sup.
Court, Feb. 20, 1914.
Harold Chessman Childs, Beverly; Sup.
Court, Sept 21, 1914.
Everett Ryder Campbell, Lynn; Sup.
Court, Sept 21, 1914.
Francis Aldrich Bagley, Salem; Sup.
Court, Sept 23, 1914.
Horace P. Farnham, Peabody; S. J. C.
(Boston) August 18, 1915.
Benjamin Francis Crowley, Danvers;
Sup. Court, Sept 13, 1915.
J. Frank Williams, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Dec. 3, 1915.
Louis Winer, Salem; S. J. C. (Boston)
March 24, 1916.
Augustus Crosky, Lynn; Sup. Court,
Sept 19, 1916.
Mary Frances Desmond, Beverly; Sup>
Court, Sept 19, 1916.
Raymond Edgar Read, Haverhill; Sup.
Court, March 7, 1917.
Abraham Glovsky, Salem; Sup. Court,
March 12, 1918.
Walter Leon Rogers, Georgetown; Sup.
Court, March 19, 1920.

In addition to the foregoing the following is a list, so far as is known,
of those members of the Bar who are practising to some extent at least
in the various cities and to-wns of the county. That a complete listing
is impossible is obvious, since many live in the country, and with the late
tendency to revert to the methods of the early colony and concentrate
courts in Boston, the larger practice of the profession in Suffolk county
seems to be more and more a necessity:

Abbott, Cora E.
AtwUl, Harry C.
Bachorowski, Alphonse
Bailey, John E.
Bailey, John W.
Barrett, Wilbur S.
Barry, Joseph L.
Batal, Michael J.
Batchelder, J. Frank
Batchelder, James C.
Batchelder, Samuel H.
Bergengren, Roy F.
Berman, William
Birmingham, John C.
Bishop, William A.
Bi-vington, Harold E.
Black, John W., Jr.
Boothby, Charles H.
Boyden, Albert
Boyden, Roland W.
Breed, Stephen L.
Brennan, James J.
Bro-wn, Edward H.
Bubier, Thomas S.
Buckley, Jeremiah J.
Buckley, M. Francis
Cammet, C. Russell

Carens, James F.
Carey, Frank L.
Carleton, Willard F.
Carpenter, Edward N.
Carr, Henry
Case, Moses S.
Cashman, Frank A.
Cashman, John M,
Caskin, Francis H,
Chubb, Harry C.
Clancy, Joseph B.
Clapp, William E.
Clark, William G.
Clay, Paul R.
Cleary, James P.
Cleaves, Charles H.
Clifford, Charles A.
Cloutman, Fred J.
Coffey, Edward A.
Colbert, Luke B.
Collins, Henry F.
Comparone, Ralph A,
Compopiano, Jean C.
Connelly, Martin F.
Connor, James E.
Converse, Samuel C.
Coolidge, William H.

Cooney, Daniel
Coughlin, Ed-win J.
Cowan, Joseph F.
Cox, Louis S.
Crawshaw, Edward E.
Cregg, Hugh A.
Gregg, Matthew A.
Cronin, Michael F.
Jr. Crowell, Charies M.
Crowley, Patrick F.
Da-vid, J. Bradford
David, Romes E.
Davis, H. M.
Davis, R. Chandler
Delaney, Thomas F.
Delano, Leon M.
Desaulniers, Clement C.
Doherty, J. Joseph
Donnell, S. Howard
Donovan, James A.
Dooley, Augustine X.
Dorgan, Maurice J.
Dorman, William E.
Dow, Halbert W.
Dowd, James A.
Doyle, Joseph P.
Drapeau, Eudore A.

BENCH AND BAR

861

Dyer, C. G.
Espo-vitch, Da'vid J.
Fairfield, Orrin R.
Fay, William H.
Fitz, Daniel C.
Fitzgerald, James T.
Flanagan, Michael A.
Flynn, Edward F.
Poley, Elmer J.
Ford, Edmond J.
Ford, La'wrence A.
Pord, William C.
Foss, Emest
Foster, Arthur F.
Foster, John M.
Fowler, Arthur D.
Fox, John J.
Freeman, Thomas R.
Gaff ney, James J.
¦Gardner, Ralph E.
Gillen, Frederick J.
Gingras, Ernest
Goldberg, Israel B.
Goldberg, Max
Goldberg, Miriam T.
Goldman, Charles J.
Goldstein, Harry P.
Hadley, Irving A.
Hagen, Andrew A.
Hale, Edward R.
Hannan, John L.
Hannan, Joseph F.
Hargedon, Joseph M.
Hamey, John M.
Harriman, Louis H.
Harvey, Brad D.
Hatch, William J.
"Haverty, John R.
Healey, Albert J.
Healey, Joseph D. A.
"Henry, Thomas A.
Tienry, William M.
Herlihy, Timothy S.
Hershenson, Elihu A.
Higgins, John J.
Hill, Robert W.
Hines, John J.
Hogan, George F.
Holdsworth, Medley T.
Hollis, Samuel H.
Horgan, Stephen J.
Howe, George W.
Howei, E. La-wrence
Hoyt, T. H.
Hughes, J. Frank
Hurd, Lyman E.
Hurley, Henry R.
Ingram, John
Jackson, Harry E.
Jacobs, C. Henry
Jacobs, Earl C.
Jenkins, Thomas O.
Joyce, P. Francis
Xeefe, Arthur F.
Keith, Ira B.
Kelley, William A.
King, Walter C.
Kobrin, Aaron

Lawrence, Harry R.
La-wton, Peter I.
LeGendre, Simeon E. J.
Levine, Samuel B.
Le-wis, Mayland P.
Liacos, James
Linscott, Harry D.
Loring, Augustus O.
Lovett, Charles W.
Lunt, Alfred E.
Lynch, James E.
McCarthy, Francis V.
McCarthy, John J.
McCormick, Arthur P.
MacDonald, Herman A.
Maclnnis, William J.
McManus, James "W.
McManus, John A.
McNally, Edward
McSweeney, Peter J.
McVann, James E.
Mack, Edward
Magison, Frederick H.
Mahoney, Cornelius J.
Mahoney, J. J.
Mahoney, James P.
Mahoney, Jeremiah F.
Mahoney, John P. S.
Mahoney, Robert M.
Mahoney, William H.
Mahony, Daniel W.
Mamber, Harry C.
Manning, Daniel C.
Marble, Frank E.
Marshall, Moses
Marshall, William R., Jr.
Martin, William T.
Mason, Harry
Mattson, John H.
Mayo, Henry R.
Merrill, George F.
Metcalf, Charles H.
Metcalf, R. F.
Miles, James F.
Miller, Hiram E.
Moloney, James F.
Monette, Joseph
Moore, Charles D. C.
Morse, Lewis Kennedy
Munsey, George W.
Murphy, Daniel F.
Murphy, John P.
Newhall, Guy
O'Brien, Daniel E.
O'Brien, Edward B.
O'Brien, Michael S.
O'ConneU, C. R.
Ogan, Jacob
O'Leary, Timothy A.
O'Mahoney, John A.
O'Neil, John H.
O 'Rourke, Daniel F.
Owens, 'William D.
Parke, Raymond T.
Paton, A. Harris
.Pearson, Gardner W.
Peirce, Albion G.
Perkins, H. E.

Perley, E. Howard
Perley, Sidney
Pettingell, C. I.
Phelan, John V.
PhUipps, Stephen M.
Pingree, Ransom C.
Putnam, Alfred W.
Rafter, Francis E.
Rand, Howard P.
Rankin, Nathaniel P.
Raymond, Frank E.
Reddy, Owen W.
Reder, Joseph
Reed, Jacob M.
Resnick, Samuel
Rice, F. K.
Roberts, Martha L.
Rocco, Angelo
Rochefort, William T.
Ronan, Bartholomew J.
Ronan, James J.
Ronan, John J.
Rowell, Edward H.
Rozen, Nathan
Ryan, Frederick W.
Sado-witz, M. S.
Santry, James W.
Sargent, Irving W.
Saunders, Daniel
Savage, E. B.
Savory, Howard K.
Sa-wyer, Charles E.
Schofield, George A.
Sears, George B.
Shanahan, Patrick F.
Shaw, Frederick E.
Shea, Edward H.
Sherry, Michael J.
Simonds, Lincoln S.
Sisk, William E.
Siskind, Harold M.
Smith, Charles D.
Smith, Charles T.
Smith, Forrest V.
Smith, George E.
Stevens, Elisha M.
Sullivan, James J.
Sullivan, James W.
Sullivan, John F.
Sullivan, M. A.
Sullivan, Michael L.
Sullivan, M. R.
Sullivan, Thomas S.
Sullivan, W. B.
Sweeney, Arthur
Taft, Edgar S.
Tarr, A. Myron
Taylor, Ralph H.
Terry, Clifford B.
Thompson, Herbert C.
Thurston, Harold E.
Tilton, Frederick H.
Todd, Nelson P.
Tolman, James E.
Tracey, Leo H.
Twomey, John C.
Underwood, Edward S.
Viccaro, F. Leslie

862 ESSEX COUNTY
Wadleigh, Arthur G. Wheeler, Sumner Y. Wiswall, Richard
Walcott, Samuel F. White, Samuel P. Wonson, C. W.
Walsh, Robert B. Wilks, Norman Woodberry, Charles D.
Wells, H. G. Wilson, John E. Woodbury, Chester T.
Welsh, Albert F. Willmonton, George E. Woodbury, John
Whalen, Sylvester F. Winn, John J.
The present organization of the County is as follows:
Shire Towns — Salem, Lawrence and Newburyport.
Judges of Probate and Insolvency — Harry R. Dow, North Andover;
Alden P. White, Salem.
Register of Probate and Insolvency — Horace H. Atherton, Jr., Sau
gus. Assistant Register, Clarence W. Brown, Danvers. Second Assistant
Register, Lucy S. Brown, Salem.
Sheriff, Arthur G. 'Wells, Lynn.
Clerk of Court, Archie N. Frost, Lawrence. First Assistant Clerk,
Ezra L. Woodbury, Salem. Second Assistant Clerk, James P. Hale,
Salem. Third Assistant Clerk, George R. Lord, Salem. Fourth Assist
ant Clerk, Hollis L. Cameron, Beverly.
County Treasurer, Phoebe M. Curtis, Gloucester.
Register of Deeds — Northem District, Moses Marshall, Lawrence.
Assistant Register for Northem District, JenrUe M. Marston, Lawrence.
Southem District, Moody Kimball, Newburyport. Assistant Register
for Southem District, Robert W. Osgood, Salem.
County Commissioners — John M. Grosvenor, Jr., Swampscott, term
expires January, 1923. James C. Poor, North Andover, term expires
January, 1925. Robert H. Mitchell, Haverhill, term expires January,
1925. Associate Commissioners — Charles Leighton, Lynn, term expires
January, 1923. Edgar S. Rideout, Beverly, term expires January, 1923.
Masters in Chancery — Brad D. Harvey, Haverhill, term expires
August, 1921. Horace P. Famham, Peabody, term expires December,
1921. WUliam A. Kelly, Lynn, term expires March, 1922. Carleton H.
Parsons, Gloucester, term expires December, 1922. John M. Barry,
Ljrnn, term expires September, 1923. Timothy A. O'Leary, Lynn, term
expires December, 1923. Charles A. Green, Salem, term expires Decern^
ber, 1923. Hollis L. Cameron, Beverly, term expires February, 1925.
Benjamin C. Ames, Lawrence, term expires June, 1925. Robert W. HUl,
Salem, term expires June, 1925.
Trial Justices — Albion G. Pierce, Methuen; Colver J. Stone, An
dover; Newton P. Frye, North Andover; Moses S. Case, Marblehead r
William E. Ludden, Saugus ; Walter H. Southwick, Nahant.
Perhaps a word as to the meeting places of the Courts in Salem may
not be out of place at this point, since Salem has been a shire town of
the county ever since 1644.
The early courts were probably held in the meeting house of the
First Parish, a buUding erected in 1634. This buUding stood near the
southeast comer of Washington and Essex streets. A building for pub
lic purposes was erected about 1677 in the middle of School (now Wash
ington) street, near Lynde street. In this building the courts were
held thereafter, including the witchcraft trials. It was so used down to
about 1719, when a new building was constructed near the site of what is
now the raUroad tunnel at its southerly end. The General Court met

BENCH AND BAR 86^
here in 1728 and 1729, by order of the Govemor, in order to get away
from the iniluences of Boston, which were inunical to the grant of his
salary. In 1774 the General Court again met in this buUding by order
of General Gage, but apparentiy this move on his part did not help his
cause any, for it was at this session that the General Court chose dele
gates to the Congress at PhUadelphia, for which "cause of rebelliousness"
it was at once dissolved. However, it did not seem to stay dissolved, for
again it met in Salem without authority and organized itself into a Pro
vincial Congress. In 1785 another public building was erected in the
middle of Washington street, and this stmcture was used by the courts
untu the granite buUdmg used now in connection with the courts was.
buUt in 1841. The brick building in which the court rooms and the
clerk's offices are now located was buUt in 1861, and was remodeled and
connected with the older building in 1909. The Registry of Probate and
Registry of Deeds buUding was constmcted in 1909, prior to which time^
the granite buUding was used for that purpose. Superior Court sessions
are held outside of Salem in Newburyport and Lawrence. Each has its
own separate court house, and in Lawrence, in addition, it houses the-
Registry of Deeds.
It is perhaps uimecessary to state that the foregoing is not by any
means a complete review of the notable achievements of Essex county
lawyers. Many there are who have sat with credit to themselves and to
their county in the highest places of national service. Among them
might be mentioned two of more recent date — William H. Moody, of
HaverhUl, who as District Attomey, Congressman, Uruted States Attor
ney General and in 1904 Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States, added great lustre to an already long list of Essex County^s dis
tinguished sons; and Charles A. DeCourcy, who as practicing attomey,
Judge of the Superior Court and now Associate Justice of the Supreme-
Judicial Court, has constantly maintained the high ideals and maiu-
fested the profound leaming of the great judges who have made the
standards of Essex County so high.
At the risk of the accusation of unwarrantable repetition, I am con
strained in closing to add a brief resume of the story of the growth of
our judicature from the small beginnings of the venturesome settlers,
taken largely and to some extent verbatim from Washburn's notable
history. While in the early years of the provincial charter there was
little to be discerned in the way of orderly judicial procedure, perhaps
owing to the fact that with the exception of Lynde, Dudley, Trowbridge
and William Cushing there was not an educated lawyer on the bench
of the Superior Court during all that period, yet toward the close of that
tune there had grown up gradually and almost unperceptibly the system
from which we have derived our procedure or practice. Attomeys at
law were recognized as officers of the court, and as early as 1791 an oath

864 ESSEX COUNTY
of office was required of them upon being admitted to practice. The dis
tinction between barristers and mere attomeys-at-law was mentioned,
and the custom of requiring a term of three years of study was adopted
just before the Revolution on the recommendation of the Bar of Essex
County, and at that period there had grown up, probably by the gradual
growth of the practice of the law, men who were distinguished as judges,
lawyers and statesmen whose names are now bywords in the legal, politi
cal activities of the time. No party could lawfully employ more than two
lawyers in any cause, and no lawyer could refuse to advise a litigant who
should tender him a fee of twelve shUlings. Every attomey produced his
power in each case in which he was engaged, and to guard clients from
loss it was enacted that if an action arose for any error in the writ, the
attomey was bound to make a new one without fee. For many years
after the new organization of the govermnent the course of practice
seems to have been extremely sharp and captious in the courts. What
little of special pleading was known was tumed into a mere tool of trick
and artifice in the hands of pettifogging attomeys. Pleas in abatement
were very frequent, and special demurrers for trifling errors and defects
were in use in all the courts. Special pleading, however, was far from
being understood as a system. Indeed, the profession, instead of regard
ing the law as a science, made use of it as a mere trade in which trick and
cuiming took the place of leaming and fair dealing.
Toward the latter part of this period the forms of pleading and prac
tice became generally as correct as they have been since. A more liberal
system took the place of the quibbles and chicane of an earlier day. The
character of the bench itself was raised by the character of the legal pro
fession, and gave to the business of administering justice a higher degree
of respectability than it had before obtained. Dr. Douglass wrote in
1746, "generally in all our Colonies, particularly New England, people are
much addicted to quirks of the law. A very ordinary country-man in
New England is almost qualified for a country attomey in England."
From such a state of things as this, the advance must have been slow,
and it was only by the influence of a succession of able and leamed men
that a reform was effected. Lynde, Paul Dudley, Read, Gridley, the
Auchmutys and Trowbridge were among those to whom the administra
tion of justice was indebted for many of its decided improvements.
There were many causes, some of which have already been alluded to,
which conspired? to repress the influence of the courts of justice in the
Province. For many years none of the practitioners at the Bar were
educated men. Judge Lynde came upon the bench in 1712 and was the
first lawyer who had ever held that office. The clergy, too, continued
for many years to exercise a control over the civU departments of the
govemment, and to interfere occasionally directly with the admirustra-
tion of justice.
An instance Ulustrative of this kind of clerical interference is taken

BENCH AND BAR 865
from the autobiography of the Rev. John Bamard, a clergyman who was
for a long time a clergyman in Marblehead in the years succeeding 1715.
While there, an action of slander was brought by a clergyman against a
layman for words which he had spoken.of him. At the request of Cotton
Mather, Mr. Bamard and a Mr. Webb, another clergyman, attended the
trial at Salem. Mr. Bernard dined with the court, and told the judges
that when the case came on he had something to offer with their leave.
They agreed to notify hun of the trial and of the proper time to speak.
The case was called, the plaintiff's attomey made his opening state
ment. Thereupon Mr. Bamard asked permission to put certain inter
rogatories to the plaintiff, which he did, and the plaintiff answered them.
The trial proceeded, and the defendant's attorney closed "with many
fleers upon the ministry and our churches." The Chief Justice then
told Mr. Bamard that it was then a good time if he wished to offer any
thing, whereupon he "paid his respects to the Court and delivered his
speech," and concluded by wishing the Court to dismiss the action. Mr.
Webb said he "joined in my sentiments and request." "The judges im
mediately threw the action out of court, being glad, as they expressed it,
to get rid of so dirty an affair." Instances may also be found in the
records of interference by the judges in the affairs of the clergy, as in
a case in Springfield where the court took the matter of examination of a
miruster, who has been "called" and was at the tune being examined by
the council, out of their hands, and proceeded to examinte him "upon mat
ters of doctrine and faith" themselves. The manner of the court towards
the bar and suitors was distant and severe. Courtesy between them and
even between members of the profession themselves, was measured by
the rules of artificial rank, in which urbanity had little place. One cause
of this was the distance in fact between the members of the court and
the uneducated practitioners at the bar, in the early part of the history
of the Province, and the still greater distance that grew up at a later
period between the leading members of the profession who were educated
and those who were not. The judges and the public had not leamed
(perhaps it has not yet been fully realized, uiuversally at any rate), that
the trae dignity of a court depends more on the leaming, talents and in
tegrity of its members, than any robes of office or pomp of ceremony that
may attract the gaze or admiration of the multitude for the passing
moment. An iUustration might be found in the want of respect with
which the judges of the inferior courts during this period were some
times regarded by those members of the Bar who knew how to appreci
ate their incompetency for the place of expounders of that law which they
did not understand.
An anecdote which is found in the address of the venerable Mr.
Holmes before the Bristol Bar in 1834 may serve as an instance of this
want of respect on the part of leading members of the profession. WhUe
the distinguished "Brigadier Ruggles" was practicing at the Bristol Bar,

Essex — 66

866 ESSEX COUNTY
a very old woman who was witness in his case told him she could stand
no longer, and asked hitn where she could sit. Ruggles, looking around
and seeing no vacancy except on the bench, told her, inadvertently, that
she might go there. The old woman hobbled to the bench and, creeping
up the stairs, got within the breastwork and was sitting do-wn, when one
of the judges asked her what she was there for. She replied that Rug
gles told her to come there and take her seat. The court asked him
if he sent the old lady there. Ruggles, feeling above equivocation, said
he did. "How came you to do this?" was the next question. He began
to repent, but as it was too late to retreat he must make the best of it,
and looking up with a dignified smile said hesitatingly, "I — , I really
thought that place was made for old women." The court hesitated, but
considering on the whole that silence was the safest course, dropped
the subject. Whoever is at all familiar with the general history of this Common
wealth wUl recognize at once among the names of those who were of the
law in those days, many who were not only able to give character to the
profession they adorned, but who in fact stamped a character upon the
age in which they lived. As we look back upon this period of our judicial
history, every one must feel that there were giants in those days in the
land. The influence of such a Bar was reflected upon the Bench itself.
The profession became an able and liberaJ pursuit. The judiciary be
came elevated and improved, legislation became more free, and the people
were taught their rights as Englishmen under the common law and as
citizens of Massachusetts under the charter.
The recounting of the story which is always found buried in the
debris of by-gone years on every phase of human activity, benefits us
nothing unless therefrom we gain the knowledge which enables us to
chart the future to progress and higher advancement. No poet uttered
a more manifest truism than he who wrote:
"Constant changes bring new duties,
Time makes ancient good uncouth,
He must onward march and upward
Who would keep abreast of truth."
No activity of life illustrates this better than that of the profession
of the law. Practiced nobly and conscientiously, no larger opporturuty
for service presents itself to the unselfish seeker for the highest rewards
of a well-spent life, and more and more should we of the present and
those who follow us hew close to the highest ideals of a noble profession
and make as a working rule of its practice the oath of admission thereto :
"I will do no falsehood, nor consent to the doing of any in Coirrt; I -will not
¦wittingly or willingly promote or sue any false, groundless or unla-wful suit, nor
give aid or consent to the same; I will delay no man for lucre or malice; but I 'will
conduct myself in the office of an attomey -within the Courts according to the best
of my knowledge and discretion, and with all good fidelity as well to the Courts
as my clients. So help me God."

CHAPTER XLVII.
AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE
WhUe today Essex county is not classed among agricultural dis
tricts in the sense that other New England counties are, yet in the early
tiraes much was produced from the soil in this part of the State. Farm
ing of necessity has been most developed within the last third or half of
a century, in the line of market gardening. Probably nowhere in the
county were there finer farms than in Danvers township. Sun and rain,
bugs and worms, remain as ever uncertain elements, but there has been
a great advance of scientific principles. Very much of that broad plain,
up which swept the original tide of settlement, is now devoted to this
class of agriculture. The land is rich and level in many places, but
usually somewhat broken and rocky. Conceming the growth of onions,
known as the "Danvers" it may be said that their gro-wth is famous.
Thousands of barrels have been raised annually in this part of Essex
county. Other farmers have for many years been engaged in the pro
duction of milk. In 1880 there appeared an editorial in the "Massachu
setts Ploughman," stating that
The reputation of Danvers exceeds that of Weathersfield, Connecticut, for the
cultivation of the onion, and, further, that "no town in the State is so distinguished
for its superior orcharding." This statement -will not here be challenged. If it be
true, it is well, and fits well to the fact that here on the "Orchard Farm" of Gover
nor Endicott, the first fruit trees of any account in New England, perhaps the en
tire country, were raised. A hundred years ago, pear trees were to be seen near
every house. Some had a few plum and peach trees. These bore in great abun
dance. Most of the apple trees were then of natural fruit, and the apples were
largely consumed in the shape of cider. An old cider mill that stood on the Gen
eral Putnam place was thus constructed. A trench was dug fifteen inches -wide
and fifty feet in circumference, and flat stones were placed on the bottom; the sides
were of brick, eighteen inches deep. Apples were thrown in this circular trench,
and a hea-vy stone wheel drawn by horse power and revolving about a central up
right, did the squeezing. The apparatus was taken do-wn about 1819.
Deacon Joseph Putnam, who owned and operated this mjU, and
Abram Dodge, of Wenham, were the first in this county to plant apple
orchards of improved varieties, for growing winter apples for market.
This was soon after the Revolution. At that date, farms were not
valued so much for their location as for the amount of stock they would
keep. Before coal was used here for fuel, every farmer included one or
more peat lots. This, however, did not obtain much later than 1830.
The first hundred and more years of agriculture, of course, were fol
lowed with a view of "getting a living" more than to unprove the soil
or make any attempt at scientific methods; but in tune, farms were
worked with more intelligence, and better and more profitable results
were the reward for such work upon the part of the tiller of the soil.
Taking an account of farming operations in North Saugus, one

868 ESSEX COUNTY
will find about an average condition in agricultural operations in the
county in the early eighties, about a third of a century ago: Louis P.
Hawkes, 33 acres of tiUage, 47 acres pasture, 21 cows and four horses.
He also had a good sized sUo, which was then a new thing in the world.
Samuel Hawkes, 13 acres tillage, and ten acres of cranberry meadow.
Heirs of Richard Hawkes, 23 acres tillage and nine cows. These three
farms formed a portion of the original farm of Adam Hawkes, settled in
1634, and have continued down in an unbroken line from their ancestors.
Henry E.^ Hone, four acres tUlage, 32 acres pasture, seven cows and two
horses. Byron S. Hone, 50 acres tUlage, 114 acres pasture, 42 cows, and
four horses. Joshua H. Cobum, 20 acres tUlage, 15 cows and two horses.
Heirs of George W. Butterfield, 10 acres tillage, 20 cows and four horses.
Francis M. Avery, 15 acres tUlage and nine cows. These farms were
chiefly for mUk and hay. The farms in the immediate vicinity were all
conducted on about the same scale.
In the early days of the settlement of Sandy Bay the enterprise of
the people was divided between agriculture and fishing, but the latter
predominated. As late as the opening of the eighteenth century, it is
stated there was not enough hay raised in Sandy Bay for the wintering
of stock, and that they depended upon Ipswich and other towns for such
comrhodity, the same being transported by boats. In the nineteenth cen
tury, things changed materially, many acres of swamp and roclqr pas
ture land being converted into fmitful fields. From 1836 to 1840, whUe
the breakwater and wharves were being built at Long Cove, many acres
of land were cleared of stone and used in these works. The stone busi
ness called for cattle, and cattle called for hay, and this incited the farm
ers to greater efforts in this line of business. But in later years much
of the land has been employed as tmck garden patches, to provide for
an increasing population, especiaUy in the summer months, when tran
sients make this section their home, and have to purchase all they use.
The matter of horticulture in the last century and less has claimed the
attention of the husbandmen in Rockport and vicinity, where fraits have
been grown in large quantities and of the rarest flavor and beauty of
color. In Peabody, in 1855, it was stated that the unportant industry of the
town was farming and its branches. The dairy and farm products that
year were valued at $128,000, of which $77,000 was from the growth of
onions. The valuation of the whole town of Danvers in 1827, was $1,-
870,000. In 1855, the value of South Danvers alone was almost $3,000,-
000. An agricultural and horticultural association, formed after the Civil
War, did much towards improving farm conditions in the town of Essrac,
especially in the way of raising fine fraits, specimens of which were
annually on exhibition at the county fau-s, especially strawberries, in
which the growth of, by Abel Bumham, became famous. Aaron Low was

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 869
widely known as a grower of choice vegetables, of mammoth varieties;
also in the growth of fine grapes was he successful. English hay from
this place used to be sold in large quantities. Milk has been sold for
near a half century from Essex, to the summer residents, at the water-
places of this county, especially much of such product has in times gone
by, been shipped into near-by Gloucester.
In HaverhUl, the first mention of sheep in the history of the town
was in 1634, when "the proprietors of the Great Plain, thinking to lay
down the said field for some years to be improved for a sheep pasture."
In 1687 it was ordered, "it being the interest and desire of the inhabi
tants for the sake of back, belly and purse, to get into a stock, and a way
to keep a stock of sheep, in which all endeavors hitherto have been in
valid and of no effect, for a further trial ; the selectmen have hereby power
granted them to call forth the inhabitants capable of labor, with suitable
tools, and in suitable companies, about Michaelmas, to clear some land
at the town's end, sides, or skirts, as they in their discretion shall meet
to direct, to make it capable and fit for sheep, with the less hazzard ; and
he that is wamed as above, and doth not accordingly come and attend
the service, shall pay a fine of two shiUing per day." "With the less
hazzard", shows that sheep were in great peril from the wolves. Ames
bury had repealed the forty shiUings bounty for wolf heads, two years
before. But Coffin estimated that in 1685, there were over 5,000 sheep
in Newbury. Shepherds were employed and hurdles used in pasturing
them. The commons of HaverhiU were admirably adapted to sheep
husbandry. In the town of Bradford, in 1820, the farmers still highly prized the
salt hay which they brought, in the season, by the river from the marshes
near the sea ; it enhanced the richness of the land. Also land was made
to produce very much greater crops by putting on a good coating of
plaster of Paris. David How was one of the persons who experimented
and was highly successful in the use of this mineral fertilizer.
At the present time one sees many attractive farms within this
county. The sUo is in evidence, here and there, wherever cows are
raised for mUking purposes. The land is well cared for, and all that
such soU can be made to produce is gotten from it by the work of men
using not only muscle but also intellect.
In a former history of Essex county, that reliable citizen, Benjamin
P. Ware, wrote concerning the Essex County Agricultural Society, and
we are here permitted to make use of the facts contained in his article,
which was -written about 1886.
The idea of the formation of an agricultural society originated with
Colonel Timothy Pickering, who headed forty men in the first armed re
sistance to British forces, February 28, 1775, at North Bridge, Salem.
He called a meeting of the farmers of Essex county, at Cyrus Cummings'
Tavem in Topsfield, Monday, February 16, 1818. There a society was

870 ESSEX COUNTY
formed and officers were elected as foUows: Timothy Pickering, presi
dent; William Bartlett, Dr. Thomas Kittredge, John Heard and Ichabod
Tucker, vice-presidents; Leverett Saltonstall, secretary, and Dr. Ne
hemiah Cleveland, treasurer. Mr. Pickering served as president for ten
years. He was succeeded, in their order, by the following: Frederick
Howes, E. Mosely, James H. Duncan, Joseph Kittredge, L. Saltonstall,
J. W. Proctor, Moses Newell, Richard S. Fay, Daniel Adams, AUen W.
Dodge, Joseph How, WUliam Sutton, Benjamin P. Ware.
Colonel Pickering delivered the first address at the annual meeting
of this Agricultural Society, and with the single exception of five years,
between 1823 and 1829, an annual address has been delivered by some
competent, well-advised citizen of Essex county ever since. These an
nual addresses have been delivered by men of the best thoughts and
minds in Essex county, who gave -wise suggestions and advice ; they for
the most part have been practical farmers themselves. These addresses
have all been carefully preserved, and fumish a wonderful lot of farm
literature and recorded matter. We here quote from a member of the
Agricultural Society in 1887:
The Essex County Agricultural Society, unlike all others in the State, o-wn
no g^rounds, including a trotting track and show buildings; it has no local abiding
place. But instead, owns a tent, some portable cattle pens, twelve hundred exhibi
tion fruit dishes, an experimental farm of one hundred and fifty acres, which brings
in an income from $300 to $500 per annum, besides conducting such experiments as
are required by the committee having that in charge. A library of 800 volumes of
valuable books for reference and study, and funds invested in bank stock, the market
value of which is $17,119.83. This society needs no trotting track, for it never
paid a dollar for speed since its organization; or for any other attraction, nor al
lows any on its grounds, except of a purely agricultural or horticultural character,
which must be grown or o-wned -within the county.
This society holds its annual exhibitions in different parts of the county where
most needed, and where suitable accommodations can be provided. Since its or
ganization, it has held its shows at Danvers, ten times; Lawrence, seven times; six
each at Lynn, Topsfield, Haverhill and Newburyport; five times at Georgeto'wn' and
Salem; four times at Gloucester; three times each at Andover and Ips'wich; two at
Peabody; one at Newbury; and two others in doubt. This society has held, since
required by the State Board of Agriculture, 1879, forty-eight institutes in different
parts of the county where most wanted.
The society publishes annually, an edition of from 1,500 to 2,000 copies of its
transactions, containing from 120 to 220 pages, for distribution among its members
and others. The transactions published since the formation of the society make
in the aggregate 8,700 pages of valuable and interesting reading matter, and which
are no inconsiderable part of the agricultural literature of the State.
This society recently held its one hundredth anniversary exercises.
Aside from this general county society for the advancement of agricul
ture, there are numerous lesser organizations, including granges, farmer's
institutes, etc., scattered here and there throughout the county.

CHAPTER XLVIII.
LODGES IN ESSEX COUNTY
Anything like an adequate presentation of the growth and expan
sion of the secret and fraternal society movement in Essex county would
be out of question in a work like the present. In one city, for example,
there are today nearly one hundred organizations of the strictly fraternal
type, not to mention any others. Following a policy to which the pub
lishers of this history have long been connnitted, the present purpose is to
present what may be termed a registry of only three societies. First, by
reason of their age, the Masonic (or Blue) lodges are taken up, next the
subordinate lodges in Odd Fellowship, and lastly, the Knights of Pythias
lodges. For the past three years, there has been a particularly large ac
cession to the ranks of secret orders. The cause is to be found in the
influences to which the great World War gave rise. At the time of writ
ing, the peak in this abnormal volume of applications appears to have
been passed. If throughout the country fraternal bodies have since the
close of the war been called upon to deal with applications for member
ship in degree never before equalled during a corresponding period, the
point might well be made that at one stage in the past diametrically
opposite conditions prevailed. Reference is made, of course, to that era
generally described as "anti-Masonic times." The inception and expan
sion of that mischievous movement, with all its absurdities and exaggera
tions, as well as its inglorious extinction, following a sober second thought
on the part of the American public, are famUiar subjects to legions of
readers. This allusion is made today, in order that retrospection may
concem itself with an era when so many Masonic and Odd Fellows'
lodges felt it incumbent, in the face of partisan, fury as well as gross
perversion of facts, to surrender their charters. It was a low ebb, indeed,
for a number of lodges of different types in Massachusetts, in keeping
with conditions in other States where pernicious propaganda was asso
ciated with cunning manipulation, in order to discredit fraternal organi
zations. That was back in the thirties of the last century. Along about
1845, the movement died out, despised by myriads of honest men, and a
matter of shame to many of its deluded adherents, as they contemplated
the part they had bome in a hue and cry where intolerance vied with the
rankest libels upon truth and morality.
The foUowing is an alphabetical list of Masonic lodges in the towns
and cities of the county. The oflicers are for the year 1921. Where in
formation blanks did not contain all the detaUs sought, as for membership
in 1921, for instance, the figures are drawn from the last published official
reports :
Acacia, East Gloucester. Instituted 1865— Lendal W. Harding, master; Cari-
ton W. Wonson, senior warden; Clarence K. Whittier, junior warden; George D.
Morey, secretary. Membership, 210.

872 ESSEX COUNTY
Amity, Danvers. Instituted 1863 — Benjamin V. Conant, master; Albert W.
Dogerty, senior warden; N. Woodbury Bragdon, junior warden; A. Preston Chase,
secretary. Membership, 309.
Ashler, Rockport. Instituted 1851 — Summer Y. Wheeler, master; Charles E.
Breene, senior warden; Norman M. Hooper, junior warden; James A. Smith, secre
tary. Membership, 231.
Bethany, Merrimac. Instituted 1868 — William H. Franklin, Jr., master; Carl
ton C. Witham, senior warden; George E. Franklin, junior warden; A. Raymond
Waterhouse, secretary. Membership, 174.
Bethlehem, Lynn. Instituted 1920 — William A. Childs, master; Thomas E. P.
Wilson, senior warden; Charles D. C. Moore, junior warden; Harlan S. Cummings,
secretary. Membership, 146.
Budleigh, (U.D.) Beverly, Arthur Rigby, secretary.
Charles C. Dame, Georgetown. Instituted 1867 — Ralph R. Stackpole, master;
Jacob Hazen, senior warden; Robert L. Mel'vin, junior warden; Chester D. Tumer,
secretary. Membership, 182.
Cochice-wick, North Andover. Instituted 1874 — George A. Rea, master; Wal-
-ter L. Hawkes, senior warden; Harry Wilkinson, junior warden; Albert Brainard,
secretary. Membership, 236.
Damascus, Lynn. Instituted 1906 — Edward C. Kimball, master; Thomas S.
Bubier, senior warden; Louis F. P. Spindell, junior warden; Benjamin F. Arrington,
secretary. Membership, 420.
Essex, Salem. Instituted 1791 — Frank T. Goodell, master; John Danforth,
senior warden; Edmund S. Cogswell, junior warden; Charles H. Danforth, secretary.
Membership, 442.
Golden Fleece, Lynn. Instituted 1865 — Stacey R. Burcks, master; Kendall A.
Sanderson, senior warden; John C. Clendennin, junior warden; G. Sidney McFarlane,
secretary. Membership, 1063.
John Hancock, Methuen. Instituted 1860 — Silas Thomas, master; Charles H.
Cooper, senior warden; Herbert E. Gordon, junior warden; John Osier, secretary.
Membership, 600.
Grecian, Lawrence. Instituted 1825 — Carl P. Griffin, master; John E. McCril
lis, senior warden; James G. Newall, junior warden; Charles H. Littlefield, secre
tary. Membership, 750.
John T. Heard, Ipswich. Instituted 1864 — ^James E. Cole, Jr., master; Arthur
H. Tozer, senior warden; Charles L. Lovell, junior warden; Jesse H. Wade, secre
tary. Membership, 261.
Jordan, Peabody. Instituted 1808 — Edward Rainford, master; George Draper,
senior warden; Alfred A. Hall, junior warden; Herbert L. Bro-wn, secretary. Mem
bership, 376.
Liberty, Beverly. Instituted 1824 — Harold C. Childs, master; Harry M. Grout,
senior warden; George A. Sinnick, junior warden; H. Franklin Murray, secretary.
Membership, 654.
Manchester, (U. D.) — F. C. Rand, secretary.
Merrimack, Haverhill. Instituted 1802 — Arthur H. Veasey, master; Abner B.
Hoyt, senior warden; Harold F. Hussey, junior warden; Harold G. Look, secretary.
Membership, 656.
Mosaic, Danvers. Instituted 1870 — Thurman Leslie, master; George L. Merrill,
senior warden; William H. Garvin, junior warden; Herman C. Gordon, secretary.
Membership, 380.
Mount Carmel, Lynn. Instituted 1805 — Thomas E. P. Wilson, master; Charles
H. Colby, senior warden; Charles B. Bethune, junior warden; Fred H. Nichols,
secretary. Membership, 950.
Philanthropic, Marblehead. Instituted 1760 — Amos H. Humphrey, master; J.

LODGES IN ESSEX COUNTY 873.
Edgar Parker, senior warden; Arthur L. Swasey, junior warden; Thomas S. East
land, secretary. Membership, 312.
Phoenician, Lawrence. Instituted 1870— William E. Redfem, master; Joseph C.
Saalfrank, senior warden; Arlon C. Adams, junior warden; Willoby W. Lathrop
secretary. Membership, 600.
Saggahew, Haverhill. Instituted 1864— Ira C. Titcomb, master; Tom W. Mit
chell, senior warden; Edwin F. Parker, junior warden; George M. Whiting, secre
tary. Membership, 477.
Saint John's, Newburyport. Instituted 1766— Albert K. Cheney, master; Ed
mund G. Sargent senior warden; William E. Bassett junior warden; William C.
Coffin, secretary. Membership, 384.
Saint Mark's, Newburyport. Instituted 1803— Frank A. Fowle, master; Bennett.
J. Samson, senior warden; Albert B. Frost junior warden; Norman K. Tilton, secre
tary. Membership, 280.
Saint Matthew's, Andover. Instituted 1822— Albert W. Lowe, master; Roy H.
Bradford, senior warden; Alexander W. Morrison, junior warden; James Ander^
son, secretary. Membership, 294.
Starr King, Salem. Instituted 1864— Frank A. Neff, master; Horace E. Hulett
senior warden; Clarence F. Ray, junior warden; Cassius S. Cilley, secretary. Mem
bership, 509.
Tuscan, Lawrence. Instituted 1862— Walter I. ChurchiU, master; Harold E.
Bevington, senior warden; John N. Anderson, junior warden; William Fisher,
secretary. Membership, 340.
Tyrian, Gloucester. Instituted 1770 — Herman W. Spooner, master; Charles T.^
Smith, senior warden; Addison G. Brooks, junior warden; George W. Thurston,.
secretary. Membership, 375.
Warren, Amesbury. Instituted 1822— Charles I. Pettingell, master; Arthur A.
H. Whelpley, senior warden; John A. Wilson, Jr., junior warden; Charles H. Cur
rier, secretary. Membership, 378.
Wayfarers', Swampscott Instituted 1914— Frank A. Bucknam, master; Charles
E. Newhall, senior warden; Egbert H. Ballard, junior warden; Wilbur L. Wood
bury, secretary. Membership, 339.
WilUam Sutton, Saugus. Instituted 1866— J. Walter Newhall, master; Harold
W. Combs, senior warden; Frank B. Sloan, junior warden; Herbert M. Forristall,
secretary. Membership, 385.
Name and Location Membership Name and Location Membership.
Aug. 31, '21 Aug. 31, '21
1 Acacia, Gloucester  210 16 Merrimack, Haverhill  657
2 Amity, Danvers  348 17 Mosaic, Danvers  ^... 373
3 Ashler, Rockport  247 18 Mount Carmel, Lynn  _  939
4 Bethany, Merrimac  175 19 Philanthropic, Marblehead  319
5 Bethlehem, Lynn  136 20 Phoenician, Lawrence  498
6 Charles C. Dame, Georgetown.... 200 21 Saggehew, Haverhill  622 .
7 Cochichewick, North Andover.— 238 22 Saint John's, Newburyport  413
8 Damascus, Lynn  420 23 Saint Mark's, Newburyport.  316 .
9 Essex, Salem  479 24 Saint Matthew's, Andover.  335
10 Golden Fleece, Lynn  1064 25 Starr King, Salem  567
11 Grecian, Lawrence  739 26 Tuscan, Lawrence  338
12 John Hancock, Methuen  497 27 Tyrian, Gloucester.  402
13 John T. Heard, Ipswich  297 28 Warren, Amesbury.  393
14 Jordan, Peabody  _  423 29 Wayfarers', Swampscott  322
15 Liberty, Beverly  739 30 William Sutton, Saugus  384
As in the case of the Masonic fraternity, the subjoined list of Odd

;874 ESSEX COUNTY
Fellows' lodges is arranged alphabetically, and the same arrangement wiU
f oUow in the listing of Pythian lodges :
Agawam Lodge, No. 62, Ipswich. Instituted November 13, 1844. The charter
members and first officers included the following: Stephen H. Bro-wn, Samuel War
ner, John A. Newman, John Kimball, Ashael H. Wildes, M.D.; Dexter Dana, noble
grand; Samuel Davis, vice-grand; Obed Adams, secretary; James Lang, treasurer.
The membership in June, 1921, was 222. The lodge owns its own hall, situated on
JJorth Main street; it a brick structure, valued at $6,000. The present (1*21) elec
tive officers are Frank Nelson, noble grand; Francis E. Wood, vice-grand; Joseph
F. Morton, recording secretary; John R. Morris, financial secretary; George Fall,
treasurer. The auxiliary to this lodge is the Martha Washington Rebekah Lodge,
No. 5.
Andover Lodge, No. 230, organized at Andover, September 19, 1894. Its first
oificers included Frank H. Messer, noble grand; Lucius F. Hitchcock, vice-grand; A.
Lincoln Gates, secretary; Thomas P. Harriman, treasurer. Seventy-five were im
mediately admitted by initiation. The present total membership is 214. Present
oflBcers, Elmer E. Philbrick, noble grand; George D. Scott, vice-grand; Walter E.
Buxton, recording secretary; William H. Faulkner, financial secretary; George E.
Holt, treasurer.
Bass River Lodge, No. 141, Beverly, was organized February 20, 1851, -with first
officers including these: Noble Grand, J. J. Dennis; vice-grand, A. B. Lord; secre
tary, WilUam Lord; treasurer, Eleazer WalUs. The present total membership is
685. Present officers, John J. Hancock, noble grand; F. Herbert Crosby, -vice-grand;
Ezra Standley, secretary; Charles F. Trafton, financial secretary; WUUam F. Lee,
treasurer. Bay State Lodge, Lynn, was organized as No. 40, March 5, 1844, with officers,
William Read, noble grand; John M. Usher, vice-grand; D. M. Hildreth, secretary;
Thomas Herbert, treasurer. The present total membership is 597. Present officers,
Ervin F. Hill, noble grand; George W. Watts, -vice-grand; Herman W. Parker, re
cording secretary; George E. Powers, treasurer.
Cliftondale Lodge, No. 198, at Saugus, was instituted September 27, 1887, -with
officers as follows: Charles W. Amerige, noble grand; Frank W. Price, -vice-grand;
Albert E. Jeaneret, recording secretary; J. W. Rea, treasurer; David B. Hatch, finan
cial secretary. Present membership, 340. Its present elective officers are Noble
Grand, Fred H. Horton; 'vice-grand, WUliam H. Foster; recording secretary, Alfred
H. Hazel; financial secretary, Frank Copp, P.G.; treasurer, Ernest Stuart. Olympia
Rebekah Lodge, No. Ill, is the Ladies' Degree auxiliary. The order owns its own
hall, valued at $30,000. The records show that their rooms have suffered by fire on
five occasions— 1890, partial; 1892, total; 1898, total; 1905, partial; 1909, total.
Consort Lodge, No. 188, Beverly. — Organized December 5, 1907. The charter
membership was eighty-nine. The first officers included Merton E. Ellis, noble
grand; Daniel W. Wright, -vice-grand; Fred E. Strout, recording secretary; Leonard
W. Johnston, financial secretary; Edward A." Stiggins, treasurer. The present total
membership is 374. The present officers are, Alfred B. Brackett, noble grand;
Frank L. Smith, -vice-grand; Ralph S. Pedrick, recording secretary; Fred J. Cullen,
financial secretary; Burton G. Phillips, treasurer. Connected -with this is Summit
Encampment, No. 141.
Danvers Lodge, No. 153, Danvers, was organized September 13, 1870, with
officers, Charles Tapley, noble grand; J. W. LeGrow, vice-grand; L. E. Learoid,
secretary; John M. Bayson, treasurer. The present total membership is 289; pres
ent officers, Carlton B. Mosher, noble grand; Charles E. Merrill, vice-grand; John
F. Hood, secretary; James W. Bates, treasurer.
East Lynn Lodge, No. 207, organized at Lynn, November 17, 1890. First officers.

LODGES IN ESSEX COUNTY 875
Robert S. Sisson, noble grand; Eugene A. Bessom, vice-grand; Caleb Prentiss, re
cording secretary; Charles E. Nickerson, permanent secretary; J. Walton Titus,
treasurer. Present total membership, 634. The present officers are: Walter) E.
Taylor, noble grand; Alfred Ellis, -vice-grand; Ralph H. Critcherson, recording secre
tary; MUton F. Thrasher, financial secretary; Benard J. Linenkemper, treasurer.
Essex Lodge, No. 26, was organized in Salem, November 6, 1843, -with first
officers as follows: WilUam Durant, noble grand; C. C. Hayden, vice-grand;
George Russell, secretary; Adrian Low, treasurer. Present membership, 334. Pres
ent officers: Charles M. Bracket, noble grand; Carlton A. Brown, vice-grand; John
Wilson, recording secretary; George H. Hutchinson, financial secretary; John H.
AUis, treasurer.
Fraternity Lodge, No. 118, at Salem, was organized November 18, 1846, -with
officers as follows: Stephen Whitmore, Jr., noble grand; Joseph Famham, Jr., vice-
grand; Richard Gardner, secretary; I. D. Shephard, treasurer. The member
ship is 389. Present officers: W. Frederick Elwell, noble grand; Maurice B. Webb,
vice-g^nd; William G. Hamond, recording secretary; Fred J. Wenz, financial
secretary; Elbert J. Hatch, treasurer. Union Rebekah Degree, No. 11, was in
stituted AprU 12, 1870; Arbella Rebekah Lodge, No. 83, October 10, 1889.
Fountain Lodge, Topsfield, was instituted December 30, 1874, by seventeen
members from the Gloucester Lodge (Agawam), which were -withdrawn for this
express purpose, as these charter members nearly all resided in Topsfield. The full
charter membership -was twenty-one. This lodge now has a membership of eighty-
nine and o-wns a hall, built in 1886, valued at $6,000. The present officers are L. P.
Welch, noble grand; L. H. Hayden, -vice-grand; E. H. GUford, secretary; WUUam C.
Long, treasurer. The auxiliary is Rowena Rebekah Degree, No. 113.
Glenmere Lodge, No. 139, Lynn, was organized September 9, 1886, -with these
officers: Melville P. Nickerson, noble grand; John F. Morgan, vice-grand; Frank
W. Kenney, recording secretary; Loring Burrill, Jr., permanent secretary; Charles
H. Ramsdell, treasurer. The present total membership is 360. Present officers:
WUliam A. Marcy, noble grand; Clarence L. Walcott, vice-grand; Frank A. Standley,
recording secretary; Frank S. Haskell, financial secretary; WilUam O. Titcomb,
treasurer. Holten Lodge, No. 104, Peabody, was organized January 29, 1846, -with officers
inclusive of these: Moses Tenney, noble grand; George R. Carlton, -vice-grand; WU
liam H. Coffrain, secretary; WilUam S. FuUock, permanent secretary; Charles
Estes, treasurer. Their charter was surrendered in 1853 and reinstituted February
22, 1878. Present membership, 355. Present officers, MelviUe HoUoweU, noble
grand; V. M. Hatt, vice-grand; J. Sand MacCracken, recording secretary; Albert
Tufts, Jr., financial secretary; Frederick L. Boxwell, treasurer. Total membership,
355. Hope Lodge, No. 34, Methuen, was organized February 9, 1844, surrendered
charter July 23, 1865; re-instituted February 18, 186'. First officers were: Joseph H.
Conant, noble grand; John Low, vice-grand; George A. Waldo, secretary; H. C.
Gleason, treasurer. Present membership, 300. The present officers are: Edward F.
Cunningham, noble grand; Frederick Fisher, -vice-grand; George H. Wood, record
ing secretary; Albert D. Campbell, financial secretary; Frank A. Gordon, treasurer.
Kearsage, No. 217, West Lynn, was organized November 4, 1892, with officers,
Walter H. Woods, noble grand; John A. Carr, -vice-grand; Christopher Metzger, re
cording secretary; Charles S. Main, financial secretary; Charles W. Brook, treasurer.
Total present membership, 901. Present officers: Albert J. Rowe, noble grand;
Charles W. BaUey, -vice-grand; James Bennett, recording secretary; James B. Hol
land, financial secretary; PhiUp E. Bessom, treasurer.
Lawrence Lodge, No. 150, Lawrence, organized August 31, 1869, had as first
officers WUliam Bower, noble grand; J. L. Hutchinson, vice-grand; John Edwards,

876 ESSEX COUNTY
recording secretary; J. H. Stafford, permanent secretary; WilUam Wardman, treas
urer. Present total membership, 425. Present officers: Ira D. Blandin, noble
grand; Alexander O. Bo-wie, vice-grand; George A. Merrill, recording secretary j
John R. H. Ward, financial secretary; Paul Minzner, treasurer.
Mizpah Lodge, No. 151, Haverhill, was instituted November 6, 1869. Its pres
ent total membership is 472. This lodge occupies its share of a stock company
building in which various orders meet; it is known as the Haverhill Odd Fellows Hall
Association. The present elective officers are: Noble grand, Francis H. Fitzsimmons;
-vice-grand, Herman R. Harrison; treasurer, just deceased; recording secretary,
Dummer B. Bean; financial secretary, J. Clarence Sullivan.
Monadnock Lodge, No. 145, La-wrence, was organized August 21, 1867. Its
first officers were M. T. Waldin, noble grand; C. B. Foster, -vice-grand; A. C. Tap-
ley, recording secretary; J. Kershwa, permanent secretary; Benjamin Booth, treas
urer. The present total membership is 520. The present officers are Leon C. White^
noble grand; Fred Somerville, vice-grand; Charles C. Batchelder, recording secre
tary; Winfield P. Warren, financial secretary; George H. Seavers, treasurer.
Mutual ReUef Lodge of HaverhUl was instituted September 4, 1846. It was
formed by Levi C. Wadleigh, Samuel Noyes, Joshua Sawyer, E. H. Safford, James
R. Nichols, John P. Randall. The first officers (elective) were: Noble grand,
Moses F. Peasley; -vice-grand, WilUam Pecker; treasurer, Le-vi C. Wadleigh; secre
tary, FrankUn Brickett. This lodge now has a total membership of 384, and its
elective officers in August, 1921, were as follows: Noble grand, W. Albert Jermyn;
vice-grand, Harry C. AUen; secretary, Frederick A. Holden; treasurer, Fred Lake..
The order owns its own hall, and it is the home of all branches of Odd Fellowship
in Haverhill. It is a brick structure, -with sand stone trimmings, on Main street,
and is valued at $60,000. In 1898 it was partly destroyed by fire but was immediate
ly rebuUt. Ocean Lodge, No. 91 of Gloucester, was organized September 10, 1845. The
petitioners were: William Archer, Israel D. Sheperd, of Salem; Charles E. Grover^
WUUam Gro-vr, Jr., James L. WUson, of Gloucester. Present membership, 537. It
owns a hall property and is in a prosperous condition. The present auxiUaries are
Cape Ann Encampment, No. 33; Seashore Rebekah Lodge, No. 14; Canton Glou
cester, No. 71; and Ladies' Auxiliary, No. 1. The present (1921) officers of the-
parent lodge are: Noble grand, Roger S. Nichols; -vice-grand, Charles A. IngaUs;
recording secretary, Emest E. Hodgekins; financial secretary, William A. Strople;
treasurer, George E. MacDonald, P.G.
Powow River Lodge, No. 90, Amesbury, was organized in August, 1846. Its
present membership is 415. The order o-wns a quarter interest in Union Block.
The auxiUaries to this lodge are Encampment, No. 61 and Colfax Rebekah Lodge,
No. 69. The present (1921) elective officers are as follows: Noble grand, Wil
liam J. Mallery; -vice-grand, David J. Cormack; financial secretary, B. G. PUlsbury;
recording secretary, James A. Gibson; treasurer, Daniel Richards; trustees, John S.
Wadleigh, f'rank M. Swett and Charles C. Brown.
Prince Jonathan Lodge, West Lynn, was organized February 24, 1914. The first
officers were: Abraham Seele, noble grand; Henry Lyons, vice-grand; Morris B.
Gleckman, secretary; Samuel Solar, treasurer. Present membership is 324. Pres
ent officers: Joseph H. Butman, noble grand; Morris S. Sacher, -vice-grand; Henry
B. Harris, recording secretary; Joseph Bro-wn, financial secretary; Harry A. Volk,
treasurer. Protection Lodge, No. 147, Georgeto-wn, was instituted October 7, 1868, -with
nineteen members. The only survi-ving charter member is Mosely D. Chase. In
1908 it was voted to purchase the EUiott building, comer of Main and Central
streets, and remodel it into a regular fraternity hall, and August 25, 1909, the new
hall was dedicated. In all, this lodge has received into membership 417 persons,.

LODGES IN ESSEX COUNTY 877
«nd now it has a total membership of 206. Rebekah Lodge, No. 105, known as
¦"Bethany," the auxiliary, was instituted December 3, 1891.
Providence Lodge, No. 171, at Lynn, was organized March 22, 1875, -with these
officers, elected as the second set, (the records do not show the original officers'
names). George C. Pinkham, noble grand; Rufus Kimball, -vice-grand; Horace H.
Atherton, secretary; John H. Bubier, permanent secretary; total present member
ship, 320. Present officers: Ivan B. Dearborn, noble grand; Martin Keith Oliver,
vice-grand; Charles L. Alley, recording secretary; Fred I. Peabody, financial secre
tary; Fred E. Remick, treasurer.
United Brothers' Lodge, La-wrence, was organized May 28, 1847, and in 1848
the officers were WUUam Haywood, noble grand; S. Rowell, vice-grand; L. Howe,
secretary; J. H. Ham, permanent secretary; John T. Loring, treasurer. Present
total membership, 352. The present officers are: Frank Waterworth, noble grrand;
Joseph Paton, ¦vice-grand; George W. HaU, recording secretary; Thomas Slater,
iinancial secretary; James Burton, treasurer.
Quascacunquen Lodge, No. 39, Newburyport, was organized March 7, 1844,
¦with first officers, George Emery, noble grand; Eben S. Steams, -vice-grand; S. K.
G-ilman, secretary; John Boole, treasurer. Present membership, 359. Present officers:
Alfred L. Jaques, noble grand; Roscoe P. Woundy, -vice-grand; WilUam H. Welch,
recording secretary; Isaac G. Pettingell, financial secretary; Luren Stevens, treas
urer. Richard W. Drown Lodge, No. 106, Lynn, was organized August 11, 1881;
the officers were Samuel G. Gunn, noble grand; Eber K. Storer, vice-grand; George
Jenkins, secretary; Le-wis Wolf, permanent secretary; John A. McArthur, treas
urer. The present total membership is 512. Present officers: Herbert F. Simonds,
noble grand; John F. Goldthwait, vice-grand; Francis M. Claflin, recording secre
tary; Otis R. Duschuttle, financial secretary; H. E. Bryant, treasurer.
Wanwinct'Lodge, No. Ill, of North Andover, was organized in September, 1881.
The present total membership is 149. Present elective officers : Noble grand, Fred
erick F. Macintosh; vice-grand, Percy H. Fish; treasurer, Percival J. Murray;
&iancial secretary, George Woolley; recording secretary, John W. Mozeen.
West Lynn Lodge, No. 65, West Lynn, was organized August 30, 1878, with
officers, Charles A. Lake, noble grand; MUton Frazier, vice-grand; W. F. Brackett,
Jr., secretary; J. A. Hollis, permanent secretary; Josiah Fitz, 3d., treasurer. The
present total membership is 466. Present officers: Henry W. Palmer, noble grand;
Samuel H. Farley, vice-grand; Samuel K. Walker, recording secretary; J. Alvah
Parker, financial secretary; Frank W. Brown, treasurer.
Calantha Lodge,, No. 17, Knights of Pythias, of Lyrm, was instituted
February 16, 1870. It now has a membership of 223. Its officers include
W. L. Leroy Carpenter, chancellor commander; Theodore D. Cogsrove,
vice-chancellor; Clarence L. Holbrook, prelate; Charles L. Holbrook,
master of work; John R. Thurell, keeper of records and seals; H. V. Mc
Kay, master of finance; WUliam R. Bachelor, master of exchequer.
Constantine, No. 68, Gloucester, was organized April 3, 1877 and was merged
-with Gloucester Lodge, 164, January 13, 1920. In the original lodge there were
thirty-eight charter members, the first officers being ChanceUor commander, Nathan
iel Maddix, Jr.; -vice-commander, Benjamin F. Milward; prelate, Nathaniel Maddix,
Sr.; keeper of records and seals, Isaac H. Higgins; master of finance, George A.
Smith; master of exchequer, Samuel V. Colby; master at arms, John W. Black; P.
C.  John J. Robinson. The total membership is now 235. Present elective officers :
Chancellor commander, Alfred S. Steele; vice-commander, WilUam H. Haskell;
prelate, Lester F. Gayton; master of work, J. Herbery Hull; keeper of records and

878 ESSEX COUNTY
seals, Charles E. Story; master of finance, Percy O. Lane; master of exchequer,
James S. Smith; master at arms, John L. Strople.
Danvers Lodge, No. 167, Danvers, was organized April 19, 1905, and now has
143 members. The 1921 officers include Clifford B. Cook, chancellor commander;
Arthur G. Kent, vice-commander; Alfred T. Grossman, prelate; E. W. Wells, master
of work; Walter Haines, keeper of records and seals.
StUlman S. Da-vis Lodge, No. 95, Lynn, was organized March 16, 1892, and
now has a total membership of 198. Its present officers are Charles Wallersched,
chancellor commander; Arthur C. Collins, -vice-chancellor; A. L. Burdge, prelate;
John C. Knight, master of work; E. D. Lane, keeper of records and seals.
Everett Lodge, No. 20, Lynn, was organized January 10, 1870, and now has a
membership of 148. Its present officers include M. G. Johnson, chancellor com
mander; Frank A. Gove, Jr., vice-commander; Frank L. Payrow, prelate; A. E.
Greene, master of work; Fred W. Butler, keeper of records and seals; WUliam W.
Johnson, master of finance; Robert N. Peale, master of exchequer.
Garfield Lodge, No. 172, at Andover, was organized March 18, 1909, and now
has a membership of near two hundred. The present officers are Thomas W. NeiU,
chancellor commander; Thomas B. Gorrie, prelate; John S. Buchan, master of work;
James C. Souther, keeper of records and seals.
Grecian Lodge, No. 154, HaverhUl, was instituted May 25, 1903, and now has
488 members.Frank R. Hayden Lodge, No. 169, Swampscott, was organized October 3, 1908,
and now has a total membership of 215. The 1921 officers are Herbert Rowe, chan
cellor commander; Ralph' Lucas, vice-chancellor; A. K. Frazier, master of work;
Frederick Moseley, keeper of records and seals.
Kearsearge Lodge, No. 124, at Methuen, was organized December 2, 1895, and
now has a membership of 121. Officers: Archie Crowell, chancellor commander;
Thomas B. Smith, vice-commander; Otto WeUand, prelate; Harry D. Flint, master
of work; Herbert Elston, keeper of records and seals.
Knights of Pythias Lodge, No. 154, Haverhill, was organized May 25, 1903;
present membership 280. The original elective officers were, Greenleaf H. Lary,
chancellor commander; Albert R. Smith, vice-commander; Harry H. Rogers, pre
late; Edward M. Tracy, master at arms; Frank H. Gerrish, keeper of records and
seals; Martin D. Hoyt, master of exchequer; Benjamin J. HUlrad, master at arms.
Present officers: Charles E. Morse, chancellor commander; Harry A. Noyes, -vice-
commander; William J. Medbury, prelate; Charles F. Sargent master of work; J.
Frank Batchelder, keeper of records and seals; Frederick Windle, master of finance;
Algernon A. Sawyer, master of exchequer; John C. Owens, master at arms.
Lodge No. 178, West Newbury, was organized June 29, 1909. The first officers
included: chancellor commander, Charles F. Brown; vice-commander, Emest E.
ChapUn; master of work, Sherman T. Davis; keeper of records and seals, Parker H.
Nason; master of finance, Stephen H. Brown; master of exchequer, Hiram R. Poore;
master at arms, Harold W. Winchester. Present membership, 166. The order owns
its hall built in 1914 at a cost of $2,500; now the property is valued at $5,000.
The 1921 officers are: ChanceUor commander, LesUe E. Marshall; vice-commander,
J. Fred Tarleton; master of work, Benjamin N. Gile; keeper of records and seals,
Parker H. Nason; prelate, Harry Carty; master of finance, Warren G. Davis;
master of exchequer, Charles A. Frazier master at arms, WUliam W. Bond.
Abraham Lincoln Lodge, No. 127, Lynn, was organided April 28, 1896; now has
a total membership of 181. Present officers: A. C. Cornish, chancellor commander;
C. L. WUliams, vice-commander; G. E. Sanders, prelate; George S. Bowser, master
of work; L. C. Sargent, master of finance; W. F. Smith, master of exchequer.
Abraham C. Moody Lodge, was organized October 14, 1892, and now has a
total membership of 389. Its officers include: H. E. CogsweU, chanceUor com-

LODGES IN ESSEX COUNTY 87»
mander; Charles Whitehead, -vice-chancellor; Joseph Stewart, prelate; Frank E.
Bishop, master of work; Le-wis P. Grant, keeper of records and seals; Charles A.
Leamed, master of exchequer.
Palestine Lodge, No. 26, HaverhUl, was organized Maxch 3, 1870. Its first
officers were as follows : V. P. Thomas, A. Northcross, A. J. Gilman, John M. Lunt,
A. S. Noyes, WUUam B. Stone. Present membership is 632. Present officers are:
Charles E. Bickum, chancellor commander; Charles R. Dunn, -vice-chancellor; Wil
Uam C. Schluker, prelate; WUliam E. Austin, keeper of records and seals; Walter
A. Noyes, master at arms. There are two ladies' auxiUaries to these lodges in
HaverhUl — Whittier and Rathbone Sisters. Of the original charter membership
here in the K. ofl P. lodge, only two sur-vive — Samuel S. CorUss and James A. Mc
lntire. Peabody Lodge, No. 96, was organized April 29, 1892. The present elective
officers are: H. K. E. MUlbury, chancellor commander; Edward F. Larrabee, -vice-
commander; Harold D. Thomas, keeper of records and seals; Jonathan S. Bro-wn,
master of finance; H. P. Luekee, master of exchequer; T. Fred Young, prelate.
Phintias Lodge, No. 65, Amesbury, was organized October 23, 1874. It now
has a membership of 203. Present officers include: David L. Courier, chancellor
commander; Joseph H. Gale, prelate; Willard L. Blanchard, master of work; J.
Homer McQuilUan, keeper of records and seals.
Paul Revere Lodge, No. 156, Lynn, was organized April 20, 1904, and now has a
membership of 348. The 1921 officers are: E. L. Dunbar, chanceUor commander;
WiUiam J. Gosse, -vice-commander; J. John Hooker, prelate; Everett E. Lang, mas
ter of work; Henry S. Brown, keeper of records and seals; O. R. Dushuttle, master
of finance; Bertie E. Ham, master of exchequer.
Rowley Lodge, No. 34, at Rowley, was organized November 27, 1920, and now
has a membership of seventy. The present officers are C. F. Haley, Francis D.
Peabody, Irving P. Johnson, Jesse W. Chase, Elmer H. Brown, keeper of records and
seals. Sampson Lodge, No. 21, Lynn, was organized May 6, 1920, and now has a mem
bership of 134. Its present officers include M. GUburg, chancellor commander; A.
J. Selloway, vice-commander; Benjamin Hershburg, prelate; D. Zamchleck, master
of work; L. J. Goldman, master of finance; Samuel Zamchleck, master of ex
chequer. Saugus Lodge, No. 94, at Saugus, was organized Febmary 15, 1892, and now
has a membership of 186. The present officers include, Joseph Gunnison, chancel
lor commander; Morley Marsh, vice-commander; Fred Pilz, prelate; Harry H.
Watson, master of work; J. G. Holmes, keeper of records and seals.
Starr King Lodge, No. 81, Essex, was organized May 13, 1890, and now has a
membership of 216. Its 1921 officers are: Frank O. Riggs, chancellor commander;
EUas Jenkins, vice-commander; Edward F. Merars, prelate; Daniel B. Riggs,
master of work; Fred W. Andrews, keeper of records and seals.
Syracuse Lodge, No. 30, Ipswich, was organized November 1, 1888, with forty-
five charter members. The first officers included: ChanceUor-Commander, James.
Graffun; vice-commander, George Beaucroft; prelate, Emest Reed; keeper of rec
ords and seals, W. B. Richards; master of finance, Edward HaskeU; master of
exchequer, W. H. RusseU; master at arms, George Schofield. The present mem
bership is 171. This order leases a hall from the Red Men's Order on Central
street. It also has an auxUiary, Pythian Sisters' Temple No. 64. The present
officers are: ChanceUor-Commander, Thomas Horsman; vice-commander, George
W. Bro-wn; prelate, Alton Langmaid; master of exchequer, W. H. Goditt; master
of finance, E. B. Bambford; keeper of records and seals, V. E. Ruse; master at
arms, Arthur W. Manzers.
Peter Woodland Lodge, No. 72, Lynn, organized March 28, 1889, has now a.

«80

ESSEX COUNTY

membership of 741. Its present officers include: Robie S. Brown, chanceUor-
<ommander; George B. Shields, vice-commander; George W. Truesdale, prelate;
Emest B. Frye, keeper of records and seals; Charles W. WUson, master of ex
chequer. Besides Pythian lodges above named, there are lodges at the follow
ing points: Grecian Lodge, No. 154, at HaverhUl, instituted May 25,
1903, has a membership of 281 ; North Star Lodge No. 38, at Salem, in
stituted AprU 14, 1870, has 132 members; General Cogswell Lodge No.
122, instituted September 6, 1895, and Uniform Rank No. 39, organized
May 22, 1902. The order also has lodges at Essex, Andover, Danvers,
Jlethuen, Ips'wich and Marblehead.

CHAPTER XLIX.
WITCHCRAFT IN ESSEX COUNTY
No history of Essex county, whatever limitations might enter into
plans as to choice and treatment of topics, could hardly be regarded as
rounding out a measure of completeness were there failure to dwell upon
the ¦witchcraft delusion. We need not dilate upon the voluminous pro
portions to which discussion of this subject has contributed. It has pro-
¦vided material in abundance for the commentator, the historian, the
author and the student. In this opening year of the second decade of
the twentieth century, Salem is yet the Mecca of tourists from all sec
tions of the Union, and even from European countries, to whom the story
of the witchcraft craze and the relics preserved in that city are at once a
lure and a study. And right at this point we should like to advert to a
blunder on the part of many travelers and writers, who persist, contrary
to all truth, in the statement that witches were bumed at the stake in
Salem. Some of this perversion is due to ignorance, some to forgetful
ness, but in greater part among certain correspondents to doAvnright care
lessness. However, oft-told the story of the witchcraft delusion, ¦with
its terrible accompaniments, in Essex county, the scope of this "Muni
cipal History of Essex County" demanded that at the least there should
be that succinct recital, in association with a careful weighing of all the
factors involved, which would enable readers properly to inform them
selves, if not to refresh their memories. The following story, fully
answering to these standards, is from the pen of Mr. Winfield S. Ne-vins
of Salem: "Salem Witchcraft" was a unique and interesting episode in the his
tory of the settlement of New England.* Witchcraft had raged in
such differing countries as England and Spain. It had been a recognized
crime in Great Britain many generations before the people of this country
began to settle America. It was nearly three-quarters of a century after
the" settlement was begun in eamest at Plymouth (1620) and at Salem
(1626), that the outbreak occurred in Salem VUlage. There had been
sporadic cases, here and there, previously, it is true, but nothing serious.
The early cases on this side of the water were not in Salem, nor
very near it. Hutchinson, the historian, says there were several cases in
Springfield in 1645, but our information on that point is uncertain and
unsatisfactory. In 1651, Mary Parsons, wife of Hugh Parsons, was
charged with witchcraft, tried before the General Court, and acquitted.
Subsequently she was convicted of murdering her own child, and sen-

*In this article I make no claim to originality of material. That was
exhausted. years ago by the many writers upon this subject. I have drawn, to con
siderable extent from my own works upon it more particularly "Witchcraft in
Salem VUlage," 1892 and "The North Shore," in 1891.— W. S. N.

Essex — 56

882 ESSEX COUNTY
tenced to be hanged. Whether sentence was executed, the records do
not disclose. There were witchcraft charges in 1652 against John Brad
street of Rowley; in 1655, against Ann Hibbins, of Boston; in 1659,
against John Godfrey, of Essex county; in 1662, against Ann Cole, of
Hartford, and a Greensmith woman; in 1671, against Elizabeth Knapp,
of Groton, Massachusetts; in 1688, against Mary Glover, of Boston, a
laundress in the house of John Goodwin, and who was convicted and
executed. Of these cases, Bradstreet was convicted of telling a lie, and
was fined twenty shUlings, "or else to be whipped." Ann Hibbins was
convicted and hanged. There is no record that Godfrey was ever tried
for witchcraft. Ann Cole, of Hartford, and the Greensmith woman, were
executed. Mrs. Greensmith's husband was condemned, but not hanged.
The first Essex county ¦vdtchcraft case was that of WUliam Morse,
of Newbury, in 1679, still far from Salem. In this connection it is inter
esting to note that not a case of ¦witchcraft ever occurred among the
Plymouth colonists or their descendants. Yet, in Salem, comers from the
same English race, the same English soil, the same English govermnent,
prosecuted if not persecuted their most worthy and honored citizens for
witchcraft. They hanged nineteen of them after elaborate and painstak
ing examinations and trials, and pressed Giles Corey to death in a vain
effort to wring a confession from him.
Let it be understood at the very outset of this story, that these
twenty people in Essex county in 1692 were arrested on warrants issued
in the usual way by the magistrates, that these cases were heard by a
grand jury and indictments found as in all other cases, and, finally, the
testimony was presented to a jury of trials presided over by six of the
wisest and most discreet men in the colony. Many were found guilty,
some pleaded guUty, and others were discharged. These men and
women were tried under laws which had been in operation in Great
Britain for generations, and which remained on the statute books for a
full generation after having been discarded on this side of the Atlantic.
Many complaints were made by chUdren, it is true, but the majority
were from fully-grown people — God-fearing, high-minded men and
women. Why this unusual outbreak in Essex county, and more particu
larly in and about Salem, no one can explain satisfactorily. Efforts have
been made to convey the impression that it was due to family feuds, and
at one time that was quite generally believed ; but the historic facts do
not sustain the charge. That the people were intelligent, fairminded and
discriminating, is manifested by their final refusal to convict on the same
sort of evidence that had been effective at first, which refusal resulted
ultimately in the death of belief in witchcraft as a crime, not alone in
this country, but in the world, although it was many years before England
repealed its witchcraft laws. Essex county men in Essex county courts
struck the deathblow to witchcraft in all the worid. All honor to them.
How we would like to know what they were thinking and saying during
that last court session when they refused to convict!

WITCHCRAFT IN ESSEX COUNTY 883
The first execution for witchcraft on this continent was in Charles-
to^wn, Massachusetts, in 1648, when Margaret Jones was hanged. Her
offense appears to have been like that of Rebekah, the Jewess, in Scott's
story of "Ivanhoe," — practicing "uregular." Ann Hibbins, of Boston,
was found guilty of witchcraft in 1655, but the court would not receive
the verdict. She was then tried before the General Court and convicted.
Governor John Endicott sentenced her to be hanged, and hanged she was.
There had been rumors of witchcraft practices during the winter of
1692 in the household of Rev. Samuel Parris, pastor of the church at
Salem VUlage, located iii what is now Danvers. Parris had in his house
hold a West Indian servant named Tituba, and a daughter and niece, aged
respectively nine nd eleven. It is thought that Tituba practiced some
Indian tricks and incantations for the amusement of the chUdren and
others during the winter. Gradually stories of these performances
spread abroad. Dr. Gibbs said the girls were be^witched. Mr. Parris
called a meeting of neighboring ministers to investigate and they said it
was witchcraft. The chUdren told the ministers that Tituba bewitched
them, and they also named Sarah Goode and Sarah Osbome. These
women were old, the former melancholy, and the latter bed-ridden. How
ever, complaint was lodged against them in Febraary, 1692, and on the
29th of that month warrants were issued for their arrest by Magistrates
Jonathan Corwin and John Hathome. The examinations were begun
on March 1st in the Salem Village Meeting House. Sarah Goode was the
first to be examined. She was the wife of Williarn Goode, a "laborer,"
about seventy years of age and not of good repute. I give here in full
the indictment found against Goode by the grand jury. Most of the
subsequent ones were substantially the same:
The jurors for our sovereign Lord and Lady, the King and Queen, present
that Sarah Goode, wife of WUUam Goode of Salem Village, husbandman, the second
day of May in the fourth year of the reign of our sovereign Lord and Lady, WUUam
and Mary, by the grace of God, of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, King and
Queen, defenders of the faith, etc., and divers other faiths and times, as weU before
as after, certain detestable acts called witchcraft and sorceries, -wickedly and feloni
ously hath used, practiced and exercised at and iwithin the township of
Salem within the county of Essex aforesaid, in, upon and against one Sarah
Vibber, wife of John Vibber, of Salem aforesaid, husbandman, by which said wicked
acts she, said Sarah Vibber, the second of May in the fourth year above aforesaid
and divers other days and times as well before as after, was and is afflicted, pained,
consumed, wasted and tormented, and also for sundry other acts of witchcraft by
said Sarah Goode committed and done, before and since that time, against the peace
of our sovereign Lord and Lady, the King and Queen, their crown and dignity and
against the forme of the statute in this case made and provided.
Dorcas Goode, five years of age, was a witness in this case against
her o-vm mother. She said that her mother "had three birds — one black,
one yellow, and these birds hurt the chUdren and afflicted persons." The
color of the other bird is not mentioned. Dorcas herself was later
charged with bewitching Mary Walcott and Ann Putnam. Sarah Goode

884 ESSEX COUNTY,
was convicted, and executed on July 19. At the execution Rev. Mr. Noyes
told her she was a witch, to which she replied, "You are a Uar!" Sarah
Osbom was sixty years of age, and Osborn was her third husband. She
died in jail in Boston whUe awaiting trial.
Martha Corey was arrested soon after Goode and Osbom were. She
was a woman of intelligence and judgment for those days ; she did not
believe in witchcraft, and talked against it, and she urged her husband,
GUes to keep away from the examination, but he did not heed her advice
and soon found himself in the meshes of the law.
During the trial of Sarah Goode, a witness by name of Hobbs cried
out that Goode had stabbed her and had broken the knife blade in doing
it. On examination the point of the blade was found in her clothes, to
the great consternation of the court iand the spectators. Then a young
man in court said that that was the point of a knife which he had broken
off the pre^sdous day and thrown away.
After the trial of Bridget Bishop, the court asked advice of the min
isters. The answer, written by Cotton Mather, was a calm, judicious
document. It urged "a very critical and exquisite caution." That "all
proceedings be managed with an exceeding tenderness toward those who
may be complained of, especially tf they had been persons formerly of un
blemished reputation." The ministers decidedly cautioned against con-
¦viction on spectre evidence alone. Nevertheless, they urged prosecution
of all who had rendered themselves obnoxious according to the laws of
God and man.
GUes Corey was pressed to death for refusing to plead to a charge
Of witchcraft, in accordance with an ancient English law. This was the
first and only case of the kind in New England as far as it isi known.
The reason for the refusal is supposed to have been to avoid forfeiture
of his property and attaint of his family if he were found guilty. It
was a horrible punishment. The victim was laid on his back and a heavy
weight placed on his chest, so that he died after a long time and in great
agony. Only the stoutest heart could possibly endure the ordeal, and
Corey begged for "more weight," that the end might be hastened.
Bridget Bishop was the first actual victim of the frenzy, although
she was not the first one arrested. As we have seen, Sarah Goode was the
first person accused and was arrested on February 29, but she was not
executed until July 19. Bishop was arrested AprU 19, and hanged June
10, being the only person executed on that day. She had been arrested
and tried on a witchcraft charge in 1680, and found not guilty. Samuel
Gray, her accuser on this occasion, long after, on his deathbed, expressed
his regret and admitted that his complaint had been wholly groundless.
The Bishops did not bear a good reputation. They had been before the
courts previous to 1692 on various complaints. Bishop was Bridget's
third husband ; he himself married again nine months after her execution.
We have on the court files in the office of the clerk of courts in

WITCHCRAFT IN ESSEX COUNTY 885
Salem the original warrant issued for Bridget's execution, together with
the sheriff's return that he had obeyed the command of the court. As
this is the only case in which the warrant was preserved ,it is reproduced
here in full, verbatim. The others were undoubtedly couched in the same
terms. The words in brackets were written in and then crossed out, the
sheriff evidently concluding that "burial" was not enjoined in the war
rant and not required in the retum.
To George Corwin gentm. High Sheriff of the county of Essex greeting:
Wheras Bridget Bishop, ais Oliver, the wife of Edward Bishop of Salem in
the county of Essex, sawyer, at a special court of Oyer and Terminer held at
Salem the second day of this instant month of June, for the countyes of Essex,
Middlesex and Suffolk, before WUUam Stoughton, Esq. and his associate justices
of the said court was in dieted and arraigned upon five several indictments for using,
practicing and exercising on the 19th day of AprU last past and divers other days
and times before and after certain acts of witchcraft on and upon the bodyes of
Abigail WUUams, Ann Putnam junr,, Mercy Lewis, May Walcott and Ehzabeth
Hubbard of Salem VUlage, single women whereby their bodyes were hurt, afflicted,
pained, consumed, wasted and tormented contray to the form of the statute in that
case made and provided.
To which endictment the said Bridget Bishop pleaded not guilty and for tryal
thereof put herself upon God and her country whereupon she was found guilty of
felonyes and witchcraft whereof she stood indicted and sentence of death accord
ingly passed agt her as the law directs. Execution whereoff yet remains to be
done. These are therefore in the name of their maj (es) ties William and Mary
now King and Queen over England etc., to ¦will and command you that upon Friday
next being the 10th dy of this instant month of June, between the hours of 8 and
12 in the aforenoon of the same day you safely conduct the sd Bridget Bishop ais
Oliver from their majties goal in Salem aforesaid to the place of execution and there
cause her to be hanged by the neck until she be dead and of your doings herein
make return to the clerke of the sd court and precept, and hereof you are not to
faile at your perial and this shall be your sufficient warrant given under my hand
and seal at Boston the Sth dy of June in the fourth year of the reign of our
so^virgne Lord and Lady William and Mary now King and Queen over England
etc, annog^r dom 1692. WILLIAM STOUGHTON.
According to the ¦within ¦written precept I have taken the body of the ¦within
named Bridget Bishop out of their majesties goal in Salem and safely conveyed
her to the place provided for her execution and caused ye sd Bridgett to be hanged
by the neck untill she was dead [and buried in the place] all which was according
to the time within required and so I make retum by me,
GEORGE CORWIN, Sheriff.
Rev. George Burroughs was a noted victim of the frenzy. He had
been pastor of the Salem VUlage church from November, 1680, to some
time in 1683, when he Avithdrew and went to Portland, where he had pre
viously preached. He was a Harvard graduate. When he terminated
his pastorate in Danvers, the parish owed hira some money on his salary,
and he lacked funds wherewith to pay the funeral expenses of his wife,
who had jusf died. When arrested on the witchcraft warrant, he was
living and preaching in Wells, Maine. The testunony against Burroughs

886 ESSEX COUNTY
was given by the same group of young gu-ls that had testified against the
other accused persons. There was also much testimony as to his physi
cal strength. Samuel Webber told how he had seen Burroughs put his
fingers in the bung of a barrel of molasses and lift it. H^ was found
guUty, and executed on August 19, this occasion being memorable for the
attendance of ministers, among them being Cotton Mather, Rev. Mr.
Noyes, Rev. Mr. Hale, Rev. Mr. Cheever, Rev. Mr. Sims. Robert Calef
tells us that when Burroughs' body was cut down, it was denuded of
most of its clothing, and dragged to a hole, or a grave and put in, with
one of his hands and an arm sticking out.
Rebecca Nurse, wife of Francis Nurse, was one of the most inter
esting figures in this history. She was seventy-one years of age in 1692,
when arrested on March 23. The complainants were Thomas and Ed
ward Putnam, who had made complaint against Sarah Goode. Four in
dictments were found against her for bewitching Arm Putnam, Elizabeth
Hubbard, Mary Walcott and AbigaU Williams. A verdict of "not guUty"
was retumed June 28, whereupon the accused were taken in violent fits,
rolling and tumbling about. The judge sent the jurors out again. StiU
they could not agree, and retumed to court seeking further explanations
by the accused, but she made no answer, and the jury retumed a verdict
of "guUty." The accused woman, on being informed later that her
sUence had been constmed as a confession, explained that by reason of
old age and deafness she had not understood. She was sentenced to be
hanged. The govemor granted a reprieve, but she was excommunicated
from the church — ^the First Church of Salem. Then the accusers re
newed their' charges, and the govemor recalled the reprieve, and July 19
the venerable woman was hanged on the sununit of Witch Hill. The
house in which the Nurses lived in 1692 is still standing in Danvers
Centre, and is owned by the Rebecca Nurse Association. She is rep^
resented to have been a most exemplary woman, and she was the mother
of eight children.
The Jacobs family received harsh treatment at the hands of the
authorities and their neighbors. George, senior, seventy years of age,
George, Jr., and his wife Rebecca and daughter Margaret, were all ac
cused. The old man and the young Margaret were arrested first. May
10. Young Jacobs and his wife were summoned four days' later. When
the constable took Rebecca away, four young chUdren followed some
distance, but finally the neighbors took them in. Her husband escaped.
tJeorge, Sr., was tried, found guUty, and hanged on August 19. Rebecca
was broughfto trial in January, 1693, and acquitted. Margaret con
fessed to being a witch, and testified against her grandfather. Later, she
retracted these confessions and eventually was released.
Other victims were John Willard, of Salem Farms ; arrested May
17, tried in August, and hanged on August 19. Martha Carrier, of An
dover, arrested May 28, examined on the 31st, tried and executed August

WITCHCRAFT IN ESSEX COUNTY 887
19. She was forty years of age, and was the mother of a large famUy,
four of her chUdren being taken into custody with her. Sarah Carrier,
aged eight years, confessed herself a witch and testified against her
mother. Elizabeth How, wife of John How of Topsfield, was arrested
May 29 and examined the 31st. She was tried and hanged in July. Her
husband was blind, and was left with two young motherless daughters.
Sussmna Martin, of Amesbury, arrested on May 2, was tried in the
higher court in July, and executed on the 19th. She had been tried for
witchcraft in 1669.
Mary Easty, wife of Isaac Easty, of Topsfield, lived on what is now
known as the Pierce farm. She was fifty-eight years of age. Arrested
on April 22, she was examined and committed. May 18, but was dis
charged and rearrested on the 21st, tried before the higher court in Sep
tember, and hanged on the 22d of that month; Sarah Cloyes, convicted
and sentenced with her, was never executed. Alice Parker of Salem,
WUmot Reed of Marblehead, Margart Scott of Rowley, Mary Parker of
Andover, and Ann Pudeator of Salem, were tried in September, and ex
ecuted on the 22d'. The warrant for Mary Parker's arrest was not issued
until September 1st.
Sarah WUdes of Topsfield, wife of John WUdes, was arrested April
22, tried June 29, and hanged July 19. Samuel Wardwell, of Andover,
was examined September 1, and denied being a witch. On the 13th he
made a confession, and his wife and daughter testified against hun to
save their own lives. Wardwell then retracted his confession, was con
victed, sentenced, and on September 22, hanged.
The court took a recess until November 2. Nineteen persons had
been convicted and hanged; Sarah Osbom and Ann Foster had been
convicted, but died in prison. And GUes Corey had been pressed to
death. A law having been passed creating new courts, the commissioner
of oyer and terminer ceased to exist, and most of the judges were ap
pointed to the new court. Trials were resumed in Salem the following
January. Fifty indictments for witchcraft were found, twenty odd of
them tried, and Mary Post of Rowley, Elizabeth Johnson and Sarah
Wardwell of Andover convicted ; they were never executed. Trials con
tinued some months, the last at Ipswich in May, but no more convic
tions could be secured.
The following is a list of persons under suspicion of witchcraft:
Executed, June 10, Bridget Bishop ; July 19, Sarah Goode, Sarah WUdes,
Elizabeth How, Susanna Martin and Rebecca Nurse; August 19, George
Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacobs, Sr., John Willard and Martha
Carrier; September 22, Martha Corey, Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Ann
Pudeator, Margaret Scott, Wilmott Reed, Samuel Wardwell and Mary
Parker; September 19, GUes Corey pressed to death. Condemned, but
not executed: At the third session of the court in August, Elizabeth
Proctor; the fourth session, Dorcas Hoar; fifth session, AbigaU Faulk-

888 ESSEX COUNTY
ner, Rebecca Eames, Mary Lacey, Ann Foster, and Abigail Hobbs ; at the
January session of the new court in 1693, Mary Post, Sarah WardweU
and Elizabeth Johnson. Below will be found a partial list of persons
accused, whether convicted or not:
Andover — Nehemiah Abbott, Sarah Bridges, Abigail Barker, WUliam Barker,
WUliam Barker, Jr., Mary, Barker, John Bradstreet, Mrs. Ebenezer Baker, William
Barry, Martha Carrier, Richard Carrier, Sarah Dane, Deliverance Dane, Mrs. Nathan
Dane, Abigail Faulkner, Ann Foster, Eunice Frye,  Harrington, Stephen John
son, John Saundry, Mary Lacey, Mary Marston, Mary Osgood, Mary Parker, Han
nah Tyler, Martha Tyler, Joanna Tyler, Hope Tyler, Samuel WardweU, Sarah WU
son, Sarah Wilson, Jr., Mary WardweU.. Amesbury — Susanna Martin. Beverly —
Dorcas Hoar, Rebecca Johnson, Sarah Merrill, Sarah Morey, Susanna Roote, Sarah
Riste, Job Turkey and John Wright. Boxford — Rebecca Eames and Robert Eames.
Boston — John Alden and John Flood. Billerica — Goodman Abbot, M. Andrews,
Mary Toothaker, Jasen Toothaker, Roger Toothaker. Chelmsford — Martha Sparks.
Charlesto-wn — Elizabeth Carey, Ehzabeth Payne. Gloucester — Mary Coffin, Ann
Dolliver, Martha Prince and Abigail Somes. Haverhill — Mary Green, Mrs. Frances
Hutchinson. Lynn — Sarah Bassett, Sarah Cole, Mary Derick, Mary Derrill, Thomas
Farrer, Elizabeth Hart, Mary Ireson and Mary Rich. Maiden — EUzabeth Fosdick.
Marblehead — Wilmot Reed. Reading — Elizabeth Couslon, Sarah Dustin, Lydia
Dustin and Sarah Rice. Rowley — Mary Post, and Margaret Scott. Salem — Candy
(an Indian slave), Phillip English, Mary English, Thomas Hardy, AUce Parker,
Sarah Pease, Ann Pudeator, Mary de Riels and Mrs. White. Salem Village and
Farms — Daniel Andrews, Edward Bishop, Bridget Bishop, Sarah Bishop, Mary
Black, John Buckston, Sarah Bibber, Sarah Buckley, Sarah Cloyse, Martha Corey,
GUes Corey, Sarah Goode, Dorothy Goode, John Indian, George Jacobs, Sr., George
Jacobs, Jr., Margaret Jacobs, Martha Jacobs, Rebecca Jacobs, Rebecca Nurse, John
Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor, Benjamin Proctor, WilUam Proctor, Tituba, Mary
Warren, Mary Whittridge and John Willard. SaUsbury — ^Mary P. Bradbury. Tops-
field — Nehemiah Abbott, Jr., Maiy Easty, Abigail Hobbs, DeUverance Hobbs, Eliz
abeth How, James How, and Sarah Wildes. Wells, Maine — George Burroughs.
Walbum — Bertha Carter. Residence unkno^wn — Rachel CUnton, Sarah Osbum, and
Ann Foster were con^victed and sentenced but died in prison.
The judges who presided at these trials before jurors were especially
appointed as a commission of Oyer and Terminer, owing to the crowded
condition of the jaUs. They were at first, William Stoughton of Boston,
Nathaniel Saltonstall of HaverhUl, Major Bartholomew Godroy, John
Hathome and Jonathan Cor'win of Salem, (the two last named having
issued most of the warrants for arrest) ; Major John Richards, Wait
Winthrop, Peter Sargent and Samuel Small of Boston. Saltonstall sat
with the court but a short time and then resigned, "because he was very
much dissatisfied with the proceedings of it." Stoughton presided as
chief -justice. Preliminary examinations for the purpose of issuing war
rants for the arrest of accused persons were held in the two churches in
Salem and Salem VUlage, in the residence of the miruster in Salem Vil
lage, in IngersoU's Tavem at the village, and Beadle's Tavem in Salem.
Most of the final trials before juries were held in the court house on what
is now Washington street, Salem, opposite the Masonic Temple. Some
persons are thought to have been tried in the church.

WITCHCRAFT IN ESSEX COUNTY 889?
After conviction and sentence, the victims were taken to the top of
Gallows Hill and hanged, presumably from limbs of trees. This is the
universal tradition, and we know that hangings in the early days took
place on the highest elevation of land. John Adams has left a record of
a visit in 1766 to Witchcraft Hill. This would be while persons were
living who might well have witnessed some of the executions. He could
not have made any mistake. A modem and lower elevation has been
suggested, but Adams could not have seen Salem Village from there, and
he tells us that he saw that settlement from the hill he visited.
The prominent and influential part taken by children in these trials
is a striking feature. The original accusers were children, and children
had a leading part in nearly every case. But for their activity, it is doubt
ful whether as many convictions would have been secured. Arm Putnam
testified in nineteen cases; Elizabeth Hubbard in twenty; Mary Walcott
in sixteen; Mary Warren in twelve; Mercy Lewis in ten; Abigail Wil
liams, Susan Sheldon and Elizabeth Booth, eight, and little Dorcas Good,
oiUy five years of age, was allowed to tell her story or the story who
some one may have manufactured for her.
Substantially everyone who had to do with these prosecutions sub
sequently admitted the error of his way — the judges of the court, the
jurors, the ministers. The General Court revoked the attaint and re
imbursed the individuals then living, or their descendants. Witchcraft
was certainly repudiated by the Massachusetts Bay, Colony. Sometime
in the future, when narrowness shall have disappeared from' certain of
the present generation of Salemites, a monument will be erected on Gal
lows HUl, which •will proclaun to all the world that these men and women
of 1692 by their moral courage "struck the death blow" to witchcraft
throughout the world right here in Salem, when they refused to confess
themselves -witches in order to save themselves from an ignominuous-.
death.

CHAPTER L.
UNITED SHOE MACHINERY CO.
Pioneers as they were in the production of footwear in America, the
citizens of Essex county have never in the centuries which have elapsed
since Thomas Beard and Isaac Rickman first made shoes in Salem lost or
in any way receded from the leadership established on so sure a founda
tion by Kirtland, Dagyr and those who followed them. Essex county has
continued through all the succeeding years to produce more footwear than
any section of simUar size in the world, and shoes made in Lynn, Haver
hUl and Newburyport are well and favorably known wherever shoes are
worn. This long' maintenance of leadership is the more remarkable when
consideration is given to the great changes in the methods of manufac
ture, which began about the year 1860, and which were so largely con
summated in the shoemaking centers of Essex county. No other indus
trial revolution transcends in importance that of shoemaking, which
had since the days of the pjrramids remained in the strictest sense a pure
hand craft, was transformed in a few short years into a highly-organized
industry, in which machinery had a most important part.
It was •with this great change that the history of Essex county is
most intimately entwined; for while the conception of machinery to be
used in the making of shoes was old and had been attempted in Europe,
it had invariably died in infancy, those responsible for it apparently
lacking the organizing ability or vision to overcome the deep prejudices
which had been engendered in succeeding generations of shoemakers.
When Elias Howe of Cambridge, who had labored so diligently and
under such adverse circumstances, gave to the world the first sewing
machine to gain a foothold in industry, his success set up a train of
thought in the minds of New England shoemakers and inventors which
was to go on and on, untU there remained no operation in the making
of a pair of shoes which could not be better performed by the use of
machinery than by hand. When it is understood that it is perfectly pos
sible that there should be in the making of a high-grade woman's shoe
as many as 210 distinct factory operations, 174 of which may be per
formed by machine and 155 may be performed on different machines, the
proportion of the change which has taken place may be better compre
hended. The evolution of the shoemaking industry in Essex county may be
divided into six defined epochs : Fu-st, the period in which shoes were
made by craftsmen imported from the old country for that purpose. Sec
ond, when the Colonists undertook to make their own footwear. Third,
the establishment of the guild or trade apprenticeship system. Fourth,
the division of work and the beginning of a factory system. Fifth, the

892 ESSEX COUNTY
coming of machinery and shoe factory organization. Sixth, the organi
zation of machinery.
In the first period the Colonists, who had arrived in a new and
strange country, were so busy overcoming the forest and the manifold
problems that beset their daUy existence that they stUl relied on the.
means of supply to which they had been accustomed in the cormnunities
in which they had previously resided. For a period the requirement
of the Colonists for those articles, which were the product of trained
craftsmen, were supplied by importation. The long voyage and the un
certainties of transatlantic travel made it quickly apparent that the pro
duction of apparel, agricultural implements and other essentials should
be undertaken in the newly-established colony.
To that end there came to these shores and to Essex county crafts
men who had been engaged by the Massachusetts Bay Company to take
care of the requirements of the Colonists. Among the first of those who
came under the conditions as described were Thomas Beard and his assist
ant, Isaac Rickman, who were assigned by the Governors of the Com
pany to Salem, and were the first shoemakers of record in this country.
They were soon followed by Philip Kertland, who settled in Lynn in
1735, and was the pioneer shoemaker of Lynn, or "The Third Plantation,"
as it was kno^wn. These craftsmen were eagerly welcomed, for appar
ently in each instance tracts of land were given them and other provision
made for their comfort.
The aggressive spirit of the pioneers ever urged them on into new
places, and new opportunities in the wonderful and strange land to which
they had come soon divorced them from the centers where supplies were
at hand, and which could be visited only at long separated periods, and
then only as necessity required. This conditiori forced the PUgrims to
these shores to become self-sustaining, and forced them to cultivate those
traits which made for self-reliance and that ingenuity which has ever
characterized the Yankee.
This condition brought about the second period in whichi the pro
duction of most of those articles, including clothing and shoes, which had
previously been obtained from the trained craftsmen, became a matter of
household concem. The skins or hides which came to hand either as the
result of the hunt or the slaughter of domestic animals were crudely tan
ned or tawed into leather, which was afterwards fashioned into clothing
and shoes. Strange indeed must have been the product of any of the early
ecorts in this direction on the part of the pioneers, but compelling neces
sity developed faculties unsuspected, and in a surprisingly short tune
boots and shoes were being fashioned in a manner which from a prac
tical standpoint served the makers better than those obtainable from the
town cordwainers or shoemakers. True, they lacked the elegance of
design and finish which distinguished the handiwork of the trained crafts-

UNITED SHOE MACHINERY CO. 893
men, whose patronage came more and more from the gentle folk of the
cities and towns, the families of the successful merchants who so quickly
followed the pioneer adventurers in the new world.
The requirements of the new country in many sections rapidly out
grew the means of supply, and the farmer-shoemaker of Essex county
soon found that footwear of the type he could fashion was in demand, par
ticularly among plantation owners of the South, where the economic prob
lem presented by the footsore slave and the loss of service which this
condition entaUed had been solved by the shoes produced by the farmers
of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was soon found that the long
winter evenings could be profitably employed in making boots and shoes.
Every member of the famUy found a place in this employment. The
women bound or sewed the different pieces for the upper; the children
pricked the holes for stitching, whittled pegs or performed other light
portions of the work; whUe the men lasted, bottomed and finished the
work. Much of the material used came from the village storekeeper, who
on the retum of the completed shoe allowed credit for the various com
modities found in his stock of goods and required by the family. The
making of shoes became so important a factor in the lives of many farm
ers that little buildings were erected on many farms, in which were the
shoemaking benches and pegging jacks, together with the simple tools
used by the shoemaker of the period. These were the first of the little
"ten-footers," of which there were in after years so many in Essex
county. With the rapid increase in population and the greater demand that
naturally followed for all of those articles which required craft train
ing, there came a desire in the new generation to leam a trade as their
forebears had done before them in Europe. This desire brought the
third period, in which there was established something akin to the guild
system of Europe, iri which the young man who essayed to leam a trade
was bound to a master in a long period of apprenticeship. In the making
of shoes, as well as other trades, the period was ordinarUy seven years,
and the young man was taught all the "mysteries" of his craft. The
number of master craftsmen who had emigrated to these shores had
greatly increased at this time. Among the more famous of them was
John Adam Dagyr, a Welshman, who settled in Lynn in 1756, and who is
often alluded to as "the father of American shoemaking." He was a man
of exceptional skUl and possessed the abUity to transmit his knowledge
and skUl to others. He did much to establish even in those early days
the reputation of Lynn as a shoemaking center on a firm and enduring
foundation. With the constantly increasing importance of the trade and
the number of men who worked at it, there came a more pronounced
tendency to group, and in many instances men of thrift and organizing
abUity set themselves up as masters, employing oftentunes as many as
aix journeymen to work for them. These men, working under one roof

894 ESSEX COUNTY
and the direct supervision of their employer, were the means of bringing
about a most important change, for it soon ushered in the fourth period,
in which there began a real organization of the work. One man no longer
made a complete shoe, but performed only that portion of the work in
which he had shown the greatest proficiency.
Although it could not have been perceptible at the time, this period
marks a most important point in the evolution of boot and shoe produc
tion. Considered in the light of important events which followed, this
organization of shoe workers into teams marked the beginning of a fac
tory system, shall and crude as it was, and seems to have been an almost
providential directing of the trend of the industry toward the use of
machinery, the introduction of which was so soon to follow.
An endeavor to apply mechanical means to the production of boots
and shoes had been attempted early in the century in both France and
England, only to meet -with abject failure, due not only to the cmde na
ture of the machines, remarkable as they were at the time, but to the
bitter hostility of the workers, who thought they perceived in them an
attempt to rob them of their livelihood. This position was made potent
by the strong position and control of industries exercised by the trade
guUds of the period and the absence of orgaruzation in production or
specialization among the workers. A similar fate had met the early
efforts at machinery in Essex county. The pegging machine, invented
by Samuel Preston of Danvers, and patented in 1833, while it had been
successfully worked, was not received with any enthusiasm by the
workers and came into a limited use; while the invention by Joseph
Walker of a machine for cutting pegs emancipated the young men and
boys of the period, whose spare time had been largely consumed in the
whittling of pegs to be driven by their elders. Despite all the resistance,
there had been a persistent endeavor to make shoes by machinery, and
with the organization of the little teams in the small factories there came
the change in conditions which made it possible and brought about the
fifth period.
The first machine to be generally received in the industry was that of
a little rolling machine, which took the place of the lapstone and harmner,
which had been used by the shoemakers for so many ages. This was
soon followed by the introduction of Howe's wonderful and revolutionary
mechanism, the sewing machine. While not invented originally as a
means of sewing shoe uppers, a Lynn mechanic, John Brooks Nichols,
adapted it for the purpose of sewing or binding shoe uppers in 1851, and
thus early was the sewing machine introduced to the shoe industry. The
introduction of this machine was very rapidly accomplished, and it is said
in 1860, that there were over 5,000 se^wdng machines engaged in the sew
ing of shoe uppers in Essex county alone. These machines' were used
in sewing ladies' shoes and gaiter-boot stitching. With the successful in
troduction of this machine, it was rapidly adopted in other shoemaking

UNITED SHOE MACHINERY CO. 895
centers, and led to a division of the work at this point in which people
undertook the making of shoe uppers as a separate and distinct occupa
tion ; and there were in Lynn, HaverhUl, Newburyport and other of the
smaller* to'wos throughout Essex county, men and women who undertook
this part of the work on contract. The successful introduction of this
machine increased the boot and shoe business of Essex county threefold
between the years 1854 and 1860.
The invention and perfecting of the Howe machine marked the be
ginning of a period of great activity in connection with that class of
merchandise which had depended on sewing, and the organization of
factory gangs continued ; for in 1857, there came a machine which very
quickly made a place for itself in connection •with pegged shoes, the in
vention being that of B. F. Sturtevant — ^the New Era Pegging machine.
Immediately following came the invention of Lyman R. Blake of Abing
ton, a machine for se^wing the soles of shoes, which afterwards became
famous as the McKay se-wing machine.
The trials of Gordon McKay, who purchased the invention of Blake,
largely centered in Essex county. It was in Lynn and nearby towns that
most of his experimenting was done in cormection with the very remark
able machines which he developed. That the industry as a whole was
little prepared for the introduction of machinery, even at this time, is at
tested to by the constant obstacles which had to be overcome in nearing
the success of Mr. McKay. Even the most progressive shoe manufactur
ers of Lynn and Essex county were not disposed to allow that machinery
could possibly do the work which had for so many centuries remained a
pure-hand process, and certainly had no money to venture in such an
undertaking. Mr. McKay was therefore driven almost to the point of
abandoning his entire enterprise, as he had expended nearly all of the
fortune which was his at the time he entered in this enterprise. It is
said that he offered to sell all of his patent rights and all of the machines
he had produced to syndicated Lynn manufacturers for $250,000, the
sum that he had expended up to that time, an offer which was not ac
cepted. The great war of the rebellion brought the one incentive that was re
quired by McKay in his success — shortage in hand labor. As the shoe
makers left for the front, there came the problem of supplying the re
quirements both of the government and of the populace. Mr. McKay
was able to establish his clauns for production, and the iron sinews of
the mechanisms he had produced took the place of the large number of
Essex county shoemakers who had laid aside their awls and hammers and
taken up the rifle in defense of the Union.
McKay, however, was not able to introduce his machines until he had
advanced a most unique method of securing payment for them use. WhUe
manufacturers were willing to concede that his machines would do the
work, they stUl felt too skeptical to make large payments of money on

;896 ESSEX COUNTY
them, and McKay therefore announced a plan of participating in what
-he clauned the machine would save. To this end, there came into being a
system of little royalty stamps, which the manufacturers attached to the
shoes as they were made, the stamps having been previously sold to the
manufacturer by Mr. McKay. This system of royalty has been a most
unique and unportant one in the evolution of the shoe industry, not only
of Essex county, but of the entire world, for no other industry is estab
lished on quite so unique a basis and receives as a result of it the benefit
of a mechanical service \^hich is the natural outcome of machine manufac
turers being dependent upon the constant working of the machine to
^ain revenue for not only the shoe manufacturer, but for themselves.
This condition quickly forced itself on Mr. McKay's attention after he
had installed his first two machines in the factory of WUliam Porter &
5ons in Lynn. To meet it, he very promptly inaugurated an expert ser
vice both for keeping his machines in working condition, and also for
teaching their operation, for young men came to Lyrm from all parts of
the country for the purpose of observing the machines and their work,
and when possible to leam their operation.
Once the thick hard shell of prejudice had been broken, war-time
necessity made the introduction of machinery in many divisions of shoe
making easy. The activities of inventors in Essex county alone would
require a volume to record, even ignoring the similar efforts in other sec
tions. Most of these inventors tumed to the well-established and organ
ized factories of Essex county for trial and approval. As soon as these
-machines proved their merit, the inventors found in Mr. McKay not only
a ppssible but plausible customer; for his star had rapidly risen and
Tarightened, until he became the sun about which all the lesser planets of
the industry revolved. Those inventions which fitted into his general
scheme he purchased or brought within his control. Those which did not
he fought. The close of the Civil War found the industrial fights in shoe ma
chinery development just beginning, and they were to continue for many
years, with Essex county the site of some of their fiercest battles. Mr.
McKay's supremacy was not to go unchallenged, for inventors had ma
chines other than those advocated by him, and endeavored to find places
for them. There soon appeared powerful adversaries in the groups which
had been formed outside his influence, and the big company formed by
Charles Goodyear, which bore his name. This company had a system of
machinery for making a higher type of shoe than that attempted by Mr.
McKay, and afterward became famous as the Goodyear Welt and Tumed
shoe systems of machinery. Mr. Goodyear promptly tumed his atten
tion to the rich fields which McKay had so well cultivated. McKay's in
terests had so developed that he became the controlling factor in a mass
of corporate interests that covered almost every phase of shoemaking,
except that presented by Goodyear, and this not through lack of effort on
!his part.

UNITED SHOE MACHINERY CO. 897
¦Among those who stood outside this McKay circle were twoi citizens
of Lynn, who occupy prominent positions in the annals of the industry.
The first, Seth Dexter Tripp, was a most prolific inventor. Bom in
Rochester, Massachusetts, he early moved to Lynn, and the factory
established by him in that city was for many years considered one of the
largest shoe machinery producing plants of the country. His first effort
at invention was a pegging machine, in the forties. The fact that this
machine was not successful did not discourage him, for he afterwards
invented and introduced successful machines for rolling leather, sole
moulding, shank cutting, heel burnishing, dieing out, buffing, welt cut
ting, leather stripping, leveling, counter skiving and edge trimming. The
principles established by him as well as some of the machines made in
his'factory are in use at the present time. He died in Lynn in 1898.
The second was Jan Emest Matzeliger, a poor shoemaker, who lived
and died in poverty, but who gave to the world a rich heritage in the
machine which he conceived and built in Lynn for lasting shoes. Mat
zeliger was the son of a Holland engineer, who went to Dutch Guiana,
and there married a native woman. This son emigrated to Philadelphia,
where he leamed to operate the McKay sewing machine, and afterwards
came to Lynn.^ The introduction of machinery in the industry had not
been easily accomplished in many divisions, notably that of lasting. The
lasters had perfected a strong organization, and fought every attempt to
perform their part in shoemaking by machinery. They frequently boast
ed that whUe other parts of the shoemaking process might be performed
by machine, nobody could possibly make a machine which would satis
factorily perform the difficult work which was their part of shoemaking,
or in any way duplicate the secret skill -with which the human fingers
performed this task.
Matzeliger's conception was a machine which would as nearly as pos
sible duplicate this same secret skill which the lasters exerted with the
old-time famUiar pincers. He built from scraps of cigar boxes and metal,
a model, which attracted the attention of some Lynn merchants. En
couraged by them, he buUt another model, and finally a company was
formed to perfect and promote the sale of this machine which he had pro
duced. Matzeliger at this tune, through his privations, had contracted
tuberculosis, of which he died in 1889. The principles that he established
have remained a part of the machine, which became known as the hand-
method lasting machine; and despite the many improvements which have
been made in it, adapting it for all kinds of work, the principles upon
which it was originally buUt by Matzeliger have remained unchanged.
Matzeliger was of a fervent and religious character, and he gave to
the churches of Lynn the stock which he had acquu-ed, and which was
his only estate. This machine, in after years, had a most unportant and
interesting part in the evolution of the industry, for it attracted the at
tention of a young man who was then foreman of the stitching room in

Esaex — 67

898 ESSEX COUNTY
his father's shoe factory in Peabody — Sidney W. Winslow. Mr. Win-
slow became interested in the machine, secured expert mechaiucs to im
prove it, successfully introduced it to the trade, and ¦with this success ac
quired interests in other machines, notably the Naumkeag buffing ma
chine, which is still •widely used in the industry.
Mr. Winslow proved to be one of the great organizing geniuses of
the industry, for he rapidly brought -within control of the compaiues he
formed a constantly-increasing circle of machines and was a prominent
figure in the bitter contests which distinguished the late eighties and
early nineties. At this time there was no complete system of machinery
for the purpose of manufacturing any type of shoes. It was true that
certain machines were obtained from one concem, and shoes were either
started or completed on those of another. The conception of a system of
machinery under one control was not new. It had been even attempted
twice before: once by Mr. McKay and once by Townsend, whb was a
very well-known auctioneer of shoes in Boston; but apparently the in
dustry was not prepared for such a step.
So bitter, however, had the contests become in the late nineties that
Mr. Winslow and his associates were enabled to bring about the next
and last step in the industry — that of the organization of machinery, for
in 1899 he brought together the largest and most important concems
manufacturing machinery under one harmonious management. The new
company, important as the move seemed at the time, did not find its path
way entirely clear or an easy one ; for there were rival companies formed,
at least on paper, for the purpose of combatting its supremacy, and many
manufacturers were disposed to view with distrust the formation of so
large and powerful a control of the tools of the industry ; all this despite
the travaU through which the industry had been passing. It took many
years to allay the distrust with which this important movement was
viewed. The early efforts of Mr. Winslow were directed toward a complete
standardization of the large number of machines which had come into the
possession of the company, and a welding together of a system of ma
chinery, which brought about a grave question over the leases which he
offered in connection with such machinery, following the system which
had been established by Mr. McKay and emulated by Mr. Goodyear. Mr.
Winslow was able to satisfy the trade of his intentions in such a lease and
it was, after many meetings of manufacturers, accepted by them with
approval. Actively associated with Mr. Winslow in this great enterprise was
George W. Brown, a native of Northfield, Vermont, whose first contact
•with the shoe manufacturing industry came through his association with
the Wheeler and WUson Sewing Machine Company, of which he became
New England manager. It was in this capacity that he first met Mr.
Winslow, with whom he was after-wards so closely associated. Mr.

UNITED SHOE MACHINERY CO. 899
Brown became treasurer and general manager of the Hand Method Last
ing Machine Company, and continued in that capacity in the constantly
increasing circle of activities and enterprises of which that company was
the nucleus. When the Uruted Shoe Machinery Company was formed he
became its treasurer and general manager. Mr. Bro-wn's wide acquain
tance and standing in the industry were factors of prime importance in
the success of the corporation. Mr. Winslow died in June, 1917, but Mr.
Brown as vice-president and chairman of the finance committee has con
tinued active in the management of its affairs.
When the Uruted Shoe Machinery Company was formed, it found
itself in possession of three principal factories — one in Beverly, in which
the machines which had been first in control of Mr. Winslow were pro
duced ; one in Winchester, where the metallic f asterung and heeling ma
chine system of Mr. McKay was made, and the Goodyear plant on Albany
street in Boston. Early steps were taken to eonsolidate for the purpose
of mo?e economic production these three plants, and after a long series
of investigations, in which all of the principal cities of Massachusetts
eagerly sought the location of the contemplated factory, it was finally de
cided to buUd in Beverly, and the large plant of what is now the Uruted
Shoe Machinery Corporation was started there in 1903. It was com
pleted and occupied in 1905. It forms one of the largest manufacturing
plants in the country, and is unique inasmuch as it places in the one city
of Beverly the production of the greatest number of machines used prob
ably in any industry, and is the base of supply for the great shoe and
leather industry of the country.
The buUdings are of reinforced concrete and of a type which time
has proved to be well chosen. The original main buUdings were 560
feet long, 60 feet wide and four floors in height. This size was considered
to be ample for the possible gro-wth of the company's business, but so
rapidly did the industry develop that the buUdings were in 1910 increased
to 1120 feet in length.
The effect on the community was almost revolutionary. Beverly at
that tune had been considered almost a suburb of Salem, famed for its
beautiful water front and the large and fashionable group of summer
residences which occupied its shores, but with the opening of the works
there came within the borders of the town a large number of workers
with their dependents. The character of the city was entU-ely changed
from that of a sleepy suburb into one of the busiest and most enterprising
cities in the country.
The factories of the United Shoe Machinery Corporation are at the
present time producing some 450 different types of machiries, requumg
the use of over 100,000 different kinds of machine parts varying from a
small screw to a machine base weighing over 3000 pounds. NormaUy
over 12,000,000 of these parts are made annually, and from, the immense
room in which these parts are regularly stored there is dispensed a

900 ESSEX COUNTY
supply which reaches to every place in which the machines of the cor
poration are used. The factory is the base of the great service which
this company has established for the shoe industry, for Mr. Winslow in
his general scheme of organization brought vast improvements in the
service which Mr. McKay and Mr. Goodyear had inaugurated in connec
tion with their business. This service is dispensed through a large num
ber of offices located in the various shoe manufacturing centers of the
country, and embraces every feature that could tend to improve the con
stant and better use of the machines which the corporation supplies.
Mr. Window was far from being satisfied to allow the business to
remain fixed to the machines which he had originally purchased, and it
was an established principle with him that anybody who was worth whUe
and who had ideas that would prove valuable to the industry could find a
place with the United company. One of the largest inventive corps to
day cormected with any industry is located in the Beverly plant, and in
the process of the company's business, as testified in the suits which have
from time to time been contested with the Govemment, it was shown
that a large number of improvements have been made in machinery which
were already in existence, and also that the number of improved pro
cesses which had not been previously taken care of by machinery had
been reduced to mechanical control.

CHAPTER LI.
MISCELLANEOUS
Essex County Congressmen have been as follows:
Elbridge Gerry, Marblehead, 1st and 2d Congresses, Federalist, later
Democrat, merchant, Govemor of Massachusetts, Vice President of the
United States.
Samuel Holten, Danvers, 3d Congress, physician, President of the
Continental Congress.
Benjamin Goodhue, Salem, 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th Congresses, Whig,
United States Senator.
Samuel Sewall, Marblehead, Sth and 6th Congresses, lawyer. Chief
Justice of Supreme Court of Massachusetts.
Manasseh Cutler, Hamilton, 7th and Sth Congresses, Federalist, di
vine, Revolutionary chaplain, reputed author of the anti-slavery clause
in the Northwest ordinance, distinguished botanist.
Jacob Crowninshield, Salem, Sth, 9th and 10th Congresses, Democrat,
merchant, declined position of Secretary of the Navy offered by Presi
dent Jefferson.
Jeremiah Nelson, Newburyport, 9th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th and
22d Congresses, Federalist, merchant.
Joseph Storey, Marblehead, 10th Congress, Democrat, Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States, commentator on the Constitution.
Benjamin Pickman, Salem, 11th Congress, Federalist, lawyer, mer
chant. State Senator.
Leonard White, Haverhill, 12th Congress, Federalist, baiiker.
Timothy Pickering, Salem, 13th and 14th Congresses, Federalist,
Colonel and Quartermaster General in the Revolution, Secretary of War,
Postmaster General, Secretary of State, United States Senator.
Natharuel Silsbee, Salem, 15th and 16th Congresses, Democrat, mer
chant. United States Senator.
(jideon Barstow, Salem, 17th Congress, Democrat, State Senator.
Benjamin W. Crowninshield, Salem, 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st Con
gresses, Democrat, merchant. Secretary of the Navy.
John Varnum, HaverhUl, 19th, 20th and 21st Congresses, Federalist,
lawyer. Rufus Choate, Salem, 22d Congress, Whig, lawyer. United States
Senator, distinguished orator, famous jurist.
Stephen C. PhUlips, Salem, 23d, 24th and 25th Congresses, Whig,
later Free Soiler, merchant, lawyer. Free SoU candidate for Govemor
of Massachusetts. Caleb Cushing, Newburyport, 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th Congresses,
Whig, later Democrat, brigadier general in the Mexican War, judg^ of
the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, Attomey General of the United
States, nominated by President Grant to be Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court of the United States but.not confirmed by the Senate, United States
Minister to Spain.
Leverett Saltonstall, Salem, 25th, 26th and 27th Congresses, Whig,
lawyer, historian. State Senator.
Daniel P. King, Danvers, 28th, 29th, 30th and 31st Congresses, Whig,
farmer, lawyer. Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives,
President of the Massachusetts Senate.

902

ESSEX COUNTY

James H. Duncan, HaverhUl, 31st and 32d Congresses, Whig, la-wyer.
State Senator, r
Robert Rantoul, Beverly, 32d Congress, Democrat, la-wyer. United
States Senator, United States District Attomey, Collector of Customs at
Boston, State Senator.
Charles W. Upham, Salem, 33d Congress, Whig, author, divine. State
Senator. Tunothy Davis, Gloucester, 34th and 35th Congresses, Native Ameri
can or Knownothing, later Republican, printer, merchant.
John B. Alley, Lynn, 36th, 37th, 38th and 39th Congresses, Repub
lican, merchant. State Senator.
Benjamin F, Butler, Gloucester, 40th, 41st, 42d and 43d Congresses,
Republican, later Democrat, later Greenbacker, lawyer, major general
in the CivU War, Govemor of Massachusetts, candi^te for President on
Greenback ticket.
Charles P. Thompson, Gloucester, 44th Congress, Democrat, lawyer,
judge of Superior Court of Massachusetts, Democratic candidate for
Govemor of Massachusetts.
George 6. Loring, Salem, 45th and 46th Congresses, Republican,
physician. President of the Massachusetts Senate.
Eben F. Stone, Newburyport, 47th, 48th and 49th Congresses, Re
publican, lawyer, colonel in the CivU War.
WUliam CogsweU, Salem, 50th, 51st, 52d, 53d and 54th Congresses,
Republican, lawyer, colonel in the CivU War, brevet brigadier-general.
WiUiam H. Moody, HaverhUl, 54th, 55th, 56th and 57th Congresses,
Republican, lawyer. Secretary of the Navy, Attomey General of the
United States, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Augustus P. Gardner, Hamilton, 57th, 58th, 59th, 60th, 61st, 62d,
63d, 64th and 65th Congresses, Republican, State Senator. Republican
candidate for Govemor of Massachusetts. Served as captain in the
Spanish War, being promoted to major, and enlisted in the German War
and died in service.
WUfred W. Lufkin, Essex, 65th, 66th and 67th Congresses, Repub
lican, newspaper reporter, for ftfteen years private secretary to Congress
man Gardner, Collector of Customs, District of Massachusetts.
A. Piatt Andrew, Gloucester, 67th Congress, Republican, author,
college professor. Director United States Mint, Assistant Secretary of the
Treasury.

POPULATION OF ESSEX COUNTY— THREE
(Minor Civil Divisions).

DECADES

192Q 1910 1900
Amesbury town ....10,086 9394 9,473
Andover town  8,268 7,301 6,813
Beverly city  .22,561 18,650 13,884
Boxford town .— . 588 718 704
Danvers town  11,108 9,407 8,542
Essex town  1,478 1,621 1,663
Georgetown town.. 2,004 1,958 1,900
Gloucester city ....22,947 24,398 26,121
Groveland town .... 2,650 2,253 2,376
HamUton town .... 1,631 1,749 1,614
HaverhUl city  58,884 44,115 37,175
Ipswich tcwn  6,201 5,777 4,658
Lawrence city .....94,270 85,892 62,559

Lynn city  _ 
Lynnfield town ...
Manchester town..
Marblehead to'wn..
Merrimac town ...
Methuen city 
Middleton to'wn ...
Nahant town 
Newbury to'wn ...
Newburyport city
North Andover
to'wn  
Peabody city

1920
99,148 1,1652,466
. 7,324
. 2,173
.15,189 . 1,195
. 1,318
. 1,303
15,618
. 6,265
J[9,552

1910
89,336 911
2,6737,3382,202
11,448 1,129
1,1841,482
14,949 5,529
16,721

1900
68,513 888
2,522 7,5822,131 7,512 839
1,152 1,601
14,478 4,243
11,523

MISCELLANEOUS

903

Rockport town .... 3,878
Rowley town  1,249
Salem city  .42,529
Salisbury town  1,701
Saugus to'wn  10,874
Swampscott town 8,101
0061 0T6X 036T 1920
Beverly  22,561
Gloucester  22,947
HaverhiU  53,884
Lawrence  94,270

4,211 4,592 1920 1910 1900
1,368 1,391 Topsfield to'wn  900 1,174 1,030
43,697 35,956 Wenham town  1,090 1,010 847
1,658 1,559 West Newbury
8,047 5,084 town  1,492 1,473 1,558
6,204 4,548 
Total  _.„482,156 436,477 357,030
(Incorporated Cities)
1910 1900 1920 1910 1900
18,650 13,884 Lynn  99,148 89,336 68,513
24,398 26,121 Methuen  15,189 11,448 7,512
44,115 37475 Newburyport  15,618 14,949 14,478
85,892 62,559 Peabody  19,552 15,721 11,623
Salem   42,529 43,697 35,956

PRESIDENTIAL VOTE OF 1920

The vote given below is
on each ticket for whom the
tion in 1920: Harding Rep.
Amesbury  2,400
Andover  _... 2,708
Beverly  5,649
Boxford  177
Danvers .   2,526
Essex   425
Georgetown  515
Gloucester  4,771
Groveland  633
HamUton  486
HaverhUl  10,427
Ipswich  1,129
Lawrence  12,459
Lynn   17,520
Lynnfield  481
Manchester  797
Marblehead  2,291
Merrimac  : 733

that for the candidate for Elector-at-large
most ballots were cast at the General Elec-

Cox

Debs

Dem.

Soc.

829

155

345

21

1,333

238

20

9

672

103

95

7

117

22

945

112

164

56

105

4

2,486

984

214

7

4,354

1,004

9,372

1,781

67

11

152

6

704

68

107

37

Harding Rep.
Methuen   3,848
Middleton  322
Nahant  457
Newbury  505
Newburyport .... 3,384
North Andover 1,820
Peabody  2,851
Rockport  1,014
Rowley   323
Salem  7,718
Salisbury  438
Saugus  2,591
Swampscott  2,650
Topsfield  291
Wenham  377
West Newbury- 391

Cox
Dem. 373 47
143504
1,039 378
1,975 113 81
3,140 78
615399 24
46 74

Debs Soc. 191 7
25 8
184 47
205 36 2
489 14
170 47 1
4
21

Total  — 95,057 30,560 6,076

904 ESSEX COUNTY

ADDENDA
NEW ENGLAND LABORATORY COMPANY, LYNN, MASS.
The history of the New England Laboratory Company has been
closely associated with that of Essex county for over forty years. In the
beginning, this Compan/s efforts were confined to the making of certain
high-grade medicinal formulas for the use of physicians, hospitals and
pharmacists. Later, toUet articles and pharmaceutical preparations were
added to thei line, of which Burrill's Tooth Powder and Paste is prob
ably the best kno-wn by the general public. In the manufacture of these
preparations, great care is taken not only in the selection of materials,
many of which are imported, but extreme attention is paid to cleanliness
and the general conditions surrounding the different processes of manu
facture. It wUl no doubt be of interest to the people of Essex county to
know that these preparations manufactured in Lynn are offered for sale
in all the leading stores in the Eastem part of the United States and on
the Pacific Coast, and that the name of Lynn appearing on every package
carries the spirit of New England quality into countless homes.
The Company is a pioneer in co-operating with the dental and medi
cal professions in matter of promoting better health through the care
of the teeth, and for years have been doing educational work among the
schools and dental clinics and through newspapers, which has been of
considerable assistance in the "Better Health Movement."

INDEX

INDEX

Abbot's Academy, Andover, 687.
AbigaU {vessel), 23, 34.
Agawam, Territory kno-wn to Indians,
«4-66.
Agfiiculture and Horticulture: — in Dan
vers, 867; North Saugus, 868; Peabody.
868; HaverhUl, 869; Bradford, 869; Es
sex County Agricultural Society, 870.
Alien, WUUam, early planter, 21.
American Woolen MUls Company; plant
at Shawsheen viUage, 160-61; Pacific
MUls at Lawrence, 517-23.
Amesbury — ^Incorporated, 42; property,
52; general history, 168-186; settlers
from SaUsbury, 169; articles of agree
ment, 170; first settlers, 170; early
nulls, 170; early church history, 170;
pioneer conditions, 171; early indus
tries, 171-72; first bank, 172; first
post-office, 172; Board of Trade, 175;
industries, 175-78; Ubrary, 178-180;
home of Whittier, 180; churches, 180-
86; schools, 657-62; banks, 611-12;
physicians, 714-20; newspapers, 749-
60; nulitary history, 791-95; lodges,
871-80.
Anchor Tavem, near Lyim, flrst m
plantation, 384.
Andover — Incorporated, 42 ; property
valuation, 52; poUs, 52; general his
tory, 147-161; first minister, 148; set
tlement established, 148; early set
tlers, 148; pioneer church history,
149; Indian records, 149-50; early
miUs, 150; first ironworks, 150; other
plants, 150-52; library, 152; post-
office records, 152; town officials, 153;
report of treasurer, 153; educational,
153, «63-64; Andover, home of Har
riet Beecher Stowe, 154; churches,
155-160; North Andover, 308; An
dover, banks, 606-07; physicians, 705;
newspapers, 761; mUitary history,
809-12; lodges, 871-80. ,
Andover Theological Seminary, 688.
Aiehaelogical History, 213.
Bachilcr, Rev. Stephen, 386, 388.
Baker Free School, North Andover, 689.
Baker, John, pioneer at Charletown, 33.
Bakers Isto, 83.
Balch, John, eariy planter, 19, 21.
Banks and Banking — Amesbury, 172;
Marbldiead, 105; Savings Depositors
of Massachusetts, 695; Banks of
Salem, 596-99; I^^n, 599-604; Dan
vers, €04-05; Ipswidi, 605-06; And
over, 606-07; MarW^ead, 607-08;
Gloucester, 608-10; Saugus, 610;
Beverly, 610-11; Amesbuiy, 611-12;
Newburyport, 612-14; Lawrence, 614-

17; Peabody, 617-18; Groveland, 618;
Rockport, 618; Manchester, 619; Mer
rimac, 620; Georgetown, 620; Haver
hiU, 620-23.
Beard, Thomas, shoemaker, 34.
Beckly, AUce (see Beggerly).
Beggerly, Ahce, of Salem Plantation,
34.
Bell, Alexander Graham, inventor, 329;
Bench and Bar (see Courts and Law
yers).
Beverly — Incorporated, 42, 358; property
valuation, 52; poUs, 62; custom house,
331; general history, 357-73; early set
tlers, 357; incorporation as town, 357-
58; as city, 358; advancement, 358; li
brary, 358; mayoral succession, 358;
city o£9cials, 358; postmasters, 358-59;
show manufactunng industry, 369;
Chamber of Commerce, 359; indus
tries, 360-366; church history, 366-373;
school, 669-70; banks, 610-11; medical,
704; newspapers, 757-60; miUtary his
tory, 815-16; lodges, 871-80.
Beverly Academy, 689.
Black, Goodman, of Salem Plantation,
34.
Boston Bay, Expedition to, 27, 28.
Bowditch, Nathaniel, na-vigator, 329.
Boxford — Incorporated, 42; property val
ued, 52; poUs, 52; set off, 67; general
history, 186-190; pioneer settlers, 186;
whitecraft, 186-87; mUls, 188-89; post
offices, 189; town officials, 189; real
and personal valuation, 189; church
history, 189-90; sdiool history. 664;
physicians, 705; miUtary history, 783-
85; lodges, 871-80.
Brackenbury, Richard, at Cape Anne, 21,
25, 29, 34.
Brackenbury, WiUiam, of Charlestown,
34.
Bradford — Incorporated, 42, 67; general
history, 279-83; Indian records, 279-80;
early settlers, 280; first meeting house,
280, 282; shoe manufacturing, 281;
Bradford annexed to HaverhiU, 281-82;
population, 282; church history, 282-
83; school history, 674; lodges, 871-80.
Bradford Academy, 689-90.
Bradford, Govemor, 24.
Bradstreet, Simon, of Salem Plantation.
38.
Brand, Thomas, cleaver of timber, 34.
Breed, End, (Lynn), 384.
Bright, Rev. Francis, Charlestown colon
ist, 34.
Browne, John, and Saml., deported by
Gov. Endicott, 34.
Brude (or Brand), Thtnnas, 34.
Byfield (village), 88-92-677.

908

ESSEX COUNTY

Cabot, Sebastian, early explorer, 11.
Cape Anne Colony, 14, 16.
Carriage-making industry, 315.
Charlestown, settlement of, 33.
Chebacco (see Town of Essex), 236.
Chochica'wiek (afterwards Andover), 42,
148, 307, 833.
Church History — First ruling elder at
Salem, 35; nrst church in colony, 36;
church records — ^Amesbury, 170, 180-
86; Andover, 148, 149, 155-160; Bev
erly, 366-373; Boxford, 186-87, 189-90;
Bradford, 280, 282-83; Danvers, 198;
Essex To'wn, 239-41; Georgetown, 266-
71; Gloucester, 570, 585-93; Grove
land, 285-86; HamUton, 227; Haver
hUl, 452, 453, 454, 459, 462, 488-90;
Ips'wich, 78; La'wrence, 534-38; Lynn,
386, 394,. 395, 398, 429-50; Lynnfield,
211, 212; Manchester, 137, 143-47;
Marblehead, 104, 111-114; Merrimac,
315, 316-18; Methuen, 320-23; Middle-
ton, 191, 194; Nahant, 306; Newbury,
87, 89; Newburyport, 539, 546-51;
North Andover, 310, 312-13; Peabody,
556-57, 664-66; Rockport, 275-79;
Rowley, 95-97; Salem, 35, 342-56;
Salisbury, 115, 118-120; Saugus, 60-62;
Topsfield, 167-68; Wenham, 126-29;
West Newbury, 228, 229, 231.
City Officials (see PubUc Officials).
CivU List (see PubUc Officials), County
Offices, and Courts and Lawyers).
Ci-vU War (see MiUtary History).
Claydon, Barnaby, and lUchard, pioneer
wheel'wrights, 34.
Cleaves, Rev. Francis ElUcott, 126.
Clerk of Courts, 47, 48.
Clerk of Writs, 44.
CUftondale, 53, 54-58.
Cobbett, Thomas, 26.
Conant, Roger, at Cape Anne, 19, 20,
326.
Congressmen succession of, 901-02.
Converse, Edward, of Charlestown Col
ony, 34.
Cottle, Edward, Merrimac pioneer, 318.
County Offices, (see also Courts and
Lawyers) — Ci-vil List, 46, 48, 51, 52;
clerk of courts, 47; office of county
commissioner created, 46, 52; commis
sioners, 46; treasurers, 48, 51; sher
iffs, 47, 51; trial justices, 52.
County of Essex (see Essex County).
Courts and La'wyers — Court of Assist
ants, 40; Quarter Courts, 41, 43;
Strangers' Courts, 43; first General
Court, 45; first Chief Justice, 45;
Courts of Justices of the Peace, 45;
courts of 1692, 45; County Courts, 45;
Court of Insolvency, 47; office Judge
of Probate, created, 47; first Essex
Coimty courthouse, 49; later court
houses, 49, 50: civil list (1921). 51, 52;
history of .I'udicature, 825-66; bases of
system, 825-28; first General Courts,
828-29; Court of Assistants, 830;
Quarter Courts, 830-31; first magis

trate, 831; first case in Salem, 831; iib
Ips'wich, 831; original County Courts,
833; first Judge of Probate, 833; first
Registry of Deeds, 834; Strangers'
Court, 835; Superior Court, 837; witch
craft trials, 837-38; Court of Gen..
Sessions, 838; of Common Pleas, 838-
39; first County Commissioners, 840;
succession of judges, 841-42; of Regis
ters of probate, 842; marshals and
sheriffs, 843; clerks of court, 843;
registers of deeds, 843-44; Probate;
Courts, 844; attorney-generals, 845;
district attomeys, 845; earUest Bar,
850; Bar Associations, 850-62; present
Ci'vU List, 862; first court-house, 862;
resume of gro'wth of judicature, 863-
66.
Craddock, Govemor Matthew, 29, 828.
Cushman, Robert, of Pljrmouth Colony»
14, 16.
Custom House, for Salem, Beverly,.
Marblehead, and Lynn, 331.
Dady, WUUam, butcher, of Charlestown,
Colony, 34.
Danvers, Port of, 209.
Danvers State Hospital for Insane, 52.
Danvers, Town of — Incorporated, 42;
property valuation, 52; polls, 52; Gov
emor John Endicott, 194; general' his
tory, 194-210; act of incorporation,
195-96; slavery, 196-97; anti-slavery
vote, 197; centennial, 197; to'wn rec
ords, 197; town officials, 197-98; popu-.
lation, 198; fraternal orders, 198; in
dustries, 198; church records, 198; His
torical Society, 198; churches, 199-209;
first experiments with steamboats, 209;
banks, 604-05; schools, 645-55; physi
cians, 693-94; miUtary history, 765-67;
agriculture, 867; lodges, 871-80.
Danversport, 209.
Davenport, Mr., came with John Endi
cott, 25.
Dermer, Capt. Thomas, early voyageur,
13.
Dixey, WiUiam, early planter, 22, 34, 38U
383.
Dodge, Rev. John Henry, of Wenham,.
126.
Dodge, WUUam, husbandman, of Salem
Plantation, 34.
Dorchester Company, 15, 16.
Dudley, Govemor, 23.
Early Explorers, 10.
Early Mills — Amesbury, 170; Andover,
150; Boxford, 188-89; Town of Essex,,
234; Georgetown, 250-51; Manchester,
137; Newburyport, 543; North An
dover, 309; Rowley, 93; Saugus, 55.
Early Settlers — In Amesbury, 169, 170;
Andover, 148; Beverly, 280; To'wn of
Essex, 232-33; Georgetown, 243, 250;
Gloucester, 567-68; Groveland, 284;
Hamilton, 224-25; HaverhiU, 451; Ips
'wich, 66, 68-69; La'wrence, 492-93;
Lynn, 381, 386; Lynnfield, 210; Mass.

INDEX

909

Bay Colony, 28-32; Manchester, 131-
32, 137; Marblehead, 99; Merrimac,
313-14; Methuen, 318-19; Middleton,
190-91; Nahant, 298, 300; Newbury,
86-87; Newburyport, 539; North An
dover, 148, 308; Peabody, 553-54;
Rockport, 271; Rowley, 92; Salem, 20,
33-40, 325; Salisbury, 115; Saugus, 53,
54; Swampscott, 287-88; Topsfield,
161; Wenham, 121-22; West Newbury,
228-30.
JIarthquake, first in Colony, 389, 395.
East Saugus, 53.
Educational Interests (see Schools).
Jledes, William, early planter, 35.
EUzabethtown Banlung Company, 904.
Endicott Company, the, 24.
Endicott, John, govemor, 20, 23, 24, 25-
28, 194, 825, 828.
J!non (see also Wenham), 42, 121.
Essex County — Geography and geology,
1; early explorers, 10; organization,
40; boundaries, 43; office of 'treasurer
created, 44; incorporation, 51; shire
to'wns, 51; valuation of property, 52;
poUs, 52; Ci'vU Ust, 51-52; agriccdtural
school, 52; training school at La'w
rence, 498; miUtary history, 763-823;
agriculture, 867-70; lodges, 871-80;
Congressmen, 901-02; population, 902;
presidential vote, 903.
Jlssex County Agricultural School, 52.
Essex County Agricultural Society, 869-
7D.
Essex County Natural History Society,
330.
Essex Historical Society, 330.
Essex Institute, 330.
JJssex, Town of — Incorporation, 42; val
uation, 52; polls, 52; general history,
232-241; military and legislative rec
ord, 232; first settlers, 232-33; early in
dustries, 233-34; first miUs, 234; pio
neer printing office, 235; first news
paper, 235; population, 236-37; first
town meeting, 237; town officials, 237;
public Ubrary, 237; assessed valuation,
237; post-offices, 238; first railway,
238; histories of churches, 237-41;
of schools, 656; of medicine, 702;
lodges, 871-80.
^wstead, Richard, wheelwright at Salem
Colony, 35. :.--. i#^'!
Fairfield, Dr. Josiah, 126.
Fairfield, Hon. WilUam, 126.
Tarr, George, shipwright at Salem Plan
tation, 35.
Tederal Departments (see Customs
Houses, also Post-Offices).
First Happenings — First mUng elder of
church at Salem, 35; first church in
Mass. Bay Colony, 36; first incorpor
ated towns, 42; first General Court,
45; first Chief Justice, 45; first county
•officers, 46-48; first prison in colony,
48; pioneer jailkeeper, 49; first courts,
49; first ironworks in New England,

55, 393; first manufacture of choco
late, 56; first steamer on Merrimac
River, 172; first wagon train to North
west, 195; first steamboat to enter
Boston Harbor, 301; first kettle made
in America, 393; first fire engine, 393,
395; first mint, 395; first foreign mis
sionary society formed in America,
471; first Univers^ist minister in Am
erica, 583; first railway charter, 626;
first raUway, 626; first bounty paid to
soldiers, 763; first court cases, 831;
first court house, 862.
First MUls (see Early MUls).
First Settlers (see Early Settlers).
Fisheries, of New England, 138-139.
Fishing Industry, Gloucester, 572.
Fiske, Rev. Moses, of Wenham, 126.
Fiske, Rev. Phineas, early tutor at Yale,
126.
Foot, Samuel, early settler at Merrimac,
313.
Foreign Trade, 332.
Fort Augustus Gardner, at Nahant, 305-
06.
Fort Lee, Salem, 341-42.
Founders (see Early Settlers).
Fraternal Orders, 318, 871-80.
French-Indian War, 764 (see also City
and Town chapters).
Fuller, Dr. Samuel, pioneer physician at
Plymouth, 26.
Gardner, Dr. Frank A., 10.
Gardner, Thomas, planter at Cape Ann,
15, 21.
Garrett, Hugh, of Charlesto'wn Colony,
35.
Gedney, Bartholomew, first Judge of
Probate, 833.
General Electric Co.'s plant, Lynn, 422-
23.
Georgetown, as New Rowley, 280.
Georgeto'wn — Incorporated, 42 ; valua
tion, 52; polls, 52; set off as town, 67;
general history, 241-70; settlement,
242-43; attack by Indians, 244-45; In
dian reUcs, 245; early roads, 245-46;
first dwelUng house, 246; other historic
houses, 246-47; first post-office, 249;
separated from Rowley, 249; Women's
Club, 249; first settlers, 250; early
mills, 250-51; pioneer industries, 251-
56; later industrial history, 254-62;
professions, 262; early taverns, 263;
street raUways, 264-65; to-wn records,
265 ; postmasters, 265 ; first town meet
ing, '265; to'wn officers, 265-66; town
valuation and population, 266;
churches, 266-71 ; banking institutions,
620; school history, 677-81; physicians
of, 704; miUtary history, 797-801;
lodges, 871-80.
Geography and geology of Essex county,
1; glacial tiUs, 6; glacial erratics, 9.
Gloucester — Incorporated, 42, 568, 574;
custom house, 331, 574-78; first set
tled, 567; general history, 567-94; pio-

910

ESSEX COUNTY

neers, 567; early residents, 568; popu
lation, 569 ; Rockport set off from, 569 ;
city charter secured, 569, 574; mayors,
569; city officials, 569; Tyrian Lodge
of Masons, 570; Universalist church,
570; ter-centennary, 570; shipping
(1920), 570; Ubrary, 570; Chamber of
Commerce, 571; some leading com
panies, 572; fishing industry, 572; val
uation of, 574; first schoolhouse, 574;
town halls, 574; first railways, 574;
post-offices, 578-80; Ughthouse sta
tions, 580-81; centenarians, 581; ship-
buUding, 581-82; orig:in of name
"Schooner", 582; first stage route to
Boston, 582; first railway, 582; quar
ries, 583; points of historic interest,
583; first schoolmaster and town clerk
in, 583; congressmen, 584-85; church
history, 585-93; Y. M. C. A., 593; Sal
vation Army, 593; school history, 681-
88; physicians, 708; newspapers, 751-
55; miUtary history, 773-75; lodges,
871-80.
Goffe, Thomas, deputy govemor, 35, 828.
Gosnold, Capt. Bartholomew, named
Cape Cod, 11.
Graves, Thomas, engineer at Salem
Colony, 35.
Greeley, Lt. Adolphus Washington, Arc
tic explorer, native of Newburyport,
546.
Groveland — Incorporated, 42; valuation
and polls, 52; set off as to'wn of, 67,
279; general history, 283-86; first to'wn
meeting, 284; town officers, 284; in
dustries, 284; population, 285;
churches, 285-86; town officers (1921),
286; valuation, 286; banks, 618;
schools, 665; miUtary history, 808-09;
lodges, 871-80.
Hamilton, Town of — Incorporated, 42;
valuation and polls, 52; voters, 67;
general history, 224-27; schools, 664;
physicians, 709; military history, 812-
13; lodges, 871-80.
Hammersmith, ViUage of, 56.
Hanscombe, Thomas, of Salem Colony,
35.
Harvard College, 100.
Haughton, Henry, first ruling elder, Sa
lem, 35.
Haverhill — Town incorporated, 42; prop
erty, 52; polls, 52; Bradford annexed,
281-82; Methuen formed, 319; general
history, 451-90; Haverhill sixth planta
tion established, 451; earliest records,
451; agreement with Indians, 452; first
winter severe, 452; church organized,
first minister, 452; incorporation of
(1645), 453; first meeting house, 453;
first clerk of the 'writs and town re
corder, 453 ; first birth and death, 453 ;
first marriage, 453; first selectmen, 453;
pioneer brickmaker, 453; fi:5st black
smith, 453; first ferry, 453; first burial
ground, 453; first school, 453; first

teacher, 453; King PhiUp's War, 454;
trouble 'with Indians, 454; attack aiui
massacre, 454-56; another attack
(1708), 456-57; Elisha Davis's ruse,.
457; township survey (1666), 458;
new town Methuen set off from, 458;
state border dispute, 458; second meet
ing house built, 459; later churches,
459, 488-90; early ShipbuUding, 459;
participation in Revolutionary War,
459-60; •visit of President Washington
to, 460-61; pioneer shoemakers of,
461; later expansion of shoe industry,
461; first fire club organized, 461; first
bridge buUt, 461; John Quincy Adams
lived in, 462, 463; first temperance
movement in, 462; some church his
tory, 462; Anti-Slavery movement,
463; first raUway, 464; town hall buUt,
464; haU bumt, 464; CivU War period
in, 464-67; city charter granted, 467;
first mayor, 467; Ubrary, 468; the
parks of, 468; Bradford annexed, 469;
historical review of Bradford, 469-71;
Bradford Academy, 471-72; Historical
Society, 472; disastrous fires, 473;
250th anniversary of, 473; Old Home
Week, 474; 275th anniversary of, 474;
congressmen from, 474; charter am
ended, 475; mayoral succession, 467-
77; waterworks history, 477-79; Si>an-
ish War, 479; World War, 479-80;
population (1920), 480; municipal de
partments, 480; hospitals, 480; library,
480; shoe industry, 481-84; industrial
statistics, 482; post-office records, 484;
meteorolog:y, 485; population, 485;
assessed value, 485; trade bodies of,
485; Ubrary, 486; city charters, 486-
87; city officials (1921), 487; taxation,
487; Fire Dei>artaient, 487-88; water
works, 488 ; churches, 488-90 ; banks of,
620-23; schools of, 666-67; physicians
of, 705-18; newspapers of, 747-48?
miUtary history, 777-82; lodges, 871-80.
Haward Richard, of Salem Plantation,
35.
Ha'wthome, Nathaniel, author, Salem
resident, 829.
Hewes, David, of Lynnfield, 218.
Higginson, Rev. Francis, pioneer min
ister, 31, 35, 36.
Higginson, John, of Salem Plantation,
35.
Historical Societies (see town and city
classifications) .
Hood MUk Company's farms in Beverly
and Topsfield, 5.
Hoyte, Simon, of original Thirteen of
Charlesto'wn, 36.
Humphrey, John, of original Plymouth
Company, 23, 290-95, 828.
Indian History (see also city chapters)
— Awed by noise of guns, 26; UUcit
traffic with, 27; compounding 'with, 27;
Chief Masconnomet, 65; Nanepashe-
ment, 98; Chickataubat, 375; Monto-

INDEX

911

w^pate, 379; some Indian records,
375-81; expedition against Pequot In
dians, 388; Lynn in the Indian Wars,
391; miUtary history, 763, 764.
Industrial Farm, Essex County, Danvers,
61.
IngaUs, Edmund and Francis, 381-82.
Ingersol, Richard, early settler at Salem,
36.
Ipswich — Incorporated, 42; property val
uation, 52; poUs, 52; general history,
64-86; Indian records, 64; topography,
65-66; first colony, 66; boundaries, 67;
first settlers, 68-69 population, 69; se
lectmen, 70; roads, 70-71; first town
house, 71; industries, 71-77; Historical
Society, 77-78; first church, 78; Ubrary,
78-79; town reports for 1920, 79; Poor
Farm history, 79-80; selectmen, 81; re
Ugious history, 83-86; Custom House,
331; banks, 605-06; schools of, 667-68;
physicians, 711-14; newspapers, 760-
61; miUtary history, 785-91; first
courts, 831; lodges, 871-80.
Iron Industry (see also town and city
chapters), 66, 261, 304.
Ironworks, Company of Undertakers for,
56, 393.
Isinglass, first manufactured, 274.
JaUs, colonial, 48-49.
Jamico (see Merrimac), 313.
Jenks, Joseph, pioneer ironmaster, 393.
Johnson, Isaac, one of founders of col
ony, 383, 828.
Josselyn, John, early colonial writer, 877.
Journals (see Newspapers).
Judiciary and Bar (see Courts and Law
yers) .
Kemble, Dr. Arthur, veteran surgeon,
126.
KUlam, Hon. Daniel, of Wenham, 126.
Kimball, Rev. John, and Edward, of
Wenham, 126.
King PhUip's War, 102, 136, 149, 280,
763.
Knight, Walter, early planter, 21.
Lawrence, (see also Methuen) — Incor
porated, 42; property valuation and
polls, 52; set off from Methuen, 318,
491; general history, 491-538; Indian
records, 491; first settlers, 492; South
La'wrence, 492; pioneer settlement,
492-93; first sale of land, 493; Amos
D. PUlsbury's "state room", his first
shoe shop, 493 ; incorporation, as to'wn,
493; opposition of Methuen, 493; first
town officers, 493; last to'wn officers,
494; city charter secured (1853), 494;
first city administration, 494; mayoral
succession, 494-95; commission form
of govemment adopted, 495; subse
quent municipal records, 495-96; town
hall, 496-97; court-houses, 497-98;
jail, 498; Essex County Training
School, 498; State Armory, 498; Poor
Farm and Municipal Hospital, 499;

other hospitals, 499; first post-office,
500; pubUc Ubrary, 600; bridges, 500-
02, 504-05; Fire Department records,
502-03; water supply, 503-04; Ughting,
504; population, 505; city development,.
505-06; the Essex Company, 506-07;
Merrimack Dam, 508; North Canal,
508; distinguished -visitors, 508; Two
Compass Posts, 509; Lafayette's visit,
609; Pemberton MiUs, 609-11; coUapse
of Pemberton MUls, 510-11 tomado,
511-12; Board of Trade, 612-13; park
system, 613-16; World War, 615, 534-
35; Textile strike of 1912, 515-17; Pa
cific MiUs, 617-23; other nulls, 525-26;
shoe manufacturing plants of, 526-27;
paper nulls of, 527; cotton yam plants
of, 528-29; mercantUe interests of, 630-
33; church history, 534-38; social ser
vice bodies, 538; banks of, 614-17;
schools of, 655-56; physicians of, 720-
26; newspapers of, 766-57; militaiy
history, 821-23; lodges, 871-80.
Leech, Lawrence, of Salem Plantation^
36.
Little Isle, 33.
Lodge, Senator Hy. Cabot, 304-05.
Lodges (Fraternal) in Essex County,.
871-80.
London's Plantation, 28.
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, poet —
Ufe at Nahant, 303; at Lynn, 400.
Lynn — Incorporated, 42; property valua
tion, 52; poUs, 52; in town of Saugus,
63, 194, 302; general history of Lynn,
375-450; Indian records, 376; early
white explorers, 380-81; first settlers,
381; Sagamore Hill, 382; first tanner
in Mass. Bay Colony, 383; first map-
and book, 383; settlers of 1630, 384-85;
first tavem, 384; a hard year, 1631,
385; attacked by Indians, 386; first
church, 386; pioneer minister, 386;
first white child, 386; first representa
tive, 386; first shoemaker, 386; settlers
of 1635, 386; town govemment in op
eration, 387; first ¦wine Ucense, 388;
Pequot War, 388-389; first earthquake,
389; first burial, 389; ferry, 390; early
roads and traUs, 390; in the Revolu
tion, 391-92; in the War of 1812, 392-
93; pioneer ironmaking and mining,
393; other industries, 394; church of
fences, 394 ; ¦witchcraft, 394 ; early tav
erns, 395; early churches, 395; first
Masonic lodge, 396; Lynn a century
ago, 396-98; Church and MunicipaUty
separated, 398; bathing beaches, 398;
first post office, 398 ; first raUway, 398";
stage coach, 399; exodus to Califomia
goldfields, 399 ; city charter, 401 ; popu
lation, 401; financial statement, 401;
mayoral succession, 402; adopts Com
mission form of govemment, 402; first
gas Ught, 402; Ubrary, 402; distin
guished citizens, 404-05; Old Home
Week, 405-07; parks and playgrounds,
407-09; post-offices, 409-11; pioneer

'312

ESSEX COUNTY

professional men, 412; bridges, 412-
13; Chamber of Commerce, 413-14;
early manufactures, 415; shoe man
ufacturing, 415-20; tanning, 421; Gen
eral Electric Company's plant at, 422;
trade statistics (1919), 434; fires, 424-
25; the Great Fire, 425-26; water sup
ply, 426; Fire Department records,
427; fire chiefs, 427-28; church history,
427-450; banks of, 599-604; schools of,
632-54; physicians of, 695-701; news
papers of, 744-46; miUtary history,
769-73; lodges, 871-80.
-Lynn End (see also Lynnfield), 210, 392.
Xynnfield— Incorporated, 42; property
and polls, 52; in Saugus to-wnship, 53,
194; general history, 210-24; flrst set
off as parish, 210; first church, 211;
early settlers, 210 ; forest fires, 210-11 ;
to^wn valuation, 211; population, 211;
snowfall in July, 211; Civil War, 211,
223; first church,, 211; other churches,
211-12 ; town records, 212 ; assessments
(1920), 212; treasurer's report, 212;
officials (1921), 212; Indian records,
213; centennial celebration, 213-14;
old families of, 217-19; educators of,
219-20; writers of, 219-20; eminent
clergy of, 220-21; pubUc utiUties of,
221; library, 222; societies of, 222; his
toric taverns, 223; World War, 223-
24; the Lynn End grant, 392; set off
as Lynn End, 393 ; physicians of Lynn
field, 710; mUitary history, 773; lodges,
871-80.
Xynn Historical Society, 391.
Lynn ViUage (see Readnig), 392.
-Manchester — Incorporated, 42; property
valuation, 52; polls, 52; general his
tory, 129-47; Indian records, 129; com
ing of planters, 131 ; first settlers, 131-
82 ; names of places, 132 ; flrst book of
to^wn records, 132; incorporation, 133;
Ubrary, 133; public morals, 134; pio
neer conditions, 135-136; flrst revolt,
137; first store, 137, 142; fij:st tavem,
137; early churches and schoolhouses,
137; early mUls, 137; early settlers,
137 ; fishing industry, 138-39 ; other in
dustries, 139-41; burial grounds, 141-
42; post-offices, 142-43; church rec
ords, 143-47; banks, 619; physicians,
709; mUitary history, 820-21; lodges,
871-80.
Manning School, at Ips^wich, 690.
Map of Southem New England (1631),
383.
Marblehead Academy, 690.
Marblehead — Incorporated, 42; property,
52; polls, 52; general history, 98-114;
Indian records, 98-99; settlement, 99;
first ShipbuUding, 100; incorporation,
100; first officers, 100; town officials,
(1921), 100; vital statistics, 101; finan
cial statement, 101; first school, 102;
slavery, 102; Revolutionary War, 103;
visit of Washington, 103; church rec

ords, 104; Columbian Society, 104; In
dustries, 104, 106; Press, 104-05, 761;
banks, 105, 607-08; first raUways, 105;
first stage route, 105; fisheries, 105;
first labor strike 105-06; Abbot HaU,
106; monuments, 107; the Great Fire,
107-10; U. S. Customs, 110; churches,
111-14; customs house, 331; physicians
of, 710; miUtary history, 795-97;
lodges, 871-80.
Masconnomet, Chief, 121.
Mason Claims, 22.
Masonic Records (see also town and city
chapters), 871-73.
Massachusetts Bay, Colony of, 10, 21;
Company of, 28; govemor and mem
bers of councU, 28; colony reinforced,
31; "Mayflower", 32; first church, 36;
courts of justice organized, 40; divid
ed into shires, 41; first prison, 48;
charter, 130, 290; first tannery, 287;
first tanner, 383; first book 'written and
published, 383.
Massachusetts Bay in New England,
Province of, 45, 828, 837.
"Mayflower", the, 32.
Mayoral Succession (see PubUc Of
flcials) .
Medical Fraternity (see Physicians of
County).
Merrimac — Incorporated, 42, 314; 'valua
tion, 52; poUs, 62; general history, 313-
318; colonial famUies, 313-14; first
post-office, 314; first selectmen, 314;
library, 314; municii>al govemment,
314-15; churches, 315; industries, 315;
carriage-making, 315-16; shoe manu
facturing, 315-16; population, 316;
church history, 316-18; fraternal and
ci'vic organizations, 318; banks, 620;
schools, 674-75; physicians of, 710.
Merrimac Academy, 690.
Merrimac Plantation, original grantees,
115.
Merrimac River, first bridge across, 116.
Merrimacport, 318.
Methuen (see also City of La'wrence) —
Incorporated, 42; valuation and polls,
52 ; general history, 318-24 ; first white
man, 318; first settlers, 318-19; town
set off from Haverhill, 319; first elec
tion, 319; town officers (1921), 319-20;
population, 320; church history, 320-
23; school history, 669; medical his
tory, 714.
Middleton — Incorporated, 42; valuation
and polls, 52; set off, 67; general his
tory, 190-94; pioneer settlers, 190-91;
iron discovered, 191; first puddling
miU, 191; execution of John WiUard,
191; first church, 191; first school
master, 191; first town clerk, 192; first
selectmen, 192; early town records,
192; slavery, 192-93; auctioning off the
poor, 193; industries, 193; post office,
193; population, 193; library, 193-94;
church records, 194; civic records, 194;
schools of, 668; physicians of, 710.

INDEX

913

MiUtary History (see also City and
Town chapters) — Pequot Indian War,
763; first bounty to soldiers, 763; King
Philip's War, 763; expedition against
Narragansetts, 763; Spanish West In
dies, 763; French-Indian War, 764;
Revolutionary War, 764; War of 1812,
764; CivU War, 764-65; Spanish War,
765; World War, 765; War Records—
Danvers, 865-67; Salem, 767-69; Lynn,
769-73; Lynnfield, 773; Gloucester,
773-75; Newburyport, 776-77; Haver
hiU, 777-82; Nahant, 782-83; Boxford,
783-85; Ipswich, 785-91; Amesbury,
791-95; Marblehead, 795-97; George
town, 797-801 ; Merrimac, 801 ; Swamp
scott, 801-02; Methuen, 802-03; Rock
port, 803-04; Rowley, 804-05; Tops-
field, 805-06; Wenham, 806-08; Grove
land, 808-09; Andover, 809-12; Hamil
ton, 812-13; North Andover, 813-14;
Saugus, 814-15; Beverly, 815-18; Pea
body, 818-20; Manchester, 820-21;
Lawrence, 821-23; Salisbury, 823.
Miller, Sydrach, pioneer cooper and
cleaver, 36.
Mills, Early, (see Early MUls).
Moody, Wm. H., Justice U. S. Supreme
Court, 863.
Morton, and his people, at Merry Mount,
Salem Plantation, 27.
Moulton, Robert, chief of pioneer ship-
¦wrights, 36.
Moulton's Point, site of Charlestown
Navy Yard, 36.
Municipal Records (see Public Officials).

Nahant — Incorporated, 42, 302; valua
tion, 52, 302; polls, 52; in to'wnship of
Saugus, 53; general history, 298-807;
flrst landing of the Pilgrims, 298;
Thorwold's landing (1004), 299; John
Smith, 299 ; other early explorers, 299 ;
first settlement, 300; first hotel, 301;
first steamboat route, 301-02; Nahant
in 1852, 302-03; Longfello'w's descrip
tion of Nahant, 303; fishing interests,
303; storms, 303; first post-office, 303;
postmasters, 303-04; to'wn hall dedi
cated, 304; library, 304; Senator
Lodge's home, 304-05; church history,
306; school history, 673-74; physicians
of, 705; military history, 782-83;
lodges, 871-80.
Narragansett Bay, Thorwald's sojoum
in (1004 A. D.), 298-99.
Naumkeag (Salem), 19, 20, 40.
Newbury — Incorporated, 42; valuation,
52; polls, 62; set off, 67; origin of
name of, 86; first settlers in, 86-87;
first church, 87; first selectmen, 87;
first to'wn officers, 87; industries of,
88-89; religious records, 89-91; city
officials and financial statement, (1921)
91; population, 92; customs house, 331;
schools, 671-72; lodges, 871-80.
Newburyport — Incorporated, 42, 539;

valuation, 52, 545; poUs, 52; set off as,
67; general history 539-51; first
church, 539; town house erected, 539;
petition to set off from Newbury, 539 ;
first moderator, 539; first selectmen,
539; fishing industry, 540; foreign
trade, 540; early shipbuilders, 540-41;
'Visit of President Monroe 541-42; first
bank, 542; later banking history, 612-
14; toll bridges, 542-43; effect of War
of 1812, 543; to-wn revives in thirties,
543; miUs established, 543; later mills,
544; coming of railway, 544; city hall
built, 544; boundaries expanded, 544;
city chartered, 544; mayoral succes
sion, 544-45; population, 545; city
debt, 545; post-offices, 545-46; church
es, 546, 551; fraternal orders, 546;
boat builders, 546; Greeley, Arctic ex
plorer, bom in, 546-47; library, 547;
physicians, 709-10; newspapers, 748-
49; military history, 776-77; lodges,
871-80.
New England, Discovery and Settlement
of, 13.
New England Fisheries (see also to'wn
and city chapters) , 138-39.
New England, Higginson's Relation of,
32-33.
New England Laboratory Company, of
Lynn, 904.
New England, Map of Southem New
England, 383.
"New England's Prospect", by WilUam
Wood, in 1634; first book pubUshed in
Mass. Bay Colony, 22.
New Plymouth, 18.
New Rowley (see Bradford) , 280.
Newspapers — The pioneer newspaper,
"Essex Gazette" (1768), 731; news
papers — Salem, 731-44; Lynn, 744-46;
Saugus, 746-47; HaverhiU, 747-48;
Newburyport, 748-49; Amesbury, 749%
50; Peabody, 750; Gloucester, 751-55;
La'wrence, 755-57; Beverly, 757-60;
Ips'wich, 760-61 ; Marblehead, 761 ; An
dover, 761.
Norfolk County extinguished, 43.
Norman, Goodman, 21 (footnote).
Norsemen in Narragansett Bay in 1004,
A. D., 298-99.
North Andover (see Andover also) — In
corporated, 42; property and polls, 52;
first settlement, 148; original settlers,
308; pioneer conditions, 309; first town
meeting, 809; first sa-wmill, 309; early
industries, 309-10; -witchcraft, 310; U-
braries, SlO-ll ; incorporation of town,
811; first officers, 311; to-wn records,
311; population, 311; Temperance So
ciety (1829), 312; church records, 312-
13; military history, 813; lodges, 871-
80.
North Saugus, 54.
Northem Lights, alarm when first ob
served, 211.
Northem Virginia Cpmpany, Grant to,
827.

914

ESSEX COUNTY

Northwest Territory, first wagon-train
to, 195.
Norton, George, pioneer carpenter in
Mass. Bay Colony, 36.
Oaklandale, 54.
Odd FeUows, Independent Order of, 874-
77.
Palfreys, Peter, at Cape Anne, 19; at
Salem, 21.
Palmer, Abraham and Walter, original
members of New England Company,
36.
Palsgrave, Richard, physician of Charles
to'wn Colony, 37.
Parsons, To'wn of, (see West Newbury),
42, 67, 229.
Patent Medicines, made in Lynn, 421.
Paupers, auctioned off, 193.
Peabody — Incorporated, 42; valuation,
and poUs, 52 ; general history, 553-566 ;
first settlers 553-54; petition to be set
off from Salem, 555; first meeting
house, 556; District of Danvers, 557;
early church records, 556-57; later
church history, 564-66; Danvers Cen-
tennary, 557-58; Geo. Peabody, philan
thropist, 558, 562_; South Danvers in
corporated, 558; city charter, 558; tan
neries, 558-60; shoe manufacturing,
559; potteries, 559; other industries,
659-60; when first known as Peabody,
560; city haU, 560; library, 560, 663;
civic improvements, 561; public utiU
ties, 561; first city election, 561; city
officials, 561-62; postmasters, 562; Pea
body Institute and Library, 562-63;
school history, 687; physicians of, 726-
29; newspapers of, 750; mUitary his
tory, 818-20; lodges, 871-80.
Peabody, George, philanthropist, 558.
Peabody Museum, Salem, 331.
Pequot War, 388-389, 763.
Periodicals (see Newspapers of the
County).
Phillips Academy, at Andover, 154, 687.
Physical Geography of Essex County, 1.
Physicians — Medical practice in Danvers,
693-94; Lynn, 695-701; Essex Town,
702; Rockport, 702; Topsfield, 702-03;
Wenham, 703; Georgetown, 704; Bev
erly, 704; Andover, Nahant, Rowley,
Boxford and West Newbury 705;
HaverhUl, 705-08; Gloucester, 708;
Manchester, Rowley, South Hamilton,
Salisbury, 709; Newburyport, 709-10;
Marblehead, Merrimac, Saugus, Mid
dleton, Lynnfield Centre, 710; Sialem,
710-11; Ipswich, 711-14; Methuen, 714;
Amesbury, 714-20; Lawrence, 720-26;
Peabody, 726-29.
Pickering, Hon. Timothy, soldier, jurist,
statesman, 125.
Pigeon Cove (see Rockport), 270.
Pike, Major Robert, of SaUsbury, 116-16.
PilUng's Pond (see Lynnfield), 223.

PUlsbury, Paul, inventor of shoe-pegs,
253.
Pine Tree Currency, 395.
Pioneers (see Early Settlers).
Planters, Cape Ann, 16-16.
Planters' Marsh, 22.
Planters, story of the, 10-40.
Plum Island, 12.
Plymouth Plantation, History of the, 16.
Population of Essex County, 902-03.
Porter, Dr. Benjamin Jones, physician,
and legislator, 126.
Porter, Henry, inventor, 126.
Porter, Rev. Isaac Francis, clergyman,
126.
Porter, Dr. Tyler, physician and patriot,
126.
Postoffices and Postmasters — ^Amesbury,
172; Andover, 152; Beverly, 358; Box
ford, 189; Cliftondale, 53; Danvers,
197; Essex Town, 238; Georgetown,
265; Gloucester, 678-80; HaverhUl,
484; Ips'wich, 81; La'wrence, 500;
Lynn, 398, 409-11; Manchester, 142-43;
Marblehead, 331; Merrimac, 314; Me
thuen, 320; Middleton, 193; Nahant,
303-04; Newbury, 331; Newburyport,
545-46; Peabody, 562; Rockport, 273;
Rowley, 94-95; Salisbury, 117 Saugrus,
54; Swampscott, 290; Topsfield, 164;
Wenham, 122.
Powow (Powwas) River, 169.
Pranker Manufacturing Company, early
flannel mUlers, 58.
Pratt, John, surgeon in Salem Planta
tion, 37.
Presidential Vote, 903.
Press, The (see Newspapers of County).
Pressey, John, pioneer of Merrimac, 318.
Preston, Samuel, inventor of first shoe-
pegging machine, 364.
Pring, Capt. Martin, sailed along Mass.
coast in 1603, 11.
Prison, first in colony, 48.
Property, Real and Personal (see Valua
tions, Assessed).
Provost Marshal, of colony, 47.
Public Officials — Of Andover, 153; Bev
erly, 357-58; Boxford, 189; Danvers,
197-98; Essex (to'wn), 237; George
town, 265-66; Gloucester, 569, 583-85;
Groveland, 284-86; Hamilton, 225;
HaverhiU, 463, 467, 474, 487; Ipswich,
79; Lawrence, 493-96; Lynn 401, 402;
Lynnfield, 212; Mass. Bay Colony, 28,
386; Manchester, 132, 133; Marble
head, 100; Merrimac, 314-15; Methuen,
319-20; Middleton, 192-93; Nahant,
304; Newbury, 87, 91; Newburyport,
539, 544-45; North Andover, 311;
Peabody, 561-62; Rockport, 270-71;
Rowley, 97; Salem, 327-28; Salisbury,
118; Saugus, 53, 66, 60; Swampscott,
289, 297; Topsfield, 161, 165; Wenham,
123; West Newbury, 230.
Putnam FamUies, The, 195.
Pythian Lodges, 877-80.

INDEX

913

Quarries, First, 9.
RaUroads and Transportation — Stage be
tween Salem and Boston, 625; other
stage routes, 625-26; first raUway
charter, 626; first railways, 626; sub
sequent expansion, 627-28; first street
railway in Salem, 629; other Unes, 629-
30.
Read, Nathan, first granted patent for
steam-propelled craft, 209.
Reading, in town of Saug^us, 68.
Reading (formerly Lynn Village), 392-
93.
Realty values (see Valuations, Assessed).
Revolutionary War (see MUitary His
tory).
Rickman, Isaac, in Salem Plantation, 37.
Rockport — Incorporated, 42; valuation
and polls, 52; general history, 270-79;
articles of incorporation, 270; first
town meeting, 270; offlcials, 270-71;
population, 271; first settier, 271; first
schoolhouse, 271; harbor improve
ments, 271; fire company, 272; pioneer
temperance advocates, 272-73; post-
offices and postmasters, 273; first
quarrying, 273; industries, 274-75
meeting-house at Sandy Bay, 275-76
church history, 275-79; banks, 618
physicians of, 702; mUitary lUstory,
803-04; lodges, 871-80.
Roswell, Sir Hy., of Dorchester Com
pany, 23.
Rowlbury (Rowley), 88.
Rowley — Incorporated, 42; valuation and
polls, 52, 67; general history, 92-97;
first settlers, 92; Rogers' company, 93;
first mUls, 93; mUitary record, 94; in
dustries, 94; postmasters, 94-95; popu
lation, 95; first church, 95; other
churches, 95-97; industries, 97; present
to'wn officials, 97; financial condition,
97; school history, 672, 676-77; physi
cians of, 705, 709; miUtary history,
804-06; lodges, 871-80.
Rowley ViUage (see also Boxford and
Bradford), 186, 280, 283-84.
Ryall (Rial, or Royal), WiUiam, pioneer
cooper and cleaver, 37.
Sagamore of Agawam, titie of land sold,
233.
Salem-Beverly Bridge, 22.
Salem, City of — As Naumkeag, 19; pio
neer settlement, 325; first settlers, 20,
325; other early settlers, 33-40; incor
poration as town, 42; House of Correc
tion, 50, 51; property valuation, 52;
polls, 52 ; boundaries, 325; early history,
326; population, 326; Salem in 1836,
327; city charter (1886), 827; first city
election, 327; first mayor, 327; city
seal, 32"^ subsequent city charters, 327;
mayoral succession, 327; Commission
form of govemment adopted, 328;
present city officials, 328; assessor's re
port, 328; population, 1865 to 1920,

829; distinguished citizens, 329; water
supply, 329-30; Fire Department his
tory, 330; Ubrary, 330; civic bodies,
330-31 Custom House, 331; foreign
trade, 332-35; early tanneries, 335;
shoe factories, 335-36; other industries,
335-37; the Great Fire (1914), 338-40;
hospital, 340; cemetery, 340-41; park
system, 341; church history, 342-56;
school history, 631-32 ; banking history,
596-99; physicians of, 710-11; news
papers of, 731-44; miUtary histoiy,
767-69; first Quarter Court, 831;
lodges, 871-80; witchcraft, 881.
Salem, VUlage of, 121, 191, 197.
Sales, John, one of pioneers of Charles
to-wn, 37.
SaUsbury — Incorporated, 42, 43; valua
tion and polls, 52, 88; general history,
114-120; flrst settlement, 114-15; flrst
court house, 115 ; flrst burying ground,
115; early settlers, 115; population,
116; great storm, 116-17; Revolution
ary War records, 117; post-office, 117;
town officers (1921), 118; flnancial re
port, 118; library, 118; church history,
118-120; school history, 662-63; physi
cians of, 709 ; custom house, 331 ; mUi
tary history, 823; lodges, 871-80.
Saltonstall, Sir Richard, of Salem Plan
tation, 35, 39, 828.
Sandy Bay (see Rockport), 270-279.
Saugus Centre, 53.
Saugus Female Academy, 691.
Saugus, Sagamore of the, 379.
Saugus, Town of — Incorporated, 42; val
uation and polls, 52; general history,
53-63; first freeman, 53; first represen
tative, 53; population, 54; first to-wn
meeting, 55; first to-wn-house, 55; se
lectmen, 55; the first ironworks, 55;
Make-peace Flouring and Snuff MUls,
57 ; pioneer manufacturer of chocolate,
57; naU factory, 57; other pioneer in
dustries, 57-58; flrst pottery, 58; first
shoe factory, 58; brickmaking, 59; vi
tal statistics, 60; assessor's report
(1920), 60; charities, 60; library, 60;
first parish society, 60 ; present church
es, 6i-62; school history, 668; banking
history, 610; physicians, 710; news
papers, 746-47; military history, 814-
15; lodges, 871-80.
Schools— 102, 137, 152, 191, 231, 271, 296
first school in Mass. Bay Colony, 631
schools— Salem, 631-32; Lynn, 632-54
Danvers, 654-55; La-wrence, 655-56
Essex, 656; Topsfield, 656-57; Ames
bury, 657-62; SaUsbury, 662-63; An
dover, 663-64; HamUton, 664; Boxford,
664; Groveland, 665; HaverhiU, 666-
67; Ips-wich, 667-68; Middleton, 668
Saugus, 668; Methuen, 669; Beverly,
669-70; Newbury, 671-72; Rowley, 672
Wenham, 672-78; Nahant, 678-74
Bradford, 674; Merrimac, 674-75
Gloucester, 675; Rowley, 676-77; By-
field, 677; Georgetown, 677-81; Glou-

Essex— 68

&16

teSSEX COUNTY

cester, 681-86; private schools, 687-92.
Scurvy in Colony, 26.
Settlers, First (see Early Settlers).
Sharpe, Samuel, overseer of artUlery and
ordinance, 37.
Shawsheen ViUage, 160-61.
Sheriffs, since 1692, 47.
Shipbuilding and Shipping, early (see
also town and city chapters), lOO,
171, 172, 209, 235, 295, 301, 332-34; 416,
570.
Shoe Manufacturiiig Industry (see also
to-wn and city chapters) ; 253-60 ; 335-
86; 869, 415-41, 891-900.
Simons, T. A., 905.
Skelton, Rev. Samuel, one of first min
isters, 38.
Smith, Captain John, in Massachusetts,
12, 14, 299, 276.
SnowfaU in July, 211.
Snuff Industry, Early, 56.
South Danvers, 42.
South Groveland, 286.
Southcoat, Thomas, gentleman, of origi
nal New England Company, 23.
Spanish War (see Military History).
Sprague Brothers, Ralph, Richard, and
WilUam, of Salem Plantation, 25.
Stage Routes: first between Salem and
Boston, 625; other routes, 625-26.
Standish, Captein, at Cape Anne, 18.
State Normal School for Girls, Salem,
52, 691.
Steam, first experiment propelling ves
sels, 209.
Stoughton, WilUam, first chief justice,
46.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, authoress, 154.
Stowers, Nicholas, of original company
of Charlesto-wn, 39.
Strickland. (Stickland, Stickling) John,
of original Charlesto-wn Company, 39.
Submarine Cable at Rockport, 275.
Swampscott Dory, 295.
Swampscott, To-wn of (see also Lynn) —
Incorporated, 42, 288; valuation, 52,
287, 297; polls, 52; general history,
286-298; origin of name 286-87; first
tannery in colony at, 287; first settler,
287; other early settlers, 288; pioneer
conditions, 288; first town meeting,
.289; first officers, 289; first post-office,
290; first library, 290; flrst street' rail
way, 290; John Humphreys, 290-95;
fishing industry, 295; hotels, 29G;
schools, 296; war records, 296; to-wn
officials (1921), 297; military history,
801-02; lodges, 871-80.
Sweetzer's Comer, (see Saugus Centre)
53.
Tanneries (see also city and town chap
ters), 835, 420-21, 538-60.
Tavern, Anchor, first in plantation, 384.
Taylor, Samuel Harvey, one of foremost
American educators, 155.
Temperance Society, early, 312, 462.
Thorwold's sojoum, 1004 A. D., 380.

TUley, John, in charge of fisheries Of
Plantation, 15.
Tilly, Hugh, servant to Sir Richard Sal
tonstall, 39.
Topsfield Academy, 691-92.
Topsfield, To-wn of — Incorporated, 42;
valuation and polls, 52; set off as, 67;
general history, 161-68; pioneer select
men, 161; early physicians, 163-64;
libraries, 164; early mining, 164;
early taverns, 164; flrst blacksmith,
164; first mills, 164; postmaster, 164-
soldiers' monument, 165 ; town officials,
165; celebration of 250th anniversary,
166-66; church history, 167-168; school
history, 656-57; physicians, 702-03;
miUtary history, 806-06; lodges, 871-80.
Town Records (see PubUc Officials).
Transportation (see Railroads and
Transportation) .
Trask, Capt. WUUam, came with John
Endicott, 25, 553-54.
Tythingmen, 388.
United Shoe Machinery Company, 360,
419, 891-900.
Valuations, Assessed — Amesbury, 52;
Andover, 52, 153; Beverly, 52, 358;
Boxford, 52, 189; Bradford, 52; Dan
vers, 52, 197; Essex (town of), 52,
237; Georgetown, 62, 266; Groveland,
52, 286; HaraUton, 52; Ipswich, 52, 79;
HaverhiU, 52, 485; Lawrence, 52, 504-
05; Lynn, 52, 401; Lynnfield, 52, 211-
12; Manchester, 52; Marblehead, 52,
101; Merrimac, 52, 314; Methuen, 52,
320; Middleton, 52, 192, 193, 194; Na
hant, 52, 306; Newbury, 52, 91; New
buryport, 52, 545; North Andover, 52,
311; Peabody, 52; Rockport, 52; Row
ley, 52, 97; Salem, 52, 328; Sahsbury,
. 52, 118; Saugus, 52, 60; Swampscott,
52, 289, 297; Topsfield, 52, 166; Wen
ham, 52, 123; West Newbury, 52, 230.
Virginia Companies, the Northem and
Southern, grants to, 827.
Vital Statistics, 44, 833.
Vote, Presidential (1920), 903.
Wakefield, Town of, 53, 393.
War of 1812 (see MUitary History).
Ward, Nathaniel, pioneer at HaverhUl,
318.
Waterman, Richard, pioneer hunter, 39.
Webster, Daniel, of a SaUsbury famUy,
116.
Wenham, Town of— Incorporated, 42;
valuation and poUs, 52; population,
120, 123; general history, 120-29;
earliest mention, 120; first settiers,
121-22; Indian records, 121; first post-
office, 122; succession of postmasters,
122; raUways, 122-23; town records.
123; eariy taverns, 122, 124; industries,
124-25; distinguished men, 125-126;
church records, 126-29; schools, 672-

INDEX

917

7S; physicians, 703; military history,
806-08; lodges, 871-80.
West Newbury — Incorporated, 42, 43;
valuation, 52; set off as, 67; general
history, 228-231; set off from New
bury, 228; first meeting house, 228-29;
to-wn records, 230; valuation, 230;
financial statement, 230; industries,
230; schools, 231; churches, 231;
physicians, 705; lodges, 871-80.
Whitcomb, John, proprietor in Dorches
ter Colony, 39.
Whitcome, Simon, gentieman, of original
company, 23, 828.
White, Rev. John, father of Cape Ann
Colony, 14, 15, 21, 23. •
Whittier Home Association, 180.
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 172, 180.
Willard, John, execution of, lOl.
Wilson, Lambert, chirurgeon to Salem
Plantation, 40.

Winslow, Edward, sent by Pilg^rims to
England, in 1623, to report about col
ony, 14.
Winthrop, John, Govemor of Colony, 33,
291
Witchcraft, 45, 191, 837, 846, 881-89.
Wolf Pits, 388.
Wood, John, pioneer at Lynn, 381, 883.
Wood, WUUam, Lynn pioneer, 377, 381,
383, 386.
Woodbury, Humphrey, as to reception
of planters by Indians, 22.
Woodbury, John, pioneer, 19, 21, 25.
Woolen Mills (see also city and to'wn
chapters) — American Woolen Mills
Company's Lawrence plants, 517-525;
other miUs, 525-26.
World War (see MiUtary History).
Young, Sir John, knight, of Dorchester
Company, 23.

§^

3 9002

mmmh