A Half Century 0/ Freedom of The Negro in Ohio COMPILED AND ARRANGED BY W. A. JOINER Superintendent of, the Normal and Industrial Department, Wilberforce University WILBERFORCE, OHIO Press of Smith Adv. Co. Xenia. O. PAUL LAWRENCE DUNBAR (DEDICATORY) THE UNSUNG HEROES. A song for the unsung heroes who rose in the country's need, When the life of the land was threatened by the slaver's cruel greed, A song for the unsung heroes who stood the awful test, When the humblest host that the land could boast went forth to meet the best; A song for the unsung heroes who fell on the bloody sod, Who fought their way from night to day and struggled up to God. LIFE. A crust of bread and a corner to sleep in, A minute to smile and an hour to weep in, A pint of joy to a peck of trouble, And never a laugh but the moans come double: And that is life! A crust and a corner that love makes precious, With a smile to warm and the tears to refresh us, And joy seems sweeter when cares come after, And a moan is the finest of foils for laughter; Aud that is life! —2— / INTRODUCTORY. THE NEGRO is a part of the population of the United States, has been since its early settlement and will doubtless be till the end of time, either as a distinct element or merged into the new American race which is sure, at some future day, to replace the heterogeneous mass now constituting the popula tion of the Western Hemisphere. A few facts of general interest may serve as a background against which to project the date concerning that group of Negroes who have made Ohio their home for a greater or less number of years and have become a factor in its physical, social and economic development. Their numbers, distribution and condition are indicated in the population statistics herein set forth and their educa tional and social status is shown by the data on occupation, property and education. The treatment of these matters, except in education, is an absolutely impersonal one. It is felt, however, that the struggles and triumphs in education can best be illustrated by selecting a single institution which has succeeded and thereby portray the possibilities of the Negro in this field when working in an atmos phere friendly to his efforts. Wilberforce University, which is the oldest of the Negro Institutions of higher learning, with its departments of Arts and Science, Theology and Commerce, its splendid Normal and Vocational work is selected as the best representative and given somewhat in detail. What a group or clan of people is doing is far more im portant than the question of numbers. In a study therefore of the Negro after a half century of freedom, it becomes important to ascertain what headway he has made into the life of the peo ple and the civilization around him. Not merely his accumula tions but his acquirements in the form of improved opportunities are indicative of the success or failure of his half century of endeavor. —3— GOVERNOR FRANK B. WILLIS. STATE OF OHIO EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT COLUMBUS Miss Hallie Q. Brown, Wilberforce, Ohio. Dear Madam : — 1 take this opportunity to express my approval of the Chicago Jubilee movement. In my judgment this will afford splendid opportunity to show to the people of the whole country what has been accomplished by the colored race during the last generation. I feel sure that the country will be benefitted as well as astonished by the information brought to them of the amazing progress that has been made by the colored people in every line of human endeavor. I feel sure that Ohio will be creditably represented at this Exposition and that the Commis sion 1 have designated to have charge of the exhibit will put forth every effort to the end that the colored people of Ohio and in fact the people of the whole state may have most creditable representation. Assuring you of my approval of the movement, I am Yours very respectfully, FRANK B. WILLIS. EDWARD C. TURNER, Attorney General. Columbus, Ohio, July 2, 1915. Mr. Albert N. Eastman, 108 South LaSalle St., Chicago, 111. Dear Sir: — I am in receipt of yours of June 30th in regard to Lincoln Jubilee Funds. In 1912 the electors of this state changed the constitution pro viding for the referendum and suspending the operation of any law passed by the legislature, save and excepting only appropriations for the current expenses of state departments and state institutions and emer gency laws necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health and safety. Therefore, even though the legislature passes an act, unless of a class above noted, it does not become operative until ninety days after it has been filed in the of&ce of the Secretary of State. While I have a very hearty sympathy with the project, yet my only province is to interpret laws and this department is limited simply and strictly to saying what the law is rather than what we would like it to be. It might be observed that all of this difficulty would have been avoided had the matter been brought to the attention of the legislature earlier in its session. I am quite sure that you as a lawyer will appreciate the situation and attitude of this department. Respectfully, EDWARD C. TURNER, Attorney General. —6— A. V. DONAHEY, Auditor of State. Columbus, Ohio, August 26, 1915. Ohio Commission appointed to participate in the Half Century Anniver sary Exposition at Chicago, Illinois. The Ohio General Assembly is to be congratulated in appropriat ing a substantial sum of money to represent Ohio at the Half Century Anniversary Exposition. I believe the members of the Ohio Commission will spend this money intelligently and for the best interests of the people they represent. I am firmly of the belief that the appropriations made to this Commission should be considered as current expense and the money made available at once after the enactment of the law. What constitutes current expenses of government is a mooted question upon which the courts have never passed. Trusting that the Commission will command us whenever we can be of any service to you, I beg to remain, • Very truly yours, A. V. DONAHEY, Auditor of State. —7— M. FULLINGTON, Budget Commissioner 0TOMMISSIONERS appointed by Governor Frank B. Willis to represent the State of Ohio at the Lincoln Jubilee. General J. Warren Keifer Miss Hallie Q. Brown Miss Dora E. Johnson General R. B. Brown Mr. Wm. a. Anderson GENERAL R. B. BROWN GENERAL J. WARREN KEIFER MR. WM. A. ANDERSON MISS DORA E. JOHNSON IN PASSING judgment upon the Ohio Book and ex hibits, the Commission asks in dulgence of the public and consideration of the short time allowed for preparation, due to the brief period during which the appropriation was available. The Commission wishes also to thank those who have so gen erously responded to requests for assistance in making this exhibit possible. The Negro in Ohio. THIS BOOK will attempt to throw light upon the progress of the Negro in Ohio by showing his present occupational status impersonally. No attempt is here made to point out in dividual examples but rather to find what numbers and percent age of the whole have moved up from the scale of common laborer where practically all were found at the close of the Civil War. In only a few cases will comparisons be made between this State and other states and then only between Ohio and other states in the same group where the Negro is invironed with similar conditions. The rise of a people to meet conditions is the best index of native ability. Adaptability is indicative of advanced stages of develop ment, and should the Negro in a highly developed civilization find it possible to adjust himself thereto and fit in as it were, holding his own in the intense struggle for preferment, character istic of the complex living conditions of the urban and metro politan life of the middle west, he must be credited with some inherent qualities rendering him capable of competing with the native populace. His maintenance of position can not be at tributed to any influx replacing those who have been lost or forced out, for the shifting of the center of Negro population steadily southwestward, discredits the claim of any great influx into Ohio and contiguous territory. The centre of Negro popula tion is farther from Ohio today than it has been at any time since —13— the landing of the first Negroes in the 17th century, being now located not far from Huntsville, Ala. For all practical purposes where it is desirable to con template the change that has taken place rather than simply the present status the starting point or zero can be assumed about the beginning of the statehood period, 1803, in 1810 the number being about two thousand, though it was not till the era of the Underground railroad that the number of Negroes in Ohio ceased to be a negligible quantity. Back in the 40 's there were enough in the state to count, but no marked increase oc curred till the period of the Civil War. The status of the Negro in Ohio is of peculiar significance because of the characteristics of the early settlers of this state and the consequent friendly atmosphere existing at the time of the Civil War and the great exodus from the South of the newly emancipated race. Ohio is the pioneer state carved from the old Northwest Territory once embracing what is now Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and a small corner of Minnesota. When first entered by whites it was the home of the Erie Indians, but a common battle ground for numerous tribes whose habitat touched it on various sides. The early French settlers in locating about the Great Lakes and the Ohio river incurred the hostility of the Iroquois, but made friends with the Miamis, Wyondots and Shawnees. Thus early the fate of several tribes of the aborigines was linked with that of the white invaders and a spirit of mutual racial tolerence pervaded the atmosphere. It is not the purpose here to enter upon a narration of the historical development of Ohio, further than to call to at tention the fact that subsequent to the beginning of the national period, the early settlers were families seeking homes beyond the encrouchment of slavery. This is well worth considering for —14— the influence this sentiment for freedom exerted upon the de velopment of the Negroes subsequently entering or locating in the state. Through the limits of Ohio have passed two great streams of freedom seekers crossing almost at right angles. The one from east to west seeking freedom from social and civil restric tions passing westward to the great open plains, bounded by the verdent earth beneath, the boundless blue sky above both stretching away unbroken till they seemed to meet in the great circle of the horizon. Westward also across Ohio in '69 went the long lines of mammon-mad gold seekers looking for freedom from the bonds of poverty and its attendant train of hardships. Across this westward current, in the years between, steadily, silently from the south, flowed another current, dark and sullen, swiftly by night, sluggishly by day, with an ever shifting channel, but holding ever its general direction northward and disappear ing at the shores of lake Erie, seeming to spread out and mingle with the dark waters of the Lake unseen and uncharted. This was the stream of humanity escaping from the oppression of slavery, oozing out, as it were, from beneath the load of misery and woe. It was augumented by springs all over the southland fed by the blood and tears of thousands sacrificed to the Ameri can Moloch. Many of those who made up this stream drifted out of the current and found lodgment among the sheltering dales of Ohio. The spirit of the free called unto these poor seekers of freedom and these became in part the progenitors to the Negroes in Ohio. Ohio offered a favorable environment, and a not too rigorous climate with budding industries, and diversified em ployment among a population largely sympathetic with the escap ing bondman, or new-made freeman. Geographically the state forms the transition from the Alleghany Plateau to the Prairie Plains, with elevation ranging from 425 ft. in the S. W. corner to 1540 ft. in the west center. The diversified topography in- —15— sures multiple occupations, and the distribution of its 40 inches of rainfall so as to give 60 per cent, in spring and summer renders agriculture a dependable vocation. Mine, field, forest, factory, these were the sources of employment that are open to all and in these the Negro found a place to labor and to earn. Game filled her forests, fish stocked her streams, and fruits flourished in her fields. River wharfs and lake ports also gave him work. Then too, in Ohio as nowhere else, education beckoned to the knowledge-hungry Negro. In the number of its Negro population Ohio ranks No. 18, but ranks first in the group of East-North-Central states com prising Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, and in the whole North Central group comprising the flve above named with Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas, Ohio stands second with 111,452, just ahead of Illinois with 109,049, and behind Missouri which leads with 157,452. The increase in the last decade in Ohio was 15 per cent, or 14,551. In Ohio the Negro forms only 2.3 per cent, of the total population while in the whole country he forms 10.7 per cent. In 1880 he formed 2.5 per cent, of the population of Ohio, showing that while he has gained steadily in numbers he is falling behind the other elements of population in the rate of increase. This same fact is observable in the whole population of the United States, but does not in either case indicate any falling off in the natural rate of increase among the Negroes, but is more than balanced by the increase in the white popula tion due to immigration. In 1890 Ohio ranked No. 16 in Negro population but since that time has fallen behind Oklahoma and New York in both of which states the Negro population is gaining on the white in numbers. When made at all, comparisons will usually be instituted between Ohio and other states of the sarae group having ap- —16— proxiraately the same relative numbers and similar environ mental conditions. For the measure of a man or a race is never what he can do, but what he can accomplish under a given set of conditions. In Ohio about three-fourths of the Negroes live in towns and cities while in the whole United States the condition is almost exactly reversed. In Ohio he has 73.8 per cent, living under urban conditions and 26.2 per cent, rural, while in the entire United States there are 27.4 per cent, urban and 72.6 per cent, rural. It will be seen at once that this will materially affect his occupation statistics and his economic condition also should play an important part in his educational advancement. As was seen above the Negro forms 2.3 per cent of Ohio's total population, but 3.1 per cent of her urban population. Within the group itself there are some divisions that may be interesting though they may have no real significance. In the total Negro population of 111,450 in Ohio, 72,203 are classed as black and 39,249 as mulatto, the ratio of 65 to 35, while in the entire country the ratio is 79 to 21. In Indiana 76 to 24; in Illinois 67 to 33 ; in Michigan 53 to 47 ; and in Wisconsin 61 to 39. Of course the descriptions black and mulatto are not accurate and to one who knows the nice graduations of color among the Negroes, it is somewhat puzzling to know just where the division line would be drawn, and how the same shades would or could always be denominated the same even by a single enumeration, much less by a hundred different enumerators, with different conceptions of color and varying powers of eyesight. Of the three principal cities of Ohio, Columbus alone keeps its proportions of black and mulatto similar to the state at large, having the ratio black 67 per cent., mulatto 33 per cent., while Cincinnati shows 70 to 30 and Cleveland 70 to 30. In view of the claims that are often made that the mixed bloods are often extended economic opportunities which are closed against the —17— blacks, some investigation along this line as betM^een the different cities might prove interesting should such data be obtainable. A study of the migration of the Negro shows that it gains more than it loses by inter-state-migration, there being 50,440 Negroes born in other states and living in Ohio as against 16,850 born in Ohio and living in other states. Thus it appears that the advantages offered in Ohio are sufficient to hold her native born population and attract those of other states. This stay-at- home characteristic of the Ohio Negro has shown a slight decline in the last decade, probably due to dissatisfaction at the growth of discrimination against him in Ohio. This has probably re sulted in a migration of a considerable number to states farther north, Michigan, Wisconsin, and the Dakotas. Of the 50,000 Negroes who have migrated to Ohio and are now residing in the state, 23,000 came from the East South Central states (Ken tucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi) and 20,000 from the South Atlantic group, (Delaware, Maryland, District of Col- Timbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 'Georgia, Florida). Of these Kentucky furnished 18,000; Virginia 10,000; West Virginia 25,000; North Carolina 3,880; South Carolina 1,100 ; Georgia 1,500 ; Tennessee 3,400 ; South Dakota and Nevada 2 each. Hawaii, Porto Rico and the Philip pine Islands are each represented. A study of Ohio 's Negro population by age and sex shows that there are 4, 538 more males than females and that the males are in excess at all ages, except under one year and over 80 years. Of the children born, every hundred contains five more girls than boys, but infant mortality raust be higher among the girls for before the fifth year is reached the boys have out stripped the girls and are in excess. This condition does not obtain in the other states of the East North Central group for in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin the conditions which obtain at one year of age continue up to the 5th year. —18— Ohio therefore seems to be a good state for girls to live in, but a rather unfavorable one in whicii to be born. The greatest excess of men over women occurs between the ages 25 and 45 where there is an excess of 3,300 males over females. There are in the state 10 men and 14 women over 100 years of age. The larger cities show the same peculiarity; the males out-number the females in Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colum bus, and Dayton. In the whole country the Negroes form 9.7 per cent, of the men of Militia age, 18-44, and 2.7 per cent, of the raen of Militia age in Ohio. MARTIAL CONDITION. Among the indices to the social and economic condition of any people the martial condition is always given a place. The family life is of much importance and other things being equal lends stability to a class of people. It is undoubtedly true that these statistics are often misleading for they are frequently if not wholly, where the census taker is concerned, collected with out any explanation. The laws of divorce and public sentiment on this subject vary so in different parts of the country and in fact in contiguous communities that a given set of conditions may not and often does not indicate like social standards. Then, too, separations without divorce are frequent enough to soraewhat diminish the value of divorce statistics. Since, however, they furnish one of the side-lights on social conditions, they will be given for Ohio. Ohio has 44,894 males of marriageable age, that is over 15 years old, and 40,052 females, so that every girl has one op portunity and chance at any one of the 4,900 left-overs. Of this nuraber among the males, 17,774 are single; 23,210 are married; 3,162 are widowed, and 558 are divorced. Araong the females, 10,596 are single — which is a lower percentage than araong the males — 22,641 are married or 56 out out of every 100. 6,138 are widowed and 564 are divorced. In these respects Ohio —19— is very similar to her sister states of the Northeastern group. Of the raales between 15 and 19, less than two in a hun dred are married, one in 1000 is widowed and one in 1000 divorced. Of the females 14 in a hundred, or about one in 7, are married, between 15 and 19 years of age, and in every 1000 four are widowed and three divorced. Between the ages of 20 and 25 among the males in every 100, 73 are single and 25 raarried while among every 100 women of like ages 43 are single and 52 raarried and 3 are widowed. From 25 to 35 years of age among men 55 per cent, are married and 71 per cent, among women. The highest proportion of married among males is between 45 and 55 where it reaches 71 per cent, and among woraen between the ages of 35 and 45 where the raarried reach 72 per cent. The percentage of widowed in creases much raore rapidly among the females than among the males, having reached 17 per cent, among the females at the age of 45 as against 7 per cent, among the males and at 55, 35 per cent, for females and only 14 per cent, for males. Between the ages of 35 and 45 the divorce evil reaches its maximum for both men and women, but after that age declines more rapidly for woraen than for men. Under every condition there are more men than women whose ages are unknown. This is rather at variance with the common idea that it the woman who con veniently forgets her age, or it may be that men pay less real attention to the question and lose track of the fleeting years, yet as the larger portion of the persons of unknown age are raarried it may happen that it is a raatter of concealment because of dis parity between the age of the man and his spouse. The raartial condition in the cities does not differ widely frora those in the state at large, Columbus showing the largest number of single raen, also the largest percentage of single women. Cleveland with 55.6 per cent, leads in married men and in married woraen with 59 out of every 100. Cincinnati has the largest number of widows, there being 1500 in the city who by one process or another have lost their consort and only 126 of thera by divorce. Cincinnati has about 500 widowed males or one for each three widows. Canton present the interesting spectacle of having ex actly the same number of raarried and single males, but the married women have a majority of 18. The best balanced con ditions are to be found in Zanesville. EDUCATION. Sixty-one per cent, of the Negro children between the ages of 6 and 20 years are in school. This falls below only the attendance in the New England States, where it reaches 66 per cent, in Massachussetts. The maximum school attendance is reached between the ages of 10-14 when 92 per cent, of the children are in school; after 14 years the boys drop out raore rapidly than the girls, but the percentage of attendance of both sexes declines rapidly after 14 years of age when the legal age limit is reached. In this matter Ohio ranks well with her sister states but hardly as well as would be expected since Ohio has more colleges than any other state and these are generally open to the Negro on terms of equality. The cities follow closely the percentages of the state at large in school attendance, Cleveland making the best showing at all ages, her maximum between 10 and 14 years being 94 per cent, or equal to the Massachussetts rate. It is also true that the children continue in school longer in Cleveland than in any other large city in the state, though of the cities of lesser grade Toledo and Springfield out-rank her in keeping the pupils in school at later ages 15-20, and Dayton makes the poorest showing. Taking the whole school population, the rural Negroes attend school better or in greater numbers than those of the cities, though possibly not for so niany weeks per school year. —21— ILLITERATES. Araong her Negro population Ohio has 10,460 illiterates or 11.1 per cent., this is about one-third as many per hundred as there is in the United States at large. In Bast North Central group, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin have a lower percentage of illiterates. Between the ages of 10-15 only 83 children were found in the state to be illiterate thus showing the good effect of recent school legislation. There were 47 per cent, of illiterates among those 65 years and over, 31 per cent, between 55 and 65 years of age, and 18 per cent, between 45 and 55 years ; 10 per cent, between 35 and 45 ; 5 per cent, between 25 and 35 ; 3 per cent, between 15 and 25 ; and only .9 of 1 per cent, between 10 and 15 years. At the effective working ages 15 to 40 years Ohio presents a Negro population remarkably free from illiteracy, there being 6 times as raany among the native whites of the state and 5 times as many illiterates among the foreign born whites as among the Negro population. Now if one is mindful of the large number of immigrants into Ohio from adjoining states south where educational advantages are not so good it will be seen that the school system of Ohio is effective so far as con cerns the Negro.. Ten per cent, of the urban Negroes are illite rate and 14 per cent, of the rural ones are in like condition. Among the large cities of Ohio, Cincinnati is the worst offender with 14.3 per cent, against 4 per cent, in Cleveland and 8.7 per cent, in Columbus. While Chicago, 111., with more than double the Negro population of any of the Ohio cities has only 4 per cent, of illiterates. Ranked by the number of their Negro population the principal cities of Ohio stand, Cincinnati first with 20,000, fol lowed by Columbus, 13,000; Cleveland, 8,500; Dayton and Springfield about 5,000 each; Xenia 2500; Youngstown and Toledo 2,000; Lima, Portsmouth, Oberlin, Urbana, Lockland, Chillicothe, Harailton, Gallipolis and Akron, with about 1,000 each. —22— STATISTICS OF POPULATION. GENERAL STATISTICS OF THE NEGRO POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY COUNTIES: 1910. (Counties in whicii no Negroes were reported are omitted). NEGRO POPULATION ; 1910. Males 21 years of rt Color. Sex. age and over. County o Illiterate. o EH J4 si 6 11 H QJ 1 1 OHIO. Total |111,452| 2.3|! 72,203| 39,249| 57,995| 53,457|| 39,188| 2.6| 5,169| 13. i Adams .... Allen AshlandAshtabula . Athens .... Auglaize . . Belmont . . Brown .... Butler Carroll ChampaignClark Clermont . . Clinton . . . Columbiana Coshocton . Crawford . Cuyahoga . Darke .... Defiance . . , DelawareErie Fairfield . . Fayette . . . . Franklin . . , Fulton Gallia Geauga ... Greene .... Guernsey . , HamiltonHancock . . , Hardin . . . Harrison . . Henry .... Highland . . Hocking . . , Holmes . , . , Huron .... Jackson . . . , 184 0.7 166 1,030 1.8 787 25 0.1 20 217 0.4 195 1,240 2.6 603 36 0.1 20 1,782 2.3 1,852 1,288 5.2 1,071 1,781 2.5 1,004 25 0.2 25 1,410 5.4 1,059 5,583 8.4 2,724 865 2.9 580 939 4.0 524 967 1.3 569 97 0.3 60 77 0.2 53 8,763 1.4 6,127 376 0.9 25 23 0.1 9 671 2.5 338 311 0.8 201 449 1.1 255 1,231 5.7 658 14,006 6.3 9,379 6 (2) 4 1,875 7.3 945 9 0.1 8 3,970 13.4 2,465 489 1.1 271 24,300 5.3 16,963 249 0.7 141 556 1.8 353 612 3.2 527 8 (2) 6 1,379 4.8 850 143 O.H 88 8 (2) 2 284 0.8 181 708 2.3 268 18 88 96; 56 0.8 15 (1) 243 564 466 349 2.1 24 6.! 5 14 ll! 11 0.2 1 (1) 22 113 104i 79 0.4 6 (1) 637 686 554i 371 2.7 82 22.J 16 17 19 13 0.1 2 (1) 430 954 828i 563 2.4 90 16. ( 217 674 614, 392 5.3 85 21.'/ 777 929 8521 664 3.0 78 11. 'i 10 151 8 0.2 351 708 7021 461 5.5 43 9.; 2,859 2,937 2,6461 1,921 9.0 204 lO.t 285 435 4301 258 2.9 44 17.1 415 479 4601 300 4.2 55 IS.; 398 499 4681 317 1.4 26 8.1 37 44 531 33 0.4 3 (1) 24 52 25| 42 0.4 2 (1) 2,636 4,519 4,2441 3,436 1.7 139 4.( 351 192 184| HI 0.9 14 12.t 14 14 91 12 0.2 3 (1) 333 291 3801 207 2.5 17 8.1 110 173 138 125 0.9 28 22^ 194 307 1421 83 0.7 8 (1) 573 647 584 383 5.9 80 20. i 4,627 7,483 6,5231 5,487 7.5 545 9.! 2 2 41 2 (2) 930 983 8921 552 7.5 , ios 19. t 1 8 11 8 0.2 2 (1) 1,505 1,997 1,9731 1,221 13.5 218 218 257 2321 143 1.1 17 11.! 7,337 12,167 12,133| 8,802 6.1 1,474 16.5 108 125 1241 77 O.V 4i (I) 203 299 257 167 1.8 341 20.^ 85 284 328 151 2.6 191 12.< 2 4 41 3 (2) 529 708 671 422 1.9 69 16. < 55 80 63 53 0.8 13 (1) 6 3 5 1 Vi) 103 158 126 101 0.9 16 15.! 440 369 339 196 2.4 33 16. i -23- Jefferson . . . Knox Lake Lawrence . . Licking . . . . Logan Lorain Lucas Madison . . . Mahoning . . Clarion . . , . Medina , . . . Meigs Mercer . . . . Miami Monroe . . , . MontgomeryMorgan Morrow . . . . Muskingum Noble Ottawa . . . . Paulding . , , Perry Pickaway . . Pike Portage . . . . Preble . . . . , Putnam Richlaud . . , Ross , Sandusky . , Scioto . . . . , Seneca .... Shelby Stark Summit . . . , Trumbull . Tuscarawas Union . Van Wert . Vinton .... Warren . . . WashingtonWayne Williams . . Wood Wyandot . . 647 2.5 1 323 1.1 237 1.0 789 4.5 432 0.8 777 2.6 521 2.0 918 i.ol 745 3.7 083 l.S 232 0.7 114 0.5 690 2.7 115 0.4 109 2.5 90 0.4 481 3.3 147 0.9 56 0.3 686 2.9 44 0.2 31 0.1 502 2.2 563 1.6 695 2.7 717 4.6 192 0.6 265 1.1 26 0.1 253 0.5 ,382 5.9 146 0.4 ,016 2.1 157 0.4 231 0.9 752 0.6 757 0.7 208 0.4 194 0.3 264 1.2 327 1.1 213 1.6 729 3.0 ,378 3.0 ro 5 150 21 0.2 (2) 0.; 0.1 1,442 233 167 752 275 400593 1,288 577 1,612 161101 433 84 734 40 4,033 69 30 1,012 24 23 149 468 497 381 47 8325 188 1,45 83 685 55 220 563 579121140 183189 16 402516 70 1 8510 205' 90 70' 1,037 157 377 928 630 168 471 7113 257 31 375 50, 1,148 78 26 674 20 8 353 95 198336145 182 1 65 924 63 331 102 11 189 178 875481 138 107 327832 826 166124 957 219 401 740958410 1,148 124 60 353 66 563 45 2,929 84 27 820 2022 274298 4154351 lOOl 149 12 184 1,230 72 603 82 114 416 417 110 108141166 117 385 702 40 1 7712 82111 157113 8321213 376781, 960 335 935 108 54 337 49 546 45 2,552 63 29 866 24 9 228265 280282 92 116 14 69 1,152 74 413 75 117 336 340 9886 12311611 961 344i 676| 301 i\ 731 9 511 2.4 105 1.1 87 1.2 599 5.9 151 0.9 252 2.7 479 1.9 733 1.2 250 4.1 845 2.1 79 0.8 36 0.5 222 3.0 40 0.5 386 2.8 20 0.3 2,180 3.9 45 0.9 17 0.3 504 2.9 11 0.2 17 0.2 147 2.3 176 1.7 272 3.3 264 5.9 60 0.6 107 1.4 9 0.1 139 0.9 688 6.0 51 0.5 415 3.0 59 0.4 63 0.9 301 0.7 263 0.7 78 0.5 54 0.3 85 1.3 S5 1.0 56 1.6 246 3.2 350 2.7 16 0.1 1 (2) 43 0.3 10 0.2 43 137 11 283632 45 61 12 7 35 2 61 2 409 6 1 60 11 23 215657' 2 8.4 6.7 (1) 22.9 7.3 11.1 7.5 4.4 .18.0 7.2 (1)(1) 15.8 (1) 15.8 (1) 18.8 (1) (1) 11.9 (1)(1) 15.6 11.9 20.621.6 (1) 181 16.8 3.6 13.5 (1) 17. S (1)(1) 7.3 11.0 (1) (1) (1)(1) (1) 10.215.1 (1) 6 (L) 1 (1) (1) Per cent, not shown where base is less than 100. (2) Less than one-tenth. , NEGRO LAND OWNERS. The ownership of the land is usually taken to be a reliable index to the stability and value of citizenship. There is likely to be about the land-owner a self-esteem and an interest in the community development that raay not be found among other classes. If one , is owner of the soil, then what advances the coramnnity makes for his well being and he is therefore usually -2-1— to be found among the conservative citizens. His obligations must be raet or they raay be enforced against his holdings. He is therefore usually reliable in his business transactions. In the state of Ohio the Negroes operate 1948 farms with a total acreage of 106,742 acres, of this 15,000 acres or 14 per cent, is woodland and 8,386 acres or nearly 8 per cent, is other wise unimproved. The total value of these farms together with their buildings and iraplements is $6,137,353. The improvements in buildings are worth $1,127,000.00. The present farm values, impleraents and buildings included, show a gain of 54 per cent. over the holdings of Negroes in Ohio in 1900. This is a splen did showing. The increase in value of buildings is even raore notable, amounting to 97 per cent, in ten years. From this fact it would seera that the personal element of thrift and economy has entered into the changed condition as well as the natural increment of increase. The increase in land values might be attributed to the enhanced values consequent upon increasing density of population, development of means of transportation or improvement of means of communication as good roads, etc. In case of stock the added value raight be due to natural in crease in herds and flocks. None of these causes, however, func tion in the enhanced value of buildings. With every passing year they deteriorate and an increase of 87 per cent, in this item is conclusive proof of energy, economy, and advancing ideals on the part of the farraer and his family. They are buying or building better houses, larger and better barns, and surrounding theraselves with better accommodations for man and beast. Indeed it is no rare spectacle, in riding through the rural dis tricts of Ohio, to see two and sometimes three epochs of progress plainly evident in the buildings on the farra. The first rude and humble home built of logs, chinked with clay or mortar in which the original groom and bride began life fifty, sixty or even seventy years ago, then the board house to which the log cabin gave place when the farm has been paid for and when the —25— travelling saw-mill was supplying the settler with cheap lumber by taking their pay in boot and cutting all the wealth of Ohio's forests in exchange for luraber for a more pretentious home for each owner of woodland. The saw-raill man usually got several times the worth of the lumber he cut for the farmer but it seemed cheap because it involved no cash outlay. Then when the family grew up and the grandchildren carae and the rail road and the interurban began to bring the city into the country and to take the country into the city a raore preten tious horae replaced the board house which was pushed back to serve for a summer-kitchen and a railk house and storage ; sorae- tiraes if the family was large it did duty as sleeping quarters for the grown-up boys and the farm-hand. But always there is the sign of thrift and progress and it would be a lesson well worth the time and expense to spend a week motoring through the country and inspecting some of the well equipped and splendidly appointed country horaes of Ohio Negroes earned out of the soil, by hard, persistent toil and strict economy. "From shirt sleeves to shirt sleeves is three generations" says the old adage which if true here will soon see the passing of these holdings. Yet it is to be hoped that by wise and wide spread education the younger generation raay not follow the example of raany white farmers and autoraobile away the an cestral estate or mortgage the manor for a motor. The showing in live stock is no less creditable for the Negro farmer of Ohio than is the showing in realty in 1910, he possessed $764,368.00 in live stock against $459,967.00 in 1900, or a gain of $304,401.00 or 66. 2 per cent. The gain has been as great or greater in all of the others of this group except Indiana which seeras to be advancing more slowly than either Illinois, Michigan or Wisconsin. Strange to note Indiana is the only one of this group of states which has maintained to any extent a separate school system and there is rauch room for social investigation as to the relation existing —26— between contact and association among the growing generation and the inspiration toward better living conditions. In the face of the argument sometimes offered by supporters of the separate school propaganda this might prove an interesting and pro fitable study. Comparing the farra conditions of the Negroes of the Bast North Central states ( Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin) which for convenience we will designate the Ohio- Illinois group with those of the West North Central (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas) which we will call the Missouri-Kansas group, we find the latter group operates 5,600 farms but owns only 3,370 of thera, while the Negroes of the Bast North Central or Ohio-Illinois group operating 4,800, own 3,065, showing a larger per cent, of owners. Now comparing the value of buildings in these two groups it will be seen that the buildings in the Ohio-Illinois group have a value of $2,808,546, while the Missouri-Kansas group with 800 more farms with total valuation of $4,300,000.00 above the Ohio- Illinois group, yet falls below it in value of buildings by nearly $200,000, thus again showing the higher plain of living main tained by the Ohio-Illinois group of farmers. Ohio is largely to be credited with this difference as within her group though she has but a few more farms than Illinois her nearest group corapetiter she has nearly twice the value of farm buildings. Maryland alone which has made a remarkable showing in in crease in the number of Negro farm owners in the last decade seems to have its farmers better housed than Ohio. However, if allowance be made for the larger percentage of tenants in Maryland, it is quite possible that the Negro farra owner of Ohio is the best housed Negro farraer in the country. The charge is often raade, (particularly by that class of people who are opposed to the Negro having a full and free chance in the race of life) that a higher education spoils the —27— Negro, or renders him useless as he is educated beyond his en- vironraent and out of the sphere of his usefulness. In the number of its Negro population Greene County stands sixth, being out-ranked by Hamilton, Franklin, Cuyahoga, Clark and Montgomery in the order named. No one of these, however, compares favorably with Greene County in farm holdings. In acreage of farm land controlled by Negroes, Greene County stands fifth, being out-ranked by Ross with 110 farms and 9000 acres ; Washington County, 137 farms and 8500 acres ; Pike County, with 110 f arras and 7000 acres ; Gallia County, 131 farms and 6119 acres ; then Greene County with 107 farms and 5200 acres. But when farm values are considered, a strange inversion occurs and Greene County juraps almost to the head of the column, there being only one county in the state with farm value exceeding Greene County, namely, Ross County with its 9000 acres, valued at $531,000.00, slightly exceeds Greene whose 5200 acres are valued at $518,230.00; while the 8500 acres of Washington County have a valuation of $204,000.00 and the 7000 acres of Pike County have a valuation of $79,000.00. In the raatter of buildings, Greene County farraers are in a class by themselves, having farra, buildings valued at $141,000 as against $52,500 for Ross County, its nearest competitor. Here as in the comparison of states it appears that close contact with the uplifting influence of strong educational factors has had its effect upon the standards of living among the Negroes, That Greene County with about one-half the acreage should have her farm valuation nearly equal to that of her only real rival, and should deck her 5000 acres with buildings and horaes worth nearly three times as much as those to be found upon the 9000 acres of her sister county calls for a reflective pause. What part has and does Wilberforce play in thus raising the valuation of land and ideals of the contiguous farmers? —28— Eere again is work for the thoughtful sociologists. This is not I result of intelligence alone, for Ross County shows a slightly ower percentage of illiterates among her entire population, but ilso a much lower per cent, of school attendance. 93 per cent. )f the children, 6-14, attend school in Greene County, and 81 per cent, between the same ages in Ross County. Is it the younger generation that is demanding and getting better housing conditions? These problems involving education and economics ire always interesting. Let the reasoning appear indirect if I'ou please, but the fact remains that in the vicinity of the great- ;st institution of learning operated by the Negroes, the living ionditions are best and the valuation of his holdings the highest .11 the state. VITAL STATISTICS. The statistics of mortality have been so often and so videly quoted that it seems unnecessary to quote them at length .n this publication. The following facts, however, may prove )f interest. In one year about 2300 Negroes and 64,000 whites lie in the state of Ohio, but this constitutes about 20 per thou sand and only 14 per thousand of the whites. Thus the death -ate araong the Negroes is about one and one-half tiraes as great IS araong the whites. The rate is brought up by the high death •ate among the Negroes in the larger cities. Though there is ilso an increase among the whites in the same cities, it advances nore rapidly among the Negroes than among the whites. This nay readily be accounted for in part by the living conditions, md the food supply. Unsanitary conditions are alraost always :o be found in the quarters of our large cities occupied by sTegroes and the laboring classes of foreigners. Nor is this ilways the fault of these people particularly of the Negroes, 'or they are forced more by prejudiced landlords than by high ¦ents, to keep out of the respectable residential sections and in he delapidated quarters of the town. That the Negro rapidly noves to better streets when opportunity offers, is readily at- —29— tested by the experience of any one of our large northern cities in the last decade and to this same fact the segregation ordinances and laws of our southern cities are infamous witnesses. The death rate per thousand in a few of the large cities are as follows : Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dayton Negro 28.9 19.6 20.4 20.4 White 16.7 14.2 15.0 14.5 In the state outside of the cities : Negro, 17.8 ; white, 13.0. Columbus and Dayton seera to have about the average of the better northern cities, and that rate for both black and white is higher in the south than in the north with the single notable exception of the Bronx Borough, New York, when it mounts to 50 per thousand among the Negroes. Tuberculosis is the Negro's greatest enemy in the cities, claiming more than one-fourth of all who fall in Cincinnati; one-sixth in Cleveland ; one-sixth in Columbus ; one-fifth in Dayton ; one-sixth in Springfield. Other diseases that claira large numbers are heart disease ; cerebral hemorrhage ; pneumonia claims a little larger per cent, araong the Negro than among the white ; here again living conditions count. Suicide finds but few victims araong the Negroes of Ohio, so that living must be reasonably pleasant. RELIGIOUS. The Negro generally is definitely religious, aud like most other peoples points with pride to his religious organizations and strength. In the church work the woraen out-nuraber the raen, but not in so large a proportion in Ohio as in raany other states. This may indicate a little higher standard araong the men of Ohio or it may be that public opinion is slightly raore favorable to the churches in Ohio than in raost other sections. Ohio reports 34,000 communicants, which is the largest number re ported by any one of the North East Central group; of these —30— 2,000 are men. There are 371 organizations with a property alued at one and one half millions, and church debts of less han $15,000.00. They own also $100,000 worth of parsonages nd 350 Sunday schools manned by 2800 teachers, giving re- igious instruction to 18,500 children. OCCUPATIONAL. The following table gives compactly the principal occupa- ions engaging the attention of the Negroes throughout the Jnited States with the nuraber hy sex engaged in each. It shows ^•liat a large part of the farm labor of the country is in the lands of the Negroes, male and female, or how nearly the Negro eeds the nation. —81- Principal Occupations of Negroes in the United States. SEX AND OCCUPATION. Number. Per cent. distribution. MALES Farm laborers Farmers Laborers — Building and hand trades Laborers — Saw and planing mills Laborers — Steam railroad Porters, except in stores Draymen, teamsters, and expressmen Coal mine operatives Laborers, porters, and helpers in stores Waiters Laborers — Road and street building & repairing Cooks Deliverymen — Stores Carpenters Janitors and sextons Barbers, hairdressers, and manicurists Retail dealers Clergymen Longshoremen and stevedores Laborers — Brick, tile, and terra-cotta factories .... Firemen (except locomotive and fire department) Lumbermen and raftsmen Laborers — Blast furnaces and rolling mills Hostlers and stable hands Laborers — Public service Brick and stone masons Garden laborers Laborers — Domestic and personal service All other occupations FEMALES Farm laborers Laundresses (not in laundry) Cooks Farmers Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in factory) Teachers (school) Nurses (not trained) Chambermaids Laundry operatives Housekeepers and stewardesses All other occupations 3,178,554 981,922798,509166,374 91,181 86,380 51,47150,68939,53036,90635,66433,91432.45330,51130,464 22,419 19,44617,65917,427 16,379 15,79214,92714,005 13,519 12,96512,767 12,40111,80110,380 500,699 2,013,981 967,837361,551 205,939 79,309 38,148 22,44117,87414,07112,19610,021 284,594 100.0 30.925.1 5.2 2.92,71.61.61.2 1.21.11.11.01.01.0 0.70.60.6 , 0.50.50.50.50.40.40.4 0.40,40.40.3 15.8 100,0 48.1 17.910.2 3.9 1.91,1 0.9 0,70.6 0.5 14,1 -32— What the Negroes in Ohio Do. The following shows in brief form the wide field of labor -d productiveness occupied in Ohio by the Negro and com- .risions raay be made with the table just given to indicate the ae occupational station of the Ohio Negro. One pleasant rprise is that about the only occupation worth mentioning in lich the Negro is not engaged is that of BREWER. SEX AND OCCUPATION. Negro. Males friculture, forestry, and animal husbandry: Corn shellers, hay balers, grain threshers, etc. Dairy farm laborers .- Dairy farmers Ditchers Farm and dairy farm foremen Parm laborers (home farm) Farm laborers (working out) Farmers Fishermen and oystermen Florists Fruit growers and nurserymen Grarden laborers Grardeners Greenhouse laborers Lumbermen, raftsmen, and woodchoppers Orchard and nursery laborers Poultry raisers and poultry yard laborers Stock herders, drovers, and feeders Stock raisers :traction of minerals: Foremen, overseers, and inspectors Operators, ofEieials, and managers Coal mine operatives Oil and gas well operatives Quarry operatives 41,243 1522 5 32 9 405 2,7271,620 2Q 4 128106 46 26 36 8 24 3 1,004 3 257 -33— Manufacturing and mechanical industries: Apprentices — Apprentices to building and hand trades Other apprentices Bakers Blacksmiths Boiler makers Brick and stonemasons Buffers and polishers (metal) Builders and building contractors Butchers and dressers (slaughterhouse) Cabinetmakers - Carpenters Compositors, linotypers, and typesetters Coopers Electricians and electrical engineers Engineers (mechanical) Engineers (stationary) ., Engravers Filers and grinders (metal) Firemen (except locomotive and fire department) Foremen and overseers (manufacturing) Forgemen, hammermen, and welders Furnacemen, smeltermen, heaters, pourers, etc Glass blowers Jewelers, watchmakers, goldsmiths, and silversmiths Laborers (n. o. s.l) — Agricultural implement factories Automobile factories Blast furnaces and rolling mills2 Brass mills Brick, tile, and terra cotta factories Car and railroad shops Cigar and tobacco factories Electrical supply factories Flour and grain mills Furniture, piano, and organ factories Gas works General and not specified laborers Glass factories — Helpers in building and hand trades Iron foundries Lime, cement, and gypsum factories Liquor and beverage industries Oil refineries Paper and pulp mills Potteries Rubber factories Saw and planing mills2 Ship and boat building 201325 187 16 345 25 255 16 4 361 202335 4 208 3 14 3'64 69 5 97 53 46 21 774 6 310 81 696 6232 ),395 112 L,059 27S120 13 9 133 1915 53 —34- Males — Continued. Manufacturing and mechanical industries — Continued. Shoe factories Tanneries Tinware and enamelware factories Wagon and carriage factories Lithographers Machinists and millwrights Managers and superintendents (manufacturing) Manufacturers aud officials Millers (grain, flour, feed, etc.) Molders, founders, and casters (brass) Holders, founders, and casters (iron) Oilers of machinery Painters, glaziers, and varnishers (building) Painters, glaziers, and varnishers (factory) Paper hangers Pattern and model makers Plasterers Plumbers and gas and steam fitters Pressmen (printing) Rollers and roll hands (metal) Roofers and slaters Sawyers Semiskilled operatives (n. o. s.l) — Automobile factories Blast furnaces and rolling mills 2 Brass mills Breweries Brick, tile, and terra cotta factories Broom and brush factories Candy factories Car and railroad shops 2 Cigar and tobacco factories Electrical supply factories Furniture, piano, and organ factories Glass factories Harness and saddle industries Iron foundries Paper and pulp mills Potteries Printing and publishing Rubber factories Saw and planing mills 2 Ship and boat building Shoe factories Suit, coat, cloak, and overall factories Tanneries Tinware and enamelware factories Wagon and carriage factories 55 16 24 167 12 41 6 4 205 10 208 48 114 4 413 59 4 17 43 15 6 147 2 2832 7 28 12 4 27 59 3 42 26 5 1815 9 4 1026 44 4 11 -35- Males — Continued. Semiskilled operatives (n. o. s.l) — Continued. Sewers and sewing machine operators (factory) 2 Shoemakers and cobblers (not in factory) Stonecutters Structural iron workers (building) Tailors - - Tinsmiths Tool makers and die setters and sinkers Upholsterers Transportation : Baggagemen and freight agents Boiler washers and engine hostlers Brakemen Captains, masters, mates, and pilots - Carriage and hack drivers Chauffeurs Conductors (steam railroad) ,— Conductors (street railroad) Draymen, teamsters, and expressmen 2 Foremen and overseers (railroad transportation) Hostlers and stable hands Inspectors (steam railroad) Laborers (road and street building and repairing) Laborers (steam railroad) - Laborers (street railroad) , Livery-stable keepers and managers Locomotive engineers Locomotive firemen Longshoremen aud stevedores Mail carriers Motormen Officials and superintendents (steam railroads) Proprietors and managers of transfer companies Prop's., officials, & managers (telegraph & telephone companies Railway mail clerks Sailors and deck hands Switchmen and flagmen (steam railroads) Telegraph and telephone linemen Telegraph operators Ticket and station agents Yardmen (steam railroad) Trade: Bankers aud bank officials Clerks in stores 1 Commercial broker and commission men Commercial travelers Deliverymen Floorwalkers and foremen in stores Inspectors, gangers, and samplers 7 43 13 7 74 23 3 11 49 00 76 290 93 1,600 10 420 11 2,068 843 117 18 7 IS 11 111 21 30 15 64 21 3 .512 1 6C 1 15 64C IC -36- Males — Continued. ¦ades — Continued. Insurance agents and officials Laborers (coal yards) Laborers (elevators) Laborers (lumberyards) Laborers (warehouses) Laborers, porters, and helpers in stores Meat cutters Newsboys Real estate agents and officials Retail dealers Sales agents Salesmen (stores) 1 Undertakers Wholesale dealers, importers, and exporters iblic service (not elsewhere classified) : Firemen (fire department) Guards, watchmen, and doorkeepers Laborers (public service) Officials and inspectors (city and county) Officials and inspectors (state and United States) Policemen Soldiers, sailors, and marines rofessional service: Actors Architects Artists, sculptors, and teachers of art Attendants and helpers (professional service) Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists Civil engineers and surveyors Clergymen College president and professors Dentists Draftsmen , Editors and reporters Lawyers, judges, and justices Musicians and teachers of music Photographers Physicians and surgeons Showmen Teachers (school) Theatrical owners, managers, and officials Veterinary surgeons omestic and personal service: Barbers, hairdressers, and manicurists Bartenders Billiard and pool room keepers Boarding and lodging house keepers Cleaners and renovators (clothing, etc.) 11 105 4 64 19 735 3 95 24 420 6 8129 9 16 103313 17 6 45 13 32 65 324 8 11 2 6 39 162 1375 49 67 49 ,172 131 253659 —37— Males — Continued. Domestic and personal service — Continued. Elevator tenders Hotel keepers and managers Housekeepers and stewards Janitors and sextons Laborers (domestic and professional service) Launderers (not in laundry) Loundry operativesl Laundry owners, officials, and managersl Nurses (not trained) Porters (except in stores) Restaurant, cafe, and lunch-ioom keepers Saloon keepers Servants Waiters Clerical occupations: Bookkeepers, cashiers, and accountants Canvassers Clerks (except clerks in stores) Collectors Messenger, bundle, and office boysl — . Stenographers and typewriters Females Agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry: Farm and dairy farm forewomen Farm and dairy farm laborers (working out) .. Farm laborers (home farm) Farmers and dairy farmers Gardeners Manufacturing and mechanical industries: Apprentices — Dressmakers ' and milliners ' apprentices Other apprentices Bakers Compositors, linotypers, and typesetters Dressmakers and seamstresses (not in factory) Forewomen and overseers (manufacturing) Laborers (n. o. s.l) — Blast furnaces and rolling mills 2 Cigar and tobacco factories Clothing industries Electrical supply factories General and not specified laborers Potteries Rubber factories Shoe factories Manufacturers and officials 197 25 51 1,270 376 75 63 5 13 3,023 106 66 2,3811,029 1017 8 275 8 137 10 17,593 431864 4 4 1 63 944 4 63 3 124 —38- Females — Continued. Manufacturing and mechanical industries — Continued. Milliners and millinery dealers Semiskilled operatives (n. o. s.l) — Bakeries Brick, tile, and terra cotta .factories Candy factories Cigar and tobacco factories Clock and watch factories Electrical supply factories Furniture, piano, and organ factories Glass factories Glove factories Knitting mills Paper and pulp mills Paper box factories Potteries Powder, cartridge, fireworks, etc., factories Printing and publishing Rubber factories Shirt, collar, aud cuff factories Shoe factories Soap factories Suit, coat, cloak, and overall factories Tinware and enamelware factories Woolen and worsted mills — Weavers Other occupations Sewers and sewing machine operators (factory) 2 ... Tailoresses Transp ortation : Telegraph operators Telephone operators Trade: Clerks in stores 2 Demonstrators Floorwalkers and forewomen in stores Laborers (warehouses) Laborers, porters, and helpers in stores Retail dealers Sales agents Saleswomen (stores) 2 Public service (not elsewhere classified) : Officials aud inspectors (state and United States) ... Professional service: Actors Artists, sculptors, and teachers of art Attendants and helpers (professional service) Editors and reporters Healers (except physicians and surgeons) 37 2 100 11 25 2 2 80 19 27 1 1 4 20 48 9 31 14 5 16 1 16 -39- Females — Continued. Professional service — Continued. Musicians and teachers of music Photographers .'... Physicians and surgeons Religious and charity workers Teachers (school) Trained nurses Domestic and personal service: Barbers, hairdressers, and manicurists Boarding and lodging house keepers Charwomen and cleaners Cleaners and renovators (clothing, etc.) .. Hotel keepers and managers Housekeepers and stewardesses Janitors and sextons Laundresses (not in laundry) Laundry operatives 2 Midwives and nurses (not trained) Restaurant, cafe, and lunch-room keepers Servants Waitresses Clerical occupations: Agents, canvassers, and collectors Bookkeepers, cashiers, and accountants .... Clerks (except clerks in stores) Messenger, bundle, and office girls 1 Stenographers and typewriters 12!: 24 11 217 26 320 404 258 15 4 445 113 5,623 131 149 82 7,486 126 10 24 29 5 22 ¦40- Educational. WILBERFORCE UNIVERSITY HISTOEICAL SKETCH. ^ N SEPTEMBER 21, 1844, a committee was appointed in the ^ Ohio conference of the A. M. E. Church to select a site for a eminary of learning. One hundred seventy-two acres, twelve liles west of Columbus were purchased and "Union Seminary" rejected. In 1847, the school was opened, thus becoming the first 3hool for the education of colored people in this country, the erra which later developed into Wilberforce University. It icorporated raanual labor in its plan, and foreshadowed the idustrial idea in connection with literary work. On September 28, 1853, the Cincinnati Conference of the [. E. Church selected a coraraittee which recommended, "the stablishment of a literary institution of higher order .for the iucation of colored people generally;" and in May 1856, Tawawa Springs," a beautiful summer resort in Greene ounty, Ohio, was purchased, and Wilberforce University had ication. By concurrent actions the M. E. and A. M. E. Con- srences of Ohio entered into co-operation for the success of the niversity. It was incorporated, August 30, 1856, and a board \ twenty-four trustees selected, including (rovernor Salmon P. base. President R. S. Rust, Ashland Keith of the colored aptist denomination, and Bishop D. A. Payne, The broad nncipJe was adopted that there should never be any discrimina- on among trustees, faculties or students, on account of race ' creed. —41— o Eh <1QQ P I— ( o P o M 25 The University began its work in October, 1856, under lev. M.- P. Gladdis as principal. He was succeeded by Prof. "araes K. Parker and Dr. Richard S. Rust, the first President. )uring the first epoch, which terminated with the Civil War, he number of students, largely children of southern planters, aried from seventy to a hundred. Revivals were experienced, .nd commendable progress was made in literary culture. The rar closed the school, and the A. M. E. Church withdrew from he field. On March 10, 1863, Bishop D. A. Payne purchased the iroperty for $10,000, and associated with himself Rev. Jaraes ^ Shorter and Prof. John G. Mitchell. In the re-organization if the University, Bishop Payne became President. The Union Serainary property was then sold, and proceeds, 'acuity and pupils were merged into the larger enterprise. On he day Lincoln was assassinated, the main building was burned md the growing work checked. But the heroic founder and us associates redoubled their efforts. Congress in 1870, ap- )ropriated $26,000; Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase beciueathed )10,000 ; Avery estate added $10,000 ; and the American Unita- ian Association gave for lectures, $8,000. For thirteen years Bishop Daniel A. Payne presided over he affairs of the University. Under his management the dif- erent departments were organized : the Theological in 1865, he Classical and Scientific in 1867, the Normal in 1872, and the ililitary in 1884. Rev. B. P. Lee of the class of '72, succeeded to the presi- lency in 1876. In 1877, President W. S. Scarborough, a grad- late of Oberlin College, was appointed to the chair of Latin and Jreek, and Mrs. S. C. Bierce (now Scarborough) of Oswego s^ormal School was called to the principalship of the Normal Department, which was rapidly developed under her manage- iient. She was also instructor in Natural Sciences, and insti- —43— W. S. SCARBOROUGH. Thirty Years an Instructor — now President. uted the movement that resulted in obtaining the present nuseum, for which Bishop Payne secured the funds. President Lee continued at the head of afilairs eight years, 'n 1884, President Lee resigned to accept the editorial chair of he Christian Recorder, Philadelphia, Pa. Prof. S. T. Mitchell, of the class of '73, was elected to the )residency in 1884. The University continued a steady growth hrough subsequent years. ^ On March 19, 1889, the Legislature passed a law estab- ishing the Normal and Industrial Department. It is supported mtirely by the state. It was placed on a financial basis similar ;o the other State educational institutions, receiving a levy of )ne-hundredth of a mill of the grand tax duplicate. No higher indorsement of a colored institution can be found in the United States. On June 18, 1891, Payne Theological Seminary was bounded. It has its own board of directors. Bishop Payne was ts first Dean, his successor being John G. Mitchell, one of the -ounders of Wilberforce University, who served until his death n 1900. January 9, 1884, President Cleveland detailed Lieut. John El. Alexander to organize a Military Department at Wilberforce md instruct in Military Science and Tactics. It is to the honor )f Wilberforce that it is the first colored institution, and as yet ;he only one, to receive such a favor from the general govern- nent. The War Department has supplied arras, cannon and iquipraents to the value of $4,000. The sudden death of Lieut. !^lexander created a vacancy which was filled by the appoint- nent of Lieut. Charles Young, of the Ninth U. S. Cavalry, the )nly remaining colored officer in the United States Army who is I graduate of West Point. Professor Mitchell who was failing in health, resigned in L900. He died the following year. —45— G. F. WOODSON. Dean of Theological Department. Rev. Joshua H. Jones, of the class of '87 was elected 'resident in 1900 and held this position for eight years. In the same year Bishop Benjamin T. Tanner was elected >ean of the Seminary and held the position until 1902. In 1902 lev. George P. Woodson a graduate of Drew Theological eminary, was elected Dean, which position he still fills. In 1905, Lieut. B. 0. Davis, of the Tenth Cavalry was etailed by the War Departraent to take the place of Captain 'oung who, after service in the Cuban War, was ordered to the 'hilippines. In 1909, Lieutenant John B. Green of the 25th Infantry ^as appointed to take the place. Mr. Andrew Carnegie in 1907 presented the University ,dth a Library Building. In 1908, Vice-President, W. S. Scarborough, was elected 'resident of the University. Chaplain T, G. Steward was lected Vice-President at the same time. In 1910, Professor Wm. A. Joiner of the class of '88 was ailed from Howard University to the Superintendency of the ). N. and I. Department. In 1914, Lieut. B. 0. Davis returned to the University as 'rofessor of Military Science and Tactics. The last session of the State Legislature appropriated unds to erect a gymnasium, a modern recitation building, a mall hospital ward to better care for any students who might all ill. an iraproved water system and additional accommoda- Lons for teachers. -47- WM. A. JOINER. Financial Officer and Superintendent of Normal and Industrial Department who has secured State recognition for Wilberforce. .> <1 Ph /r^ OFFICERS— 1914-15. WILBERFORCE UNIVERSITY. William Saunders Scarborough, A. M., LL. D., President. Executive Board Rt. Pev. C. T. Schaffer, D. D., President Rt. Rev. B. F. Lee, D. D., 1st Vice President Rt. Rev, Evans Tyree, D, D., 2nd Vice President iev. J. H, Jones, D. D. Pres. W. S. Scarborough, LL. D. J. B, Q. Wallace Rev. Horace Talbert, A. M. r. H. Jackson Dr. John Coleman PAYNE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Rev. George F. Woodson, D. D., Dean Ofiacers, Board of Directors Bishop Evans Tyree, D. D., President Bishop B, F, Lee, D. D., Vice President Rev, George F. Woodson, D. D., Secretary Mr, W. A. Anderson, A. M., Treasurer NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT William A. Joiner, S. M., LL. M,, Superintendent Of&cers, Board of Trustees Dr. William A. Galloway, President Joshua H. Jones, Vice President Dr. J. L. Johnson, Secretary ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS. William Saunders Scarborough, A. M., Ph. D., LL. D. President. Ti-iEOPHiLus Gould Stewart, D. D. Vice-Pre, ----- "'.^, * V 1 * * ¦ o 2:; oMa <^ members of the class and the teacher and are preparatory to the public recitals. Course of Study. Elementary. New England Conservatory Course, Grade 1. "Thirty -five Easy Pieces" and "Seven and Twenty Pieces." Five Pieces (sheet music). New England Conservatory Course, Grade 2. Finger exercises, scales, studies, etc., sonatinas, .and pieces by Kuhlan, Clejnenti, Reinicke, Porter, Turner, Krogman, Kullak, Beach, Dennee, Schyte, Guilitt, etc. Also "Selected Pieces" Books 1 and 2. Hand culture, notation, ear training. Intermediate. Grade 3. Technical exercises from Porter, "Intermediate and Advanced Technique." Studies from Bach, "Two-part Inventions," Czerny op. 636 and op. 299, Koehler op. 128, Books 1 and 2. Pieces by Clementi, Haydn, Mozart, Scharwenka, Field, Fontaine, Moskowski, Rheinberger, Jensen, Karganoff. Grade 4. Studies from Bach "Three Part Inventions," Cramer-Bulow, Fifty Studies, Gradus ad Parnassura by Clera- enti, and Czerny op. 740. Pieces by Beethoven, Schumann, Brassin, Clementi, Haydn, Mendelsshon, Mozart, Nieraan, Schubert. Advanced. Grade 5. Porter, "Interraediate and Ad vanced Technique" continued. Studies by Bach, "Well-tempered Clavichord," Chopin Etudes, Moscheles op. 70, Pieces by Beethoven, Chopin, Mozart and modern composers. Grade 6. Studies by Bach and Chopin continued. Pieces by Schumann, Mendelssohn, Raff, Beethoven, Rubinstein, Chopin, etc. Requirements. At the completion of each grade, pupils must have a repertoire as follows: Elementary — Not less than ten pieces. Intermediate — Not less than fifteen pieces. —115— Advanced — Not less than twenty pieces. (A portion of each repertoire must be memorized). All pupils must attend and perform when notified in the Preparatory Recital Classes. One creditable pupil performance is required of pupils in the Intermediate grade and two of Advanced pupils. Additional work is required of pupils who are unsuccess ful in memorizing or performing. Pupils are required to keep a careful record of work assigned and accomplished. This record must be presented for examination when promotion to another grade is desired. Full credit is given for work done elsewhere. Candidates for certificates must have a literary training equivalent to that of the best High Schools. Parents are rec|uested to send the teacher two dollars at the beginning of the terra to use for literature which should be ordered in advance and supplied to the pupil when needed, thus avoiding delay in the work and hindrance to the progress of the pupil. Notice will be given when more money is needed and the amount desired will depend upon the ability and progress that the pupil is raaking. Upon request parents or guardians will be furnished with inforraation regarding the progress of the pupils, PHILOSOPHY, 1. Psychology. This course is intended to introduce the student to the problems of psychology. It is descriptive and analytical. The physical basis of the mind, the method of development of the mental powers are studied and discussed. The various methods of psychology are presented and practical exercises illustrating them are given. The course aims to arouse interest on the part of the student for a further pursuit of the —116— subject in study. Collateral reading is assigned. Required of College Sophomores and Normal Juniors. Text: Angell's Psychology. Three hours a week, first half-year. Credit, 3 hours. 2. Educational Psychology. See Education. 3. Child Psychology. See Education. 4. Logic. This course is an introduction into the ele mentary principles of reasoning. Only so much of the theory, of traditional logic is given as is necessary to make the practice of logic possible. Stress is laid in the beginning upon the mean ing of terras. This is followed by a study of the nature and use of the proposition and its methods. Then the processes of reasoning are introduced showing the dangers and possibilities of fallacies and the manner in which they may be detected. The various specific processes of reasoning, such as induction and deduction are taken up and studied critically in practice. Re quired of College Sophomores. Text: Jevon-Hill, Elements of Logic. Three hours a week, second half-year. Credit, 3 hours. 5. Introduction to Philosophy. This course is in tended to open to the student the field of philosophy in its entirety. It embraces the problems of cosmology, ontology and psychology. It subjects them to critisicm based upon our "Theory of Thought and Knowledge." Free discussions and lectures. Required of College Juniors, Text: Paulsen's Introduction to Philosophy. Three hours a week, second half-year. Credit, 3 hours. 6. Ethics. The aim of this course is to give instruction in the theory and practice of conduct. It is intended to awaken a vital condition of the genuine reality of moral problems and the value of reflective thought in dealing with thera. The dif ferent types of theoretical interpretation and certain social and economic problems which characterize the present are studied. ^^^^'^ —117— ATHLETIC ACTIVITIES. The historical method of approach to the subject is used. Col lateral reading is assigned and lectures are given. Text : Dewey and Tufts, Three hours a week, first half- year. Credit, 3 hours. 7. History of Philosopi-iy. This course is a study of the genesis and development of philosophic thought. It aims to trace the various efforts to construct a M'orld system, to find out the truth about the things of this world. It endeavors to find out the relative value of the several world views and to ascertain the manner in which they have reacted upon life and science. Free discussions and lectures. Required of College Seniors. Three hours a Y'^eek, second half-year. Credit, 3 hours. 8. Evidences op Christianity. This course is intended to introduce the student to the rational element in the moral, religious, and theological problems of the Christian doctrine. It aims to reduce to a basis of practical ethics the teachings of the Bible and to compare them with the present day world views. Text: King's Rational Living and Christian Ethics and Reconstruction in Theology. 9. Christian Ethics. Five hours a week, second half-year. Credit, 5 hours. PHYSICAL EDUCATION. During their freshman and sophomore years students are required to take two hours per week and during their junior and senior years not less than one hour per week of physical culture work, under the supervision of the instructor. Special exercises are given to students who need special attention. 1. Physical training for raen consists of exercises with wands, dumb bells, Indian clubs, and gymnastics on horizontal bar, parallel bars and swinging rings and participation in col lege athletics as baseball, football, basket-ball, track, tennis and wrestling. —119— 2. Physical training for women consists of exercises with wands, dumb bells and Indian clubs and gyranastics on hor izontal bar, parallel bar and swinging rings and participation in college athletics as basket-ball, indoor baseball, volley ball, and tennis. Students playing on the college team may be exempted from class exercises. All men are required to have a gymna sium suit consisting of jersey, pants and rubber soled shoes. All women are required to have bloomers, middy blouses and rubber soled shoes. PUBLIC SPEAKING. 1. This course is both educational and artistic. Its aim is to cultivate a personal taste for literature and to acquire the ability to interpret and to express it. Great attention is paid to the individual needs of the student. Drill upon fundamentals, preliminary work in orthoepy, voice culture, proper breathing, tone production, modulation, flexibility, accent, emphasis, articulation, pronunciation. Physical culture, gesture, action, study of attitudes, poise, position, naturalness, the foundation for all effective pulilic speaking. Mental culture, interpreta tion, expression, atmosphere, story telling, declamation, orato rical form, five-minute speeches. Open to students of the third and fourth year preparatory classes. Two hours a week, throughout year. Credit, 4 hours, 2. This course especially emphasizes the mastery of the fundamentals in vocal training. A study is made of the cpal- ities of voice. Recitation; platform speaking; debate. Normal and inductive methods in vocal expression and speaking. Prob lems and methods of teaching, motor training and the cure of stammering. Required of college students. Two hours a week, throughout year. Credit, 4 hours. 3. Vocal expression; visible speech, harmony between mind and body; harmonic gymnastics; pantomine. Vocal in- —120— terpretation of literature. Poetry — lyric, narrative, dramatic. Life sketches; monologues. Lyceum and dramatic work. Ex temporaneous speaking. Structure of oratory. Prerequisite, Course 2. Two hours a week, throughout year. Credit, 4 hours. BIBLICAL THEOLOGY. Seniors have the privilege of electing one of the following courses, which are presented to acquaint the student with the original material of theology proper, and to emphasize the es sential content of the scriptures, old and new. 1. Biblical Dogmatics. 2. Old Testament Theology. 3. New Testament Theology. 4. Pauline Theology, 5. Joliannine Theology. Three hours a week, throughout the year. Credit, 6 hours. historical theology. 1. Church History. Three hours a week, throughout year. Credit, 6 hours. 2. Christian Doctrine. Three hours a week, throughout year. Credit, 6 hours. 3. Old Testament History. Two hours a week, first half-year. Credit, 2 hours. 4. New Testament History. (a) . Life of Christ, (b) . Life of Paul, (c) . ApostoUc Age. Two hours a week, throughout year. Credit, 4 hours. PRACTICAL THEOLOGY. 1. Pastoral Theology. The aim of this course is to give the student a practical knowledge of his relation to and the administration of the work that shall be comraitted to him by the church, thus preparing hira to deal in an intelligent and effective manner with all of the problems of that work. Two hours a week, throughout the year. Credit, 4 hours. —121— oCO OhQ 2; o OO 'Z, oM R5 2. EccLBSLiSTiCAL Law. Lcctures and oral instructions in church government and evidences, mock trials and appeals are conducted that practice and principles may be applied. The Discipline of the African Methodist Episcopal Church is studied. Texts used in connection with this course are Turner's, Polity, Lampton's Digest of Rulings and Decisions by the Bishops of the A. M. E. Church, Digest of Methodist Law, Butler's A. M. E. Church Ecclesiastical Judicial. Two hours a week, throughout the year. Credit, 4 hours. 3. HoMiLETics. This course deals with the following topics: — the preparation of the preacher, general and specific; the species and varieties of the sermon; text, outlines, and delivery of the sermon, pulpit manners. The students have practical exercises in preaching before the members of the Seminary. Sermonizing is continued through the Senior year; each member of the class preaches before the class and before the members of the University. Three hours a week, throughout the year.. Credit, 6 hours. SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY. The aim of this department is to give the student a com prehensive knoYdedge of the history and leading doctrines of theology, especially as taught by Methodism, also to give, by comparison, the differences as held by other denominations. The spirit of research is encouraged in the pupils by re quiring them to prepare for class discussion, in the middle and senior years, theses on the topics before the class. . In the senior year each student is required to submit, before graduating, a thesis on some subject in the department. Text: Miley 's Systematic Theology. 1. Theism. The sense of theism; with the origin of the idea of God. The various arguments in proof of theism with a discussion of the leading anti-theistic theories. Three hours a week, first half-year. Credit, 3 hours. —124— 2. Theology. God in being; the personality and at tribute of God, together with the divine predisables God in Trinity ; the doctrine of sonship : the holy spirit : God in creation and providence. Three hours a Y-eek, second half-year. Credit, 3 hours. 3. Anthropology. The origin of man: Question of Primitive Holiness : The Creation and Pall of Man : Doctrine of Native Depravity : The Realistic and Representative Modes of Adaraic Guilt. Three hours a week, first half-year. Credit, 3 hours. 4. Christology. a study of the Personality, Divinity and Humanity of Christ ; a history of the leading Christological councils, with a review of the errors in Christology. Three hours a week, second half-year. Credit, 3 hours. 5. Sotbriology. (a) Atonement in Christ; a discussion in reality, necessity and scheme of atonement, together with a study of the moral, satisfaction and governmental theories. The sufficiency and universality of the atonement, (b) Salvation in Christ. Benefits of Atonement, doctrinal issues. A considera tion of the ' ' Five Points of Calvinism. ' ' The Cardinal Doctrine ; Justification ; Regeneration ; Assurance ; Santification ; the church and the sacraments. Three hours a week, first half-year. Credit, 3 hours. 6. Esghatology. The doctrine of future existence; the intermediate state ; the second Advent ; resurrection and judg ment. Future punishment and blessedness. Three hours a week, second half-year. Credit, 3 hours. 7. Apologetics. We do not set aside the arguraents from inspiration, miracles, prophecy and experience in the treatment of the subject. Their potency has not been lost. Yet the needs and trials of faith in the present time are given full consideration. The aim is to prepare the student to raeet the intellectual difficulties of the present hour. Elective for seniors — ] 2.5— in the course leading to degree of Bachelor of Divinity. Re quired of seniors in the English course. Three hours a week, throughout year. Credit, 6 hours. VOCATIONAL. The vocational courses are strong and the shops well equipped. At this time it is generally conceded that Wilberforce through its Normal and Industrial Department is better pre pared to do vocational work than any other institution in Ohio. All vocational work is accompanied by strong literary courses. One from the girls' industries and one from the boys' industries given in full illustrate how thoroughly Wilberforce is trying to raeet the educational probleras of the day. Other vocational courses naraed are on the same scale as those detailed. commercial course. Mr. Smith, Mr. Ormes. aims of the course. The fundamental aims of the Commercial course are : (1). To fit young men and women for efficient service as secre taries, stenographers, bookkeepers, clerks, salesmen and account ants and for allied vocational activities. (2). To train young men and women for independent careers in the field of com merce, finance and industry, i. e., as independent proprietors or managers. ADMISSION. Students presenting diplomas from recognized High Schools, may be admitted to the regular course. Eight units of secondary work is the minimura entrance requirement. Before a student is graduated from either bookkeeping or shorthand, all the work of these courses must be satisfactorily completed as prescribed by the catalog, as the department recoraraends to the business community only those students whose fitness and ability have been sufficiently demonstrated in the school-room. —126— COURSE OF STUDY. The course embraces Shorthand, Touch Typewriting, Bookkeeping and Accountancy, Commercial Law, Commercial Correspondence, Salesmanship, Coraraercial Geography, Finance, Political Economy, Modern Advertising, and a choice of several industries. Junior Year. FIRST TERM Shorthand (a) Accountancy 1 *Typewriting (a) Com. Geography Vocation *Penmanship FIRST TERM Shorthand (a) Accountancy 3 "Typewriting (a) Political Economy Salesmanship (a) Vocation 55253 20 SECOND TERM Shorthand (b) Accountancy '"Typewriting (b) Finance Vocation 53 2 53 20 Senior Year. SECOND TERM Shorthand (b) 4 Accountancj' 4 4 "Typewriting 2 Pol. Econ. 1/2 Term 21/2 Commercial Law (b) 5 Vocation 3 THIRD TERM Shorthand (c) 5 Accountancy 2 5 ^Typewriting (c) 2 Com. Corresp, (c) 5 Vocation 3 20 THIRD TERM Shorthand (c) 4 Accountancy 4 4 *Typewriting 2 Publicity (c) 3 Vocation 3 21 201/2 16 *Typewriting is treated as laboratory work and two (2) double l^eriods are required each week in the First and Second Years. **Pen- manship. A good style of penmanship is required of all graduates. Those who do not possess this upon entering the course will be required to take penmanship 5 hours per week during the first term of the first year. CARPENTRY. The carpenter shop is equipped with a one twelve-horse power motor, twenty-four-inch planer, circular rip saw, universal wood-worker, sander, mortiser, tenoner, shaper, band saw, tool grinder, turning lathes, ten manual training benches, individual sets of tools, and other necessary equipment. The course of study is so arranged that students may enter at the beginning of each term. —12 s— The aim of the course is as follows : ( 1 ) to give the theory and practice of woodworking that is fundamental to wood working trades; (2) to give a vocation as early as possible; (3) to prepare teachers for manual training and vocational schools; (4) to produce superintendents and contractors Students entering the course will be recjuired to attend two demonstration lectures (forty-five minutes each) each week and spend six hours (sixty minutes each) each week in shop jiraetice for four years. At the end of the third yeai- a cer tificate will be granted those intending to follow the vocation, provided reijuirements in Academic study have been met. ('andidates for graduation must spend the required time, and in addition complete Normal, Academic or its equivalent witli such special subjects as the teacher may assign. At the beginning of the second year a limited number of students may elect pattern and cabinet making as their major subject. At the beginning of the fourth year students looking forward to teaching or to contracting may elect work, COURSE OF STUDY. first term Elem. Algebra 5 English 5 Drawing, Freehand 2 Drawing, Mechanical 2 Botany, Science of Trees 4 f Tools, their Theory .j Use and [ Construction Science of .Joint Construction 1 Joinery 10 First Year. second term Elem. Algebra 5 English 5 Drawing, Freehand 2 Drawing, Mechanical 2 Botany, Science of Trees 4 (Science of Fastening Plan Read ing 1 TmED TERM Elem. Algebra 5 English 5 Drawing, Freehand 2 Drawing, Mechanical 2 Botany, Plant Life 1 1 Lumber Manufac turing, Plan Reading 1 ,loinery 10 Wood Turnii] 10 —129- Second Year. first term Plane Geometry 5 Physics 4 English 5 Theory (House Fram ing) 1 Drawing (Shop Prob lems) 4 House Framing 10 SECOND TERM Plane Geometry PhysicsEnglish Theory (Exterior Trim) Drawing (Detail Construction) Roof Framing 4 10 THIRD TERM Plane Geometry PhysicsEnglish Theory (Interior Trim) Drawing (Floor Plan) Placing Ex. Trim first term Solid Geometry General Chemistry FrenchTheory (Estimating Bill) Drawing (Special Detail) Milling Interior Trim 10 Third Year. SECOND TERM Solid Geometry 5 General Chemistry 3 French 5 Theory (Specifica tions) 1 Drawing (Porch and Elevation) 4 Stair Construction 10 THIRD TERM College Algebra General Chemistry FrenchTheory (Contracts) Architectural Draw ing Porch Construction FIRST TERM College Algebra French or German MechanicsArchitectural Draw. Theory (Brick and Stone Construction) Supervision Fourth Year. SECOND TERM 5 College Algebra 4 French or German 3 Mechanics 8 Architectural Draw ing 1 Theory (Concrete) 8 Supervision THIRD TERM 5 Commercial Corres. 4 Commercial Law 3 Thesis for Gradua tion 8 Supervision Fifth Year — Teacher's Course. FIRST TERM School Organization Physical Education Shop Management and Method Genl. Psychology Course Designing Practice Teaching SECOND TERM 3 School Organization 3 1 History of Ed, 3 Physical Education 1 4 Shop Management 3 and Method 4 10 Prin. of Teaching 3 10 Practice Teaching 10 THIRD TERM History of Ed. Physical Education Shop Management and Method Applied Psychology Prin. of Teaching Practice Teaching Thesis Note — Figures indicate number of hours per week. -130- SEWING. The courses in this Department are planned to fit young women to meet the increasing demand for trained teachers, and to give such training as will enable girls as they grow to woman hood to appreciate the practical, economic and artistic value of various materials in their application to dress and home fur nishings. To enter the Teachers' Course, students must present a diploma from a first grade high school or show completion of the fifteen units necessary for entrance to college work. Certificates will be awarded to students who have completed the Eighth Grade and pursued the re. Making fancy measurements (c) Shirtwaists aprons (d) Amount of 4. Art needle work — 6. Designing and material and cost to be an applica finishing (a) (e) Cutting out tion of design to Drawers (b) garments different articles Combination Sui t 2, Designing, drafting of clothing Textile study: Cotton and finishing Textile study: Silk and (a) Corset covers made wool of embroidery (b) Lace trimmed corset covers (c) Skirts Textile study: Flax -132— FIRST TERM Geometry 5 Physics 5 English 4 Drawing 2 Dressmaking 10 Instruction in the fundamental princi ples of making dresses Altering waist patterns Making dressing .iaekets and tea gowns Making simple waists and house dresses Pressing Study of form line and proportion in rela tion to drafting Dressmaking, Miss Gee. SECOND TERM Geometry 5 Physics 5 English 4 Drawing 2 Dressmaking 10 Making fancy blouses, sleeve finishes, neck and collar finishes, plackets and seam finishes Construction and orna ment for dress Skirt making Care of clothing Study of drafting Sj'stems used in norm al schools and col leges THIRD TERM Geometry 5 Phvsics 5 English 4 Drawing 2 Dressmaking 10 Study of fabrics Selection of materials and trimmings Advanced work in making complete lostumes for special occasions Ornament of te.xtiles Study of drafting sys tems The other vocations taught are : Agriculture.blacksmithing. Cooking. Millinery.Macpiine Work. Mechanical Engineering. Plumbing and He.vting, Printing. Practical Nur.se Trainin(!. Shoemaking. The value of the courses is attested by the fact that most of the work at the University, both repair and construction, is done by the students. -133- COLLEGE SONG. Dear Old Wilberforce. W. A. JOINEE. j:' j JIJ j j F. J. WOEK. ^^ ^= m ^ ^ T-V 1. 0 - hi - o's hills are glacial born. Or carved by water's blade; Her fields are 2. A eol-lege stands in this fair land. We join to sing her praise. Her ban-ner 3. The maids of Wilberforce are fair. Her sons are brave and free; Their country's S -^;^ ^4=^ ^ p ^^ ^=S^4^ ^ -^ ^ 9 ^-^ gold with rip - 'ning corn, Or green with coo-ing shade ; Her soil is stored with bold of green and gold On high we proudly raise ; Oh ! Wilberforce ! our call they fol - low all O'er land or roll - ing sea ; For truth and right we'll .tzizqiz H f 1 1 1.— ^ 1 1 J 1 ^ If: i [¦ j=^ ^ -»!-T-^ g— g- :^: i^ St±*tr ,^ ^ I ^ ¦ w *)' ¦ nature's hoard Of jew - els rare and old. Yet treasures richer still has she. Her Wil-ber-force! With joy our bosoms swell Whene'er we hear a-far or near. That work and fight; Despite time' s onward course, We're boys and girls again to-night At ^^- ^ • k^— k ^ ^£^ ^ i: =t -t- Rbfrain. {College yell.) • !, I ^ s ^ ^ JTJIJJ^ =F =r^ r I J I'^-i- ^^=^=^ -- MM wealth is not her gold. dear old college yell. Rah-rah! Kah-rahl Rah! Rah! Rah! Wilberforce, Wilberforce, dear old Wilberforce. -A ta— »• ^^ ^=^ S M^-M^ =t=^ li^'— ii^ ^^- ^=^=A- \j^ i>i/ .>^ Rah ! Rah! Rah I Zip-boom ! Zip-boom! Zip-boom-bah! Wilberforce, 'Wilberforce, Rah! Rah! Rah! /r\ /?> rr\ I I I —134- ¦¦.¦¦.'¦¦•¦¦y'mym SSi^-S;;;;;!;.--) .. ' -t'.-.'.V.'-""."*".;; ..! |%iii';;^: