ft .i' ii s • v i ¦ s IV i'Sri 1

M

YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

Purchased from the income
of the bequest of
WILLIAM ROBERTSON COE
Honorary M.A. 1949, for
material in the field
of American Studies.

/A7

GEORGE M. PULLMAN.

THE

Town of Pullman

ILLUSTRATED.

Its Growth with Brief Accounts
of Its Industries.

MRS.

BY
DUANE DOTY,

T.

P. STRUHSACKER,
PUBLISHER,
Pullman, III
1893.

COPYRIGHTED BY
MRS. DUANE DOTY.
1893.

Preface.
This volume, made up almost entirely of descriptive
sketches of many features of interest in Pullman, is
prepared in response to frequent requests on the part
of visitors here for such information. The writer has
drawn freely from every accessible source of informa
tion, but has depended chiefly upon personal knowl
edge acquired by a residence here since the town was
founded, and also upon a large variety of papers by
her husband. Called upon, as she has been, to aid in
the preparation of these papers she feels at liberty to
use such portions of them as she needs. In addition
it has seemed best to give in an appendix extracts
from valuable documentary matter, such as the
pamphlet by the State Bureaus of Labor Statistics,
on the industrial, social and economic conditions of
Pullman, made in 1884 ; the address by Rev.1 David
Swing, at the Arcade theatre on the evening of April
nth, 1883; the address of Hon. Stewart L. Wood
ford, at the theatre Jan. 9th, 1883, and remarks of
Mr. Charles Dudley Warner, in Harper's Magazine
for June, 1888, and also the remarks of President
George M. Pullman, supplementing his annual report
for the year ending July 31st, 1892. The aim is to «
present little of anything, outside of the appendix,
except descriptive matter which will convey to the
reader an idea of the industries here. Our space

4 Preface.
only warrants verbal pictures of some of the depart
ments of these varied industries, and outlines of the
others. This, the most remarkable business enterprise of
the age, or of any age, challenges the attention of all
students of social science, and of political econom
ists, capitalists, philanthropists, engineers, sanitari
ans, artists, and men of science. City building or
city extension in any part of the world is now seldom
if ever undertaken without a careful study for its
suggestive value of what has been done here. Pull
man has put the working man upon a higher plane,
and placed about him conditions which are better
than he could have hoped for if unaided ; and these
favorable surroundings have resulted in the advant
ages to him which the founder of the city claimed for
them. The history of civilization exhibits a steady
growth and progress of the masses of the human race
to higher levels, and in showing to the world that the
interests of capital can be amply provided for while
operatives, more largely than ever before, are made
sharers in the results of good work, an example has
been set here which exerts and will exert a beneficial
influence in myriads of ways. Pullman, is emphatic
ally a new departure in city building, and, as the
writer firmly believes, marks an era in human
advancement. It has not only bettered labor but
added to it a dignity which it did not before possess.
Revolutions do not tend backward, and when the
present structures of the city shall have crumbled
and been replaced by more stately ones, the Pullman
idea, which embraces improving conditions for work
men, will continue its widening influence and go down

Preface. 5
the years as an increasing benefaction. At the out
set Pullman cars were far in advance of any public
demand for better modes of conveyance, but they
have became a necessity of travel and cannot be
dispensed with. The improved homes and the o
healthful and convenient shops of Pullman were
created in advance of any expressed demand by work
men for them, for men can and do exist in cellars and
garrets, and do work in sheds and uncomfortable
shops and factories, but when they are given such
improved homes and surroundings' they are able not
only to do better for themselves and their families,
but better in every way for their employers. No
where, in this industrial age, is there any other entire
community of working people provided with such
desirable homes as here, and with such favorable
industrial conditions as surround Pullman operatives.
To speak of these homes and to give some account
of the diversified industries in which so many
thousand operatives are now engaged, is the object of
this volume. The Calumet region already has a
hundred manufacturing establishments some of them,
like our car works and the steel mills of South
Chicago, being the largest of their kind in the world.
Pullman is centrally situated in the new London,
which is rapidly growing up under the name of
Chicago, and its suggestive and formative influence is
most salutary not only in the western hemisphere
but throughout the world, and will continue so —
" For I doubt not through the ages,
One increasing purpose runs,
And the thoughts of men are widened
By the process of the sun."
Pullman, June, 1893. The Author.

Arcade.
The Arcade Feature.
The Pullman Arcade at once challenges the sur
prised attention of visitors. This style of building
for stores and markets is not yet a common one in
American cities, though it possesses acknowledged
advantages. An arcade, like ¦ a great union depot,
quickly becomes a favorite resort ; and people go to
it in large numbers not only to trade but to meet
business appointments, and also for social pleasures.
Man is gregarious in his nature and likes to move
about in a busy assemblage of his fellows, and the
business man naturally chooses his place of business
where the largest numbers can have easy access to it.
In street architecture an arcade is a covered way or
passage either open at the side with a range of pillars,
or completely covered over as it is here.
Other Arcades.
This form of structure is not uncommon in
Europe, and the following brief mention will be of
interest in a treatment of this subject :
The city of Paris furnishes examples of this
description of arcade. In the Rue de Rivoli, Palais
Royal, and Old Place Royal the arcades have open
sides. Some others, as the Passages des Panoramas,
Jouffroy and Princess, are covered passages used as
thoroughfares. Others like the Passages Choiseul
and de l'Opera are favorite lounging places, and are

8 The Town of Pullman.
visited by throngs of people. These arcades are all
to a greater or less extent lined with beautiful shops
and stores. The arcade which occupies the three
sides of the square of St. Mark's, in Venice is a
remarkable one, and is known and admired through
out the world. Fine examples of this structure are
also found in Berlin and Vienna.
The Millan Arcade, built by the Architect Gui
Mengoni, in the years 1865 to 1867, is probably the
finest in Europe. It cost over a million and a half of
dollars, and a dollar there goes three times as far as
one here in its purchasing power. The length of the
arcade passage is over 650 feet and its width is fifty
feet. The great arcade at Berlin, known as the Pas
sage, is three stories high and has fifty-four shops or
stores on the first floor. It was built in the years
1871 to 1873, and with the exception of the Millan
Arcade is the finest in Europe. The third finest in
Europe is in the city of Stuttgart. The arcade
feature is becoming more and more common on the
continent. The cities of Cincinnati and Cleveland
have arcades, and several other American towns have
introduced the arcade feature in their public markets,
and when once introduced it becomes a favorite with
the whole people. The arcade feature is introduced
on the four corners opposite the new market build

ing here.

The Pullman Arcade.

The Pullman Arcade required 300 cords of stone
for its foundation and two millions of bricks for the
superstructure, half a million of these being red
pressed brick. The building is two hundred and fifty

The Town of Pullman. g
feet long and one hundred and sixty-six feet in
extreme width, and one hundred and fifty-four feet at
its narrowest width. The distance from the sidewalk
to the top of the dome over the theater on the west
front is ninety feet. The central portion of the
building is three stories high, the remaining portions
only two stories, the building having no basement.
It is entered on a level with the sidewalk, and at
once impresses the beholder with its vastness. The
acre of roof is of the best slate, except that portion
over the central passage, north and south, which is
of glass, that renders the covered passages as light
as day. There are 1,800,000 cubic feet of space
inclosed in the building, 427,000 feet of the space
being used for the theater. The structure covers
38,600 square feet, or nearly an acre.
The Arcade Rooms.
The doors of rooms are numbered from 1 to 77,
exclusive of the lodge-rooms in the third story.
Evenings the arcade presents an animated scene,
hundreds of people visiting it and engaging in social
chat, discussing in an animated way the political
situation, the labor question, the prospects of a
visitation by cholera, and other topics of current
interest, reading in the library-rooms, or trading in
the elegant stores. The first floor is occupied by the
bank and postoffice, and by the following kinds of
stores : Dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes,
china and glassware, clothing, household furniture,
hardware, tobacco and cigars, a news depot, a
restaurant, drugs and medicines, and clocks, watches,

io The Town of Pullman.
and jewelry. One hundred persons are employed or
have business interests or offices in this building.
The second story contains the large public library,
with its eight thousand volumes and one hundred
of the best journals, magazines, and reviews of this
country and Europe ; it also contains the Arcade
Theater, the town offices, three halls used for
churches, lodge-rooms, offices for doctors, dentists,
and others; barbershops, and the rooms of the Young
Men's Christian Association. The third story has
handsome lodge-rooms, used by the Masons and Odd
Fellows, Ancient Order United Workmen, Royal
Arcanum, Royal League, and others.
Its Advantages.
The arcade has proved a very satisfactory feature
to citizens, and is a favorite resort, especially
evenings. All trading is done under shelter and at
one place ; the necessary competition insures pur
chasers the best goods at the lowest market prices.
The building, centrally located, is surrounded by
paved streets and has 1,000 feet of wide stone flag
ging around it. It is supplied with gas and water
throughout, and is heated with steam, and will soon
soon be lighted with electricity. Telephones connect
with all parts of Pullman and with Chicago. The
substantial character of the building reminds one of
the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, the cost
of which, per cubic foot of space being the same as
that of the Pullman Arcade. Buildings of this kind
can be carried to any height, and they will no doubt
become general and popular in American towns.

The Town of Pullman.

Arcade Theatre.
The Stage.
All the world's a stage
And all the men and women merely players.
Upon the mimic stage the object seems to be "to
hold as 'twere the mirror up the nature," and we get
much enjoyment out of a play; for us it is free from
the anxieties and vexations incident to many of the
relations in actual life. As a work of art a good play
affects us somewhat as a good story, thought the effort
of listening to the play is far less than that of reading
the story. Public opinion keeps really obnoxious or
hurtful features out of plays, so that with the scenic
accessories and the music always present, they may
be made not only enjoyable but even instructive.
Nearly all thinkers agree that the stage has not only
conveyed, but it is still conveying to the world much
valuable instruction which could not otherwise be
given.
History of the Theatre.
Works of fiction, which are orderly groupings of
possible phases of life in vivid word pictures, always
interest people. Before the age of books, bards and
minstrels told their stories in song and always to
eager listeners. There can be little doubt that prehis
toric man indulged in plays, even as children do now,
but the first records we have of buildings erected for
this special purpose, show that such structures were
undertaken by the Greeks five or six centuries before
Christ. The word theatre is Greek and means a place

12 The Town of Pullman.
for seeing. The ruins of the Dionysiac theatre at
Athens, indicate that it was large enough to hold
30,000 persons. The Greek priests, or clergy of that
day, were not only regular attendants of the theatre,
but liked the best seats in it, as well as bald headed
Yankees to-day like the orchestra chairs. All the
cities of Greece had ecxellent theatres. In the build
ing of theatres, Rome copied Greece quite closely. The
vast theatre built by Pompey, and finished half a
century before the birth of Christ, is said to have held
40,000 persons. At this period the Romans seemed
to delight more in cruel and bloody spectacles than
in plays as we now understand them, and at the open
ing of this theatre, it is recorded that twenty elephants
and five hundred lions were killed in the arena by
gladiators. Julius Caesar began the great Marcellus
theater, one of the most imposing structures of ancient
Rome, but it was finished by his successor. The
only trace we have to-day of the Roman gladiatorial
exhibitions survives in the bull fights of Latin coun
tries. The two theatres uncovered at Pompeii are
still well preserved. Many of these ancient theatres
had much movable scenery. During the middle ages
what were called "miracle plays" (the modern pas
sion plays are of this class) were common, and were
often held in churches, but sometimes in temporary
outside structures. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth
the secular drama was quickened into vigorous life,
and toward the close of the sixteenth century perma
nent buildings were built for theatres under the man
agement of Shakespeare and Burbage. In Italy, too,
the secular drama grew out of the "miracle plays"
and developed simultaneously with its growth in Eng-

The Town of Pullman. 13
land. There has been a steady increase in the costli
ness of the attire of actors, and to-day "stars" dress
like kings and queens, and their stage garb is an
important attraction. Scenery, too, is becoming more
and more costly and elaborate. All the cities of
Europe now have excellent theatres. The Grand
Opera House in Paris is regarded as the finest theatre
there from an architectural point of view, though
other structures surpass it in stage arrangements and
properties. The Drury Lane Theatre is said to be
the best arranged one in London. In many parts of
our own country theatres are under municipal control
and there are public restrictions relating to protection
against danger from fires and also as to the character
of plays produced; and all these features are destined
to become more and more matters of public control.
The controversy with reference to the theatre holding
the largest number of spectators in London is now
definitely set at rest on official authority. The num
bers certified on authority are as follows:
Britannia  2,972 Covent Garden  2, 2gg
Standard  2, 878 Elephant and Castle. 2, 283
Drury Lane  2,731 Alhambra  2,208
Her Majesty's  2,444 Surrey  .2,161
Astley's -  2,407
Seating Capacity of Chicago Theatres.
Alhambra  2,500 Hooley's  1,506
Auditorium  4,040 Jacob's Academy. . . 1,800
" boxes... 40 Litt's Standard  2,000
Central Music Hall. 2,000 Madison Street  1,000
Chi. Opera House. .2,300 McVicker's  1,865
Columbia  2,400 New Windsor  2,000

14 The Town of Pullman.
Criterion  1,800 Park  i>5oo
Gr'd Opera House. . 1,750 Timmerman Opera
Havlin's  2,000 House  1,200
Haymarket  2,475 Waverly  1,400
The Arcade Theatre.
Henry Irving greatly admired this theatre, and
said that he would much like to play in it an evening.
In visiting it one day with the late John McCullough,
that actor told the writer that this was the first case
in which the value of his profession as an instructor
of the people had been recognized in a purely manu
facturing town. He lingered long and thoughtfully
upon the stage and pronounced the structure "most
charming." Over the west central entrance of the Arcade, and
reached by a massive stairway, made of native white
ash, is a space about 65x140 feet in size, containing
the theatre; 427,000 cubic feet of space are used for
it. The hallway is about 30x65 feet, and its ceilings
are handsomely decorated. Aside from some conven
tional ornamentation, the ceilings of this hallway are
finished in sky-blue and bespangled with stars. On
entering the theatre, the visitor is struck with the
beautiful finish of the walls and the fresco painting
upon the ceiling. From the central dome a large
chandelier is hung. The gas is lighted by electricity.
There are ten beautifully arranged boxes, five on each
side of the theatre. Curtained, adorned and elegantly
furnished, they are like a dream of summer houses in
oriental gardens. The seating capacity of the theatre
is nearly 1,000. The seats are of the finest patterns,
and are upholstered in dark red leather.

The Town of Pullman. 15
The Stage and Scenery.
The stage is an interesting study. In the cavern
ous space underneath we find the mechanisms for
many transformations. Here is a trap-door, which
when lowered to a suitable distance, makes an open
ing for the grave scene in Hamlet; other traps pro
vide for sudden appearances and disappearances. At
the rear of the stage an entire section of the floor can
be raised so as to form bridges or aid in representing
hills in scenery. No stage convenience has been
omitted. In addition to a variety of side scenes, there
are several large paintings, the full width and height
of the stage in size. Take the painting of a street
scene as an illustration. In the foreground is a table,
on which stands an open umbrella, shading some
fruit. The clean pavement looks as though it might
have been washed by a recent summer rain. The
blocks of buildings stand in a summer silence. In
the distance rises a majestic tower, its pinacle reach
ing the clouds. This tower was suggested by the cel
ebrated Butler Tower, of the Rouen Cathedral. The
roadside, forest, seashore and landscape scenes are
all views worked up from sketches from nature, made
by the artist in different parts of England. The
kitchen scene is a fac simile of the interior of an old
farmhouse in Devonshire. The village scene is from
a sketch made in the farming districts of Cheshire,
illustrating a good example of the half timber archi
tecture for which that part of England is well known.
The Drop-Scene, or Curtain.
This is one of the finest paintings of the kind in
the Western Hemisphere, if not the finest. The per-

16 The Town of Pullman.
spective is faultless, and the visitor finds it impossi
ble to realize that he is looking at a flat, vertical
surface. This curtain is the production of eleven
weeks of uninterrupted work by the artist, Mr. Hugh-
son Hawley, and represents an oriental pavilion on
the shores of the Bosphorus, with a view of a smail
Turkish town in the distance and boats upon the far
away waters. In this painting nearly every compo
nent part was a matter of careful study from the real
objects. The rich brocaded drapery in the painting
is an exact copy of a costly piece of material loaned
to the artist by MarshallField. The same plan was
observed in the Eastern rugs, vases and other acces
sories, thus insuring absolute correctness in all these
features. In this artistic work there is not the remo
test hint of cars, railways and locomotives. The
beholder easily realizes that something besides the
mechanical holds sway here, and that for a time the
hum, clatter and clang of machinery fades into
silence, and even from memory, while the mind is
busy with the pleasing environment of art.
Decoration.
The decoration of the auditorium is oriental in
style, the designs employed being for the most part
Moorish, Arabic and Persian. A little liberty has
been taken, however, in one or two instances; for
example, in the introduction of the dragons in the
corners of the ceiling, contrary to the laws of the
Koran, which forbid the imitation or distortion of any
living object. Otherwise, the greatest accuracy of
design and detail has been observed. But the chief
study has been in the grouping and in the production

The Town of Pullman. 17
of a general harmony of tone and coloring, the broad
principle being an almost imperceptible gradation of
color, increasing in light from floor to ceiling, the
lowest tones being in rich reds and purple, and
changing gradually as they reach the top to delicate
blues and olives. Not only has this system been car
ried out in the coloring of the walls and ceiling and
wood work, but in the drapery and rows of chairs,
and in every other detail which has been treated, not
with a view to its individual effect, but merely as a
detail in the universal scheme of coloring. This sys
tem of interior decoration has not only been carried
out in the auditorium, but in a harmonious blending
both before and behind the curtain. As an instance
of this, the proscenium wings and borders are a repro
duction in color of the draperies and architectural
construction of the stage boxes.
In General.
The theatre is occupied three or four times a
month during the theatre season by entertainments of
the best character, and is liberally patronized. The
theatre was first opened January 9, 1883, Hon. Stew
art Woodford, of New York, delivering an address.
After the address, the play, " Esmeralda," was given.
This theatre is an art gem, and ministers to refined
enjoyment. Beauty is an element appointed by the
Deity to sustain the souls of men, and there has never
been a time when there was greater need of such
calming and sustaining beauty as art can give. There
n^ver was a period when it could soothe and heal so
much hard pressure, worry and hurry and wear as
now. Earth is crowded and disfigured with unsightly

1 8 The Town of Pullman.
forms, though gradually growing better, as we like to
believe. The opportunity for seeing beautiful objects
helps in art training, and such training is a physical
as well as a moral and intellectual tonic.
The theatre opened January 9, 1883, with the
Madison Square Theatre company in "Esmeralda."
Then came the following, some of which have been
here four or five times. Some unimportant attrac
tions are omitted from the list:
Chicago Church Choir company, Calendar's Min
strels, John Dillon, Henry Ward Beecher, lecture;
Harry Webber, Aldrich & Parsloe, Haverly's "Silver
King " company, Robert McWade, Haverly's Masto
don Minstrels, Barry & Fay, Tony Denier's "Humpty
Dumpty," Tony Pastor, Cal Wagner's Minstrels,
Daniel Sully, Barlow & Wilson's Minstrels, "Galley
Slave," Pullman Minstrels, Frank Mayo, Charles L.
Davis, Kate Claxton, Maud Granger, "Two Johns"
Comedy company, "Hoop of Gold," Rehan's company
"7-28-8;" Redmund & Barry, Flora Moore, Grace
Hawthorne, Baker & Farron, "Streets of New York, "
Patti Rosa, Bartley Campbell's "White Slave," Geo.
Miln, "Hamlet;" Louise Balfe, Thome's "Black
Flag," Daly Brothers, "Vacation;" Milton Nobles,
Roland Reed, Joseph K. Emmet, Mr. and Mrs. G. S.
Knight, Sol Smith Russell, Gus Williams, "Michael
Strogoff," Salsbury's "Troubadours," Lester & Allen
Minstrels, Ezra F. Kendall, "Lost in London,"
Frank E. Aiken, "Passion Slave," Hyer Sisters,
Joseph Murphy, "On the Rio Grande," C. E. Ver-
ner, " Shamus O'Brien;" T. J. Farron, "'The Black
Crook," "One of the Bravest," Hoyt's "A Bunch of
Keys," McNish, Johnson & Slavin's Minstrels, Mattie

The Town of Pullman. 19
Vickers, Edwin Mayo, Agnes Herndon, Lillian Lewis,
"Around the World in Eighty Days," Francis Bishop,
Murray and Murphy, The Gorman Brothers' Min
strels, Keller, Mr. Pat Rooney, "Sam'l of Posen,"
Scott and Mills' "Chip of the Old Block," Evans and
Hoey's "Parlor Match," Webster-Brady Company's
"She," W. J. Scanlan, Charles A. Gardner, Effie
Elsler, "Held by the Enemy," Helen Barry, "The
Private Secretary," Thatcher, Primrose and West's
Minstrels, J. C. Roach in "Dan Darcy," George Wil
son Minstrels, "Siberia," Heme's " Hearts of Oak,"
A Postage Stamp Company, Hallen & Hart's "Later
On," "Mugg's Landing," McCarthy and Reynolds,
Ole Olson, "Beacon Lights," Mason Mitchell,
"Fugitive," Estelle Clayton, "The Ivy Leaf," Hoyt's
"Tin Soldier," "Little Lord Fauntleroy," Mdlle.
Rhea, "The Fairies' Well," "A Barrell of Money,"
Lizzie Evans, Lyceum Theater Company, "The
Wife," Nellie McHenry, and "A Social Session."
The above indicate sufficiently the excellent character
of the attractions secured.

Art.
Pullman is the only city of the world built art
istically in every part, and from a central thought
within one man. As in the cars built and operated
by the Pullman Company, art is a conspicuous feature
here. The parks, public buildings and homes of the
place form many paintings and poems in brick, stone,
landscapes and foliage.

20 The Town of Pullman.
Allen Paper Car Wheels.

The first paper wheels were made by Mr. R. N.
Allen, their inventor, in the year 1869. Mr. Allen,
late president of this company, died in Cleveland, O.,
October, 1890. In 1878, 1,496 wheels were made and
sold. The present Allen Paper Car Wheel Company
was organized in February, 1880, with a paid-up cap
ital of one million dollars, and became possessed of
all the paper-wheel interests in the United States.
The capacity of the shops in Pullman is now 12,000
wheels a year. Description of the Building.
The factory and wheel shops at Pullman are situ
ated just north of and on a line with the Pullman
Passenger Car Works. The main building has a
frontage of 360 feet, and is in two parts of equal
length and size. The handsome two story central
part connects the two portions, and the front is used
for the Pullman offices of the company, and the rear
portion for drying rooms, lathes, etc. The rear part
of the building is used for a foundry, where the iron
wheel hubs are cast, and centers for the iron center
wheel made here; also for a pattern shop, a black
smith's shop, a boiler house, and store rooms for
stock. The north end of the front half of the build
ing is occupied with wheel lathes; the east central
portion contains the massive hydraulic presses, and
the space for putting wheels together. In the south
end of the front section of the structure are the drill

The Town of Pullman. 21
presses, plate lathes, boring drills, and machines for
putting wheels together, and other machines required
in a good machine shop. There are, in the north
end, ten fifty-four inch lathes for boring and turning
tires; this includes lathes for work upon locomotive
drive-wheel tires and any size of tire, from twenty-six
to fifty-four inches in diameter.
How a Paper Wheel Is Made.
The Allen paper car wheel consists of a paper core
or center between two steel boiler plates one-fourth of
an inch thick, bolted together through a flange or web
on an iron hub and a steel tire; the web of the tire is on
the opposite side of the web on the hub, so that the pa
per core lies between opposite flanges, and can never
be got out of its place except when taken to pieces in
a machine shop. The paper used is simply good
straw board, such as might form the basis of covers
for school books, and it comes from the paper mills
in circular sheets, with a hole in the center of each
sheet nearly as large as the wheel hub. This straw
board is made at paper mills owned by the company
in Morris, Illinois. Pasting the Paper.
The sheets of paper laid upon a table in piles
have their upper surfaces pasted with ordinary flour
paste by boys, and the pasted sheets piled in lots of
thirteen sheets each, a sheet being put between each
lot of thirteen, so that the mass of paper will readily
fall apart into slabs of about a fourth of an inch in
thickness when put into the drying rooms from the
hydraulic presses. Masses of these pasted sheets,

22 The Town of Pullman.
three or four feet in thickness, are then placed under
a hydraulic pressure of 2,00 > pounds to the square
inch for two hours. The resulting thin paper slabs
into which the mass readily falls, owing to the pres
ence of the dry sheets spoken of above, are then put
into drying rooms for a week, where the temperature
is kept at about 120 degrees. Four of these thin
circular slabs are then pasted together and masses of
them put under the same pressure as before, and
again dried in the drying rooms for another week.
Four of these thicker slabs are then pasted together
and pressed and dried, but dried for three or four
weeks, till all traces of moisture entirely disappear.
The resulting circular blocks of paper then contain
200 sheets of paper, the original ten inches in thick
ness of the paper as it came from the mill, being
pressed into a thickness of four inches, making it
about as hard as oak wood. After the blocks are
thoroughly seasoned, they are kept for six weeks or
two months before they are finally used.
Tires and Hubs.
These last hard, rough, circular blocks, after thor
ough seasoning, are put upon lathes and turned to fit
the tires. The steel tire, which is about two inches
thick, is bored tapering iyi°, and it requires from 100
to 120 tons pressure to force the turned paper block
or core into it. The cast-iron hub is turned straight,
and the hub-hole in the paper, nine and one-half
inches in diameter, is made one thirty-sixths of an
inch smaller than the hub's diameter, so as to require
twenty-five or thirty tons pressure to force the hub
through the paper, or bring the hub and paper

The Town of Pullman. 23
together. The wheel is then drilled through the hub
flange, back and front steel facings, and through the
paper for an inner row of bolts, and also through the
back and front of the above named plates and the
web of the tire, and through the paper core, for the
outside row of bolts. Then turned bolts are driven
tight in the paper by means of small steam hammers;
these bolts easily slip through the holes drilled in the
metal for them, but the holes in the paper are made a
little smaller than the bolts, so that great force is
required to put the bolts through the paper. Nuts
on the bolts then bring the whole mass solid])'
together. After these nuts are set to place with
strong wrenches, operated by steam, the protruding
ends of the bolts are well riveted in such a manner
that the nuts can never loosen except by the use of a
lathe when a wheel is taken to pieces in a machine
shop. Rough tire is then turned upon a lathe to a
true round (finished tire does not require re-turning)
and the hub re-bored to fit the axle. The struct
ure of the paper wheel is simple, it being a solid
paper core fastened between the opposite flanges of
a hub and tire so well put together as practically to
make a solid wheel. Fastened as the paper core is to
the steel and iron, it cannot stir from its place.
The Philosophy of the Wheel.
The compressed paper making the core of the
wheel is not only slightly elastic, like ivory, but it
does not change its form under any changes in tem
perature ; dryness or moisture does not affect it. It
readily yields to the contraction and expansion of the
tire under different temperatures. As the center of

24 The Town of Pullman.
a wheel this paper core intercepts or absorbs all
vibration, or rather prevents the transmission of
vibration occasioned by the contact between tire
and rail, and, therefore, there is never any disin
tegration or granulation of any portion of the metal
composing the wheels and axles. In the solid cast
iron wheels granulation often occurs, rendering
them liable to break after the manner in which
a church bell sometimes cracks when it has been
struck for a long time in one spot. The paper
wheel, while costly, will outwear ten iron ones. These
wheels are now used under all new Pullman cars and
under all first-class private cars and the better class
of passenger coaches. Their absolute safety, the
greater ease with which the}' carry a coach, the
reduced cost of wheelage, the increased life of axles,
the saving in the wear and tear of trucks, the lessened
cost of maintaining cars having such wheels, the
added comfort they afford the traveling public ren
der their use most desirable. The life of one of
these wheels is easily 500,000 miles, and they
sometimes run 800,000 miles before they are pro
nounced unfit for further service. Wheels that have
made such mileage can be seen at the Allen works.
The paper cores can be used again and again in new
tires, as they are practically indestructible; 150,000
of these wheels have been made and are in use, and
the demand for them continues to increase, as they
are no doubt the best passenger car wheels yet
devised. After running 100,000 miles or more it
becomes necessary to have the tires re-turned to a
true round.

4

The Town of Pullman. 25
Branch Shop.
A branch of these shops is located in Hudson, N.
Y. , where about three-fourths as many wheels are
made as are turned out here. A cheaper passenger
car wheel, with a steel tire and an iron center, is also
made by this wheel company and under one of the
Allen patents.
The industry greatly interests visitors, who are
puzzled with the phrase, "A paper car wheel," till its
construction is explained, when it is as clear to them
as the plan adopted by Christopher Columbus to make
an egg stand on end.
ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION OF PULLMAN.
It consists of about 150 members, has handsome
grounds and every modern convenience for athletic
and aquatic sports. The playgrounds contain about
10 acres and the Island 5 acres. Athletes from all
parts of the country have competed for the beautiful
medals awarded here. The cricket team at Pullman
is the best one west of the Hudson River and holds
the championship of the West. The Pullman base
ball teams are among the best outside of the profes
sional nines. Annual regattas are held here in spring
and autumn and athletic games are given which
attract the best amateur athletes of the land. Pull
man has already become the center of athletic sports
in the West. The great road race from the Leland
House, Chicago, to Pullman has been run under the
auspices of this association upon Decoration Day for
the past six years. The race, May 30th, 1892, was
participated in by about 400 riders, that of 1893 by35o

26 The Town of Pullman.
ARCHITECTURE.
In selecting the architectural style to be fol
lowed at Pullman, it was deemed necessary to choose
one that could be adapted to the great variety of
buildings devoted to different uses. In general terms
the style employed might be designated the round
arched or Romanesque, without the Byzantine details
for the great shops and principal buildings ; and
while the spirit of this style permeates the buildings
generally, it may be said that the dwellings suggest a
simplified modification of the Queen Anne style.
The town is artistically built in every part.
ACCIDENTS.
Accidents, from very slight ones to those of a
serious nature, are always occurring where so many
operatives are at work with machinery. Slight cuts,
bruises and burns, and the getting of small particles
of metal into ej'es are of weekly occurrence. In
cases where injuries are serious the company has con
tinued the names of the injured parties on its pay
rolls. AMUSEMENTS.
Every facility is offered at Pullman for rational
amusements and recreation. Athletic grounds well
fitted up, playgrounds, boat-houses, good public halls
and a gymnasium are features here. Clubs and other
social organizations and societies are numerous. See
secret societies. BANK.
The Pullman Loan and Savings bank has already
passed the million-dollar point in its rapid but health
ful growth, and now takes rank with the large banks

The Town of Pullman.

27

of the city. It does a general banking business. The
following tabular statement exhibits the growth of the
savings deposits of this institution for the past nine
years, as shown in reports at the close of each fiscal
year, and indicates a gratifying prosperity on the part
of this community of workingmen. In no other place
on earth where the same kind of work is done are the
earnings of operatives so large as in Pullman. Most
of the work here is paid for at piece wages, and the
earnings of workmen are indicative of industry and
mechanical skill unsurpassed. It is to be remem
bered that the savings deposits here recorded only
represent money for which no better investment has
been found, and that they constitute but a fractional
and small part of the actual accumulations of the de
positors, so many of whom own homes and property
which are increasing in value.
Savings Deposited in the Bank.

DATES OF REPOBTS AT CLOSE OF
FISCAL YEARS.

August 1, 1884
August 1, 1885
August 1, 1886
August 1, 1887
August 1, 1888
August 1, 1889
August 1, 1890
August 1, 1891
August 1, 1892
April 10, 1893 .

a

03 r&

=H

0

0 „j

'_

$ S

as ° 2

2
0 a
Z>
578
052
724
970
1
,150
1,200
1
,525
1
,900
2
,013
2
,249
::
^
o ¦
$ 83,943
108,200 144,922223,952202,157282,994 392,851
456,803
531,005 636,889
o fao
*".9 ¦
a 5 o
a> p. a/
<
146169
200231 228236
258 240204
283
28 The Town of Pullman.
An inspection of this table shows a steady increase
in the number of savings depositors, a rapid and
steady growth in the aggregate savings deposits, and
also an increase in the average amount of each
deposit. BLACKSMITH SHOP.
This shop consists of a one-story structure 127
feet by 200 in size, with an addition 75 feet by 125.
About 250 men are employed. There are now 85
forges, 10 power hammers and eight coke furnaces in
operation. Nuts, bolts and small forgings are made
here, consuming about 70 tons of bar iron every day
for such forgings. Work is done under a piece-work
system, and the tools are all of the latest improve
ments. This shop presents a busy, noisy, but very
interesting scene, and its product is all consumed in
the car building at Pullman. The street-car depart
ment has a blacksmith shop of its own.
BELTING.
The main shaft connected with the Corliss engine
is over 3,000 feet long, from which power is trans
mitted to machinery by means of pulleys and belting.
The belting alone in the Pullman shops and factories
is 89,000 feet in length. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Of the articles written upon Pullman and appear
ing in newspapers and magazines, and in the form of
reports and addresses, the following are the most im
portant :
An address by the Rev. David Swing in 1883 at
the dedication of the Public Library.

The Town of Pullman. 29
A letter in the Inter Ocean, December, 1882.
An address by the Hon. Stewart Woodford at the
dedication of the town and when the Opera House
was first opened, January 9, 1883.
An article in the Boston Herald in 1882 by Mr.
Schuyler. An article in the Weekly Magazine in 1883 by
Helen Starrett.
An article in Harper's Magazine for February,
1885, by Prof. R, Ely.
A letter in the London Times of October 24, 1887.
A pamphlet by the Commissioners of Labor and
Statistics for the several States, September, 1884.
Remarks by Charles Dudley Warner in the June
number of Harper's Magazine for 1888.
A report in the annual volume of the Illinois Board
of Health for 1885.
An article in Scribner's Magazine for September,
1888, by Gen. Horace Porter.
An address before the National Health Associa
tion in Milwaukee in November, 1888.
A letter in the New York World dated December
23d, 1892.
Literary matter for the World's Fair, prepared
April, 1893.
A hundred special papers by a resident of Pull
man, some of which have been widely copied in this
country and in Europe. BRICKYARDS.
These immense brickyards have averaged 18,500,-
000 of brick a year for twelve years. Six Martin ma
chines and two Chambers machines are now in oper-

30 The Town of Pullman.
ation (September, 1892.) The brick are at present
burned with oil. The clay is dredged from the bot
tom of Lake Calumet, the dredged region forming
ship channels for the future. The brick clay is inex
haustible. Since the summer of 1881. Each year's out
put of brick is shown in the following tabular state
ment: 1881  8,000,000
1882  18,500,000
1883  19,000,000
1884  21,800,000
1885  17,600,000
1886  18,000,000
1887  12,000,000
1888  17,108,000
1889  28,876,000
1890  19,810,000
1891  22,880,000
1892  30,000,000
BOARDING HOUSES.
While a number of houses were built to accommo
date from twenty to fifty boarders each, experience has
shown that a large majority of men prefer to live in
private families. Probably not less than 900 families
in Pullman have one or more boarders or roomers.
There are at all times from 2,500 to 3,000 bachelors
at work at Pullman. BLOCKS.
A block at Pullman is 660 feet long and 330 feet
wide from street centers and contains about five acres
of land. Eight blocks, in length and sixteen in width
would cover a section of land. Most of the streets
are sixty-six feet wide, and each block has a sixteen
feet alley. Houses set back from sixteen to twenty-
five feet from the street line.

The Town of Pullman. 31
BUILDINGS.
With the exception of seventy dwellings the struc
tures at Pullman are of brick. The dwellings are ail
provided with good cellars or basements which are
much used as kitchens. Every house is provided
with all modern improvements such as gas and water,
and ten per cent, of them with bath tubs. The
better class of dwellings around the hotel and Arcade
as well as all the shops, factories and public build
ings are heated by steam. Nearly all the houses are
faced with red pressed brick. There is no entire
community of working people so well housed as the
residents of Pullman. The dwellings are all on
broad, well paved and shaded streets which are kept
scrupulously clean, the residence quarters consti
tuting a park. BUSINESS HOUSES.
The Pullman Company have no interest in any
mercantile business here and simply rent stores in the
Arcade and market to business men who have to
compete with the immediate neighborhood and with
Chicago for trade. The market building contains the
bakeries and the meat, vegetable, and fruit markets.
Stores of all kinds are to be found on the first floor of
the Arcade. The shops and markets are excellent.
(See Arcade.) CALUMET LAKE.
This body of water constitutes a lake proper, being
fed by subterranean streams. It is three and one-half
miles long by a mile and a half in average width, no
place in it exceeding ten feet in depth; channels are
being dredged in it and the clay taken therefrom used
in making' brick. The lake, with proper improve-

32 The Town of Pullman.
ments can become an important harbor, with many
miles of wharves, and several outlets will doubtless
be dredged to Lake Michigan. The surface of the
lake is a few inches above the surface of Lake
Michigan. CALUMET PAINT COMPANY.
This establishment, on Kensington avenue, near
Lake Calumet, makes much of the paint used by the
shops and factories here. This paint has an increas
ing outside sale and its manufacture is becoming an
important industry. CALUMET RIVER.
This river flows five times as much water as the
Chicago river. At the south end of Lake Calumet a
branch of it forms the outlet of the lake, the river
from that point flowing in a northerly direction and
emptying into Lake Michigan at a point a mile and a
half further north than the north end of Lake Calu
met. The government has begun improving the
river at its mouth for a width of 200 feet, and it may
be improved in this way for fifteen miles, so as to
accommodate vessels drawing fifteen feet of water.
Being a natural water course, it should sooner or
later form the north end of a waterway which will
connect the great lakes with the Gulf of Mexico.
CANALS.
From the reports by the United States engineers
it is well known that the Calumet river is the natural
outlet to Lake Michigan for the Hennepin canal.
Canals can easily be dredged from Lake Calumet to
Lake Michigan, and it matters not whether one or
more ship canals are cut north of us, one must be

The Town of Pullman. 33
cut here at no distant day. The mouth of the Calu
met river is almost necessarily the north end of the
Hennepin canal, which will no doubt connect the
waters of the Great Lakes with the Gulf of Mexico
by way of the Mississippi River.
CARS.
Cars of every description are built at Pullman,
from the commonest freight car to the most elegant
Pullman sleepers, and they are built for all parts of
North America, and for Europe and Australia.
There is no question about the fact that the finest car
work in the world is done in Pullman.
CASINO.
This structure, north of the Union School, is used
for repair shops for the town. The second story is used
for lodge rooms and by the M. E. Church Society.
CEMETERIES.
The cemeteries in this immediate neighborhood
are Oakwoods, just north of Grand Crossing, Mount
Greenwood, Mount Olivet, and Mount Hope, about
three miles west of us. The three cemeteries last
named cover nearly 400 acres, and will eventually be
very beautiful. The great cemeteries for the future
Chicago will doubtless be located in the thousands of
acres of sand hills between here and Michigan City,
in the State of Indian
CENSUS OF PULLMAN.
The latest enumeration (August, 1892) of persons
living and employed at Pullman shows 11,702 men,
women, and children. The entire number of tene
ments is 1,831; some families use more than one ten
ement for the accommodation of boarders and room-

34 The Town of Pullman.
ers. The latest census enumerates 6,202 men, 2,111
women and 3,389 children. The population outside
but in the immediate vicinity of Pullman is about
12,000. Half the people are American born. Swedes
come next and Germans third.
Mr. E. A. Benson, now of the Wagner Car Shops
at Buffalo, N. Y. , was the first householder in Pull
man. He moved his family, consisting of his wife
and child and one servant, into house No. 101, Watt
avenue, January 1, 1881. At the time of taking the
United States census of 1880 the City of Pullman
was only a matter generally talked about, for work
men had only just begun preparations for building,
and no one resided there. Mornings and evenings
trains of cars carried the laborers and mechanics to
and from Chicago. The place today presents a busy
scene of industry, employing over 6,000 persons in
its shops and factories.
Enumerations have been taken of the persons re
siding and working in Pullman as follows:
Enumerations.
Dates. Population.
January 1, 1 8S 1  4
March 1, 1881  57
June 1, 1881  654
February 1, 1882  2,048
March * 8, 1883  4,512
August 15,1883  5,823
November 20, 1883  6,085
September 30, 1884  8,513
July 28, 1885  8,(503
July 1, 1S80  8.801
October 1, 1886  9,013
October 1, 1887  10,081
July 1, 18SS  10,560
July 31, 1889  10,610
July 31, 1*1)0  10,080
August. 1, 18111  11,753
August 1, 18112  14,702

The Town of Pullman.

35

The following table exhibits the types of all the
workmen, Sept. 15, 1892 and shows the countries
where they were born. The increase in the Scandi
navian element is very noticeable:
Nativity op Wage-Eakners, Sept. 15, 1892.

Countries

Number

Total

Types.

where

in each

of

born.

country.

types.

 1,796
1,796
 S9
Finland 
 1
,• ¦
 109
[ Sweden 
 1,103
1,422
1
Austria 
 66
 26
Germany 
 732
824
' Australia 
0
 204
 305
Scotland 
 131
 34
796
 . 753
753
.Ireland 
 402
+02
Belgium 
 16
France 
 26
 99
 1
 28
170
f A sia 
 14
 3
2
 11
 2
 116
 12
 1
161
6,324
Eight hundred and forty-nine of these wage-
earners owned their own homes in this immediate
neighborhood.
36 The Town of Pullman.
Chicago.

We were annexed to Chicago during the summer
of 1889, by a majority vote of the citizens of Hyde
Park, and Pullman is now in a territory designated as
the 34th ward. Chicago, in area, is about 25 miles
by nearly ten miles in breadth, its boundaries being
somewhat irregular. It contains 184 square miles
of territory and 1,500,000 people. The city of Berlin,
Prussia, has 1,700,000 inhabitants and covers only 24
9 square miles of territory. It has long been the great
est grain, ha}-, hog, cattle and lumber market of the
world. It stood third as a manufacturing city in
1880, and is second now, New York being first. Is it
not the metropolis of North America, and is it not
destined to be the largest city of the western hemis-
e phere? The Calumet region is located in what must
be the manufacturing center of Chicago, and another
Manchester is rapidly growing up here. The wildest
dreams of imaginative men have not, in the past,
been able to tell of the city's growth in figures suffi
ciently large. While New York may long be a money
center where exchanges are effected, it will be sur
passed in population and manufacturing industries by
Chicago within a few years. Chicago has no parallel
in the growth of cities in ancient or modern times.
San Francisco and Melbourne resemble it in growth,
but Chicago is twice as large as both those cities com
bined, and it is only a little more than 50 years old.
During the year 1890 the frontage of new buildings
was fifty-one miles, the buildings themselves costing
$60,000,000.

The Town of Pullman. 37
In the city of New York 4,097 new houses were
erected in 1886, and 3,651 in 1889, and 3,521 in 1890,
and 3,821 in 1891. In i8go $73,000,000 were spent
in house construction, and $56,000,000 in 1891. In
the year 1890 Chicago built 11,608 buildings, and in
±891 the number was 11,805, and 6,600 houses were
built during the first half of the year i8g2, or a total
of 30,013 houses in two years and a half, against
8,841 houses in the city of New York for the same
period of time, or almost four times as many as New
York. The new houses in Chicago for i8go cost
$47,000,000, and in 1891 $54,000,000. Although
building materials are cheaper here than in New
York, we are now building houses four times as fast
as to numbers and the aggregate cost is considerably
greater than it is in New York. During the two and-
a-half years past Chicago has erected buildings with a
frontage of 134 miles. The claim is made that
Chicago is only in its infancy and that by 1900 it will
possess the largest urban population of any city in
the western hemisphere, and be the largest manufac
turing and distributing center of the western world,
New York ranking second save as a money center.
Chicago seems destined to be the largest center of
urban population in the world, and the Calumet region
is to be its largest and busiest manufacturing portion.
The value of the manufactured products of New
York for 1880 was $473,000,000, and for 1890 $734,-
000,000 an increase of 62 per cent. The value of
Chicago's manufactured products for 1880 was $249,-
000,000, and in 1890 it was $632,000,000 a gain of 154
per cent, in ten years. At this rate of gain New
York's manufactures in 1900 will have a value of

38 The Town of Pullman.
$1,238,000,000, and Chicago's a value of $1,605,000,-
000. The second city now (Dec. 1892) in the western
hemisphere in manufacturing it will be first in the
year 1900. New York registered 305,830 voters in
the autumn of 1892, and Chicago registered 271,183.
CHILDRENS' WORK.
There are about 1,200 persons in Pullman between
the ages of 15 and 21 ; probably not more than 300
persons between the ages of 15 and 18 years are
employed here. In the near future, no doubt, ample
opportunity for work will be furnished for all children
for such time as they can be spared from school.
CLIMATE.
We have six or seven months of delightful
weather, beginning with the month of April. The
nights of July and August are seldom so warm as to
be uncomfortable, as we have the benefit of the
breezes from Lake Michigan. Our winters are quite
rigorous and sometimes disagreeable from the damp
ness of the cold air, but our houses are all so com
fortable that little inconvenience is experienced from
the cold.

The Columbia Screw Factory.
The metal screw for putting wood-work together
is a mechanical convenience which has come into
general use during the past half century, and has only
been extensively made by machinery for thirty years.
Even during the earl}' years of this century all the
wrought iron nails used were made by hand black-
smithing, and the few screws that could be obtained

The Town of Pullman. 39
were turned in lathes by hand, and, later, were made
with dies, as bolts are now threaded in our bolt shop.
But this work of making screws is now all done au
tomatically by wonderful machinery. Of screws alone
60,000 gross a day are now consumed in this country.
In cabinet work, in the manufacture of carriages,
passenger cars, and in all kinds of furniture, screws
are very largely used, and their use is rapidly increas
ing in the construction of buildings, and in certain
kinds of work they have entirely displaced nails.
The Columbia Screw Company, whose works are in
the southwest corner of the Union Foundry building,
manufacture all kinds of metal screws for use in
woodwork, and make them at the rate of 1,500 gross
a day. The machines which do this work s :em en
dowed with something akin to intelligence, and au
tomatically turn out the finished product with rapidity
and with the greatest accuracy.
The Machines.
Coils of brass and steel wire made expressly for
this purpose are first fed into machines called head
ers, which clip the wire to proper lengths and roughly
flatten one end of every piece into the form of a screw
head. These forms are then put into the hopper of a
machine called a shaver and slotter ; the screw blanks
are picked out of the hopper automatically and lifted
up so as to slide by gravity down a grooved or slotted
"conductor." The blanks hang in this groove with
points downward, feeding into the machine as re
quired, and from this groove the pieces are picked
out one at a time by a device resembling the bill of a
bird and set into a revolving chuck, where the head

40 The Town of Pullman.
of the screw blank is shaved to the exact form re
quired; after this work the machine tosses the blank
into a receptacle. These blanks, with the screw head
fully and properly made, are taken to another device
called the threading machine. This machine also
picks up the blanks, one at a time, with "fingers" re
sembling the beak of a large bird. Each blank is
picked up and inserted into another revolving head,
where the jaws hold it fast while bringing it, first, in
contact with a cutting tool, which forms the point of
the screw, and then against another stationary cut
ting tool called a threader, which, owing to the re
volving motion of the blank and its movement from
left to right, cuts a spiral thread upon it, automat
ically cutting out the metal by passing over it three
or four times till the screw is completed, and then
dropping it as a finished product into a receptacle.
Sorting, Cleaning and Packing.
The finished screws are next taken and cleaned by
a machine called a "separator," which by means of
a strong current of air throws out all the shavings and
cuttings. The brass screws are thoroughly cleansed of
all oil and other impurities, and made ready for plat
ing, should plating be required. After this the screws
are weighed upon scales which are so nicely adjusted
that a gross or fractions of a gross can be quickly
had, and with perfect accuracy of count, for putting
up into packages for shipment. There are now fifty
operatives in this factory, and one person attends to
several machines, supplying them with blanks and re
moving any chance obstructions which interfere with
the free movement of the blanks. There are machines

The Town of Pullman. 41
which make screws by rolling on the threads under
great pressure, but such machines are not used here,
nor are they in general use, as the process of rolling
under heavy pressure crystallizes the metal and ren
ders the screw threads brittle; the process of manu
facture by turning, as above described, is the prefer
able one. As in case of the Jacquard loom, the
screw threading machine seems to do its work with a
kind of intelligence which astonishes the visitor when
he first sees it in operation, and impresses him with
the ingenuity and inventive skill of the men who have
brought it to such perfection. The goods turned out
here are unsurpassed. THE GREAT CORLISS ENGINE.
This remarkable mechanism is a simple condens
ing engine with the Corliss valve gear and cut-off
adapted to a vertical engine. It was built at Provi
dence, R. I., by the late Mr. George H. Corliss. It
was finished in 1876, and required seven months in
building. It furnished power for running the ma
chinery at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia
in 1876, General U. S. Grant starting the engine there.
The late Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, was also
present and deeply interested in the engine. After
watching the revolution of the great fly-wheel for a
few moments he quietly remarked: "This beats our
South American revolutions."
At the close of the Exposition it was taken back
to Providence. It was purchased by Mr. George M.
Pullman in 1880, and it required a train of thirty-five
cars to bring it here. It was set up in its present
place during the autumn of 1880 and the winter of

42 The Town of Pullman.
1880 and 1881, and was started here for the first time
April 5, 1881, at 1 p. m., in the presence of a con
course of visitors, Miss Florence Pullman turning the
valves which admitted the steam to the cylinders.
None who were present can forget the clapping of
hands and the enthusiasm manifested as the great fly
wheel began to move, "starting" the Pullman Car
Works. The engine has been running successfully
since that date. Its total weight is 700 tons.
Engine Room.
The engine room is 84 feet square and 68 feet high.
The platform upon which the engine stands is 26
inches above the floor of the room.
Engine Frame.
The engine frame is shaped like the capital letter
A, and is very strongly braced, and the height from
the floor to the top of the walking beams is 40 feet;
the ladders leading to the upper portion of it consti
tute strong braces, and are also very ornamental.
The Cylinders.
The cylinders are 40 inches in diameter, affording
a 10-foot stroke. The steam pipe is 18 inches in di
ameter. The cylinders are jacketed wilh live steam,
and the ordinary steam pressure carried is 32 pounds,
The iron piston rods are 6}( inches in diameter.
Walking Beams.
The walking beams are of the web pattern, 25 feet
in length and 9 feet in width at the center, and weigh
1 1 tons each. The length of the connecting rods is
24 feet, and they are round, 10 inches in diameter at
the center, tapering to 6 inches in diameter at the ends.

The Town of Pullman. 43
The Cranks.
The cranks weigh five tons each. The diameter
of the crank shaft is 19 inches and its length is 12
feet. The bearings of the crank shaft are 18 inches in
diameter and 24 inches long.
The Fly Wheel.
The diameter of the large gear fly wheel is 29 and
7-10 feet, the width of its face 24 inches; the pitch
of gear 5J/3 inches; the number of teeth is 216. This
massive wheel is built up in 12 segments and weighs
56 tons. It revolves 36 times a minute. The total
number of revolutions made by this great wheel dur
ing the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition was 2,355,-
300. It was for a time the largest geared wheel in the
world, but it has been duplicated for a New England
engine, and a heavier wheel is now in use at the Cal
umet and Hecla copper mine, Lake Superior. The
largest geared wheel now in the world is the one
recently made in Cleveland and shipped for use at the
Kimberley diamond mines in South Africa. This
wheel weighs 66j^ tons, or nearly 11 tons more than
the Corliss wheel.
Pinion Wheel.
The gear fly wheel meshes into a pinion wheel,
underneath the floor, which is 9 9-10 feet in diameter,
and weighs 17,000 pounds. The diameter of the pin
ion shaft is 14 inches, and the diameter of the tunnel
shafting varies from 8 inches to 5, and it is 3,000 feet
in length and carries 8 angle gears.
Shafting and Belting.
There are now (March, i8g3), 3,000 feet of tunnel
shafting and 13,000 feet of overhead shafting, 3,000

44 The Town of Pullman.
large and small pulleys, and 3,000 pillow blocks and
hangers, and 8g,37g feet of belting of all kinds in use
for running the goo machines of all sorts which are
contained in the Pullman Car Works alone.
Horse Power.
The engine was rated at 2,400-horse power by the
builder, yet it has developed 2,500-horse power, though
it is seldom required to work beyond half its capacity;
140-horse power alone is required to turn the 3,000
feet of tunnel shafting. Condensers.
The style of condensers is the "Jet." The water
used in condensing the steam during one day's run
amounts to about 300,000 gallons, and is taken from
Lake Calumet. The temperature of the water as it
leaves the air pumps is ordinarily no degrees. It is
from this water that the little artificial Lake Vista,
near the depot, is formed. Air Pumps.
The air pumps are of the bucket plunger type,
cylinders 36 inches in diameter, and a stroke of 24
inches; they are operated from the walking beams by
connecting rods. The vacum obtained is 28 inches.
The pumps are fitted up with wood packing of the
Corliss type. The valves in the air pumps are made
of rubber, and are 24 in number. The suction valves
are 8 inches in diameter, and the discharge valves 9
inches, and all are of a uniform thickness of one
inch. Steam.
Steam is supplied to the engine by two steel boilers
of the battery of 12 in the boiler-room. They are

The Town of Pullman. 45
horizontal, tubular in construction, 18 feet in length
and 6 feet in diameter, the flues, 62 in each boiler,
being 4^ inches in diameter. The grate surface for
each boiler is 30 square feet. By test the evapora
tion from and at 212 degrees is 10 pounds of water
per pound of coal. The weight of water evaporated
per horse power per hour to supply steam for the
engine is 15 pounds.
The fuel cost of furnishing power for the works
from the Corliss engine is 3*^ cents for each horse
power for ten hours. Fuel.
The weight of coal (bituminous) used per horse
power per hour to make steam for the engine is 1
7-10 pounds, or nearly ten tons a day. All the saw
dust and shavings of the wood machine shop are
burned under the boilers, this rubbish furnishing
about one-half the fuel required for making the steam
used in the engine. Repairs.
In 1883 the engine required one new cylinder head
and one new piston head, which were made by Mr.
Corliss. In 1886 anew pinion shaft, which was built
in Pullman. In 1886 one new beam end pin was re
quired, and it was made here. In 1889 one new pis
ton head, one new beam end pin, and one new set of
bearings were all made in Pullman. One outside cyl
inder required was made by the Reynolds Corliss Co.,
of Milwaukee. The engine now seems in as good
condition as when first started here. This beautiful
engine is greatly admired by visitors from every coun
try of the globe.

46 The Town of Pullman.
Churches.

An inquiry in reference to the church preferences
of families in Pullman shows that 75 families lean to
ward the Baptist church; 250 incline in the direction
of the Green Stone Presbyterian church; the Meth
odist Episcopal church can fairly claim 125 families
that prefer the Casino building as a place of worship;
the Episcopalians, while having no church organiza
tion at present, can (May, 1893), no doubt, claim 75
families as prefering that form of church service; the
Swedish Methodists claim 125 families, the Elim
Swedish Lutherans 100 families, and they have a fine
church of their own on 113th street; the Swedish
Baptists 50 families, the Holy Rosary church 375
Pullman families, and the congregation have one of
the finest brick churches in the county, it being situ
ated on the corner of 113th street and South Park
avenue; the German Lutheran 75 families, the Ger
man Reformed church 100 families, the Swedish Mis
sion church 125 families, and the German Catholics
50 families. Ten of these denominations are now
provided with ministers and churches.
The Green Stone Church.
The Green Stone church, owned by the Pullman
Company and now leased by the Presbyterians, was a
necessary architectural feature in the general group
ing of our monumental buildings, and is, in the
writer's opinion, the finest structure here, and one
that may be looked upon as an inspiration. The
building is pleasing from any point of view, and one

The Town of Pullman. 47
never tires of it as a picture in stone. Though a
small church, it appears like a large one, and is uni
versally admired, and is never mentioned by intelli
gent travelers except in terms of praise.
EARLY ATTEMPT AT A UNION CHURCH.
In the spring of 1881 a meeting of about fifteen
heads of families was held here to discuss the ques
tion of organizing a church society. A few men pre
sented a plan which they thought would meet with
favor ; it was for all to unite in a union body and get
a broad-minded evangelical clergyman to care for our
church. But to our great surprise the fifteen men
present so tenaciously adhered to their five denomina
tions that nothing could be done. With the Metho
dists nothing could or would do but a Methodist
organization ; so with the Baptists, Catholics and
Episcopalians, and the three heathen of the party
gave up the scheme of a union church as an impossi
bility. Soon after half a dozen sickly denominational
organizations were effected, and for a year or two
starved some very worthy ministers, or would have
starved them had it not been for outside aid. This
course taught a lesson in the strength of denomi-
nationalism. It is a beautiful theory that the people of a small
town come together and support one strong union
church, and as rapidly as Methodists and Baptists
grow numerically strong enough to go by themselves,
do so. But this plan will never work in practice and
should never be attempted. Only a few men are
broad enough to listen with patience to any but their
own preachers. At least that was the experience here.

The Town of Pullman.

SERPENTINE ROCK.

This is the material with which the Green Stone
Church is built. The rock is crystalline, occurring in
masses which commonly present dark green colors.
Some authorities have classed it as a marble from the
simple fact that it is often sculptured, though it is not
properly a marble. Its fancied resemblance, from its
mottled appearance, to the skins of some serpents,
gave the rock its popular name; for a like reason it is
called "frog stone" in some parts of Italy. The rock
is a hydrated silicate of magnesium associated with
metallic oxides, such as iron, nickel, chromium and
others. Green as a tint of rocks is sometimes due to
the proto-silicate of iron in glauconite. Carbonate of
copper colors some rocks a bright emerald. The
color of the serpentine rock in this church is due to a
silicate of iron, a double basic combination of mag
nesium and iron together with traces of cadmium and
nickel. Silicate of iron is soluble in nitrous acid gas,
always present in air during and after thunder storms,
and this forms a nitrate of iron together with a silicate
of soda, present in the rock, which is soluble in water
and which is precipitated from a solution by ammonia
gas always present in the air, and especially in the air
of towns. The magnesium is oxidized by the ozone
of the air forming a magnesium oxide, a black im
palpable powder; thus the chemical bond or combi
nation of the rock is broken and it becomes friable,
scaly and splintery. The exact origin of this rock is
still uncertain. It is regarded by some as an altered
eruptive rock; by others it is considered an aqueous sed
iment, the result of the reaction of chloride of magne-

GREEN STONE CHURCH.

The Town of Pullman. 49
sium upon the alkaline silicate derived from crystalline
rocks and found in solution in waters. Serpentine
rock is found in many places in Europe and is exten
sively distributed in North America. New York,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, and California have it in large
quantities. The stone in this church was bought in
Philadelphia. It is not a good building stone for an
atmosphere like ours. Owing to the oxidation it is
likely to disintegrate, become weakened and crack.
The Lincoln monument at Springfield is of serpentine
rock, and it already exhibits evidence of disintegra
tion, and much has been said about this disintegra
tion of late in the public prints. Ours is a climate in
which nearly all building materials rapidly go to
decay; our atmosphere, rich in ozone, is subject to
extremes of heat and cold, moisture and dryness. In
a rainless region like Egypt, most any rock will stand
for centuries and only be affected slowly by the sand
which the winds drive against it, but chemically it is
subject to slight changes. The Egyptian monument
set up in New York is decaying and its preservation
is a question of grave doubt. It might stand a hun
dred centuries in the air of Egypt better than a hun
dred years in New York. Had the Egyptian pyra
mids been built at Pullman 4,000 years ago, they
would have been dust by this time, and the south
west winds would have long since blown that dust
into Lake Michigan. Every one is familiar with the
disintegrating effects of our air upon the stone com
posing the old capitol at Washington. A slight knowl
edge of science might have saved the country millions
of dollars on that one building.

50 ' The Town of Pullman.
DRAINAGE.
The storm or atmospheric water goes from roofs
and streets through one system of pipes and large
drains directly into Lake Calumet. This water, of
course, contains no sewage. Brick mains 16,230 feet
long and from 2 to 6 feet in diameter are built in
alternate streets running east and west, the interme
diate streets being summits from which the surface
waters flow into the main drains or sewers. The fall
is sufficient to secure good cellars or basements for
all the dwellings of the city, the drain pipes being at
least eighteen inches below the cellar bottoms. A
two-foot cobble-stone gutter borders either side of
every street leading at short intervals of about 160
feet into catch basins, these basins connecting either
with laterals or main drains. Twenty-eight miles of
drains and drainage piping have already been laid in
Pullman. The down spouts from the buildings and
the street catch basins readily carry off these waters.
No sewage goes into these drains, and they are in
tended to carry nothing but rain waters. These lat
erals and the house drains are of vitrified piping and
serve for draining over 1,800 tenements. The amount
of this piping leading to the surface mains is as fol
lows: Feet
Of 18-inch pipe  1,826
Of 15-inch pipe  10,223
Of 12-inch pipe  13,458
Of 9-inch pipe  14,537
Of 6-inch pipe  73,072
Of 4-inch pipe  21,120
Total  140,236

The Town of Pullman. 51
DREDGING.
Channels are to be dredged through Lake Calu
met where needed so that boats drawing from twelve
to fifteen feet of water can enter it from Lake Michi
gan. Slips will be dredged shoreward from the dock
line so that vessels can lie alongside of elevators and
warehouses. The clay for making from twenty to
thirty millions of brick a year is now dredged from
the bottom of the lake on the lines of future channels.
DWELLING HOUSES.
There are now (May, 1893) 1855 tenements in
Pullman. With the exception of 70 frame houses on
farms and near the brickyards these tenements are
built of brick, having perfect drainage and sewerage
and gas, and all provided with gas and water. The
average rental of these tenements is only $14 a
month, half of them renting for from $6 to $10 a
month. DOCKS.
The shore of Lake Calumet, and not less than 15
miles of the Calumet river from its mouth will, in a
future not distant, be lined with docks for use by the
immense shipping interests centering here. Coal,
lumber, iron and salt already demand a large increase
in the wharfage at the mouth of the Calumet.
DOCTORS.
Six doctors now (October 1892) reside in Pull
man. The average number of resident physicians in
the whole country is one for every 500 of population.
Physicians residing in our suburbs have a little
practice here, but it is counterbalanced by the practice
Pullman physicians have in the suburbs.

52 The Town of Pullman.
Drop Forge and Foundry Company.
Entering the factory, the visitor is greeted or,
rather, stunned by the noise of machinery, the whirl
of belts and the fall of the upper dies upon the lower
ones, forming the pieces of incandescent iron and
steel into required shapes. Drop forging is a pro
cess of swageing out articles of iron and steel, where
a sufficiently large number of duplications are needed
to warrant the expense of making dies. An order for
20,000 sprocket wheels for bicycles, or a like number
of other forgings for that road machine, can be filled
more cheaply by the drop-forging process than in any
other way. Sewing machine shuttles, gun locks, car
riage trimmings, forgings for agricultural implements,
blank forms for keys, wrenches, blades of shears and
thousands of other articles are made here. With the
exception of carriage irons and trimmings, these
forgings have to be finished at the factories where
they are used.
The Dies.
These dies are made of the best crucible steel,
some of it American and some of it imported, and
consist of two parts, the upper and the lower. They
are cut largely by hand. It is a peculiar property of
steel that when heated to redness and slowly cooled,
it becomes soft and not much, if any, harder than
iron. Blocks of steel into which dies are to be cut
are thus softened so as to be more easily operated
upon with cold chisels. After the dies are finished
they are annealed, or heated again, and quickly cooled
by water, which renders them very hard. The higher

The Town of Pullman. 53
the temperature and the greater the suddenness of the
cooling the harder the steel dies become. Thus hard
ened the dies will admit of turning out a very large
number of forgings before their edges are much worn.
The lower half of a die is made fast to an anvil
and the upper one is keyed fast to the hammer head,
which is raised by means of a "hammer board" pass
ing between two friction rollers revolving horizon
tally. When all is ready, a heated bit of iron or
steel is placed on the lower die and the upper one is
lifted a few feet above it and released so as to fall
upon the heated metal and press it into the exact
form of the die. For certain large forgings of irreg
ular shape, several dies are used. The first one is
called a "break down," which outlines the form re
quired, the second is a "forging" die, and the third a
trimming one, which finishes the piece. Another
class of dies are called punches, which trim off the
flash, or thin sheet of metal which, for instance, fills
the handle of a shears' blade, and which has to be
punched out. Many small articles are made by one
or two blows with one die. A blank for a steel door
key can be made with one blow, and an order for
100,000 such blanks has been filled here. Considera
ble quantities of the best Norwa^ iron are imported
for use here. Other Machines and Furnaces.
Aside from the drop or die hammers we see a wil
derness of trip hammers, punches, presses, die-sink
ing machinery, emery grinders, shears, milling ma
chines, etc. The power for all this machinery is fur
nished by a handsome 300- horse power engine. The

54 The Town of Pullman.
shops are lighted by electricity. Oil is used in fur
naces and coal under boilers, and anthracite coal is
used in some of the reheating furnaces. Railroad
tracks for receiving material and shipping goods lie
on the east side of the factory. None but the very
best of metals will stand the dies, and such metals
alone are used. Finally.
Few are aware how much there is that is interest
ing and instructive in this industry. While drop
forging is done in New England, it has been barely
introduced in the West. This was the first factory
established in the West, and there is now one in Chi
cago and one in Cincinnati and one in Fremont, O.
The works of the Chicago Drop Forge and Foun
dry Company are situated on the south side of Ken
sington avenue, just east of the Michigan Central
Railway's right of way. The company own two and
a half acres of land here, and their main building is
of brick, and is 250 feet long by 70 in width, and one
story high. East of this structure stands a frame
building, used for offices and for storing dies which
are not in use. These shops work 150 operators.
Earnings.
The annual earnings of operatives are about $600
each, inclusive of children emplo}ed. These earn
ings are larger than in any other place where similar
work is done. With good and comfortable homes,
surrounded by all the conveniences of modern life,
with shops well lighted, warmed, and perfectly venti
lated, men are able to do more work and increase
their earnings above those of shops not having such

The Town of Pullman. 55
advantages. Earnings are paid twice a month
Twenty-two hundred of the 6,324 operatives (May,
1893) have deposits in the savings bank. A ma
jority of the operatives are paid by piece wages, and
they earn from $2 to $4 per day.
—  «-•-*- 
Electrical Industry.
ELECTRICITY.
What electricity is no man yet knows. We deal
with certain phenomena, produce startling results by
means of some element of matter or force in nature
which we do not understand, and we are groping
along an obscure and mysterious way. Mr. Thomas
Edison tells us that he thinks Prof. H. Hertz, the
ablest living investigator in this field of research, will
by and by be able to tell us what electricity is. The
Greek Thales, twenty-five hundred years ago, is
credited with the first experiments in this fascinating
field. Theophrastus, Aristotle and Pliny allude to
the element, but nearly all the very valuable work in
this department has beea done since Franklin's time,
and the applications of electricity to the uses of man
have principally been made during the last twenty-
five years. The telegraph, of course, preceded that
date. Early in the century an eminent French
scientist burned an arc light in Paris, but told his
hearers that it would, always prove too costly to come
into general use, and was only of interest as a labora
tory experiment. But it was left to Michael Faraday
to do for this science what it would be useless for us
even to attempt to summarize here ; he began his
experiments in 1821 and by his labors in pure science

56 The Town of Pullman.
made the telegraph and telephone possible, and made
clear the way for our electric lights and electric
motors. Faraday could spare no time, though
offered vast sums to do so, to apply his discoveries
to the uses of man, always saying that that class of
work could be done just as well by others. The
immediate utilities and the commercial phases of his
discoveries did not concern him. Faraday might
have said of these mere utilities:
They are but sailing foam-bells
Along thought's coursing stream.
And take their shape and sun-color
From him who sends lhe dream.
Like Agassiz, Faraday ' 'could not afford to waste
his time making money," but he left the race an
intellectual wealth of priceless value. Dr. Ohm, the
German naturalist, also made valuable contributions
to electrical science during the life of Faraday. Elec
tricity as a science in its present state is the product
of scores of able thinkers. The men who have done
most to advance it are unknown to the masses of
mankind. Within fifteen years "electrical engineer
ing" has become a separate profession ; hundreds of
millions of dollars have in that period been invested
in electric light plants, in power plants and in
motors, and a demand has been created for men
specially trained in what is known of the subject and
its applications up to this date.
In the matter of street cars alone 2,500 miles of
street lines are now operated by electric motors.
Many street car motors are put into cars built here.
Hundreds of small towns have electric light plants
anH they are numerous in all large cities.

The Town of Pullman. 57
Electrical Industry Here.
To keep pace with the general progress in appli
cations of electricity it became desirable to use it in
first-class cars like sleeping and drawing room cars,
and the Pullman shops found it necessary to organize
and operate an electrical department.
The first electrical supplies for cars here were pur
chased from the Western Electric Company of Chi
cago, but in July, 1884, it was deemed advisable to
undertake some of this class of work at these shops,
and a competent man was put to making annunciat
ors. He soon required assistance, and the depart
ment has continued growing till to-day when it has
thirty operatives, four of them being girls. When a
palace car is building proper wires wrapped in insu
lating tape are laid in grooves out of sight, so that in
a finished car they are wholly concealed; where they go
through floors, over edges or around corners they pass
through rubber tubing for protection. The annunci
ator is placed in one end of a car where the porter is
presumed to stay, but at the opposite end there is a
bell in series with the annunciator bell so as to give a
double warning, thus calling the porter from either
e id of the coach. While wires are being placed in a
car under construction the annunciator and push
buttons are being made in the electrical depart
ment, so as to be finished for placing as soon
as the builders are ready for them. Pushbuttons are
placed in the upper and lower berths and in all toilet
and smoking rooms and at the end doors on the out
side of cars.
The annunciators are operated by four cells of La
Clanche batteries, located in some convenient locker

58 The Town of Pullman.
in the car. The annunciator and bell cases as well
as the push buttons are all of wood to match the
finish of the car, and all this wood work is done in
our cabinet shops. The four cells of batteries are
placed in plush-lined boxes to insure them against
damage. With care such a battery ought to last a
year. The batteries are all put together here, though
the cups, glass jars and ingredients are all purchased
elsewhere. The department is well supplied with
speed lathes, drill presses, bobbin winders and tools
needed in this industry. Car Lighting.
As an illustration, a Pennsylvania limited express
train is made of a baggage car, a dining car, several
sleeping cars, and usually a combination or observa
tion car at the rear. It is lighted by means of a
dynamo and storage batteries. The baggage car is
supplied with a Brotherhood engine and an Eicke-
meyer dynamo, which are in charge of an electrician
whose duties are to keep his batteries properly charged
and by that means be able to light the train at all
times when the dynamo is at rest. Every car has
from twenty to thirty sixteen candle power Edison
lamps, usually in two circuits, one for the sleeping
part of the car, the other for hall ways, vestibules,
toilet rooms and smoking rooms. By these means all
portions of the car except the sleeping department
can be kept lighted all night. The cables leading
from the dyamos to the storage batteries under the
car are run over the top of the car in a wooden mould
ing painted with an insulating paint and then covered
over with tin roofing. These cables terminate at

The Town of Pullman. 59
the end of the car and can easily be connected or car
ried from one car to another by flexible couplers.
The incandescent lamps are usually attached to the
oil lamp frames. Under each car is placed a series of
thirty-two cells of storage batteries, which have a
capacity for brilliantly lighting the car lamps when
the dynamo is not in use. The baggage car, where
the engine and dynamo are placed, is supplied with
the most improved test instruments, such as Volt
meters, Am-meters and tachometers, and some cars
are provided with Brewster's temperature recording
clocks. Lighting Shops.
The paint department of the Freight car shops is
lighted by 66 arc lights, each of 1,200 candle power;
these lamps are operated by two Ball dynamos in the
Water Tower. These arc lamps use about 6,000 car
bon rods or candles during the year. We also have
a 750 light Edison dynamo and one Brush incandes
cent dynamo for lighting the new repair shops and
upholstering departments. There is also one Eicke-
meyer dynamo, such as those on trains, which is used
for charging storage batteries before they are put on
the cars, and it is also used for lighting the electrical
rooms in the tower. The power house north of the
water tower is designed for the electrical department
and from it the town and shops and public buildings
will be lighted, and in it the larger part of our elec
trical work will be done. Storage batteries, cables,
wires, all lamps, carbons, nails, screws, insulating
tape, hard rubber for push buttons, belts, etc., are
now all purchased for use in this department. The
LaClanche batteries are put up together and the bells

60 The Town of Pullman.
and annunciator trimmings are plated here. The
switches with their cut-outs are all made here as well
as the annunciators, wire guards for protecting lamps,
push buttons, etc. The annunciator is not made any
where else but here. The electric switches with their
cut-outs, the shade holders, wire guards for lamps
and our push buttons were all devised here. There
is also an ingenions portable electric reading lamp,
by means of which a passenger can read even when
lying down in his berth ; this also was invented here.
An electric fan motor has also been devised by the
foreman in charge of this department.
Finally.
In the rapid progress of this rapid industrial age,
the day may not be distant when a train of cars will
be lighted, warmed and propelled by electricity. We
have always felt that some form of storage battery,
yet to be devised, would eventually solve the problem
of electrical propulsion of cars. This will easily be
the case if some student like Hertz chances to dis
cover a process of getting electricity directly from
heat. We are now placing many electric motors in
street cars built at these works. Our present depart
ment is of growing importance and now equips cars
electrically in a manner equal to that of any car shops
in the world. Notwithstanding the vast sums invested
in the applications of electricity to the uses of man
the industry is only in its infancy. It is along this
line that the "rapid transit" problem is to be solved,
including the one of aerial navigation. The Calumet
region may be destined to play a most important part
in the practical solution of these questions during the

The Town of Pullman. 6i
coming decade. It certainly has in Pullman the
beginnings of an electrical industry, the importance
of which cannot be overestimated. The town and
factories will soon be lighted by electricity. The
new power house stands just north of the water
tower, and has three engines capable of developing
800 horse-power.

Electro Plating.

As the visitor steps from an elevator to the third
floor of the iron machine shops, he is greeted with a
combination of sounds made by the snapping of belts,
the whir of machinery, the polishing of metal rods
and the spinning of sheet metals. The rooms in this
story have a floor space of 200 by 100 feet in size, and
the department employs a hundred operatives. Here
are finished all the metal trimmings used in cars.
Curtain rods, brackets, pumps, cuspidors, locks,
hinges, sash trimmings, door knobs, etc., are plated
as required. Every kind of plating known in galvano-
plastic art can be executed in this laboratory.
Silver Foil Plating.
Many long curtain rods are made from good three-
quarter inch gas pipe. Cut to proper lengths such
rods are smoothed and polished on emery belts and
wheels and then dipped in melted tin and sheets of
silver foil wrapped around them. This foil is made
to adhere firmly to the rods by carefully passing hot
soldering irons over them. The silver is then prop
erly burnished. This plating with silver foil secures a
heavy and durable coating. Brass and bronze trim-

62 The Town of Pullman.
mings come here from the foundry already polished
for electro plating. The Art Defined.
The art of depositing gold and silver upon less
precious metals was no doubt known to the ancient
Egyptians, and it may have been lost and recovered a
number of times, but the present mode of gilding
with electro deposits by the simultaneous combina
tion of chemical reactions and dynamic electricity,
dates only from the time of Sir Humphrey Davy and
his contemporaries, like Brugnatelli and Faraday,
and later, Elkington and Ruotz, who have rendered
such work possible. In electro deposits two re
sults are obtained: We cover a common metal with
a precious one, one more resisting and less oxidiz-
able, and of more pleasing appearance, but this
layer of precious metal borrows its strength from the
underlying metal, as when we silver copper or iron.
If we desire to do so we can, by this process repro
duce with absolute accuracy any figures devised, and
can cover with metallic coats, medals, statues, flow
ers, fruits, and even insects. The art of covering
by the aid of electricity one metal with a thin deposit
of another is called electro-plating. Cleansing.
The articles to be plated must be so thoroughly
cleansed as not to carry the faintest trace of foreign
matter on their surfaces. The slightest impurities
will prevent the plating from adhering to the under
lying metal. The mode of cleansing varies with the
metals operated upon, and must be especially thor
ough in the case of copper and its alloys. The modes

The Town of Pullman. 63
of cleansing articles of copper, bronze, brass, oreide,
Manheim gold and German silver, where copper is
present may be by fire or by alkalies, dipping in new or
old aqua fortis and dipping in compound acids, for a
bright lustre. The articles to be plated are always
soiled by a coating of fatty matters coming from the
operations of rolling, drawing, soldering, polishing
and from contact with the hands. Organic sub
stances can be destroyed by heating over charcoal
fires or by furnace heat; but there are many things
it will not do to heaf, and these may be boiled in
alkaline solutions of potassa or soda which saponify
the fatty impurities and make them easily soluble.
Our practice here is to boil articles in lye for a few
minutes and then dip them in a bath of acids, this
bath consisting of equal parts of nitric and sulphuric
acid and about ten per cent of muriatic acid. The
lye slightly tarnishes the metal, and the acids render
it very bright and clean. Articles which have any
iron or zinc about them must not be submitted to the
action of sulphuric acid, as it will dissolve them, and
no implements of iron, steel or zinc should be used
where this acid is present. A dipping bath, too,
which from previous operations may contain copper
in solution, will not answer for articles which con
tain iron, solder, tin, antimony, lead or bismuth.
The articles cleansed by alkalies must be rinsed
before going into the acid bath, or pickle, as it is
often called. After this cleansing and rinsing the
pieces are fixed to copper wire or hooked to copper
hooks — sometimes glass hooks are used. Objects
which cannot thus be suspended are put into perfor
ated porcelain ladles or baskets made of brass or

64 The Town of Pullman.
copper wirecloth. There are many other methods of
cleansing articles depending on their size and charac
ter. The dipping baths for cleansing are usually con
tained in glass, stoneware or porcelain vessels.
Scratch Brushing.
This operation so common in this art is largely
mechanical, and consists in removing the dead lustre
of an object, or cleansing its surface by the frequently
repeated friction of the points of many stiff and
straight metallic wires, or wire brushes. The shapes
of these scratch brushes varies with the articles to be
operated upon. Circular ones fixed to the spindles
of lathes are much used, and in conjunction with them
some cleansing liquids are employed, such as water and
vinegar, or sour wine, and a score of others. When
brushes become greasy they can be cleansed with lye,
and any oxide removed by compound acids. Another
form of polishing consists of disks of cloth pressed
together by side-washers, and mounted upon a man
drel revolving rapidly. Such flexible scourers follow
the irregularities of shape of articles. Small quanti
ties of rouge, pumice stone and water are sometimes
used upon these polishing wheels. The cleansing, of
silver, gold, lead, zinc, tin, cast iron, wrought iron,
and steel surfaces presents a number of simple chemi
cal problems. Electro Plating.
When work is done in a small way some of the
well known batteries, like Daniel's Smee's, Grove's
or Bunsen's are used, but in our work dynamos are
employed for generating electric currents. There is
one Mather dynamo of eight volts and 900 amperes,

. ,,, *,«r* »

t]tm\ 111

The Town of Pullman. 65
and one Brush dynamo of four volts and 250 amperes.
The baths into which the cleansed articles are
plunged for silver plating are kept in rectangular
wooden tanks, lined inside with gutta percha. The
articles to be plated are suspended by copper hooks
from rods of the same metal or of steel. The liquid
composing the bath is a solution of the chloride or
the nitrate of silver and cyanide of potassium in
water. The proportion of cyanide of potassium em
ployed is more than is required to dissolve the silver,
as more is needed to cause the liquid to conduct elec
tricity well. The upper edge of the trough holding
the liquid carries two copper rods all around which
do not touch one another, and one of which is higher,
in order that other metallic rods, being put across,
will rest upon the higher or the lower rods, but not
upon both at the same time. Each of these rods is
connected with one of the poles of the battery by
means of conducting wires, the points of contact of
which should be perfectly clean. There are in use
here 1,200 gallons of silver solution; it is composed
of chloride of silver (made here) and cyanide of
potassium. The silver in the solution is worth be
tween three and four thousand dollars. Plates of sil
ver are also suspended in the solution from which the
liquid is enriched when in use. The articles to be
plated are suspended from what are called the nega
tive rods or the negative electrode of the magneto-
electric machine, and the silver plates hang from the
positive rods. The positive electrode of a battery
was named by Faraday the anode, and the negative
the cathode, the former referring to the upward and
the latter to the downward direction of this current,

66 The Town of Pullman.
There is nothing more remarkable than the passage
of untold billions of particles of metallic silver to
objects suspended in this silver solution, and these
particles are so finely placed as to reproduce upon
the plated articles the minutest imperfections, such
as scratches, and the silver seems solidly incorpo
rated with the metal upon which it is deposited. The
time articles remain in the bath depends entirely upon
the thickness of the plating required.
Burnishing.
When plated articles are removed from the plating
liquid, they present a white, frosty, but not lustrous
appearance, and, looked at through a microscope,
their surfaces seem to exhibit an arborescent kind of
crystalization, and this becomes yellow on exposure
to the air. This is owing to the presence of a sub-
salt, the subcyanide of silver, which changes color on
exposure to light. If articles are left in the bath for a
time after the electric current has been interrupted,
this subcyanide is dissolved by the cyanide of potas
sium ; it may also be removed by inverting the poles
of the battery for a few seconds ; a borax paste put
upon the surface of the plated article and then heated
in a muffle till the salt fuses, will also dissolve the
subcyanide ; this slight impurity disappears also in
the process of burnishing. This is an operation by
which the roughness of one article is flattened down
with a burnishing tool which presses all the molecules
of the metal into the same plane and it then reflects
the light like a mirror. This is an important opera
tion upon electro deposits ; it hardens the deposited
metal and increases its durability, for a burnished

The Town of Pullman. 67
article will last twice as long as one not so treated,
but having the same amount of silver. The tools
employed for burnishing are made of agate, steel, flint
and other substances ; steel is largely used here ; it
must be hard and perfectly polished, and kept pol
ished by grinding upon leather, with rouge, putty or
rotten stone. Nothing exhibits greater variety in
shape than these burnishing tools ; they look some
what like the teeth and tongues of reptiles and ani
mals. The operation of burnishing consists in rough"
ing and then in finishing ; the first tools used have a
sharper edge than the finishing ones, which have
rounded edges. Burnishers, like barbers, know good
tools when they are fortunate enough to get them,
and they place a high value upon them, as aids to
rapid and excellent work. Burnishing tools and the
objects to be burnished are frequently wet with cer
tain solutions, some of which simply facilitate the
sliding of the instrument, while others may have a
chemical action upon the shade of the burnished
articles ; the first class of articles comprises pure
water, solutions of soap, (much used here) decoctions
of linseed, and infusions of liquorice ; the second
class includes wine-lees, cream of tartar, vinegar,
alum in water, etc. The amount of silver used upon
many articles of commerce, such as the trimmings
upon hand bags, suspender buckles, etc., is so little
that the silver in a half dollar would cover an acre of
such surfaces, which are simply whitened.
Nothing Lost.
In all this work where the precious metals are
used in plating, nothing is lost. The silver upon all

68 The Town of Pullman.
old trimmings is quickly cut off by acids and recov
ered. Even the little silver upon a bushel of old
screws is taken off and the screws replated. Many
methods of desLvering articles are known to chem
ists. To the desilvering liquor we add water and
hydro-chloric acid or common salt, the resulting
chloride of silver is separated from the other liquids
by filtration and is then in form to be used again, or
reduced to metallic silver. Only a little gold plating
is done here, and that for special or private cars.
Tools and Machinery.
There are chemical baths for electro plating, and
the two dynamos mentioned above; every convenience
exists for buffing all repair work, such as lamps;
emery belts and wheels are numerous; there are four
drill presses, several die presses, punches, lathes,
one fox lathe, and sixteen polishing and buffing lathes,
hundreds of feet of work benches, and machines for
spinning sheet metal into any required circular forms,
such as ventilator rings and cuspidors. The visitor
observes beautiful metallic mirror frames and car loads
of cuspidors spun, plated and put together in this
department. He also sees bushels of curtain rings
of various sizes rapidly turned out. When a car is
shopped for repairs the lamps and trimmings all come
here to be overhauled and refurnished. Window
guards, curtain rods, platform rails, door knobs, locks
and hundreds of kinds of bronze trimmings are seen
here and in large quantities. Nothing about these
car works is of more interest than this laboratory,
especially to the student of science. Every form of
electro plating can be done here, but space limits us

The Town of Pullman. 6g
to an outline of our silver work which is carried on
more extensively in this department than any other
kind of plating. ENGINES IN PULLMAN.
In the several car shops there are engines as fol
lows: The large Corliss, rated at 2,500-horse power;
Buckeye No. 1, 700-horse power; Buckeye No. 2, 350-
horse power; street car shops engine, 300-horse power;
the large engine at the freight-car shops, 900-horse
power; vertical Corliss engine in new repair shop, 150-
horse power; upholstering departmant, 60-horse power;
paint shops, 30-horse power; five at dry kilns with 115-
horse power; hammer shop, 50-horse power; sawmill,
65-horse power; iron department, 50-horse power:
carving, 20-horse power; the new engines at the new
power house are one of 1 50-horse power and two of
279-horse power each; a total of 5,980-horse power.
Besides the engines enumerated above the Drop
Forge and Foundry Company have a 250-horse power
engine. In addition to a large amount of miscellan
eous drop forgings, such as carriage trimmings and
parts of bicycles, these works are now forging 1,000-
pairs of solid steel shears a day, and have a capacity
for working 200 operatives. The brick yards engines
develop 400 horse power. These yards have a ca
pacity for employing 300 workmen and turning out
30,000,000 of brick a year. The gas house engine
develops 20 horse power. The Calumet Paint Works
have a 65-horse power engine. The Pullman Iron
and Steel Works, or rolling mills, have engines cap
able of developing 2,000-horse power. These works
can employ 250 men and turn out 100 tons of rolled

70 The Town of Pullman.
iron a day. The three transfer table engines develop
156-horse power. The Standard Knitting Mills have
a 60-horse power engine. Here are made all kinds of
hosiery and underwear, and 150 operatives are em
ployed. The Terra Cotta Works have engines devel
oping 150-horse power. They have a capacity for
employing 100 operatives and manufacture a porous
tiling, much used in the partitions of fire-proof build
ings. The Union Foundry and Pullman Car Wheel
Works have engines developing 426-horse power, and
have a capacity for using 250 tons of melted iron a
day, and for making half a million dollars' worth of
brass finishings a year, and for employing 1,000 oper
atives. The total horse power of all the steam engines
at Pullman today, May 18, 1893, is 9,500.
EDUCATION.
Pullman is supplied with first-class public schools,
which are attended by about 1,000 pupils and are in
structed by twenty-four teachers. Our schools are a
part of the city system. Boys learn carving in the
shops, and there are evening schools. Among the
features under discussion is a technical or training
school for boys and young men. An excellent library
with nearly 8,000 volumes, and taking 100 papers and
periodicals, is open to all. The handsome public
school building is valued at $75,000, and two struct
ures equally valuable were built in 1892 and 1893,
very near here, one of them in Kensington and the
other in Roseland. FLATS.
One thousand of the tenements at Pullman are
what might be termed flats, each tenant of many of

The Town of Pullman. 71
the dwellings occupying one floor. Every flat is pro
vided with water, gas and other modern conveniences,
and every room has one or more windows opening to
the outer air. The plan of flats ensures low rents for
small families.

The Freight Car Shops.
Exclusive of turnouts and sidings there are at this
date 175,000 miles of railroad track in the United
States, and our railroads use or own 1,250,000 freight
cars of all kinds, and these cars last year carried
what would be equivalent to a ton of freight 1,250
miles for every man, woman and child of our entire
population. Thirty-five thousand locomotives, 35,
000 passenger cars and 2,500 Pullman cars and about
650 other sleeping and parlor cars make up the
remainder of the railway rolling stock.
Depending upon the service it is called upon to
render, the life of a freight car is from ten to fifteen
years, though few freight cars after a service of ten
years earn enough to pay for the repairs they require.
A new freight car in good use will pay for itself in
about three years, and for the next five years its earn
ings will be nearly at the same rate, but when repairs
begin to be necessary the car costs so much in time
and money that it is likely to be sent to the scrap
pile by the end of ten years' service (twelve years at
the outside), where it is worth a cent a pound for its
wrought iron and three-fourths of a cent a pound for
its cast iron, the lumber, of course, being of no value.
If we assume the life of a freight car to be twelve
years, 101,875 new cars a year are needed to take the

72 The Town of Pullman.
places of worn-out ones, to say nothing of the addi
tional cars required for increase of traffic and for the
equipment of new roads, which will amount to not
less than 25,000. From this we see that 400 new
freight cars a day are needed for every working day
of the year to supply the demand, and the repair
work upon old cars in the railroad shops is something
enormous. All kinds of cars are built at Pullman — sleepers,
parlor cars, passenger, mail and baggage, freight and
street cars. Freight car shops then comprise a branch
of the car industry here, and the building where
freight work is done is 1,350 feet long and nearly 200
feet wide in its widest part. Its floor area embraces
''64,155 square feet, or six and one third acres. Lum-
jer enters the south end of these shops from the lum
ber yards and is cut to proper lengths, planed, mor
tised, bored and fashioned for use. In every onward
step of its progress, and it never moves backward, it
receives additional shaping and treatment till it
reaches the erecting rooms, where the car builders
take it and build it into cars upon the trucks which
have already been set in place. This work is paid
for by piece wages, and all departments of the shops
present scenes of the greatest activity. The capacity
of this car plant is easily fifty finished cars a day, or
a finished car for every twelve minutes of working
time. On August 18, 1885, 100 flat cars were made
here and finished in nine hours and fifty minutes, and
upon one dayin 1891 seventy-seven coalcarswere built,
a larger day's work than the preceding. A flat car is
more easily and more quickly built than any other
form of car, while refrigerator cars take the greatest

The Town of Pullman. 73
amount of time. The shops as just enlarged can now
easily turn out 100 finished flat cars a day. In building
forty cars in a day (and they are erected in trains on
parallel tracks, along which all the materials, with
the trucks, are carefully distributed the day before for
the gangs of builders), 182,000 pounds of cast iron
wheels are used, 64,000 pounds of car axles, 118,000
pounds of cast iron other than wheels, 115,000 pounds
of wrought iron, the bolts alone in a car numbering
from 500 to 900. To build these forty cars in a day
requires the labor of 500 men and the work of a large
amount of machinery. The mill has 130 men, the
erecting shop 270, and the paint shops 100. The iron
work is all made at the Union Foundry and at the
forges of the passenger car shops. These works are
provided with ample store rooms, a large truck shop,
a door-making shop, matching rooms, where flooring,
roofing and ceiling are made, and an office, all under
one roof. There are now seventy-nine wood-working
machines in the mill and matching rooms, and the
power for operating them is furnished by a 900-horse
power engine; but shafting connects with the great
Corliss engine, which can furnish power in case of
accident to the local engine. The erecting shop is
450 feet long and contains parallel tracks which fur
nish standing room for eighty cars, so that while forty
are building to-day on part of the tracks, laborers are
distributing lumber and iron for forty more along the
vacant tracks, this material to be built into cars on the
following day.
The paint shop is 400 feet long, and has drying
room for 120 cars. The raw material goes in at one
end of these shops and comes out at the other end in

74 The Town of Pullman.
the form of completed cars, painted, numbered, and
lettered, and journals oiled and all prepared for ship
ment the instant the paint is dry; 125,000 feet of lum
ber are used each day, and this lumber comes into
the mills and goes through the machines which fash
ion it for use with the regularity of clock work. The
thousands of pieces of wood and iron in a car of a
given lot are, like the pieces of a sewing machine or a
revolver, so like the similar pieces of every car of the
lot that they are interchangeable. When work begins
on a lot of a thousand cars it proceeds with almost
the accuracy and regularity of the motions, of the
planets in their orbits. Freight cars cost from $450
to $1,000 each, the average being about $650. Dur
ing the three years ending Sept. 1, 1892, these freight
car shops have built 5,283 box cars, 14,477 coal cars,
ig5 flat cars, 13 barrei cars, 45 poultry cars, 13 ca
boose cars, 663 refrigerator cars, 300 stock cars, 300
fruit cars, and 25 ore cars, a total of 21,314 cars of
all kinds, and they were worth nearly $15,000,000.
Cars are made here for every section of the country.
Ten hours constitute a day's work, and, as far as pos
sible, piece wages are paid. These shops were
greatly enlarged and improved during the summer
of 1892, and they are heated by steam. For the past
three years these shops have probably made six out
of every 100 freight cars built in this country, but at
our present rates of construction we have the capac
ity for building ten out of every 100 made. These
shops constitute a busy hive of human industry,
where all work is so carefully laid out and subdivided
that no one is idle, and mistakes are hardly possible.
Every day a train of new freight cars goes from here

The Town of Pullman. 75
to be absorbed in the work of transportation, which
now demands the services of a million of men, and
which, directly and indirectly, supports five millions
of our country's population.

Fire Department.
As in many other directions great progress has
been made in improving apparatus for extinguishing
fires. All cities of any size now have paid fire depart
ments in place of the former volunteer organizations,
and the use of steam fire engines is well nigh uni
versal. The increasing skill with which trained men
now handle fires is seen in the fact that in New York
in 1866 the loss for each fire averaged $8,075, while
in 1888 the average loss of each fire was $1,705 only.
Modern Methods.
On the appearance of a fire in a Chicago building
an alarm box close at hand is reached by a policeman
or some citizen, and in two or three minutes a steam
fire engine comes thundering to the place, followed
by others, in less time than it takes to tell it. Coup
ling hose to hydrants, water is at once flowing over
the burning building, and firemen are seen entering it
everywhere, from cellar to the top story. It is a
struggle with firemen to reach a blaze during the first
two minutes of its life, for every second of time is
vital then. The steam fire engine is merely a suction
and force pump driven by steam, and, in addition to
such engines, "fire boats" have become common, not
only for fires which occur at the water's edge, but for
those that may occur anywhere within half a mile of

76 The Town of Pullman.
such boats, for they can force an immense quantity of
water through that length of hose. One of these
boats in New York not only throws a five-inch stream
of water, but throws it with such force as to break in
windows, doors and even walls, as streams from
nozzles are sometimes made to tear down hillsides in
mining regions, and it takes only a few minutes to
flood any structure with such a stream.
Quickness of Work.
The quickness with which fire engines will get
from their quarters to a fire is marvelous. Teams
stand harnessed in their stalls and an electric signal
lot only opens the stall doors, but whips the horses,
so that they jump at once to their places ; a few
clickings of snaps are heard and firemen seem to drop
from the air to their seats and places, and in a few
seconds the engine is going like the wind along the
street in the direction announced by the signal. Men
form the habit of waking from a sound sleep and
dressing and getting well on their way to a fire in less
time than it takes the ordinary man to put on a shirt
collar. All are familiar with the methods of rescuing
people from burning buildings. By means of ladders
and elevators, or extension ladders, firemen seem to
get all over the outside of perpendicular walls with
ease, and the heroism displayed in saving life at fires
is often thrilling. In Chicago the fire marshal's office
is continually advised by telegraph of everything in
the nature of an alarm and of the progress made in
putting out fires. It is difficult to imagine how any
thing could be more effective than present appliances
in Chicago and New York for extinguishing fires.

The Town of Pullman. 77
The old hand engines were little more than large
syringes and practically useless when a fire once got
under way, and men quickly became fatigued in
working them. Steam fire engines never grow weary
in throwing streams of water from one to two inches
in diameter, and such streams, by means of stand
pipes, can easily be directed into any window in any
story of a burning building and in places where the
heat will not permit firemen to go.
A Few Historical Matters.
Before the introduction of kerosene, burning fluids,
gas and lucifer matches, there were fewer agencies for
kindling fires than now. In ancient cities fires had to
be extinguished by hand, but, prior to the use of coal
and matches, all fires in houses were put out at night.
Fires were more disastrous when they did occur, but
there was much less to burn than now. The old cus
tom of ringing the Curfew bell, introduced into Eng
land by William the Conqueror, required all fires and
lights in homes to be put out at once. The word cur
few itself is a corruption of two Norman French
words, couvre feu, which meant to cover the fire.
Everywhere in towns stringent rules were in force to
guard against fire dangers. We read of "water sy
ringes useful at fires" in some parts of Germany as
early as 1500. Early in 1600 there were hand engines
which would throw an inch stream about a hundred
feet. Late in the seventeenth century we first read of
fire engines in the city of Paris. In the first years of
1700 Paris had a fire department and a fire marshal
who had charge of thirty hand engines, called "port
able pumps." Leather hose and suction pipes were

78 The Town of Pullman.
invented in Holland in 1670, and were adopted gen
erally in European cities, but in London, in the be
ginning of 1700, "hand squirts," holding about three
quarts of water, were used to aid in extinguishing
fires. It took three men to operate this squirt gun,
one man held it steady, one directed the nozzle, and
a third worked the piston. Water had to be carried
to these syringes. The application of steam to the
fire engine was made about sixty years ago, and that
form of engine has been steadily improved till we
have the perfect machine of to-day. John Ericson
is credited with valuable suggestions relating to im
provements of the fire engine, though like other en
gines for doing work, it is a joint product to which
many able men have contributed. The small portable
fire extinguishers, so serviceable if they can be brought
to bear at the beginning of a fire, are very simple, as
they merely charge water with carbonic acid gas and
throw it upon a fire by its own pressure ; the gas so
liberated at once extinguishes flame. Large extin
guishers of this kind are now carried in cities, and do
effective service. Fire Companies in this Region,
The Pullman Fire Department consists of a mar
shal and eight paid men and two volunteers. There
is a small volunteer company at Roseland having 600
feet of hose. The police force at Kensington take
care of a hose cart of 1,000 feet of hose. Riverdale
has a small volunteer company and 800 feet of rubber
hose. The headquarters of our fire force are in the
northeast corner of the Pullman stables. Here are
found the hose cart and the hook and ladder truck

The Town of Pullman. 79
and teams for taking the apparatus to a fire. The
second floor, over the office and apparatus, contains
ten beds, in which the firemen sleep. The good order
and spotless cleanliness of these quarters always chal
lenge attention. There are fifty-two Babcock fire
extinguishers in the shops and public buildings, and
the fire department has about 13,000 feet of servicea
ble hose. -'This includes the hose kept in shops and
large buildings, and it is frequently tested to ascertain
its fitness for use.
We now have a fire-alarm circuit, a bell-alarm cir
cuit and seven watch circuits. A fire-alarm system,
with thirty or forty street boxes, would be an immense
advantage ' here. This fire district now comprises
Pullman, Kensington, Roseland and Gano.
Fires in Pullman.
Fifty-two fire alarms were turned in during 1890,
and the runs made aggregate 96^4 miles, and the
actual working time of the department at fires was 37
hours and 35 minutes. In 1888 there were only 30
runs and 46 miles of travel to fires. The loss by
fires in this district during 1890 was $151,140, of
which the loss in Pullman was about $50,000. The
burning of the Terra Cotta Company's works and the
destruction of the hammer shops, the lumber dry-
kilns and the market are the only fires of any magni
tude we have had in Pullman.
Rapidity of Work Here.
With the firemen all in bed, an alarm has been
turned in, and in one minute and five seconds the
horses have been hitched to the hose-cart and the
apparatus taken 360 feet to the northwest corner of

80 The Town of Pullman.
the Arcade, ioo feet of hose coupled to the hydrant
and water thrown from it. The hitching of horses
from the stalls to the hose-truck is done in six sec
onds. The Causes of Fires, and Losses.
These are many, and of the 3,733 alarms, ten a
day, in the city of Chicago for the year 1890, such
things as matches, kerosene lamps and stoves, and
gasoline stoves figure noticeably.
The total value of all property destroyed by fire in
this country during the past year was over $100,000,-
000. In past years this annual loss has several times
exceeded $100,000,000. There can be no doubt that
cities are getting fires under much better control than
formerly. With all the care taken in shops a work
man will occasionally leave a fire-pot burning or a
hand-lamp, and bits of cotton waste saturated with
oil, which, on exposure to a current of air, may ignite
by spontaneous combustion. During every year there
were a dozen small blazes in the Pullman shops by
spontaneous combustion, which watchmen extin
guished. Firemen all regard rubber hose as much bet
ter than the cotton variety, the friction in the cotton
hose destroying a good percentage of the water
pressure. Water Supply.
In case of an alarm of fire, the pressure from a
tank in the top of the water tower, which holds 500,-
000 gallons, is turned on to the water mains, and all
that is necessary is for the firemen to couple the hose
to the most convenient hydrant, to be ready to throw
water at a pressure of seventy pounds to the inch —
this pressure carrying water over any building in Pull-

The Town of Pullman. 81
man. In consequence of fire alarms during i8go the
tank pressure was turned on at the water tower 46 times
and 3,000,000 gallons of water drawn from the tank.
Provision is made for pumping water into the high
tank as it is drawn off during a fire. Steam fire
pumps might with advantage be attached to the
transfer-table engines. Shops and public buildings
are all provided with hose which can quickly be put
into service by workmen, and before the firemen
arrive. FLORA.
500 native flowering plants have been found with
in a circle of three miles radius, and its center at the
Pullman depot. 60 species of grasses and sedges,
100 of mosses, liverworts and fungi ; and about 400
kinds of trees and shrubs have been examined within
the same area, and, doubtless, comprise nearly all the
native vegetable growths of this immediate region.
Many cultivated forms of vegetation flourish here in
parks and gardens. FUEL.
Both wood and coal are used in houses not heated
by steam. Coal, with the saw-dust, shavings and
other waste are used under the boilers of the engines.
Oil is used at the brickyards under boilers, and for
burning brick. Steam heat is used for warming the
shops and factories, and all public buildings, and in
the best class of residences nearest the car shops ; it
is also used in drying lumber. The consumption of
coal alone in the shops and factories averages about
50,000 tons a year,

82 The Town of Pullman.

Gas.

In 1774, over a century ago, Cavendish made the
discovery that hydrogen gas was one of the compo
nents of water. About this time the French chemist
Lavoisier passed steam through a red hot pipe thus
obtaining a quantity of hydrogen, and by putting
charcoal into the pipe he obtained a still larger
quantity of the gas. The reaction which takes
place between steam and incandescent coal, where
the affinity of oxygen for the carbon liberates the
hydrogen of the water, is the basis of the manu
facture of all so-called water gas. Hundreds of
patents have been taken out here and abroad for
devices, and improvements of devices for making this
gas. In 1856 Siemens invented his regenerative fur
nace, a chamber filled with loose fire brick, for storing
up heat from waste gases, which, under the name
superheater, and used as a fixing chamber, is so
important a feature in the present manufacture of
water gas. We have space barely to present a list of
some of the so-called "systems " for making the gas.
Of the retort processes we have the Sanders, the
Allen-Harris, the Salisbury and the Jerzmanowski.
Of the generator processes the most conspicuous are t
the apparatus known as the Tessie du Motay, Wilkin
son, Jerzmanowski, Hanlon and Johnson, Edgerton,
Harkness, McKenzie, Egner and Meeze.
In the foregoing methods there are two distinct
processes, making the gas and then carbureting and
fixing it. The more recent type of apparatus is that
in which these two operations are combined in one by

The Town of Pullman. 83
using a superheater for storing waste heat from the
generator, by which to fix the mixture of steam and
oil gases. Of this class of apparatus, we have the
Lowe, the Granger, which is used in Pullman, the
Hanlon-Leadley, the Springer, the McKay-Critchlow,
the Flannery, the Martin, the Pratt and Ryan, the
Van Steenburg and the Loomis. These processes
differ only in details and are all based upon the lead
ing chemical fact above mentioned. The Granger
process is the one used in Pullman. The Granger
company originally manufactured water gas upon the
Lowe plan and under the Lowe patents. In the
work, improvements were soon made and patented.
The Granger people located the generator in the
basement with the shells slightly lapping, giving a
short direct connection from shell to shell and bring
ing the process of gas making upon one floor. Oil,
too, is introduced in the form of a spray, at the base
of the superheater and is taken up and gasified by the
heated stream of hydrogen. As every intelligent per
son knows, combustion is a chemical experiment
where certain combinations are made which produce
heat and flame. The burning of an ordinary candle
or lamp is a simple form of a gas machine, and the
solid or liquid oils are made into gas before they are
burned. The flame of a lamp consists of billions of
small incandescent particles of carbon. In the lamp
the gas is burned as made ; in the case of gas, the
article is made and stored and burned as needed
being conveyed into our houses by means of piping.
A gas flame in your room is a sort of candle reaching
from the burner clear to the gas holder.

84 The Town of Pullman.
Our Gas Making.
A fire of anthracite coal is first built in a generator
and an air blast admitted from a blower, and carbonic
oxide and nitrogen, the products of partial combus
tion, pass to a superheater where additional air effects
a more complete combustion. The heat is absorbed
by the fire brick with which the superheater is filled.
The products of complete combustion, carbonic acid
and nitrogen pass off through a stack to the open air.
When the superheater becomes very hot, the stack
and air valves are closed and the proper gas pipe
leading into a seal chamber is opened. Steam is now
admitted through the grate bars, and is decomposed
by the bed of coal through which it passes forming
hydrogen and carbonic oxide gases which burn with
intense heat but are not luminous. Naphtha is now
sprayed into the superheater, being first forced
through an oil heater. The fine particles of oil are
incorporated with the hot water gas and the mixture
passes upward through the hot fire brick in the super
heater with the result of giving a fixed illuminating
gas which goes through a seal chamber into a scrub
ber where it is washed ; the gas then goes to a con
denser, and thence to the lime purifiers. It requires
only a few minutes to blow up a heat and making a
run of gas. The form of the fire brick used in the
superheater is that of a cylinder about six inches
high with a conical hole through it larger at the upper
than at the lower end. These bricks are placed one
upon another so as to form a series of straight holes
from top to bottom of the superheater ; the gas is
thus given a whirling motion bringing it in contact
with the heated surfaces and perfectly fixing it. Car-

The Town of Pullman. 85
bureting the gas is an ingenious process. Naphtha is
sprayed in a form of mist into the gas as it issues
from the generator and is completely vaporized by
the heat of the gas without forming any lampblack or
tar. In the original Lowe process, oil was allowed
to run as a liquid on to the bed of coal, and if the
coal happened to be too hot lampblack immediately
resulted, and if the coal was not hot enough the oil
would run through the fire and go as free oil into the
ash pit. The claim of the Granger process is that it
can produce 20 candle power gas from 45 pounds of
coal and three and three fourths gallons of naptha per
1,000 feet, and 100,000 feet per day per man. There
are now seventy-five of the Granger plants in operation.
Composition of the Gas.
From two analyses of the gas taken from holders,
one in Worcester, Massachusetts, and the other from
works in the town of Lake, this county, we compute
the following general average :
Hydrogen  36.540
Nitrogen  3.245
Carbonic acid  220
Oxygen  035
Heavy hydro-carbons  14,125
Carbonic oxide  25.920
Marsh  19.915
Total  100.
Extent of its Use.
The so-called water gas is deemed preferable in
every way to coal gas and most of the works built
during the past five years are of the water gas type.
There are about 400 different works where this
water gas is made and it is destined easily to outstrip
coal gas. It is no more dangerous to breathe than

86 The Town of Pullman.
coal gas, and the little tickets over the burners in
public houses, "Don't blow out the gas," are still
necessary in both cases, for the protection of Mis
souri Congressmen.
The Pullman Gas Works.
Our gas works in Pullman make from 150,000, to
175,000 cubic feet of gas per day. There are now
two gas holders each with a capacity for 50,000 cubic
feet. Every dwelling in Pullman, as well as every
shop and factory is supplied with gas, though its use
is optional with tenants. Piping.
We have between eight and nine miles of gas
mains 1,700 feet of these are eight inches in diameter,
nearly 10,000 are six inches, 12,500 feet four inches,
and 17,500 feet are three inches in diameter, and
1,300 feet of two inch main. 825 services are already
laid, the great majority of them being from three
fourths of an inch to one inch in diameter. In many
cases one service pipe answers for two or more flats.
Meters.
The great majority of the meters in use (1,200 of
them) are three light meters, though there are 10 —
100 light meters, 2 — 150 light meters, 1 — 200 light
meter and 1 — 250 light meter. The total number of
meters in the dwellings and shops and factories here
is (Feb. i8gi) 1501. There are also 225 street lamp
posts. The gas is not largely used as a fuel, though
many of the best dwellings are provided with gas
stoves. No doubt the electric light will be more
generally used here in the near future.

The Town of Pullman. 87
Glass.

The glass industry at Pullman is carried on in the
third and fourth stories of the water tower where fifty
operatives are employed. Here the naked glass of
commerce is taken and made Into the beautiful forms
in which it is found in a modern Pullman car.
Glass is defined as any product of fusion having a
lustre known as vitreous and is derived from the
melting of silica with an alkali. No compound dis
covered by man has been of more general benefit to
the human race. With it innumerable utensils are
made, the windows of houses constructed, and, with
out bottles for holding almost all known substances,
chemistry would have been almost an impossibility.
The telescope and microscope could not have been
made without this substance. Marvels in Venetian
glass can be seen in the Austrian exhibit at the
World's Fair in Chicago.
Like many other arts, glass-making is a very
ancient one. There is in the British Museum a small
glass lion's head of a blueish tint with figures upon it
which show that it was made 4300 years ago. There
is also a piece of green colored glass in existence with
cuttings upon it which are evidence that it was made
1450 years before Christ. Glass bottles containing
red wine are represented upon Egyptian monuments
which are known to be 4000 years old. The art of
making glass may have been lost many times and
re-discovered. Wendell Phillips, in his lecture upon
the " Lost Arts," speaks of a piece of Egyptian glass
which had planes of color passing entirely through it,

88 The Town of Pullman.
a feature which glass makers to-day cannot reproduce.
Of course we find examples of perfect glass in nature,
like some of the precious stones. Our imitations of
these natural glasses are still imperfect. The Phoe
nicians, long before Christ, made glass beads of many
colors, which have found their way into all parts of
the world. Beads like these have always been used
as money among savage tribes. In the 12th century,
only palaces in England had glass windows. Even as
late as the 16th century in England and the 17th cen
tury in Scotland, glass was used only in the windows
of the houses of the rich.
Manufacture.
In the manufacture of the common forms of glass
the following substances are used: Silica (sand or
pulverized flint), boracic acid, also the oxides of
sodium and potassium for alkaline matter, and such
earthy substances as the oxides of zinc, aluminium,
lead, calcium, barium, strontium, thalium and mag
nesium for colorless glass ; and the oxides of cobalt,
uranium, gold, chromium, iron, manganese and cop
per for colored glass. Some of the finest tints in the
best Venetian and Bohemian glass are still trade
secrets and not well understood by the world. Glass
is made almost everywhere, as material for it is
abundant ; plate glass of excellent quality is now
made in this country, and table glassware now made
in this country is not excelled. Mirrors.
From the 1 2th to the 16th century small mirrors,
or pocket mirrors, were carried by ladies, but they
did not come into general use till about 250 years

The Town op Pullman. 8g
ago. The frames of these small mirrors were some
times carved from ivory and were costly, and were
carried much as lockers and watches are carried
to-day. The Greeks, centuries before Christ, made
small mirrors from a hard bronze which admitted of
a fine metallic polish. Such metallic mirrors have
been used for many centuries in oriental countries
and are much used in Japan and China to-day. We
also have records of small glass mirrors among the
ancient Greeks, but no specimens of them have come
down to our time. In the middle ages glass was
sometimes backed with sheets of polished metal for
mirrors. The city of Venice first made mirrors on a
commercial scale. About the middle of 1500 A. D.,
the Murano glass houses made glass mirrors silvered
with an amalgam and often beveled in the present
style of fashionable glasses. Thousands of these old
beveled mirrors are still in existence. The discovery
of plate glass about 200 years ago gave a great im
pulse to this industry in France. The word " silver
ing" was practically meaningless till about fifty years
ago, as no silver was used in the process. The Ger
man chemist, Liebig, discovered the modern process
of silvering glass which is in such general use. The
process of applying an amalgam of tin and mercury
to the surface of glass is slow and unhealthful, but
the results are excellent, and some of the best mirrors
are now made by this process. Our process in Pull
man is the one of silvering, and, where pains are
taken to protect the silver from oxidization, the pro
cess is perfectly satisfactory.

90 The Town of Pullman.
Glass Embossing Here.
Plenty of plate glass of a quality which answers
well for glazing is made in this country, but English
and Belgian plate is best suited for the finest kinds of
mirrors. The glass for upper windows, door and deck
lights, and for Gothic windows, is usually embossed
and portions of it silvered in Pullman coaches. The
naked pane of glass is first put into a pit over coils of
steam pipe and heated to a temperature of about 120°.
A thin coating made of a compound of beeswax,
resin, etc., is then spread over the upper surface in
order to cause a sheet of lead foil to adhere quite
firmly to it. After cooling, a coat of dark paint is put
upon the lead foil so fastened to the pane. A stencil
plate of the required design is then placed over the
blackened surface and a tracing from it taken there by
means of chalk dust. Girls then proceed to cut out
with sharp needles and take out those portions of the
lead foil necessary to show on the glass the figures
and designs to be etched. The back of the pane is
then covered with parafine and it is immersed in a
bath of dilute flouric acid which, in an hour or so,
eats out portions of the exposed glass to the depth of
a twentieth of an inch. The acid has no effect upon
the portions covered with lead foil and parafine, the
result being that nothing but the designs cut through
the lead foil are etched. Grinding the surface of the
pane then renders the raised portions translucent
while the etched portions showing the designs needed
are perfectly transparent. The sand blast is not used
here at all. There is another mode in use for rend
ering glass translucent, which is to place the pane in

The Town of Pullman. 91
a bath of flouric acid and ammonia, which gives all
the exposed portions the appearance of having been
ground. Workmen about these acid baths have to
wear rubber gloves to protect their hands from injury.
After the glass is taken from the bath, it is again
heated enough to remove the wax and lead foil which
protected portions of it from the corroding influence
of the acid. The whole is then thoroughly cleansed
with water and soda, and when dry is ready for the
glazier, or for silvering if any portion of it requires
silvering. In figures of men and animals, or in land
scapes, a paint can be used in free hand sketching to
protect portions of the glass from the effect of the
acid. The process of etching glass which is analogus
to photo-lithography is not yet in general use.
Mirror Making Here.
The finest English and Belgian plate glass is best
for car mirrors. To make a mirror the glass is first
thoroughly cleaned with water and then polished
with rouge, a form of oxide of iron, which brightens
it and removes every scratch and surface defect. It
is then placed upon a grated platform over coils of
steam pipe and is covered with a liquid compound
made of a solution of nitrate of silver mixed with a
solution of chloride of calcium which at once precipi
tates metallic silver upon the glass. In this process
some chloride of silver is also formed which is col
lected and the silver recovered from it. The glass is
then carefully washed. The heat under the mirror
plate aids much in the precipitation of the metallic
silver and appears to render the silver brighter.
After drying, the back of the mirror is painted with a

92 The Town of Pullman.
coat of red lead and then bronzed, if required, which
protects the silver from oxidation.
Beveling Glass.
This is a process requiring several operations.
The first grinding is upon a horizontal iron wheel
upoa which fine sand is sprinkled ; then the beveled
edge is still further ground upon a similar wheel cov-
evered with emery. The next step is grinding upon
a horizontal grindstone, which is only found in Scot
land ; then vertical wooden wheels put a more fin
ished touch upon the beveled edges and finally the cut
edge is perfectly polished upon vertical felt wheels
covered with rouge. The grinding of glass is regarded
as better than the acid treatment where silver is to be
used upon the translucent portion. The silver used is
purchased in the form of crystals of the nitrate, which
are dissolved to obtain the liquid used as above
described. There are certain features about this
chemical work which are peculiar to this department
and differ from those used elsewhere. The work
done here is unsurpassed in excellence. What is
known as cut-beveling is now done in the highest
style of the art. Glass In a Car.
We have seen over 600 square feet of glass in a
Pullman coach. Of this glass 116 square feet were
in mirrors and over 100 feet of it had been embossed.
Excellent plate glass is made in this country by such
establishments as the Pittsburg Plate Glass Company,
the DePaw Plate Glass Company, at New Albany,
Indiana, and by the Crystal City Plate Glass Com
pany, of Missouri.

The Town of Pullman. 93
The very best kinds of plate glass are now made
by the London and Manchester Plate Glass Com
pany, England, and at Manheim, Bavaria, and in
France and Belgium. Glass making was one of the
earliest industries undertaken in this country, the
first glass works being established at Jamestown some
years before the landing of the Pilgrims. Capt. John
Smith, in 1615, wrote that he felt that the efforts at
glass making at Jamestown were somewhat mis
directed, and this was five years before the Pilgrims
reached Plymouth. At ordinary temperature glass is
practically indestructible. All efforts at making
malleable glass have so far failed. Recent experi
ments would seem to indicate that nearly all the gems
can now be so closely imitated in glass that none but
experts can detect the imitations. The brightest
colors of flowers and rainbows are now almost pefectly
reproduced by Bohemian and Venetian glass workers.
GARBAGE.
Garbage at Pullman is collected daily from recep
tacles provided for it at the rear of lots, and is taken
to vacant land, distant from the town, and buried.
The question of disposing of this waste by some of
the processes for rendering it or destroying it by fire
is under consideration. The time is approaching
when all that has any commercial value will be ex
tracted from this class of waste and the refuse used
as fuel. Most waste of this sort has fuel enough in it
to do the work of rendering it. The best mode of
disposing of garbage in cities is not yet a settled ques
tion. Recent authority favors burning garbage, and
this method is coming into use.

94 The Town of Pullman.
GREENHOUSES.
About six acres of ground on the shore of Lake
Calumet are used for a nursery, gardens and a green
house. Seventy species of shrubs and trees and 125
species of plants are cultivated for use in the parks
and gardens of the city, and for sale to private par
ties. About 100,000 flowering plants are raised each
year. Geology.
When Kepler's laws flashed upon the mind of the
great astronomer, in profound humility he gave
utterance to a few monosyllables which sent a thrill
through the souls of all thoughtful men. His words
were: " O, God ! I think thy thoughts after thee !"
All great thoughts and discoveries are only phases of
insight into the divine plans by which the universe is
governed. The more widely and deeply men study,
and the better the groupings and classifications of
their increasing knowledge the more fully are they
made the possessors of evidence of the unity of design,
implying an All Powerful Designer who is recognized
in the religions of ages and of races, and whom each
man knows according to the scope of his spiritual
expansion. When all the facts of history are properly and
philosiphically grouped, the rise and fall of nations
may be made as clear to the student as the occurrence
of an eclipse. We are not yet fully able to grasp the
laws by which races have been distributed, but that
distribution is governed as certainly by law as is the
distribution of plants and animals. The locations of

The Town of Pullman. 95
the cities of Chicago and New York and their wonder
ful growth were not merely chance selections by
trappers and traders, nor the result of plans made by
wiser men, but they grew out of the imperative needs
of civilization, and are the logical results of causes
dating from early geological times. The physical
advantages of these sites, as seen in soil, climate, the
possible productions of contiguous territory, in rivers,
harbors, lakes or seas, met man more than half way,
and Chicago grew as naturally as a tree does in soil
adapted to its needs, or as naturally as the inclina
tion of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit brings
us a change of seasons. The site of Chicago had
long been a convenient place for the conference of
savages, was a point of departure and return for the
early'explorers, and later, the most convenient place
from which to issue government supplies to the
Indians, as well as for the business of traders with
the natives. As the population of the country
increased, the place naturally became a town, and,
situated as it is, midway between the eastward and
westward flowing waters, and so easily reached from
every direction it has now become the pivotal urban
center of the continent. A brief presentation of the
manner in which a thin portion of the earth's crust
here was formed cannot but be of interest to readers.
We treat only of the upper 500 feet of this crust.
The Niagara Limestone.
The country rock, or native rock here, is known
to science as Niagara limestone, and it is covered
largely with bowlder drift clay, with here and there
considerable sand and gravel ; the thickness of the

96 The Town of Pullman.
superincumbent mass varies from a few feet to 200
feet in thickness; at Pullman, where it is pretty much
entirely clay, the depth averages about 9c feet ; as
far south as Harvey the clay is only 20 feet thick, and
a few miles farther south the rock comes to the sur
face, as it does at Bridgeport and at Stony Island.
The stratified rock is quarried for building pur
poses and the crystalline portions can be used for
pavements. This limestone is sedimentary — that is,
deposited under water in layers called strata. The
portions of it which are crystalline hold in many
places a honey-combed structure consisting of five
sided cells, though this rock is clearly of one forma
tion, and it is organic in its origin.
The honey- combed structure was the work of
corals somewhat like those now at work in the semi-
tropical waters of the West India islands and in the
South Pacific ocean. The present work of corals
clearly tells what this region formerly was and that it
lay under the warm waters of a shallow sea. Corals
cannot work at a greater depth than 100 feet, and the
water must be salt and free from mineral impurities.
The temperature of the water, too, must never fall
below 700 Fahrenheit.
As this limestone here is about 400 feet in thick
ness, there must have been a gradual subsidence of
this sea bottom and at a rate which did not differ
much from the slow one at which the corals built
their stucture upward. This limestone, then, was all
made by these tiny sea animals, which gathered the
substance of their cells from the surrounding waters.
Tbe waves would break pieces from these reefs and
grind some of them to sand, which would fill up all

The Town of Pullman. 97
the interstices as well as entomb the countless billions
of the dead forms of the marine life of that period.
To-day the fossils of these lime rocks are to the geol
ogist like the printed words upon the page of a book,
and from them he reads the story of the rocks which
enclose them. Fossils.
These limestone rocks are full of the remains of
plant and animal life and this life was all marine in
character and can be classified with existing orders,
though most of the stony forms are those of extinct
families. The absence of animals with backbones
shows that this rock is very old and belongs to what
is known as the Silurian period which holds the
lowest forms of life. Animals with backbones came
at a much later period. One species of mollusk has
left remains twenty feet,, long. He had large lidless
eyes, long and powerful arms for grasping and a devil
fish beak for tearing his prey. Trilobites are some
times found in this stone. The sea lily or crinoid was
abundant in these tepid waters. Its skeleton is com
posed of thin discoidal shaped rings of lime of which
more than one hundred thousand might be counted
in a single fossil specimen. We can but conclude
that the limestone which underlies our clay, is com
posed almost wholly of the skeletons of animal forms
and constitutes a solid tomb of once living beings so
numerous that the sands of the sea would be needed
to number them.
Under Water,
It needs only a slight stretch of the imagination to
see the present site of our city constituting the bottom
of a shallow tropical sea. What then existed of the

98 The Town of Pullman.
North American continent above the sea level were
the Laurentian rocks, north of the present Great
Lakes, and the Appalachian rocks in the east and
possibly some rock elevations on the Pacific coast.
These elevations constituting the skeleton of the con
tinent only, were devoid of life though the surround
ing waters teemed with living forms feeding upon
other life and engaged in the fierce and hungry strug
gle for existence. This Niagara division of the Silu
rian rocks may have been a million of years in grow
ing, and all the Silurian formation, several thousands
of feet thick, probably consumed millions of years in
forming. The "historical period" of the world is
hardly long enough to make a convenient unit for
measuring the vast periods of geologic time. The
length of time required for any geologic period is, of
course, largely conjectural. After the deposit of the
materials composing 400 feet of Niagara limestone,
this region was subject to an upheaval which lifted
the sea bottom several hundred feet.
The Drift Clays.
Most soils are made up largely of abraded por
tions of rock, but the superincumbent mass of clay,
sand and bowlders resting upon the rock of which we
have been speaking, is not of local origin, but comes
from a great distance. Since such a geologist as
President Dawson, of McGill college, says it will
require four or five hundred years of data collecting
and study before the scientists of the future will be
able to determine the exact origin of these bowlder
drift clays, it would be presumption now for anyone
to offer a theory in regard to them. While rivers are

The Town of Pullman. gg
the common carriers and sorters of soil, none of the
present rivers could carry a fractional part of these
deposits. The bulk of the bowlders in the clay here
came from hundreds of miles north of us, and some
of them from points north of Lake Superior. They
came from the Laurentian rocks and are destitute of
fossils. Of course, these bowlders were brought here
by the agency of ice. The Ice Age.
Before the change of climate which brought on
what is known as the ice age, when Pullman was cov
ered to a mile in thickness with solid ice, the basins
of the present great lakes were no doubt valleys re
sembling in surface ordinarily level land, through the
lowest portions of which rivers flowed. It is not im
probable, too, that there was at that time an abund
ant tree life. On came the great ice cap, grinding
and crushing and shearing the surface and sweeping
vast masses of materials before it from the far north,
the ice finally reaching a point as far south as the
southern part of this state. Great valleys were
plowed by the onward moving ice to form the present
lake basins. The surface of the lime rocks was
smoothed and cut with straight creasings by bowlders
in the bottom of the ice sliding upon it. The pres
ent ice caps of northern Alaska and Greenland resem
ble what once existed here. In some the ice was
largely the bearer of the materials composing the
drift deposits. There may have been both chemical
and mechanical agencies in operation then of which
we can now know little, and which aided in sorting
out the pulverized felspathic elements of granite which

ioo The Town of Pullman.
make our clays. Of course, countless rivers flowed
from the glacier's front and carried much of the finer
materials farther south. How long it took this great
ice cap to advance south to the Ohio and again recede
to the far north, is largely a matter of conjecture, but
from the present known movements of glaciers in the
Alps, it probably took several hundred thousand
years. The statements here of estimates of time are
based upon the judgment of scientific men most com
petent to express an opinion upon such matters.
The Recession of the Ice.
The final retreat of the ice cap northward left the
surface of the country much as we now find it, but
water covered the interior of the continent as far east
as the highlands of the state of New York. On the
recession of the waters southward, the shore of Lake
Michigan was once at the present Morgan Park ridge
at a later period the shore was at the Roseland ridge
which is an old lake beach. During this period
immense quantities of water flowed southwest to the
Mississippi valley, for the Mississippi was for a long
period the outlet for these waters, and we are now to
try and have them flow in part in that direction again
by an artificial cut through the low rim of the lake
basin and thus have navigable water between Chicago
and the Gulf of Mexico. The present site of this city
was submerged a long time after the recession of the
ice cap, and the present great lakes are but the deep
est parts of what was then an inland sea. Icebergs
from the retreating ice still carried much sand and
other rock which they continued dropping over the
entire region. At a place a few miles west of us

The Town of Pullman. ioi
called Summit, one of the outlets of the inland sea,
left by the receding ice, is well defined. The Sag, as
it is called, is another outlet of the ancient waters
and it was during that period of outflow that the rim of
the lake here was cut down much lower than elsewhere
on this shore. Man of the Ice Age.
From the implements used by him, now found every
where in the drift we know that man existed during
the ice period and that he followed the retreating ice
northward. The breaking out of imprisoned waters at
times may have carried away entire tribes and formed
the basis for the traditions of a universal flood whirh
everywhere exist in the north temperate zone, for the
great ice cap extended over Europe and northern Asia,
as well as over North America. The Esquimaux of to
day are probably the remnants of the race which fol
lowed back the melting and retreating ice to the north.
Though popularly classed with the Mongols, the Esqui
maux are clearly a distinct race, and wholly unlike the
American Indian. Finally.
We cannot give space for any proper statement
relating to the rocks which underlie the Niagara
limestone, nor even mention the abundant animal life
which followed the ice period. We can only say a
little of this site when it lay for so many ages under
the warm water of a shallow sea while the corals were
building our underlying lime rocks to a thickness of
four hundred feet, and in which the sea life of that
period is now entombed ; then of the long arctic age
when a mile in thickness of ice moved over our
present homes, and of the lakes and rivers which

102 The Town of Pullman.
resulted from the movements of that frozen mass and
its final melting. The reader's attention is especially
asked to this low and easily accessible divide between
the eastward and westward flowing waters, where the
savage found a favorite resort and where civilized
man found a convenient and natural site for a city, a
site made exactly to his needs and which he could
not help occupying as a great urban center any more
than he could help seeking the shade of a tree from
the burning rays of the sun. The geologic ages
fashioned this site (of Chicago) for a great city, and
clearly in accordance with a plan ordained by the All
Wise Architect of the universe in fashioning the
surface of the earth as the abode for a higher
race of men. The story written in the rocks and with
the rocks is then only a long chapter in the process of
evolution which fitted our abode for us. While we
can "see but dimly through the ages, "it is the great
est of intellectual delights to look at, to trace even in
a small way, and even upon as small an object as this
planet, which astronomers only consider a mathemati
cal point in space, a few evidences of design as the
great Kepler read in a large way the thoughts of
God in the solar system. Every evidence of design
only proclaims to us and tells us of the Great
Designer. The more any intelligent man studies,
contemplates and reads in the volume of nature the
marvelous adaptations of means to ends, the more
fully does he comprehend that
We are but parts of one stupendous whole
Whose body nature is, and God the soul.
The city of Chicago, of which we are a part, is an
organic growth having its origin in the social and

The Town of Pullman. 103
civil needs of the human race, and is as much the
result of divine law as the growth of a rose or the
movements of the planets in their orbits.
HAMMER SHOP.
This structure is built of iron, and is 250 by 200
feet in size, and employs nearly 200 men. There are
ten steam hammers, ranging from 750 pounds to 5
tons in weight. There are 12 large heating furnaces,
200 car axles a day are forged here, and about 25 tons
of heavy car forgings, consisting of equalizing bars,
etc. The above axles and forgings are manufactured
from select wrought iron scrap, of which 75 to 100
tons a day are consumed. At times work in this de
partment continues night and day.
HALLS.
Among the public halls at Pullman may be named
the Arcade Theatre, which will hold an audience of
1,000; the Market Hall, 600; the Presbyterian Church,
500; the Swedish Lutheran Church, 500; the Odd
Fellows Hall, 300; and other small assembly rooms
in the Arcade which would seat in all 1,000 persons.
HEALTH.
The health of the residents of Pullman has always
been excellent, zymotic diseases being rare. The
death rate in 1888 was 11 per 1,000 of the population,
while the average is 22*^ % for American cities. The
sanitary conditions are the very best. The drainage
and sewerage are perfect, and the city is scrupulously
clean. The streets are paved and bordered with
thrifty shade trees and shrubbery, the town being
practically a park. Pure water is brought here from
Lake Michigan.

104 The Town of Pullman.
Homes of Operatives.

There are now (October, i8g2) brick homes in
Pullman for 1,717 families. In addition to these
there are seventy-three frame tenements. There is,
of course, much variety in the houses, yet the most
inexpensive flat is supplied with gas and water, and
with what are usually termed "modern conveni
ences." The distance between the house lines is
from 100 to no feet.
The Grounds.
The grounds are all properly graded and a space
from twenty to thirty feet in width in front of the
houses is terraced and sodded. The back yards are
all enclosed by high fences and every brick house has
a wood and coal shed. A sixteen foot alley runs
through the center of each block, and is well surfaced
with macadam, and the fence doors opening from the
alleys to the yards have the same numbers as the
bouses to which they belong — a convenience to market
men as well as to families. No barns have yet been
built, so there is nothing offensive in the alleys.
Those who keep horses have them cared for at the
large Pullman barns. All garbage and ashes are re
moved at frequent intervals. All brick tenements are
provided with good basements and cellars. Many of
these basements are used as kitchens and dining
rooms. Park-Like Features.
The portion of the city already built is about half
a mile in width and it is two miles from the north to

HOTEL FLOREN-CE.

The Town of Pullman. 105
the south end of the town. The successive blocks
are unlike, giving pleasing changes to the views along
any street. At intervals of thirty feet shade trees are
planted along both sides of the streets, and on the
main streets flowers are grown around the trees. Open
spaces planted with shrubbery and flowers really con
stitute a large park, in the midst of which the homes
of the people stand. The monumental buildings and
vast shops in the long stretches of meadow, and
the walks, lined with trees and shrubbery, emphasize
the park features of Pullman.
Convenient Flats.
There is one style of flats having from two to four
rooms each, which rent from six to nine dollars a
month. Of these there are now six buildings, each
containing twelve families, one building containing
twenty-four families, two containing thirty-six each,
and one containing forty-eight families. There is not
a room in these buildings which has not one or more
windows, giving residents abundance of fresh air and
light. These flats and their surroundings are kept in
order by the Pullman company. Blocks 14, 27 and
30 contain about 300 flats, each apartment containing
from two to five good rooms and its proper proportion
basement. Still another style of flats is seen where
every family has a separate entrance, and is accom
modated with five good rooms and a basement.
These flats rent from $14 to $16 a month. There is
now a tendency in cities to build flats, and the advan
tages in them are usually set forth about as follows :
The tenant secures a home for a lower rent, and is
brought nearer his place of work and business. In

106 The Town of Pullman.
case of sickness and trouble he has help close at
hand; the common hallway is lighted and the whole
building cared for by a janitor, services which cannot
be rendered in single houses. By accommodating
many families upon a small tract of land, men are
able to reduce their living expenses to a minimum,
while all have the advantages of living upon improved
streets and in close proximity to parks and gardens.
Of course, separate sinks, water supply and closets,
all inside the houses, are provided for every family.
Single Houses.
There is a variety of single houses, with rents
ranging all the way from $16 to $50 a month. These
houses are adapted to the needs of men receiving
from $2 a day to $5,000 a year. The average rental
of all the tenements in Pullman is only $14 a month.
On the boulevard, east of the hotel, there are seven
very handsome houses. They are all heated by steam,
in addition to having every other modern convenience.
Entering one of these houses you see a stairway of
cherry and all casings and wood work finished in the
natural color of the wood. At the right you enter a
spacious double parlor, back of which is a large din
ing-room, and back of this a conveniently arranged
kitchen. Four good pantries and china closets are
found in the dining-room and kitchen. The house
contains a laundry, with three stationery washtubs
supplied with hot and cold water. The basement and
cellar contain shelves, cupboards, etc., and one room
contains the steam coils for warming the building.
The windows are all supplied with Venetian blinds.
On the second floor there is a large front alcove room

The Town of Pullman. 107
and two large bed-rooms in the rear, with a bath
room. The third story has three commodious sleep
ing rooms. Near the ceiling, in all the rooms, we
find moldings on which to hang pictures. The walls
are either papered or painted, and the ceilings are
tinted in different colors. The grounds are terraced
and planted with flowers and shrubbery. There is an
ample back yard, with wood shed at the rear, the
yard being well and tastefully fenced. The front
yards are not fenced, but left open so as to give the
streets the appearance of parks. Bay windows over
look the lake and give a view of the whole length of
the boulevard. All the public buildings and shops,
and all the houses on the boulevard and Arcade Park,
are heated by steam. The rentals are not more than
three-fourths as much as the like amount of room
brings further north in Chicago, and nothing in Chi
cago compares in attractiveness with these Pullman
homes. Finally.
Here for the first time in the history of city build
ing have the dwellings for an entire community been
scientifically and artistically built in every part, and
from a central thought within one man. Such homes,
better in many ways than workmen by their unaided
efforts could have hoped for, and better by far than
the homes for any other entire community of work
men, have been a boon to the dwellers here. Home 1
is something more than a shelter and an eating house.
In Pullman there are beautiful streets and parks, good
schools, churches, libraries, stores, markets, superior
places of amusement, a railway suburban service
with trains at short intervals, abundance of work at

108 The Town of Pullman.
the highest rates of pay, all essential features in a
man's dwelling place ; 6,324 operatives and laborers
now (October i8g2) find employment in the various
industries at Pullman, and our suburbs are growing
very rapidly. HORSES.
Excellent stables here provide for sixty horses.
A few of them are kept by private parties, but most
of them are kept by the Pullman company for work
connected with the town and shops. There is also a
good livery stable. HOSPITAL.
A hospital is among the institutions of a not
remote future, and the question has already had
much attention. For the present, half an hour's ride
takes a patient to one of the city hospitals, St. Luke's
or the Michael Reese hospital.

Hotel Florence.

This handsome four-story structure is built of
Indiana red pressed brick. It stands upon 111th
street about three hundred feet east of the depot of
the Illinois Central railroad. It was completed and
opened for guests in November, 1881. It has always
been operated by the Pullman company, which has a
superintendent in charge. This is done to maintain
a prescribed standard of excellence for which the
hotel is widely known. The rooms of the first floor
are finished in cherry, and the rooms of the other
stories in pine. The building is heated by steam.
There are electric fire annunciators in all the rooms,
and fire escape ladders are provided. The cooking is

The Town of Pullman. 109
done with gas. The rooms for guests, fifty in num
ber, are well furnished, the furniture account alone
being debited with $31,000. The dining-room can
accommodate one hundred guests at a time, and as
many as four hundred have been served at one meal.
The wide porches of the hotel fronting the parks
on the south, west, and north sides are much admired
and much used by guests. The nearness of Pullman
to the central portion of the city not only brings
thousands of wheelman here every year, but many
large sleighing and tally-ho parties. The world-wide
renown of the city also brings thousands of visitors
here. The frequency of trains makes it possible to go
either north or south at any hour of the day and till
midnight. This accessibility aids in making Pullman
a favorite resort. The hotel, of course, has telephonic
and telegraphic conveniences which are found in all
first-class houses. Large and well-equipped stables
furnish horses and carriages for guests. The site of
the hotel embraces an acre of ground, and it is sur
rounded by broad paved and shaded streets, and the
best residences of the town are seen from its broad
porches. Artificial stone walks surround the grounds,
and street car tracks pass the structure on the east
and north sides. The hotel not only provides for
transient guests, but accommodates many regular
boarders. ISLAND.
At the foot of 1 nth street there is an artificial isl
and in Lake Calumet ; it contains about five acres.
It is fitted up with grand stands and boat houses, and
in its center there is an elliptical course one-sixth of
a mile in circumference for foot races, walking

no The Town of Pullman.
matches, etc. Inside the area, enclosed by the course,
space is arranged for all kinds of athletic sports and
exercises. Public games are held here twice a year
and valuable medals awarded to the winners in the
contests. Situated midway between the east and the
west, Pullman should rapidly become an important
center for annual contests in athletic games. Pull
man medals are worn by athletes all over the conti
nent, and are highly prized.
ICE HOUSES.
Large ice houses cluster about the southwest
shore of Lake Calumet. The Pullman ice house has
a capacity for storing 24,000 tons. Chicago is the
market for most of the ice cut on the Calumet.
IRON MACHINE SHOP.
This structure is three stories high and 200 by 103
feet in size. It is now (October, i8g2) equipped
with 106 machines of the latest and best patterns,
comprising lathes, punches, drills, planes, turners,
wheel-bores and hydraulic machines for pressing
wheels upon axles ; a large number of vises are also
used for fitting purposes. In addition to the work
upon wrought iron forgings, brass work and castings
of every description are finished in this shop. At this
date an average of 350 car wheels a day are fitted to
axles, and 400 steel-tired passenger car wheels a
month are turned up smoothly to a true round to be
be re-used under cars. In addition to the above there
is the manufacture of bolts and nuts.
INSURANCE.
It has always been the policy of the Pullman Com
pany to keep all of its property well insured.

The Town of Pullman. in
JOURNALS.
The only paper published at Pullman is the Pull
man Journal, a 1 6-page weekly, now in its fourth vol
ume. This journal has become a feature here, as it
chronicles all local events and all matters of interest
to our city. It is issued every Saturday morning.

Knitting Mills.
In our childhood every woman knew how to knit.
The stockings of a family were all made at home.
During the long evenings the women of the house
hold, whether chatting or listening, were always knit
ting; a church social, even in those days, was an in
dustrious knitting circle. In the garret of the old
home were stored the spinning wheels of grandmoth
ers and great-grandmothers, for those worthy dames
spun all their yarns as well as knit them. In portions
of the south and southwest this custom still prevails.
The yarns for the well-known "butternut" cloth are
still spun and woven in many rural homes in the south.
But what a change machinery has wrought ! A fragile
girl to-day can attend to 3,000 spindles, every one of
them making more and better yarn than her great-
grandmother ever saw, and New England cotton mills
now make excellent cloth at a profit of a quarter of a
cent a yard. We have seen 3,000 different samples
of cotton cloth made by one factory. It is in the life
time of the generation just entering upon active life,
that knitting machines have wholly usurped the work
which, only a generation ago, was in every woman's
hands. A girl who might not be able to make a pair
of socks in a fortnight on knitting needles can now

112 The Town of Pullman.
make sixty pairs a day by the aid of one knitting ma
chine, and improvements are in use here which enable
her to make ten times that number of pairs, by taking
care of ten or a dozen automatic machines. The knit
ting mills are situated at the corner of Cottage Grove
avenue and 106th street, just north of the freight car
shops. They were built for the purpose of making
socks and stockings and knitting underwear, though
up to this date their work has been limited to hosiery.
The plant has many advantages, and among them are
a desirable location and close proximity to the Chicago
market, improved machinery and knitting machines,
and capable business and mechanical management.
Cleansing Wool.
The following is an outline of the processes and
methods of work in the manufacture of hosiery in
these mills. Upon entering the handsome three-
story brick structure the visitor will see bales of wool,
camels' hair and cotton just as these "raw materials "
came through the channels of commerce, the wool,
for instance, just as it is taken off the backs of sheep,
packed in sacks which weigh about 200 pounds each.
As this is the article most largely used we will under
take to follow some of it in its curious journey to
perfectly formed hosiery. The fleeces are first put
into a large bath of soda ash and soap and water,
where they soak fifteen minutes and from which the
wool then passes through "crushers," or a series of
iron rollers, working like the ordinary washing
machine wringer, into a "rinse vat" which has a
perforated bottom. This bath takes out most of the
grease and dirt from the wool, but leaves burrs and

The Town of Pullman. 113
similar foreign matters which fleeces collect during
the months of pasturage in which the wool is grow
ing. The wool then goes into a wringer or moisture
extractor, such as is used in all laundries, where
nearly all the remaining moisture is removed. It is
then exposed five or six inches deep upon what is
termed a drier, a sort of roof made of wire netting
from under which a fan carries the air in a manner
to draw a current of outer air down through the wool,
thus thoroughly drying it by a process closely resem
bling the one used by nature in drying wool on the
backs of sheep. Picking and Mixing.
The wool is next fed into a machine called a burr
picker, which picks it into small pieces, takes out all
the burrs and bits of other foreign matter and carries
it into a room, but sends the burrs in an opposite
direction. These piles of burrs, when extracted,
resemble cotton seed. The wool is now mixed — that
is, grades and qualities of the article, with any per
centage of camel's hair required for the particular
kind of goods to be produced, are put together and
passed through a machiue called a "mixer." This
mixer resembles the cylinder of a threshing machine
and revolves 1,500 times a minute, thoroughly mixing
the wool fed into it and throwing the mixed material
into a room, the interior of which calls to one's mind
a storm of large snow flakes. The wool after this
mixing process is very clean, soft and fleecy and
ready for the carding machines. There is another
device called a "garnet machine" which takes all the
rave-lings and waste yarn and again transforms them
into wool ready for the cards.

114 The Town of Pullman.
Carding Machine.
This machine, called a "breaker," consists of
small rollers called workers and strippers revolving
close to a 40-inch cylinder covered with wire cards.
The large cylinder picks up the wool but in attempt
ing to carry it forward and over it, the strippers pick
it off in their opposite revolutions and cause it to
undergo a combing process that is most thorough ; at
the exit of this machine there is an 18-inch roller or
" doffer " the surface of which carries a Aim of the
wool which is combed off into a loose rope-like form
and wound upon large spools which, when full are
about 5 inches in diameter. Forty of these spools,
each about one foot in length are put upon a vertical
rack, called a "creel," from which the loose wool
ropes are drawn into another carding machine and the
material subjected to a process somewhat similar to
the one just described, and from which it goes to
what is called the "finisher" where it issues in rolls
or small wool ropes which are wound on "jack
spools," spools when filled, which are a yard long and
10 inches in diameter ; these spools are ready for the
spinning machines, to which they are transferred.
The factory now has two sets of 40-inch cards, three
cards in each set. Spinning Machines.
These wonderful machines regulate the size of
the yarn to be spun, the exact quantity of the
twist in it, and the shape of spools of yarn, called
"jack bobbins." These spinning machines carry 600
spindles and a small boy easily attends to them. The
"bobbins" are taken from the spinners to the third

The Town of Pullman. 115
story and placed upon " winders " which transfer the
yarn to larger spools called "cone bobbins" from
which the yarn is used in the knitting machines.
Knitting Machines.
There is a machine which knits or weaves a yarn
tube into even lengths of about six inches or into
ribbed heads for the tops of socks. These ribbed
tops are then taken to the knitting machines, and
there continued into the forms of stockings. The
opening at the toe of a stocking has to be sewed up
by a delicate machine called a seamer, but in the fin
ished work no one but an expert can find the seams.
This factory now owns fifty circular knitting machines
and thirty automatic ones. This automatic machine
owned by the Standard Mills and used no where else
is a marvelous piece of mechanism, and knits a sock
entire, narrowing it and making the heel and toe au
tomatically. One girl can attend to a dozen such
machines, each one knitting four dozen pairs of socks
a day. The machine begins to narrow the sock at
just the right point, and will change yarns so as to
put in a different color for heel or toe, or for stripes,
if desired. All the machines in use here and of their
type had their suggestion and origin in the work our
grandmothers did by hand.
Other Processes.
The stockings go from the knitting rooms to a
"fulling" machine, where they are automatically
washed and rubbed, the result being a kind of a
shrinking of the yarn, rendering the fabric very firm.
From the fulling machines the socks go into the dye
ing vats, where they remain from fifteen to sixty min-

n 6 The Town of Pullman.
utes; they are again put through the circular driers or
wringers to take out most of the moisture. The
socks are next pulled over thin sock-shaped board
forms and placed in a hot room, into a temperature
of 1500, where they thoroughly dry on these forms,
so that when the wood forms are removed the stock
ings have the correct shape. The goods are after
wards run between cylindrical brushes, which remove
every impurity and give them a soft and cloth like ap
pearance. After this the socks are laid between heavy
sheets of press paper and placed under heavy press
ure for some hours, coming out of the presses looking
as though they had been ironed. They are then
sorted and "mated" and stitched together in pairs
and packed in paper boxes containing half a dozen
pairs each, and sixty dozen pairs are packed in a
wooden case ready for shipment to market.
A careful inspection of every grade of work turned
out shows that better or more attractive goods are
not made than those sent into the market from here.
The dyes exhibit all the brilliancy of color seen in
dress goods, and in finish it is difficult to realize how
such articles could be better. The mills have a
capacity for employing 200 operatives and such oper
atives are largely boys and girls, whose dexterity and
quickness in their work are indeed surprising.

Hand Labor.

At this date (October, i8g2), there are 6,324 wage-
earners in all the industries and enterprises at Pull
man, 300 of them being females, and their earnings
amount to $12,000 a day. Some views held by the

The Town of Pullman. 117
writer upon the subject of the relation of hand labor
to mechanical industry may not be wholly out of
place here and may possibly have some suggestive
value. Too many workmen labor under a delusion in
reference to the exact value of the factor hand
labor in human industry. A few years ago an anar
chist of notoriety spoke in this neighborhood, and
the substance of his illogical harangue was this:
"Who created the town of Pullman and the shops
there ? You did it. There you can see under the
control of others the creation of your hands, and if
the presumptive owners of that property will not con
cede what you ask of them, all you have to do is to
forcibly take possession of the shops and run them
yourselves." Every man dependent upon his labor"
should be anxious to know the exact relation of that
labor to modern industry, so that he may make no
mistake which will result in his personal injury. Hand
labor, instead of being the most important factor
in modern industry, is simply one of many factors,
some of which are of greater value than this one.
Mechanical industry is a sort of co-operative process,
or rather a process in which many elements are in
combination to effect results. In such shops as these
at Pullman a large amount of capital, handled with
special skill and special ability, was necessary in
order to build and equip them with the necessary
machinery. Contracts for Work.
It often requires many months to secure a contract
for building cars, and involves travel, conferences,
correspondence, plans and specifications about which

118 The Town of Pullman.
the average laboring man can have but little knowl
edge. When a contract is finally secured, the
materials for the work have to be purchased in twenty
different states and transported here, after which the
work must be laid out by managers, superintendents
and foremen, so that materials may be economically
used, for the margin of profit upon a contract often
lies in the skillful and economical use of materials.
These materials are then assigned to the different
departments to be put into form for the car-builders,
and careful records are kept of the work done in each
department. We have never had any patience with
the oft repeated dream of Rousseau, that "All men
are created equal, etc.," for every philosopher knows
that the first great law of nature is in the inequality of
man. Human beings are born with aptitudes fitting
them for widely different positions in life, and these
marked differences are easily discernible even in
childhood. Civil Society.
Our modern civil society aims to secure the high
est good of each by having all work in combination
for certain ends. The thinker can understand how
the corn-raisers of Illinois are vitally interested in the
cotton crop of Mississippi, for really the highest pros
perity of all is the best prosperity of each. The
highest type of men, and the most valuable in the
world's industries are those who think, for nothing
can be realized in wood or iron that is not first fully
thought out. Real inventors then are the highest
type of men. Our indebtedness to the Watts and
Faradays is beyond computation. They are the
world's brilliant dreamers. Said Napoleon at St.

The Town of Pullman. 119
Helena, " Had it not been for the persistant opposi
tion of England and the consequent home entangle
ments, I should have taken possession of the Oriental
world, introduced western improvements and methods
and so aroused the countless millions of India and
China, as to have advanced the cause of civilization
in Asia three centuries." What a sublime dreiiu !
The great Corsican had around him men who could
have carried out the details of his wonderful scheme,
but no one who could think his thoughts. To plan
and fight the battle of Marengo, required genius of a
high order, yet the details were easily handled by
subordinates. Kinds of Labor.
Fifty years ago the variety of products required at
the laborer's hand was very limited, but to-day that
variety is almost infinite, ranging from a wire nail to
steel ocean steamer, from a twenty-five cent pair of
spectacles to a refracting telescope with a forty-inch
object glass, and in all this work mere bone and
muscle constitute a lessening value, but skill and taste
count for more and more.
Household furniture must have more of elegance
and comfort than formerly ; fabrics of the loom must
be more beautiful in design, the glass works, foun
dries and potteries must furnish more graceful forms.
It is convenient to classify labor as rude, dextrous
and skilled. The first form of work requires nothing a
but the physical strength and patience of a stupid
plodder who may earn from a dollar to a dollar and a
half a day. The dextrous workman is one who acts
with quickness and produces work with good finish,

120 The Town of Pullman.
but does it by "rule of thumb" and without any
, necessary knowledge of principles, while the skilled
workman, the highest type of the three, not only
possesses dexterity and celerity, but has the knowl
edge of the principles which underlie what he is
doing. The dextrous workman easily earns twice as
much as the rude one, and the skilled man earns three
times as much, and all working with their hands. In
some kinds of labor the difference is even greater
than this. With the rude workman there is very
little chance of promotion, or even hope of it ; with
the dextrous worker the chances are better, but
limited, and it is only the skilled man, who is master
of the theory as well as the practice of his craft, who
can surely count upon advancement. In dull times
the skilled workman is the last one to be discharged,
and he is the one who has savings to fall back upon,
and can most easily adapt himself to a new occupa-
, tion. And all these workmen require the capitalist,
the manager, the designer and the superintendent to
get their products upon the market and secure for
them the best results of their work. "Take the shops
and run them yourselves," says the anarchist. Could
more silliness be expressed in seven words? There
is only one safe way to take property that does not
belong to you, and that is to buy it. If a thousand
workmen owned any car shop in this country to-day
they would have it in such hopeless confusion within
a week that every man would be glad to surrender his
interest in it for a certainty of day wages. We do
not like to see well meaning men deceive themselves
or be deceived by others, but some of them are
certainly misled when they emphasize their handiwork

The Town of Pullman. 121
in a way that leads them to think it is the most
important factor in industrial production.
Curious Facts.
Contradictory as it may seem, it is nevertheless a -
fact that the introduction of improved machinery has
been of the greatest benefit to workmen. Machinery
has not only aided largely in placing comforts and
even luxuries within the reach of all by making them
cost so much less than formerly ; but it has at the
same time increased the wages of workmen. The
purchasing power of a dollar was never so great as
now, and we have only to contrast the wages paid
to-day with those paid fifty years ago to see the
immensely improved condition of labor. The masses
of men have been lifted to higher levels, and their
progress may continue almost indefinitely if they will
educate themselves and resolve to become skilled
workmen. They should remember, too, that their <
best success is very largely dependent upon the
financial skill of their employers, and upon the
mechanical ability of managers and superintendents,
for without these nothing can be done. Let us repeat
that in this country to-day, not less than four millions
of people are engaged as workmen in manufacturing ;
three millions of them can be looked upon as nothing
more than rude workmen, able to earn only the lowest
rates of pay. 700,000 of them are dextrous, that is,
do their work with celerity, but have little, if any,
knowledge of the underlying principles ; but they
earn twice as much as the rude workers. 300,000 of
these workmen may be regarded as skillful persons
who have knowledge of mechanical principles, and

122 The Town of Pullman.
who receive three or four times as much pay as the
rude workers. There is really no limit to the demand
for art and skill in manufactures.
Demand for Skill.
.. There is a rigid limit for articles like plows, carts,
shovels and coarse cotton cloths, and this limit is the
number of purchasers, while the demand for artistic
productions is not limited by the number of purchas
ers, but only by their taste and desire and ability to
purchase; hence the demand for skilled labor is prac
tically unlimited. When a nation desires a military
result, as Germany did under the old Emperor and
Prince Bismarck, the whole people must be trained in
military art; the industrial result aimed at in Switzer
land was reached by training all the children in in
dustrial pursuits. It is a very simple example of
arithmetic to determine the immediate money advan
tages to our country of having all our workmen so
trained as to be abundantly able to earn an additional
dollar per day; and this is no dream, for it ought
easily to be done through technical training in the
schools, were the mechanical idea should be empha
sized. We need have no fears now of the "pauper
labor" of Europe, but our rising generation has much
to fear from the educated and skilled labor of Europe,
for the leading European nations are in advance of
us in the technical training they are giving to the
t, young. Manufacturing, then, is in the nature of a
co-operative process, where the workman's growth is
largely dependent upon his acquired skill and his
ability to grow in his chosen field. There are so
many good mechanical papers and semi-scientific

The Town of Pullman. 123
journals that can be had for three or four dollars a
year that a workman has no reasonable excuse for
remaining ignorant of what is transpiring and what
progress is making in the field of his work. These
papers tend to brighten and broaden their readers
and aid their improvement in work; and further, they
serve as instructors to the children who must soon
take their fathers' places and form with them the
habit of "keeping up with the times." The best
results in mechanics can only be secured by trained
hands moving under the guidance of trained minds,
and every workman should take to his heart the truth
of the motto, " never too old to learn,' and begin to
day to improve himself and his condition. Each year
demands more skill in mechanics, and the most cer
tain way for the workman to improve his condition is
to aim to acquire more skill.
In reference to organized labor, the Chicago Her
ald of August 20th, 1892, speaks at some length, and
that journal has always had the best interests of
laboring men at heart. Of a railroad strike it says:
"The impression seems to prevail much too widely that
organized labor has more rights and privileges and is enti
tled to more 'recognition' than unorganized labor. This
impression is wholly mistaken and pernicious. No labor
organization has anymore rights than an individual laborer.
It has no right to supersede or defy the civil authority in
any respect. It has no right to tyrannize over any one not
included in its membership. It has no right to interfere
with the liberty of any man to come and go and to do what
ever is lawful. It has no more right to take possession of a
mill or a section of railroad than any individual has, nor
more than a band of pirates has to capture a ship. When a
labor organization does any such thing it becomes an organ-

124 The Town of Pullman.
ization of rebellion against the public authority and a body
of conspirators against society.
" To say that employers organize conspiracies against
society — conspiracies to plunder the public — is not to the
purpose. One wrong does not excuse another. We must
deal with one thing at a time, and that which is openly de
fiant of law and destructive of authority demands attention
first. Public opinion must uphold the authority of the state.
It must not sympathize with or excuse anarchy or any at
tempt to set up the decrees of a committee above the laws
of the land."
When all men understand that property is in a
very broad sense a common possession, and that im
pairing its value in any way entails loss upon all; that
such a calamity even as the great Chicago fire made
every civilized man poorer, there will be no inclina
tion to clog transportation or retard industrial pro
duction. LAKE MICHIGAN.
Lake Calumet is connected with this lake by Calu
met river. It has a mean length of 320 miles and
a mean width of 70 miles, though it is about 90 miles
wide near its south end, and a mean depth of 1,000
feet ; it is 578 feet above the sea level and has an
area of 22,400 square miles. The low lands which
separate the lake from the valley of the Illinois river
furnish indisputable evidence that the waters of the
lake once had an outlet into the Mississippi valley
and thence to the Gulf of Mexico. The new drain
age commission of Chicago will, no doubt, cut a chan
nel sufficiently deep to again send the waters of the
lake into the Illinois river, and admit the passage of
vessels from the gulf to the lake. This great inland
sea has a lunar tidal wave varying from one and a half

The Town of Pullman. 125
to three inches in height; in other words, a small tide.
An artificial harbor is formed at Chicago by means of
piers, and Calumet Lake and river will eventually
form a magnificent harbor for the south end of the
city. Our water for house use comes from Lake
Michigan, being pumped about six miles through iron
mains. Only one vessel now runs regularly between
Pullman and the east shore of Lake Michigan, where
hundreds will be in use here by the close of the
century. Lake Vista is the name of the small body of water
in front of the west passenger car shop. This lake
was excavated and the earth used to raise the site of
the car shops. It contains only three acres and is
supplied with the condensation water from the great
Corliss engine, which amounts to about 350,000 gal
lons a day. The lake is a beautiful feature in our
park system, and its banks are covered with shrub
bery and with flowers in their season.
LEASES.
Leases drawn especially for use here are made
with all tenants of stores or dwellings. Leases run
for one year and are re-made the first of every year.
Every lease contains a clause which permits the land
lord or the tenant to terminate it on ten days' notice.
The Pullman Company and the Land Association
together issue leases for about two thousand tene
ments, stores and farms at Pullman.
LINEN.
In the upholstering department at Pullman 4,000
pieces of linen a day are made for use in Pullman
cars. These sheets, towels, pillow slips, etc., are for

126 The Town of Pullman.
supplying the places of worn-out articles and for use
in new cars. LIVING AT PULLMAN.
We are surrounded by market gardens and farms,
and our nearness to the stock yards not only brings us
the best of everything in the market, but at prices as
low as any other city of the country. The prices of
meats range from three to ten cents a pound, and
vegetables are correspondingly cheap. Board with
out room can be had for from $3 to $3.50 per week,
9 and with good room for $5 a week. If there is any
other town in the West where food and shelter can
be procured more cheaply than in Pullman, we have
not had attention called to it.

The Laundry.
Just east of the gas works, on the north side of
1 nth street, stands a new and handsome two-story
red-brick structure, built during the summer of 1892.
It is the laundry for the Chicago division of the Pull
man Company. It is 154 feet in length by 70 in
width, and rests upon a massive stone foundation.
It is the only building of the kind yet erected by the
company, is supplied throughout with the best laun
dry machinery made, and is lighted by gas, but will
soon be supplied with electric lights, and it is heated
by steam and abundantly supplied with Lake Michi
gan water. Primitive Washing.
Semi-civilized peoples, as may be seen to-day in
Oriental countries and in many other parts of the
world, wash their clothing in running streams or in

The Town of Pullman. 127
the shallow shore waters of lakes, and dry the
cleansed articles upon the grass and shrubbery of the
banks. Savages do very little washing of any kind.
A bath would probably prove fatal to the fur-clad
Laplander or to a Greenland Eskimo. As people ad
vance in civilization just in that proportion do they
devote attention to the linen decencies of life. It is
only a few years since washing machines were gen
erally introduced, and women of the preceding gen
eration found washing days and ironing days the most
laborious ones in their lives. The wash-tub, the
pounding-barrel and the hand-wringing of garments
constitute a slavish drudgery from which all would
gladly be free. Women of the past generation also
made their own soap — disagreeable work- from which
relief has finally come through large soap manufact
uring establishments. The aim of this chapter is to
tell how laundry work is done on a large scale, and
by machinery. Mechanical industry must steadily
emancipate the race from a vast amount of this dis
agreeable drudgery.
Laundry Work and Washers.
Soiled linen from cars comes here every morning
by express, and is delivered at the east end of the
building in car-load lots. This linen is collected from
six different depots in the city and is packed in heavy
canvas bags, box-shaped, and about three feet long,
three deep and two feet wide. These bags are all
numbered and their contents properly billed to the
laundry. The pieces, as taken from the bags, are
recounted and thrown into a large pile upon the floor
at the east end of the building, this floor being on a

128 The Town of Pullman.
level with the bottom of a car standing on the track
outside. Of course no effort is made to return to any
car the same linen which is taken from it, but only a
like amount of the several kinds. A piece of linen
on any Pullman car is never used but once before
returning to the laundry. A traveler who occupies a
car for a week has freshly laundried pillow slips and
sheets every night. The soiled goods are next taken
in roller baskets to the washing-machines, of which
there are now tvelve, all of them large brass hydraulic
washers. These washers are about seven feet long
and three feet in diameter, and consist of large cylin
drical-shaped tubs, standing on their sides-, with
openings at the tops. Inside of each horizontal
tub, and placed so as to revolve easily within
it, is a cylindrical perforated brass shell, with a par
tition across the center to strengthen it. It is
through an opening in this perforated receptacle that
the linen is placed, the shell holding 200 sheets and
a proportionate amount of smaller articles. Hot
water, sixty or seventy gallons, is admitted to the
tub which surrounds the shell, also the requisite
quantity of soap is put in. The opening in the brass
shell is then closed and it is set to revolving, making
three revolutions one way, then reversing automatic
ally and making three revolutions in the opposite
direction. Pipes carry cold and hot water and steam
to each washer, and the hot water is always kept at
212 degrees. This shell revolves for about twenty
minutes, when the goods are thoroughly washed ;
then the wash water is let out by a valve into the
sewer. The goods can now be rinsed with hot water
by a few revolutions of the shell, and then with cold

The Town of Pullman. 129
water in a similar manner. The necessary bluing is
now applied, the whole of the washing, rinsing, and
bluing being done in this machine in thirty minutes ;
45,000 pieces a day are now washed by these
machines, and when running to its fullest capacity
the laundry can turn out 48,000 pieces a day. Each
machine can wash 400 sheets an hour, or a like pro
portion of smaller pieces.
Hydraulic Extractors.
There are now eight of these machines, each of
which consists of a metallic circular tub about three
feet in diameter and fifteen inches deep, within which
is a heavy revolving, perforated circular copper
basket, into which the washed linen is packed. The
top of each tub is like that of a tea kettle, nearly
covered, but with an opening through which the goods
are packed in the inner revolving basket. When
filled, this basket revolves 1,500 times a minute, and
runs from ten to twenty minutes, throwing out the
water from the linen by centrifugal force, through the
perforations, into the inclosing tub. These extractors
perform the work of the wringer and leave the goods
very nearly dry, but packed in solid masses which are
taken out by men and placed in machines called
Tumblers.
These machines are simply hollow revolving
wooden cylinders, which have a motion like the wash
ers, and as each cylinder has four equidistant webs
about four inches deep, extending inward towards its
center from the entire length of its inner surface, the
lumps of cloth are quickly cuffed into a fluffy mass,
every piece being entirely detached from the others.

130 The Town of Pullman.
This work is accomplished in a few minutes. The
pieces of linen are next taken from the tumblers and
smoothed out by girls and made ready for the man
gles, or ironing machines.
The Mangles.
There are now (Nov. ig, i8g2) six of the largest
size duplex mangles, or ironing machines, for car
linen. Each mangle consists of a hollow metallic
cylinder 100 inches long and 24 inches in diameter,
and also has five hollow rollers placed parallel with
it and touching it ; these five rollers are covered with
felt and then with heavy canvas, and are perfect
moisture absorbers. There is also a bright hollow
steel roller 8 inches in diameter and 100 inches long,
which, like the larger one, is kept at a temperature of
about 400 degrees by means of steam and which irons
one side of the goods as they are drawn under it, the
large cylinder having ironed the other side. The
articles to be ironed are fed into the machine by girls
and are drawn through it by the felt covered rollers
to the steel rollers which do the ironing, and from
which the goods emerge beautifully ironed with a fine
finish on both sides. As the various articles come
from the machines they are taken by girls and folded
into the required forms, when they are ready for the
counters and packers. These ironed articles are then
sorted and tied up in bundles, 10 sheets in a bundle,
and 25 pillow slips or napkins also making a bundle,
when they are ready for packing in the canvas boxes
for return to Chicago. One of these heavy cloth bags
or boxes holds 200 sheets or 1,000 pillow slips or
1,000 towels. When the bags are filled they are

The Town of Pullman. 131
properly marked and sealed, the seals not to be
broken till the bags reach their destination. The
bags are then loaded into cars at the west end of the
building, and the cars locked and sealed. These cars
go to the city by express, and the goods are also
delivered by express to the stations where they are
required. This large laundry room on the first floor
lights up beautifully, and the visitor cannot but be
pleased and interested at the sight of seventy busy
girls, all wearing white caps and white aprons while
attending to their multifarious duties. About twenty
men are also employed to do the heavier work. Steam
is brought from the car works in a six-inch pipe to
run a fifty-horse power engine and to heat water,
warm the building, and for use in many of the
machines. The steam has eighty pounds pressure at
the building. This structure is supplied with every
modern convenience for the comfort of employes, and
is admirably lighted and heated.
Second Floor.
This floor is devoted to starch work, such as coats
and caps of waiters on dining cars, and private work
is also done here. There are now five "body iron-
ers " in place, which are used for coats and shirts.
There is also a No. 8 automatic shirt ironer, which
polishes shirt bosoms and wrist bands. This ma
chine will polish seventy-five shirts an hour. These
ironing machines are heated by gas. We also see
here a No. 8 collar and cuff ironer, which has a
capacity for turning out 1,000 pieces per hour. A
shirt can be completely ironed in three quarters of a
minute, and better than it could be done by hand in

132 The Town of Pullman.
a week. After polishing, shirts are taken to a body
ironer, which irons the fronts and backs smoothly.
There is a curious machine called a neck-band shaper,
which sets up the neck-bands of shirts. The shirt
dampener and the collar and cuff dampeners do their
work by rolls, which are moistened by a steel cyl
inder. There is also a shirt-press for squeezing
moisture evenly into garments before iron is begun,
and it is a vast improvement upon Bridget's hand-
sprinkling and upon the Chinese laundryman's method
of filling his mouth with water and squirting it
through his teeth upon the garments. There is a
shaping machine for collars and cuffs — which are first
ironed straight — and even a seam-dampener, which
dampens the inside seam of a collar to prevent the
outside from cracking. On the north side of the
room is a water heater, with a capacity of 6,000 gal
lons an hour. The water is heated by steam and is
conducted in pipes to the washers on the lower floor.
The pipe connections to each washer bring it hot and
cold water and steam. There are also six large water
tanks, which are supplied with water by a four-inch
pipe from the street main, and which supply the
washers through four-inch, three-inch and two-inch
pipes. By means of valves the washers can be quickly
emptied of water, which runs off through pipe con
nections in the sewer. There are also two large dry-
rooms, which are heated by steam, where shirts, coats
and caps are dried. Soap.
There can be no doubt of the fact that soap
(other than political) is a fair measure of enlighten
ment, and that the most advanced nations are the

The Town of Pullman. 133
greatest consumers of the article. It is a detergent
element for them while it seems a terror for the sav
age. Mr. Winwood Reade, in his "Savage Africa,"
says that "soap is the only thing that African ants
will not eat and that negroes will not steal a second
time." For, taken into the digestive apparatus, it
has evidently not commended itself to them as a
highly nutritive compound, whatever its other effects
may have been. Fifteen hundred gallons of soft or
diluted soap are used daily in the laundry. It is all
made here and is composed of pure tallow and pot
ash. These ingredients are put together in a large
iron tank which holds 3,000 pounds, and the sub
stances soon combine into a jelly-like mass of white
soap. This is called " stock," and portions of it are
put into a similar tank and thinned or diluted by
steam, and in this diluted form conveyed by pipes
:o the first floor, where it can be carried in truck tubs
to the washers. A barrel of the solid soap weighs
340 pounds. This establishment presents a busy
scene of industry, where the work is pleasant and by
no means wearisome. Few operatives in any other
branch of industry are more favorably situated than
those in this laundry. Spotless cleanliness prevails
everywhere, and the goods, when handled by the
girls, are sweet and clean.

Pullman Public Library.
This beautiful library, the personal gift of Presi- <$
dent Pullman to the town which bears his name, now
(Sept. 10, 1892) contains 7,750 bound volumes, 335
of them being bound volumes of magazines and 500

134

The Town of Pullman.

of them being volumes of public documents, which
in the following percentage tables of books used are
classed with reference books. The pamphlets and
unbound magazines now number 1,000. During the
fiscal year ending July 31, 1872, 20,221 volumes of
this library were taken out, 290 more books than
were called for during the fiscal year ending July 31,
1891. There is an increase in the demand for books
of biography, history, travel and science, and a de
crease, compared with the preceding year, in the de
mand upon the departments of fiction and juvenile
books. Fewer books upon art and literature were
used than in 1891. Twenty-nine per cent, of all the
books used in 1892 were fiction and juveniles, against
33 per cent, for the previous fiscal year. The follow
ing tabular statement exhibits the whole number of
books used from every department of the library for
the years indicated, and the percentage of each de
partment upon the whole number for those years :
Pullman Library Statistics for Three Years.

Classification of the
Books of the Pub
lic Library.

The whole number
of books from each
department used
during- fiscal years
indicated.

Percentages of
whole number of
books used during;
fiscal years indi
cated.

Number of b'nd
vol'm'sin L'by
Septbr

1890.

1891.

1892.

1890.

1891

1 892 .

10, 1892.

Art 
Biography 
Political Economy

619493323
2,851 1,0161,8221,135 138
1,441 171
2,065 956
2,906

1,411 687123
3,783 1,288
2,795 1,310 46
1,717 95
1,9821,006
3,688

1,184 815 151
3,219 1,617
2,633 1,096 31
1,798, 80
2,086 1,172
4,309

.04.03 .02.18.07.11 .07.01
.09 .01.13.06.18

.07 .03 01
.19.07.14 .07
.00.08.01.10.05.18

.06 .04
.01 .16.08.13.05.00.09.01.10.06.21

400300 130
2,600

Mental Philosophy.
55
r2>
Reference Books... .
300 500
335
1 00
Total 
15,930
19,931
20,221
1 00
1.00
7,750
The Town of Pullman. 135
In the general average all the books of the library
went out among the people three times to be han
dled and read by thousands who are not mem
bers. All the juvenile books went out four times, all
of poetry six times and all of science and travels
three times. All the papers and magazines of the
library were extensively read in the library rooms.
The number of books drawn from the Public
Library during each fiscal year since it was opened
is shown in the following table:
Books Drawn From the Library.
Year. Volumes.
1883  4,360
18S4  G,90S
1885  8,537
1886  10,211
1SS7  11,231
1888  12,232
1889  13,134
1S90  15. '.ISO
1891  19,931
1892  20,221
Year ending April 10, 1893  22,740
For the privileges of the library and reading rooms
members pay 25 cents a month.

Lumber.
Wood enters largely into the construction of cars,
though the day may not be far distant when steel
will displace it to quite an extent. For some years
car trucks on the British railroads of India have been
made wholly of steel. Mr. Fox, the large steel man-
facturer of Leeds, and who has done much work for

136 The Town of Pullman.
the India roads, is of the opinion that the time has
already come for making car bodies of steel. Even
should this metal come into use for the above pur
pose, its progress would be comparatively slow. The
repairs alone upon 1,250,000 freight cars and 35,000
passenger cars in this country will consume immense
quantities of lumber during the next twenty years.
Taking the life of a freight car as twelve years, it
would require over 300 new cars a day to keep the
present number full, and about 100 more a day to
supply increasing needs. Nearly fifty different kinds
of wood are used here in construction, though a
dozen varieties — such as ebony and rosewood — are
only carried in samples, as they are seldom called for.
The Lumber Yards.
From the top of the Water Tower the observer
sees at the east and northeast of the car works, sixty
acres of land covered with lumber, piled in the usual
manner. These vast yards contain at all times over
half a million dollars worth of lumber, or about
20,000,000 of feet. It is necessary to carry such a
stock in order to provide for emergencies and con
tingencies always arising in such an extensive estab
lishment. This lumber is all bought cut to certain
sizes, 50 per cent, of it being pine of all kinds — this
being most abundantly used in car building here.
Twelve per cent, of the lumber is ash, 17 per cent.
oak, 12 per cent, whitewood, 3 per cent, mahogany,
the remaining 6 per cent, being composed of bass-
wood, birch, cedar, cherry, hickory, satin wood and
walnut, and other costly woods for ornamental work.

The Town of Pullman. 137
Lumber Received In 1890.
About fifty millions of feet of lumber of all kinds
were received here during the year i8go. Thirty
millions of feet were used in freight cars ; twelve
millions in the passenger car shops, nearly all of
which had to go through the dry kilns, of which
there are seventeen. One and three fourths millions
of feet of veneer (surface measure) were used, and
nearly 150 miles in length of various kinds of mould
ing. It required over 5,000 cars to bring this lumber
here and these cars would have made continuous
trains forty miles in length. The mahogany lumber
alone loaded 200 cars and was worth nearly a quarter
of a million of dollars.
Lumber Cost of Cars.
At present price of lumber, the cost, approxi
mately, of the amount needed in the construction of
different classes for cars is as follows : For a flat car,
$45 ; for a gondola, $65 ; a box car, $100 ; a cabosse,
$175 to $200; a refrigerator car, #200 ; an ordinary
passenger coach from $goo to $1,000, inclusive of
veneers ; a mail car, $550 to $600 ; a baggage car
from $530 to $600, and an ordinary sleeping car from
$1,500 to $1,800, inclusive of veneers. Like houses,
cars are usually built upon plans and specifications
by those ordering them, which prescribe what kind
and quality of lumber shall be used.
Veneers.
These thin boards are cut from ash, amaranth,
birch, cherry, mahogany, maple, oak, satinwood, wal
nut, poplar, and other woods. None of the lumber
is sawed here. Some veneers are sawed, while

138 The Town of Pullman.
others are only thick shavings, cut or turned
from the surface of revolving logs. The thickness of
these veneers is from one-twentieth to one-eighth of
an inch. It is unnecessary to go into detail in refer
ence to the many uses to which veneers are put.
Glued together and pressed into required forms they
constitute a strong ceiling for passenger cars, a ceil
ing which admits of any desired decoration. Bent
into proper shapes they are used for street car seats
and backs.
The Kinds of Wood Used Here.
The woods principally employed here are the
amaranth, obtained from South America — it is used
in inside finish ; ash, which is from Indiana, Michi
gan, Ohio, Tennessee, Missouri and Arkansas, is
used in the frame work of passenger cars and also
occasionally for the inside finish ; it is also used
largely in street cars. Basswood comes from Indi
ana, Michigan and Wisconsin, and is much used for
blind slats and sometimes for portions of car roofs.
Beech wood comes from Indiana, Michigan and Wis
consin. Birch comes from Michigan and Wisconsin,
and is used in the inside finish of cars. Butternut is
becoming scarce, but some of it is obtained from
Indiana and is employed in inside finish. Some of
our cedar is from California and New Jersey and some
of it from South America ; this New Jersey cedar is
mined in low lands of that state, where it grew and
was submerged tens of thousands of years ago. It
lies buried now under many feet of alluvial earth.
A log is found by the use of long iron spuds or
rods, and then it is dug out. This mined wood

The Town of Pullman. i3g
is perfectly sound and free from the knots and wind
ings and twists so common as defects in present
growing cedars. This cedar has been mined for the
past seventy-five years. It is used in ornamental
work inside of passenger cars.
Cherry is much used for inside finish, and largely
in street cars, and is obtained principally from the
states of Indiana, Michigan and Pennsylvania, though
this wood is growing scarce. The cypress wood,
which grows in limitless abundance in the Gulf states,
and is obtained here from Arkansas, Louisiana and
Mississippi, is used for some kinds of inside finish
and also for freight car siding, roofing, etc. Gum
wood from Arkansas and Tennessee is employed to
a small extent for inside work. Hickory and rock
elm are obtained in Illinois, Ohio, Indiana and Michi
gan, and are used for break beams, and elm is used
for ends (buffer beams) of platforms in the best pas
senger cars, though it is becoming very scarce and
difficult to obtain. White pine is obtained from
Michigan and Wisconsin, and is used in both freight
and passenger car work for deck posts, roofing,
furring, etc. In freight work it is used for roofing,
sheathing and inside lining. The Norway pine is
obtained from Michigan and Wisconsin. In passen
ger work it is employed for bottom flooring, floor
joists, sills and plates. In freight work it is used for
sills, plates, purlines, ridge poles, inside lining, roof
ing and flooring. Yellow pine from Georgia, Florida,
Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana is made use of
in passenger work for sills, posts, braces and flooring.
Maple from Michigan and Indiana is employed in
making car floors. Ws get mahogany from Mexico,

140 The Town of Pullman.
Honduras and the West Indies ; this costly wood is
used in the inside finish of passenger cars and
especially where carving is required. Oak is obtained
from Arkansas, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and Wis
consin. In passenger cars it is employed for end
sills, cross-ties and for platform timbers ; it is also
used much for inside work, sometimes plain sawed,
but mostly quarter sawed. The timber is largely
used in the construction of trucks for all kinds of
cars. In freight work it is employed for end sills,
needle beams, bolsters, posts, braces, girths and pur
lines. The white and burr-oak are the species of this
family principally used in car building. Satin wood
comes from Porto Rico and other portions of the
West Indies and from South America, and is used for
inside finish in the best palace cars. Sycamore from
Kentucky, as well as walnut from Indiana and Michi
gan, are also used in the inside finish of passenger
cars. Poplar (often called white-wood here) comes
from Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Ohio
and Michigan, and is much employed in passenger
work for sheathing and paneling, letter boards, car
steps and furring. The costly vermillion wood comes
from the Andaman Islands.
The department is in charge of a superintendent
whose duties involve long journeys to all sections of
the country in purchasing timber supplies. On the
acceptance of a contract to build, say 5,000 freight
cars, bills of material are at once made, lumber being
the bulky item. The lumber agent's duty is to get
this lumber here at the earliest practicable moment
and does so with the aid of his assistants and issues
it to the construction departments as fast as they

The Town of Pullman. 141
require it. At present all lumber reaches Pullman by
cars, though the day is not distant when much of it
can reach lumber yard docks here by boats through
Calumet lake. These lumber yards employ from 175
to 215 men, nine-tenths of whom are Hollanders. In
receiving and issuing lumber, these yards always
present a busy scene. Railway tracks run every
where through the grounds, hydrants stand at short
intervals as a protection against danger from fire.
About 300 small hand cars are used in moving lumber
from place to place. Our principal machine shops
are for wood-working machinery of which there is an
immense quantity of the best known patterns.
MARBLE WORK.
All the marble work in the passenger and sleeping
cars built here is made at Pullman. Twenty- five
operatives are kept busy in this department. Such
varieties as our Tennessee marbles are extensively
used. Some cars are fitted up with Italian marble,
and some with onyx, which is obtained on the Pacific
coast. Everything cut in marble is first designed by
artists. Much metal work is now used in place of
marble, especially in new cars.
MANUFACTURING.
The characteristic feature of our age is mechan
ical industry. Machinery is man's powerful agent in
subduing and controlling the forces of Nature.
Mechanism multiplies his working capacity a hundred
fold, and frees him more and more from physical
bondage. The railways of our country in i8g2 car
ried a ton of freight 1,350 miles for every man, woman
and child of the population. Sugar was refined for

142 The Town of Pullman.
for us at a profit to the refiner of 1-16 of a cent per
pound ; cotton cloth was made for the consumer at a
profit of % of a cent a yard. These are only illus
trations of the incalculable advantages now rend
ered by machinery, and men who use it have to think
and are far in advance of the field peasant. The value
of manufactured goods in our country is now at the
rate of 5510,000,000,000 a year, which, with the excep
tion of a small percentage, are consumed at home.
The manufactures of the United States aggregate
one-third of the entire value of the manufactures of
the world.  » • » 
Machinery.
It is almost superfluous to state that the shops
and factories at Pullman are provided with an abund
ance of the best machinery made for working in wood
and iron, in all about goo machines. A volume
would be needed in order to do much more than
catalogue them. There are many curious machines,
such as lathes and carving devices, which seem to
possess something akin to intelligence. This perfect
machinery, in the hands of skilled and thinking oper
atives insures the best possible products.
Mechanical Industry.
Mechanical industry has wrought a revolution in
civil society, and has done more the past fifty years
to advance civilization than had been done dur
ing the preceding two thousand years. Man's phys
ical needs in the matter of food increase only as men
increase in numbers. The application of machinery
to agriculture, enabling one man to do the work which

The Town of Pullman. 143
required four men half a century ago, and even more
than that on the wheat plains of the West, where a
year's work of one laborer to-day means 5,500 bush
els of wheat on board cars for shipment, or wheat
enough for bread one year for i,ooo- persons, has lib
erated vast numbers to engage in other avocations.
Railway transportation alone requires the services of
nearly a million of persons. The products of machin
ery have steadily grown cheaper, while the wages of
workmen have steadily grown higher, increasing in a
corresponding manner the purchasing power of the
dollar, our monetary unit. Thus have all classes of
men been lifted to higher levels, and better modes of
living placed within the reach of all. Since 1850
manufacturing establishments have not increased
much in number, but have rapidly grown larger,
through the heavy increase and concentration of capi
tal in them; hence, urban or city populations have
necessarily increased much more rapidly than those
of rural and pastoral regions, and this increase has
been marvelous during the past ten years, till now
almost one-third of the people of our country reside
in towns having a population of 8,000 and over. In
the North Atlantic division of States fully one-half of
the population reside in such cities, and when we in
clude in the urban classes, the smaller towns, sub
urbs and hamlets, we find fully one-half of our coun
try's population urban in character.
The railway, the steamship, the telegraph have
almost annihilated time and space and made near
neighbors of the nations of the world. A piece of
coal the size of a black walnut will now move a ton
of wheat with its proportion of the steamship, a mile

144 The Town of Pullman.
over the ocean. The meaning of this is such low cost
of transportation that competition in business and
especially in manufacturing is no longer local but
world wide. We are now brought into direct com
petition with the wheat-fields of India and Russia.
In Calcutta, Melbourne, Yokahama and Buenos Ayres
our manufacturers compete directly with those of
England, France and Germany, as directly as if
those countries were our states. The power loom,
spinning machines, hydraulic presses, iron and wood
working machinery, the power printing press, sewing
and knitting machines, have wrought a social revolu
tion and greatly to the benefit of the masses of man
kind. If the rich have grown richer the poor have
also grown richer. Any one who will intelligently
contrast the condition of the masses of the people
to-day with the condition of his grandfathers, can
only affirm with emphasis what is here stated.
MUNICIPAL.
Pullman is now within the limits of the Thirty-
s fourth Ward of Chicago. It has never had and
never seemed to need a government of its own. As a
portion of the former village of Hyde Park, it had for
years the services of one policeman. With no station
houses or police courts, no saloons or other debasing
agencies, its people have lived peaceably with no gov
ernmental features except a school board.
MUSIC.
There are many here who are fond of music. The
churches, and entertainments show much superior
musical talent. Good judges pronounce the Pullman

The Town of Pullman. 145
band one of the best in this country. Its reputation
is national.
THE CENTER OF THE NEW WORLD'S INDUSTRIES.
For more than ten years has the writer claimed,
not only in the press of this country, but in that of
Europe, that right here on the southwest shore of
Lake Michigan and in what is often termed the Cal
umet region is the seat of the new world's industrial
empire. When the proper wisdom and enginering
skill are heeded by the public authorities, the Calumet
River will become the north end of the great inland
waterway which will connect the great lakes with the
Gulf of Mexico, and the day is not remote when this
region will have a million of people, the most indus
trious and productive of any on earth. Its diversified
industries will present the busiest hive of mechanical
activity which man has yet witnessed. The work has
just begun and to-day we have a hundred manufact
uring interests in this region, some of them — like our
Car Works and the North Chicago Rolling Mills —
the largest in the world of their kind.

Painting of Passenger Cars.
The work of painting and decorating day, street
and sleeping cars at Pullman is not excelled, if
equalled, anywhere else. The responsibility for re
sults in this department rests with one man, who is a
master of his craft, and the work is subdivided into
branches, each in charge of an assistant foreman.
These branches embrace exterior body, interior body,
bunk and sash and ceiling or headlining work, and a

146 The Town of Pullman.
branch devoted to small, movable articles. An im
portant feature here is the stock-room, from which
materials are drawn, and where the services of experi
enced men are required, whose duty it is to prepare
paints and to deliver to workmen all the materials
they require. The labor in this department is per
formed upon the piece-work system, which not only
seems satisfactory to operatives, but has resulted in
reducing the cost of work fully one-half, as compared
with the former day-work method.
E::terior Body Work.
The exterior body work requires the longest time
for completion. As soon as a car is received from the
body builders it is given a priming or first coat, no
matter what method of surfacing may be used. On
the third day following, the putty coat is applied, and
on the fourth day the puttying is done, white lead
putty being used and made so as to dry hard. On
the seventh or eight day the car is ready for the first
coat of surfacer, on the tenth day for the second coat
and on the twelfth for the third coat — all of which
constitutes the filling or surfacing. The car now
stands two or three days, when its surface is rubbed
down with rubbing-stone and water till it is perfectly
smooth. On or about the seventeenth or eighteenth
day the first coat of the required color is applied, the
following day this is repeated, the car always requir
ing from two to four coats to cover it properly, de
pending upon the colors used. Yellow or any bright
color requires three or four coats, while the Pullman
standard body color, or other dark colors, requires
only two coats. A day is usually allowed for each

The Town of Pullman. 1.1.7
A" .
coat to dry, and all car colors are_j,edi^vasi',w1th tur
pentine in order to have th^^f^^y "flat " and to save
time in the drying. The former plan of giving the
work a coat of varnish or of varnish color on the last
coat of color before ornamenting or striping is no
longer in use here. All ornamenting, striping and
lettering is now done on the "flat" color. On the
day following the last coat of color, the car body is
taken in hand by the ornamenters, who stripe it and
ornament it according to the prescribed designs. The
lettering, too, is done by men especially employed
for that purpose. The old-time method of cutting
gold leaf into strips to fit the stripes or design to
which it was to be applied is not in use here. Gild
ing is done directly from the book, each operative
doing his own work, and so skillfully that little if any
waste occurs in handling the leaf, and there is a great
saving of time. The surplus "scrap" gold is all
saved and turned over to the stock clerk, who credits
it to the lots of cars for which it was originally drawn.
About the twentieth day — the striping, ornament
ing, gilding and lettering being completed — the first
coat of varnish is applied; this is allowed three or four
days to dry, and the compartments where this work
is done are kept at a uniform temperature. The sec
ond coat of varnish is now applied, the same time
being allowed for it to dry. The body is then rubbed
down again to a smooth surface with pulverized
pumice stone and water, washed off and dried, after
which it receives the third or finishing coat of varnish
— the roof, which has now had three coats of roof
paint, also taking a varnish coat. This completes
the exterior body work, which; for ordinary day

148^ The Town of Pullman.
coachesT C6*surngs twenty- five to thirty days, and for
sleeping cars from -Bs&Vy-five to forty days. In an
emergency a coach body may be painted and finished
in somewhat shorter time, but for first-class work it
is highly important that coats of paint and varnish be
allowed ample time for drying and seasoning, for even.
under favorable circumstances paint materials are so
sensitive that the condition of the atmosphere greatly
affects them, either beneficially or otherwise. While
the work above outlined has been in progress, the
work of another branch has kept pace with it.
The Bunk and Sash Room.
The bunks, sash, doors, blinds, etc., having been
received here from the cabinet and wood-machine
shops, at once get a coat of stain or filling, and on
the following day a coat of shellac and varnish is ap
plied, and the articles placed in racks, where they
remain from two to four days to dry ; they are then
thoroughly sandpapered and are given another coat of
varnish, which requires three or four days for drying,
after which such articles as sash and blinds are rub
bed to a smooth surface with pulverized pumice stone
and water, and then, after a thorough washing and
drying, the third or finishing coat of varnish is ap
plied. Upon work such as bunks, inside di^ors. etc.,
where a finer kind of finish is required, three coats of
varnish are put on before the work of rubbing takes
place, and after this rubbing, a fourth coat of varnish
is used, and after drying several days, is re-rubbed
and polished. The time required to insure the most
satisfactory results in this class of work is from six
teen to twenty days.

The Town of Pullman. 149
Interior Body Work.
Under this head are embraced the sides, ends, and
partitions of cars, and the processes of finishing are
much the same as those for bunks. The woodwork
is filled and shellacked and has two to four coats of
varnish, is rubbed and the better grades of work pol
ished. The cost of this branch of work ranges from
$25 to $200 a car.
Ceiling and Head-Lining.
In this branch of the work, ceilings for cars are
painted and decorated, various colors and shades
being used, all selected to harmonize with the interior
finish of the cars. The head-lining of a modern car
is usually made of the natural wood, quarter-sawed
oak being much used. The ceilings are made in
panels of three-ply oak or whitewood veneer, which,
when glued together, are placed in forms made for
the purpose, and thus bent or shaped to fit both
upper and lower decks of a car. The panels average
about a quarter of an inch in thickness, but vary
greatly in length and breadth, their size and shape
being governed entirely by the plan of the interior of
the car. These panels, when they are to be painted,
are taken to the ceiling room and given three or four
coats of lead paint. The several trimming colors are
then filled in and the panels are ready for the
stencilers and ornamenters. The designs are put on
the panels with stencil plates and brushes and in the
required colors ; or, if the ornamentation is to be in
gold, varnish "sizing" is used instead, and, when
this has dried sufficiently to have a " tacky" nature,
the gold leaf is applied. Such ornamentation as

150 The Town of Pullman.
stripes is put on by hand by skilled ornamenters, who
also shade the ornamentation to properly bring out
the subjects of figures. The panels are next placed
in the hands of the varnishers, and after the applica
tion of three coats of varnish they are rubbed with
pumice stone and water and are then ready to be
placed in the car. Ceilings finished in the natural
wood are ornamented, varnished and rubbed in the
same manner as prescribed for painted ones. The
backs of all panels for ceilings receive a heavy coat
of mineral paint. The Girl's Room.
This branch of the work is conducted in the fifth
story of the water tower, where girls are employed in
finishing small articles, such as window stops, window
screens, wind deflectors, wood seat ends, wine racks,
step ladders, pillow boxes, step boxes, and other
small articles required in car equipment. The work
of finishing here embraces the same processes out
lined for sash and blinds. Girls do this work in a
very satisfactory manner. The employes in the paint
department number from four to five hundred, the
number, of course, varying with the amount of work
to be turned out. The bulk of the material consumed,
such as colors of all kinds, is supplied by the Calumet
Paint Company of Pullman, and the vast quantity of
the materials used here are of American manufacture.
The painting of street cars gives the painter a wide
field for displaying his taste in coloring, decorating,
lettering, etc. Street cars are built for every section
of the country, and no two companies specify the
same coloring for their work, and often the whole

The Town of Pullman. 151
matter is left to the taste of the superintendent of the
department of this work. The finest, most delicate
and expensive colors are used, such as carmine,
cadmium, yellow, lake, olive, cream, buff, orange,
blue, pearl, gray, vermilion, amber and green.
PLAY GROUNDS.
The play grounds on the west shore of Lake
Calumet and south of One Hundred and Eleventh
street, contains about eleven acres, and embrace
admirable base ball and cricket grounds. These
grounds are a favorite resort during all seasons
when outdoor sports are possible.
PARKS.
The town is a park in itself. All its streets have
lawns with shade trees, and in front of the shops and
east of the Arcade there are extensive park grounds
with walks and drives, and areas adorned with flow
ers and shrubbery. PAVEMENTS.
Two kinds of pavement or macadam have been
used. The first consists of nine inches of furnace
slag spread upon the central portion (30 feet) of the
street, and this slag covered with four inches of Joliet
gravel. The second kind consists of a similar sub
stratum of slag or broken stone, with a top dressing
of four inches of finer broken limestone. The top
dressing in both cases is well rolled with heavy rollers,
and, with use and moisture, becomes a sort of arti
ficial stone. The furnace slag used is a porous
vitreous compound which readily absorbs water and
tends to keep the upper surface of a street dry. The
material known as Joliet gravel is composed very

152 The Town of Pullman."
largely of limestone pebbles, with a percentage of
sand and clay. The pavement of the streets is crown
ing, the street center being as high as the sidewalk
line nearest to the building fine, and sloping each way
to the gutters. Building a Passenger Car.
Thirty-five thousand passenger cars are now in
use on the 175,000 miles of railroad in the United
States and Territories, and these cars have cost over
two hundred million dollars. A passenger car costs
$5,000 to $10,000. An outline of the manner in which
such cars are built cannot but be of interest, as this
class of car construction constitutes an important
industry here. When an order is received for a given
number of cars it is accompanied by carefully pre
pared drawings of every detail and by specifications
which even enumerate the quantity and quality of
screws, nails, bolts, castings, trimmings, etc., which
are to be used. Those unfamiliar with this class of
work would be astonished at the elaborate nature of
the drawings, many of them of full size, with all
dimensions marked on them so that no mistakes may
occur. The specifications aim to contain a clear
statement of all the materials to be used, their quan
tity, quality and sizes ; and the manner in which they
are to be treated and built into the proposed cars, is
also very carefully described ; even the paint and
varnishes are specified, as well as the number of coats
of each, and the length of time each coat is to be
given to dry. Thus it will be seen that a car is first
carefully constructed in the mind of the designer and

2
o1

The Town of Pullman. 153
all details put upon paper, which serve as a guide to
those having the construction in hand. When an
order for cars is placed, bills of the materials required
are made in each department, and patterns for the
iron and wood work are made to guide the foremen
in laying out their portions of the work. As speedily
as possible departments are furnished with the raw or
finished materials called for on their bills of materials
with which to make their portions of the car. As an
illustration, the wood machine shop gets out from
the rough lumber the exact number of pieces of wood
of every kind and form called for, and the blacksmith
sihop gets out the forgings required, the bolt depart
ment makes the exact number of bolts of various
kinds needed, and the brass foundry fills its order for
the necessary trimmings, which trimmings, when so
s-.pecified, are taken in hand by the electro-plating
department and plated with nickel, silver or gold, as
called for.
The glass department cuts the glass, etches it and
silvers it when required, and makes and furnishes all
the mirrors. When everything is ready, the pre^
pared materials are delivered as needed at the com
partments where the cars are to be erected. First
the bottom materials — such as sills, floor-joists, floor
ing, draft-timbers and transoms — arrive and are taken
in hand by the bottom-builders. At the completion
of the bottom of a car, which comprises the work of
the bottom-builders, it is turned over to the body
builders, who put up the frame work and complete
the body of the car — their work consisting of apply
ing posts, bracing, filling, belt railing, paneling, car-
lining, etc. The car is now taken by the roofers,

154 The Town of Pullman.
who apply the roof-boards, moldings, etc., and then
the tinners put on the metal covering. After a care
ful inspection the car is taken by the outside paint
ers, and is entered at the same time by the inside
finishers, who put in and finish the nice inside wood
work — which is of the best kinds of lumber, such as
oak, ash, cherry, mahogany or vermilion. The pip
ing for heating and for lighting is set in before the
seats are placed in position. The inside finish, too,
conceals the electric wires which may be called for in
the specifications. Cars are lighted by oil, gas or
electricity. If by gas, it is carried in condensed form
in tanks underneath the car and is conducted to lamps
by suitable piping. Electric lights are derived from
storage batteries and from dynamos run in a baggage
car, by steam from the engine.
When the inside woodwork is all in place — and
some of this finish comprises exquisite carving — the
inside painters go over the entire interior wood work,
making the car ready for the trimmers, who place the
bronze or plated trimmings upon doors, sash-blinds
and walls. The upholstering, draperies, seat-cover
ings,, carpets, etc., which have all been previously
prepared, are now put in, and when the finishing
touches are added by the equipment department the
car is ready for delivery to its purchaser, to whom it
is sometimes sent by special messenger. Parties for
whom cars are built generally keep an inspector at
the shops to see that all work and materials are in ac
cordance with plans and specifications. All work in
the construction department is carefully sub-divided,
many different gangs of men having their allotted
tasks, which they perform with surprising quickness

The Town of Pullman. 155
and dexterity. Most of this passenger-car work is
paid for by piece wages. These car works have the
capacity for turning out twelve new passenger cars a
week. PULLMAN FARM.
One hundred and forty acres of land have been
thoroughly piped and underdrained for the reception
and purification of sewage with which these acres are
irrigated. Hydrants are placed at suitable intervals
so that the distribution can be conveniently effected.
All organic matter in the sewage is taken up by the
soil and the growing vegetation, and the water, mak
ing from 200 to 600 parts of the sewage, runs off
through underdrains to ditches which carry these
filtered waters into Lake Calumet. Where the
sewage water, purified by filtering through the soil.
leaves the drains, it is as clear and sparkling as
spring water, and purer than the water from the
surface wells used by people on neighboring farms.
In winter the sewage runs upon one field or upon one
filter bed and then upon another, the filtering pro
cesses appearing as perfect as in summer. Thus are
waste products utilized, being largely transmuted by
vital chemistry into luxuriant vegetable forms. The
most profitable crops for this farm have been found to
be onions, cabbage and celery. In Europe the ques
tion is, at how little expense can such a farm be
operated, the primary object being the necessary dis
posal of the sewage, and the proceeds from crops
raised merely diminishing operating expenses. A
European sewage farm operated at a profit is the
exception and not the rule.

156 The Town of Pullman.
Pullman Iron and Steel Works.

A visitor at the Pullman works often notices car
loads of newly rolled rod and bar iron of various
sizes, which is awaiting some of the many transforma
tions to fit it for manifold uses in cars. In the bolt
works rods are cut to suitable lengths and headed
and threaded for the many varieties of bolts used.
In the blacksmith shop and in the hammer shop flat
bars are made into the various forms required in
trucks and car bodies. This merchantable iron,
rolled with the greatest accuracy, comes from the
Pullman Iron and Steel Works, which are situated on
the west shore of Lake Calumet and on the south
side of One Hundred and Seventh street extended.
The work at this rolling mill is all done on the first
or ground floor. The size of the original building was
177 feet by ig4 feet, to which has been added a frame
extension 137 by 36 feet in size, making in all 3g,27o
square feet, or nearly an acre of floor space for the
machinery of the mills. Fully as much space is
occupied outside by sheds and grounds for storage
of scrap iron, This mill, when in operation, presents
a busy scene and one of unusual interest to the spec
tator. Two hundred and fifty men are employed,
and at some seasons the works have to run night and
day. The iron here is made from scrap, such as old
rails, worn-out car axles, and, in fact, almost every
form of scrap iron collected. Many thousand tons
of this scrap may always be seen at the mill. It is
cut up into suitable lengths for piling, so that bunches
or piles of required length can be made for heating in

The Town of Pullman. 157
the furnaces. Large shears cut car axles into two or
three pieces as readily as a cook cuts slices from a
loaf of bread. Rolling iron requires some highly
skilled men. Heaters must know just the moment a
mass of iron is ready for the rolls, and the iron must
not be heated too much or it will be ruined. Heaters
and rollers are men who command large pay. As a
mass of iron weighing from 200 to 600 pounds passes
backwards and forwards through the rolls, each suc
cessive opening being smaller than the preceding, it
steadily lengthens, moving over the metal floors like
a great incandescent snake, till it goes through the
last opening, which gives it the form required. Rolls
in great variety are employed.
The long bars and rods are left upon the hot
bed made of old T-rails in order to cool, after which
they are cut to lengths suitable for loading upon cars
for shipment to the car works, where nearly the entire
product of the mill is consumed. The process of
rolling makes of this scrap masses of perfectly homo
geneous metallic iron. All oxide, dirt and other
impurities are eliminated in the heating and rolling.
The property of iron which enables us to weld it
makes it the most valuable metal known to man, and
without it civilization would have been greatly
retarded. For tools, utensils, vehicles and even
buildings this metal is a necessity, and the world is
now consuming it at the rate of nearly 30,000,000
tons a year. Our country alone used 15,000,000 tons
of iron ore during the year i8go. Iron ore exists in
unlimited quantities, and we need have no fears of
exhausting it.
This plant consists of two forge fires and three

158 The Town of Pullman.
Swindell regenerative gas furnaces. There are two
reverberatory heating furnaces, with a working bed of
11x6x7 feet, adapted to the consumption of the raw
fuel direct upon its own grate. The waste heat of
the flame as it leaves the bed of the furnace is utilized
to raise steam by passing beneath steam boilers con
nected by flues. There are three separate trains of
rolls, distinguished for their size and capacity by
numbers, thus: 18-inch train, 10-inch train and 8-inch
train. There are eight steam engines of various
sizes, representing not less than 2,000 horse power,
and six steam boilers, made of steel, size five feet in
diameter by twenty-five feet long.
The product of the mills consists of merchantable
iron and steel bars, including many special shapes
for freight and passenger cars, made from selected
scrap iron and from steel axles.
The annual capacity of the mills is about 35,000
net tons finished merchantable bars and about 12,000
tons of scrap bars, which means rolled iron in a rough
state, to be again cut up into short pieces of various
dimensions, piled and re-rolled.
RAILROADS.
The United States to-day have 175,000 miles of
railroad ; they had 167,741 miles at the close of i8go,
or about 45 per cent., or nearly half the mileage of
the world. The continent of North America now has
191,450 miles of railroad, South America has 20,000
miles, Europe 145,000 miles, Asia 23,000 miles, Aus
tralia 15,000 miles and Africa 6,000 miles, or a total
of 400,450 miles. A close estimate of the rolling
stock on all these roads shows that they are using to-

The Town of Pullman. 159
day 80,000 locomotive engines, 85,000 passenger cars
and 3,500,000 freight cars. The length of these
roads would permit them to go sixteen times around
the earth at the equator, or twice the distance from
the earth to the moon, or nearly the length of half
the diameter of the sun, or one two hundred and
thirty-second part of the distance from the earth to
the sun. A railroad direct to the sun, with express
trains running thirty miles an hour, night and day,
would enable a man to reach that sultry orb in 350
years. There are thirty-five miles of railroad in Pullman
belonging to the company and used for the town and
car shops. Streets.

Streets and Walks.
The ordinary street in Pullman has a width of
sixty-six feet. When finished there is an eight-foot
sidewalk on either side, then plats of grass eight feet
wide on which shade trees are planted, then cobble
stone gutters two feet in width. Thirty feet of the
central portion of the street is paved for a roadway.
At the outside of the sidewalk line, or what is also
termed the block line, there is usually a sodded ter
race from one to three feet higher than the street
center and from eighteen to twenty feet wide, which
makes the distance between opposite house fronts a
little more than one hundred feet. The sidewalk has
a lateral pitch of two inches, the side nearest the
roadway being two inches lower than the side on the
block line. The long, ribbon-like grass plats, too,

160 The Town of Pullman.
have a further lateral slope of two inches from the
sidewalk to the gutter line. The cobble stone gutters
are usually about three inches deep and two feet wide,
with summits so placed as to lead surface water into
catch-basins which are placed in the center of gutters
at intervals of about 165 feet.
Names of Streets.
The east and west streets are designated by num
bers, Florence boulevard being One Hundred and
Eleventh street, numbering south from the center of
Chicago. The north and south streets are called
avenues, and bear the names of men distinguished as
inventors, such as Watt, Fulton, Stephenson, Morse,
Whitney, Bessemer and Ericson. The houses are
numbered beginning at Florence boulevard. The
houses on the east side of the street have odd num
bers and those on the west side even numbers. The
first house south of the boulevard on the east side of
Stepenson avenue is numbered 101, the next 103 and
so on, the first figure indicating the tier of blocks in
which the house stands. The first house in the fourth
tier of blocks on the east side is 401, etc., so that the
number of a house tells a searcher just where it is
situated. Main avenues like Cottage Grove, Calu
met, South Park, Prairie, etc., will no doubt bear the
same names when extended south as far as this.
There are now seven miles of street car tracks in Pull
man and these tracks connect with those of Chicago,
running northward to the central portions of the city.
Exceptional Streets.
The boulevard, or One Hundred and Eleventh
Street, is one hundred feet in width, the sidewalks

:¦;•>>•¦¦

FLORENCE BOULEFAKD.

The Town of Pullman. 161
ten feet wide and the grass plats twenty-three feet
wide, the paved portions being of ordinary width.
Pullman avenue and Cottage Grove avenue are eighty
feet wide with ten feet walks, ten feet grass plats and
forty feet of the centers paved.
Sidewalks.
In the construction of sidewalks no particular
material has yet been prescribed. Along the greater
portion of the eight feet allotted for walks, six feet
plank two inches in thickness have been laid. Here
and there we find a stretch of gravel walk. About
2,000 feet of brick sidewalk have been built, and the
walks around the Market building are of stone. The
Arcade is surrounded with heavy stone flagging.
There can be no doubt that sidewalks built of hard
arch brick will stand well in this soil and climate.
Plank walks are perishable here, not lasting more
than six or seven years. During the summer of 1891
the experiment was tried of building artificial stone
sidewalks around the hotel grounds and the square
bounding Arcade Park.
THE SALOON QUESTION.
There are no saloons, gambling houses, or other a
debasing and hurtful agencies here to allure men, but
the beautiful library, theatre, Arcade, play giounds,
lake, and park-like avenues offer many attractions.
The society is excellent, and the Pullman Military
Band is considered the best in the state. There are
now about forty secret societies, clubs and organiza
tions for social purposes, as well as ten church so
cieties, in Pullman. With these improved surround- ®
ings men are able not only to do more and better

162 The Town of Pullman.
work, as is seen in the fact that their average earnings
here are larger than in any other place where similar
work is done, but to do it comfortably in these finely
arranged and equipped shops and factories. While
they are at work their children are in the best of
schools, and their families are sheltered in superior
homes. As a social and business experiment the
place attracts the attention of the philosophers, polit
ical economists, students of social science, and the
capitalists in every civilized country.
STEAM HEATING OF TOWN AND SHOPS.
All departments of all the car shops in Pullman
are heated by steam. It is necessary to maintain an
even temperature wherever painting and varnishing
are in progress, and the workmen, too, are thereby
able to attend to their duties in comfort. All the
monumental buildings in the town — such as the Ar
cade, Hotel, Market, Green Stone Church and the
Casino are also heated by steam from boilers at the
car shops. Connected with every furnace in the
hammer shop, in which axles and wrought iron are
heated, there is a tubular boiler. The fire, after
heating the iron, passes under these boilers and in
this way the heat performs two duties instead of one.
The engines and hammers of the hammer shops are
operated from these boilers and the surplus steam is
conducted through a six-inch pipe to the eight-inch
main, which feeds the heating pipes in the shops and
town. A regulating valve retains a pressure of
seventy-five pounds on the hammer shop side in order
to operate the engines and hammers there ; and from
fifty to sixty pounds is kept on the Corliss engines

The Town of Pullman. 163
side of the regulating valve, so the surplus steam
over seventy-five pounds has simply to force itself
against a maximum pressure of sixty pounds in a con
nected pipe, and thus the steam not needed for work
is utilized for heating purposes — and steam so used
costs little if anything, for, if not used in heating, it
would simply be wasted. The dwellings on 111th
street, and those in Arcade row and in the west half
of block No. 2, also have steam heat. Those who
reside in houses heated by steam pay a fixed price
monthly for the heat, as they pay for water and gas.

Sewerage.
The great value of the work done here is princi
pally suggestive, and is studied by travelers and
scientific men of every continent.
At the outset it was decided that it would never
do to permit the sewerage to flow into Lake Calumet,
as it would make a cesspool of that body of water,
and to obviate such a result the mode of disposing of
the Pullman sewage here outlined was decided upon.
Deep Sewers.
The surface piping provides only for atmospheric
water, and sewage does not enter it. An entirely
separate system of pipes carries sewage from dwell
ings and shops. These sewers are laid deep enough
to pass under all the surface drains, and sewage in
them from houses goes by gravity to a cistern or
reservoir under the water tower, entering the cistern
sixteen feet below the surface of the ground. The
capacity of this reservoir is 300,000 gallons. The

164 The Town of Pullman.
sewage is pumped, as fast as received, through a
twenty-inch iron main to a sewage farm three miles
distant. At the farm end of this pipe the sewage goes
into a receiving tank made of boiler iron, which is
set a few feet above the surface of the ground.
Through the center of this tank there is a screen in an
oblique position, through the meshes of which sub
stances more than half an inch in diameter cannot
pass and get into the piping in the farm. The sew
age waters pass through this screen and thence into
the distributing pipes, a pressure of not more than
ten pounds being allowed upon those pipes. The
sewage is sent from the reservoir so rapidly that
there is not sufficient time for any fermentation
to take place, and there are no perceptible odors
from it at the pumping station. The piping used
for block drainage is only six inches in diameter,
the smallness of the pipe insuring a scour, which
keeps it clean and practically self-flushing. The
deep sewer mains are only 12, 15 and 18 inches in
diameter. The amount of this vitrified piping used
for the deep sewers to date (October 22, 1892) is as
follows: Feet.
Of 18-inch pipe  4,340
Of 15-inch pipe  3,170
Of 12-inch pipe  1,220
Of 9-inch pipe  7 210
Of 6-inch pipe  32,250
Of 4-inch pipe  31^350
Total  79,540
These two systems of pipes constitute what engi
neers term the separate plan of drainage and sewer
age. In all the drains, sewers and laterals here there

The Town of Pullman. 165
are 440 manholes, and they are set from 140 to 165
feet apart. The manhole covers of surface drains
are solid, but the covers for the manholes of deep
sewers are perforated. The amount of sewage
pumped yearly from the reservoir to the sewage farm
is shown in the following table: Gallons.
1882  211,020,160
1883  358,354,400
1884  443,815,480
1885  468,302,120
1886  478,748,080
1887  573,700,640
1888  588,607,700
1889  002,250,000
1890  657,001,360
1891  617,664,000
1892  098,122,780
Sewage Farm Piping.
The tract known as the Pullman Sewage Farm
embraces 140 acres, piped and underdrained for the
reception and purification of sewage. An acre of
land can be tilled and at the same time take care of
the sewage made by one hundred persons. Some of
the sewage farm lands near the city of Berlin take
much more than this amount of sewage. All this land
can be irrigated, and it is all underdrained. Vitrified
pipe from six inches to a foot in diameter conduct
the sewage through the fields. This piping, laid
from five to six feet deep, and hydrants at convenient
intervals of three or four hundred feet, admit of
running the sewage over the surface of the land. The
land through which the sewage filters takes up nearly
all the. impurities, the filtered waters coming out
sparkling and clear from the underdrains. The
underdrains in the farm are of three and four-inch

166 The Town of Pullman.
farm tile laid in rows fifty feet apart. There are also
fifteen small tracts of about an acre each called filter
beds, which are surrounded by dirt walls, and these
beds are underdrained with lines of farm tile only a
few feet apart, and, if necessary, one of these beds
can take all the sewage pumped for a day, the whole
mass disappearing and filtering through the soil and
running out of the underdrains in a few hours. One
of these beds can be used every fifteen days, if
needed, as in winter time. Irrigation.
The use of sewage for growing crops depends upon
the season. In dry seasons it is freely used with the
vegetation needing it most. Irrigation is practiced
at all seasons, and the waters filter through the soil
as well in the winter as during the summer. The
crops which have so far proved most successful are
onions, potatoes, cabbages, celery, beets, parsnips,
carrots, sweet corn and squashes. Potatoes are the
least successful crop; celery, asparagus, and cauli
flower coming next in order as not growing so well on
this farm. Properly cultivated, twice as much can be
raised on land irrigated with sewage as upon adjacent
land unirrigated, and with onions the results are still
better, We have never had any trouble with depos
its of sludge. Nature seems to have provided for the
disposal of sewage by surface deposit, but just how
it is cared for and rendered innocuous is not yet en
tirely clear to chemists. Much of the organic impur
ity of sewage is taken up by growing vegetation, and
some authorities have intimated that portions of such
impurities actually go into mineral forms. One thing

The Town of Pullman.

167

is certain, the result of surface irrigation of land is
almost a complete purification of the sewage, and
that is the chief object of a sewage farm. Within
half a century not a state in the Union will permit
any sewage to enter lakes or running streams. Had
legislative bodies a knowledge of the dangers attend
ant upon polluting waters with sewage, the custom
would be stopped at once. There is today no more
important municipal problem than the proper dis
posal of sewage. Analysis of Pullman Sewage.
The only analysis of Pullman sewage in the writ
er's possession was made in the office of the Massa
chusetts Board of Health Nov. 30, 1887. Four sam
ples were forwarded, and the results were returned
here as follows: (Omission, of course, is made of
any muddy sentiment which was held in suspense in
the liquids. The numbers and decimals below rep
resent parts in 100,000.)

AMMONIA.

Chlor ine.

Nitro gen.

Free.

Albu
minoid

2.3000 .8500
.0026.0900

.3200.0480
.0108.0166

1.98
2.313.78 1.78

Filtered sewage from manhole on filter
bed 
Filtered sewage from mouth of main
1.560 .650
Water from farm well 
.03d
It will be seen from the above that the filtered
sewage waters issuing from the mouth of the main
under drain were much purer than the water in the
farm well, and far more wholesome for drinking than
the well waters in that neighborhood. It is not an
uncommon thing for laborers on European sewage
168 The Town of Pullman.
farms to drink the filtered waters which flow from the
underdrains. Cost of Operating the Pumps.
The cost of operating one of these pumps for
twenty hours and pumping 1,800,000 gallons of sew
age is as follows:
Cost of coal used  $1.73
Cost of oil and waste.  57
Engineer's wages  3.75
Total  86.05
This is a trifle less than 33 cents for pumping
roo, 000 gallons. STABLES.
The large stables stand just south of the Arcade,
and have stalls for sixty horses. Men who own
horses here keep them at these stables, as no barns
have yet been built. The front of the building con
tains the Pullman fire department, the second story
being used for sleeping apartments. The Central
Telephone station is also here. The stables have a
good supply of horses and carriages, and do a large
livery business.

Street Car Building.
Ordering Cars.
With few exceptions, officers of street railway
companies do not furnish drawings and specifications
for the cars they may desire. The custom is merely
to state the length, width and height of cars and the
style of trucks to be used, The chief designer of the
r.hops where the cars are to be built, after a full con-

The Town of Pullman. i6g
ference with the parties desiring to purchase, makes
drawings in detail and full specifications. Car shops
are usually provided with drawings, cuts and photo
graphs of all the styles of cars they have built, and
purchasers can easily decide from such drawings just
what style of car to order. Several styles are always
in process of construction and can be examined by
those desiring to purchase. After plans and specifi
cations have been approved and accepted and the
contract let, the manager of the shops receives written
instructions for every detail of the work. Street cars
are made here for nearly every state in the union, and
in greater variety than in any other car shops in the
world. The Pullman Street Car Works employ about
four hundred operatives. Detail Drawings.
These drawings show, first, an elevation of a
finished car, then, in detail, the sills and floor framing
and all matters relating to the floor. The drawings
of the side framing show the side posts, side bracing
and side panels. Another set of drawings exhibits the
details of the deck, including everything above the
side frame, such as carlines, deck posts, deck sills,
deck plates, and side plates, beginning at the top of
the posts. There are also drawings showing the
ceiling finish, or head lining. The cars which have
carline finish have no decoration. There are full
detail drawings of hoods, platforms and even of the
bronze trimmings, however small. Some of these
details rank as standard and go into all kinds of street
cars built at these shops.

170 The Town of Pullman.
A Tendency.
Street cars may be denominated the carriages of
the people. They are no longer a luxury but a neces
sity. The ease with which one can now go to any
part of a city in street cars, is one of the great con
veniences of urban life. This mode of carriage is
rapidly extending, and the tendency is clearly to an
increase of the size and cost of street cars, and the
growing business of the roads warrants the expendi
ture for more costly rolling stock.
Forms of Car Bodies.
The first street cars made were naturally regarded
as omnibuses or coaches run upon rails, and me
chanics, who were only familiar with the construction
of coach bodies, first gave the coach form to street
cars, and this form has been largely retained. The
concave form of the lower portion of the sides of an
omnibus was necessary in order to provide for the
large wheels of such vehicles. The small wheels of
street cars being wholly under their bodies render
the omnibus form unnecessary, and the tendency now
is to vertical sides. The vertical sides ensure room
for storage batteries and for tanks of compressed air,
etc. It is the opinion of good mechanics that the
cars with vertical sides are better in every way than
those of other forms. Materials.
The chief designer makes out a bill for the
materials to be used in a given lot of cars, and requisi
tions are properly placed for them. The foreman of
the wood machine shop is provided not only with
drawings, but with the templets or patterns by means

The Town of Pullman. 171
of which he "lays out" the work to be done. The
lumber is passed through proper machines to prepare
it for the car builders. The nicety with which just
the number of pieces of all kinds are made which are
required for a given lot of cars is surprising. The
ecomomy of material is a vital point, for the margin
of profit sometimes lies wholly in the admirable and
economical way in which a manager utilizes all build
ing materials. Trimmings.
Metallic car trimmings are usually of bronze,
which is sometimes plated. All such articles as locks,
hinges, door knobs, change gates, dash grab handles,
body grab handles, door handles, window guards and
lifts and catches, sash springs and deck sash pivots
are made of bronze and can be turned out on short
notice either from specially prepared patterns or
from articles of the sort specified in the contract.
These trimmings, too, will take any form of plating.
Wrought Iron.
A blacksmith's shop makes all the forgings, such
as strap bolts, which hold the side posts to the out
side sills, truss rods and wrought iron carlines, a few
of which are used to give more strength to the roof.
These carlines are of the same form as those of wood
and lie against them. Many angle rods are used and
these are either made of wrought or of malleable iron.
Steel plates, bolted to the sides of platform timbers
to fasten them, are always used. These platform
timbers must be very strong, as they have to sustain
much weight when cars are crowded. The dash
posts are of iron and the dashes themselves of sheet
steel, though some dashes are now made of wire.

172 The Town of Pullman.
Hoods.
The hoods or extensions of the roof over the plat
forms are made removable — that is, they do not con
stitute a part of the frame work of the car body. This
is a convenience in shipping. The exception to this
is where the cab feature is used, when the hood
constitutes the roof of the cab and is framed with it.
Side Framing.
The side posts are set up in mortises in the side
sills and held firmly to place by strap bolts which go
through the sill, the strap portions extending up
several inches on the inside of the lower ends of the
side posts. The sides of these posts are grooved by
machinery so as to permit window sash and window
blinds to move freely without touching each other.
These grooves are called sash guides or stops.
Trussing.
A new form of trussing has been devised to do
away with truss rods. This bracing or trussing con
sists of boards glued to longitudinal pieces of the
same material and then firmly secured by clinch nails.
The angle pieces have a bearing partly on the side
posts, sash rests and on side sills. The longitudinal
pieces extend the full length of the car and also have
a bearing surface against each side post ; this is
obtained by cutting a groove one-eighth of an inch
deep in the longitudinal pieces and arranged so as to
form a shoulder on each side of the posts, and on
sash rest and sill. In addition to this the vertical
pieces, or outside sheathing, which is composed of
narrow pieces of matched boards, are glued and
nailed to the longitudinal pieces. Before applying

The Town of Pullman. 173
this trussing, it is necessary to cambre or arch the
middle of the car, and slightly raise the ends. The
whole forms an inflexible structure with strength
sufficient to need no truss rods. White lead is used
on the matched sheathing when it is put on so as to
effectually protect the covered structure from the
intrusion of moisture. Painting and varnishing also
protect the glue and frame work from injury by
moisture. Roof.
After the wood work of the roof is finished, it is
covered with a heavy canvas, laid upon a coating of
white lead. The outer surface of this canvas is then
covered with a mineral paint. With what is known
as carline finish, the roof is first covered with a three
ply veneer. When ceiling finish is used, it is made
of matched boards. Oak veneer is also much used,
for ceiling finish. Labor.
In the subdivision of labor the work of car build
ing is carried on by several gangs of men who do the
work in successive stages. Piece wages are now
largely paid in all shops. Having treated of the ma
terials used in street-car building, let us now outline
the duties of the several gangs of workmen in the
building of a street car.
The lumber comes from the lumber yard into the
wood machine shop, where saws first cut it to proper
dimensions. It is then passed to the planers, when
the further work to be done upon it is laid out by the
foreman. It then goes to the shapers and mortising
machines; the smaller pieces going through scrapers

174 The Town of Pullman.
and sand-papering machines, where they are made
ready for the car builders and cabinet makers.
The lumber for sills, cross ties, bracing flooring,
etc., goes to gangs of workmen who do nothing but
lay the floor framing. These men are also supplied
with the iron tie rods and angle irons needed. The
floors are always fastened with screws to the cross
ties and bracing. In all mortises and on all tennons
white lead is used to prevent the possibility of the
access of moisture. Body Builders.
Another gang of men, called body builders, then
set up the side framing, put on the sheathing or pan
els, and they also put in the side bracing and filling
which are used in all straight-sided cars. These men
also put on the decks which have been previously
prepared in the cabinet shop.
The Roofers.
The tinners then follow and put on a canvass roof.
This roofing consists of heavy canvass, laid in white
lead and securely tacked to the roof, a molding cov
ering up all traces of such fastening.
Inside Finishers.
Another gang of workmen now put in the inside
finish. This finish, consisting of moldings, decorated
ceilings, seats, sash and blinds or curtains, and doors.
While this work is going on the painters are engaged
in painting the outside of the car. Then follow
painters who attend to the inside hard-wood finish.
The car is then lettered and ornamented by another
class of workmen. The painting and varnishing

The Town of Pullman. 175
sometimes require fifteen coats to give the smooth,
ivory-like finish presented by a completed car.
Trimmers.
A gang of men called trimmers then apply all the
bronze trimmings consisting of brackets, window-
guard rods and the other articles named under the
head of materials. Hoods.
The hoods at the ends of cars are made in the
cabinet department and are easily detachable from
the car. They are covered with canvass like the roof,
and are put on by a separate group of men whose
duties also require them to put on the car steps. The
structure of the hood is spoken of elsewhere.
Platforms.
Many platforms are easily detachable from cars.
The frame work consists of longitudinal timbers ex
tending from under the body of the car. To these
platforms the trimmers apply the iron dash posts and
dashes.
Trucks.
The electrical trucks, cable trucks and trailers re
quired by specifications are next applied by the truck
gang. These men also apply the brake arrange
ments. Truck building is a business in itself, and is
not necessarily carried on where car bodies are made.
Purchasers of street cars usually specify the make of
truck they desire used. In case electricity is to be
the motive power the style or make of motor is also
specified in order to properly arrange the floor fram
ing for the same.

176 The Town of Pullman.
Cabinet Department.
In this department the sash, blinds, doors, seats
and backs, stove boxes, and head linings and ceilings
and floor mattings are manufactured, and the men of
this department put these features into the cars.
Iron Workers.
In this department all the forgings are made.
The iron machine shop makes platform gates, sand
boxes, and also trucks for cable cars and trailers, also
attends to the drilling and fitting of all castings and
forgings. Tinners.
The tinners apply the heaters which are coming
into use in street cars. They make and apply the
end lamps, and put in the piping for any cars to be
lighted by gas. This department does all sheet metal
work and the canvass roofing heretofore mentioned.
Upholsterers.
In this department the seats are upholstered
either with cushions or veneers covered with carpets.
The curtains for open or closed cars are also made
here, and curtains for motor trucks to protect them
from dust. Double-Deck Car.
This style of car, which admits of a load of pas
sengers on top as well as inside, is well adapted for
use at certain seasons of the year in this climate, and
at all times in the equable climate of the Pacific
coast and for cities in the southern states.
SUBURBS.
In our immediate vicinity are the following named
flourishing towns: Grand Crossing, Burnham, Ham-

The Town of Pullman. 177
mond, S. Englewood, Irondale, Brookline, Dauphin
Park, Burnside, Roseland, Gano, Washington
Heights, Kensington, Dolton, West Pullman,
Auburn, Morgan Park, Riverside, Cummings, Harvey,
Colehour, South Chicago, Hegewisch and Fernwood.
It is only a question of a few years when the
vacant lands between these places will be covered
with an urban population*
THE NEW MARKET HALL.
The old market building burned April 7, i8g2, and
during the first week in May, i8g3, the new structure
was occupied by tenants. The building stands upon
the old Market Square, at the intersection of 112th
street and Stephenson avenue, and is 112 by 106 feet
in size and contains twelve stalls or stores upon the
first floor. It is of red pressed brick and sandstone
trimmings. While of timber construction, the base
ment has brick columns with arches supporting the
first floor, but all the other columns are of iron. A
circular skylight at the north and south sides lights
all the intermediate stalls, the corner ones being well
supplied with windows. The east and west central
hall on the first floor is 12 feet wide. The stairways
are in the northwest and southwest corners of the
structure. The size of the assembly room in the
second story is 84 feet by 60, and the stage is 41 feet
by 16 in size. The two dressing-rooms at the sides
are 18 feet by 16, and on the north side of the stage
is a gentlemen's parlor 22 feet by 16. There is a
ladies' parlor on the south side, with a kitchen
attached, furnishing every convenience for holding
banquets and festivals. The third floor contains a

178 The Town of Pullman.
handsome lodge-room, which is 60 feet by 32 in size,
and also a parlor 28 by 28 feet in size, and a banquet
hall 78 feet by 12, and there is also a kitchen and
ample ante-rooms.
The basement contains two ovens for the use of
the bakers, and each stall has its proportion of the
room there. The halls are all finished in oak, but the
stalls and other rooms are of pine, painted. The
building is heated by steam.
The corners opposite the new Market are occupied
by dwellings, the second stories of which project over
circular walks, and are supported by stone columns.
These circular colonnades of what might be termed
colonnade buildings render the market square an
attractive spot. Meats, fish, vegetables, poultry, and
other food products, with groceries, are sold here.
TERRA COTTA LUMBER COMPANY.
This Company at the South end of the town makes
a fire proof tile which is now coming into extensive
use in the construction of new buildings, for floors,
ceilings, and partitions. It is made from thoroughly
ground clay into which saw dust is worked. In the
burning the saw dust is consumed leaving the tile
sufficiently porous so that nails can be driven into it
without cracking it. These works employ about 100
operatives. —  +-•-*. 
A Technical School.

What shall be done for the new generation com
ing upon the stage of action is a question of absorb
ing interest alike to parents, political economists and
philosophers. Within fifty years the organization of

The Town of Pullman. i7g
society has radically changed. Once it was rural and
simple, now it is urban and complex. Railroads,
steamships, telegraphs, and the rapid introduction of
greatly improved machinery have rendered changes
necessary in educational work, as well as in all de
partments of business and industrial activity. The a
denizens of the hamlet are no longer in competition
with each other, but with the whole world, and the
world's markets now regulate and determine the
prices of labor and of all commodities. Farming is
rapidly becoming chemistry, as mechanics is becom
ing mathematics, and improved agricultural imple
ments and machinery enable one man to do more in
growing food than four men did half a century ago.
Larger intelligence, better living and improved «
methods in the agricultural world have liberated large
numbers of people to engage in other avocations.
The fact that the labor of one man upon a large Da
kota farm for one year produces 6,000 bushels of
wheat ready for market, or wheat enough for one
year's supply of bread for 1,000 persons, strikingly
contrasts with the farming work in the early part of
this century, when plowing with oxen, sowing wheat
by hand and reaping it with a sickle made it possible
for the farmer to raise but little more of the grain
than his family needed for bread. The capacity to
consume bread has increased very little, but the ca
pacity for producing it has increased many fold. The
farmer of to-day has a hundred wants of which his
grandfather knew little, if anything, and the millions
freed from land tillage are engaged in supplying the
many new needs which the century has created. Pro
portionally the fields to-day require only one-fourth

180 The Town of Pullman.
the number of workers who were in them during the
first quarter of the century.
The Apprenticeship System.
Fifty years ago and prior to that, boys went out
as apprentices to learn trades, but the introduction of
machinery and the consequent subdivision of labor
have done away with the apprenticeship system, and
professions, learned and unlearned, seem overcrowded.
No wonder the question often arises, "What shall be
done with our boys? " From thirteen to sixteen years
of age boys, as a rule, have little desire to attend the
ordinary school, and the larger proportion of them do
not continue work in schools beyond the primary
grades, and even while at school thoughts of play or
dreams of outside work occupy much time.
Ah little fool,
When you can be a horse at school,
To wish to be a man !
is Hood's reproof to the juvenile dreamer, though his
own boyish thoughts were quite like those of Chica
go's youth today, as maybe seen in Saxe's portrayal
of his boyhood —
When heaven was pictured to ray thought
(In spite of all my mother taught
Of happiness serene)
One glorious round of holidays,
Without a school between.
That boys to-day need a different training in many
respects from anything possible in public schools is
conceded by our foremost thinkers, and by the
men most actively engaged in doing the world's pres-
, ent work. So many parents, too, feel the necessity
for having their boys of fourteen and upward in the

The Town of Pullman. 181
ranks of bread-winners, and the rapidity with which
such boys can get wages in shops and factories, make
school life after that age the exception rather than the
rule. There are also many boys in every community ,
wasting their time and not becoming fitted for useful
ness. The temptations, too, of a city add to the
burdens of society by leading many boys astray. The
ultimate result is that idle and vicious characters, the
worst of non-producers, add to our burdens, for,
directly or indirectly, the industrious must feed and
clothe the idle.
It is a truth borne out by abundant evidence that
no investments pay so well as those which aid in
increasing the number of good and useful men and
women. Society makes a man a voter, a juror, a
citizen, and in the fact that it imposes grave duties
and responsibilities lies the claim of our youth upon
society for opportunities to fit themselves for what
is expected of them.
Education a Variable Matter.
The education required by a people is not a fixed
quantity. It should always conform to their necessi
ties and changing conditions. The workman of to
day needs a better education and a different one from
that which he required half a century ago. As ap
prenticeship has departed, never to return, something
must take its place in America, as the technical and
special schools are already doing in Europe, to give our
boys the technical instruction they must have or suffer.
Classification of Workmen.
Let us accept the classification of workmen as
rude, dexterous and skilled. Of the four millions of

182 The Town of Pullman.
persons now engaged in manufacturing in this coun
try, we may safely say that 250,000 only are highly
skilled workmen, 750,000 of them are dexterous, that
is, persons who can deftly but unthinkingly do work
placed in their hands. The large remainder are rude
workmen, hardly competent to work "by rule of
thumb," or even to get fair results "by trial and
error," and persons who can earn from $1 to $1.50 a
day, when opportunity offers them to have any work.
The dexterous person easily earns from $2 to $3 a
day, while the highly skilled one earns from $3 to $6
a day. The highly skilled man is the last one to be
dispensed with, while the rude or crude one is the first
to be discharged when work slackens. One can form
a good idea of the increased wealth for a nation if it
would so train its youth that they might easily earn
one more dollar each per day. If France can take
$200,000,000 worth of raw cotton a year and send it
back into the world's markets worth twice that sum,
owing to the skilled labor put upon it, we ought to do
the same thing, as we raise the cotton. The silly
fear is sometimes expressed that there is danger of
getting men educated above their work. There is no
occasion for alarm, and it is safer to assume that when
we have given the fullest training which men are
capable of receiving, there will always be a residium
of inevitable stupidities to do the necessary drudgery
of this world. The Need of Special Schools.
Without going into details or citing authorities,
we will simply state some propositions which are sus
ceptible of the fullest demonstration. Special, train-

The Town of Pullman. 183
ing, apprentice, or technical schools (this character
of school has a variety of names), are an acknowl
edged necessity in all the manufacturing centers of
Europe, and hundreds of such schools are main
tained by manufacturing firms themselves. Training
in such schools embraces science, mathematics, and
language, in addition to drawing and manual training
in shops and factories for acquiring the special skill
needed. The broader and more extended the literary
education, as well as the manual training of students,
the better mechanics they make. If we would keep
pace with Europe, the present generation of merely
imitative mechanics must soon be replaced by edu
cated workmen. Industrial supremacy, should we
aim at that, can only be reached by sending large
numbers of our young men through technical schools.
One-half of the time of students in such schools
might be devoted to thorough study under capable
literary instructors, and the other half to work in
shops. The results of technical education in Euro
pean schools was most impressively shown in prod
ucts exhibited at the World's Fair.
The Value of Higher Training.
Training, culture, and discipline can not be too
extended to enable students not only to interpret
written and graphic plans, but to make and improve
such plans and to explain them to others. Manual
dexterity must be associated with a knowledge of art
and science in order to produce the highest skill, as
well as the greatest beauty in products, and, further,
to find new methods and improved mechanical de
vices for doing work. There is no limit to the op-

184 The Town of Pullman.
portunities which offer to skilled mechanics who can
also think.
From much contained in the journals within re
cent years, and from a flood of commonplace pam
phlets and essays, some might fancy that the so-called
"new education " is a recent discovery. In reality,
the whole subject of special, technical, or training
schools is an old and familiar one to those acquainted
with the history and philosophy of education, and it
was even more ably treated by the Greek Plato
than by any recent writer or compiler. But to the
masses of mankind the old is ever seeming the new,
and empirics can arouse the masses today by reciting
without credit the wise sayings of Confucius.
Outline of a Special School.
The investment in a special school is a very profit
able one, as has been so fully demonstrated in
Europe. Like churches, courts and universities, such
schools pay, indirectly, to society many fold the cost
of their maintenance. It is far better policy, in this
mechanical age, to make skilled mechanics of our
boys and put them into our shops than it is to import
skilled labor from the old world. Imported skill
must have great inducements to come here, making it
costly to employers. We import skill and send our
own boys into positions under it. This whole plan
might and should be reversed. American young men
have nothing to fear from the "pauper labor" of
Europe, but they must prepare themselves to cope
with its skilled labor or be distanced in the race for
supremacy. The militant age has largely passed
away, and the really great and vital contest now is for

The Town of Pullman. 185
industrial pre-eminence, and it is in this peaceful
struggle that the enlightened nations of the world are
now engaged. The writer has had unusual opportu
nities for observing the methods of work and the
character of work in modern shops and factories, and
he is convinced that many more boys could be profit
ably employed in them. For instance, in the paint
department of car-shops a boy could fill a position
during the forenoon, and a second boy of like ability
could fill it in the afternoon, so that a full day's work
could be secured to the department. At least three
hours of each day should find these mechanical cadets
earnestly engaged in study. In this way a body of
skilled workmen would gradually be drawn into the
shops, and our own young men would intelligently
engage in their shop duties and have something for
guidance besides the traditional rule of "trial and
error," and such young men, too, would ever be
making the best applications of the most recent
science in their daily duties. The influence of such
trainirg schools would also be most salutary, the
students discussing the principles of recent science
with fathers and older brothers, and the opinions and
experience of these practical men reacting favorably
upon the students, all thereby contributing to the
best outcome of an industry. Two generations of
boys have grown up in the Calumet region without
the advantages of such instruction as we have out
lined. But time must bring this instruction.
Our Great Field for Work.
Having limitless resources for manufacturing, and
having made gigantic strides in this domain of in-

186 The Town of Pullman.
dustry, we have not as yet evolved products much be
yond the requirements of home needs. We only ex
port from two to three per cent of our manufactured
products. All we need is knowledge, art and skill in
order to extend and diversify our industries, and we
might and should control the markets of the two
Americas at least, for there is really no limit to the
demand for art and skill in manufactured goods. The
lessons which our American neighbors have learned
at the World's Exposition will, doubtless, largely
increase the demand for our manufactures. Mas
sachusetts already realizes, and the whole country
must soon realize, that nothing pays so well as these
special and technical schools, for they make it possible
to create wealth out of our abundant resources and
enrich us as a people. Such schools are now the
only agency for effectually securing industrial suprem
acy and for providing, in the best possible manner,
for the present and future of American boys. If we
do not henceforth gradually get control of the mar
kets of the Western Hemisphere for manufactured
goods, we shall have no one to blame but ourselves.
Up to this date we have not as a people manifested
but a tithe of the " gumption " in this direction with
which we have credited ourselves. How much longer
are we to leave American markets largely in the hands
of Europeans ?

The Town of Pullman. 187

Tinning and Car Heating.
In large shops like these the necessity for classi
fying and subdividing labor is apparent. Sheet-metal
work here constitutes a department in itself, and is in
charge of a superintendent. It includes tinning, as
of roofs, piping cars for heating, putting on air brakes,
setting in galvanized iron tanks, and placing all heat
ers, as well as the ranges and kitchen equipment of
dining cars. This department of car work requires
the services of from 175 to 200 workmen, and the
labor may be grouped as follows: Seventy-five tin
ners at $2.40 a day, fifty steam fitters at $3 a day,
forty-five helpers at |i.8oa day, and five laborers at
$1.50 a day, making the average earnings of these
workmen about $2.50 a day. Wherever possible,
piece wages are paid. This class of work demands a
high order of skill and intelligence, for any defects in
piping and fitting a car for gas and hot water heating
would be productive of vexatious trouble. Perfec
tion is the only standard by which work in this de
partment is judged. Piping in Cars.
Sleeping cars are now equipped with double coils,
a new feature devised by an official of the shops in
Pullman, and this feature nearly doubles the heating
capacity of the old style of heater and quickly heats
the water in such a car piped with 500 feet of one and
one-fourth inch piping, This piping is extra strong,
and is one and seven-eighths inches in diameter, out
side measurement. One hundred and twenty-two

1 88 The Town of Pullman.
thousand four hundred and ninety-six feet of this
pipe were used during the year i8go; the length of
this pipe, placed end to end, was nearly twenty-four
miles, and its cost was 14 cents per foot. The aver
age length of this piping in a sleeping car is 450 feet,
and in an ordinary passenger coach, 300 feet. Those
pipes and fittings in connection with the Pullman wa
ter heaters are manufactured especially for our work.
Water System in Cars.
The iron tank under the sleeping cars holds 140
gallons. It is attached to an air storage tank and
takes air from the Westinghouse auxiliary air reser
voir, the pressure of the air on the water being regu
lated by an air governor. The water is forced to the
wash stands ; one of the pipes leads to a coil in the
car- heater, which heats water in the hot-water tank,
in the heater-room, and from this tank warm water
can be had in the wash basins. The ordinary pres
sure of air upon the water is twenty pounds, while
there is a storage of from sixty to ninety pounds of
air pressure, or sufficient to expel all the water from
the water tank. There is, therefore, sufficient reserve
pressure to operate this water system for twenty-four
hours after the train is disconnected. At each end of
the sleeping car there are twenty feet of three-fourths
inch fire hose, from which a half-inch stream can be
thrown forty feet. This perfected water pressure was
devised in these shops. In dining and private cars
all the latest improvements in the way of ranges,
kitchen utensils and copper work are put in place by
the workmen in this department.

The Town of Pullman. i8g
Car Heating.
Not many years ago passenger cars were warmed
by stoves, and wood was used for fuel. Passengers
near these stoves were often suffocated with warmth,
while those In the center shivered with cold. Under
the management of the slender intelligence of the
average brakeman of those days, whose life seemed
to be a standing refutation of the proverb, " It takes
a fool to build a fire," these wood fires often went
out and the dozing passengers acquired stiff necks
and gouty toes, and awoke to indulge in copious pro
fanity. Several states now forbid the use of either of
wood or coal fires in passenger coaches, and the day
is not remote when all states will do this. In a wreck
of cars having wood fires, the cars were quite likely
to burn and cause horrible deaths. Now we know
the exact amount of heat needed per hour by a car,
and the car can be suitably piped for that heat, which
can be furnished from the cheapest fuel and with
little extra work on the engine, and the heat can be
made to pervade the car in a uniform manner. Tests
tell us that an ordinary railway coach may condense
six or seven gallons of water per hour, which is equiv
alent to six or seven pounds of coal per hour in the
engine ; this for a train of ten cars would be sixty or
seventy pounds of coal per hour, or only four or five
shovelfuls. The water used is of little account. The
following is an outline of the hot-water method of
heating a car : The hot-water tank in the heater-
room is arranged with a pipe extending through the
center in the form of a coil. When steam is the
agent for heating, there is a passage of steam through

igo The- Town of Pullman.
this pipe heating the water by contact. When oper
ating with fire — the car not connected with the en
gine — the heating of the water is accomplished by the
use of a copper coil which encircles the fire magazine,
one end of which is tapped in the bottom of the
water tank and the other end connected with the top
of the tank. The heat acting upon the copper coil
causes a circulation through the coil and tank, very
much as in the case of a hot-water tank connected
with a fire back in the kitchen ranges of our dwellings,
The cost of this mode of heating is small com
pared with that of separate wood or coal fires in every
car, and a further advantage is that cars cannot burn
on account of the heating apparatus, should they
chance to be wrecked. When fire is used directly
for heating a car it is probable that go per cent of
the heat generated goes to waste. In the hot water
system of heating, now in quite general use, steam is
taken from a train pipe and passed through steam
jackets in which are pipes that are a continuation of
the car piping. The steam which is admitted to these
jackets and coming in contact with the surface of the
pipes containing salt water, heats it, thus causing a
circulation of the hot water through the pipes The
salt is used in cold weather to prevent freezing. By
the use of a valve the temperature of a car can be
raised to any desired point. This plan can supply
heat for cars in the coldest weather, and the simplicity
of the apparatus and the ease with which it can be
regulated and adjusted to any required temperature,
are seen in the fact that its management is entrusted
to the moderate wit of ordinary train men. On most
Pullman coaches steam is now used in connection

The Town of Pullman. igi
with the Baker heater and the improvements upon
this heater which have been devised here. The
heater room is always fire-proof, made so with gal
vanized iron linings, which are double, and thus
provided with an air space between them.
Gas Lighting of Cars.
The Pintsch system of lighting cars with gas is
now common in Europe. The gas is made for this
special purpose and is compressed into strong re
ceivers of 210 pounds pressure. It is piped to the
car lamps, the pressure being regulated so as to give
a steady flame from the burners. This is an immense
improvement over the sperm candle and the innumer
able oil devices which succeeded the candle. Gas
plants are erected at terminal stations to make the
special gas for this system of lighting. It is a portion
of the duties of steam fitters to pipe cars for this gas.
Buoys in channels along the ocean at points of
danger are now lighted by the Pintsch method. Each
buoy is provided with a tank of this compressed gas,
the flow of the gas being perfectly controlled by a
regulator which allows it to pass to the burners at a
pressure of only a few ounces. Lights will burn on
these buoys two or three weeks, and the gas tanks or
holders have to be charged once in three weeks.
Buoys off Sandy Hook are lighted in this way. The
carriage of the Czar of Russia is lighted by the Pintsch
method. The method has been in use in Europe and
in Australia for many years but it is of comparatively
recent introduction in this country. Oil lamps are
going out of use, few of the better class of cars having

ig2 The Town of Pullman.
them. The manner in which cars are lighted by
electricity, is described elsewhere.
Car Brakes.
We use the Westinghouse quick action triple
brakes on sleeping cars. This brake works in con
nection with cars fitted with the old form of brake by
the same maker. Those brakes, of course, make the
quickest possible stops in emergencies, and moderate
and uniform braking for all ordinary stops. This
work is done by the steam fitters and requires very
careful adjustments and final testing of all parts,
especially joints. Passenger brakes without the
triple arrangement are still used on many cars.
The Copper and Solder.
An immense quantity of tin is used in car building.
During i8go a thousand boxes of tin were consumed
here. The sheets are 20 by 28 inches in size and
each box contains 112 sheets. These sheets of tin
would cover an area of ten acres. It requires 235
sheets of tin for roofing an ordinary sleeping car and
200 sheets for a passenger coach; 61,117 pounds of
solder, or over thirty tons, were used during i8go in
these shops. This solder is used on roofs, tanks and
material manufactured and shipped to the various
other shops of the company. This solder is all made
here so as to insure its being absolutely pure. It is
composed of fifty parts of tin and a like number of
parts of lead ; 10,000 sheets of copper, weighing 14
ounces to the square foot, were used during i8go.
These sheets are 14 by 48 inches in area, and are
principally used about the roofs of cars. Galvanized
iron for tanks and other uses comes in car load lots.

The Town of Pullman. 193
Union Foundry.
On the northwest shore of Lake Calumet stand
the buildings of the Union Foundry and Pullman Car
Wheel Works. Some of these structures rise to the
height of three stories. The grounds contain twelve
acres, and the floor space in the several structures
embrace 174,861 square feet, or four acres. This
plant has the capacity for working 1,000 men and
turning out 250 tons of iron a day, to say nothing of
the bronze work, the aggregate value of which is
about $400,000 a year, and not to mention the value
of the product of the Columbia Screw Company, which
occupies a portion of the southwest building and
works fifty operatives.
This foundry, like all large foundries, exhibits
many varied and startling scenes.
The Wheel Foundry.
On entering the wheel foundry we find men en
gaged in pouring melted iron into molds from large
and small ladles, and the impression made upon the
beholder is not easily effaced. In the dim light one
sees long rows of these molds upon the dirt floor, men
with bared arms and grimy, perspiring faces moving
quickly to and fro, but without confusion ; he hears
the rolling of trucks, the rattling of the mechanism
by which the recently cast weeels, great incandescent
disks, are lifted from their sandy beds and easily
carried away to disappear into pits or wells for the
slow cooling necessary for them ; all this is seemingly
done by some invisible power, and it interests and
fascinates the beholder. From a safe point of van-

ig4 The Town of Pullman.
tage let us observe the making of a car wheel. From
the platform of a cupola, men feed that seemingly in
satiate monster with pig iron, pieces of old wheels,
with coke and limestone, while below and from near
the bottom of the cupola a stream of molten iron is
running into a large receiving ladle, from which in
rapid succession smaller ladles are filled, each holding
sufficient iron for a single wheel, or from 600 to 700
pounds. Men then wheel these ladles each to a sepa
rate row called "floors." A hook descends from
above, raises the filled ladle, carries it to a mold, into
which the fluid contents are rapidly poured ; the
ladle then returns for refilling. In a few moments
more that mysterious aerial hook again descends
over the filled mold, lifts off the upper part of the
flask, and discloses the red-hot wheel lying in its
bed of dark molding sand. Again the hook descends,
seizes the wheel, lifts it from the bed, and carries it
away to one of the twenty cooling pits, there to re
main for some days, when the pits are reopened and
the cooled wheels taken out; cleaned and inspected,
when they are ready for shipment. In the dim light
of such an hour here, the air seemingly full of ladles
of molten iron, and red hot wheels floating horizon
tally in several directions, streams of liquid fire pour
ing from the cupolas, the smoky atmosphere distorting
the figures of the busy workmen till some of them
appear as large as Goliath, all profoundly impress one
with the miraculous progress man has made in sub
jecting nature to his uses and thus providing for the
maintenance and further advance of civilization.
About 400 of these wheels are made here daily,
and these castings alone consume about 125 tons of

The Town of Pullman. 195
iron. Overhead traveling cranes, one over each
"floor," operated at one end by steam power and at
the other »by hydraulic pressure, afford easy handling
of hot or cold wheels. Every car wheel has a serial
number cast upon it, with the date of the casting, and
the records kept are such that at any time while the
wheel is in service it can easily be ascertained who
molded it, at what hour of the day it was poured,
and of just what mixture of iron it was composed.
The Soft Foundry.
Going from the wheel foundry to the "soft foun
dry" one sees an acre or more of floor space covered
with flasks of all sizes for castings weighing from a
few ounces to tons. Plere we notice the same activity
and industry which are seen in the wheel foundry, the
same scene of cupolas from which melted iron is run
ning, and ladles of the molten material transferred to
various portions of the building by trucks running on
tracks. In this department the men make their molds
during the forenoon and pour off in the afternoon,
leaving the castings in the flasks for the night gang.
The night men remove the castings and bank up the
sand and pile up the flasks ready for the next day's
work. These night men take the castings to the
cleaning room, where, with steel wire brushes and
by tumbling in revolving iron barrels, all the burnt
sand and cores are removed, and by means of chisels
and emery wheels all the rough parts are cut away,
and what first appeared as black, rough, dirty cast
ings come out bright, gray, clean and smooth, ready
for shipment. Much of the molding is done with
great rapidity by machines, of which they now have

rg6 The Town of Pullman.
nine in this department. A molder, when ready and
his pattern in place, pulls a lever, when down falls
the molding sand from a hopper overhead ; another
lever is touched, and around swings the flask ; the
molder then touches something else, and the flask is
immediately forced up by hydraulic pressure, packing
the sand around the pattern. Another swing of the
flask and out drops the pattern, leaving a perfect
mold in the flask, which is at once removed to the
"floor." At least the above is about what an ob
server sees as he passes through the rooms, though
the man who does the machine molding is excused in
advance from regarding this description of his work
as technical in any but a very mild sense. Here not
less than fifty tons of iron a day, and often much
more, are used. The Core Room.
Hollow castings are made by pouring iron around
"cores." A core is made of fine sand mixed with
flour, formed into a mold of the exact shape of the
hollow interior of the casting, and then baked hard in
an oven. A pattern for a casting of this kind is
solid, of the outer shape of the article. The core is
placed in a mold made from this pattern, and so
forms a negative of the finished casting — that is,
vacant space where the casting is to be solid, and
vice versa. When the molten iron forms around the
core it solidifies in a few seconds, and when cold the
core is easily removed, being burnt and easily
crumbled. Many boys and men work in this depart
ment ramming the mixture of sand and flour into
various shaped molds, while all around the visitor

The Town of Pullman. 197
sees piles of these baked cores, of all shapes and
sizes, ready for to-morrow's use.
The Brass Foundry.
This foundry, where the bronze work for the Pull
man cars is made, has twenty furnaces for crucibles,
melting in each crucible several times a day from 60
to 300 pounds of bronze, pouring the liquid into flasks
just as is done in the iron foundry, although the work
is, of course, much finer than that in iron. But the
same degree of skill is required in making all kinds of
castings. Every department has a lot of shop teims
and phrases peculiar to it, and you hear in this one of
"gates," "sprues," "risers" and "drawbacks," and
other things that you thank your stars you know
nothing about, and are sure readers will not wish to
hear of. Pigs of copper and zinc and lead are seen
here, for it is from varying mixtures of metals that
the different kinds, colors and qualities of bronze
trimmings are made. Passing from the brass foundry
to the finishing department we enter a totally differ
ent domain, where machinery and the whirring of
belts take the place of fire, dirt, smoke and hurrying
begrimed workmen. Here the rough castings pass
through the various stages of lathe, emery wheels,
wheels of leather and walrus hide and of cotton
cloth to the smooth, lustrous finish that the trim
mings take. Here one sees a "team" of lockmak-
ers, each man with his special part to make;
men are at lathes finishing knobs and fashioning
various pieces ; at other machines men are shaping
and fitting hinges, turning keys, core hooks and hat
hooks for cars ; grills, frames and ornamental pieces,

io8 The Town of Pullman.
all being chased, filed and fitted ; basket racks and
toilet racks put together, and work upon hundreds of
other trimmings for Pullman cars which are made and
finished here. At another place in this department
artists are seen modeling new designs in wax and
plaster, and also pattern-makers working with the
greatest nicety and exactness. It is interesting to see
skillful men here developing beautiful shapes and
forms from rough castings. The laboratory and lac
quering rooms are places where they seem to give
bronze any color, from that of gold to verd-antique.
From the pig metal the finest qualities of bronze
trimmings are made and finished here, and, when re
quired, got ready for the electroplating department.
In the machine department there are all sorts of
borers, planers, and drill presses and machines for
finishing trimmings. There is also a pattern shop
where wood patterns are made from drawings.
Exclusive of the persons employed in the screw
factory, 600 men are now employed in the depart
ments here, and a majority of them native born.
About 70 per cent of them reside in Pullman, and
several men are here who were employed ten years
ago when the foundry opened. The foundry . now
turns out work of the value of a million and a half
dollars a year, and has a capacity for turning out a
million dollars more than this.

The Town of Pullman. igg
Pullman Water Supply.

Our water supply for houses here is from Lake
Michigan, the pumping station being six miles north,
at Hyde Park. The water is purchased from the city
of Chicago and comes in a sixteen inch main through
meters into our town mains. The water comes with
sufficient force to reach the second stories of dwellings.
Every house in Pullman has iron sinks and faucets in
its kitchen, so that every housekeeper has a most
convenient supply of this necessary article, and is
spared the exposure attendant upon getting water from
hydrants situated out of doors.
In the top of the Water Tower there is an iron
tank which holds half a million gallons, and it is kept
full of Lake Michigan water to be used only in
case of fire. Nothing but Lake Michigan water
ever goes into the mains of this town. In addition to
the 1,476,853 gallons a day (the daily average for the
year i8go) of Lake Michigan water used, there are
a million gallons of Lake Calumet water pumped and
sent into the shops to be used by engines, in closets,
about machinery, and for elevators. The boilers in
the hammer shop use the Calumet water, but Lake
Michigan water is used in the Corliss engine boilers.
The Lake Michigan water used in Pullman during the
past three years is as follows: For 1888, 467^60,000
gallons; i88g, 520,734,000; i8go, 538^42,000. The
daily consumption for 18&8 averaged 1,278,333 gal
lons; for i88g, 1,426,668, and for i8go, 1,476,553.

200 The- Town of Pullman.
Calumet Lake Water.
The following is an analysis of Laks Calumet water.
The sample was taken at a point 1,000 feet east
of the Island. One United States gallon of the water
contains 61.140 grains and held foreign matter as fol
lows, the amounts being carried to four places of
decimals : Grains.
Silica  2543
Alumina  Trace.
Iron Sesquioxide  0199
Sodium and Potassium Sulphates  3.397G
Sodium Chloride  9381
Calcium Sulphate  2.3963
Calcium Carbonate  4.9113
Magnesuim Carbonate  4.3763

Total solids by calculation  16.1937
Total solids by actual determination 16.4053
Free ammonia  0.172 parts per million.
Albuminoid  0.160 parts per million.
The water also contains a large quantity of solids
in suspension. This analysis was made in April, i88g. The
water could be filtered and freed from incrusting salts
and made potable. In its present state it is unfit for
house use. The water of Lake Michigan is very pure
at a distance from the shore. The five great lakes
here are said to contain about one-half of the fresh
water of the globe.

WATER TOWER AND CORf-fsS ENGINE ROOM.

The Town of Pullman.

The Water Tower.

The tower has, from prehistoric time, been a prom
inent structure with all races. Even the Tower of
Babel of scriptural fame seems to represent a class of
structures rather than an individual one. There is
no good reason to suppose that the unburned brick
Tower of Babel reached any very considerable height
even after Nebuchadnezzar had ostensibly finished
it. Ruins in Central America and traditions among
the natives point to towers like that of Babel which
experienced like drawbacks in the way of confusion
of tongues. There are exactly similar traditions in
northern India of a primeval tower which had the
fate of that of Babel. Livingstone, when first at Lake
Ngami, found the same tradition among the native
Africans. The natives of Australia have a number
of legends relating to a tower which early man under
took to build to the skies, but which the gods stopped
by confounding the language of the builders. Ossa
on Pelion may be regarded as another version of the
tower story, so that Babel seems to have prevailed
throughout the world among widely separated and
distinct races of men. The towers of Ireland are too
well known to need more than a bare mention. The
leaning tower of Pisa, which is 179 feet high and 50
feet in diameter, stands 13 feet out of perpendicular,
has walls 13 feet thick at the base, and has stood for
many centuries. The original towers were an out
come for war or religious purposes, while those of
today are utilitarian in character.
This massive structure, sixty-eight feet square at

202 The Town of Pullman.
the base and resting upon a very heavy cut-stone
foundation, rises to the height of 195 feet to the base
of the flag-staff; it is 210 feet to the top of the flag
staff. The dimension stones of the lowest courses in
the foundation are nearly 40 feet below the surface of
the ground, resting upon a blue clay so hard and
tough that blasting was necessary in making a portion
of the excavation for the building. This great depth
was necessary in order to secure the large under
ground cistern, into which the sewage of the city
flows. The city sewage mains enter this cistern six
teen feet below the surface of the ground, and it has
a capacity of 300,000 gallons. The cistern is covered
with a floor of solid masonry, resting upon piers and
brick arches, and upon this floor, ten feet below the
surface, sewage and water pumps are placed
The Pumps.
There are three Blake steam pumps, with capacity
for pumping 60,000 gallons per hour. These pumps
are connected so as to pump either Lake Michigan
or Calumet water. Their ordinary work is to supply
Calumet water for the elevators and for shop use.
But when it becomes necessary to refill the tank the
connection with Lake Calumet is closed and Lake
Michigan water alone is pumped into the tank.
There are two Cope & Maxwell compound con
densing pumps for sending the sewage to the farm.
They have a capacity of five million gallons a day,
though they have only a third of that work to do
The Water Tank.
The tower is square for about two thirds of its
height and octagonal for the upper third. In the top

The Town of Pullman. 203
of this tower a boiler-iron tank, 55 feet and 10 inches
across and 30 feet and 1 inch deep was built, in which
half a million gallons of water are kept. The exact
capacity of this huge tank is 550, gg5 gallons or
2,086,000 liters. The weight of this body of water is
as great as that of 76 thirty-ton locomotives ; in all
2,2g7 tons. The weight is nearly one ton for every
square foot of the bottom of the iron reservoir. This
is the largest tank in the world placed at so great an
elevation. The object of this tank is to give a great
pressure of from 70 to 75 pounds to the inch upon
the mains. For fire purposes all that is necessary
is to couple hose to the most convenient hydrants and
the pressure easily carries water over any other build
ing in the city. The tower pressure is only used in
case of fire, the ordinary water pressure from the
Hyde Park pumps being sufficient to keep a good
supply of water in all houses. This reservoir is
always kept nearly full and can be rapidly replenished
if in use. It is supported by a net work of iron
trusses resting upon four long and heavy wrought iron
columns which extend to the basement where they
rest upon massive piers which start from the blue clay
30 feet below. These four wrought iron columns
might be considered the legs of a table upon which
the reservoir is placed. The peculiar construction of
this water tank and the pipes and valves which are
used in supplying and distributing the water are of
little interest except to the professional engineer.
The several stories between the ground and the
bottom of the reservoir are now chiefly used for
storage, and light manufacturing, elevators connect
ing the successive floors.

204 The Town of Pullman.
The Sewage Reservoir.
The sewage of the town runs by gravity from
houses to the cistern under the tower and is pumped
away through a twenty-inch iron main to a sewage
farm three miles distant and south of the town. It is
pumped as fast as received, so that no fermentation
can take place and no noxious odors rise from it.
The cistern is ventilated by eight flues which run to
the top of the tower and by a twenty-inch flue which
connects the air over the sewage with the large
chimney of the boiler house ; this air is carried away
with so much force as to create a strong downward
draught through the man-holes in the floor over the
cistern. There is nothing offensive at this pumping
station and there are no odors that can be detected
beyond those of the oil used about the pumps and
machinery. The stories of this structure below the
water tank are admirably adapted for some light man
ufacturing, such as jewelry and watch making, as the
rooms are well lighted on all sides.
Work Done in the Tower.
For the present the second floor of the Tower is
occupied by the electrical department of the car
shops. Here are made electrical annunciators for
cars, push buttons, batteries and material for lighting
trains. Here may be seen the Edison dynamo which
lights the repair shops with 800 incandescent lights ;
two Ball dynamos which light the paint department
of the freight car shops, using sixty-six arch lights ;
there are also an Eickmeier dynamo used for charg
ing batteries and lighting rooms in the tower. There
are now twenty- six operatives employed in this elec-

The Town of Pullman. 205
trical work. Here glass beveling, etching, crystal-
izing and embossing are all done and fifty operatives
are engaged in this industry. The fifth floor is oc
cupied by a branch of the paint department. The
remaing stories are used for storage.

Bolts and Bolt Department.
Few except those in charge of such work have
any adequate conception of the thousand and one dif
ferent things which enter into the construction of a
car, either of the freight or passenger type. It may
surprise some readers to learn that from 600 to 1,000
bolts are used in building a single freight car, and
that for a first-^lass passenger coach about 1,000 are
needed in addition to the 800 required in two good
six-wheel trucks. A careful inspection of a car will
reveal the heads of these bolts and the nuts which
hold them in place. To make the bolts used in large
car works like ours requires half an acre of floor space
studded with machinery, needing seventy-five horse
power for operation and the services of eighty work
men, who are able to transform sixty tons of rod-iron
per day into 50,000 bolts of all kinds, go per cent of
the work being of the piece class.
Kinds of Bolts.
Not less than fifty different forms of bolts are
manufactured, and there are many sizes of some of
these forms, and if these sizes are taken into con
sideration the number of kinds of bolts easily runs
into the hundreds. Round iron, varying from one-
fourth to two and one-fourth inches in diameter, is

206 The Town of Pullman.
carefully rolled into long rods at the rolling mills of
the Pullman Iron and SteeJ Works, and delivered in
car loads at the bolt rooms, where the rods are cut by
shears into required lengths. A single and a double
shears do all the cutting, and apparently with as
much ease and rapidity as wax candles of the same
diameter as the rods could be cut. In shop language
the following are the names by which some of the
kinds of bolts are designated: Counter sunk, button
head, square head, hexagon, T head, cheese head,
cone head, carriage, U bolt, truss head, transom,
strap, shovel handle, grab iron, lag screw, strut, draw
bar spindle, eye bolt, eccentric head, brake mast,
key and king bolt. After bolts are headed and
threaded they are neatly piled upon push cars for
delivery to the compartments of the erecting shops,
where they are required. Machines.
Entering those bolt rooms the visitor is greeted
with a deafening din made by blows fashioning bolt.
heads and by the monotonous hum and grinding of
machinery in operation, and he sees scores of busy
men about the furnaces and at the machines, the
furnaces heating the ends of the iron which are to be
fashioned into bolt heads. He sees one furnace
heating only the centers of a pile of rods which are
quickly bent by a machine into the form of the letter
U, to be used in holding in place the upright stakes
of a flat car. There are punching devices which
punch rectangular holes in the ends of certain bolts
known as pin bolts ; there is also a machine for
quickly turning such bolts, making them smooth and

The Town of Pullman. 207
of uniform diameter. There are eight bolt-forging
machines, into which the ends of heated rods are
thrust in older to get a few lateral and end blows
which shape the heads as required. One of these
machines has a capacity for making 10,000 small but
ton bo't'.s in a day and from 1,000 to 3,000 bolts of
larger kinds. There are seven tapping machines,
which thread as many and even more nuts than one
for each bolt made, for some bolts, especially in
trucks, require two nuts each for perfect safety.
There are fourteen threading machines, which, with
suitably revolving dies or thread cutters, quickly cut
the screw threads required upon the ends of all forms
of bolts. The blanks are fed into the thread-cutters
by boys, and the cutters are kept abundantly oiled to
facilitate the work. These thread-cutters are also
used for threading such small forgings as strap bolts,
and they have the capacity for cutting fifty miles in
length of threads in ten hours, or, in a year, a length
of threads which would reach more than half way
around the world, or from Chicago to Hong Kong by
the usually traveled route. What is known as the
United States standard consists of thirteen threads to
the inch on a bolt half an inch in diameter. The
"merchants' standard," which is still used upon the
Union Pacific Railway, has twelve threads to the
inch. Furnaces.
There are two rotary furnaces, into small, circular
openings, at the bottom of which the ends of rods are
put for heating ; the time of a revolution of the fur
nace is sufficient for securing the desired heat. As
the rods are taken out of the holes by a helper and

208 The Town of Pullman.
handed to the operator of a heading machine fresh
pieces of iron are put into the places thus made va
cant, to be heated like those which were withdrawn.
In the stationary furnaces, of which there are a dozen,
several hundred rods are piled, so that their ends can
get the required heat for heading. As the heated
rods are withdrawn from the bottom of these piles,
fresh ones are put upon the top, so that there is al
ways a good supply of heated rods to keep the ma
chine in steady work. These furnaces consume about
five tons of hard coal a day, and the fires are kept in
good condition by means of air blasts.
Finally.
Without witnessing the process it is not easy to
understand the accuracy with which rod iron can be
rolled. It is made from scrap iron, and the process
of rolling secures a perfectly welded and homogen
eous mass of metal. The visitor sees much of inter
est in this department, and is impressed with the dex
terity and rapidity with which operatives work.

MR. GEORGE M. PULLMAN.
Mr. George M. Pullman, President of Pullman's Palace Car
Company, the founder and builder of this city, is so well and
widely known that a biographical sketch of him seems super
fluous in a volume every page of which tells of his achievements.
Said Victor Hugo: "Fifty is the old age of youth, but it is the
youth of age." Though Mr. Pullman has turned the half cen
tury point in the number of his years, he is in the prime of a
vigorous manhood. By nature a leader of men, he is always
clear, capable, and self-reliant, and handles vast interests with
ease. His residence is Chicago. He is everywhere recognized as
the typical American executive officer,

APPENDIX.

The following pages consist of carefully selected
documentary matter, embracing opinions of such well-
known men as Hon. Stewart Woodford, Rev. David
Swing, Mr. Charles Dudley Warner and Mr. George
M. Pullman himself, together with editorial comments
by the London Times and the Railway Age.

Extracts from the Report of Commissioners
OF THE
State Bureaus of Labor Statistics on the Indus
trial, Social and Economic Conditions
of Pullman, Illinois

At the annual convention of the chiefs and commission
ers of the various bureaus of statistics of labor in the United
States, held at St. Louis in June, 1884, it was determined to
make a full and exhaustive investigation of the.economic
experiment conducted by Pullman's Palace Car Company on
the plan projected by Mr. George M. Pullman, the president.
In carrying out this determination the convention met
^t Pullman, Illinois, in September following, and for three
days studied all the economic, sanitary industrial, moral and
social conditions of the city
Every facility was afforded for the closest scrutiny of
every feature and phase of any and all the affairs the mem
bers of the convention saw fit to examine. The results of
their investigations are embodied in this report, which is
presented as a joint report through the various annual re
ports of the bureaus represented.
We have availed ourselves of material furnished the
press by Duane Doty, Esq., a gentleman of Pullman, but
chiefly our report is the result of our own observations of
things and conditions as we found them.
Our object in making the investigation was to give to <
the manufacturers and capitalists of our respective States
official information relative to one of the most attractive ex
periments of the age seeking to harmonize the interests of
labor and capital. It is no part of our duty to eulogize in
dividuals ; we have endeavored to learn results.
The enterprise of Herr Krupp at Essen ; the philan
thropy of M. Godin in the establishment of the Famil stC-re

4 Appendix.
at Guise, France ; the humanity of Sir Titus Salt, that
brought into existence the industrial town of Saltaire, in
Yorkshire, England ; and the broad Christian inspiration
which resulted in the founding of Pullman have given the
world, in the four greatest manufacturing countries, four
magnificent schemes for the uplifting of a large portion of
the people seeking a living through wages.
In all the countries named there have been many other
experiments worth a careful study of all interested in social
advancement. This is thoroughly true of our own country,
and we might call attention with justice to the success at
Peace Dale, R. I., at St. Johnsbury, Vt., at "Willimantic, and
t> Manchester, Conn. , and at other points. But, for compre
hensive plan, for careful recognition of all the strong points,
and the fullest anticipation of all weak features, for the
beauty of the executed plan, for the financial and social
success thereof, Pullman City as the outgrowth of the new
est of the great manufacturing nations stands at the head.
Pour or five years ago Mr. Pullman determined to bring
the greater portion of the works of the company into one
Q locality. To accomplish this he must leave the great cities
for many reasons, and yet it was essential that a site should
be selected where communication could be had with the
whole country, and near some metropolitan place like Chi
cago, lie wished above all things to remove his workmen
from the close quarters of a great city, and give them the
healthful benefits of good air, good drainage, and good
water, and where they would be free, so far as it would lie
in the power of management to keep them free, from the
many seductive influences of a great city.
He was fortunute in securing about 4,000 acres of land
on the Illinois Central Iiailroad, a dozen miles to the south
of Chicag'o. The Site.
The city is situated upon the west shore of Lake Calu.
met, which is a shallow body of water three and a half miles
long by a mile and a half in width. This lake drains into
Lake Michigan through the Calumet river, Lake Michigan
being not more than three miles distant. The site of that

Appendix. 5
portion of the city, now fully covered with buildings, is from
eight to fourteen feet above the level of Lake Calumet.
The soil is a drift deposit of tough blue clay, ninety feet
in depth, resting upon lime rock. The land gradually rises
to the north and west to an elevation of twenty-five feet
above Lake Calumet, this being usually from three to five
inches higher than Lake Michigan. There is no land of a
marshy character in this neighborhood. The bottom of
Lake Calumet is of hard blue clay, from which the best
cream-colored brick are made. It was deemed unwise to
permit any sewage to flow into Lake Calumet, so the system
of drainage adopted is what is known as the separate one.
On the 25th day of May, 1880, ground was first broken o
for the building of the Palace Car Works, and the City of
Pullman. The land was an open and not over-promising
prairie. The first efforts were directed toward the scientific ©
drainage of the future town. In old cities drainage follows
construction, for the averag'e villag'e or city is but the hap
hazard conglomeration of odds and ends in the way of build
ings, whose inartistic forms, defective construction, and in
convenient arrangements are supplemented by such drain
age and sewerage systems as can be utilized. It is rare of
course in the nature of things that drainage is thought of at
the outset. It comes after a lapse of time, when the soil
has become charged with the accumulated filth of years, and
all attempts at sewerage are then more or less unsatisfactory.
The City of Pullman, on the other hand, has been built
scientifically in every part, and is exceptional in respect to
drainage and sewerage if in no other regard. For here the
drainage preceded the population, and the soil is now as
free from organic contamination as when it formed a
portion of the open prairie. Every house has been con
structed from approved plans, and under the supervision of
competent builders and engineers.
The perfection of the site selected was accomplished
throug-h surface drainage, and the construction of deep
sewers. (All described in the foreg-oing pages under proper
heads.) The appearance from the railroad as one approaches

6 Appendix.
s from Chicago is effective. The neat station; the water
tower and the works in front; the park and artificial lakes
intervening; to the right a picturesque hotel backed by
pretty dwellings; the arcade, containing stores, library,
theatre, offices, etc.; still further to the right, and beyond,
a church which fits into the landscape with artistic effect.
The laying out of the whole town has been under the
' guidance of skilled architects aided by civil engineers and
landscape gardeners.
a The dwellings present a variety of architecture, yet
give harmonious effects. They are not built like the tene
ment houses of ordinary manufacturing towns where
sameness kills beauty and makes the surroundings tame,
but a successful effort has been made to give diversity to
architectural design.
The streets are wide, well built, and wherever possible
parked. The lawns are kept in order by the company; the
shade trees are cared for, and all the police work is done
under competent supervision.
Every care has been taken to secure convenience inside
as well as outside the dwellings. The cheapest tenement is
supplied with gas and water.
0 The testimony of every woman we met was that house
keeping was rendered far more easy in Pullman than in any
other place. In fact the women were in love with the place;
its purity of air, cleanliness of houses and streets, and les
sened household burdens are advantages over the former
residences which brought out the heartiest expressions of
ei approval. The women of the comparatively poor bear most
of the drudgery of life, enjoy the least of pleasures, and
are most narrowly circumscribed, with little change in
cares, scenes, or social surroundings. Pullman has really
wrought a greater change for the women than for any other
class of its dwellers.
All the works and shops are kept in the neatest possible
order. The planing rooms are as free from dust as the
street, blowers and exhaust fans taking away all shavings,
dust, and debris as fast as it accumulates.
Gradually the mamifacture of all the parts necessary to
the construction of cars in every condition is being added to

Appendix. 7
the enterprise of the town. A laundry is being established
for cleansing the vast quantities of linen used in the palace-
car service, which will give employment to women. It is
the policy of the company to encourage the employment of
women and young persons.
A two-room tenement in a second-story flat, but having
all the conveniences 01 water and gas, and for sewage and
garbage, rents for $4 per month, and a, three-room tene
ment, similarly situated, for $4.50 per month. Two-room
flats, in small houses, large enough to accommodate five
families, rent all the way from $5 to $8.50 per month, while
two, three, and four room tenements in large blocks rent
from $0.50 to $10 per month. Four-room tenements on the
first, second, and third floors of three-story flats rent from
$11 to $13.50 per month, while four and five room tenements
in two-story flats may be had for $14 and $15 per month.
Sing'le five-room cottages rent for from $16 to $19 per month,
while single houses of from six to nine rooms vary from $22
to $100 per month.
The average monthly rental per room in the whole city
of 1,520 houses, having 6,485 rooms, is $3.30, In the manu
facturing towns of Massachusetts the average rental per
room is $2.86 per month.
In the City of Chicago (farther north) a tenement at the
same rent as one in Pullman would be in a narrow street or
alley, while in Pullman it is on a broad avenue where no
garbage is allowed to collect, where all houses have a back
street entrance, where the sewage arrives at a farm in three
hours' time from its being deposited, and where beauty,
order and cleanliness prevail and fresh air abounds.
There are no taxes to be paid other than personal, and p
when all the advantages a tenant has at Pullman are taken
into consideration, as compared with his disadvantages in
other places, the rent rates are in reality much lower than
elsewhere in Chicago.
The tenant is under no restrictions beyond those ordi
narily contained in a lease, except that he must leave his
tenement at ten days' notice, or he can give the same notice
and quit. This short limitation has been established in
order that no saloons, objectionable houses or anything

8 Appendix.
likely to disturb the morale of the place can become fastened
on the community.
All the houses in Pullman City are owned by the com
pany. This policy has been considered the best in the early
years of the city in order that a foundation may be securely
laid for a community of good habits and good order.
The men are emplo3'ed without restriction. There are
no conditions laid upon their freedom; they are paid fort
nightly, and they expend their wages when and where they
see fit, their rent being charged against their wages. This
at first caused some complaint, but the system is now gen
erally liked, for when wages are paid there is no bother
about rent bills, and the wife and children know that the
home is secure. Repairs, if due to the carelessness or neg
lect of the tenant, are made by the company at the lowest
possible expense, and charged against the tenant. Of course
the company, like all landlords, expects to keep the houses
in tenantable condition.
When Pullman City was first founded, many families
came there who had been in the habit of living in a filthy,
shiftless way. They came from tenements that were not
neat, and that had no pleasant surroundings. Their pres
ence in the new city was like a rubbish heap in a garden —
out of place and unseemly. One may contemplate the feel
ings of Mr. Pullman on witnessing these evidences of unap-
preciation of all the beauty he brought into existence, and
it would have been natural for him and for his coadjutors to
have indulged in some fault-finding.
On the other hand, the untidy families were left to
«, themselves. As they walked about the streets of Pullman
City, and witnessed everywhere orderly ways, well kept
lawns, tidy dwellings, clean workshops, and could turn no
where without meeting order, they naturally began to make
comparisons, and such comparisons have resulted in setting
their own houses to rights. This is the influence of order
*and cleanliness everywhere. So the moral influence of
Pullman City is an ever present lesson to every family that
takes up its abode there. This perfect order and the clean
liness which comes of it is often felt as a restraint upon
those who have been brought up under disorder and in un-

Appendix. g
cleanliness, and sometimes causes a sigh for tho looser ways
and the consequent looser morals of other communities.
Such people do not find the air of Pullman City congenial
and no obstacle is thrown in their way should they desire
to leave. These considerations make it easy to see how the com
pany secures the best mechanics.
We have given the history and the facts relating to
Pullman City. There is a deeper side which requires a
closer study.
The principle on which Pullman City is founded, and on a
which its success largely depends, is that in all industrial
enterprises business should be so conducted and arranged
as to be profitable to each of the great forces, labor and
capital. Mr. Pullman does not believe that a. great manufactur-a
ing concern can meet with the highest economic and moral
success where the profit is unduly large to capital, with no
corresponding benefit to labor. The mutual benefit which
comes from well adjusted forces is to his mind what brings
the best success.
On the other hand, he has made no claim to being a a
philanthropist ; the sentiment prevails in his city that true
philanthropy is based on business principles and should
net a fair return for efforts made.
Promiscuous charity has no place in the establishment 9
of Pullman. Personally, the president of the company
makes the favorable conditions, and, having made them, he
then concerns himself chiefly in supplying his people with
steady employment. The art interests, the moral interests,
the social and human interests, with favorable conditions
supplied, take most excellent care of themselves. Inciden
tally his competent staff have an eye to all interests.
Mr. Pullman is no dreamer ; he has studied the plans of
socialists and reformers and the schemes of philosophers for
the benefit of humanity
Beginning at the bottom rung of the ladder and there
fore familiar with the wants and aspirations of the workers
of society, he has risen by the force of his own character
and genius to his present position ; he does not care to leave

io Appendix.
the world and look back upon his action and ee that
he has only offered a glass of water to the sufferer by the
wayside, but he wishes to feel that he has furnished n
desert with wells of living water that all may come and
p drink through all time. So he commenced with the founda
tion idea of furnishing his workmen with model homes, and
supplying them with abundant work with good wages, feel
ing that simply better conditions would make better men
and his city become a permanent benefaction.
He saw great amounts of money being used in specula
tive schemes, in stock operations, and in all the question
able ways which men take to increase their capital. He
saw the energy, the enthusiasm, and the ability which en
tered into such operations. He could see no reason why all
these elements could not be diverted into channels whereby
the public should be the gainer and not the loser by great
amoney operations. If capital could be invested in great in
dustrial schemes like Pullman instead of in stock opera
tions, but in such a way as to net a handsome profit to
capital and thereby attract it, then not only would capital
be safely, securely, and profitably invested, but it would
bring even returns without the feverishness of the other
method, and the g'reat benefits which would come to the
workingman, and thus directly to society itself, would be a
positive and absolute gain.
Mr. Pullman's plans did not stop with the founding of
an industrial city, but they contemplated establishing
alongside great mechanical works, where all the science of
mechanics is practically applied in every-day labor, tech
nical schools where the young might learn the theory and
see the application of great mechanical powers. There
could not be a better location in the whole country for the
highest development of mechanical skill. With technical
schools successfully established, Mr. Pullman saw far
enough in the future to contemplate a great university.
is The great advantages of the geographical location of
Pullman City warranted his vast plan ; being the center of
the United States commercially, and not far from the center
geographically, he saw no reason why, with scientific
works established and with weU-equipped technical schools,

APPENDIX. II
Pullman City should not only teach the nation the way to
build up a magnificent class of workmen living under happy
and moral conditions, but furnish the country with the
most skillful foremen and leading mechanics. To accom
plish successfully what Mr. Pullman has undertaken is to
carry the world, so far as such men can reach it, to a higher
level in civilization.
To do this it was necessary for him to open new avenues
for the investment of capital, investments which, as we have
said, not only return ample interest in the form of money
dividends but make a grander return in the form of happ3'
homes and happy hearts. Men must g'rapple with such a
enterprises in the belief that the life of the laborer should
be something more than a weary round of hard toil, and in
the belief that in aiding him to help himself and become a
better man, a better brother, a better father, and a better
citizen, they are rendering him the best possible service,
and in the belief that individual charity, that is merely
giving a man something, often does more harm than good.
The general management at Pullman of course partakes
ot the sentiment of its founder — a broad, comprehensive
humanitarian. As we have said, without restrictions upon
labor, but so far as we could see, always with justice; for
instance, discharges are made with a view to being just; if
one of two men must be discharged, other things being
equal, the sing-le man must leave and allow the married
man to remain; or, if one of two men must be discharged,
and each has a family, and one resides away from Pullman
and the other at Pullman, the resident is to be preferred.
After very careful investigation and the study of Pull
man City from the standpoint of the manager, and that of
the laborer, the mechanic, the physician, the priest, and
from all points of view that we could muster, the question
naturally arose, as it might arise in all men's minds who
examine such institutions, what are the weak points in the
plan? Superficially, we could see at once that the workman «
had no status as an owner of his home, but we could see
that in the early years of Pullman City if he had such a
status it might be the means of his ruin financially. The
company owns everything, manages everything; the em-

12 Appendix.
ployes are tenants of the company. This feature will be
for some time longer the chief strength of the place, but in
this strength lies its weakness. This feature is its strength
so long as the industries of Pullman City belong to one
great branch, the manufacture of one thing or the things
auxiliary to that manufacture.
Now should the industry of car-building collapse or
stagnate to any degree, the tenant employe is at liberty to
remove at once; he has to give but ten days' notice to vacate
his tenancy. He is free to take up his abode where he
chooses without the fear or the fact of any real property
going down on his hands. But Mr. Pullman and his com
pany have contemplated this very state of affairs, and are
doing all in their power to bring in a diversity of manufac
tures, so that if one kind of goods are not produced another
will be. The industrial operations of the place, through
Mr. Pullman's exertions, are being extended to the erection
of houses, public works, and public buildings. The manu
facture of brick, the capacity of all the works to turn out,
finish, and all the wood materials of buildings, and the
other features mentioned under " Industries " have given the
place a diversity of employment and of industry, which is
leading it into strong and permanent industrial conditions.
The result of these conditions, should the railroads of the
country operate their own palace cars, will preserve the in
dustrial integrity of Pullman City. With these advantages,
or, when these advantages come, the tenant employe at
Pullman may become the owner of his home. For this pur
pose a large tract of land has been set aside, and when the
time comes will be sold in small lots to the workman, his
house built at cost, and he allowed to pay for it on easy
terms, then, what would now be a, weakness at Pullman,
will become its strength, and the plan of the city, which
has been projected on the basis of a population of 100,000,
will meet its great success, and these two weak points, the
lack of diversified industry and the lack of home owner
ship, will no longer exist.
To enable this feature of the purchase of homes to be
carried out, a savings bank has been established having now
(December 1892) deposits to the amount of about $600,000.

Appendix.

13

This money is held subject to immediate call whenever
the plans are perfected for the purchase of homes, and will
be used in loans to the workingmen. It is invested on call
so as to be perfectly available whenever wanted. These
deposits are entirely the savings of the workingmen of
Pullman, and made during the period in which the bank has
existed. The Pullman establishment must, we think, impress the <»
most casual observer as rare enough to be remarkable, and
good enough to be commendable. Even superficially it
presents a novelty and attractiveness which in themselves
command approbation, but the closer scrutiny which we
were permitted to give it developed the fact that its excel
lence was by no means superficial, that it is not only as
good as it looks, but better, and that every promise has
been made more than good.
Physical]}', it is better for the reason that its under
ground system is as complete and costly as the improve
ments upon the surface, so that there is not only a justifica
tion for the fair exterior, but a guarantee of its perma
nence, and of the welfare of the workers and dwellers in
the town. We found the morale of the place even better than we «
expected. Merely external appearances may not clearly
indicate social conditions nor the motives and the policy of
the management in such an establishment, yet, if the com
missioners did not find that the whole plan was conceived
and executed in a spirit of broad and unostentatious phil
anthropy, our observations and conclusions were at fault
throughout. We must regard our investigation as having
generously confirmed the good impressions of all those who
are predisposed in favor of the Pullman enterprise, and it
must disarm those who may have felt some degree of preju
dice against it.
In order to arrive at any just estimate of the credit due
the projectors of the industrial community under in
vestigation, we were in duty bound to recognize the fact
that the company merely proposed to manufacture railway
cars for profit; no obligation rested upon them to enter
upon any scheme of general beneficence or to jeopardize

14 Appendix.
their financial interest by a costly experiment in the inter-
g, est of their employes. For the initial disposition in this
latter direction, however, they and all men like them
deserve praise and encouragement. Having determined
that such an experiment might justify itself in a com
mercial sense as well as on humanitarian grounds, it was
still in their option to provide merely comfortable tene
ments for their men, plain structures for shops and ordinary
facilities for cleanliness and sanitation, and for these even
they would have deserved well, and yet they go much
broader and deeper, and decide upon the most perfect
methods of drainage for which their site afforded no
facilities, and for a system of gas and water distribution to
every house and apartment. They construct permanent
streets, and an elaborate system of drainage. Not content
with plain buildings, they exhaust the architect's skill in
designing the greatest variety of forms for dwellings suited
in size and appurtenance to all grades of employes; they
erect costly and beautiful buildings for public uses, the
church, library, and market house, public halls, theatre,
savings bank, and stores; they furnish a park for field
sports, amphitheatre for games, and every facility for
recreation, physical and mental; and the place is neatly and
attractively ornamented with lawns, shade trees, artificial
e lakes, fountains and flowers. In brief, they stop at nothing
short of a model establishment constructed upon plans
which are the result of the widest experience, and the best
observation for which modern life affords opportuni ies.
While all this is done at a considerable outlay of money,
which, to the ordinary manufacturer, might seem reckless,
and commercially, at least, unjustifiable, the conviction
grew upon us, as the details of this magnificent work be-
, came understood, that although no such motive has ever
been proclaimed, there is a noble and broad inspiration in the
original conception of the undertaking beyond that of
merely making the greatest possible amount of money; be
yond that of mere persona] glorification; an inspiration
looking to an actual elevation of the standard of life among
the working people who might be fortunate enough to be
identified with it. Nothing could be more laudable from

Appendix. 15
our point of view than this, and the Pullman company n
deserve well of their employes and of all men, not only
for what they have accomplished for themselves and their
own, bub for the conspicuous example they have g'iven the
world of the nobler uses of great wealth. It is our view of «
the case, moreover, that even if they had attempted and
accomplished much less, or even had made great mistakes,
they would still deserve commendation for their manifest
disposition to recognize the welfare of their employes as of
the first concern to themselves. To the growth of such a
sentiment among employers, and the practice of it in what
ever degree circumstances may permit in smaller establish
ments', must we look for the real alleviation of the burdens
which labor imposes upon those who live by it.
As to the question of earnings in the various grades of
employment, and the cost of living within as compared with
that outside the community, we are not, as we have already
indicated, disposed to insist that the one be greater, and the
other ler.s, than elsewhere in order to demonstrate the ad
vantages of the place. We should rather say that were
there to be an actual money balance, or not, at the end of
the year in favor of the average worker at Pullman, there
must be a balance in his favor in all those things which go
to make up comfortable and healthful living, in opportuni
ties for the education of children, and their protection from
dangerous influences ; in the incentives to self-respect and
self-culture, and in all the social, moral and sanitary in
fluences which surround the life of every one at Pull
man. If the workman at Pullman lives in a " gilded cage," we
must congratulate him on its being so handsomely gilded ;
the average workman does not have his cage gilded. That
there is any cage or imprisonment about it is not true, save
in the sense that all men are circumscribed by the condi
tions with which they surround themselves, and imprisoned
by the daily duties of life.
It is quite possible that the Pullman community has been
organized and developed thus far on a plan as comprehen
sive as commercial prudence permits, but when the experi
ment as now outlined shall have become an established sue-

16 Appendix.
cess, it would be gratifying to see certain additional features
considered, and, if feasible, introduced for practical test.
To make Pullman the ideal establishment of the theor
ists, in addition to the option of purchasing homes and the
strength which must come from diversified industry, one
would naturally expect that when this enterprise shall have
survived adversity as well as prosperity, and the wise and
beneficent policy now being tested shall have borne its fruit
in a permanent community of intelligent and prosperous
workingmen, it may then be found possible to advance them
to a share of the profits of the business itself. However
this may be, we think we are justified in the belief that, as
long as the present management or the spirit of the present
management exists, the beneficent features of this most
progressive industrial establishment will be extended as
rapidly as circumstances may ripen for them.
, Let the model factory and the industrial community of
Pullman City be commended as they deserve for whatever
they are or what they promise to be. Let them be held up
to the manufacturers and employers of men throughout the
country as worthy of their emulation. Let Mr. Pullman
and his coadjutors be assured of the good wishes of all those
who seek the advancement of their kind.
Carroll D. Wright, Chief Massachusetts Bureau of Statis
tics of Labor.
Joel B. McCamanx, Chief Pennsylvania Bureau of Indus
trial Statistics.
Henry Luskby, Commissioner Ohio Bureau of Labor Statis
tics.
.Tajiks Bishop, Chief New Jersey Bureau of Statistics of
Labor and Industries.
H. A. Newman, Commissioner Missouri Bureau of Labor
Statistics and Inspection.
John S. Lord, .Secretary Illinois Bureau of Labor .Statistics.
Wm. A. Tuelle, Jr., Chief Indiana Bureau of Statistics and
Geology.
Chas. F. Peck, Commissioner New York Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
John S. Enos, Commissioner California Bureau of Labor
Statistics.

Appendix. 17
John Devlin, Deputy Commissioner Michigan Bureau of
Labor and Industrial Statistics.
Frank A. Flower, Commissioner Wisconsin Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
E. K. Hutchins, Commissioner Iowa Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics.
Thos. C. Weeks, Chief Maryland Bureau ot Statistics of
Labor.
Henry Luskey, H. A. NEWMAN,
Secretary. President of Convention.

Charles Dudley Warner's Views of Pullman.
In Harper's Magazine for June, Charles Dudley Warner
so widely and favorably known as an American author
closes his second article upon Chicago with the following re
marks relating to Pullman. Mr. Warner spent a day there,
and, through the courtesy of President Ceorge M. Pullman,
was given full opportunity to see the town and shops, and
to study the city as a social and industrial problem. Mr.
Warner says :
"I can not leave Chicago without a word concerning
Pullman, although it has been fully studied in the pages of
this magazine. It is one of the most interesting experi
ments in the world. As it is only a little over seven years
old, it would be idle to prophesy about it, and I can only -1
say that thus far many of the predictions as to the effect of
'paternalism' have not come true. [The visitor today sees
only the beginnings of this enterprise.] If it shall turn
out that its only valuable result is an ' object lesson' in de
cent and orderly living, the experiment will not have been in
vain. It is to be remembered that it is not a philanthropic *
scheme, but a purely business operation, conducted on the
idea that comfort, cleanliness and agreeable surroundings
conduce more to the prosprity of labor and of capital than
the opposites. Pullman is the only city in existence built from the o
foundation on scientific and sanitary principles, aud not
more or less the result of accident and variety of purpose

18 Appendix.
and incapacity. Before anything else was done on the flat
prairie, perfect drainage, sewerage and water supply were
provided. The shops, the houses, the public buildings, the
parks, the streets, the recreation grounds, then followed in
intelligent creation. Its public buildings are fine, and the
grouping of them about the open flower planted places is
very effective. It is a handsome city, with the single draw
back of monotony in the well built houses. Pullman is
within the limits of the Village of Hyde Park, it is not in
cluded in the annexation of the latter to Chicago.
[Since JVIr. Warner wrote this, Hyde Park, inclusive of
the territory upon which Pullman is situated, has been
annexed to the city of Chicago. Pullman is now in the
Thirty-fourth Ward of Chicago.]
It is certainly a pleasing industrial city. The work
shops are spacious, light and well ventilated, perfectly sys
tematized; for instance, timber goes into one end of the
long car shops, and without turning back, comes out a
freight car at the other, the capacity of the shop being one
freight car every fifteen minutes of the working hours.
There are a variety of industries, which employ about 4,500
workmen. {The number of wage-earners in all the departments of
business and industry here October 1, 1892, was 6,324, and
300 of them were women and girls.]
Of these about 1,500 live outside the city. [2,000 October
1st, 1892.] The company keeps in order the streets, parks,
lawns and shade trees, but nothing else except the schools,
is free. The schools are excellent, and there are over 1,300
children enrolled in them. The company has a well selected
library of over 6,000 volumes [8,000 October 1st, 1892], con
taining many scientific and art books, which is open to all
residents on payment of an annual subscription of $3. Its
use increases yearly, and study classes are formed in con
nection with it. The company rents shops to dealers, but it
carries on none of its own.
Wages are paid to employes without deduction, except
as to rent, and the women appreciate a home beyond per-
adventure. The competition among dealers brings prices

Appendix. ig
to the Chicago rates, or lower, and the great city is easily
accessible for shopping. House rent is a little higher for ,j
ordinary workmen than in Chicago, but not higher in pro
portion to accommodations, and living is secured a little
cheaper. The reports show that the earnings of operatives
exceed those of other working communities, averaging per
capita (exclusive of the higher pay of the general manage
ment) $590 a year. (The average for the year 1887 was $(501
per capita.) I noticed that piece wages were generally
paid and always when possible. (Three-fourths of the
operatives are paid by piece wages, October, 1892.) The
town is a hive of busy workers; employment is furnished to
all classes, except the school children, and the fine moral
and physical appearance of the young women in the up
holstery and other work rooms would please a philan
thropist. Both the health and " morale " of the town are excep
tional, and the moral tone of the workmen has constantly
improved under the agreeable surroundings.
Those who prefer the kind of independence that gives a
them filthy homes and demoralizing associations seem to
like to live elsewhere. Pullman has a population of 10,000
(it was 11,702 Aug. I, 1892), nearly as many more residing
within a mile or so of its railway station. 1 do not know
another city of 10,000 that has not a place where liquor is
sold, nor a house nor a professional woman of ill repute.
With the restrictions as to decent living, the community is
tree in its political action, its church and other societies,
and in all healthful social activity. It has several ministers;
it seems to require the services of only one or two police
men; it supports four doctors and one lawyer.
[The entire country has one doctor for every 500 per
sons. — Ed.]
I know that any control, any interference with indi- =
vidual responsibility is un-American. Our theory is that
every person knows what is best for himself.
It may not be true but it may be safer in working out
all the social problems than any lessening of responsibility
either in the home or in civil affairs.
When I contrast the dirty tenements, with contiguou-. e

20 Appendix.
seductions to vice and idleness, in some parts of Chicago
with the homes of Pullman I am glad' that this experiment
has been made. It may be worth some sacrifice to teach
people that it is better for them morally and pecuniarily to
live cleanly and under educational influences that increase
their self-respect. No doubt it is best that people should
own their homes, and that they should assume all the res
ponsibilities of citizenship. But let us wait the full evolu
tion of the Pullman. The town could not have been built
> as an object lesson in any other way than it was built. The
hope is that laboring people will voluntarily do hereafter
what they have here been induced to accept. The model
city stands there as a lesson, the creation of less than eight
years. The company is now preparing to sell lots on the
west side of the railway tracks, and we shall see what in
fluence this nucleus of order, cleanliness and system will
have upon the larger community rapidly gathering about
it. Of course people should be free to go up or to go down.
Will they be injured by the opportunity of seeing how much
pleasanter it is to go up than to go down ?"

The Rise of the Pullman Company.
In an article written December, 1892, by Mr. C. W.
Tyler of the New York World, contains, with much other
interesting matter, the following statement by Mr. Pull
man himself of the beginnings and the growth of Pullman's
Palace Car Company; Mr. Pullman's Own Story.
"I had thought of sleeping cars before riding over in
one from Buffalo to Westfield ; had talked with Mr. Ben
Field at my home in Albion, N. Y. , about them. Mr. Field
was a member of the New York Assembly. When I came
out here to Chicago in 1859 to take a contract for raising
the level of the streets the matter was still in my mind. I
had not yet fixed upon what should be my life work. I was
not and am not a, mechanic, but that night while riding
over in the sleeping car to Westfield I was thinking about

Appendix. 21
how the car might be improved. I believe we come there
to what may be called the key to whatever success there
has been. The object always has been to make something
better than has been made before. I concentrated my
efforts on that and let money-getting follow in due course.
I rented a shop here and employed a, master mechanic and
a number of workmen to put into form and fact some of the
improvements I had in mind— improvements over the cars
then in vogue. I was never quite satisfied with anything,
but always looked forward to doing something better.
Finally a sixteen-wheel car was built. That was a great
innovation, and was really a radical step forward toward
the development which has since come in the ideas and
methods of building Pullman cars. This car was put on
the Alton road. It was known then as Car A. We desig
nated them by letters at that time, but as we now have
something like 2,500 cars running, you see the alphabet did
not go very far in the way of furnishing names.
His First Cars.
"Car A attracted a good deal of attention. Mr. James
F. Joy, President of the Michigan Central road, spoke about
putting such cars on his line, and four more were built,
making them better always than those which had gone be
fore, and proportionately more expensive. The Pioneer, for
instance, cost $18,000, The new cars cost $24,000 each, a
very decided advance over the old ears which preceded the
Pioneer, and which cost about $4,000. When it came to run
ning these new cars it was evident it would be impossible to
sell berths in a car that cost $24,000 at the old rate of $1.50.
When Mr. Joy was told this he did not fall in with the idea.
He could not afford, he said, to run cars for which a higher
price was asked per berth than on competing lines. It
would divert travel from his road. He was quite firmly set
in this opinion. I asked him if he had taken into consider
ation that the very fact that an extra price was charged on
his road, and that he had cars which, in their superiorty and
comfort warranted it, might be in itself an inducement to
people to travel over that line, where they would get the
best accommodation. There is a great deal in that when

22 Appendix.
you think of it. We finally compromised the matler by
putting the $1.50 a berth car on the same train with the cars
for which $2 a berth was charged. The consequence was
that the higher priced cars were filled every night and the
overflow put into the cheaper car, which caused so much
grumbling that the cheaper car was ultimately withdrawn.
I mention this circumstance because it illustrates another
principle upon which I have always acted, and that is that
the people are always willing to pay for the best, provided
they get the worth of their money. Having an abiding
faith in this fundamental fact I have always gone on striv
ing to do something better, endeavoring always to improve
upon the best, with a perfect confidence that the financial
returns would look out for themselves. I think I may add,
too, that in addition to the satisfaction that the financial re
turns have given, there is the still further satisfaction that
the Pullman cars have contributed some proportion, at
least, to the general progress, and that the people are prob
ably enjoying more comfort and more safety to life and
limb than, perhaps, they would have done without my
efforts. There is no intention to speak sentimentally of a
purely business enterprise, yet I am sure the satisfaction of
seeing one of our cars filled with passengers, and knowing
that they are safer and more comfortable than they would
have been had I not worked to some purpose, and the pleas
ure that comes from this source is, I think, not wholly selfish.
No Backing and Much Opposition.
"There was no one back of me. in the early days. To
be sure, there was no going around asking people to take
stock in the enterprise. Yet the enterprise was criticised.
People believed in sleeping cars, of course, but they believed
each railroad company would eventually build and operate
its own cars. The plan that one firm or one corporation
should build and operate cars over the greater part of the
railway system of the country was considered chimerical.
Such an enterprise would depend upon contracts, and an
investment in contingent contracts, or even upon actual,
although necessarily limited, contracts, was considered un-

Appendix. 23
sound. Suppose anticipated contracts did not become facts
suppose existing contracts were not renewed.
"The trouble was, people had not then grasped the idea
of continuous long runs over different roads. The advan
tages since demonstrated of one service, harmoniously with
out break, and with uniform methods, precision and atten
tion to detail, over groups of railway systems, and so cover
ing great stretches of territory, had not impressed itself at
that time with sufficient distinctness on people's minds.
The Refining Influence of Pullman Cars.
"The failure of people who, perhaps, did not give deep
study to the matter to take in this point caused them to
have little confidence that the enterprise had sufficient
vitality in its infancy to carry it to anything like a vigorous
maturity. Then the very method adapted to give it health
and enduring strength — the method of having at the outset
the sing'le purpose of constant improvement, of constant
bettering of what had gone before, was taken as the base of
prediction of failure. ;0h, Pullman is too extravagant,'
they said; 'he goes to useless expense in equipment and
ornamentation. He is too lavish by far to develop a paying
enterprise.' Putting carpets on the floors of the cars, for
instance, was considered a very useless piece of extrava
gance, and putting clean sheets and pillow-cases on the
beds was even more an absurdity in the minds of many.
They said men would get in between the sheets with their
boots on. But they did not. So it was with the more elab
orate and costly ornamentation and upholstery which has
been steadily developed. It was criticised, as were the first
innovations, as useless extravagsnce — a waste of money on
things which passengers would only destroy. It has not
proved to be the case. I have always held that people are
icrv greatly influenced by their physical surroundings.
Take the roughest man, a man whose lines have always
brought him into the coarsest and poorest surroundings, and
bring him into a room elegantly carpeted and furnished and
the effect upon his bearing is immediate. The more ar
tistic and refined the mere external surroundings, in other
words, the better and more refined the man. This goes

24

Appendix.

further than the mere fact that people will be more careful
in a beautifully decorated, upholstered and carpeted sleep
ing car than they would were not such surroundings above
them. It goes, when carried out under other conditions, to
the more important matter of a man's productive powers
and general usefulness to himself and society.
" In going into this enterprise, and after having fully
committed myself to it as my life work, it was neyer from
the start the idea to realize a quick fortune. I had never
the thought of going into any stock-watering operations
and selling out. On the lines laid down, and with a strict
adherance to those lines, it seemed clear to me that there
was perfect safety in following them out to their conclu
sion, and that the financial part would take care of itself."

The Pride of Pullman.

OPENING OF THE THEATRE.

The completion of the Arcade Theatre at Pullman
made nearly perfect that ideal city, where the useful and
the beautiful are so harmoniously brought together as to
blend in a bright picture such as many people have dreamed
of, but never before seen realized. The opening of this
beautiful place of amusement furnishes to the inhabitants
of Lhe town a place of recreation in keeping with their sur
roundings. It fills the one vacancy that remained after
the workshop, the home, the school, the church and the
library had taken their places in the picture, and it needed
but the brilliant company of Chicago's first society people
who attended the formal opening last night to give to Pull
man a, place in social events second to few cities in the
country. Mr. and Mrs. George M. Pullman issued three hundred
invitations to their social friends to attend this opening, and
at 7 o'clock last night a train of bright new cars stood on
the track at the Illinois Central depot to carry these visitors
to the suburb christened with his own name. There were
six palace cars of the latest design, just from the shops, Mr.

Appendix. 25
Pullman's private car and a baggage car in the train, and
shortly after 7 o'clock these were all filled with elegantly
dressed ladies and white-cravated gentleman, the whole
presenting a scene that rivaled the drawing-rooms of the
palace homes when they are thrown open to the guests on
grand occasions. This train, beautiful without and elegant
within, furnished with the loveliness of a great city, rolled
out of the dingy old depot into the storm, but there was all
gayety on board and none heeded the howling wind and
driving snow. At the home of Mr. Pullman, near Eighteenth
street, a halt was made, where Mr. and Mrs. Pullman and
daughters, with a large party of guests, joined those already
enjoying his hospitality on the train. The family were
escorted to his private car, where they received many
friends during the journey. At Twenty-second street
another stop was made and the party was further added to
by quite a company of prominent South Side people. No
more halts were made until the palace train rolled into
Pullman and stopped just opposite the Arcade building, and
but a few hundred feet to the entrance of the theatre. An
awning covered the way and a platform spread with rich
carpet furnished an attractive and comfortable means of
reaching the place of destination, while a band of music
welcomed them. A calcium light stood at the entrance to
this covered way. The Guests.
Among Mr. Pullman's guests on the special train were :
Messrs. and Mesdames Wirt Dexter, Wm. Penn Nixon, O. W.
Potter, Murray Nelson, E. T. Jeffery, W. W. Kimball, C. M.
Henderson, George Armour, Gen. P. H. Sheridan, Thos.
Hoyne, Col. M. V. Sheridan, H. Field, N. K. Fairbank, J.
McGregor Adams, T. B. Blackstone, J. W. Doane, Alfred
Cowles, Lyman Trumbull, George L. Dunlap, C. B. Farwell,
Marshall Field, Col. Huntington W. Jackson, 0. S. A.
Sprague, A. B. Pullman, S. G. Field, Geo. F. Brown, Prof.
and Miss Swing, Mr. and Mrs. M. C. Sanger, Mrs. H. O.
Stone, the Misses Pullman, Doane, Brooks, Parkes, of' New
York ; Emma Wadsworth, the Misses Campbell, Fannie
Cowles, Fannie Doane, Kitty Arnold, Jenny King, Nellie

26 Appendix.
Hibbard, Rose Buckingham, and Misses Frances Keep, Alice
Keep, Lizzie Isham, the Misses Jones, Miss Rucker, Fannie
Matthews, Laura Kimball, Mae Kimball, Miss Wells, Mrs.
Lucy D. Fake, Mrs. Amos T. Hall, Mrs. Ludington, Messrs.
Wirt Walker, Fred. Keep, Alonzo Page, Mr. Brunswick, the
French Consul ; Gen. Anson Stager, Isaac N. Arnold, Nor
man Williams, Samuel W. Allerton, John B. Drake, L. J.
Gage, J. Russell Jones, John Crerar, Jr. ; Hon. O. A.
Lochrane. The Theater.
It was 8 o'clock when the company arrived, and, when
wraps had been laid aside in the elegantly-appointed cloak
room, and the ladies and gentlemen had taken their seats,
not according to checks, but in groups and parties as they
pleased, the theater had an audience such as has not been
seen on " first night " even in Chicago.
The theater is modeled after the Madison Square theater
of New York, and has all the appointments of the modern
first-class play-house. It is not large, but while it is cozy,
there is no appearance of crowding the audience together.
The main double boxes were thrown together to accom
modate parties of seven or eight, and the one on the right
was occupied by Mr. Pullman and family, while that on the
left was occupied by General Sheridan and wife and a party
of friends. The seating of invited guests was admirably arranged.
Mr. Pullman purchased 300 seats in the body of the house,
and reserved them and the boxes for his guests. These
tickets were distributed, but the ushers were told to pay no
attention to checks, but to give parties seats together as
they desired.
The whole of the orchestra and several rows of the dress
circle were thus occupied, and with friends together chat
ting and laughing when their attention was not directed to
the stage, it gave a warmth and
Air or Sociability
to the house that is rarely seen in a public place of amuse
ment. All the remainder of the house was occupied by

Appendix.

27

residents of Pullman or those who had purchased tickets to
witness this brilliant "first night."
It was 8:30 when the audience was .seated. A few
minutes after the curtain rose, and there was a good repre
sentation of the dramatis persona? of the great drama, Chi
cago — a score of the men who have played leading parts in
Chicago's past and present, seated on the stage. Mr. George
M. Pullman, the host, sat in the center, and on his right
were Hon. Stewart L. Woodford, Marshall Field, Judge
Lyman Trumbull, Norman Williams, Hon. C. B. Farwell,
0. W. Potter, T. B. Blackstone, Hon. N. K. Fairbank and J.
Russell Jones, while on the left were Gen. P. H. Sheridan,
John Crerar, Lyman J. Gage, Hon J. W. Doane, Prof.
David Swing, Judge 0. A. Lochrane, Edson Keith and B. H.
Campbell. As the audience saw this strong company of
players in everyday life there was loud applause.
Mr. Pullman's Greeting.
When the applause had subsided Mr. Geo. M. Pullman
stepped to the front and said:
Ladies and Gentlemen:
In behalf of my associates and myself, I desire to say
that we feel extremely gratified by the presence of this
large audience, comprising so many distinguished people,
assembled in honor of this opening.
I am very happy to announce the presence with us
to-night of a gentleman of national reputation, who has
generously consented to make a brief address upon topics
suggested by this occasion. It affords me great pleasure to
introduce to you the Hon. Stewart L. Woodford, of New
York. LApplause-] THE ADDRESS.
The Hon. Stewart L. Woodford was received with loud
and loug-continued applause. He said:
Ladies and Gentlemen; Entire frankness is, I am
sure, the best policy for me to-night. Although our gener
ous host asked me to come a thousand miles to be with you
at this christening of a city, I was still very g-lad to accept.
I had read much of Pullman; I had heard much of its pur-j
pose, and I wanted to know something of the method and

28 Appendix.
scope of what was being done here. I wished to see and
study it for myself, with my own eyes, and on the spot. I
fancied that a few candid, earnest words of sympathy and
good wishes might justify my being here.
« But I have found so much more than I had hoped to
find; so much more has been done than I expected; so much
more is here than I had even dreamed possible, that I must
frankly say, had I formed any just idea of what Pullman
really is, I would not have come, but should have left these
words of welcome and benediction to be spoken by some
one else more fitly.
It was Sunday when I reached this factory town. I
strolled through its streets and by its shops, into its church,
arcade and library. All was quiet, orderly and restful.
Yesterday I came again. The town was then at work; it
was full of labor; full of energy; rich in accomplishing re
sults; richer far in the prophecy of a sure future. [Ap
plause.] " It is just possible that you, who come to-night as vis
itors from Chicago ; that even you who live and work here,
and are thus most familiar with its form, have not as yet
comprehended what this town of Pullman really is and
what it really means. Pardon such frank speaking. But
right under your eyes there is being worked out a sum in
practical business and in business-like liberality, which, if
successful, is to demonstrate the money value of the golden
i rule. To me, Pullman proves in hard, practical dollars and
cents that it pays to love your neighbor as yourself. I step"
ped from the cars. Beauty, grace, art met me on every
hand. I had seen landscape gardening elsewhere. Here
was also architectural gardening. Eye and taste were at
once content and glad.
I went into the great workshops, and, lo ! beautiful was
subordinate to use. There was order, there was symmetry,
there was honest labor efficiently at work. This is the
marvel of organizing genius — to create and use great power,
and yet never to forget the necessity and utility and beauty
of perfect accuracy in the most minute detail. So Nature
works. So works the best human brain when it does the
best thing" either in coarsest production or in most delicate

Appendix. 29
art. Nature is ever strong, yet nature never neglects
either detail or beauty. With giant force she- heaves the
tides in resistless flood, and yet with most exquisite
tints she paints the shell that her waves toss up at play and
leave as loving gift upon the shore.
From house and home I went to the market. From the
market to the stores. From stores to play-grounds, boat-
course, to school and church; from church to library, arcade
and theater, and nowhere did I find gaming-table, bar-room,
or brothel. [Applause.] Everywhere is utility, order, g
cleanliness and beauty. These are the silent teachers that
minister to eye, to heart, to brain. They must make men
live more cleanly lives within as well as without. They
must help children, women and men to grow into sweeter,
whiter, nobler and more productive manhood. [Applause.]
"As I saw these things I asked myself: 'How has this
come ? Rather — for I fancy that things seldom come — how
has th is been done ? '
There was place ; there was business need ; there was
also sufficient capital to do the required thing, when it had
been intelligently demonstrated that the effort would pay
as well in dollars and cents as in the larger and better and
more enduring results of happier and better manhood.
But place, and need, and money would have been
powerless had not the brain, the vision, the will and the
courage been found. In a word, there were the conditions
of just such an effort and just such a result, and the man
alone was needed. And he was there. He is here. You
know him as your neighbor. You love him as your friend.
[Loud Applause.] You speak his name and you have chris
tened the town. [Applause.]
So if it was wise to secure cheaper houses for the men, 9
it was even wiser to secure better houses, so that the wife
and child should be happier during the day, and the man
happier when he comes home at night tired and needing
rest for eye and heart, as well as body. The dirty tenement
and the unwashed and uncombed wife and the dirty and
unkempt children drive men from home to groggery and
saloon. The flower in the pathway; the tree by the side
walk; the church spire; the lighted and warm and graceful

30 Appendix.
arcade; the reading-room and library; the ball ground; the
boat course, and the theater are worth all they cost in dol
lars and cents that they will certainly return. They will
pay, I know they will pay, because they will help the work
ing people of Pullman to grow upward as God meant that
labor should grow, and not downward as capital, tempted
by the devil of selfishness and greed, has so often compelled
labor to grovel and debase itself. [Long and hearty ap
plause.] Then if beauty and cleanliness, and recreation and cul
ture counted in securing just money returns, the next step
was naturally to provide honest shops and stores for sale of
honest food at honest prices; schools for children; churches
for those who would worship ; play grounds for athletic
sports; boat tracks, books for those who would read, and the
theater for such as felt need of such recreation. As I have
already said, it all pays and will pay. [Applause.] Men
must play! Men will play! They must have, and will have,
rest and recreation. They will have it in virtuous forms
and under virtuous conditions, or they will get it under
vicious forms and under vicious conditions. [Applause.]
When I think of the suffering that is kept from the
women and children of this factory town by the absence of
the groggery and the gin-mill, I know that the mothers and
the little ones in many a small, clean tenement are to-night
blessing the loving heart and wise brain and resolute pur
pose that made such homes possible for the working people
here in Pullman. [Long applause.]
But to go back. All this chance for manly sport and
healthful recreation for body and brain are not given as
charity, but are wisely and justly furnished to all who need
and will pay fair prices for fair enjoyment. So the whole
is done from no false philanthropy, with no suggestion of
sickly charity, but on the square and business-like basis
that there is a commercial value in beauty, and that fair
and generous dealing with your brother man earns and will
pay good interest. Thus the old argument of the schools is
answered. The useful is beautiful. The truly beautiful is
and must be useful. Capital does not here seek to rob
labor. Nor does it seek to coddle and emasculate and

Appendix. 31
pauperize labor. Labor does not here seek to cheat capital,
or to steal from it, or borrow from it, or beg from it. Labor
earns its own wages ; pays its own way. and respects itself.
[Applause.] These, as they seem to me, are some few of the reasons
why it was very wise to build Pullman, and try this great
experiment under such fair and broad conditions.
But what of the future ? Whither does this effort lead ?
I do not dream that the millennium is about to dawn
even at Pullman. It will be strange if the serpent does not
hiss even under the rose leaves of this Eden. Strange if
there is not still a fib on the lip of some Eve, and cowardice
in the heart of some Adam even here. But here there is at
least a fair, earnest effort to adjust and equalize the condi
tions between labor and capital. [Applause.]
As I have walked these streets and looked upon these
homes, I have recalled the factory and mining towns as I
saw them in Italy, and France, and Germany, and Belgium,
and England.
Thus recalling what I have seen elsewhere, I have said,
all honor to the loving heart and strong, wise brain which
here demonstrate, so that the coldest may feel and the
blindest may see, that the true, essential and enduring in
terests of capital and labor are forever one. [Applause.]
When I earn one dollar and save therefrom ten cents, I
am just that far and to that extent a member of the capi
talist class. Capital is only the difference between what
labor earns and what labor spends. That saving, wherever
it may be invested, in shop or savings bank, is allied to the
great millions of the business world. It runs into them
and blends with them, just as the mountain rivulet runs
into the sea. Let it be the part of wise capital to know and
to act on the knowledge that precisely as the sea must give
back its water to the mountain spring through absorption,
cloud and returning rainfall, so capital must return its
strength and sustenance to labor. Otherwise capital itself
would be dried up and disappear.
Thus I answer that the reasonable expectation is, and I
think the sure and certain result must be, that this effort,
if bravely continued and wisely controlled, must be success-

32 Appendix.
ful. It will help the laborer. It will help the capitalist.
The corporation and the working people must be alike ben
efited. Just as surely as the beginning was wise, the end
will be beneficent. This is not an experiment. The idea
was involved in that first idea of beauty and harmony sub
servient to use and comfort, to answer which the Pullman
Palace Car was built. In 1863 or 1864 they were put in use.
And just as surely as they wheeled their way at once into
being a necessity and proved themselves a wise investment,
just so surely this experiment of a factory town, where
beauty, books, art and culture a.dorn labor and lighten its
burdens and increase its joys, is already an accomplished
and demonstrated success. It is no longer an experiment.
It is a proved result. [Applause.]
To what does it lead? I can keep you no longer by
what must at the best be only brief analysis and unsatis
factory suggestion. Shall men be manlier for this brave
effort? Shall women be sweeter and kindlier? Shall chil
dren be more hopeful and more aspiring? Schools shall
here culture and teach. Churches shall lift the people up
by simpler faith and broader and more Christ-like charity.
Books shall broaden and art shall develop. Men must thus
be manlier and better, for
" Man, though he beareth the brand of sin.
And the flesh and the devil have bound him,
I Lit li a spirit within, to old Eden akin,
Only nurture up Eden around him."
Pullman will build cars, and will teem with manifold
production. Labor will earn fair wages and capital will get
generous returns. But better than factory, and richer than
material production ; sweeter than flowers and more beauti
ful than theater, or library, or church, shall be the manhood
that will be developed here. [Long and hearty applause.]
Greeting the Host and Hostess.
As the eloquent speaker thus closed his address and the
curtain descended, the audience again gave expression to
their appreciation by a vigorous clapping of hands.
Again the sociabilities were renewed, and gentlemen
visited their lady friends in other parts of the house, or paid
their respects to the host and hostess in the right-hand box.

Appendix. 33
The Play — The Theater.
It was 9 o'clock when the curtain again rose and the
beautiful play " Esmeralda " was presented by the excellent
cast of the Madison Square Company. The play with all its
suggestions and pictures of homely life so foreign to the
surroundings of those in the audience, was none the less
enjoyed because of the difference in station between the old
North Carolina farmer, the timid and unlettered lover, and
the representatives of wealth to whom they appealed.
The play has so recently been produced in Chicago by
the same company, and fully commented upon in the
dramatic columns of newspapers, that it would be but repeti
tion of words of commendation for author, dramatist and
actors to speak of it again in this place. It might be well
to state, however, that the stage settings were rich in new
scenery painted especially for the production of this play,
and Mr. Frohman, manager of the Madison Square Com
pany, says the whole stage belongings are as complete and
perfect as any other theater in the country. Labor, ex
pense, and experience have not been spared to make this a
model theater, and the result shows that Mr. Pullman has
carried this idea out in every detail, from the elegantly fur
nished cloak and toilet rooms to the stage settings and the
seating arrangement of the auditorium. It may also be
stated that Mr. Pullman will retain the control of the thea
ter himself, and every performance will be first-class in
every particular. No questionable performance, and no
company of secondary merit will be allowed on the stage.
The theater will be a model of its kind, as is everything
about the little city where it finds home. It will seek to
cultivate the very highest standard of dramatic art, and the
people are assured that they need never fear for the teach
ing it gives the young of Pullman.
Luncheon and Home.
Upon entering the cars to return home the party found
tables spread with an elegant collation, and the trip into the
city was rendered most enjoyable in every way. The unan
imous verdict of every one was that the party was, without
exception, the largest, most elegant, and successful theater
party that had ever been given.

34 Appendix.
The Opening of the Library.

PROFESSOR DAVID SWING'S ADDRESS.
Notwithstanding the bad weather, a large number of
Chicago people went on the special train that left here at 7
o'clock Tuesday evening to attend the dedication of the new
public library at Pullman, and the entertainment given at
the Arcade Theatre for the benefit of the Library Fund.
Mr. Pullman's Gift.
Prof. Swing opened the dedicatory exercises by reading
from the stage a document, signed by Mr. Pullman, making
the conveyance of a long list of books, periodicals, etc. — in
number 5,100 — to the Pullman Public Library, as follows:
I, George M. Pullman, of Chicago, Cook County, 111., in considera
tion of the fact that the moral and intellectual growth of any community
promotes and advances not only all of its material interests, but all the
forms of human welfare, do hereby give, grant, transfer, and set over
unto the Pullman Public Library, a corporation created and existing
under and by virtue of the laws of the State of Illinois, the following
named books, publications and periodicals, to wit : [Here comes the
list of books.] To have and to hold the same, unto the said Pullman
Public Library and its successors forever.
In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, at Chica
go, this 10th day of April, A. D. 1883. George M. Pullman,
Prof. Swing' Address.
Prof. Swing then delivered the following highly interest
ing address :
The Town of Pullman possesses an interest above and
beyond that of railroads and wheels. It stands related to
the question how cities should be built and in general how
man should live. Young as this village is, it is answering
rapidly some inquiries over which wise men have pondered
from Plato to Robert Owen.
The first enemy of Chicago lay in the fact that it was
for years unexpected. There were no capitalists or philan
thropists present fifty years ago to foresee and shape its
future. Instead of rising up out of any creative thought it
came together as a bunch of oysters form on a rock, or of
that mixture of shell and mud and seaweed with which

Appendix. 35
barnacles form on the bottom of a ship. Chicago grew like
a modern woman's crazy quilt. As a final result the harbor
for ships is all over town, every wagon and every footman
is stopped by a bridge, the railway stations are in all parts
of the corporation, the streets are paved to-day to be torn
up to-morrow for a gaspipe, repaved to be disturbed for a
water-main, repaved to be torn up for a sewer, repaved once
more in time for the City Surveyor to come along and raise
the whole grade.
Following this law of chaos, the saloon became as wel
come as the school house, and the church-goer and the man
anxious for his Sunday morning drink now walk together,
thus making the stranger from the rural district uncertain
whether the crowd is moving toward a free lunch or a sanc
tuary. The architectural plans are a continuation of the
discord. A fine stone residence often enjoys the presence of
a grocery on its right hand and a wood yard on its left ; in
front of it is the police station ; on its rear a, smoking fac
tory. Nor is there a front line which determines how far
the residents upon a certain street shall or may come for
ward with their brick and mortar. Much is left to the will
of one's neighbor, and when ten men have agreed upon hav
ing front yards, the eleventh man agrees upon having no
front yard, and he builds out to the sidewalk, and goes to
the country for flowers and grass.
The new town of Pullman illustrates the value of
thought and taste in the building of a city or village.
Could Chicago only have foreseen itself and have passed
into the hands of some master mind or building committee,
or corporation, in 1835, it would now surpass iu neatness
and wealth and beauty Paris or Brussels. Its want of plan
has been an expensive fact, since it has made the work of
destruction as constant as that of construction. It stands
for all the great cities of the land.
Coming out to Pullman to-night a, sense of harmony
comes to all our hearts. Each detail in its proper place and
proper proportion. The buildings for labor are not joined
to the fireside. Home, and shop, and church, and opera,
house, and library, and railway station are where each
should be, and, instead of making a discord, they verify to

36 Appendix.
the full the definition of him who said that "architecture is
frozen music." Here the stores are as numerous as the
population demands ; the churches pay some regard to the
souls which need transportation from sin to goodness ; the
theater is adapted to the number of those who need hours
of laughter and sentiment ; the library fits the community
as neatly as the glove the hand of the lady ; even that
strange invention of man in his estate of sin and misery —
" the saloon "—is subjected to the eternal fitness of things,
and, inasmuch as a community, however large, needs no
saloon at all, that is the number laid out by the thoughtful
architect and built by the company. It receives its due
proportion of time and money.
But the material symmetry of this new city is only the
outward emblem of a moral unity among the inhabitants.
It has been long known that unity is not an endless repeti
tion of all qualities, not a perfect sameness, but it is a re
semblance in some great particulars. Unity is ccmmon
bond of interest and feeling — a bond, great enough to hold
men together, but not strong enough to cramp human
nature in any of its honorable departments. The Brook
Farm was based upon certain conditions of human nature.
The members of that community had to think alike and
believe alike, and had the organization been able to survive
a strain of wounded manhood it would have produced a
group of machines. It was an effort to make a thousand
persons resemble each other just as a thousand plaster casts
of Garfield or Lincoln look like the first image taken from
the mold. The Brook Farm was literally blown to pieces
by the explosive elements in different souls. Each member
returned to Boston or his native town to find personal
identity once more. He or she longed to be self again.
The experiment at New Harmony, Ind., under the lead
of Robert Owen, was based upon an assumed identity of
men. It hastened to its end.
The moral quality or basis of Pullman is not abstract
philosophy or socialism like that of Brook Farm or New
Harmony, but it is common sense of the highest and best
order. Industry and economy, and comfort, are the founda
tion stones of this latest and wisest experiment. Under tne

Appendix.

37

new Rugby of Tennessee there lies no well-defined industry
and no form of economy. The population is part idler, part
dreamer, part laborer, part wise, and part foolish. No bet-a
ter foundations can be laid than those under the Town of
Pullman — industry, sobriety, economy. Here exists for each
family a visible means of support. Industry will always
surpass philosophy as the basis of welfare. It was the bane
of the Middle Ages that they had more philosophy than
science, more thought than work, more premises and con-
elusions than plows and engines and wheels. The greatest
men discussed the next world — the poorer classes starved to
death rapidly in this. Learned men examined into the na
ture of the soul while their women plowed the ground with
a crooked stick. Wise is the age that bases society upon
industry and economy and uprightness of life Abstract
thought is good for souls that have no body.
It is asked whether these companies can endure the
taxation such comforts for the workmen bring? Yes, where
a company earns a surplus it may, and generally must put
away large sums where only a lower rate of interest must
be expected. English surplus sums yield 3 or 4 per cent
To employ extra capital in building decent villages for
humanity is as wise as it is new and beautiful. A great rail
way magnate put away $60,000,000 in 4 per cent, bonds be
cause he did not know of such a thing as building towns for
the people. But a man's mind or heart is eclipsed when he
can put his surplus into government bonds. To have inter
est coming in from a vault should make a man feel related
to a graveyard. Government bonds should all be held by
orphans and widows, and invalids and servants. The full-
grown man would rather have his money out where the sun
can shine on it, and where some one can sit down in it or by
it. Give me a handful of 4 per cents and a pair of scissors,
and I will buy Texas land, where the trees, and grass, and
grain and cattle will do good to look at while they are mak
ing money. One of the humiliating spectacles of the age is
to see a full-grown man cutting coupons off of a bond.
Better far have an opera house, or a shop, or a villag-e.
Money in a bond is the end of all thought and sentiment. It
is to be hoped that no Chicago capitalist will ever mentally

38 Appendix.
sink to the level of a United States bond. Four per cent.
cottages are a nobler investment.
As a second partial answer it may be said that beauty
does not cost much more than deformity. Houses built by
a wise architect cost no more than houses built by a simple
ton. A neat, good house will go ten years without repair.
Houses built on a line cost no more than houses on the
crazy-quilt plan. It is not more expensive to have 500 per
sons go to one church than to have them go to ten different
churches. No money is saved by having a church surrounded
by wood piles or livery stables. A house with a few flowers
in front will rent as well as though it had a ton of garbage
and ashes at its doorstep. The stores in the Arcade are just
as profitable and pleasant as they would be were the mud
six inches deep in front of them and your umbrella inverted
by the wind. Except in parts of Chicago, the time has
passed by for having the pig pen in front of the house. No
money is lost by leading the pig to the rear.
The man who first said " cheap as dirt " should have
been slain for corrupting the public. The public need no
persuading in that direction. "Dirt is expensive." It will
not bring the money and happiness cleanliness and beauty
will bring. A thing of beauty is not only a joy forever, but
it is a perpetual income. All harmony, and symmetry, and
unity are conservative. If the wheel of a car or locomotive
does not run truly the axle heats, and will, if let alone, burn
up the train. Nature hates discord. When the wheels of a
city government run falsely, the car of progress must stop.
The harmony of this town will be its source of wealth, and
health and happiness.
The beautiful library room, with its 5,000 volumes, is
one more detail in this collection of things useful and noble.
Can a business firm afford to furnish libraries for artisans?
There are two answers to this inquiry. Yes, great employ
ers can afford to be kind to their men. They can not afford
to build up self at the cost of the workmen. The happiness
of the workmen will in a higher state of society make up
the happiness of the employers. Peter Cooper took care
of his men when the days were cioudy; A. T. Stewart
ground his to powder when even the days were bright. This

Appendix. 39
is the general answer, but in this particular case, which calls
us here tonight, the 5,000 volumes came from George M.
Pullman himself. What a country shall we have when such
an example shall be initiated in all parts of the land! There
is nothing inexplicable or mysterious in the gold thus ap
plied by the founder of this library; but should this gentle
man give a Vanderbilt ball we might well be amazed, for
there a hundred thousand dollars, less or more, were lav
ished upon the last point between something aud nothing.
All the scene was transient as the flowers of the evening.
Such pageants should come but rarely into our -world, and,
indeed, they are fading away. They were frequent in Rome
in times of war and plunder, but, as reason advances, such
applications of money and labor decline. WTe hope the rich
men of the West will always prefer libraries, and parks, and
drives, and lakes, and music temples, and even good thea
ters to the perishable display of a ball room.
These remarks must here end to make room for an hour
of more interest. As a clergyman, I have in former years
helped dedicate churches to the worship of the Infinite
Father. Our task tonight is similar in import. A library of
good books is almost as sacred as a sanctuary. Here the
mind and heart will be allured away from sin and tempta
tion. Here, in half-hours, away from the noise of wheels
and amid pure and beautiful associations, the reader will
soon feel the greatness of the world and of man, and will
reach some realization of the duties and even glory of life.
The gentleman who gave these volumes, and who has been
the soul of this new alliance between capital and labor, has
among the many good works of his life done no one act
more useful or attractive than this last act recorded in these
many books. I thank him not only in the name of the «
grateful citizens of Pullman, but in the name of those good
and kind beings in the outer circle who love to see the un
folding leaves and blossoms of a better civilization.

INDEX

Page.
Arcade  7, 8, 9, Appendix 28
Arcade Theatre  11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 103, App. 24, 25, 26, 33
Art  14, 15, 19, 26, 107, 122, App. 8
Allen Paper Wheels  20
Athletic Association  25, 26, 109, 110
Alleys  104
Athletic Sports  25, 26
American-born Operatives  35
Accidents  26
Architecture  7, 26, App. 6, 38
Amusements  14, 25, 26, 109, 110, App. 24
Bachelors  3
Band  145,161
Bank  27
Baseball  25, 151
Blacksmith Shops  28
Basements  50, 104, 105, 106, 178
Brakes  192
Belting  28, 43
Benefactions  4, 5
Berlin  8
Bibliography  28, 29
Brickyards  29, 30, App. 12
Bolts  110, 153, 205 to 208
Blocks  30, 105
Boilers  20,44,45, 162
Bronze Work  61,110,171,175, 197
Boarding Houses  30
Botany  81, 94, 105
Boating  109
Bureau of Labor  3, 29, App. 3
Buildings  31,36, 37
Business Houses  9
Calumet Mfg. Co  150
Calumet Lake  31, 124, 199, 200
Canals  32, 124
Cars  33,58,71,92, 117, 137, 151 to 155, 187, App. 21
Calumet Region  5, 60, 145
Car Shops  145, App. f, 6, 18

Index. Page.
Casino  33
Catholic Church. See Churches.
Car-heating  187 to 193
Capital and Labor  App. 10, 11, 17, 30, 31, 32, 37
CalumetEiver  32, 33, 124, 145, App. 4
Carving  70,142, 154
Clay  30, 98, 100
Cemeteries  33
Census  33,34,35, 143
Clergymen. See Churches and App  19
Chicago  5, 13, 36, 37, 38, 95, 100, 102, 110, 124, 144
Children's Work  38
Civilization  4, 18, 116 to 124, 112, 143, 144, 157, 181, 194, App. 11
City Building  4, App. 34, 35
Cricket  25,151
Cycling  25
Climate  38
CivilSociety  118, App. 19
Closets  105,106
Columbia Screw Works  38, 39, 40, 41
Courts  144
Corliss Engine  41, 42, 43, 44, 45
Crops on Farm  166
Churches  10, 33, 46, 47, 78, App. 28, 36
Clubs  26, 161
Drainage  50, 163
Draughting  152, 153, 169, App. 5, 18
Dredging  31, 32, 51
Dwellings  31, 51, 70, 104, App. 6, 8
Decoration  16, 17
Docks  51
Doctors  10, 51
Drop Forge Company 
Drop Scene in Theatre  16, 52, 53, 54, 55
Dutch Operatives  35
Earnings  27,54, 116 to 124, 146, 162, App. 15
Electric LightiDg  14, 58, 59, 86, 204
Electric Work  56, 61, 108, 154, 175, 204
Electro-plating  61 to 69, 153
Engines  41, 69
Engine, Corliss  41, 42, 43,44, 45
Essen  App. 3
Employes (See Operatives and Workmen)  10, App. 8, 14, 15, 16, 18
Employers  5, App. 15
Education (See Schools and Technical School)  70, 178 to 186, App. 18
Farm, Pullman  155, App. 7
Flats  70, 105, App. 7
Families  30, 33, 105
Factors of Wealth  116 to 124
Familstere  App. 3

Index. Page.
FreightCars  71,72,73,71,75,162
Fern wood  177
Field, Marshall  16
Fire Department  13,75,168,203
Flora  81,94, 105
Forgings  52,53,103,110,153,157
Foundry  193 to 198
Tae\  45,81, 93
Furnaces  53, 158, 207, 208
Gano  79
Garbage  93, 104
Glass  87 to 93, 153
Grand Crossing  176
Gas  10, 14, 31, 51, 82 to 86, 154, 191
Geology  94 to 102
Greenhouses  94
Greenstone Church   46, 47, 48
German Operatives  35
Halls  10, 103, 177
Hammer Shop  103
Hand Labor  116
Harper's Magazine  3, 29
Harbor  32,125
Health  103
See Sanitation, Sewerage.
Herald, Boston  29
Hennepin Canal  32, 33
History  34,41,77, 108, App. 5,21, 22, 24
Hotel Florence  108
Homes  5, 27, 35, 104, 105, 107, App. 6, 12, 16, 18, 20
Horses  104, 106, 108, 168, App. 8
Hospital  108
Houses  30, 31, 37, 38,51.70, 104, App. 6, 7, 18
See Dwellings, Tenements, Rents, Leases.
Island  25,109
Ideas, See Thought.
IceHouses  101,110
Iron  20, 28, 73, 103, 110, 156, 157, 158, 171, 177, 193 to 198, 205 to 208
Iron Machine Shop  110
Irish Operatives  35
Insurance  110
Industries  3, 4, 5, 52, 53, 58, App. 9, 18
Industrial Age  5, 116 to 124, 145
Industrial Competition  116 to 124
Journals  111,122,123
Kensington  79
Knitting Mills,  Ill to 116
Labor  4, 116, 117 to 124, 146, 173, 179, App. 10, 11, 15, 17, 31
LakeCalumet  31, 32, 124, 199, 200, App. 4 5
Lake Michigan  32, 124, 125, 199, 200, App. 4

Index. Page.
Lake Vista  125
Land Association  125
Laundry  126 to 133, App. 7
Leases  125, App. 7
Library  9, 10,28,70, 133, 134, 135, App. 18, 2d, 34, 38, 39
Linen  124,126
Living at Pullman  106, 126, App. 15, 19
Locomotives  159
Lodge Rooms. See Arcade and Market.
Lumber  74, 81, 135 to 141
Lumber Yards  136
Machinery, 20, 21, 29, 38, 39, 53, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 92, 110, 114, 115, 121, 128,
129, 130, 141, 142, 143, 144, 157, 174, 198, 206, 207.
Manufacturing, 5, 36, 37, 38, 39, 52, 53, 54, 55, 88, 111, 132, 141. 142, 157, 168
to 176, App. 6, 12.
Marble Works  141
Market Building  103, 177
Markets  8, 31, App. 29
Mechanical Industry  116 to 124, 127, 142
See Hand Labor and Technical School.
Melbourne  36
Mirrors  88, 89
Monumental Buildings  105, 162, App. 14, lg
Also Arcade School, Water Tower, Churches, Market, Etc.
Municipal  144
Music, See Band.
Nativity  35
Mew York  17, 36
Nursery, See Greenhouses.
Operatives  4, 5, 27, 28, 30, 35, 54, 108, 116 to 124, 156, 176, 178, App. 8, 19
See Workmen and Labor.
Other Cities  App. 3, 4, 36, 37
Oil  30, 81, 83, 85, 154, 191
Painting   15, 73, 145 to 151, 174
Paint Works  150
Parks  19, 103, 104, 105, 107, 125, 151, 161, App. 14, 18
Play Grounds  151
Passenger Cars  72,92, 136, 145 to 151, 152 to 155, 159
Passenger Car Shops  5, 125, 155, 162
Plays at Theatre  18, 19
See Theatre.
Paris  %  7
Paintings  15, 16, 17
Patterns  20
Pavements  151,159
Piping  50,86,162,164,165,187,188
Piece Wages  27,55, 146,155, 173, 187, 188, 205, App. 19
Philanthropy  App. 3,4, 14,17, 30
Prosperity Here  27
Professions  10, App. 19

Index. Page.
Police  144
Porter, Gen. Horace  09
.41,53, 69

Power.

Public Buildings  ,  19, 105, 107, App. 18
See Monumental Buildings.
Pullman Athletic Association. See Athletic Association.
Pullman Cars  5, 19, 33, 72, 190, App. 21, 23
Pullman, Mr. George M., 3, 4, 41, 133, 208, App. 3, 4, 8, 9, 16, 17, 20, 24, 27,
29, 34, 39, and frontispiece and throughout the volume.
Pullman, Miss Florence  42
Pullman Railroad  159
Pullman Band. See Band.
Pullman Farm  155, 164, 165, 166, App. 7
Pullman Iron and Steel Works  156, 157, 158
Pullman, Town of.... 4, 104, 144, 145, App. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, J7,
29, 35, and throughout the volume.
Pumps  202
Pullman Company  App. 20
Railroads  107, 152, 158, 159, 179
Recreation  14, 25, 26, App. 14, 18, 30
Regattas  25
Rents  31, 105, 106, 107. App. 7, 8
Roofing  154
Roseland  79,177
Saltaire  App. 4
Savings  27
Stables  104, 108, 168
Shafting  28, 43
San Francisco  36
Stage Scenery  13, 15. See Theater.
Standard Knitting Mills. See Knitting Mills.
Saloons  144, 161, App. 19, 30, 35
Sanitation  App. 15, 17, and the topics, Drainage, Sewerage and
Water.
Secret Societies  10, 26, 161
Steam Heating  10,31,81, 107, 108, 162, 163, 190
Streets  30, 103, 107, 159, 160, 161, App. 7, 18
Street Car Shops  150, 168 to 176
Streetcars  150, 168 to 176
ScrewWorks  38 to 41
Steel  5,135,136, 158
Sewerage  155, 163 to 168,204, App. 5, 18
Swedish Operatives  35
Skill and Its Value  116 to 124, 147, 182
Sidewalks  10, 109, 159, 161
Site of Pullman. See Geology  101, 102, 104, App. 4, 10
Swing, Rev. David  3, 28, App. 34
Scribner's Magazine  29
Soap  132, 133
Social Study  App. 4

Index. Page.
Schools  70, 178 to 186, App. 18, 32. See Education and Technical
School.
Society  181
Stores  7,31, App. 18, 38
Shops. See Car Shops.
South Chicago  5
Suburbs,  108, 176
Superintendents  121
Technical Schools  120, 121 , 178 to 186, App. 10
Tenements. See Houses, Dwellings, Leases, Rents, also page 125
and App. 7, 8.
Terra Cotta Works  79, 178
Theaters.... 11, 12, 13. See Arcade Theater.
Trees  91, 103, 105, 159, App. 14
Thoughts  4, App. 10, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34 to 39
Trucks  72, 135, 156, 175
Tyler, Mr. C. W  App. 20
Urban Population  143
Upholstering  14,125, 176
University  App. 10
Veneering  137
Vessels  51
Visitors  3
Voters  38
Wages  27, 54, 55, 153, App. 8
Warner, Charles Dudley  3, 29, App. 17
Wharves  32
Water  10, 31, 51, 125, 126, App. 18
Water Tower  199, 201 to 205
Waterworks  80,106,188, 199
Wagner Car Shops  34
Wheels  20 to 24, 110, 193, 194
Wood Machine Shop. See Lumber.
Woodford, Hon. Stewart L  3, 17, 29, App. 27
Workmen  4, 30, 33, 34, 103, 108, 130, 157, 161, 176, 178, 187, App. 8, 16.
See Operatives and Labor.
World, New York  29, App. 20
Women's World  6, 7

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