5

33ND OUgo

YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY Gift of

ARTHUR BLISS DAYTON

PICTURESQUE CUBA
in AND OUR NAVY

REPRODUCTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS
WITH GRAPHIC DESCRIPTIVE TEXT.

112 FULL-PAGE HALF-TONES (WITH A VERY FEW EXCEPTIONS,
FROM SPECIAL PHOTOGRAPHS).

CHICAGO
BELFORD, MIDDLEBROOK 8c CO.
MDCCCXCVIH

Copyright, 189S, by Belford, JIiddlebrook & Co.

Rand, McNally & Co., Printers,
Chicago, III.

INTRODUCTION— Cuba.

The West Indies comprise a chain of islands more than
two thousand miles long, encompassing the Caribbean Sea
on the east and north, and extending from the mouth of the
Orinoco, in South America, to the entrance of the Mexican
Gulf. One-third of this immense distance is covered by the
Windward and the Leeward islands, one-third by Porto Rico
and Hayti, while the remaining third is occupied by Cuba,
the largest and most considerable of the Antilles.
It would have been wonderful if Columbus had not dis
covered Cuba shortly after leaving the small island he had
first sighted in the Western Hemisphere. The natives there
had a tradition of a vast body of land stretching far away
toward the setting sun, and the great navigator concluded
that this could be no other than the object of his search —
the continent of Asia. It was scarcely possible for him to
miss Cuba. Its bold mountains are visible for miles at sea,
and the mariner sailing westward in this latitude has their
outlines on his horizon for days before reaching the Gulf of
Mexico. Columbus saw them one clear October morning
in 1492, and, landing, claimed possession for his sovereigns.
In twenty years the Spaniards had completely subjugated
the island and exterminated the natives. It was their first
secure possession in the New World — with Porto Rico it is
now their last. Of that splendid Western empire whose
treasures built the Escorial, equipped the Armada, and
marched an invincible infantry to battle-fields far beyond the
confines of the Peninsula, only these two islands remain
under Spanish rule — or misrule ; and one of them has
already cost more men and money than the English spent in
driving the French out of Spain.
If it is strange that Cuba did not seek independence when
the South American States and Mexico were asserting theirs
in arms, it is no less strange that Spain should have eventu
ally prized this island far above any possession on the main
land. It is worth while to note the economic and other con
ditions which explain these facts, as otherwise they may seem
anomalous. In Cuba, no aboriginal population survived to receive a
Spanish tincture and become assimilated, nor were there any
mines of precious metals to divert the attention of the first
colonists. The natives had been replaced by African slaves
able to endure the hardships of the plantations, and crops
for export yielded a surer, though less dazzling, wealth than
that which filled the visions of a Cortez, or stimulated the
efforts of a Pizarro. On the other hand, in Mexico and
South America, the early Spaniards were conquerors, not
colonizers, and they made it their business to amass and send
home the metallic wealth of their viceroyalties, rather than

to develop an agriculture less favored by location and cli
mate than that of the Antilles. As there was no occasion to
substitute African slaves for the aborigines, most of the
latter were suffered to live, and thus the bulk of the popula
tion was, and still is, of Indian blood. The descendants of
the conquerors and the conquered coalesced in tolerably
homogeneous nationalities, quite ready to declare their inde
pendence when Napoleon's seizure of Spain furnished the
opportunity. It was impossible for the home government to extort any
more riches from them. The galleons had carried beyond
the ocean the visible supply of bullion, and there was little
agriculture or commerce to provide another source of wealth.
Oppression bore its fruit after three centuries. The various
dependencies rebelled. Spain was too remote, too hard
pressed herself to send adequate reinforcements to her
viceroys, and her cruel flag was hauled down forever on the
American Continent.
The success of these revolts on the mainland changed the
commercial status of the islands at once, but did not affect
their loyalty to Spain. Ships which before had loaded silver
bars at Vera Cruz or Callao, now took aboard sugar and
tobacco at Havana. The European consumption of these
two commodities increased to such an extent that Cuba
could not meet the demand with her existing facilities for
production. Thousands of new haciendas were established,
and armies of slaves brought under subjection the additional
areas of virgin soil needed for cane and tobacco.
Not infrequently vessels cast anchor in the harbors
before their cargoes had been gathered from the fields! No
such scale of agricultural operations had ever been witnessed,
nor were any before so profitable. It seemed as if the
planters had made with Nature a compact like Peter
Schlemihl's with " the man in gray.'' Whatever their extrav
agances, an appeal to her bounty was always as effectual
as to empty the magic purse of Chamisso's story : the
squandered wealth was immediately renewed. But, not
withstanding this material prosperity, a vague unrest was
abroad in the island, and it was slowly changing into discon
tent. The Cubans were of Spanish race and loyal to Spain,
yet they were not intrusted with the management of the
island's affairs. Young men, educated in the foremost
institutions abroad, found themselves ineligible to positions
offered lavishly to Spaniards in favor with the court at Madrid.
Older men, possessing vast interests and unbounded social
influence, found themselves without a voice when measures
affecting the island's welfare were discussed. Their fore
fathers had reclaimed a wilderness; they cultivated the now

arable fields, but sojourning aliens controlled the wealth the
harvests yielded. This was bad enough, but when the
injustice of such appointments was made more aggravating
b)r the countenanced peculation of the appointees, it was
evident that Cuba, too, was ready for independence. It took
years to reach this condition. Successive captain-generals
with their hordes of satellites, had grown rich and returned
to Spain; enormous deficits in the Madrid exchequer had
been covered by loans saddled upon the revenues of the
island. Representation was a mockery, autonomy a dream.
Spain steadily refused to be warned by the example of the
South American States, or to be instructed by England's
experience with her colonies. It was not surprising that
" filibuster " ceased to be an opprobrious epithet except on
the lips of those whose abuses had provoked a special method
of redress ! If, in 185 1, the fate of Lopez and his associates
aroused in the United States only a passing sympathy, it can
not be said that the Virginius affair found us easy to placate
in 1873. Since the butchery of Captain Fry and his men,
the Cuban cause has received constant encouragement and
support in the United States. In the island, organized
resistance to Spanish authority had always been easily
crushed till 1868, when the insurrection assumed the propor
tions of a war — if the barbarities perpetrated allow the use
of so humane a word! For ten years that contest went on,
devastating the island from one end to the other. Thousands
of lives were sacrificed, and money was poured out like
water. The Peninsula was drained of its resources, the
island bristled with forts and block-houses, but in their
mountain fastnesses the insurgents defied all efforts to reduce
them. Finally, in 1878, a peace was agreed tipon which was,
properly speaking, an armistice. The abolition of slavery
in 1 880 came too late to conciliate a class ten years in arms.
Negroes who had so long made common cause with the white
Cubans against the despoilers, were not rendered less patri
otic by the tardy removal of personal disabilities. When
every pledge had been violated and every grievance revived,
shoulder to shoulder with the whites they took up arms
again in 1895, to do battle for Cuba's freedom.
To narrate the occurrences of these three terrible years
is beyond the scope of this Introduction. They have shown

that Cuba is not less worthy for having suffered so long.
However scanty the rewards of her heroism, her place in the
annals of freedom is secure.

Cuba's approximate geographical position is between the
parallels 200 and 23 ° of north latitude, and the meridians 74°
and 85" of longitude west from Greenwich. The island is
about 750 miles long, and from 25 to 100 miles wide. From
the mainland of Florida it is separated by 150 miles of water,
from Mexico by the Yucatan Channel, 130 miles wide. Com
manding, therefore, both entrances to the Gulf of Mexico,
and lying close to the track of our carrying-trade with the
Atlantic ports of South America, Cuba is not only well situ
ated for commerce, but is also strategically of great impor
tance to a power at war with us.
On an area equal to Indiana's, it had in 1890 only three-
fourths as large a population, while Ireland, which it exceeds
in size by one-eighth, supported three times as many inhab
itants. To be more precise, Cuba's area is 36,013 square
miles, and population (1890), 1,637,681. The chief ports are
Havana (pop. 230,000), Matanzas (pop. 87,000), Santiago de
Cuba (pop. 71,000), and Cienfuegos (pop. 65,000).
The exports, principally raw sugar and tobacco, have
greatly fallen off since the last insurrection began, but were
previously of a magnitude to overshadow the combined out
put of the other West Indian islands.
The chief imports from the United States are food-stuffs
and manufactures. One of the island's standing grievances
is the repression of domestic manufactures for the purpose
of favoring Barcelona and other Spanish cities which need
raw products and desire to sell to the island manufactured
ones. Cigars are an exception, but not all " Havanas " are
made in Havana, or even in Cuba. The restrictions placed
upon this industry by the Spanish authorities caused the
removal of many establishments to Key West, Tampa, and
even as far as New York, where they receive and make up
large shipments of Cuban tobacco. The disturbed condition
of the island for the last three years renders all obtainable
statistics more or less misleading, but there is little doubt
that it could easily support three times its present population,
and produce five times as much for export if it had a good
government.

INTRODUCTION-The American Navy.

A battle between a barn and a cheese-box in 1861 revo
lutionized naval architecture. The " barn " was the hull of
the United States steam frigate " Merrimac," raised by the
Confederates, armed with an iron beak for ramming, and
roofed over above the berth-deck with 4-inch iron plates,
supported by massive timbers. The "cheese-box" was
Ericsson's newly finished " Monitor," a war-vessel consisting
of an ironclad turret upheld by a nearly submerged hull,
driven by powerful engines. At nightfall, March 8th, the
wooden ships " Congress " and " Cumberland " were beneath
the waves in Hampton Roads, rammed and shattered by an
adversary invulnerable to their broadsides. With the dawn
of March 9th, the " Merrimac " (christened " Virginia '' by
the Confederates) steamed back to destroy the helpless
" Minnesota," and was encountered by the " Monitor," which
had arrived meanwhile. Four hours' mutual thumping with
the heaviest ordnance of the period resulted in a drawn
battle, which the retirement of the " Merrimac " made a
tactical victory for the " Monitor." Neither was able to
pierce or seriously injure the other's armor.
This was the first engagement between iron-clads, and it
made obsolete for war purposes the wooden ships of all
existing navies. Maritime nations at once began to rebuild
and rearm. The evolution was commenced which trans
formed the three-decker into the battle-ship — her sides
armored like the " Merrimac's," her guns mounted in im
pregnable turrets like the " Monitor's." Steam had already
doomed sail-power for war-ships, and smooth-bore guns were
giving place to high-power rifles. The close of the Civil
War found the United States with about sixty monitors in
commission on the seaboard, while the navigable rivers
swarmed with gunboats of the " Merrimac " type. Our
enthusiasm for iron had not been cooled by the sinking of
the original "Monitor" off Cape Hatteras, in 1862, and sea
worthiness was still secondary to shot-resisting power, when
the battle of Lissa, July 20, 1866, again put naval architects
to thinking. In that engagement the Austrian wooden
vessels boldly rammed the Italian iron-clads, and found them
to be as unstable as floating tea-kettles. Since that time
buoyancy has been regarded as a prime requisite, and all
classes of steel vessels are made staunch enough to weather
a hurricane. However, there was no satisfactory test of the
offensive and defensive qualities of the new constructions till
1893, when the Brazilian insurrection furnished the spectacle
of a contest between the latest model of battle-ship and of
fortifications. The armor-clad "Aquidaban " (built in Eng
land in 1885) engaged the harbor forts day after day and
suffered no injury, though the gunners of Fort Santa Cruz
got her range and repeatedly struck her with projectiles

from their 10- inch rifles. These rattled harmlessly from
her 10-inch and n -inch armor, and did not prevent her from
anchoring where she pleased. On the other hand, her 9-inch
and 6-inch rifles could effect nothing against the forts, with
which the vain expenditure of the ship's ammunition and
stores left the advantage ultimately.
The next year, in the war between Japan and China,
there was a more conclusive test. Off the Yalu River, Sep
tember 17, 1894, modern battle-ships opposed each other for
the first time, and the lesson was hardly less instructive than
that afforded by their prototypes at Newport News, thirty-
three years before. As the " Monitor's " commander learned
too late that he could have destroyed the " Merrimac " by
using a larger powder-charge in his 11-inch Dahlgren guns,
so, too, European shipbuilders saw that they had, in some
cases, sacrificed efficiency to size; that for close quarters
numerous rapid-fire guns — each firing twenty shells a min
ute — are more effective than larger guns less rapidly served.
A shell from the latter is more likely to pierce an adversary's
armor, but a concentration of fire by enough of the former
will hinder a turret from presenting its port-holes. To do
so would be to admit a storm of shot and shell, stripping
gun and turret of their defenders.
This closes the list of instructive battles, and it remains
to be seen what would be the outcome of an encounter
between evenly matched battle-ships or cruisers, officered
and manned by Americans or Europeans.
Every nation having maritime interests to protect has
steadily increased its naval appropriations, and striven to
raise the efficiency of its fleet, but the test of war has not
been made. Some have thought the United States rather
behind the times, but this error will be dispelled by the
illustrations and explanatory text of the Portfolio Series.
The perf ection > our vessels have attained could not find an
abler exponent than Mr. G. W. Melville, Engineer-in-chief,
U. vS. Navy. He describes a typical American battle-ship
and cruiser as follows : *
The ' ' Kearsarge " may be taken as a typical battle-ship, and a de
scription of her will serve for that of other battle-ships, and, with certain
modifications, which will be stated, for that of other types of naval
vessels. She is built entirely of steel, is 368 feet long on the water-line,
72.2 feet beam, 25.5 feet mean draft, and of 11,500 tons displacement.
She has engines of 10,000 horse-power, and will steam at the rate of 16
knots an hour. In outward appearance, she resembles the " Indiana,"
except in the arrangement of the turret for the 8-inch guns, and in that
she has two military masts instead of one. In previous battle-ships the
practice had been to mount the very heavy guns in turrets, a pair of
* These extracts are from his article "The Navy of the United States," in the
New Supplement to the Encyclopedia Britannica, The Werner Company, publishers
Akron, Ohio.

each calibre in a separate turret, those of medium calibre in rear of,
above and outboard of the heaviest ones ; but in the " Kearsarge" and
" Kentucky" the turrets are superposed, or " two-story," the 8-inch ones
being on top of the 13-inch, and revolving with them. This arrange
ment gives the greatest concentration of fire, and it is believed that
there is not a battle-ship afloat that can withstand the fire from the
guns as arranged in the " Kearsarge." The main battery consists of
four 13-inch and four 8-inch rifles, and fourteen 5-inch, rapid-fire guns;
and the secondary battery of twenty 6-pounder, four i-pounder, four
Gatlings, and one field gun. The 5-inch guns are placed in the citadel
between the turrets, and the rapid-fire and machine guns on the deck
above, in the military tops, and on the deck below the main deck.
The armor belt extends along the water-line from the bow to the
barbette, and is .53 feet above and 4 feet below the water-line; it is 15
inches thick at the top, and tapers to 4 inches at the bow, where it
meets the ram. The protective deck, which extends from the ends of
the armor belt to the bow and stern, respectively, varies in thickness
from 234 to 5 inches. Above the belt, to the height of the main deck,
the armor is 5 inches thick, and that of the citadel containing the 5-inch
guns, 6 inches. The armor on the 13-inch turrets is 17 and 15 inches,
on the 8-inch turrets, 11 and 9 inches, on the barbettes 15 inches, and
on the conning-towers 10 inches. All the armor is Harveyized nickel
steel. "Each 13-inch gun throws a projectile weighing 600 pounds, and
each 8-inch gun one weighing 290 pounds. There are two military
masts, with fighting tops, in which will be mounted rapid-fire guns.
Five torpedo-tubes, one in the stem and the others in broadside on the
lower deck, complete the armament. The supply of torpedoes, which
are of the automobile type, is eight. The engines are of the triple-
expansion type, and have been designed to develop 10,000 horse-power
at full speed; they have three cylinders each, and are placed in separate
water-tight compartments, each operating its own screw. The boilers
are designed to work at a pressure of 160 pounds per square inch, and
to furnish all the steam that the engines can work off at that pressure;
when working at full power the draft is forced by steam fans, delivering
air under pressure into an air-tight fire-room, in which each boiler is
placed. When fully equipped and ready for sea, she carries 1,210 tons
of coal, and draws 25 feet of water. The contract price for her con
struction, exclusive of the cost of her armor and guns, is $2,250,000, and
when completed and ready for sea she will have cost about $3,500,000.

The next most important vessels in our navy are the cruisers, which
are built primarily for speed, and which differ in construction from the
battle-ships principally in having little or no vertical armor along the
water-line, the protection to the vitals of the ship being afforded by a
thick protective deck, and in having lighter protection for the guns than
the battle-ships have. The vessels are smaller than the battle-ships,
and also carry a lighter battery. In them, offensive and defensive
qualities have been sacrificed for speed and for coal-carrying capacity ,
in order that they may be able to remain at sea a considerable length of
time, and overtake a merchantman once he is sighted; that they. may
act as scouts for a fleet, and perform those duties, in peace, necessary
for the protection of our commerce and the maintenance of our position
amongst the great nations of the earth. Two of our cruisers, the " New
York "and the " Brooklyn," have a small amount of /light side-armor,

three inches thick in the former and four in the latter. The "New
York" mounts six 8-inch and twelve 4-inch, and the " Brooklyn" eight
8-inch and twelve 5-inch guns. These vessels are regarded justly as
the finest vessels of their class afloat, and the former, on her trial in
1892, maintained for four hours a speed of 21 knots an hour. Her
engines are of 17,400 horse-power, and have been designed so that the
ship may cruise economically at low speed. For this reason there are
four engines of the same size in the ship, two on each shaft, and so
arranged that the forward ones, which, like the after ones, are each in a
separate water-tight compartment, may be disconnected when cruising
at low speed. The operation of disconnecting or connecting takes only
about twenty minutes, as compared with thirty-six hours on the English
cruiser " Blake," of similar construction. Two others of our cruisers
which have been the subject of universal commendation, and of no little
amazement, are the " Columbia" and the " Minneapolis," of 7,375 tons
displacement, which, on trial, made the unparalleled speed of 22.81 and
23.07 knots, respectively. These vessels are intended as " commerce-
destroyers," and in them much of the offensive power of previous
cruisers has been sacrificed to speed and endurance, their battery com
prising but one 8-inch, two 6-inch, and eight 4-inch guns. To get such
speed as these vessels attained, and at the same time to make them
fairly economical cruisers in time of peace, the power was divided
among three screws, one in the center and one on either side, as is usual
in twin-screw steamers, each screw operated by an engine of equal
power. While this system of propulsion had previously been tried on a
few small vessels, the " Columbia" marked its first successful applica
tion to vessels of considerable size and power, and since her advent a
number of similar designs have been projected abroad. Up to 1896
there was not a vessel of their size in any navy with a speed equal to
theirs, and there was not in any navy a vessel of any size which had
maintained such a speed over a measured course for so long a time as
they did. In July, 1895, the " Columbia" made the run from the Needles
to Sandy Hook, a distance of 3,090 miles, in 6 days 23 hours and 49
minutes, thus maintaining an average speed of 18.41 knots for the
distance, a performance which no other man-of-war afloat, except the
" Minneapolis. " could approach, and one which has never been equaled
by any vessel of her size, naval or merchant. That she did not make
greater speed is due entirely to the fact that she does not carry coal
enough to enable her to cross the ocean at a much higher rate.
Millions are expended every year on naval armaments
and fortifications, and the end is not yet. Each new im
provement in artillery is met by one in defensive armor.
The limit in the former is approached by our coast-defense
16-inch gun, which hurls its 2,350-pounds conical projectile
over a distance of sixteen miles. Its charge of powder is
1,050 pounds, producing a striking-energy sufficient to
annihilate any existing armor, afloat or ashore. Under the
appalling impact of its steel missile — larger and longer than
a flour-barrel — armor a yard thick and two miles off would
be riven asunder. Nature's everlasting hills are the only
bastions able to withstand it; the bowels of the earth are
the only bomb-proofs it can not reach.

CONSUL-GENERAL FlTZHUGH LEE.
For two years General Lee has held a most trying position in Havana and he has performed its duties to the entire satisfaction of his Government.
His has been no mere civilian's task, for he was surrounded from the first by the conditions of war, and was expected to pass a soldier's judgment on them.
This his West Point training and subsequent career as a Confederate officer eminently qualified him to do, while his later public and private life in Virginia
showed him possessed of the discriminating tact and courtly dignity requisite to one in his present delicate position.
On the wall is the portrait of another Virginian related to the Lees, and near the General's desk hangs a map of Spain. Some shelves filled with choice
volumes complete the equipment of this unassuming office in which of late momentous questions have been weighed.

Morro Castle (near view).
Prior to the era of armored ships and rifled ordnance, this fortress was considered impregnable, but it is now entirely obsolete for defensive purposes. For many
years its chief use has been as a place of confinement for prisoners, and its foul dungeons have destroyed more human lives than all the cannon ever mounted on its
walls. Some few immured in this Bastille of Cuba have come back into the bright world, but unnumbered hundreds have perished in a captivity which was but a
lingering death! Fear of burying alive the prisoners there will probably deter our battle-ships from bombarding the Morro Castle, and therefore its ultimate fate will
be the ignoble one of demolition by Cuban hands after Havana falls. There is little foundation for the rumor that the Castle's masonry is pierced through to the
outer shell with port-holes for modern guns in readiness to be unmasked. That would invite destruction, for our fleet's 13-inch rifles would convert the fortress into
heap of rock !

Homes of the Poor.
A Half-hearted attempt to secure a street-level along the face of this hill left a foot-hold for these cabins, and their builders crowded them together without
much regard for anything except a vague municipal requirement as to front alignment! The photograph which this illustration reproduces was made before the recon-
centrados had been driven into the towns to die, therefore it conveys no idea of the misery now prevalent. Though suffering from the stringency growing out of the
conditions of war, their lot was beatific compared with what befell them when Weyler invented the new barbarity of wholesale starvation. This street was forbidding
enough already, but when these roofs sheltered none but emaciated bodies, when these doorways opened only for the passage of the dead, humanity seemed to present
itself again in the phases of previous centuries!

The Captain-General's Palace (interior).
The impression left by this structure's exterior, shown elsewhere in this issue, is strengthened by this view of its stately interior. A height that would have
sufficed for three stories is devoted to two, and this provision, together with the wide archways and protecting jalousies, make endurable the heat of a Cuban summer.
Perhaps there is a waste of materials here. The palace was built when wealth was abundant and it was desirable to erect a pile which should be a monument to Span
ish enterprise, as well as a worthy abode of Spain's viceroy. The orders issued hence, the atrocities sanctioned here, have made it seem to Cuban eyes rather a memorial
of Spanish oppression, and it is doubtful whether the Cuban chief executive can bring himself to occupy it when the Spaniards have left the Island.

A Lowly Country Home.
I\ Cuba as in the other West Indian Islands, nature has lavished her richest gifts. A small area planted with bananas or yams will feed an entire family, and in
the tropics fuel and clothing cease to be costly factors in a poor man's life. He may not earn much as a plantation laborer, but he certainly ceases to need much.
The house is walled in with heavy planks, and roofed with a heavy thatch. The doors are low and the windows few according to the needs of a family spending no
time indoors except for sleeping. Before the present insurrection broke out there was no class more independent than the small farmers; since the fatal edict sum
moning them into the cities thousands of them have perished. Over an expanse of many miles the eye wanders in a vain search for the humble chozas and the
comfortable farm-houses. Like the lordly haciendas they are gone !

Plaza San Francisco, Havana.
Havana's plazas are usually the scenes of varied activity, where carriages are in imminent danger of running into carts, standing and moving in all directions, and
where pedestrians thread their way among inconsiderate mules and. vociferous drivers —all bent on securing the best positions. The supplies for the Spanish troops
which garrison the small towns are conveyed into the interior in carts like those shown here. The mules are hitched tandem, the number depending on the load, and
the drivers walk by their side alternating blows and oaths. Of late the destruction of locomotives by dynamite has been so frequent that mules are considered safer.
The contrast between the buildings around the plaza and the traffic in front of them is something which the observer does not explain to his own satisfaction until he
has acquainted himself thoroughly with the Spanish regime in Cuba.

Cuban Ox-carts.
One's first thought on seeing these cumbrous vehicles on such a fine highway is that in Cuba agriculture has not kept pace with road-making, or at least that the
use of oxen scarcely warrants the construction of macadamized roads. The fact is that the production is (or was) so great that only the best-made highways can stand
the loads to be hauled, and oxen are economical because they are cheaply fed on the coarse forage which abounds on the plantations. The advantage of carts over
wagons is not so apparent, but one is that on plantation roads or in the crowded thoroughfares, they can be turned in a small circle. Furthermore, carts can be made
unbreakable by using large axles and strong wheels, and if they become stalled or mired, it is easy to dislodge them by stringing out additional oxen in front, and
attaching their chains to those behind. However stupid the ox may appear to be, he is guided chiefly by the voice of his driver, and in Cuba as in southern Missis
sippi it is amusing to see an uncouth team of six or eight oxen turn a corner in obedience to a command from a negro driver on the sidewalk fifty yards in the rear!

Havana (at a boat-landing).
Where these queer-looking boats land their passengers and freight the tourist is regaled with sights which he may vainly seek outside of Cuba. These boats are
truly the hacks of the water-front— the vehicles for intercourse between ship and shore. Their breadth of beam allows two benches lengthwise for passengers and
space between their knees for luggage and bundles. Overhead is an arched framework on which canvas or matting is laid so as to be rolled up according to the
direction of the sun's rays. Their small draft and great breadth enable them to carry immense loads in shallow waters, and their capacity never showed to such
advantage as when they conveyed the hooting, jeering Spaniards out to the wrecked " Maine." Here from daylight to dark Havana's rabble found amusement in
circling'around the spot where 260 brave men had perished— assassinated by a spark flashed to the mine beneath the ship while they slept!

Harbor of Havana.
Havana's commercial importance is due quite as much to its harbor as to the richness of the province tributary to it. Railroads can be built anywhere for the
transportation of merchandise, but harbors are not so easily made to order. A city will always be built where a good one exists, providing the ships anchoring there
can secure cargoes. Before Cuba was devastated by war, this beautiful expanse of water was the destination of vessels from all parts of the world. So great was their
number that in course of time the offal and rubbish thrown overboard from them has seriously lessened the depth of the water. Though no rivers discharge their
waters into this harbor its bottom is covered to the depth of many feet with soft mud and offensive slime. Beneath this deposit are the mines which constitute the
city's chief defense. The Spanish cruiser shown in the illustration closely resembles the " Newark" but is less powerfully armed. She sought the open sea long ago
lest the arrival of our Key West squadron should shut her up in the harbor.

The World's Largest Sugar Plantation.
Large as are some of the establishments in southern Louisiana and the Hawaiian Islands, they are all eclipsed by the vast sugar estates of Cuba. Successive
generations have added to the cultivated areas they inherited till some of the estates seem like principalities, and employ an army of laborers. Many plantations,
owned by stock companies, and backed by foreign capital, reached the very highest development, and were models of scientific enterprise. The illustration shows
where the cane of the world's largest plantation, " Constancia," is (or rather, was) ground, and its juice converted into sugar. With the burning of the cane-fields and
the enforced cessation of sugar-making came starvation for the laborers and ruin for the owners. Estates that formerly produced sugar enough to freight a line of
vessels, have been swept by fire and sword. The fields are given up to weeds, the live-stock driven off, the laborers killed outright, or herded into the towns to die of
starvation !

M~

^BHB^*"*' : -

— .L-trT^. —-

Cienfuegos (from the harbor).
The preceding issue of this Series contains a view along the docks of Cienfuegos ; this one exhibits them as they appear to an observer half a mile out in the
harbor. The city is situated on a low peninsula which projects into a land-locked body of water more than 25 square miles in area, but badly silted up by the two
rivers flowing into it. The province of Santa Clara, of which Cienfuegos is the chief Caribbean port, has suffered so much during the insurrection that little could be
raised to ship, and therefore few vessels come here for cargoes. Properly dredged, the harbor is capacious enough to shelter the navies of the world, and the fertile
country around the city might produce the coffee and sugar to freight them. Only the evacuation of Cuba by the Spaniards can restore Cienfuegos to its former
position.

Havana (panorama from across the bay).
The city leaves a better impression when viewed from this eminence than when seen from a carriage or steamer. The attention is not arrested by strikingly beau
tiful architecture, but rests upon a vast area solidly built up to the water's edge. The trade which brought prosperity to the builders of these massive blocks has gone
to other ports — other islands, and few ships now arrive except those freighted with supplies for the Spanish troops. The four-masters anchored under the cliff doubt
less brought provisions to maintain the recruits who dawdle about the streets, with no more serious occupation than jostling Americanos off the sidewalk and crying
Viva Espana! Standing there and musing upon Havana's former greatness one can not help trying to imagine what this panorama will be after the Cuban flag floats
above it, and a new nation begins its existence.

Matanzas.
If mention is seldom made of Matanzas, it is not because of its obscurity, for it is the second city in the island, and handles the trade of Matanzas province, of
which it is the capital. The city is about 75 miles by rail east from Havana, and is situated on Matanzas Bay, which affords a secure anchorage except during strong
northeast gales The word matanzas in Spanish signifies "slaughterings," and the name was probably given to the city because so many wild cattle were formerly
slaughtered on the wide savannas near. The appropriateness of the name has received a terrible confirmation in the butcheries perpetrated by the Spaniards, to say
nothing of the deaths caused by famine! The view along the San Juan shows houses very much like those of Cadiz and other cities in southern Spain, whence came
most of the early Spanish adventurers and colonists. The estimated population of Matanzas was 87,000, but less than one-half of this number is now more nearly
correct. Commerce has greatly fallen off since the suspension of sugar-making and comparatively few vessels now anchor in the harbor.

Inglaterra Hotel, Havana.
This is one of Havana's leading hotels, and was the abode of General Fitzhugh Lee during his stay in the city, The full name is Gran Hotel Inglaterra, but
there is nothing "great" about it except its pretensions and prices, or was there ever anything suggestive oi,." England" except the vernacular of the American guests who
submitted to the first-mentioned items of greatness. The hotel's situation, near Central Park, is highly attractive in a city where shade in large quantities belongs
to the unpurchasable luxuries, and this advantage is reinforced by the fame of a cuisine entirely dependent on importations from the United States. The investment
of Havana by our Key West squadron will call for a limited use of canned goods while the land batteries are being knocked to pieces, so the hotel's reputation is
threatened less than its walls, which would not stand up if hit by a chance shell from the " Indiana's " big forward guns.

View in the Plaza, Cienfuegos.
Thf „tone blocks which floor the Plaza, no less than the palatial residences which inclose it would seem to substantiate the claim made for the Spaniards, that
thev buJt in ine forms and after the manner bequeathed them by their Roman progenitors. What is more certain is that they have improved on the refinements of
cruelty ued by the Romans, and made their name hated throughout the Island whose cities they were so careful to invest with enduring beauty A stroll through
th?s spadous pfcza leaves many ineffaceable impressions. It is not so much the majesty of the place, lightened by the tropical magnificence of^he trees which skirt
it asTSthe consciousness that all this material grandeur is coexistent with the misery which its possessors have created and will not relieve. 
lost on a beholder who has looked upon the destitution of the city's reconcentradas !

The plaza's beauty is

Chapel in the Cemetery, Havana.
One of Havana's quaintest churches is that which looks out upon the quietude of a cemetery. Its architecture is plain but imposing, such as befits a place
where the living pay their last offices to the dead. Through these portals generations have been borne, ?nd beneath this dome the grand burial service of the Church
has continued to lay its accustomed spell upon earth's anguished hearts. The noise and tumult remain afar, and round about the spot former benedictions seem to
have rested on the very flowers, for they breathe a sweeter fragrance here where the pulseless marble bears record of the dead.

The Casino Espanol, Santiago de Cuba.
The Casino (or club-house) of Santiago, like those of other Cuban cities, was built for comfort rather than for display, and to that end has windows as
large as doors to admit freely the breeze which even during the hot months comes sweeping in from the Caribbean Sea. The squat appearance of the
building is somewhat relieved by the stone vestibule, massive and deep, where one may lounge and look forth upon the plaza bordered by superb trees. At
nightfall fireflies of a size and brilliancy unknown outside the tropics light up the scene, shooting through the air like a phosphorescent shower oblivious
of gravitation, and contrasting their mellow radiance with the rich green of the foliage. As the day declines, the Casino fills with people and presents an
animated scene out of keeping with its somnolent appearance by day.

Entrance to the Plaza, Cienfuegos.
In the substantial cities of Cuba the beholder is impressed by the solidity and appositeness of everything around him. The plazas were no
chance openings for market purposes in or between the streets, but like the spacious grounds which inclose the residences, were expressly laid out
on a scale in keeping with what Spain built to be her own forever. The plaza of Cienfuegos is the most attractive part of the once prosperous city,
and is the first which travelers visit. Here, at suitable hours, they are sure to see congregated people that they might vainly seek elsewhere. The
ravages of war have nearly destroyed the commerce which enriched Cienfuegos, but massive buildings, wide streets, and the magnificent plaza all
attest its former importance.

Santiago de Cuba.
This city, the capital of the island's easternmost province of the same name, is situated on a small land-locked bay or harbor on the southern coast.
Before the last insurrection it had a considerable export trade in sugar, coffee, tobacco, and copper ore, but commerce is now at a standstill, being restricted
to the city's bare necessities.
It was to Santiago that the Spaniards steered the " Virginius," captured on the high seas in October, 1873; anCi it was here that Captain Fry and a part
of his comrades were marched out and butchered at 4 p. m., November 7th. That the rest did not suffer the same fate is due, not to our Government's
intervention, but to the commander of the British ship " Niobe," who had steamed at full speed from Jamaica for the express purpose of saving the lives of
these Americans. While our Government was preparing a diplomatic note,, the " Niobe's " guns were trained upon the city. The threatened bombardment
stayed the execution of the remaining prisoners, and the diplomatic correspondence secured their subsequent release. It is easy to see where the credit
belongs.

St. Thomas Street, Santiago de Cuba.
This narrow street leads directly off from the Plaza towards the outskirts of the city, and apparently was intended mainly for pedestrians, as there
is barely room for two vehicles to pass each other. The signs on the two buildings in the foreground are expected to attract foreigners as well as natives,
whence it may be inferred that sailors sometimes pass this way in need of cigars and a "shampoom." The photographer farther down the street has
addressed himself to a larger public, with a less cosmopolitan sign, " fotografia," reaching across the street. The elevation in the distance is a
continuation of the SieiTa del Cobre, where copper ore was mined before the present insurrection broke out.

The American Club, Jaguey Street, Santiago de Cuba.
The Americans whom the exigencies of business held in Santiago were sufficiently numerous to maintain a club, and there they met for
conversation, games, and reading, after their monotonous labors in the counting-house were over. The interior equipment of the club-house cannot
be inferred from its unpretentious exterior, though this is a model of neatness compared with shabby brick walls of the opposite building, to which
the stucco lazily refuses to adhere ! However, extremes meet in Cuba as in most Spanish-American countries, and squalor is often next door to wealth.
The American Club has lately been the scene of much anxious discussion regarding the measures to be taken to insure the safety of resident
Americans.

Along the Docks, Cienfuegos.
The expansion of the beet-sugar industry in Europe lessened the demand for cane-sugar, but Cuba's marvelous fertility and the introduction of
improved methods enabled the island to hold a good part of its trade by meeting competition. It even gained some trade that had previously gone to
the other islands and but for the disastrous interference of the present war, the docks of Cienfuegos would be crowded with vessels seeking cargoes. The
harbor is well protected and large enough to accommodate all the vessels which the rich back country can produce sugar to freight. Cienfuegos nearly
covers a peninsula jutting into the harbor, and thus has an abundance of dock room. Though steamers are multiplying, there are still many sailing vessels
which regularly make up their entire return cargoes here.

San Fernando Street, Cienfuegos.
These massive pillars supporting a succession of archways seem a waste of strength and material in a structure of this height. But what the
Spaniards built in Cuba they intended should be theirs forever, whether it was private residences, public buildings, or warehouses. Many of the
latter were on a scale which nothing could justify except the mountains of crude sugar stored there in expectation of 'vessels to carry it to refineries
beyond the seas. From the monotony of stone archways the eye turns to the shady inclosures on the opposite side of the street and farther down
rests on the obtrusive Hotel Union, blocking half the street. The name seems inappropriate at, a time when there is no union between the
Spaniards and the Cubans !

A Corridor in the Spanish Casino.
The exterior of this building, shown elsewhere in this portfolio, gives no hint of the commodious interior. Here the most elaborate provision is made for the
comfort and pleasure of the habitues. The lofty ceilings, supported by columns instead of walls, allow a free circulation of air, so that here it is always cool, no
matter how unendurable the temperature may be outdoors. The representative Spaniards* of Havana — soldiers as well as civilians — assemble in the Casino to discuss
the latest phases of the Cuban situation, and to speculate upon the results of American interference. The former is a threadbare topic, but the latter affords
unending delight by conjuring up visions of bloodshed and ruined American seaports.

La Fuerza.
Among Havana's oldest buildings is the one here shown, dating from 1573. The name means "fort," "strength," and is borne with more propriety by another
stone structure near, which this building served by turns as a barrack and a prison. Though comparatively near the harbor's entrance, La Fuerza must have been in
the outskirts of the city at the time of its erection, and its "strength" was then chiefly available against internal dissensions, which even at that early day were not
unknown in Cuba. The weeds and shrubs growing from the walls, far from impressing the beholder as marks of age, rather emphasize the neglect to which this old
relic has fallen a prey, and one cannot resist the thought that it would be better to extirpate the weeds than to fence so carefully the building they are allowed to destroy!

The Botanical Garden.
A short distance outside of the city limits is situated the celebrated Botanical Garden, embellished with a chaotic profusion of trees, plants, shrubs, and flowers,
indigenous to or naturalized in Cuba. Here the East and West Indies meet in friendly emulation, and every tropic isle, every genial clime, has sent some contri
bution-- a maiestic tree or a gorgeous flower— to this array of botanic wealth. During recent years the garden has not received the attention its importance deserves,
and some of its choicest specimens are neglected. Not until a good government directs its management will practical lessons be drawn from this remarkable
collection.

Panorama from the Inglaterra Hotel.
Although this hotel is not a lofty building, it overlooks all that part of Havana lying between it and the harbor. On the left the Cathedral's two towers appear
on the margin of the picture. The elevation beyond it is across the narrow part of the harbor, and is the site of the fortification La Cabana. The usual anchorage of
vessels is farther southward, beyond where the three-masters are seen on the right of the illustration. The ''Maine" lay not far out from them, the precise point of the
harbor having been selected by Spanish officials. The explosion would have been plainly visible to any one on the roof of the Inglaterra Hotel, and the shock was
felt by its guests — General Fitzhugh Lee among the number.

Panorama (looking east).

MncrT of the substantial dwellings in Havana have two stories and flat roofs, where, in spite of the radiation of heat, the inmates sit and enjoy the refreshing coolness
most oi i overlook the street, on the other the patio, or inner court of the dwelling, which serves during the day as a huge chimney for the egress
alter sunset. ^ through the house. As most of the residences have the same height, the view is rather circumscribed, but an exceptional case is afforded by the
illustration where only the horizon restricts the vision. . .
However by day the eye longs for foliage to offset the glare of stone walls and varied stucco, and even the picturesque church in the picture is less attractive
because of the unrelieved whiteness of its walls and towers.

The Prado.
When the Prado's lengthening shadows announce the coming of the sea-breeze, this Indian maiden — the allegorical statue of Cuba — looks upon a brilliant
throng seeking here indemnity for the long seclusion during the heat of the day. Hither wealth comes to be envied, beauty to be admired, while jealousy and intrigue
also mingle in the spectacular scene. Luxurious carriages alternate with modest victorias, and occasionally humbler vehicles show that, in spite of the hard times, many
are not willing to forego the pleasure of their accustomed evening drive.
Cuba is typified not less appropriately by the maiden's beauty than by her race, for the Spaniards exterminated the island's aboriginal population more than
three hundred years ago.

The Drive of Carlos III.
This is one of Havana's best frequented extramural paseos, but the foreigner is at a loss to account for its popularity, inasmuch as it traverses no well-built suburb
on its way out to the Castillo del Principe, the city's chief fortification on the west. Perhaps the jaunty victorias come here not only for the shade, but also to escape
the stench which the south wind drives in upon all parts of the city adjacent to the harbor! The occasional crossings afford fine vistas, and some of them are graced
by statues of white Italian marble, contrasting unpleasantly with their crumbling stone inclosures. In the background of the illustration is seen the Castillo on a com
manding eminence.

The Cathedral.
Not in Cuba, nor yet in all Spanish-America, is there an edifice possessing greater historical interest than that which attaches to this venerable pile. It is not that
it is so old, for others rival it in age; it is not that it is so imposing, for many surpass it in size and interior decoration; it is because the remains of Columbus were
brought here in 1796 from Hispaniola, when that island ceased, to be a Spanish possession.
The tomb is not such as would accord with the great discoverer's merit; but far more eloquent than anything that could be graven on memorial stones or
blazoned on cathedral walls are the thoughts the spot evokes. The imagination reaches back four centuries and follows all the devious turns of Spain's fortune
beginning with the discovery of Cuba — ending with its abandonment! No empire was ever so bravely won or so ignobly lost as Spain's in the Western Hemisphere,'
and throughout its vast extent the ashes of him who gave it could have found no worthier resting-place than Havana's Cathedral.

Central Park from the Inglaterra Hotel.
This small park is brilliantly illuminated in the evening, and is thronged with people, eager to see and be seen, to hear and be heard. Many disinclined to walk
are accommodated with seats and listen to the stirring music dispensed in front of the hotel. The location of the park makes it accessible from any direction, and the
sea-breeze reaches it without obstruction, rendering it an attractive rendezvous for Havana's public. When the explosion of a mine wrecked the "Maine," Central Park
was the. scene of animated discussion every evening while the American Court of Inquiry pursued its investigations.

ysfr

Harbor of Havana (looking north).
The observer's point of view here is not far from the anchorage to which the " Maine " was assigned preparatory to destroying her. In the distance the Morro
Castle with its lighthouse, is seen, and on the right-hand shore are supplementary fortifications commanding the city. The water here is deep, but the bottom is foul,
and from the slime and m'ud rises, during the hot months, an unendurable stench. A south or southeast wind drives this into the city, and causes foreigners to migrate
from the hotels close to the water-front. There are no tides here and no cleansing river to remove the filth drained from the low-lying city directly into the harbor.
Hence the prevalence of yellow fever and other fatal maladies among foreigners not acclimated.

The Spanish Casino.
It is here that the officers garrisoned in Havana idle away in frivolous amusements the time they should consume in drilling recruits. The structure's exterior is
commonplace enough but inside are found all the appurtenances of club pleasures— according to Spanish ideas. In the Casino's lofty rooms and airy corridors the
insurrection has received the attention its gravity deserved, being repeatedly suppressed in order to vary the monotony of garrison existence. Latterly, also, to the
delieht of the civilian habitues, an invasion of the United States was discussed and pronounced feasible, though attended by the inconvenience of crossing a hundied
miles of water— farther than to where Gomez was burning cane-fields the other day to interrupt billiard practice in the Casino.

A Fruit-stand.
Besides pineapples, bananas, and cocoanuts, which improved transportation facilities have made familiar fruits throughout the United States, the venders in
Havana offer fresh from the tree many that are too tender to be grown outside the tropics, and too perishable to be shipped to us. Of these the principal ones are the
cherimoyer, sapodilla, mango, avocado pear (which, by the way, is not a pear at all) and papaya. The Cuban orange is inferior to that grown in Florida, and in Havana
appears to be less in favor than the grape-fruit and shaddock, both members of the citrus family, and in acidity intermediate between the orange and the lemon,
which they greatly exceed in size. The taste for the rarer tropical fruits has to be acquired, and really they are less palatable than the apples, pears and peaches of
the temperate zones.

Plaza de Toros.
Havana's appreciation of bull-fighting should not be gauged by the accommodations here shown, for the spectacle in this arena is well attended, notwithstanding
the other forms of barbarity which have of late shared in the general interest. What is lost in the quality of the bovine gore is made up by its profusion: if Cuban
bulls are less courageous than those of the Peninsula, they are also cheaper, and more of them are slain.
Many of Spain's celebrated bull-fighters have exhibited their skill in Havana's Plaza de Toros, their feats receiving here as much applause as in Madrid.

Avenue of Royal Palms.
In the Botanical Garden, which justly counts as one of Havana's attractions, are specimens of this truly royal tree, measuring
from 80 to 100 feet to the beautiful foliage which crowns their trunks. Even the oldest trees show the ring markings indicative of
growth, but their mast-like stems are perfectly smooth, with no irregularity save now and then a slight enlargement close to where the
markings leave off. Here the trunk has scarcely hardened into wood, and a short distance above exhibits the sheathing out of which
the leaves proceed.
In Cuba's prosperous days the planters were wont to line with royal palms the avenues leading up to their mansions on the great
sugar estates. Those were, indeed, the Island's "palmy" days, for wealth abounded and beauty loved to ride along the palm-shaded
avenues to hospitable abodes.

A Cuban Window.
The difference between a window of this sort and a prison door is not apparent to an American eye— unless it is by the faces of
those behind the bars. In fact, the homes of the upper class in Cuba, as in Spain, are veritable prisons for the unmarried daughters,
and outside they do not appear except under the guardianship of the watchful duena. Furthermore, riding in victorias is the only
form of outdoor locomotion they are permitted to employ, no matter how short the distance to be traversed. The size of these
barred openings, as compared with the inconspicuous reja of the Peninsula, is explained by the fact that in tropical countries there
must be a constant circulation of fresh air through the entire house, and only large windows make this possible.

The Corona Cigar Factory.
Havana's principal export after sugar is tobacco, which is of a quality to defy competition. A large part of it is manufactured in the city's one hundred factories,
which are run to their full capacity to fill the standing orders from abroad. Contrary to what one might expect, the large establishments are not barrack-like structures,
but commodious stone buildings, with every convenience and appliance for the proper handling of the tobacco to be converted into the famous " Havanas." The
processes do not differ from those employed in Key West and Tampa, but are much favored by climatic conditions not found elsewhere. In the factory called
"La Corona," many hundred workmen are engaged in making special brands known all over the world.

Yumuri River.
This stream flows through one of the richest sugar-producing sections in the Island and empties into Matanzas Bay, separating the city of Matanzas
from its suburb Versailles Boats of light draft ascend it to a considerable distance and furnish cheap transportation for the sugar and molasses produced
in its valley The natural 'beauty of the scenery along the Yumuri's banks was heightened in former times by the more tangible attractions of the vast
olantations whose mansions, embowered by palms, crowned every eminence — whose cane-fields covered all the intervening areas Most of these are now
desolate and only the tall chimneys show where the sugar-mills once stood. The illustration exhibits the entrance to the famous Yumuri Valley.

The Banana-tree.
Properly speaking this is not a " tree " but a tropical plant having the proportions of a tree. It is propagated by
means of its tuberous roots, of which the parent one produces a number varying with the richness of the soil. The tubers
may be dug and handled without danger to their vitality, and they will readily sprout up when planted in warm, moist soil.
There are many varieties, the "horse " (Orinoco) banana being the hardiest, the " lady-finger" the most esteemed. When
the banana-plant is ready to fruit, the central stem bends down and the huge terminal bud opens leaf after leaf, exposing
the real flowers in rows underneath. These leaves serve to shelter the blossoms and rudimentary bananas, and finally
break off, leaving the latter clustered in rows around the stem. The "bunch" is cut as soon as the fruit has attained its
f..ii „.¦„„ rrA ~, „,+„,;+„ „„a „;„^~^ takes place off the tree, the length of time depending on the temperature.

A Fruit-seller.

Thf uncouth panniers which almost hide this little Cuban horse, contain a fair assortment of the fruits hawked about the streets of Havana. Included
are the f sue-ar^ "canes" which resemble sorghum stalks, but contain more saccharine matter. The fruits are chiefly such as must be eaten at once— mangos,
sanodillas avocado pears bananas, and plantains. The last mentioned are merely coarse bananas and are fried much as the fruit of the egg-plant is with
r,t The avocado ( colloquially "alligator") pear is usually eaten with pepper and salt. The mango resembles the peach and apricot both, but has a flavor
peculiar to itself. The sapodilla is more like a plum and is insipidly sweet to an unaccustomed palate. Papayas and bread-fruit are also offered, but
these are rather to be classed as vegetables.

A Matanzas Home.
Most of the better Cuban dwellings exhibit a conspicuous disregard of exterior ornamentation, their owners striving rather for comfort within than for
useless display without. The walls are thick and of brick or stone; the ceilings are high, the windows large and arranged to facilitate the circulation of air.
Fires are not needed for heating, and cooking is done over charcoal braziers, remote from the living rooms. Where practicable stone and marble replace
wood and the floors are bare or covered only with matting. Thus, in Cuba, everything is made subservient to temperature, upon which comfort largely
depends  especially during the warmer months. Outdoors a most lavish display of decorative trees and flowers arrests the eye, and the well-kept grounds
containing these are usually inclosed by costly iron fences that an English park-owner would scarcely feel justified in using.

Plaza de Toros (interior).
The seating capacity of Havana's bull-ring is greater than the exterior view (shown in a previous issue) would lead one to believe. The ventilation,
however, is poor, and in hot weather the temperature inside is almost stifling. For all that, on specially brilliant occasions, when a troupe of Madrid's
famed bull-fighters exhibit here their prowess (?), there is not a vacant seat left. The corridas are not as dangerous as those of the Peninsula, but now and
then a tough little Cuban bull surprises the chief espada by hooking his gaudy breeches instead of rushing upon the " Toledo " (Birmingham?) blade
according to bull-ring etiquette! The low barriers are not infrequently leaped by the bullocks goaded to desperation and trying to escape their tormenters.

Tacon Theatre and Central Park.
This theatre, close to the Inglaterra Hotel, and facing Central Park, is one of the city's attractions which the new-comer visits first. It is
named for the Captain-General Tacon, whose vigorous administration is also brought to mind by other lasting improvements in Havana.
The theatre has scarcely the equipment that a population of 230,000 would seem to warrant, but is fairly well patronized considering that it
must compete with the Plaza dc Toros. For obvious reasons Jenny Lind's professional appearance here did not pay expenses, but French operas and
Spanish comedies are suggestively remunerative. At wide intervals the best actors of the Spanish capital play in the Tacon Theatre, and then the
audience is worthy of the master-pieces presented.

COCOANUT-TREES.
For some reason this palm does not attain in Cuba the size that distinguishes it in other tropical countries. These trees
look as if they had been in a continual struggle with the wind, and thus retarded in their growth. This supposition is
strengthened by the abnormal enlargement of the trunks near the ground. However, the quality and abundance of the fruit
leave nothing to be desired, and the nuts are more easily gathered from low, leaning trees. Before they are marketed the
outer husk, an inch thick, must be removed, which considerably reduces the bulk to be handled. Fresh from the tree,
cocoanuts are filled with a " milk " or juice that forms a very palatable drink.

The Tacon Market.
, , ?/ a}1 ,the captain-generals whose rapacity impoverished— whose cruelty terrorized— Cuba as a whole, none exerted himself so much as Tar™ it,
behalf of the capital city, Havana. The building of Tacon Theatre is an instance of his solicitude for the city's pleasures; the immense Tacon Market"
evinced his desire to guard the health of its inhabitants, for m a tropical climate the proper and expeditious handling of perishable foods is a measur/nf
prime importance In the Market s stalls are to be seen imposing displays of fruits, vegetables, meats-foods of all kinds, imported as well as domestic
to suit all tastes and purses. Purveyors of big hotels and buyers for small restaurants here meet-both elbowing their separate ways through the crowd*
of housekeepers, servants, runners — of all ages, sizes, and nationalities! } uUgn mC uuwui

Palace of the Captain-General.
This illustration of the palace is more pleasing than the one from a nearer point of view, which gives no idea of the building's appearance as
a whole, and shows nothing of the ornamental verdure contrasting with the whiteness of the columns and facings. The flag, more than anything
else, reveals the official character of the business transacted here, but the numerous wires give token also of a ceaseless activity in transmitting
messages to Spain as well as to the Spanish forces operating in the Island. It has been charged that the success of the insurgents was in no small
measure due to the reluctance of the captain-generals to exchange the pleasures of this regal abode for the hardships of campaigning with the
troops. Be that as it may, it is certain that the edicts issuing hence have been more fatal than the fire and sword of a commander in the field.

Crushing-mill of a Sugar Plantation.
When the sugar-cane is ripe, an army of laborers marches forth to cut and pile it for the cane-wagons which follow. The smoke issuing from the
huge chimneys shows that everything is in readiness to convert into raw sugar the juice pressed out of the cane by the powerful crushing-mills. The
long train of ox-teams takes up its steady march from the fields, a mountain of cane is heaped up, and the machinery is put in motion — grinding thence
forth on one side as fast as wagons deliver on the other. The expressed juice runs from the mills in large streams, and is at once subjected to the latest
processes devised by science for evaporation and conversion into crude sugar. Cane-grinding is full of gladness for all concerned — from the ox-drivers to
the overseers — for it is soon followed by the active circulation of pesos (dollars) among them all.

&ft!*H

The Naval Crane at Luz Wharf.
The extensive importation of heavy machinery -to say nothing of guns and gun-carriages for the defense of Havana- necessitates ; the .use of the
most powerful cranes and hoisting apparatus for unloading the vessels. The lifting strength of this one can be guessed by comparing its height with that
of t4PXcent buildings, ot with* he long four-masted freight steamer anchored opposite. The largest vessels can come right up to the Luz Wharf and
have their careoes speedily hoisted out by steam power. Cannon and bulky machinery are usually placed at once on trucks expressly designed to bear
such load! In peaceful times this wharf received many consignments of steam engines and mill-machinery, here transhipped and forwarded into the
interior.

" Off for the United States. '
This is the fine mail and passenger steamer, " Olivette," of the Plant Line, leaving Havana on her regular trip, via Key West, to Tampa, where she
connects with the Plant Railroad System. The " Olivette " and her companion ship, the " Mascotte," were built expressly to handle the passenger traffic
between these Gulf ports and Havana, and their accommodations were amply sufficient until the recent exodus began. Since then each vessel has been
crowded to the utmost with Americans and Cubans fleeing from the horrors of martial law, which they believed would soon be declared. The event has
justified their precautions, and the " Olivette " will not steam past " El Morro's " guns any more while the Spanish flag waves above the fortress.

Tomb of Columbus.
When Hispaniola was ceded to France, near the close of the last century, it was felt that another resting-place for the
illustrious discoverer's bones must be prepared — one that would be Spain's forever. The Cathedral of Havana received
them, and the memorial tablet bore the great man's sculptured image with the following inscription beneath:
/ O Restos ( Ymagen del grande Colon I
Mil ciglos durad guardados en la Vma
Y en la remembransa de nuestra Nacion
The spelling is faulty, even for an epitaph (a Castilian would now write "siglos" and " remaubranza "), but the bombast
would do honor to the present day, as will appear from its interpretation: " O remains and image of the great Columbus,
endure a thousand centuries, guarded in the urn and in the remembrance of our nation ! "

The Interior of the Cathedral.

The severe exterior of Havana's cathedral gives little promise of the lavish display of marbles — white, black, and yellow — which invest the interior
with a grandeur peculiar to massiveness and solidity. The tracery and carvings harmonize with the proportions of the edifice they adorn, while the
furnishings seem richer by their very simplicity. There are places of worship more magisterial by their dimensions, more splendid in their architectural
embellishment but it is doubtful if there is in the Western Hemisphere a sanctuary more impressive by its associations than this one where the remains of
Columbus were finally laid.

Along the Yumuri at Matanzas.
Although Cuba has no considerable rivers, the amount of rainfall in the summer is sufficient to give small water-courses temporarily the volume of
navigable streams. The San Juan and the Yumuri bound Matanzas on two sides, the latter reaching the sea through an outlet which some convulsion of
nature seems to have cleft for its waters through an intervening barrier. Opposite Matanzas there is water enough for boats of moderate draft, and the
river's banks are protected in places by stone facings. In another view the entrance of the famous Yumuri Valley is shown; this illustration exhibits the
mooring-place where many of the boats discharge freight in the busy season. It is estimated that the Yumuri could be dredged at small cost, and made to
offer additional facilities for handling the city's traffic with the interior.

Tacon Theatre (near view).
This edifice, of which another view from across Central Park has been given, will seat about three thousand spectators, and is entitled, by its
interior fitting and equipment, to rank among the best in Spanish America. However, the tourist finds it scarcely up to its reputation, even if he
enters unprejudiced by the contrast between Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor," posted on the bill-board, and the bedding hung out to air at the
upper front window bereft of glass ! In Havana the Italian opera is better patronized than the drama, except when the latter is Castilian masterpieces,
rendered by actors from Madrid. On the whole, it can not be said that the "Teatro Tacdn" has benefited the city as much as the Market built by
the same captain-general and also bearing his name.

Morro Castle.
The name of this celebrated fortification (often incorrectly written " Moro ") is due to the eminence upon which it is built, the word morro, in Spanish,
being- equivalent to (isolated) mountain. In this instance the mountain is also a promontory commanding the entrance to the harbor of Havana, and is
distinctly visible to ships miles out at sea. Although an imposing pile of masonry, the Morro Castle has little value as a defensive work, and under the
fire of modern rifled ordnance would soon become untenable. The interest which attached to it by reason of its mediaeval appearance and highly
picturesque location has long since given place to the horror inspired by its noisome dungeons and the inhuman executions of which its inclosure has been
the scene The waters which waslTthe base of the cliff swarm with sharks, and many gruesome stories are told of their usefulness in removing all traces
of inconvenient suspects temporarily confined in the dungeons above.

The Maine.
The recent destruction of this fine battle-ship in the harbor of Havana has aroused general interest in everything pertaining to her. While the " Maine" was
onlv a second-class battle-ship, she possessed fighting qualities of no mean order, as will be apparent from her dimensions, armor, and armament, as follows: length,
118 ; ft ' breadth S7 ft • mean draft 21 5 ft.; armor," 12 inches thick on the sides, 8 inches on the turrets, and from 10 to 12 inches on the barbettes; guns, four 10-mch,
six 6-inch Her displacement was'6,682 tons and her engines, of 9,293 indicated horse-power, propelled her at the rate of 17 knots an hour. Had she been an
unarmored cruiser instead of a strongly constructed, floating fortress, she would have been crushed like an eggshell from stem to stern, and not one of her officers and
men would have been found alive. As it was, her massive sides were riven and twisted, and her upper works torn away. She kept afloat barely long enough to permit
the escape of those who were not killed or carried overboard by the explosion.

Copyright 1895 by W. II. Rau. THE INDIANA.
The first-class twin-screw battle-ship "Indiana" has a displacement of 10,288 tons, and engines of 9,738 indicated horse-power which will drive her at the rate of
Her dimensions are: length, 348 ft.; breadth, 69.25 ft; mean draft, 24 ft. In the main battery are four 13-inch, eight 8-mch, and four 6-inch

15.55 knots an hour.
breech
action. from 6 to 17 inches.
The " Indiana's

loading rifles-' in the secondary battery are thirty rapid-fire guns of small calibre, intended chiefly for repelling torpedc
Ther! are six tubes for launching torpedoes. The hull is entirely of steel, and the protective armor .s: sides, 18 inches;
keel was laid in 1891, and her cost when completed was $3,020,000. She has a complement of 38 officers and 427 men.

torpedo-boats and raking an antagonist during
turrets, from 6 to 15 inches; barbettes,

Copyright 1895 by W . H Rau.

The Indiana's 13-iNCH Guns.

-rcing an adversary's armor, or for breaching modern fortifications, a battle-ship relies chiefly on the heavy guns mounted in pai
. . , ¦ .-, _:i  ^i_ __ :„:<.:„1 ..„!„„:*.. „t ™^ra tkor, 1, ^™ feet a second. TTnHpr t

airs in her movable turrets.
Under their impact the strongest

These monster 13-inch rifles throw their 600-lb. projectiles 12 miles with an initial velocity of more than 2,000
fortresses of masonry ever planned by Vauban would crumble, and it is believed that a dozen such guns could easily chip away the face of Gibraltar s rock, and
make untenable the seaward galleries which honeycomb it. No ship nor fort now defending Havana could survive the converging fire of the six 13-inch rifles mounted
in the forward turrets of the "Indiana," "Iowa," and "Massachusetts," at present anchored at the Dry Tortugas

j*f-~... -'-,.<m- --^^:-

rmJfT;

Copyright 1896 by VV.H.Rau. The MASSACHUSETTS.
This first-class twin-screw battle-ship has precisely the same dimensions, armor, and armament as the " Indiana," but her engines of 10,400 indicated horse-power
enable her to steam' 16.2 knots an hour, which makes her .65 of a knot faster than her sister ship. Accordingly we have the following: length, 348 ft.; breadth, 69.25 ft;
mean draft 24 ft; armor on the sides, 18 inches, on the turrets, from 6 to 15 inches, on the barbettes, from 6 to 17 inches; armament, four 13-inch, eight 8-inch, and
four 6-inch rifles. ' Besides she has a secondary battery of thirty rapid-fire guns of small calibre. The keel of the Massachusetts was laid in 1891, and the cost of the
completed ship was §3,020,000. Her complement of men and officers is 424 and 38 respectively.

^s

< lipr.|Lj_j I .. f*m
M—\ -4 • V--!

The Oregon.
The first-class twin-screw battle-ship " Oregon" is a sister ship of the "Indiana," having exactly the same dimensions, armament and armor, as follows: length
348 ft; breadth, 69.25 ft; mean draft, 24 ft; main battery, four 13-inch, eight 8-inch, and four 6-inch rifles; secondary battery, 30 rapid-fire guns of small calibre-
armor, 18 inches on the sides, from 6 to 15 inches on the turrets, and from 6 to 17 inches on the barbettes.
However, her engines are more powerful than the "Indiana's" having 11,111 indicated horse-powei, and giving a speed of 16.79 knots an hour. Her crew num
bers 38 officers and 424 men. The " Oregon's " keel was laid in 1891 and her entire cost was $3, 180,000.

The New York.

Copyright 1893 by W. H. Rau.
The armored cruiser "New York" is of a type intermediate between the battle-ship and unprotected cruisers. Her enormous engines of 17,400 indicated horse-
Dower give her a speed of 21 knots an hour, so that she can overtake the fastest merchant ships afloat Her armament of six 8-inch and twelve 4-inch rifles renders her
and from them she could easily escape. Armor 4 inches thick protects her sides, while that of turrets and barbettes is
when completed she represented the sum of $2,985,000. The following
so that her displacement is 8,200 tons. For handling her 40 officers and

superior to any but the first-class battle-ships,
5% and 10 inches thick respectively. The keel of this superb vessel was laid in 1890, and
are the "New York's" dimensions: length, 380.5 ft.; breadth, 64.8 ft.; mean draft, 23.3 ft.
526 men are necessary.

Copyright 1896 by W.H.Rau. THE BROOKLYN.
This is an armored cruiser like the "New York, ' but is larger, swifter and in every way more formidable except in point of armor, which is as follows: Sides, 3
inches- turrets 5% inches; barbettes, from 4 to 8 inches. The "Brooklyn's" displacement is 9,271 tons, and her twin screws are driven by engines of 18,770 indi
cated horse-power giving her a speed of 21.91 knots an hour. The triple-screw unarmored cruisers "Minneapolis" and " Columbia" are the only vessels in our navy
which can overtake her, and hostile ships of this class would not dare to come within range of her powerful main battery, consisting of eight 8-inch and twelve 5-inch
rifles. The "Brooklyn's" dimensions are: length, 400.5 ft; breadth, 64.7 ft; mean draft, 24 ft. Her construction was commenced in 1893, and her total cost on
completion was $2,986,000.

9 m

».4-

The Katahdin.
This vessel was constructed in accordance with the ideas of Admiral Ammen of the American navy, and is unique in having, as her sole weapon of offense, a sharp
ram. This, under the impulsion of her powerful engines, is expected to pierce and sink an antagonist, to whose guns she offers a difficult target. The "Katahdin"
has a heavily armored " turtle-back " deck, and possesses exceptional maneuvering powers by reason of her elliptical keel which allows her to make short turns while
under full steam. She carries four rapid-fire guns of small calibre for repelling torpedo-boats, and is manned by 30 officers and 91 men. The vessel's dimensions are
as follows: length, 250.8 ft; breadth, 43.4 ft; mean draft, 15 ft.; giving a displacement of 2,155 tons. Her engines have 5,068 indicated horse-power, and she can
steam 16. 1 knots an hour. Work was begun on the " Katahdin " in 1891, and the entire cost was $930,000.

The Miantonomoh.
The "Miantonomoh" is a double-turreted, twin-screw, iron monitor intended chiefly for coast defense. Her speed is twelve knots an hour, derived from engines
The vessel's dimensions are: length, 259.5 ft; breadth, 55.8 ft.; mean draft, 14.5 ft; giving a displacement' of 3,990 tons. The
11^ inches thick, while that of the sides is 7 inches. The main battery consists of four 10-inch rifles — two in each turret  and the

of 1,600 indicated horse-power.
turrets are protected by armor
secondary battery of six rapid-fire guns of small calibre
The " Miantonomoh's " keel was laid in 1874, and her cost when completed was

3,178,046. The crew consists of 13 officers and 136 men.

1

The Dynamite Cruiser Vesuvius.
This vessel is an experiment and her utility remains to be seen. Her three 15-inch guns, specially constructed for throwing dynamite projectiles, are expected to
be effec leZl n st armoS vessels. If she could escape an adversary's rapid-fire guns long enough to explode one charge of dynamite against her side that single
shot would win the v ctory. The "Vesuvius" has the following dimensions: length, 252.3 ft; breadth, 26.5 ft; mean draft, 10.6 ft. Her displacement is 929 tons
and her engines of 3 indicated horse-power, will drive her through the water at the rate of 21.4 knots an hour. Thus she can steam away from a battle-ship and
from an bu the fasteS cruisers. The keel of the "Vesuvius " was laid in 1887, and her total cost upon completion was $350,000. She has 6 officers and 64 men aboard.

The Dolphin.
The steel dispatch-boat "Dolphin" has the following dimensions: length, 240 ft; breadth, 32 ft; mean draft, 14.3 ft. With a displacement of 1,486 tons, and
engines of 2,253 indicated horse-power she is able to steam 15.5 knots an hour. She carries two 4-inch guns which are adequate for driving off torpedo-boats or
other interfering small craft, but her principal function is to carry dispatches from the flag-ship to the various vessels composing the squadron; or from these to some
point on the coast where the telegraph will connect her with the authorities at Washington. Her light draft enables her to enter nearly every harbor on the Gulf and
Atlantic Coast, so that at no time need the commanding admiral be long deprived of communication with his superiors.

The Atlanta.
The "Atlanta" is an unarmored single-screw steel cruiser of 3,000 tons displacement, propelled by engines of 4,000 indicated horse-power, which permit a
speed of 15.6 knots an hour. Her crew consists of 19 officers and 265 men, and she carries two 8-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading rifles in her main battery — a
powerful one for a vessel of her class. Besides she has fourteen rapid-fire guns for repelling boarders and torpedo-boats. The ship's dimensions are as follows:
length, 271.3 ft; breadth, 42.1 ft.; mean draft, 16.83 ft-
The " Atlanta's " keel was laid in 1883, but she has lately undergone extensive repairs and alterations which greatly increase her efficiency.

. ... » — — I'—^ijimi;'

w^^s^ 14

jC

The Charleston.
™ u a- „i„,om»„t r,f 1 mc f-nns and her engines of 6 666 indicated horse-power enable her to steam 18.2 knots an hour. Her armament
consE^rr^ 3^,. She has the following dimensions : length, 3».6 ft; breadth, 46.2 ft; mean
^^ Tne "Charleston" was constructed from plans secured abroad, and differs from the accepted type of American cruisers in being very low at the bow and stern.
Her keel was laid in 1887, and her entire cost was $1,017,000. She carries a complement of 20 officers and 280 men.

The Chicago.
The unarmored twin-screw cruiser "Chicago" has been subjected to a thorough overhauling since her completion in 1883, and with her new equipment of
machinery and guns is fully equal to the other vessels of her class. Her dimensions are: length, 325 ft.; breadth, 48.2 ft; mean draft, 19 ft.; giving a displacement
of 4,500 tons. Her new engines have 9,000 indicated horse-power, enabling her to steam 19 knots an hour. The main battery consists of four 8-inch, eight 6-inch,
and two 5-inch rifles, and she carries seventeen rapid-fire guns of small calibre. Her crew numbers 33 officers and 376 men. The "Chicago's" original cost was
,000, but to this must be added the expense of her recent equipments.

ii 4^'

The Montgomery.

This unarmored cruiser was selected to replace the ill-fated battle-ship "Maine" in the harbor of Havana. Her dimensions are: length, 257 ft.; breadth,
17 feet- mean draft 146 ft; giving her a displacement of 2,089 tons. She has engines of 5,580 indicated horse-power, which can propel her at the rate of 19
knots an hour Nine 5-inch rifles constitute her main battery, and ten rapid-fire guns of small calibre suffice for repelling hostile torpedo-boats, or for raking at short
range a disabled adversary. Work was commenced on the " Montgomery " in 1890 and her total cost was $612,500. She has a complement of 20 officers and 254 men.

Copright I896 by W. H. Rau. THE RALEIGH.
The "Raleigh" is an unarmored cruiser of 3,213 tons' displacement and has engines of 10,000 indicated horse-power, permitting a speed of 20 knots an hour.
Her dimensions are : length, 300 ft; breadth, 42 ft; mean draft, 18 ft Her armament consists of one 6-inch and ten 5-inch rifles, and fourteen smaller rapid-fire
guns. The keel of this cruiser was laid in 1889 and her total cost amounted to $1,100,000. At present she has 20 officers and 292 men aboard.

The Texas.
Tdi (<TpYa<; „ _„. onlv battle-ship of the second rank, now that the "Maine" is no more, has a displacement of 6,315 tons, and can steam 17 knots an hour
The Texas, our only battle ^nip ' °r ' h followin„ dimensions: length, 310.3 ft; breadth, 64.1 ft; mean draft, 22.5 ft. Her armament consists
with her engines of 8,600 indicated horse-power. Sf^ ^ *°' ^ gid.fire Bofh s £ arfd turret armor is 12 inches thick. The keel of the "Texas" was laid
°f 7*° InXherTost5^ compl S 'w $ "o 00 Kb appear on comparison, the "Maine" was slightly superior to the "Texas" in the weight of metal thrown,
Tut1 he' £tS«rSKm h^ 12-inch guns "are, for many purposes, nearly as effective as the Indiana's of I3-mch calibre.

The Minneapolis.
This new triple-screw cruiser, intended as a "commerce-destroyer," is the fastest large war-vessel afloat, and her speed, 23.1 knots an hour, has been exceeded in
our navv°only by that of the torpedo-boats of the latest type. Her displacement is 7,375 tons, and her three screws are driven by enormous engines of 20,862 indi
cated horse power Her dimensions are: length, 412 ft.; breadth, 58.2 ft; mean draft, 22.5 ft. She carries one 8-inch, two 6-inch, and eight 4-inch rifles, which,
with sixteen auxiliary rapid-fire guns, constitute an ample battery for the destruction of the enemy's merchant ships. Work was commenced on the " Minneapolis " in
1891, and her total cost was $2,690,000. She has a crew of 40 officers and 456 men-

Copyright 1893 by W. H. Rau.

The Columbia.

The "Columbia" is almost a duplicate of the "Minneapolis," having the same displacement, dimensions and armament as that cruiser, but somewhat less speed,
due to engines of smaller horse-power. The exact figures are: displacement, 7,375 tons; speed, 22.8 knots an hour; engines of 18,509 indicated horse-power; length,
412 ft.; breadth, 58.2 ft.; mean draft, 22.5 ft.; main battery, one 8-inch, two 6-inch, and eight 4-inch rifles; secondary battery, sixteen rapid-fire guns of small calibre.
Her keel was laid in 1890 and her cost, $2,725,000, exceeded that of the sister cruiser begun the year following. Her present crew consists of 40 officers and 429 men.
The mission of the "Columbia" and the "Minneapolis" is to overhaul and destroy the enemy's merchant vessels, and to keep out of the way of armored cruisers,
or battle-ships. Their great speed enables them to do this, yet their fighting power is greatly superior to that of armed merchant liners, such as hostile nations would
certainly use as auxiliary cruisers. These they could easily run down and destroy.

The Philadelphia.
This cruiser's keel was laid in 1888, but the recent overhauling to which she has been subjected has increased her efficiency notably. Her dimensions are:
length, 327.5 ft; breadth, 48.6 ft; mean draft, 19.2 ft, which give a displacement of 4,324 tons. Her speed is 19.7 knots an hour, derived from engines of 8,815
indicated horse-power, and she carries twelve 6-inch rifles, besides fifteen auxiliary guns of smaller calibre. The vessel's first cost was $1,350,000, to which must be
added the sum recently expended in refitting her. Her present complement of officers and men is 34 and 350 respectively.

Copyright 1896 by w. H. Rau.

The Massachusetts (Broadside View).

This first class battle-ship is described under the illustration of her elsewhere in this Volume "The American Navy." This view of her shows the strength
of her broadside Guns mounted in turrets have great' freedom of fire, as they are aimed by revolving the turret, and not by changing the course of the ship.
Accordingly the'" Massachusetts " can concentrate in broadside the fire of six turrets, carrrying rifles of the following calibres: Four of 13-inch, four of 8-incn, and
two of 6-inch. The weight of metal thrown by these at each discharge is two tons, and the striking-energy of the projectiles impinging simultaneously is sufficient to
sink any but the most solidly constructed iron-clads of her own class.
of such an engagement.

It is not known what resistance the armor of these would offer, as history furnishes no instance

* *

liftn 

1 WM '¦

The Amphitrite.
The "Amphitrite " is a double-turreted monitor of the following dimensions: length, 259.5 ft.; breadth, 55.8 ft; mean draft, 14.5 ft- Her displacement is 3,990
tons and her speed 12 knots an hour, derived from engines of 1,600 indicated horse-power. Her side armor varies in thickness from 5 to 9 inches; that of her turrets
and barbettes is 7 */2 and 1 1 */2 inches thick respectively. Four 10-inch and two 4-inch rifles constitute her main battery, and eight smaller guns of the rapid-fire pattern
furnish the means of repelling torpedo-boats. Work was commenced on the "Amphitrite" in 1874, and her entire cost was $3,178,046. Monitors are chiefly intended
for coast-defense and for fighting in smooth water, as their low free-boards are unsuited for navigation in a heavy sea. The "Amphitrite" would be a dangerous
antagonist for a second-class battle-ship of the same metal and armor. She lies so low in the water that she presents a small target, and her 10-inch rifles would
soon find vulnerable spots in a battle-ship.

The Bancroft.
Though built for the use of the United States naval cadets at Annapolis, the " Bancroft" has been in commission as a station cruiser and is more serviceable than
her tonnage and lack of armor would seem to indicate. Her engines of 1,213 indicated horse-power give her a speed of 14 knots, which would be considerably
augmented by a favorable wind, as she has large sail-power. Her length is 187.5 ft.; breadth, 32 ft.; mean draft, 12.2 ft., giving a displacement of 838 tons. Her
armament consists of four 4-inch rifles with auxiliary rapid-fire guns of smaller calibre. The "Bancroft's" keel was laid in 1891 and her total cost was $250,000. To
handle her 10 officers and 120 men are required.

The Newark, Baltimore and Fleet at Hampton Roads.
These two fast cruisers, though of nearly the same displacement and power, are entirely different in appearance, as the "Newark " is bark rigged and can spread
10,000 sq. ft. of canvas if need be, whereas the " Baltimore" has merely two small military masts. The " Newark's " dimensions are: length 310 ft; breadth, 49.2 ft;
mean draft, 18.8 ft; giving a displacement of 4,098 tons. Her speed is 19 knots an hour, her engines are of 8,869 indicated horse-power, and she is armed with
twelve 6-inch rifles and sixteen auxiliary rapid-fire guns. The "Baltimore's'' displacement is 4,413 tons, with the following dimensions: length, 327.5 ft; breadth,
48.6 ft.; mean draft, 19.5 feet. Her engines have 10,064 indicated horse-power, giving her a speed of 20 knots an hour. She mounts a main battery of four 8-inch
and six 6-inch rifles, and a secondary one of fourteen rapid-fire guns.

Naval Parade Leaving Hampton Roads.
It is doubtful whether a fleet of modern war-ships ever presents the picturesqueness of the old-time frigates and line-of-battle ships. The funnels, the armor, the
huge guns the small and usually sailless masts, and above all, the black smoke of the former, are far less gratifying to the eye than the trim wooden hulls, the sym
metrical tiers of guns the tapering masts, the cloud of white canvas of the latter. But if iron and steam are less pleasing to the eye than oak and sails, they are much
more satisfactory to the mind Modern vessels perform their tactical evolutions with as much precision as do soldiers, and they can lay their course for a given port
regardless of wind and tide, and reach their destination without loss of time. That an aggregation of such vessels is reassuring in troublous times, is apparent from
this illustration.

The San Francisco.
The "San Francisco" is an unarmored cruiser of 4,098 tons' displacement, and has engines of 9,913 indicated horse-power, enabling her to steam 19.5 knots an
hour. Her dimensions are: length, 310 ft; breadth, 49.2 ft; mean draft, 18.8 ft. She carries a main battery of twelve 6-inch rifles and a secondary one of fifteen
rapid-fire guns of small calibre. Thus she would possess a high efficiency as a "commerce-destroyer.'
cost was $1,428,000. Her complement of officers and men is 33 and 350 respectively.

The " San Francisco's" keel was laid in ii

and her total

The Torpedo-boat Stiletto.
This is the smallest vessel of this class in our navy, as she has a displacement of only 31 tons. However, that is an element of strength as she is expected to
steal upon a war-ship and launch her torpedoes at the enemy's hull. Her smallness renders her less conspicuous and her light draft permits her to escape into shallow
waters, whither larger vessels can not go. Her dimensions are: length, 88.5 ft; breadth, 11 ft; mean draft, 3 ft. Her engines of 359 indicated horse-power
give her a speed of 18.2 knots an hour. For repelling the boats that a hostile ship might send after her, she has six rapid-fire guns of small calibre. One officer and
five men compose her crew. The "Stiletto " cost $25,000.

Copyright 1893 by w- H. Rau.

The Indiana's Forward-deck i 3-Inch Guns.

These like the pair of after-deck guns of the same calibre are mounted in a heavily armored turret, which revolves through a large arc so as to give much freedom
of fire. Thus it is not necessary to change the vessel's course in order to bring her heaviest guns to bear upon an object directly ahead or on either side. In assailing
a fort the "Indiana" could present her bow and fire with her two 13-inch and four 8-inch rifles. The latter are mounted in the two smaller revolving turrets just
behind and higher than the large one. At a distance of ten miles the ship's breadth (69^ ft.) would subtend no larger visual angle than a croquet-ball floating in
the water 100 yards off, and she would be much harder to hit by reason of refraction and atmospheric disturbances which are very deceptive at such a distance.

The San Francisco, Bancroft and Fleet at Hampton Roads.
These vessels are specially described and illustrated elsewhere in this Volume. Their introduction here is for the purposes of comparison and contrast, the " San
Francisco " having five times the " Bancroft's" displacement and carrying three times as many guns in her main battery. However, it must not be inferred that the
"Bancroft" is serviceable merely as a training-ship. She has no mean powers of offense as a cruiser, since she can keep the sea a long time aided by her auxiliary
sail-power and can enter shallow harbors inaccessible to larger war-ships. Both vessels have beautiful lines and exhibit a happy union of strength and symmetry.

Spinning a Yarn.
The innovations in ship-building have made the "old salt" of Marryat's novels less conspicuous (because less needed) aboard a war-ship. Moreover as steam
renders a vessel independent of wind and tide, there are fewer periods of enforced idleness during which seamen may assemble for the purpose of narrating their
adventures  "spinning yarns" as it is still called. Yet, even now, when steam and electricity do nearly every thing aboard the war-vessels, many old sailors can be
found whose experience dates from the time of sails and wood, and their "yarns" are deservedly in request whenever this kind of "spinning'

-circle is formed.

Firing a Pivot-gun.
Guns of this kind are usually mounted on a ship's upper deck, military mast, or behind an elevated parapet, whence it is desirable to fire rapidly on a small
moving obiect The pivot allows the gunners to sweep the piece through a large angle and to change its aim instantly. Thus if it should be seen that their fire had
sunk or repulsed an approaching torpedo-boat, they could turn their gun upon the port-holes of a hostile turret, and greatly impede the handling of the heavy ord
nance within- or they might aim it at the platform of an enemy's military mast —a difficult target for large guns. It is believed by many naval constructors that one
of the chief dangers to be avoided now is the explosion of ammunition by the searching fire of the comparatively small pivot-guns.

The Newark.
The "Newark " embodies in part the ideas of those who believe that a cruiser should have considerable auxiliary sail-power, both to economize her coal when she
is not pressed, and also to add to her speed when the wind favors this during a chase. She is bark rigged and can spread 10,000 sq. ft. of canvas to augment her
steaming speed of 19 knots an hour, derived from engines of 8,869 indicated horse-power. The "Newark's" dimensions are: length, 310 ft; breadth, 49.2 ft; mean
draft, 18.8 ft; which make her displacement 4,098 tons. She carries twelve 6-inch rifles in her main battery, and sixteen auxiliary rapid-fire guns of small calibre.
another illustration of this issue a comparison may be made between the " Newark " and the " Baltimore," a cruiser of the same size but of different design.

In

By permission of Stone Printing Company, Roanoke, Va.

An Efficient Squadron.

This is a small but efficient squadron. The two ships on the left are the armored cruisers " New York " and " Brooklyn," illustrated and described
in the part on the American Navy. The "Cincinnati," nearer the centre of the background, is a 20-knot cruiser of 3,213 tons, with engines of 10,000
indicated horse-power. Her dimensions are: length, 300 feet; breadth, 42 feet; mean draft, 18 feet. She carries one 6-inch and ten 5-inch rifles in her
main battery, and has twenty smaller auxiliary guns. The "Newport," in the centre and farther to the front, is a 12-knot gunboat of 1,000 tons' dis
placement, with engines of 800 indicated horse-power. She carries six 4-inch rifles and has the following dimensions, viz.: length, 168 feet; breadth, 36
feet; mean draft, 12 feet. The "Iowa," on the right of the illustration, is a first-class battle-ship, resembling the " Indiana." Her displacement is 11,410
tons and her speed 16.5 knots an hour, derived from engines of 11,000 indicated horse-power. She mounts four 12-inch, eight 8-inch, and six 4-inch rifles
as a main battery, and has twenty-eight smaller auxiliary guns. The " Iowa's " dimensions are: length, 360 feet; breadth, 72.2 feet; mean draft, 24 feet.

Copyright 189G by J. S. Johnston.

The U. S. Battle-ship Maine.

The verdict of the naval court of inquiry exculpated the officers of the " Maine" and ascribed her destruction to the explosion of a mine at 9:40 p. m. Tuesday,
February 15, 1898. History's list of infamous deeds has received an addition, and in the harbor of Havana a wreck has become a monument to a living idea as well
as to the uncoffined dead pinned under tons of iron.
The battle-ship " Maine " was a thing of beauty as she proudly steamed to the spot that was to be her grave. She was more than a match for any Spanish vessel
anchored near, and to practised eyes, on ship or shore, her formidable power must have been discernible. Aboard the ship there was not a soul unaware of her
dangerous mission, and of the responsibility which weighed on all.

Commanding Officers of the Maine.
Capt. Sigsbee and his officers doubtless assembled for social pleasures while anchored before Havana as was their custom; tor, beyond the maintenance of a
discipline sharpened because of our strained relations with Spain, their routine duties were few and their hours of relaxation many. Still, in the light of subsequent
events we can well imagine that to the officers playing draughts, the "Maine" often seemed like an exposed man on the checker-board, and the issue of many a
game at dice must have hung upon a throw as hopeless as the fire of the "Maine's" io-inch rifles replying to hostile forts and fleet around her!

Cfiief Officers of the Maine.

To the younger officers the curtailment of shore privileges made their stay at Havana far from pleasant. In February West Indian harbors are unusually attractive,
and in casinos, club-rooms and hotels, to say nothing of balls and special fetes, a round of pleasures is offered, such as makes cruising in those waters highly enjoyable.
When the "Maine" took her assigned anchorage, even the youngest cadet from Annapolis had no thought of anything but discipline. Jealous eyes were always turned
upon the ship, and it was felt that at any moment an announcement of war might render it necessary to fight their way past forts and fleet. Every precaution was
taken to meet a probable danger. The actual one uas unknown to the world's experience.

Secretary Herbert's Visit to the Maine.
Many will recall the general interest felt in the " Maine" when she was ready for her speed trial

to the "Maine" is due, no doubt, his advocacy of naval expansion
of the ship's equipment, including the men and their quarters.

The act which authorized her construction provided that every
Maine " was only a second-
d it was felt that we were at
enthusiasm enkindled by this visit
Mr. Herbert was received aboard with befitting honors, and his inspection extended to every part

Off Duty on the Maine.

of the men who posed for this picture may have seen ex-Secretary Herbert come aboard the "Maine, ' but most of t
on?. How many of these l'usty fellows were of the 260 who perished on that fateful Tuesday night ? Who can say ?

A few of the n whc '- ucture may nave bcc.i c.-ocu.^.j ,.^^. — —  — -. — — - them look too young to have been in
service so long How many of these lusty fellows were of the 260 who perished on that fateful Tuesday night ? Who can say ? The roll-call of this picture has not
been made and only the survivors can determine the number of the missing. Here they are portrayed when care and responsibility are farthest from their minds.
But in an instant a scene like this can change, for these men have onerous duties at stated hours.

Teaching the Wigwag System of Signaling.
One of the most important lessons the apprentice seamen are required to learn is "wigwag" signaling. This is by means of a small white flag held in the hand,
and moved horizontally or vertically according to a certain system. A powerful glass enables these different motions to be distinctly recognized and interpreted on
board a sister ship miles away, and thus communication is established.
It is obvious that sudden emergencies may require the speedy issuance of orders from the flag-ship to her consorts near enough to see, but too far to
"Wigwagging" is the means employed by day, and the illustration shows practice in the art, as it was aboard the "Maine."

hear.

Revolver Practice.
Firing at a target with the new-model "navy" revolvers is another part of the drill on board a war-ship. A section of the "Maine's" crew is here shown, one
rank firing above the heads of the other kneeling. Of course there is no use for such a weapon in a naval engagement, as the contending ships will rarely approach
within pistol-range and no men are in sight. But when a detachment is sent ashore to do guard duty, serviceable revolvers enable the men to defend themselves
against a mob which might overpower them if they had only their fists for defense. It would be a bold hundred that could face and attack eighteen men firing with
heavy revolvers in this order. The experience of the " Baltimore's" men ashore at Valparaiso will not be forgotten soon.

Single-stick Practice.
This is an exercise to impart skill in the use of the cutlass, or seaman's sword. However, seamen are not armed with cutlasses now, nor can modern war-ships
captured by boarding, so that single-stick practice is merely an agreeable system of calisthenics, pretty much the same as fencing with foils, but rougher and
requiring greater strength. This illustration shows the "Maine's" expert fencers engaged in their regular drill. They were reputed the most skilful in our navy,
and their friendly rivalry with the crews of the other vessels was encouraged by their officers, who took great pride in their prowess.

be

Torpedo-tube with Guard and Gunner.
Although there are specially constructed torpedo-boats whose sole means of offense is the torpedo, yet every modern battle-ship is provided with tubes for
launching torpedoes while in action. One of the " Maine's" tubes is here shown, with gunner and guard on duty. The tube and its dangerous ammunition are con
stantly under surveillance and their handling is committed only to experts. This tube's torpedo was exploded by the force of the concussion from the mine beneath
the ship, and the destruction wrought was terrible to behold.

Boatswain, Carpenters, and Engineers of the Maine.
Most of the designations in use on sailing-ships are retained on our war-vessels, but it is obvious that propulsion by steam now gives the engineer the importance
iviosi oi ine ues>igiid.iiuiia m & r  „,„„j ,„„,.i,0, on q cnir, mnet-rnri-pH nf stpp . and none for the sail-maker where

possessed by the carpenter or sail-maker of Decatur's time.

There is small use for a wood-worker on a ship constructed of steel, and none for the sail-maker where

v- ,s spread Still, the capture of a prize in time of war might call for a crew of old-time sailors to carry it into port ; and therefore every iron-clad has repre
sentative Tsailors Bellas a full complement of engineers. The landsman will scarcely be able to distinguish them ,n the illustration.

"'.-„.

I

¦I

Bachelors' Glee-club (on the Maine).
It is never difficult to find musicians when one can select from several hundred men, and a peculiar gravitation always helps to bring music-makers together. The
" Maine's " glee-club was deservedly popular from its excellent rendition of songs dear to the seaman's heart. Instrumental music was not wanting, but the club's fame
rested chiefly on its songs, which were in great request among the officers and men alike. With one exception the members were all young men, and some of them
perished in the fatal explosion which occurred shortly after their last songs floated out over the harbor of Havana.

Master-at-Arms' Mess on Board the Maine.
Contrary to the belief of many, the fare of our seamen is excellent, consisting of the best prepared foods and dishes. Service afloat requires the highest physical
efficiency such as is found only in well-nourished men, and nothing is omitted that can add to the relish of their meals. This illustration of a specimen mess of the
" Maine " shows that these men shared as well as the second-cabin passengers on the big liners. The officers' table had more elegant appurtenances but the quality of
the food was no better.

Seamen's Mess (Maine).

Pi ainfr than that shown in the preceding illustration, but withal neat and clean, were the " Maine's " tables for the common seamen. The food served was sub-
«tantFnl3rcooked and Sthe best quality. The accommodations exhibited a scrupulous regard for the comfort of the men, and it is certain that many of them had
SiSr^ than was'theirs'aboard the battle-ship. It must be remembered that a war-vessel is seldom as much as ten days out of port, and there
fore her men are subjected to none of the privations which attended long voyages, in the old-fashioned men-of-war.

Returning to the Maine after a Sham Battle Ashore.

Thf summons to go ashore is always welcomed by the marines as a pleasant variation of their duties on shipboard, and especially gratifying to them is the news
that there is to be a sham battle in which the men from other ships will take part. Opportunity is given of seeing old friends and renewing acquaintances, and as the
men embark for the ship after a day's arduous drill, their recollection of the interspersed pleasures make them forget their fatigue. The officers of the Maine
had brought their men to a state of high efficiency and their discipline was never more conspicuous than in that awtul catastrophe in Havana harbor.

Torpedo-tube and Gunners (on the Maine).
A previous illustration showed the unceasing vigilance which guarded this engine of destruction. The same tube is pictured here with the five men who served
it. They all perished in the second explosion which followed the terrible upward blow from the mire beneath the "Maine." Few would suspect the latent power of
a torpedo like this, but whatever is able to sink a hostile ship by striking its hull after traversing unseen a mile of intervening water, is far more destructive when
exploded in its tube by a shock from without. To realize this one should see in the harbor of Havana the unsightly wreck which marks the latest scene of American
heroism and Spanish perfidy.

The Maine's Mascot.
It is well-known that sailors fasten their affections upon the most nondescript pets, and are allowed by their officers to keep them in their quarters aboard the
ship Such a pet is known as a " mascot," and good treatment of it is supposed to bring luck to the ship. Sometimes it is a monkey, sometimes a parrot The mas
cot of one of our war-ships is an ugly goat, whose stubbornness has completely effaced any amiability he ever possessed. The " Maine's " mascot was a cat and strange
to say it survived the horrors of that awful explosion, being rescued by the sailors who were searching for dead and dying comrades. It has not been stated whether
this cat is eligible to the mascotship of one of the newly launched vessels, but it is scarcely likely, as that honor is determined by chance and not by election.

The Court of Inquiry (on Board the "Mangrove").
When the news of the disaster was flashed to Washington shortly after its occurrence, our Government's first act was to succor the victims, and
the next to appoint a Court of Inquiry. This consisted of the four naval officers here shown. Beginning on the left their names are: Captain French
E Chadwick Lieutenant-Commander Adolph Marix, Captain William T. Sampson, and Lieutenant-Commander William P. Potter. Captain Sampson
acted as President of the Court, and Lieutenant-Commander Marix as Judge- Advocate. The Court held its sittings on board the light-house tender
" Mangrove " anchored near the wreck, and had the advantage of being able to inspect for itself any part that remained above the water, or was
brouo-ht up by the divers. In the exercise of its judicial functions, such a court brings to bear the technical knowledge and special skill which are
inseparable from the vocation and rank of its members.

Divers of the United States Navy.
The work of these men was carried on under exceptional difficulties, such as rarely present themselves in a diver's experience. Ordinarily the hull of
a wreck suffers very Httle afTer it has settled firmly in its position, and, therefore, a diver can work with tolerable ease and safety ; but the "Maine was
torn out of shape aU large part of her was converted into a tortuous maze of frames, plates, pipes, rods, etc all bent, broken, or twisted. Through
these the divers had to work their way to reach the bodies of the victims, the guns, and the uninjured parts ; of the ship s equipment The yielding ooze
which covers the bottom of the harbor was not only difficult to traverse, but had allowed the heavy detached parts of the wreck to subside, and thus
increased labor preparatory to hoisting.

Wrecking-boats at Work.
In order to hoist the euns and their carriages out of the wreck, it was found necessary to employ the most powerful floating derricks obtainable. Even
the frames Ind riven part! of the superstructure were bent and entangled in such a manner as to defy a vertical lift. Often the divers worked for hours
bef°ln Sfstenl7 are" feln^ Son^J^Zncl the " Vizcaya. ' The former is the cruiser which was sent to Havana to replace the " Maine," the
latter is a Sp£ armored cruiser having a displacement of 7>ooo tons and a speed of 2o knots. She is of the " Brooklyn " class but her heaviest guns are
only two in number; Sd of i Tinch calibrf. It will be observed that the " stars and stripes " floating over the wreck indicated that the United States still
held jurisdiction over her.

General View of the Wreck.
, it_ i ,.aa„ trnrn +Vif> "Maine's" fip-htinp- top or circular platform around the mast. When the vessel sank the
This ^^^Y^h t^ The three object beyond the small boat in the centre of the picture
mast remained upright with the nghting top about fatty 9teeta^ne*; f 8 aJnd 'They were made objects of the most searching
S^^^^^^S^^^^iA^S^ *?£ co8So»7of this plat'e w„ one of the conclusive proofs of an erosion
under and outside the "Maine's" hull.

A Spanish Diver at Work.
It will be remembered that the Spanish authorities deemed it advisable to make an independent investigation with the aid of divers Their operations
were leSrel? Tf not perfunctory, and they were occupied fewer hours than the American divers. The illustra ion shows the Spanish crew m the act of
S I diver down The report they made has not been published in detail, but from the utterances of the Madrid papers, as well as from the diplomatic
correspondence it is obvious that they made, or claimed to have made, no discoveries implicating Spaniards, or pointing to any external agency.

View of the Wreck Amidships.
The wreckers are here shown at work on the carriage of a 6-inch gun. The chief difficulty lay in disentangling the carriage from the
encumbering de'bris, so as to make a clear lift. The view of the plates, frames, and machinery exhibit the destructive nature of the explosive used
in the mine. The fact that none of the ship's magazines not directly over the mine exploded is one proof of the exceeding care used on the
"Maine" to isolate these, and to minimize the danger of carrying in them such large quantities of ammunition. The "Maine" did not go to Havana
to fight, but she was held in readiness to repel an attack, and unceasing vigilance guarded her against the surprises of war. She did not anticipate
assassination'

The Iowa.
This first-class battle-ship has a displacement of 11,410 tons, and is propelled at a speed of 16.5 knots an hour by her engines of 11,000 horse-power. Her
dimensions are: length, 360 ft.; breadth, 72.2 ft; mean draft, 24 ft. The vessel's side armor is 14 inches thick, and that of her turrets and barbettes varies from
S to 15 inches. In the main battery are mounted four 12-inch, eight 8-inch and six 4-inch rifles, while the secondary one carries twenty-eight guns of smaller
calibres and of rapid-fire pattern. Thus the "Iowa" is our largest battle-ship now in commission and is only slightly surpassed in armor and guns by the sister ships
" Indiana, ' " Massachusetts," and " Oregon," of which only the last outsteams her. The construction of the " Iowa " began in 1893, and her total cost was $3,010,000.
Her complement of officers and men is 40 and 444 respectively.

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Admiral George Dewey.

The victor in the naval battle at Manila was born in Montpelier, Vt, 61 years ago, and appointed from that State to the Naval
Academy in 1854. On graduation four years later he served aboard the steam frigate " Wabash," cruising in the Mediterranean.
Commissioned lieutenant April 19, 1861, he was assigned to the steam sloop "Mississippi" of the West Gulf squadron under
Farragut. He took part in forcing the defenses of New Orleans, and afterwards lost his vessel by running her aground in a fog
under the Confederate batteries of Port Hudson, which destroyed her. In 1870 he commanded the " Narragansett " and made sur
veys on the Pacific Coast till 1876. He next served as lighthouse inspector and secretary of the lighthouse board till he was made
commander of the "Juniata" on the Atlantic station, in 1882. He was promoted to a captaincy in 1884, and placed in charge of the
"Dolphin," one of the four vessels composing the original " White Squadron." During 1885-88 he commanded the "Pensacola" of
the European squadron, and was thereafter made chief of the bureau of equipment and recruiting, with the rank of commodore. In
1893 he became a member of the lighthouse board, and in 1896 president of the board of inspection and survey, remaining in this
position till January, 1898, when he was placed in command of the Asiatic squadron.

The Olympia.

The ur armored cruiser "Olympia" is Admiral Dewey's flagship, and her brilliant part in the naval battle before Manila shows the wisdom of giving her a heavy
-mament though her displacement (5,586 tons) is far below that of the other two fast cruisers, the " Minneapolis" and the "Columbia," built at the same time. She
^ >s four 8-inch and ten 5-inch rifles (the latter rapid-fire), besides twenty-four guns of smaller calibres and rapid-fire pattern. Her dimensions are as follows:
f^e-th iao ft ' breadth 53 ft; mean draft, 20.7 ft Enormous engines of 17,313 indicated horse-power enable the "Olympia" to steam 21.7 knots an hour, and in
detail of 'her construction are embodied the latest improvements in marine architecture which could be utilized in a cruiser of her class. With 34 officers and
TTmen aboard she steamed into the Bay of Manila— over mines and past forts— to assail the Spanish fleet, and in the terrific battle which ensued her staunchness an''
efficiency fully came up to the expectations of her designers and constructors. The "Olympia's " keel was laid in 1891, and her cost was $1,796,000.

The Boston.
This unarmored cruiser has a displacement of 3,000 tons and a speed of 15.6 knots an hour, derived from engines of 4,030 indicated horse-power. In a favorable
breeze she can increase this speed by means of her auxiliary canvas. The Boston carries two 8-inch and six 6-inch rifles in her main battery, and fourteen of smaller
calibres as a secondary one. Her 8-inch guns contributed not a little towards gaining the victory at Manila, May 1, 1898. To handle her 19 officers and 265 men
are required. The vessel's dimensions are: length, 271.3 ft.; breadth, 42.1 ft; mean draft, 16.83 ft. Her keel was laid in 1883, and the total cost of her construction
was $619,000.

The Blockaded Ports of Cuba.

Thus far the blockade of the Island has been restricted to the principal ports — Havana (pop. 230,000) and Matanzas (pop. 87,000) on the northern coast, Cien
fuegos (pop. 65,000) and Santiago de Cuba (pop. 71,000) on the southern. The first two cities are 60 miles apart, and respectively 95 and 90 miles from Key West
(pop. 17 000), the nearest port of the UnitedStates and almost due north from Matanzas; the last two are by sea 550 and 650 miles respectively from Key West. The
British ports nearest Cuba are Kingston (pop. 46,000), Jamaica and Nassau (pop. 11,000), on New Providence, one of the Bahamas. It is 200 miles by steamer from
Kingston to Santiago de Cuba and 350 miles from Havana to Nassau, once the rendezvous of the blockade-runners of Confederate ports during the Civil War. Porto
Rico not shown on this map, lies to the eastward of Hayti, and its chief port, San Juan (pop. 23,000), is on the northern coast, a steaming distance of 1,100 miles from
Havana, and 1,300 miles from Hampton Roads. Cuba is 750 miles long and from 25 to 100 miles wide; population, 1,631,687; area, 36,013 sq. miles (about the
same as'lndian'a's). Porto Rico is no miles long and 40 miles wide; population, 806,708; area, 3,550 sq. miles (about two-thirds as large as Connecticut). From
San Juan to the Cape Verde Isles is 2,300 miles; from the latter to the Canaries 875 miles; from the Canaries to Cadiz 825 miles.

The Philippine Islands.

This ffroup named after Philip II of Spain, was discovered by Magellan in 1521 and first settled in 1565, since which time it has remained a Spanish dependency.
The islands have a collective area cf 114,326 sq. miles, with an estimated population of 7,000,000, composed chiefly of Malay and Negrito tribes. Luzon, the largest of
the group, has nearly the same area and population as Ohio (more precisely, pop. 3,442,941; area 40,875 sq- miles), and its chief city Manila, is the seat of government.
Manila is situated on the western side of Luzon, near the southern end, on a fine bay 25 miles deep. Thence to Hong-Kong is 650 miles northwest; to Singapore,
1 400 miles southwest; to San Francisco, 6,500 miles northeast. Of the city's 160,000 inhabitants, 60,000 are Chinese ard 4,000 are Europeans, the rest being natives.
The Philippines export hemp, tobacco, sugar and rice, and import manufactured products, chiefly British and American. The European population is less than 5,000,
including Spanish officials and soldiers. A large part of the local trade is in the hands of Chinese merchants, and they wield a large influence. There have been fre
quent insurrections throughout the group, the last one breaking out in 1896 and continuing till now. In some of the islands no Spaniards except the priests have
penetrated the interior.

.">*'

The Gushing.

?y,,. fi«r nf our hmrer toroedo-boats the 31-ton " Stiletto " having been in some respects experimental. The " Cushing's " dimensions are: length,
ihis was the first of our larger torpedc Doats tn : 3 IoS tons. The little vessel has engines of 1,720 horse-power, and can steam 22.5 knots an
138.8 ft; breadth, ^S^^dr^^^^^^p^^^ ^ ^ ^^ Qf ^^ ^ doeS; launched through three
hour or faster ^^^^^^all rap id Tfire gun merito ward off the attacks of light craft pursuing her into shallow water. The " Gushing " was named in
coTmtmot^ ^ * Wdo the C°"federate ir°n-dad ram "Alb™le>" °Ct°ber "' l864'

The Harvard and the Yale (converted cruisers).
These are the new name: for the " New York " and " Paris," the American Line's superb mail steamers which the U. S. Government has armed and equipped for
use as auxiliary cruisers. One illustration will serve for both as they were built exactly alike and by the same men, J. and G. Thomson, of Glasgow. Their steel
hulls are divided into fifteen water-tight compartments besides those inclosing the separate sets of triple-expansion engines, which actuate the twin screws. Both
steamers are provided with powerful electric search-lights, and their promenade decks were specially built to carry the fourteen 5-inch rapid-fire guns which constitute
each vessel's battery. For scouting and transport duty as well as for commerce-destroying the " Harvard " and " Yale " are invaluable, for their seaworthiness enables
them to keep the sea in search of hostile fleets, their speed permits them to escape from warships or to overtake merchantmen, while lastly, each is of a size to carry
a full regiment of soldiers with baggage and accouterments, besides coal and stores for steaming across the Atlantic in less than 6y2 days. The displacement of these
cruisers is 10,800 tons; length, over all, 560 ft; breadth of beam, 63^ ft.

The St. Louis and the St. Paul (converted cruisers).
These steamers of the American Line, like the "New York" and "Paris" (now the "Harvard" and "Yale"), are to serve as
swift auxiliary cruisers, each armed with eighteen 5-inch rapid-fire guns. Being precisely alike, one illustration will answer for both.
The displacement of each is 11,600 tons, the length 554 ft., the breadth 63 ft, and each is propelled by twin screws, driven by two
sets of quadruple-expansion engines, developing over 20,000 horse-power. Each ship is rendered practically unsinkable by 17 water
tight compartments, in addition to the separate ones containing her machinery, and throughout the vast steel hulls of both is found
every artifice which their builders, the Cramps, have been able to devise for comfort and convenience of those who navigate and
inhabit them. The "St. Paul" has steamed from Southampton to New York in 6 days and 31 minutes (average rate across 21.08 knots
an hour), and the " St. Louis " in 6 days, 2 hours and 24 minutes (average 20.87 knots an hour). Thus, without danger to themselves,
they can patrol the coasts, searching for a hostile fleet, or intercepting the enemy's merchant vessels ; for they are swift enough to
escape the former and to overtake the latter. The heroic Captain Sigsbee, of the "Maine," now commands the "St. Paul," and
him serve ufBPf .wno survived the wreck. With such a ship, with such a crew, he will not fail to "remember the maine!"

¦S^SW?;.-

The Baltimore.
The "Baltimore" is an unarmored cruiser of the following dimensions: length, 327.5 ft; breadth, 48.6 feet., mean draft, 19.5 ft, making her displacement
4,413 tons. Her engines, of 10,064 indicated horse-power, drive her through the water at the rate of 20 knots an hour, enabling her to overhaul the fastest merchant
men, while her powerful main battery, consisting of four 8-inch and six 6-inch rifles, would suffice to defeat any hostile vessel swift enough to overtake her. In the
naval battle at Manila, May 1, 1898, the efficiency of her 8-inch rifles at long range was specially observable. In addition she carries fourteen guns of smaller calibres
and rapid-fire type for repelling torpedo-boats and for use onshore. The " Baltimore's " keel was laid in 1887, and her total cost was $6 17,000. Her complement of
officers and men is 36 and 350 respectively.

i

Castine.
This is a small but efficient war-vessel of the gunboat class, armed with eight 4-inch rifles and six smaller guns of rapid-fire pattern. Her engines of 2,100 indi
cated horse-power, propel her at the rate of 16 knots an hour, which is a fair speed for a vessel of her class and displacement, 1,177 tons- tor economical cruising or
to augment her steaming speed, she can also spread considerable canvas. The following are her dimensions: length, 204 ft; breadth, 32.1 ft; mean draft, 12 ft
The vessel's keel was laid in 1891, and her total cost was £318,500. Aboard her now are 11 officers and 143 men.

CINCINNATI.

Admiral Wm. T. Sampson.
Admiral Sampson was born in Palmyra, New York, in 1840, and entered the
Naval Academy in 1857. He served throughout the Civil War, was commissioned
lieutenant-commander in 1866, was on duty at Annapolis from 1868 to 187 1, and
was made commander in 1874. From 1876 to 1878 he was again on duty at the
Naval Academy, and was the institution's superintendent from 1886 to 1890.
Thence he was "assigned to the command of the " San Francisco," and later became
chief of the ordnance bureau, serving from 1893 to 1897. He was the " Iowa's "
first commander, and was next promoted to the rank of acting admiral of the
fleet blockading Cuba.

Commodore Winfield S. Schley.
Commodore Schley was born in Frederick County, Md., October 9, 1839, and
entered the Naval Academy in 1854, graduating four years later. His first service
was with the Western Gulf Squadron blockading Mobile Bay, and thereafter lie
was aboard the " Winona" on the Mississippi River. After the Civil War he was
on duty in the Pacific, and later served on the East India and China stations. In
1884 he commanded the Greely relief expedition, rescuing that officer and his
surviving men. His appointment as chairman of the light-house board in 1897
was his last honor prior to his promotion to the command of the "flying squad
ron " held at Hampton Roads, and afterwards ordered to Cuban waters.

1

Copyright 1893 by J. S. Johnston,

Machias.

204

This efficient eunboat is a duplicate of the " Castine," in respect to tonnage, dimensions, and armament, which are as follows: displacement, 1,177 tons; length
ft breadth mi ft ¦ mean draft 12 ft; battery, eight 4-inch rifles, with eight rapid-fire guns of smaller calibres. Engines of 2,046 indicated horse-power allow 1
it., urcau , i , . ., the vessel's sail-power augments in a favorable breeze. The construction of the "Machias" began in 1891, and the total cost was

speed of 15.5 knots an hour, which the vessel's sail-power augments
$318,000. The vessel's complement of officers and men is 11 and 143 respectively.

a
was

The Constitution,
This frigate perhaps the most celebrated in our old sailing navy, was built in 1797, but was first conspicuous in the war of 181 2, when, escaping from a British
squadron in the Chesapeake, she afterwards met and conquered one of her pursuers, the frigate " Guerriere." Later she engaged and captured the frigate "Java "
off the coast of Brazil Next she encountered and defeated the " Cyane" and the " Levant," smaller ships but together equal to a frigate. With a displacement of
1 ki6 tons and a rating of 44 guns (though actually carrying more), the "Constitution " showed herself superior to the best English frigates, and was the worthy pre
cursor of the " Olympia" of present fame. A proposal to break up and sell the old frigate evoked a storm of popular indignation which was voiced in Dr. O. \\ .
Holmes' spirited poem " Old Ironsides." She was preserved, used for some time as a school-ship, and is now a receiving-ship. The picture shows her as she was.

Copyright 1892 by J. S. Johnston.

The Concord.

This gunboat shared with the cruisers the glory of the victory in Manila Bay, and later, single-handed, sank a Spanish gunboat which engaged her. The "Con
cord" displaces 1 710 tons, steams 16.5 knots an hour (without the aid of auxiliary canvas) under the impulsion of engines of 3,405 indicated horse-power, and has the
following dimensions: length, 230 ft: breadth, 36 ft; mean draft, 14 ft. The vessel is armed with six 6-inch rifles and eight smaller rapid-fire guns. Her keel was
laid in 1888 the construction cost #490,000, and the complement of men and officers now aboard is 180 and 13 respectively.

The New Hampshire.
This is one of the old navy's sailing ships, useless in modern warfare, and serving now as a receiving-ship. Here naval recruits are quartered, and learn the pre
liminary mysteries of seamanship, as far as practicable in a vessel anchored in sight of the shore. When they have become familiar with the duties on shipboard, and
have learned all about ropes, sails, rigging, knots, splices, etc., they are transferred to another vessel to go ou short cruises and apply their knowledge. This converts
them into regulation sailors, eligible to honors and prize-money aboard the warships, to which they are transferred on completing- their apprenticeship.

Copyright 1898 by A. Loeffler.

The New Orleans.

This unarmored cruiser (formerly the " Amazonas") was built in England for Brazil and by that country sold to the United States before war with Spain was
declared. The vessel is of the "Cincinnati" type, displacing 3,600 tons, with the following dimensions: length, 330 ft; breadth, 43.75 ft; mean draft, 16.83 ft-
Engines of 7,500 indicated horse-power give a speed of 20 knots an hour. The armament consists of six 6-inch and four 4.7-inch rapid-fire rifles, and twenty guns
of smaller calibres. The complement of men numbers 300.

Copyright 1897 by J. S. Johnston.

The Porter

The " Porter" is a thoroughly m'odern steel torpedo-boat having the following dimensions: length, 175 ft; breadth, 17 ft; mean draft, 5.5 ft. These give a dis
placement of 180 tons. The vessel's twin screws are driven by engines of 3,200 indicated horse-power, permitting a speed of 27.5 knots an hour. There are three
tubes for launching torpedoes, but no other means of offense except a few small rapid-fire guns for repelling boats or replying to the fire of troops on shore. In ves
sels like the " Porter " everything is sacrificed to speed, as they must be able to overhaul the fastest cruiser, as well as to run away from the " destroyer " class of vessels
specially designed to encounter them.

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Copyright 1896 hy J. S. Johnston.

The Fern.

This is a supply steamer, now in Cuban waters, and for awhile conspicuous in connection with the " Maine " explosion, was the bearer of food to the starv
ing reconcentrados before the outbreak of the war. When it was proposed, after the destruction of the " Maine," to send the cruiser "Montgomery," loaded with pro
visions for the Cubans, the Spanish authorities objected, lest the use of a war-vessel for this pacific purpose might make it appear that the United States countenanced
the insurrection. As a result, the "Fern " was substituted, and her opportune help doubtless saved thousands of lives.

The Nantucket.
This single-turreted iron monitor dates from 1862, being one of the large number built for service in the Civil War. Though some of these primitive vessels are
again to be put in commission for harbor defense, this illustration is introduced chiefly for comparison with those of the " Puritan," " Miantonomoh," and other pow
erful double-turreted monitors, which embody the latest improvement in naval construction. The "Nantucket's" dimensions are: length, 200 ft.; breadth, 46 ft; mean
draft, 1 1.5 ft, which give a displacement of 1,875 tons- Engines of 340 horse-power propel the nearly submerged hull at the rate of 6 knots an hour. The vessel's sides
and turret are clad with armor 5 inches and 11 inches thick respectively. The turret mounts two 15-inch smooth-bore guns, which will be replaced later by high-
power rifles.

The Yorktown.
The "Yorktown" is one of three vessels designed expressly to unite the qualities of the cruiser and the accepted type of American gunboat. Thus, in speed
(16.5 knots an hour) she is exactly — in displacement (1,710 tons) nearly — the mean between the "Montgomery" and the "Nashville." Her armament consists of
six 6-inch rifles and eight rapid-fire guns of small calibre. Her engines are of 3,392 indicated horse-power, and are aided by a considerable spread of canvas, as she is
schooner-rigged. The vessel's cost, exclusive of the overhauling she underwent in 1887, was $455,000. Her complement of officers and men is 14 and 178 respect
ively. The " Yorktown's " efficiency may be inferred from that of her sister ship, the " Concord," which helped destroy the Spanish fleet before Manila.

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The Marblehead.
The unarmored cruiser " Marblehead " is a sister ship of the " Montgomery," having precisely the same dimensions and tonnage as that vessel, viz.. length, 257
ft; breadth, 37 ft; mean draft, 14.6 ft; displacement, 2,089 tons- Her engines, however, develop a little less horse-power (5,451) and her speed, 18.4 knots an hour,
is below the " Montgomery's." In armament they are alike, each having nine 5-inch rapid-fire rifles as a main battery, and ten auxiliary guns of smaller calibre.
The " Marblehead's " keel was laid in 1890, her total cost was $674,000, and her complement of officers and men is 20 and 254, respectively.

Copyright 1898 by W. H. Rau.

The Annapolis.

This vessel, classed as a cruising gunboat, has a displacement of 1,000 tons, with dimensions as follows: length, 168 ft; breadth, 36 ft.; mean draft, 12 ft Her
engines, developing 800 horse-power, permit a steaming speed of 12 knots an hour, which her spread of canvas is expected to increase considerably, when the
wind favors. The vessel's armament consists of six 4-inch rifles and six auxiliary rapid-fire guns of smaller calibre. Her construction was commenced in
1890, and the total cost was $230,000. Aboard her now are 11 officers and 135 men. The "Annapolis " (formerly known as " Gunboat No. 10") is the exact
counterpart of the " Vicksburg," and " Newport," and, like them, was built expressly for blockade and scouting duty in shallow waters, where heavy cruisers are
at a disadvantage.

The Petrel.
The "Petrel," one of the victorious ships at Manila, is the smallest gunboat in the American Navy, as will appear from the following dimensions: length, 176.3 ft;
breadth, 31 ft; mean draft. 11.6 ft. These give a displacement of only 892 tons, in proportion to which her battery is heavy, consisting of four 6-inch rifles and five
auxiliary rapid-fire of small calibre. Engines of 1,095 indicated horse-power propel her at the rate of 11.8 knots an hour, and she has auxiliary canvas besides.
The " Petrel's " construction, begun in 1887, cost $247,000. Her officers and men number 10 and 122, respectively. In the naval battle before Manila this gunboat
took the same risks as the large cruisers and her battery contributed its part towards annihilating the opposing Spanish fleet.

The Monterey.
th double-turreted monitors this vessel ranks first in speed and second in point of size and armament. She has engines of 5,244 indicated horse-
Among tne new ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ dimensions_iength, 256 ft, breadth, 59 ft., mean draft 14.8 ft— give a displacement of 4,084 tons. The
power, enaDiing ^j J2 .^^ r;fleS; and the after one mounts two of 10-inch calibre. Twelve rapid-fire guns of smaller calibre constitute the secondary
forward turret ls.^fgs ™ the armQr on the sideSj turrets and barbettes varies from 6 to 13, 7^to 8, 11^ to 13 inches respectively. The "Monterey's" construction
beS'n 1889 and cost $3,628,950. Her present crew numbers i9 officers and 172 men.

The Bennington.
The "Bennington " is a sister vessel of the "Yorktown" and "Concord," having the same dimensions, tonnage, speed, and armament as those gunboats, viz.:
length, 230 ft; breadth, 36 ft; mean draft, 14 ft; displacement, 1,710 tons; speed, 16.5 knots, derived from engines of 3,436 indicated horse-power; battery, six 6-inch
rifles and eight guns of smaller calibres. Thus the " Bennington " takes rank among the efficient little cruisers designed for special duty in shallow water. The ves
sel's keel was laid in 1888, and the total cost was $490,000. She carries a complement of 16 officers and 181 men.