FOREIGN-BORN AMERICANS And Their Children on ml ^JTVE^P YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Gift of EDWARD LEA MARSH , JR. Yale 193 1 FOREIGN-BORN AMERICANS AND THEIR CHILDREN OUR NEIGHBOR AND HIS GIFT TO AMERICA Foreign-Born Americans And Their Children Our Duty and Opportunity for God and Country from the Standpoint of the Episcopal Church By THOMAS BURGESS Secretary for Work Among Foreign-Born Americans Department of Missions and Church Extension of the Episcopal Church 281 Fourth Avenue, New York CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. OUR IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORS i Their Coming — How They Live. Aliens or Americans — The American Legion. II. AMERICANIZATION 19 III. RELIGION 23 IV. OUR CHURCH'S RESPONSIBILITIES 27 Italians — Other Lapsed Roman Catholics — Orientals — Hebrews — Czechs — Slovaks and Uniats — Scandinavians — Eastern Orthodox — Russians — Greeks — Assyrians and Armenians — The Master Calls Us. Best books to read 80 TOTAL POPULATION OF THE U. S. A. BY STATES Showing proportion of Native to Foreign-bom and their children OUR IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORS WHO is my neighbor? First and foremost, those that live on the same street as I, or in my town or city. If these neighbors and their families are growing up in atheism and lawlessness, perhaps it is my fault. What are we going to do about it? — true Christians and loyal Americans. Here are three quotations concerning what we should do for our foreign-born neighbors and their children: Secretary Lane — "These men are our charge. Ignobly put — it will pay. More manfully said — it is our duty. Worthily — it is our oppor tunity ." Theodore Roosevelt — "No greater work can be done by a philanthropic or religious society than to stretch out the helping hand to the men and women who come here to this country to become citizens, and therefore do their part in .making for weal or woe, the future of our land." Bishop Lawrence — "Whether you call this aotion social service, corporate self-interest, or Christian brotherhood, it must be undertaken now and pressed with all the vigor of a battle;." More than one-third of the people of the United States of America are of foreign birth or the children of the for- eign-iborn, settled throughout the coun try. In the northeast, one-fourth of the United States, the majority of the peo ple are our neighbors of immigrant races. The same is true in some states farther west. There is many a town and city that has over eighty per cent of people from races other than Amer ican. All these, our new Americans, come from every nation under heaven, and speak more than fifty different lan guages; but especially do they come from Europe and the Near East. Our United States is in very truth a babel of tongues and kaleidoscope of races. Our country's task is to create one har monious nation out of many — to live up to our motto— E Pluribus Unum. Their Coming They come, these new Americans, — some from lands of more advanced civ ilization than ourselves; some from backward or decrepit nations; but all with their particular national ideals and traditions cherished for centuries, — and in very truth they come bringing gifts worth adding to our country's glory. The natives who can trace their nation ality back but a few centuries, to the Pilgrim Fathers or such like, nave no right to look down upon these ancient peoples. Emigration resulted from various causes. In some cases it was because of political and religious oppression, but generally speaking from economic stress. They came that they might have the wherewithal to live well. To many a one, America was pictured as the "promised land", flowing with milk and honey, with its streets paved with gold. Then above all, America stood for freedom. So, some with fam ilies, more without, they took ship and sailed, caring little for the brief hard ships of the steerage. At the entrance to the harbor of the new world — and a majority come to that harbor. New York — they were greeted by Liberty Enlightening the World, whose rays long since had illumined their dreams. The Declaration of Independence says, "All men are created equal." Let us stop a moment and consider very seriously. Have you and I alwajs considered our ALIENS AWAITING ADMISSION AT ELLIS ISLAND NIENTE BELLEZZA NO ONE KNEW HIS NAME ELLIS ISLAND In New York Harbor where most of them land neighbors of foreign extraction as equals; have we treated them so? If not, is there not something wrong with our own conception of Americanism? Until held up by the great war, the immigrant tide has been pouring into our country with ever-increasing vol- ume — in the last decade or two preced ing the war, at the rate of a million a year. Forty years ago, most of the immi grants came from the British Isles, Ger many and the Scandinavian countries. In the last twenty years a tremendous stream has swept in from Southeastern Europe. These latter races have quite different characteristics; but can we say they are less capable of becoming good citizens than those of the earlier tide, if given the right treatment? It is this latter immigrant class which we are in the habit of dubbing "foreigner" and "scum o' the earth." After passing the statue of Liberty, the ship landed at Ellis Island, and here our neighbors got their first impressions of Americanism and American treat ment. Herded and classified in pens, they passed through all kinds of ex aminations. There was many a sad story of long detention, sometimes end ing in what seemed to them unjust de portation; of brusque treatment by of ficials; heart-rending separations; and also a little kindly untangling of the difficulties by the few port missionaries. Many a man and woman from this first impression of America has carried a bit ter resentment into his adopted coun try, hard to efface. Of late years juster and more human treatment has been given the incoming foreigner, and the immigration officials are efficiently car rying out their difficult task. When at last the purgatory of Ellis Island was passed, and the United States Government had alas! washed its hands of further responsibility, the crowds, properly tagged, were placed on the im migrant trains bound to their destina tion; and here, too, were many sad cases of unscrupulous exploitation and mis understanding. Thus these poor stran gers within our gates finally reached their new abodes, which were generally far different from their dream pictures. Not all, however, reached the intended place; not a few innocent immigrant girls have never been heard from. WAVE of IMMIGRATION m, the Un™ St«tE5 „,„ ALL COUNTRIES .uiwthewt 100 YEARS Ug5.3+3 . — »r 1907 i f 1 | n 3 l 800.000 rP^.7flft99i Tt I68Z (T iTl L m ff 41ZA.U \ ia n J] 1 Y Ti iast ~v fS J [TI IT Y l, Y (H (T 1 \_ Uiu i i 3 iii m 1 4 1 tW' \X T -trrTTl nrTTT -rfTT mr n t ... H t 18ZI- 40,503 1626- 1830 loa.-MS I8M- 1835 15X494 1836- 18+0 346.631 8+I- I8+5 +30,336 ia+6- i«. I850 I.1S2,9IS (.74 [- |85«- 855 I86C 8,424 7 6Z.S9 1861- 1865 719,333 1666- |87j- (676- 1661" 1666- 1691- I&S6- 1901- 1906- I9JJ- 1916- 1670 1675 J8fi0 1665 |630 |6d5 OOO 1905 Jdio /9|fr 19.20 L&SJMS t.746,736 1.07+ JB9 A.97.Z.954 2.274,9?-+ 2.120,879 f. 954,605- 3,633.076 4,972,31* 4*69,829 1,091.474 C.I-.'.H fr— IM l^.».....t,-..J.^.Htli..t.. 1.. 1T.l..n..H.m»n, .-Ho ^ __ SCALE t» ¦>>•*) perYEAK. |I1MIGT*AT|0N INTO THE UNITED STATES FROM THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES JURIMGTHETAST WO TEA"* Flfriniu total 5 YB*n te^htju. 1910 1905 8,038.392 mitt 343,169 A.097944 TTVtoW 67Ytm AN IMMIGRANT MOTHER AND HER CHILDREN IN THE ROUGH AMERICANS OF THE FUTURE How They Live The streams from the points of en try spread out and settled in hollows all over the country. Our great cities have their sections where large settle ments of various races are segregated and where the language of America is scarcely heard. Very little opportunity is found for such foreigners to come in touch with those who are truly Amer ican. Our countless industrial towns and cities in the East, mid-West and far- West, are filled with immigrant peoples often living in slum conditions. There are the seasonal camps — -construction, railroad, lumber and harvesting — where conditions are often bad. Then there are the mining regions where they set tle and toil their life out, and finally in the great rural fields many find farms attractive abiding places. Bitterly hard toil and bitterly hard living have been the beginning of most of their lives in their adopted country, and such have often continued to the end. Yet despite the hardships, and the in difference of American employers and American neighbois, very many have fought it through, attained independ ence, often prominence, and own good homes — but, oh, the pitiful human waste in the making'. The Immigrant I am the immigrant. Since the dawn of creation my restless feet have 'beaten new paths across the earth. My uneasy bark has tossed on all seas. My wanderlust was born of the craving for more liberty and a better wage for the sweat of my face. I looked towards the United States with eyes kindled by the fine of ambition and heart quickened with newborn hope. I approached its gates with great expectation. I entered in with fine hope. I have shouldered my burden as the American man^of-all-work. I contribute eighty-five per cent of all the labor in the slaughtering; and meat-pack ing industries. I do seven^tenths of the bituminous coal Mining. *Courtesy, F. H. Revell. THE FOREIGN WOMAN'S BURDEN Carrying twenty-five overcoats she has I do seventy-eight per cent of all the work in 'the woolen mills. I contribute nine-tenths of all the labor ij the cotton mills. I make nineteen-twentieths of all the clothing. I manufacture more than half the shoes. I build four-fifths of all the furniture. I make half of the collars, cuffs and shirts. I turn out four-fifths of all the leather. I make half the gloves. I refine nearly nineteen-twentieths of the sugar. I make half of the tobacco and cigars. And yet, I am the great American problem. When I pour out my blood on your altar of labor, and lay down my life as a sacrifice to your god of toil, men make no more comlment than at the fall of a sparrow. But my 'brawn is woven into the warp and woof of the fabric of your national being. My children shall be your children and your land shall be my land because my sweat and my blood will cement the foundations Of the America of Tomorrow. If I can be fused into the body politic the melting pot will have stood the supreme test* —Frederic J. Raskin. National Child Labor Committee CITY "HOMES A row of tenements in New York where most of the women and children work in their rooms finishing garments National Child Labor Committee THE YOUNGEST TOILER IS FIVE Artificial flowers paid for at eight cents a gross in crowded New York tenement houses where all must work to live 10 Such are our "neighbors", and their little children are their "gifts" to Amer ica. Hard, terribly hard, is the lot of the poor little children — those who survive — of the tenements of our great cities, living in homes of some two rooms with their large families, often mixed indis criminately with additional boarders. There are two blocks on the East Side of New York, covering less than nine acres in all, that house eight thousand souls. The social settlements, play grounds, day nurseries, fresh air vaca tions, the institutions of different churches, and all the rest of the splen did work of splendid people, are nobly doing their insufficient little to allevi ate this twisting and stunting of human life. Civic reform is gradually forc ing its way against political selfishness. "The landlords," Jacobs Riis once wrote, "should be boiled in oil to a man ; hanging is too good for him." Whole families toil their lives out; sewing all day long and far into the night in reeking tenements, finishing garments for the merest pittance, mak ing myriads of artificial flowers, neck wear and the like. Here is a typical instance: "Climb the four flights of dirty, ill-smelling stairs, and discover the Rapallo family making violets in their 'fifth floor front' on Mac- Dougal Street. In the front room where the folding beds are pushed out of the way, you will see a large table, heaped with wire, green tape, green leaves and purple petals. Mrs. Rapallo, a woman of thirty, of the striking South Italian type, and her five eldest children are gathered closely around the table, working on the flowers, while two babies play with finished bunches of violets on the floor. The mother and the two older children, Michael, a boy of fourteen, and Maria, a girl of twelve, are fitting the petals to the stems with a bit of paste from a glass, with a deft turn of the finger. Pietro and Camilla, the younger children, are winding the stems with green tape; while Antoinette, an undersized child of nine, under the mother's direction makes the flowers and leaves into a 'corsage bouquet.' It will sell in the shops for about a dollar and a half. The eternally busy fingers of Mrs. Rapallo will not stop, as she answers your inevitable question: 'We get fifteen cents a bunch for disa kind of flower. We maka five bunch a day.' And she stoops down to snatoh a bunch of violets from the baby on the floor, whose little lips are purple with the dye." "Michaelina is now thirteen, but has been working since she was ten years old. She miakes lace after school from three o'clock until nine or ten at night. The work is brought to the room; and neither mother or child knows frotai whence it comes. Both are illiterate, and the ignorance of the mother is especially shown in the fact that the lace collar she is making will bring her $1.25. It will take seventy hours to finish it. Michaelina, she said, is so little, 'because she maka de lace so much'."* Slum conditions in our factory towns are little better, where often the great industrial plants, each employing thou sands, line the streams for miles. Have you ever, at the end of the day, stood outside the gates of a great cotton mill and ''awe-struck seen them belch forth an unending stream of men, women and children of many races, and have you meditated on their life — the monoton ous day's work of the human machine engaged in making perhaps one little motion, over and over again, hour after hour? And what are the homes they are scattering to for the night? Yet life and home and freedom mean as much to them as to you. And there are the mines with their terrible tales of danger and death and bereavement. Child labor also is plen tiful here. And there are the hordes of berry- pickers who go out from the cities, whole families of them, long before school term ends, live in crowded shacks and return to the city slums some time after school begins. So we might go on telling of the many hardships and injustices — of how the other half lives, while those who feel themselves the better half, compla cently say: "Am I my brother's keep er?" ?Shriver — Immigrant Forces, pp. 113 and 116. II National Child Labor Committee "HOMES" IN A MILL TOWN In a Rhode Island Mill town typical of such sections. The landlords are most often to blame HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES Such is the inside of many a home of our neighbors, often through no fault of their own. The friendly acquaintance with such heroines might improve some of us much 12 National Child Labor Committee ' TWO MILES FROM DAYLIGHT The coal which warms us and runs our industries, comes through the toil and danger and death of the foreign-born National Child Labor Committee CRANBERRY PICKERS In the bogs of New Jersey whole families of immigrants hire out for the season 13 National Child Labor Committee A MINE DRIVER This boy has been driving for a year. What has life ahead for him? Yet, through it all, there is one saving factor — the spirit of the pioneer. These men and women, boys and girls, these seekers after freedom, are the real suc cessors of the earlier settlers of Amer ica. They are willing to live in the rough, and patiently toil that they may attain; while ofttimes the lineal de scendants of the first settlers, or of the earlier immigrants, have grown soft and convention-bound and self-satisfied. That is the reason why the children of immigrants in our schools and colleges generally stand at the head. It is im possible to deny the fact that these new immigrants have in their hands the making of the America of the future, for weal or woe. Which shall it be? They will attain if given the chance. Are we giving them the chance? That is the point thrust upon us. "O beautiful for patriot dream That sees beyond the years Thine alabaster cities gleam Undimmed by human tears ! America ! America ! God shed His grace on thee And crown thy good with brotherhood From sea to shining sea." AN EAGER LITTLE INTERPRETER 14 National Child Labor Committee THE PIONEERS These seasonal workers in the bogs, beet farms and the like, live during the working months in shacks and then return to the city slums THESE HAVE ATTAINED A Oreek Farm in California. Owned and run by Greeks. The object of most immi grants who toil and save at the row/hest work, is to attain independence and set up for themselves 15 THE ALIEN MENACE This picture is an arsenal of weapons and bombs taken from strikers at Gary, Indiana (Note the revolutionary poster and the red flag) ANTI- AMERICA AMERICANS A Bolshevist procession marching up Fifth Avenue in New York City. See how young the marchers are. The children of immigrants are the biggest menace or hope of America? Do we give them a chance? 16 Aliens or Americans We all know of the anarchistic prop aganda which swept our country after the war. How can such things happen in our beloved America? Are there not at least two reasons: one, the infernal ingenuity of the foreign propagandist sent here for that very purpose; the other, the fertile soil he finds, viz.: thousands of men and women who have never known the meaning of true Amer ican ideals because they have never been in touch with true Americans. Is this not also perhaps in part the fault of those who call themselves "true Amer icans"? Have we been neighbors to our neighbors? A Bolshevist procession is marching up Fifth Avenue in New York City, and see how young are the marchers. It is this second generation- — native born of foreign parents, who have become a greater menace than their parents. The criminal record of the foreign-born is less than that of the native. But mark this well: the criminal record of the sec ond generation is far higher than that of the native. The children absorb American independence and look down upon their "foreign" parents with scorn; and so, the God-given nurture of home life, of which the ideal was so high in the Old Country, has undergone in many cases a sad perversion. And I wonder if in this procession there are not some who own generations of Amer ican ancestry, the parlor Bolshevists, that small, influential group of fools and fanatics who above all need to learn that liberty is not synonymous with li cense. This is the dark side; but there is another side to the story. As during the war we scanned the casualty lists day by day, what kind of names did we read? In the Victory Liberty Loan poster, which we have seen everywhere, is the typical list of our boys — outlandish foreign names — AMERI CANS ALL. These died for our com mon country, and the world's liberty. THE VICTORY LIBERTY LOAN POSTER Yanks O'Leary's from Chicago and a first-class fight- in' man, Born in County Clare or Kerry where the gentle art began. Sergeant Dennis P. O'Leary from somewhere on Archie Road, Dodgin' shell and smellin' powder, while the battle ebbed and flowed. And the Captain says, "O'Leary, from your fightin' Company Pick a dozen fightin' Yankees and come skirm- ishin' with me, Pick a dozen fightin' devils, and I know it's you that can." And O'Leary he saluted, like a first-class fightin' man. O'Leary's eye was piercin' and O'Leary's voice was clear, "Dimitri Georgeopoulos !" and Dimitri an swered "Here!" Then "Vladimir Slaminski, step three paces to the front, For we're wantin' you to join us in a Ettle Heinie hunt." "Garibaldi Ravioli!" — Garibaldi was to share, And "Axel Ole Rettelson!" and "Thomas Scalp the Bear," Who was* Choctaw by inheritance, bred in his blood and bones, But put down in army records by the name of Thomas Jones. IT R.E.C AMERICANIZATION AT ARMY SPEED Recruit Educational Centre at Camp Upton, New York. Entrance requirements are entire inability to read or write English. The pupils are of many races mixed together. ''Van Winkle Schuyler Stuyvesant !" Van Winkle was a bud Of the ancient tree of Stuyvesant, and had it in his blood. "Don Miguel de Colombo!" Don Miguel's next of kin Were across the Rio Grande when Don Mi guel went in. "Ulysses Grant O'Sheridan!" Ulysses' sire, you see, Had been at Appomattox near the famous apple tree. And "Patrick Michael Casey!" Patrick Mi chael you can tell Was a fightin' man by nature, with three fightin' names as well. "Joe Wheeler Lee!" and Joseph had a pair of fightin' eyes, And his grand-dad was a Johnny as perhaps you might surmise. Then "Robert Bruce McPherson!" and the Yankee squad was done, With "Isaac Abie Cohen!" once lightweight champion. O'Leary paced 'em forward, and says he : "You Yanks fall in!" And he marched 'em to the Captain : "Let the skirmlishin' begin," Says he, "The Yanks are comin' and you beat 'em if you can!" And saluted like a soldier and first-class fightin' man. — Robert Foley. The American Legion The American Legion is perhaps the greatest force for true Americanization in the country, and will keep alive in our boys of many races the spirit of loyalty and service and fellowship. Surely we ought to do our utmost to back up this great organization. Our Bishop Brent was one of the original seventeen founders. The Preamble to the Constitution of the American Le gion reads: For God and Country we assooiate our selves together for the following purposes: To uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America; to maintain law and. order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent Americanism; to pre serve the memories and incidents of our as sociation in the Great War; to inculcate a sense of individual obligations to the com munity, state and nation; to make right the master of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our cormradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness. This is what America ought to mean. 18 AMERICANIZATION LET us consider now several exam ples of what has come to be called "Americanization", though that word has been so misunderstood and misused that we must be wary of employing it. The quickest way is in the Recruit Educational Centres of the Army camps throughout the country, where new and raw recruits from various parts of the country have been gathered since the war — illiterates and men who can not speak or read a word of English. They are mixed up together, no Italian being allowed to bunk next to an Ital ian, but the Italian with the Syrian, the Pole with the Russian and so on. Thus under military discipline and regular routine instruction these men in from four to six months learn the English language, the meaning of our Govern ment and real loyalty. The Americans All Platoon from one camp school, rep resenting fourteen nationalities has given exhibitions in various sections of the country and appeared before Con gressional committees. It is a most successful plan, and it is interesting to know that the backbone of it, an army chaplain, is one of our own clergy. The factory school, that is classes in English, etc., during regular work ing hours, is coming more and more to the fore. This is much better than the night school; for tired workingmen and women either will not come at night or, if they do, are not in the best shape to learn. The factory school is extreme ly valuable, not only from a patriotic and social standpoint, but it also pays the employer many times over in in creased efficiency. It is also interest ing to know that the director of all the welfare work of one great corporation employing 50,000 men of many races, where is the English school which is shown in the picture on the next page, is again one of our clergy. Although of course the learning of our language is a necessary foundation, it is only a means to an end, and all right education and social service should touch the life at home. It is the for eign-born women who most of all are out of touch with American life. In California, government-paid teachers go about to the homes teaching the women. I wonder how much the woman in the picture on the next page paid for the frame of the photograph on the wall. That is an example of petty exploitation. The men in the picture are factory advis ers, attempting in many ways to help the home to fit into. the life of the com munity. Yet better and more efficient than paid advisers, is ordinary Chris tian neighborliness of ordinary men and women. Every family that calls itself American should make it a point to be real neighbors to at least one fam ily of the so-called "foreigners" — neigh bors in the real sense, treating them with the same kind of friendship as their other friends. This is the real foundation of true Americanization, and the lack of it has been the root trou ble. Have you been neighbors to your neighbors? There are many other ways of reach ing the foreign-born and their children upon which there is not space to dwell. There are the social settlement centres, backyard playgrounds, Americanization Leagues of many kinds, the Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., .the K. of C, the D. A. R., and of course the various federal, state and municipal programs. The Department of the Interior has a big program of federal and state co operation in solving 'the problem, but its carrying out has been delayed by Con gressional dallying. One fine municipal example is the city of Cleveland, where the whole mat ter has been carried on with great wis- 19 THE FACTORY SCHOOL Many industrial plants are running polyglot schools in English and Citizenship during working hours ADVICE IN THE HOME Factory welfare advisers getting in helpful touch with the homes of employees A BACK YARD PLAYGROUND The back yard of a house in the centre of a block turned into a ne hood house. An easy and good plan. dom, sympathy and success. Well-led naturalization classes are held, and the act of naturalization has been made in to a ceremony. The new citizens are received into American fellowship in such a way as to make them realize the dignity and privilege of citizen ship. The Public Library in Cleveland is doing its duty. At one branch, which is patronized by many races, the offi cial notice of the Library reads: All children are welcomed to the Children's Room and to the story hours which are held on Saturdays during the fall and winter months. The books and magazines for the children are carefully chosen and of a high order of merit. This library and others like it contain books in different languages and maga zines from Europe, as well as special books in English on care of children, business, citizenship, etc. Most impor tant of all, the library staff is in sym pathetic touch with its patrons. The foreign collection of the Detroit Public Library comprises 21,127 vol umes in Arabic, Armenian, Bohemian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Ger man, Greek (modern), Hebrew, Hunga rian, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish, Portu guese, Roumanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Ukrainian and Yiddish. It is the boys and girls, the children of the foreign-bora, who are especially our country's menace or opportunity. As stated above, 'they make some of our best scholars in our schools. They are the Americans of the future. The Scout oath begins: "On my honor I will do my best to do my duty to God and my country." A Boy Scout Troop in which several races are mixed together is one of the best Americanization factors there is. Girl Scouts and Campfire Girls have a like part to play. Chiefest of all in the bringing of many races together under one, and teaching loyalty to the Flag, is the pub lic school. There is no need of em phasizing this fact. Here is a story of a public school in one of our large cities: A visitor of an investigating turn of mind asked the pupils of various nation alities, Germans, Poles, Russian Jews, Italians, Armenians and Greeks, to stand up in turn. When the long list was seemingly exhausted, he bethought himself of a nation he had overlooked, and said, "Now, let the American chil- 21 National Child Labor Committee AMERICAN MESSENGER BOYS Are these young Americans of foreign parentage keeping late hours, familiar with the city's vices, learning the true American Ideals? dren stand up!" Whereupon one lone, lorn, little colored boy stood up to rep resent America! So they have come, our neighbors from the many lands of their birth to our Land of Fredom, to dwell here as our neighbors, and rear their families, and we have tried but feebly to be neighbors to them. But now that the war is over, our country is awakened as never before to the critical need of "making Americans for America" The menace of it and the opportunity of it and the widespread interest in it, is a great part of the new program of reconstruction. Let me repeat — the root of it all must be personal, ordi nary Christian neighborliness. 'Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thy self." A STREET CORNER IN THE CITY The chapel at the Church Missions House, where prayers for the missionary work of the Church are said every week-day at noon RELIGION WE have finished the first part of our story, and we have not touched upon the most important fac tor of all, Without which true democ racy cannot stand; without which all so-called Americanization must fail; and that which it is the Church's God-given responsibility to supply, viz.: religion — "the knowledge and love of God through Jesus Christ our Lord." "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God" is the first and great commandment, upon which the second, "Thou shalt love thy neigh bor as thyself," depends. Religion is the only sure foundation of American democracy. Without it our country must decay and faTl. Re cently to our new field-direotor for for eign-born Americans, the Reverend W. C. Emhardt, Jane Addams and Graham Taylor — voicing what other great so cial service -workers feel — said that the greatest need among our foreign-born is religion, and that the Church must supply this need, boldly and without camouflage. Business men are familiar with Babson's Reports, dealing mainly with matters of finance. A recent re port begins as follows : "The need of the hour is not more legisla tion. The need of the hour is more religion More religion is needed everywhere, from the halls of Congress at Washington to the facto ries, mines, fields and forests. It is one thing to talk about plans and policies, but a plan and policy without a religious motive is like a watch without a spring, or a body with out the breath of life." To furnish religion to Americans is what the Church of America is for. We as Churchmen should of course be good citizens, and take a leading part in all the best kinds of secular Americaniza tion. But as Churchmen and citizens of the Kingdom of God, we have a spe cial and deeper duty. It is to minister to the souls of men; to teach the knowl edge and love of God, and to provide for them the sacramental touch with God through Jesus Christ our Lord; these alone can furnish them with life as God meant it to be. If we fail in 23 CHURCH MISSIONS HOUSE The headquarters of the Presiding Bishop and Council of the Episcopal Church, 281 Fourth Avenue, corner of 9^nd Street and 4>th Avenue, New York City. On the fourth floor at the extreme left is the office of Reverend Thomas Burgess, Secretary for Foreign-born Americans 21 PART OF THE FOURTH FLOOR AT THE CHURCH MISSIONS HOUSE this we are disloyal both to our coun try and out God. It is like the Day of Pentecost here in America. Here are gathered men out of every nation. The millions of foreign birth and their children stretch forth their hands toward heaven with that spiritual longing which is a part of every man's make-up. These are our neighbors everywhere, over 35,000,000 people — in many places the majority of our population — and this is a point we must not fail to realize — the larger part of these are unchurched, unshepherded. We as the Church of the Living God must minister to the souls of these our brethren, or else in the sight of God our Church has no right to exist. It is not a matter of proselyting, but of reaching the unchurched — of saving millions from atheism, and their lives from its result. This is Foreign Mis sions at Home, and in this kind of mis sions we not only give and pray and send, but we ourselves are called to be the missionaries. Our Church has done a little here and there in the past, but not until June, 1 9 1 9, have we taken it up in earnest, when a new department of Domestic Missions was created with a central of fice at the Church Missions House in New York, with its departmental title: Church Work among Foreign-born Americans and their Children. The call has gone forth and the Church has awakened to the opportunity and begun to provide. Churchmen and Church- women have volunteered for service. It is an all-important part in the Nation wide Campaign. # % 5}l ^C In the following seotions we will show those races of our neighbors to whom our Church has a special responsibil ity. The people of these particular races are our Church's special responsi bilities, because our Church, One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic, with its full gos pel, definite authority and sacramental life, is most like the Church which they knew as their own Church in their home land — and here so many of them are un churched. To most of them before they came to our shores, religion was an out standing factor in their lives. 25 ITALIANS These boys are little Italians, mostly American born, of the Church School of one of our missions OUR CHURCH'S RESPONSIBILITIES AMERICANS DONT LIKE ITALIANS Italians THE first foreign-born man to come to America was a gentleman from Italy by the name of Christopher Co lumbus, who "in 1492 crossed the ocean blue." In the last twenty years Ital ians have been coming in such great throngs that there are now as our neigh bors over 4,000,000 of these attractive and industrious people, including their children born here. New York, Penn sylvania and New Jersey together have over a million Italian residents, and they are scattered everywhere through out the United States. One reason why they are our Church's responsibility is that less than one-third of them are faithful to the Roman Catholic Church; only 20,000 more are accounted for by the Protestant Churches. Yet these if given the opportunity readily respond to religious influences. 37 PALERMO A city of Sicily, beside the blue Mediterranean Everywhere the Italians have done our hard, rough work for us, and after they have been here a while many be come small shop proprietors, some large property owners; and there are a num ber in the professional class. Most of them come here to stay, though such may not have been their original intention. A large proportion of those who return to Italy, soon feel obliged to come back again. The same is true of other im migrants. The percentage of those who return to their native land is really small in comparison to the large numbers who settle for good among us and bring up large families of future Americans. Most of our Italian people come to us from South Italy, the southern part of the Italian peninsula, and from Sicily. This is because the south is less developed than the north along com mercial and industrial lines. A large number come from small country towns out of touch with the life of the cities. The Italians generally emigrate because of living conditions which in Italy are very hard on account of over-popula tion and burdensome taxation. Italy has an area about twice that of the state of Illinois. Two times the pop ulation of Illinois is 12,000,000; Italy has over 35,000,000. We all know that Italy is called "the garden of the world, the home of all art yields." Our Italian neighbors in America come from this great race to Which the world owes so much. There is no need to weary the reader with the host of familiar names of pre-eminent Italian genius in every department of art, science and invention. The churches of Italy are very beau tiful. Worship there is always enhanced by art. There is no need to repeat the history of the Church of Rome in all its glory and power, and its failings. Remember that Italy of the present time is a country of a free people, less than fifty years old in its modern unity, since the battle between Church and State was won in 187 1 by the State, and the diverse principalities were unit- A CHURCH IN ITALY The Italian Churches are very beautiful. Even the small country churches dignified and attractively embellished ed. It is sad that owing to the antag onism, between Church and State in Italy, a great number of Italians find it impossible to reconcile their patriot ism with their religion. And therefore we have in Italy millions of people who refuse to accept the Roman Church as their Church. These people remain without any Church affiliation, though not without a religion of some sort. It is thus that among 'the Italian- immi grants here, our Church has an obvious duty. We can give to the Italians who are dissatisfied a liturgy which strongly appeals to them, and a tradition of pa triotic churcbmanship. The Italians are naturally religious. If properly ap proached they will respond. All over Italy, especially in the country, are found wayside shrines, erected often as a thank-offering. Before these the way farer is wont to stop for meditation and prayer. At Christmastide they love to visit the elaborate creches set up in every church, and religious festivals are cele brated with much pomp and festivity. A WAYSIDE SHRINE At such shrines in Italy, the peasants are accustomed to stop and pray 29 A RACE OF YOUNG AMERICANS Italian children of Grace Chapel, New York City, at the summer school belonging to the parish PARADE ON SAINT ROCCO'S DAY Children of Saint Rocco's Italian Church, Youngstown, Ohio 30 CHOIR OF SAINT MARY'S ITALIAN MISSION, WIND GAP, PENNSYLVANIA The Italian came to America, Per vivere bene, "to live well." He has had a hard time of it here, but has been very courageous. He, and especially his children here, must be brought in touch with what is best in American life instead of, as is usual, with the worst, and they must be kept from growing up without the knowledge of God. We have twenty-two Italian missions ministered to by priests of Italian birth. Considering the lack of unified plan and support, they have accomplished much. Thirteen are in New York and the others are in Massachusetts, Connecti cut, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indianapolis, and Illinois. Almost twenty years ago, Grace Chapel, on the East Side of New York, started work among our Italians with a day nursery. This mission has greatly prospered. Over eight hundred people have been received or confirmed and large congregations averaging two hun dred and fifty attend the services every Sunday. Social and educational work are carried on in Neighborhood Houses. This shows what can be done among the Italians with a whole definite plan, proper financial backing, a devoted staff of workers and a beautiful church with adequate equipment. Many of our mis sions are poorly housed, equipped and financed, and it is a wonder that such have accomplished as much as they have. In Boston a good work is being done, and recently the beautiful chapel of Saint Francis of Assissi,- — largely the gift of American benefactors — ¦ was erected. Such are the worshipful surroundings which alone appeal to the Italian. To ask him to worship in some poor parish room, or cheap bare structure, seems to the Italian not only an insult to himself, but also to Almighty God. Take at random, two more examples: There is a flourishing Italian mission at Wind Gap, Pennsylvania, where as the pictures show, raw material is made over by Church influences into good examples of American refinement. One whole 31 A WORSHIPFUL CHURCH The Chapel of Saint Francis of Asissi, in Boston* Built and furnished by outside benefactors. Italians should everywhere be given places of worship, dignified and beautiful. To invite them to worship in a hired hall or meanly furnished chinch seems an insult to them, and to God 32 A NEW BEGINNING At the Holy Redeemer, Port Richmond, Staten Island, New York, where, without outside help, Italian people worked together, and in 1919 laid the corner stone of a new and bigger church and hall SOCIETY OF CONFRATERNITA del SS, me REDENTORE The men who are building the new church 33 THE RAW MATERIAL A group of American youngsters of Italian parentage with their wife at our Italian Church in Wind Gap, Pennsylvania. Taken of the mission and his good the first year Here you see them two years TWO YEARS LATER later, showing what Church influence can do in the way of American refinement 34 THE LITTLE MOTHERS LEAGUE Learning the proper care of babies at Saint Rocco's, Youngstown, Ohio. The family life in an Italian home is very lovely in its affections, but many little children die or are stunted, through ignorance of proper care parish of Italians, Saint Rocco's at Youngstown, Ohio, was formerly a Roman Catholic parish; then they be came independent; finally they asked our bishop to take them over into oui Church, and a fine religious work is the result. Let us mention in passing, that the Italian girl in Italy or America is rarely allowed to go out without an escort. The family life in an Italian home is very lovely. In the autumn of 1919, our Italian priests were brought together at the call of the Secretary for Foreign-born Ameri cans. They all came except one who was ill and four others still in war service. The Italian priests were housed in one of the halls of the General Theological Seminary, New York, and had the use of the chapel, for their services. The fol lowing resolutions were adopted by this Conference : General Missionaries : That two mission aries be appointed by the General Board of Missions for itinerant work among Italian missions, and to survey and establish new missions. Uniform Control: It is the opinion of this conference that the Italian work and missionaries should be taken under the au thority of the General Board, and the salaries paid by the same. Hymnal: It is the opinion of this confer ence that, although it is advisable to use the English Hymnal, an Italian Hymnal is neces sary. That the Hymnal prepared by the Reverend Delia Cioppa be published. Prayer Book: That this conference of Italian clergymen recommends to the Com mission on the Italian Prayer Book, that a new translation be made instead of correcting the old one. Periodical: This conference commends that an Italian periodical be published for use by all Italians in this country for their Ameri canization and religious instruction. That it be published by the Department of Foreign-born Americans, with the co-operation of a committee of Italian priests, selected by the secretary of said department. Bi-lingual Publications: It is the desire of this conference that the publication of con densed service books or pamphlets be made in Italian-English in parallel columns. English Language: Although in many cases the use of the Italian language is abso lutely necessary, this conference commends the wide-spread practice of using the English language as much as possible in the services and instructions. Thanks: Vote of thanks to the secretary. -v ««• '•4 I ITALIAN CONFERENCE Our Italian clergy and a number of those most interested in Italian work. in the centre of the group The Secretary for Foreign-born Americans is A CONFIRMATION OF HUNGARIANS OR MAGYARS Italian missions in which at least some of the services are in the old world tongue — 'the same is true of other races — are essential for the plain reason that just as you cannot talk to a man in a language he cannot understand, so the worship and preaching must be compre hensible. But apart from this, in every community where there are Italians — and there is scarcely a community where there are not Italians — it is our Chris tian duty to be Christian neighbors to these our neighbors. If we only ap proach them in this Christian way they will respond to the opportunity of com ing to our services and Sunday school. Remember the majority of them are un churched. Nevertheless it is difficult to establish this point of contact. It means an understanding of the Italian nature and a true Christian sympathy. In all our efforts to minister Christian kindness and Christian nurture to the foreign-born Americans, careful study is the first essential, the attainment of real knowledge of the particular race; only so can we reach sympathy. Other Lapsed Roman Catholics There are two other races in America which have, in a much less degree lapsed from Roman Catholicism, and to whom only a Church of dignified ritual, def inite authority and sacramental teach ings can make a full appeal. They are the Poles and the Hungarians. The Poles, like the Irish, are generally faith ful Roman Catholics, but we certainly have a duty to their unchurched. We have three Polish congregations under Polish clergy in Philadelphia. In many places we are in cordial touch with "Old Catholic" Polish parishes. We also have a fine Hungarian or Magyar work in Trenton, New Jersey, where our ener getic Magyar priest planned, financed and largely built with his own hands an excellent church. Across the border from old Mexico have come somewhere between one and two million Mexicans. Bishop Howden of New Mexico writes: "Owing to the Mexican or Spanish American popula tion in New Mexico, almost every mis sion has this Americanization possibil ity." These people, living in wretched poverty, illiteracy, and often with an inborn hatred to the United States, and 37 THE FIRST SAINT CLEMENT'S, EL PASO "The Little Watch Tower of the Rio Grande" a blind atheism, constitute a large and difficult problem. Other Latin Americans are pouring into our country at the present time. It is said that there are now 60,000 of these in New York City. There are also colonies of European Spaniards and Portuguese, many of whom have drifted away from all religion. *--« * O Jco S MH s s Slovaks and Uniats The Slovaks are a lower type and generally faithful Roman Catholics. The foreign-looking group in the picture is a National Slovak Society in a Roman Catholic parish. The Slovaks are in the homeland the brethren of the Czechs, living in hard conditions, poor farmers on the slopes of the Carpathians, com prising the less intellectual part of the new Czecho-Slovakia. To these people we should of course minister, if un churched. Some Slovaks, and many Ukrainians or Ruthenians, are called Greek Catholics or Uniats, — that is to say, though under the Roman Catholic sway, they have been allowed to keep their Slavic liturgies and married priest hood; they have many large congrega tions in America. Without interfering with the religion of these, we can cer tainly be Christian neighbors to them. "Scum o' the Earth"* I At the gate of the West I stand, On the isle where the nations throng. We call them "scum o' the earth" ; Stay, are we doing you wrong, Young fellow from Socrates' land? — You, like a Hermes so lissome and strong, Fresh from the master Praxiteles' hand? So you're of Spartan birth? Descended, perhaps, from one of the band — Deathless in story and song — Who combed their long hair at Thermopylae's pass? . . . Ah, I forget the straits, alas! More tragic than theirs, more compassion- worth, That have doomed you to march in our "im migrant class" Where you're nothing but "scum o' the earth." II You Pole with the child on your knee, What dower bring you to the land of the free? Hark! does she croon That sad little tune That Chopin once found on his Polish lea *Published by courtesy of Houghton, Miff lin Company. And mounted in gold for you and for me? Now a ragged young fiddler answers In wild Czech melody That Dvorak took whole from the dancers. And the heavy faces bloom In the wonderful Slavic way; The little, dull eyes, the brows a-gloom, Suddenly dawn like the day. While, watching these folk and their mystery, I forget that they're nothing worth, That Bohemians, Slovaks, Croatians, And men of all Slavic nations Are "polacks"— and "scum o' the earth." Ill Genoese boy of the level brow, Lad of the lustrous, dreamy eyes Astare at Manhattan's pinnacles now In the first, sweet shock of a hushed sur prise; Within your far -rapt seer's eyes I catdh the glow of the wild surmise That played on the Santa Maria's prow In that still gray dawn, Four centuries gone, When a world from the wave began to rise. Oh, it's hard to foretell what high emprise Is the goal that gleams When Italy's dreams Spread wing and sweep into the skies. Caesar dreamed 'him a world ruled well; Dante dreamed Heaven out of Hell; Angelo brought us there to dwell; And you, are you of a different birth? — You're only a "dago," — and "scum o' the earth" ! IV Stay, are we doing you wrong Calling you "scum o' the earth," Man of the sorrow-bowed head, Of the features tender yet strong, — Man of the eyes full of wisdom and mystery MSngled with patience and dread? Have not I knowtn you in history, Sorrow 4>owed head? Were you the poet-king, worth Treasures of Ophir unpriced? Were you the prophet, Derrhanre. whose art Foretold how the rabble would mock That shepherd of spirits, erelong, Who should carry the lambs on his heart And tenderly feed his flock? Man — lift ithat sorrow-bowed head, Lo ! 'tis the face of the Christ ! The vision dies at its birth, You're merely a butt for our mirth. You'ire a "sheeny" — and 'therefore despised And rejected as "scum o' the earth." 49 AMERICANS OF SCANDINAVIAN STOCK These fine American boys and girls are the choir of our Swedish Church in Boston with their director, the rector's wife in the centre V Countrymen, bend and invoke Mercy for us blasphemers, For that we spat on these marvelous folk, Nations of darers and dreamers, Scions of singers and seers, Our peers, and more than our peers. "Rabble and refuse," we name them And "scum o' the earth," to shame them. Mercy for us of the few, young years, Of the culture so callow and crude, Of the hands so grasping and rude, The lips so ready lor sneers At the sons of our ancient more-than-peers Mercy for us who dare despise Men in whose loins our Homer lies; Mothers of men who shall bring to us The glory of Titian, the grandeur of Hus; Children dm whose frail arms shall rest Prophets and singers and saints of the West. Newcomers all from the eastern seas, Help us incarnate dreams like these. Forget, and forgive, that we did you wrong. Help us to father a nation, strong In the comradeship of an equal birth, In the wealth of the richest bloods of' earth. — Robert Haven Schauffler. 50 SHIPS OF SAINT ANSGARIUS Scandinavians I do not think that anyone who knows the Swedes or Norwegians or Danes, would speak of them as the "scum of the earth." Though treated very often as "foreigners," they have become a solid, often leading part of our popula tion. In the '70s a large number of Scan dinavians came to this country, and every year since they have averaged about 50,000. Thus it may be seen that they belong equally to the older and newer immigration. There are something like 4,000,000 in this country, about half Swedes, the rest Norwegians and Danes. They are setted in the mid-West and on both the eastern and western coasts, and in a few states make up the majority of the population. Many are wealthy farmers and experts in various vocations. As to literacy, only a small fraction of one per cent is classed as illiterate, far less than those of original American stock. Among them are governors, sen ators, mayors and others of high political prominence, as well as philanthropists, like Jacob Riis. In the land of the Vikings, whence come this sturdy, intelligent people, is an old, cultured and freedom-loving civiliza tion. Scandinavian schools maintain the same degree of excellence throughout the three countries. Education is free all the way through the university. In Sweden fifteen minutes of every hour of the school day is given up to games pnd exercises out of doors under trained leaders. Would that our American schools, cared so much for our children's bodv-building! Of course the Church A TYPICAL SCHOOL IN SWEDEN A school in Stockholm. Scandinavian schools maintain the same degree of excellence throughout the three countries. Education is free all the way through the University 51 GOING TO CHURCH It is a town in an old and conservative province of Sweden; the only one where national costumes are still used A CONSECRATION OF BISHOPS IN UPSALA, SWEDEN The gorgeous vestments, the lights and all the rest, are typical of the bishops, priests and churches everywhere in the three National Episcopal Scandinavian Churches SWEDISH AND ANGLICAN CONFERENCE ON INTERCOMMUNION They met in Upsala in 1909, English and Swedish Bishops, and on the extreme left our own Bishop Williams of Marquette, one of the greatest authorities on the Scandinavian Churches catechism and other religious teaching is always part of the curriculum. In fact, America is practically the only Christian country in the world where religion is not a definite part of the teaching in the public schools. The Scandinavians are a church-going people. The Churches of Sweden, Nor way and Denmark went through a Re formation very much like that of the Church of England, and their services are very similar to ours, though more ritualistic. They are brought up on the Collects, Epistles and Gospels just like our own Church people. The official doctrine is called Lutheran, and is near the original Lutheranism. It is probably as orthodox as our own. They have their bishops who in Sweden pretty surely have the valid Apostolic succes sion. For many years intercommunion be tween our Anglican Churches and the Church of Sweden has been considered. 53 rcgrm LANDING OF THE SWEDES IN WILMINGTON, DELAWARE IN 1638 In 1909 a deputation of the English and American Churches conferred with the archbishop of Upsala and the Cathedral Chapter. The conference recognized that intercommunion practically existed, al though official action was not taken. In 1638 the Swedes began to settle near the Delaware River, and there Swedish priests started missions to the Indians. From that time to 1831 Sweden sent to the Delaware colony, thirty-four priests all of whom were recognized by the English Church, and had permis sion to minister not only to their own people, but to the English Churchmen. Gloria Dei, or Old Swedes', in Phila delphia was originally under the Church of Sweden. The rector from 1786 to 1 83 1 was the last of the long line of missionaries sent by the Mother Church of Sweden to give the Bread of Life to her children on this distant shore. GLORIA DEI Gloria Dei, or Old Swedes', in Philadelphia, was originally under the Church of Sweden from 1677 to 1831 54 GUSTAV UNONIUS In 1845 tne first graduate of Nasho- tah, Reverend Gustaf Unonius was or dained by Bishop Kemper. He organ ized in Chicago the Church of Saint Ansgarius. Fiiteen hundred dollars to wards this church was contributed by the famous Swedish singer, Jenny Lind. She also donated a specially designed silver chalice, which is still used. In this church nine thousand have been baptized and three thousand confirmed. More extended work among our Swed ish neighbors did not come until 1888. In June, 1892, the beautiful church of Saint Ansgarius, Providence, Rhode Is land, a copy of an eleventh century RECTOR GLORIA DEI JENNY LIND She helped start our Chicago Swedish Parish church in Sweden, was consecrated. The Holy Communion here and in other Swedish churches is generally celebrated according to the liturgy of the Church of Sweden, when Swedish is used. The early Eucharists are nearly always in English. From the time of its establishment, due to the splendid work of our Swedish general missioner, Doctor Hammarskbld, a number of other Swedish parishes arose, and from these have gone forth to many of our regular parishes all over the coun try, continuous streams of good Swedish church people, thoroughly trained in our Church and thoroughly Americanized. The Reverend Philip Broburg 'has just been appointed by the Presiding Bishop and Council, as a second general mis sioner. In the Church of Sweden, prepara tion for Confirmation is very carefully attended to. The Scandinavian Lutheran churches in America are well organized and minister to large numbers, but they are without bishops and have no official connection with the national churches in their homelands. Our Church as a sister Church has its full duty to 55 SAINT ANSGARIUS CHURCH, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS A CONFIRMATION SERVICE Confirmation class at Saint Bartholomew's in New York. Doctor Mammarskold, our general missioner to the Scandinavians is in the centre of the back line. There are one thousand Swedish "paying members" of this New York chapel 56 CHURCH OF SAINT ANSGARIUS, PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND 57 AFTER AN Taken at Saint Sigfrid's, our Scandinavian Church in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The rector, The early celebrations at our Scandinavian SUNDAY SCHOOL PICNIC, SAINT ANSGARIUS SWEDISH CONGREGATION AT PROVIDENCE, R. I. EARLY EUCHARIST the Reverend Philip Broburg is our new) associate churches are in the English language general missioner to the Scandinavians. the Scandinavian Christians and this is not a matter of making proselytes from the Lutheran Churches in America, for alas, at least 2,000,000 of the Scandina vians in this country are without any church home whatsoever. Thus it is that our Church has a tremendous op portunity and duty, to minister to the unchurched Scandinavians. Not long ago a Danish farmer happened to go into one of our churches in a New England town. After the service he said to the rector, with tears in his eyes, "Why this is my Church!" The next time the bishop came, his family and that of several neighbors were con firmed. Since then they have been driv ing in regularly ten miles to church. Thus thousands of others would come to the church like the church they were brought up to love, if only they knew that such a one was right near at hand and ready to welcome them. The above picture was taken after an early celebration of the Holy Commun ion at Saint Sigfrid's, our Swedish Church in the city of St. Paul, Minne sota. Could 'anything give stronger tes timony of what our Church is doing and what we can multiply a hundredfold if we are thoroughly awakened to the need of fulfilling our full duty? Let me repeat that it is not a matter of making prose lytes from other Christian Communions, but to minister to those great numbers coming from sister Churches, who in America are as sheep without a shep herd. Surely one of the meanings of the name Catholic, which we call the Church in the Creed, is for all people. If we know of those at our very doors who are growing up without a knowledge of God, and do not go to them, are we not like the priest and Levite in the parable of the Good Samaritan, who "passed by on the other side"? 59 A SLAVIC CONGREGATION AND THEIR CHURCH IN AMERICA 60 MELETIOS MATAXAKIS, METROPOLITAN OF ATHENS A great man and a leader in the cause of re-union. He visited the United States during the War, and was given many receptions by our bishops Eastern Orthodox Church One-fourth of the Christian people of the world are of a grand section of Christendom which is neither Roman Catho lic nor Protestant. In fact they call the Pope the "first great Protestant", because after the Church had been united for the first thousand years he broke off from the rest of the Church. the Patriarch of Rome from the other four Patriarchs. I speak of the great Eastern Orthodox Church of almost 150,000,000 members, and, reports to the contrary notwithstanding, this Church is neither dead nor sleeping. Such is the Church of the Greeks, Russians, Ser bians, Roumanians, Bulgarians, Syrians and Albanians in Amer ica, the Church which through centuries of bitter persecution has preserved the faith pure, and which now in its largest section — Russia — is again swelling the roll of martyrs. There are in the United States over one million baptized or confirmed members of the East ern Orthodox Church, but very many are unshepherded. 61 RUSSIANS The New York Russian cathedral choir became famous by their concert tour of a few years ago. is heavenly — like sacred oratorio The music of a Russian service RUSSIAN CATHEDRAL OF SAINT NICHOLAS, NEW YORK Russians The New York Russian Cathedral Choir became famous by their concert tour of a few years ago. The men, in cluding the octavist or contra-bass, the foundation of their unaccompanied har mony, who actually sings an octave be low the regular bass, were imported from Russia. The boys are Americans of Russian parentage, brought up on the East Side of New York, trained in the choir school. There are some six or eight hundred thousand Russians in America. These include the so-called Ukrainians or Ruthenians — in fact the latter comprise the large majority. Of course it does not include the Russian Jews. The typical family in Russia is large. The same is true of families in America of any of the people from Southern and Eastern Europe, quite the opposite to the typical American family. There- A FAMILY IN RUSSIA 63 A LONELY VILLAGE Reproduced from u. famous Russian painting. A typical village in the vast spaces of Russia. The Church is its centre fore these people will be increasingly in the majority. I think scientists would call this "the survival of the fittest." Family life means much to the Russians and they desire above all to be left at peace to live it. In Russia the peasants are in the majority and now they are led like sheep by the minority, that is by the Bolsheviki. As has happened several times before in the great crises of their nation, even so now the Church — mark this prophecy — is going to be the salva tion of Russia. Deep personal religion is the characteristic of Russian daily life, the sense of nearness of the supernatural world of God. The churches are the cen tral landmarks of every village or city. Moscow is the real capital of Holy Russia. Germanized Petrograd, which used to be St. Petersburg, was but the modern capital. In 1918, while the Bolshevists murdered in hordes out in the streets of Moscow, a great council of the Russian Church sat calmly within, and it was at this council that the presid ing metropolitan, Platon, formerly Arch bishop of America, made the announce ment that union between the Orthodox and the Anglican churches was almost accomplished, whereupon the whole body rose, and many wept with joy. Russia is a land of mystery and a land of wonderful opportunity. The in tellectual class ranks as high as any: theologians, scientists, authors, musi cians, and the rest. The peasant class has never had a chance to develop. Be tween the two are those who have wrought much evil, a class of devils and fools, egged on into crime or fanaticism by German intrigue. Probably the greatest missionary of the nineteenth century was a Siberian priest who afterwards became Arch bishop Innocent of Kamskatka and Alaska. He it was who with indomi table courage and faith brought the Russian Church to America over Behring Strait by the bridge of the Aleutian Is lands in the first part of the last cen tury. The title of the present Russian Archbishop is "Archbishop of North America and the Aleutian Islands". The Russian Church has always been a great missionary Church. For example, the 64 THE KREMLIN Moscow in winter. See the churches. "The gates of Hell" now open in Russia, "Shall meiw 'gainst that Church prevail" second largest mission in Japan is Rus sian, started in 1861 and carried on by the late Archbishop Nicolai, whose entire staff, save one, have been Japanese. From Alaska, the Russian Church center was moved to San Francisco. The theological seminary was started in Min neapolis. Churches were built in various parts of the country. Great numbers of Uniats, who had in Austria-Hungary gone over to the Church of Rome, but were allowed to keep their married priest hood and Slavic services, came back to the Orthodox fold in this country. Then the cathedral of the archbishop was moved to New York, where it is today, and the seminary to Tenafly, New Jersey. There are about three hundred Rus sian priests in America, sixty of whom were born and brought up in the United States, have never been to Russia, and are just as thorough-going Americans as any of us. Let us take an example, the Reverend John Samanitsky, rector of the Orthodox Church Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Detroit. He is a typical young 65 Russian Cathedral at Sitka, Alaska RUSSIAN ORPHANAGE, SPRINGFIELD, VERMONT A GROUP OF RUSSIAN GLERGY IN THE UNITED STATES With their Archbishop, taken in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 66 THEOLOGICAL STUDENTS The senior class of 1905 in the old days when the Russian Orthodox Seminary was in Minneapolis. Note the boy in the front row and second from the right, John Samanitsky, born and brought up in Minneapolis priest with keen mind and good training; a former football player and a football and baseball enthusiast; thoroughly American; he is very human, and like the other Russian clergy • of American birth, I fear, lonely. Because some of our clergy during General Convention in 19 1 9 made -friends with him and knocked about Detroit as brother-clergy and fellow-Americans, arranged joint services in his church, called at his home and met his wife and children, that lone liness was dispelled for awhile. This sort of thing should be done wherever there is a brother Orthodox priest. In the same way, our people should get in touch with their people, our children with their children; and an important point of contact is our choir-masters with their choir-masters. They are won derful singers and we should invite their choirs to sing at our services occasionally. THE REV. JOHN SAMANITSKY 67 EASTERN PRELATES AT GENERAL CONVENTION Russian, Syrian and Polish Old Catholic Father Samanitsky's church and rectory. They would be glad to have our people help them in organizing and conducting work among their children. Not long ago one of our Pennsylvania parishes supplied several scout masters for Rus sian parish troops. The Russian churches in America have been passing through a difficult stage, for support has been withdrawn from the Mother Church, and the chaos of the homeland is reflected here. Our General Convention of 19 19 at which our American Church was awak ened to new life, was begun by a proces sion in Which participated Eastern pre lates and their chaplains. Metropolitan Platon of Odessa and Kherson, former Russian Archbishop of America was one. Germanos, a Syrian archbishop was a second. The Syrians form another branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church in cordial touch with our Church in America. Their American Cathedral is in Brooklyn. There are some sixty to eighty thousand Syrians in the United States. Also in the procession was Bishop Hodur and two bishops-elect of the 68 For Re-union | j and Fellowship Russian-English Service THIS SUNDAY, 4:00 P.M. at RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL 186 Gilbert Street, Detroit, Mich. Bishop McKim of Tokyo and Bishop Rowe of Alaska Take tb« Michigan Avenue Car to Uveroois Avenue SUNDAY MORNING Russian Orthodox Services The Divine Liturgy - - at 10:30 A. M. ALL SAINTS CHURCH, REV. D. S. DARIN, Rector ' $814 B«ndm Str««t E*»t, Tait* Baker St. Car to Palmer St.) SERMON BY BISHOP MATTHEWS OF NEW JERSEY CHURCH OF ST. PETER AND ST. PAUL REV. JOHN SAMANITSKY, Rector SERMON BY BISHOP ISRAEL OF ERIE AHow if, Mimttet from Hotel StKtter Arranged by Clirutian Americanization Department and Anglican and Eastern Association L_ POSTER OF SERVICES HELD DURING GENERAL CONVENTION, 1919 Polish National Catholic Church, which boyhood. Our Bishop of Erie was re- has its headquarters in Scranton, Penn- ceived at the other church — with the sylvania, and a number of parishes in special hailing hymn and particular cere- various parts of the country. We should money given an Orthodox bishop, and, keep up our 'friendly relations also with taking part in the service, received Holy these spirdtually-minded clergy of the Communion at the Russian altar. Md Catholic movement. One of the things that could accomp- During General Convention in Detroit lish much would be for our people to in November, 1919, interesting services attend the services of the Eastern Or- were held in Russian churches. At one thodox, especially the Russian, where of these Bishop McKim told of his honor the music is always beautiful. We should and affection for the great Russian mis- learn by studying translations of their sionary to Japan, Nicolai, and Bishop liturgy, to follow their service; and after Rowe told of his close co-operation with having worshipped with them a few the Russian Bishop of Alaska. It is in- times, we would appreciate the beautiful teresting that the rector of All Saint's simplicity of it all. You know, the East- Russian Church was born in the Aleutian ern Orthodox Church is the most dem- Islands and knew Bishop Rowe in his ocratic church in the world. 69 34 C>