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Quint. ^T A FUII, CATALOGUE of our valuable Standard, Religious, and JuvenHe Books, just published, and will be sent, free of cost, on application. WALKER, PULLER, & CO., 245 WASHINGTON ST., BOSTON. ¦ '¦ A R D tV . ---_-: .. ~ "WalXer, Filler 3c C°, Boatcn Massachusetts in the Rebellion. A RECORD Sistorical position of % (tomotfaltjj, THE SERVICES OF THE LEADING STATESMEN, THE MILITARY, THE COLLEGES, AND THE PEOPLE, CIYIL WAR OF 1861-65. P. C. HEADLEY, AUTHOR OP "JOSEPHINE," ETC., ETC. BOSTON: WALKER, FULLER, AND COMPANY. 18 66. Missing Page VI PREFACE. reliable fragments as were found in books or in the peri odical press. This statement will explain, for the most part, the rea son why the regimental histories differ much in length. Where a narrative has been furnished by a competent hand, he has not felt at liberty very materially to alter it, excepting personal sketches, whose condensation, with that of other contributions to the work, was demanded by the limited space and accumulating material, which, as it has come to him, has been impartially used. Unpleasant incidents in official relations and army ex periences have not been introduced to any extent, be cause it was no part of the design of this volume to discuss questions of demerit and incapacity, but to give the record of substantial service and honorable achieve ment. It was desired, and the effort accordingly made, to have portraits of all the general officers of Massachusetts ; but it was only partially successful. The author is indebted to Mr. Samuel Burnham of Bos ton for the sketch of Senator Sumner, and for assistance in other portions of the volume ; to Chaplain Quint for the sketch of the Second Kegiment, and a statement of the position of the churches and clergy in the war ; to Rev. F. Hendricks of Philadelphia, Penn., who condensed several of the regimental histories from the Adjutant-Gen eral's reports ; to Gov. Andrew, Gen. Schouler, and clerks, and to Major Henry Ware ; Senator Wilson and "Rep resentative Rice, Assistant Secretary Fox, of the Navy Department, and Mr. Saxton, chief clerk, for valuable documents and statements ; and to Count L. B. Schwabe for pen and pencil portraits of fallen heroes, from his na tional gallery, and many facts from his remarkable know ledge of the war-record of the State. For the sake of uniformity, extracts from official reports, where the au thorship was not known, have nothing to mark them as quotations. PREFACE. Vll It is proper to state, that the selection of portraits of fallen heroes was governed by no personal partialities, but by circumstances beyond the author's control ; and was designed to represent different parts of the Com monwealth. , ^ Errors doubtless will be discovered by the reader ; and these, it is hoped, will be communicated to the author through the publishers, for correction in future editions, so far as practicable. The publishers have clearly done their part to make the volume acceptable to the people ; and it is committed to them in the hope that it will not be an unwelcome memorial of their loyalty. P. C. H. Boston, August, 1866. CONTENTS. PAET I. HISTORICAL POSITION OF THE COMMONWEALTH AT THE COM MENCEMENT OF THE CIVIL CONFLICT. CHAPTER I. ACCOUNT OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS .... 1 CHAPTER II. MASSACHUSETTS STATESMEN IN THE REBELLION.— GOV. ANDREW . 17 CHAPTER III. SENATORS SUMNER AND WILSON. — HON. EDWARD EVERETT ... 29 CHAPTER IV. MASSACHUSETTS REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS 64 CHAPTER V. MASSACHUSETTS ABROAD. -FOREIGN AMBASSADORS 80 PART II. MASSACHUSETTS IN THE FIELD. CHAPTER I. THE STATE PREPARES FOR WAR 87 CHAPTER II. THE THREE-MONTHS' REGIMENTS 106 CHAPTER III. THE MARCH OF THE EIGHTH. — THE MARTYRS 125 CHAPTER IV. THE HEROIC DEAD.— THE MILITARY MOVEMENT 133 ix x CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. »g» THE THREE-YEARS' REGIMENTS. — FIRST AND SECOND REGIMENTS . 144 CHAPTER VI. THE NINE-MONTHS' REGIMENTS. — THIRD, FOURTH, SIXTH, AND EIGHTH REGIMENTS 172 CHAPTER VII. SEVENTH REGIMENT 193 CHAPTER VLU. NINTH AND TENTH REGIMENTS ..198 CHAPTER IX. ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH REGIMENTS 208 CHAPTER X. THIRTEENTH, FOURTEENTH, AND FIFTEENTH REGIMENTS . . . .219 CHAPTER XI. SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH REGIMENTS 237 CHAPTER XH. EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH REGIMENTS 247 CHAPTER XHL TWENTIETH AND TWENTY-FIRST REGIMENTS . ~ 269 CHAPTER XIV. TWENTY- SECOND, TWENTY-THIRD, AND TWENTY-FOURTH REGIMENTS . 285 CHAPTER XV. TWENTY-FIFTH, TWENTY-SIXTH, AND TWENTY- SEVENTH REGIMENTS . 304 CHAPTER XVI. TWENTY-EIGHTH AND TWENTY-NINTH REGIMENTS 320 CHAPTER XVH. THIRTIETH, THIRTY-FIRST, AND THIRTY- SECOND REGIMENTS ... 835 CHAPTER XVIII. THIRTY-THTRD, THIRTY-FOURTH, AND THIRTY-FIFTH REGIMENTS . . 350 CHAPTER XIX. THIRTY- SIXTH, THIRTY- SEVENTH, AND THIRTY-EIGHTH REGIMENTS . 37J CHAPTER XX. THIRTY-NINTH, FORTIETH, AND FORTY-FIRST REGIMENTS .... 395 CONTENTS. xi CHAPTER XXI. FORTY- SECOND, FORTY- THIRD, FORTY- FOURTH, AND FORTY- FIFTH REGIMENTS 408 CHAPTER XXH. FORTY- SIXTH, FORTY- SEVENTH, AND FORTY-EIGHTH REGIMENTS . . 421 CHAPTER XXIII. FORTY-NINTH, FIFTIETH, AND FIFTY-FIRST REGIMENTS .... 432 CHAPTER XXIV. FIFTY- SECOND AND FIFTY-THIRD REGIMENTS 442 CHAPTER XXV. COLORED REGIMENTS 449 CHAPTER XXVI. VETERAN REGIMENTS 459 CHAPTER XXVII. SIXTIETH, SIXTY-FIRST, AND SIXTY- SECOND REGIMENTS .... 470 CHAPTER XXVIII. THE HEAVY ARTILLERY 478 CHAPTER XXIX. THE MASSACHUSETTS CAVALRY 486 CHAPTER XXX. THE LIGHT BATTERIES 499 CHAPTER XXXI. THE LIGHT BATTERIES — Continued 517 CHAPTER XXXII. A RESUME OF MILITARY OPERATIONS 538 CHAPTER XXXIII. THE NAVAL SERVICE OF THE STATE 550 CHAPTER XXXIV. GENERAL OFFICERS FURNISHED BY MASSACHUSETTS, WHO SURVIVED THE WAR 559 xu CONTENTS. PART in. MASSACHUSETTS AT HOME. CHAPTER I. PAOK PATRIOTIC PHILANTHROPY AND CHARITIES 667 CHAPTER II. SANITARY ASSOCIATIONS AND AID SOCIETIES 675 CHAPTER in. THE FREEDMEN ; THE REFUGEES ; THE DESTITUTE SOUTH ... 682 CHAPTER IV. THE MEDICAL SERVICE 588 CHAPTER V. THE CHURCHES AND THE CLERGY IN THE WAR 596 CHAPTER VI. THE COLLEGES IN THE WAR 604 CHAPTER VLT. MASSACHUSETTS POETS AND THE WAR 607 CHAPTER VHI. THE HEROIC DEAD, AND NATIONAL PORTRAIT-GALLERY .... 623 CHAPTER IX. FALLEN HEROES ,629 CHAPTER X. FALLEN HEROES — Continued ,638 CHAPTER XI. MEMORIALS OF THE DEAD 645 APPENDIX. BATTLES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENTS, &0 651 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. PART I. HISTORICAL POSITION OF THE COMMONWEALTH AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE CIVIL CONFLICT. CHAPTER I. This Country designed for Freedom. — The History of Massachusetts. — The Founders of the State. — Their Exile, first in Holland, then in America. — The Growth of the Colony. — The Progress of Free Principles. — Resistance to Oppressive Acts of the Mother-country. — The first Blood shed. — The Revolutionary Struggle. — Massachu setts in the Republic. — The Opening of the Great Rebellion. GOD designed this country for free thought, and its highest expression in human society, — a republic. The history of Massachusetts is an imperishable record of this divine purpose, unfolding in national life and destiny. As, in a mountain-group, the beams of morning kindle first upon some solitary summit ; so the light of the sun of Liberty, rising on a new world, fell upon this ancient Commonwealth, and spread over the widening land scape. In the advancing day, the single form of evil, admitted into the colonies, without a dream of its continuance, much less of its expansion into a system of oppression, whose " barbarism" would shock the civilized world, has yielded its life amid throes that imperilled the life of the nation itself. For a twofold reason, it is well to take a backward glance along the salient points of the history of Massachusetts, as introductory to her part in the late civil war. It will give, in her own progress and discipline, while educating the people at large for the tri umphant vindication of nationality, and of the free principles that underlie its outward form through which we have just passed, a sufficient answer to the unjust and repeated attacks, from certain quarters, upon New England. Wrote Hutchinson in 1674 : — 1 1 2 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. " The Massachusetts Colony may be considered as the parent of all the other colonies of New England. There was no impor tation of planters from England to any part of the continent northward of Maryland, except to Massachusetts, for more than fifty years after the colony began. In the first two years, about twenty thousand souls had arrived in Massachusetts. Since then, it is supposed more have gone hence to England than have come thence hither. Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, probably contain five hundred thousand souls ; a surprising increase of subjects of the British crown ! " While it is not in accordance with the spirit of our institu tions to raise the question of ancestral honor to that importance which it must always hold under the shadow of a throne, the Great Rebellion has forced upon us a just consideration and ap preciation of our origin. The leaders in the revolt, though few in number, led and forced into its battle-field multitudes who had nothing to gain in the treasonable cause. In another part of the Republic was present ed the spectacle of a free people paying their willing homage to government and law, and united by this single bond of loyalty running through all classes and conditions in life. It can be clearly shown, in opposition to the aristocratic asser tion at the South and across the Atlantic that the unanimity among the enemies of the national flag arose from their common origin and superior blood, that it was, in fact, the unnatural agreement to which tyranny brings a people in its degrading and lawless service ; and the long-denied, incomprehensible union of the North was the normal state of the millions sprung from the same English stock, and pervaded by that intelligent devotion to freedom which inhered in them from the beginning of their colonial existence. Whittemore, in his " Cavalier Dismounted," has demonstrated by facts and figures " that very few of the early settlers of the Virginia and other Southern Atlantic colonies possessed any hereditary claim to the rank of gentlemen ; and even these were without the indispensable body of hereditary retainers, in whom a reverential submission was a matter of faith. In the true sense, in the signification yet attached to the word in Europe, they never did establish an aristocracy ; yet they founded an imi tation which lias yearly become more despicable. Instead of tenants, the new aristocrats peopled their lands with black slaves, ORIGIN OF COLONIES NORTH AND SOUTH. 3 or white convicts bound to them for a term of years. As a nat ural consequence, their aristocracy became composed, not of those who had hereditary rank, not of gentry in the English sense, but of all those who could invest capital in flesh and blood. In Virginia and the Carolinas, the slave-owners usurped the name of gentlemen : they had a sufficient intermixture of that class to serve as a screen, and there were none to question their claims. The United States are essentially English to-day, despite the mil lions of foreigners which have been absorbed into the population. The tendency of its citizens has been toward a democracy, and yet not toward anarchy and lawlessness. "When we inquire what controlling influence has impressed this form upon the national character, the enemies of the predomi nant sentiment instinctively show that it is New England ; not the comparatively limited New England of 1863, but the New- England stock and influence which has invigorated nearly every State of the Union. In their ignorance of the past, these re- vilers of New England have been blindly attacking a greater fact than they were aware of. Not only is nearly a third part of our native-born population the offspring of the New England of the Revolution, but, long before that time, the intermixture had commenced. ( New England, colonized by Englishmen, homoge neous in a remarkable degree, has been the only thoroughly pure nationality within our territories. The few stray Englishmen of education in the Southern Colonies, the much greater number of convicts, the increasing immigration of French, Irish, Scotch, and German settlers, have not only failed to overwhelm this com pact and thoroughly alive minority, but have been formed and moulded into shape by it. In protesting against New England, the Vallandighams and Coxes are only proving the nullity of ' expunging resolutions.' ' Can they make that not to be which has been ? ' Until they can recall the past, annihilate the past inhabitants of these States, and from stones raise up some other progenitors for the present generation, they cannot destroy the influence of New England." For the confirmation of these views, we may fearlessly point to the unquestioned annals of the Commonwealth. In 1602, while Bartholomew Gosnold was making the first English voyage of discovery along the coast of Massachusetts, naming Cape Cod, and afterward visiting the mainland, de lighted with the "fair fields," "fragrant flowers," "stately groves," " pleasant brooks," and " beauteous rivers ; " in the rural 4 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. town of Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, and also in Gainesborough, "the choice and noble spirits who planted New England " were learnmg the lessons of truth and liberty under such teachers as Clifton and John Robinson. And when, in the spring of 1604, James I. declared, at the opening of the first parliament, that "his mother-church was that of Rome, and that the Puritans were a sect insufferable in a well-governed commonwealth," the blow was struck whose great issue would be the founding of a republic. Three months later, when the persecuting monarch demanded conformity or ejectment, upon no churches did the oppressive order fall with more severity than upon the Independents of Scrooby and Gainesborough. Two years of suffering and thwarted attempts to seek the more friendly shores of Holland passed before the exiles were united in a land, to them a " new world," because of its " uncouth language, different manners and customs, and strange fashions and attires." Among the Holland Pilgrims conspicuous in New England's early history was the scholarly and religious young Bradford, learning the art of silk-dyeing, although he had mas tered the Hebrew, " because he would see with his own eyes the ancient oracles of God in their native beauty." Says the able and eloquent historian of Massachusetts, Barry, " Of other mem bers of this Pilgrim Church, it is impossible, at the present day, to state with exactness how many were connected with this church, either in England or in Holland. No records have de scended to us from which a list of their names, or an account of their proceedings, can be authentically drawn ; and, for the want of such knowledge, it is as absurd as it is unnecessary to " forge ancient archives to stretch their lineage back, and to deduce it from the most illustrious houses. Their proudest pedigree is Massa chusetts and America. Si monumentum quceris circumspice." Eight years' experience of toil and trial among a strange and uncongenial people convinced the Pilgrims that growth and free dom could not be secured in Holland ; while they also shrank from the danger of assimilation to their neighbors by long-continued association, and intermarriages which would not unfrequently occur, until their distinctive character as a people was lost. They cast their eyes upon the sea, determined to seek a home some where beyond its waters. The colonial lands of Virginia, which had for a dozen years been occupied, and Guiana, the El Dorado of the age, had each enthusiastic advocates ; but English asso- THE PURITANS SAIL FOR AMERICA. 5 ciations and protection decided them " to live in a distinct body by themselves, under the general government of Virginia, and by their agents to sue his Majesty to grant them free liberty, and freedom of religion." Three years later, in the year 1620, after prayers and tears, and counsel from Robinson worthy of the great crisis in their affairs, the exiles embarked for the English coast. " So they LEFT THAT GOODLY AND PLEASANT CITY WHICH HAD BEEN THEIR RESTING-PLACE NEARLY TWELVE YEARS. BUT THEY KNEW THEY WERE PILGRIMS, AND LOOKED NOT MUCH ON THOSE THINGS, AND QUIETED THEIR SPIRITS." The voyage of the "Mayflower" followed, and the landing of the Pilgrims on a desolate coast, with a compact in their hands, which contained the true principles of republican equality, — an instrument whose dignified and reverent assertion of rights has no parallel in the history of colonial settlements. On Clark's Island, Dec. 10 (O.S.), the Pilgrims observed the first Christian Sabbath kept in Massachusetts ; and, the succeed ing day, went to the mainland, where, stepping upon Forefath ers' Rock, they opened the first act in the " great drama," whose last " brought freedom to a wide-spread republic." Less than a decade of years had passed, when two great events in their formative influence upon New England occurred, — the founding of a new colony, as a distinct enterprise from that of the Pilgrims, with the speedy transfer of its charter from the company in England to the colony abroad, thus making them virtually one, and taking a decided step towards colonial self- government ; and the settlement at Shawmut, on account of its " excellent spring," by Mr. Johnson, followed by Gov. Win- throp and others. These gifted and educated men who laid the foundation of Boston were not Separatists, but Churchmen, who desired to escape from the corruptions at home, and, with their neighbors at Plymouth, " lay some good foundation for religion " in the fresh, free air of the New World. Mr. Johnson, and his wife Lady Arbella, left " a paradise of plenty and pleasure in the family of a noble earldom " for " a wilderness of wants ; " and John Winthrop, the Christian ma gistrate and gentleman, turned from the cherished associations which attend wealth and refinement to the same forest-home, leaving behind him his devoted and congenial companion. No loftier minds ever founded a city, a state, or an empire. Their sympathy with the Independents at Plymouth in religious 6 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. experience, and the passionate longing for freedom to work un hindered for God and mankind, drew them toward each other ; and under the moulding influence of the Puritan ministry, which stands unrivalled in mental and spiritual power, they soon blended their fortunes, and harmonized in civil and ecclesiastical polity. The church and schoolhouse, however humble, marked every clearing along the radiating lines of pioneering encroachment upon the boundless wilderness. The growing insecurity and danger of the colonies from In dian conspiracies, and the jealousies of the French and Dutch, led them, in 1643, to make another stride in the unconscious progress toward a national independence. In the Preamble to the Articles of Confederation, they state, with the sublime calmness of a high and inflexible purpose, the law of a Union never to be dissolved : " We all came into these parts of America with one and the same end and aim ; viz., to advance the kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to enjoy the liberties of the gospel in purity with peace." Then follows a summary of the causes which led to the " consociation," and the Twelve Articles that bound together "The United Colonies of New England," which was the " model and prototype of the North- American Confederacy of 1774." Just twenty eventful years of varied discussion of rights and privileges brought an open conflict of the colonists with trans- Atlantic intolerance. The king appointed four commissioners to hear and determine " all complaints and appeals in all causes and matters," civil and military, in the colonies, who, accom panied by four hundred and fifty regular soldiers with their offi cers, sailed for New England. Boston sent an eloquent and earnest protest against their interference ; and thwarted by the skilful and admirable management of her political leaders, whose plea first and last was the charter, the commissioners deter mined to test their authority against that of the colony. May 23, 1665, they ordered a merchant of Boston to appear the next day to answer to the charges of Thomas Deane and others. When the appointed hour on the 24th arrived, and the commis sioners were prepared to proceed, a herald suddenly appeared, and with a trumpet-blast startled the royal representatives with the signal to listen to the governor's command, forbidding the people to aid or countenance them in their invasion of charter rights. The astonished commissioners, after a fruitless attempt u RESISTANCE TO THE TYRANNY OF ANDROS. 7 to revise the laws of the colony, and a further failure in their ef forts in New Hampshire, which was then under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, at length returned to England, to which the scene of negotiation was transferred. The machinations of the enemies of Massachusetts were eventually so far successful, that, in 1683-4, its charter was annulled. In May, 1686, his Majesty's commission of Gov. Dudley to be his royal vicegerent was " pub lished by beat of drum, and sound of trumpet," and then transmitted to the several towns. Becoming unpopular, he was supplanted before the close of the year by Sir Edmond Andros, a poor knight of Guernsey," who, flaunting the tinselled insignia of the office of Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of all New England, and attended by British troops, landed at Boston. His tyrannical hand was soon laid upon taxation, legislation, the press, and even upon matrimonial relations. To encourage the Church of England, and break down that of the colony, Andros sent for the key of the South Church, — a sanctuary which later became the very Temple of Liberty, echoing its purest eloquence, — that " prayers might be said there." This was soon after fol lowed by a proposition to tax the people for the support of the Church of England. As these despotic acts were multiplied, the question was indignantly asked, " What people that had the spirits of Englishmen would endure this, — that when they had, at vast charges of their own, conquered a wilderness, and been in possession of their estates forty, nay, sixty years, that now a parcel of strangers, some of them indigent enough, must come and inherit all that the people now in New England, and their fathers before them, had labored for ? " Increase Mather, the "great metropolitan clergyman o"f the country," who, Randolph said, was as " full of treason as an egg of meat," and the ministers of the colony generally, openly and boldly preached resistance to the oppression of their rulers. At this crisis, the Revolution of 1688 dethroned the Stuarts, and ele vated to the throne the house of Hanover in the person of King William. This vindication of popular rights in the mother-coun try was almost simultaneous with the outbreak of exasperated feeling in the colony. April 18, 1689, at eight o'clock in the morning, Boston wore the aspect of unwonted agitation. It was reported that Andros would fire the town at one end, and Capt. George, of the English frigate "Rose," apply the torch at the other, and then both make good their escape. Soon the people were in arms, the very boys brandishing their clubs along the 8 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. streets. At mid-day, a declaration was read from the balcony of the court-house, closing as follows : " We commit our cause unto the blessing of Him who hears the cry of the oppressed, and advise all our neighbors, for whom we have thus ventured ourselves, to join with us in prayers, and all just action for the defence of the land." A shout from the multitude rent the air; colors floated on Beacon Hill, the signals of the opening strug gle ; and, in obedience to the summons, the citizens and soldiery of the country came streaming into Boston. Before night, twenty military companies were formed in the streets. The next day, April 19, 1689, across Charlestown and Chelsea Ferries poured another throng, headed by a Lynn schoolmaster. The surrender of the castle was demanded, and reluctantly made with a storm of curses : that of the frigate soon followed. The government of Andros was then overthrown, and a council of safety and peace was organized on its ruins. The royal governor was arrested, and, to secure him against violence, placed under guard. In 1692, King William erected a new government in the Pil grim colonies, to be called the Province of Massachusetts Bay, and include Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Maine ; inaugurating a new era in the history of New England, whose growth had been steady in numbers, wealth, and liberality of sentiment, along with a deepening love of freedom, and purpose of resistance to oppression. And, in our estimate of the character of these colonists, the question is not, indeed, " What were the errors of the past ? but What were its aims ? " And while " industry, frugality, and exemplary integrity, were characteristics of the people," it was not possible " to stifle the conviction which had sprung up, that freedom was the inalienable right of man, not to be parted with on any account whatever." In regard to the participation of the Massachusetts Colony in American slavery, it is enough to say, — " Slavery in general was so repugnant to the principles of the Puritans, it was viewed with abhorrence ; and, fortunately for New England, it never reached the dignity of a fixed ' institution ' to be cherished forever." The unhappy witchcraft delusion, of which some have spoken contemptuously, and others with unsparing denunciation was only the outbreak of an epidemic infatuation, which had long prevailed with more frightful results in Old England, and which REVOLUTIONARY SPEECH OF JAMES OTIS. 9 continued there long after the excitement and its tragedies had ceased in America. Through all moral and political changes among the people in the province of Massachusetts Bay, their struggles against the arrogant claims of the mother-country gathered strength. The "irrepressible conflict" was eloquently set forth in the words of James Otis in the old town-house of Boston, February, 1761 : "I am determined to my dying day to oppose, with all the powers and faculties God has given me, all such instruments of slavery on the one hand, and villany on the other, as this writ of assistance is. I argue in favor of British liberties, at a time when we hear the greatest monarch upon earth declaring from his throne that he glories in the name of Briton, and that the privileges of his people are dearer to him than the most valuable prerogatives of his crown. I oppose the kind of power, the exercise of which, in former periods of English history, cost one King of England his head, and another his throne. Let the consequences be what they will, I am determined to proceed, and to the call of my country am ready to sacrifice estate, ease, health, applause, and even life. The patriot and the hero will ever do thus ; and, if brought to the trial, it will then be known how far I can reduce to practice principles which I know to be founded in truth." John Adams declared that "American Independence was then and there born." The first victim of the Revolutionary period was the lad Snider, twelve years of age, killed by a shot from the house of Richard son the " informer," fired into the indignant crowd the 22d of February, 1770. His funeral was attended by " all the friends of liberty ; " five hundred children walking in procession in front of the bier. The Boston Massacre followed on the 5th of March ; and, of the three killed on the spot by British troops, Attucks the mulatto, and Caldwell the " stranger," were borne to their graves from Faneuil Hall. The anniversary of the slaughter was observed with great solemnity upon its annual recurrence, fanning the rising flame of patriotism in the colonies. In the Representatives' Chamber at Boston, Nov. 3, 1772, when the committee of correspondence was appointed, — who subse quently, through Samuel Adams and Joseph Warren, sent forth a statement of rights, and their violations, and, from the pen of 2 10 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Benjamin Church, a letter to the several towns of the province, — the foundation was laid of the American Union. The towns sent back in clear accents their readiness to stand by the committee and the proposed Union. As the uprising of the people increased in extent and ominous determination, " every eye was fixed upon Boston, once the seat of commerce and of plenty, and inhabited by an enterprising and hospitable people. The cause in which it suffered was regarded as the common cause of the country. A hostile fleet lay in its harbor ; hostile troops paraded its streets ; the tents of an army dotted its common ; cannon were planted in commanding positions ; its port was closed, its wharves were deserted, its commerce was paralyzed, its shops were shut, and many were reduced from affluence to poverty. Yet a resolute spirit inspired them still. The Sons of Liberty knew no despair; and the "Liberty Song," set to the tune of "Smile, Brittania," bade the citizens of the beleaguered towu — " Be not dismayed : Though tyrants now oppress, Though fleets and troops invade, You soon will have redress. The resolution of the brave Will injured Massachusetts save." Such was the progress made at the close of 1772 by the found ers of New England. They believed not in the despotic cen tralization of power, but in its consolidation. Freedom was not to them license to throw off wholesome restraints, but both civil and ecclesiastical tyranny, substituting in its place fixed, strong, and compact government, — the foundation for ages of progress in every direction of human development, under the acknowl edged and welcome sovereignty of God. The cementing force in such representative authority was mu tual confidence. And this very trust in each other sprang not alone from similarity of religious views and unselfish feeling, but from the conscious posssession of self-government, — that resolute self-control which fitted every man to be a ruler in society, be cause he held all selfish, volcanic passions subordinate to the gen eral good. Such intelligent estimate of human relations and duty led to another sublime peculiarity of character in their administration of power, — the transfer of tlie sentiment we call, loyalty the mind's homage to divinely appointed authority, from personal THE BOSTON TEA-PARTY. — LEXINGTON. 11 presence and external pageantry, to law itself. It is true, the forefathers carried this supreme regard for the invisible soul of all just supremacy to the extreme of disdain for the tinsel of royal prerogatives and a mitred priesthood ; but there was still an intel ligent appreciation of essential truth, tried in the fire of manifold and protracted persecution. March 5, 1773, in his oration on the Boston Massacre, Benja min Church predicted that some future Congress would be the " glorious source .of the salvation of America ; " and, seven days later, Virginia, by her legislative resolves, advised a union of councils throughout the continent ; a measure urged with all the earnestness and eloquence of Samuel Adams. Then Phila delphia spoke in behalf of Pennsylvania, denouncing the duty on tea, and branding him who countenanced its importation " an enemy to his country." Dec. 16, by the Boston Tea-party, at Griffin's Wharf, the " die was cast." Mothers and their daughters lent the inspiration of their affection to the fathers and sons, offering their highest sacrifice on the altar of Liberty. April 19, 1775, dawned upon Lexington, alive with preparation to meet the descent upon the military stores gathered there, of which the midnight couriers had forewarned the loyal people. Before the fire of Pitcairn's men fell eight martyrs of Liberty, and ten more were bleeding from the wounds which the arms of England had made. The War of the Revolution was opened on that day in the streets of Lexington. " What a glorious morning is this ! " exclaimed Samuel Adams as he heard the sound of the guns borne to his ear from the scene of carnage. It is a suggestive fact, that Massachusetts then, and in 1861, gave the first blood of sacrifice to the country ; and Vir ginia, the first to respond to her call in 1775, became the last great battle-field of Rebellion. The stirring events which followed, from Bunker Hill to Yorktown, make up the third grand period in the history of freedom on this continent. In 1776, Massachusetts had ten thousand troops in the Revolu tionary army, whose entire number was forty thousand. She furnished more troops for the war than all the colonies south of Pennsylvania, three times as many as New York, and nearly the same excess over Pennsylvania. Amid the opening scenes of the struggle for Independence, the hideous anomaly in the Christian colonies, African slavery, was not forgotten. In Worcester, where emancipation, as a measure indispensable to 12 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. success in the recent war, was first advocated by Senator Sumner before the people in 1860, a convention of the citizens of the State, lately a colony, in 1775 declared their abhorrence of the enslaving of any of the human race, especially the negroes, in this country, and their purpose to use all means in their power to secure uni versal freedom. About the same time, Massachusetts took the lead in preparatory steps to a convention of the States, looking toward their confederation ; and, in 1787, her action received the approval of Congress. Meanwhile, in the Congress of the Thirteen States, March, 1784, Mr. Jefferson sat on a select committee to report a plan of government for the Western territory, including the extensive region which afterwards formed the States of Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi. The report presented to Congress an article fatal to the extension of slavery. It read : " That, after the year 1800 of the Christian era, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the said States, otherwise than in punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted to have been personally guilty." A majority of the votes of all the States was required, and lost only by the absence of the member from New Jersey. New England, New York, and Pennsylvania were unanimous in their votes for the prohibition ; Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina, against it ; and North Carolina divided. Thus the first great act of justice to the nation and a proscribed race, in Congress, after the dawn of peace, was defeated ; and the State solitary to-day at the North, by her position on national questions, and in neglecting to cast her vote for freedom, fastened upon the South the system which ruled the nation, and well-nigh ruined it.* In the Confederation of 1787, through whose action the States became a nationality, the first condition was the surrender at once and forever of a separate existence, reserving only that degree of local government which would be harmoniously subor dinate to the life and sovereignty of the General Government . The honorable position of Massachusetts was recognized by the people in the selection of John Adams, in the first presidential election under the Constitution, to sit by the side of Washington in the administration of the power it conferred. Unfortunately, the objections of the Commonwealth, and of other States in the convention that adopted the instrument to the * Since these pages were written, New Jersey has taken her position with her loval sister States. MASSACHUSETTS ALWAYS ANTISLAVERY. 13 legalizing of slavery, of the slave-trade for twenty years, and conceding the right of the slave States to demand the return of fugitives, were overruled by considerations of present expediency ; and the system of which Ellsworth said, " Slavery will not be a speck in our country," was destined to become the blackest storm- cloud that ever dropped its bolts upon a nation. In 1780, Massachusetts framed a constitution, which contained the declaration, that " all men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and inalienable rights, among which is the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties, and that of Acquiring, possessing, and protecting property." The Supreme Court of the State decided, that, by this provision, slavery was abolished. New Hampshire followed in the same manner in 1783, and Rhode Island in 1784. The general consistency of Massachusetts from her earliest existence, on the great questions of human rights, cannot be denied. It has made her the object of special dislike by the friends of oppression, and has given pre-eminence to her sons among those modern Nazarenes in the eyes of the " chivalry," — the "Yankees." Her citizens have not to any extent differed here. Party issues have divided her councils, and the extreme views of some re formers have had the effect either to create silence, or draw forth an apology for the slave-power, whose claims were presented in the name of the Constitution. Those very reformers, among whom William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips are pre-eminent in talents, and the latter alone in the grace and splendor of his oratory, commanded ad miring throngs, because, along with whatever of extravagance entered into their appeals, they reached and interpreted the popular conscience. Their moral courage entitles them to re spect, which will be theirs when scorn has branded with eternal shame the last vestige of human bondage. In the broadening and deepening sweep of Massachusetts' ideas and sentiment, opposed by the sleepless propagandism of the South, and advocated so ably in Congress by John Quincy Adams, Hor ace Mann, Charles Sumner, and Henry Wilson, political expe diency and differences have been overborne, until her brow in the van of the world's progress is unclouded, and bright with unfading hope. After South Carolina passed an act authorizing the imprison ment of colored seamen, found on board of vessels in her ports, 14 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. till they sailed again, this Commonwealth first appeared to ques tion the right, and to protect her mariners. The Legislature resolved to test the constitutionality of the enactment. In conformity with the resolution, the lamented Gov. Briggs ap pointed the Hon. Samuel Hoar to proceed to Charleston to pro cure evidence, and institute legal proceedings. He arrived there November, 1844. His threatened life, and expulsion from the city with his daughter, is the brief history of his mission. The memorable Compromise of 1850, followed by slave-hunt ing at the North, was no less repugnant to the true heart of Massachusetts because her greatest statesman approved it on the ground of a constitutional demand not only, but that of concilia tion and peace. The Nebraska Bill inaugurated a reign of terror in Kansas, among whose persecuted pioneers New-England emigrants were largely represented. But no event ripened more rapidly the general sentiment of the State than the trial and rendition of Anthony Burns in early June, 1854. The peaceful trial in the court-room, the armed soldiery escorting the victim to the United- States cutter "Morris" without molestation, while the Common wealth throbbed to her extremities with indignation over the intended insult, illustrated, as nothing had done before, her hatred to the system that offered it, and her indestructible love of order. The majesty of law awed the descendants of Revolu tionary heroes into silence, while, like the divine Friend of the poor, one of his disciples was led, as a lamb to the slaughter, from freedom to bloody bondage. May 22, 1856, the outrage upon Massachusetts and the nation, in its Capitol, was repeated by Senator Brooks in his cowardly and ruthless attack upon Charles Sumner. When he lay apparently near death from the wounds inflicted upon his head, the State that sent him to the senate-chamber was moved with inexpressi ble emotions of grief and horror. The question was not, whether the remarkable speech on the Barbarism of Slavery was faultless in thought and delivery : it was enough to know that the mur derous blows laid upon the brow of her senator were intended to express the domineering hate of the oppressor toward the Com monwealth not only, but the liberty-loving North ; while it struck down the right of free discussion everywhere. The very next year, the Dred Scott decision was rendered by Chief Justice Taney, against whose inhumanity Ju?tice Curtis, from Massachusetts, gave his decided opinion, although him self a warm personal friend of Daniel Webster, and belonging to the conservative school. MASSACHUSETTS ALWAYS ANTISLAVERY. 15 The clergy and the churches, with comparatively few excep tions, have always shown that fealty to the principles of righteous ness in the State, which distinguished the days of colonial heroism in the pulpit and in the assemblies of the people. Thus nearly two hundred and fifty years of conflict with legal ized wrongs, and of intelligent thought upon human rights and well-being, had prepared Massachusetts to meet bravely the second great life-struggle of Freedom on this continent. When the popular election of 1860 elevated to the presidency a man, who, in the minds of the people, will ever be associated with Washington, the trial-hour of Nationality came, and found her ready for it. It will be seen by reference to Congressional records, that of the score of antislavery measures, which, during the four years of war, swept away the defences of oppression reared by the national legislation during fifty years, more than half of them were introduced by members from the single State of Massachu setts, whose prompt support of other bills was not unfrequently the influence that secured their passage. The abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, the great work of national emancipa tion, and the Bureau of Freedmen, are forever associated with the names of Massachusetts Congress-men. It is not an occasion for proud comparison with other States, but an historical fact to which we point the friends of freedom the world over, whenever the unfounded sneer is aimed at New England. The recognition of this providential position occasionally ap pears in the record of public affairs made by the columns of the newspaper press. When the triumphant vindication of the prin ciples of our Government by the popular elections of 1865 was known, the leading papers of Philadelphia had expressions of congratulation like those we quote in this connection : — To commence with the extreme East, we find that the stanch old Com monwealth of Massachusetts, whose consistency is as eternal as the waves of her bay, has, of course, rolled up her old majority in favor of the cause of free dom. Small in size, small in population, when compared with her sisters, she is great in brain, and large of heart ; and her action yesterday was only what we had cause to expect from her record in the past, and her attitude throughout the darkest hour of our national Ufa Such a history suggests responsibilities corresponding with the greatness of the work committed to the Commonwealth in the training of her children for the duties before them, — not only to 16 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the South, but to the mighty West, throughout whose empire of material resources they are to be no inconsiderable power in its progress and character. The influence of the State in the national councils, the work done by her Congress-men there, and the action of the local gov ernment aJ; home, will appear more fully in the sketches of her leading statesmen when the Rebellion broke, like the storm upon the fisherman's bark of Galilee, on the Ship of State. No ship can go down with Him on board who guided the "Mayflower" over tlie wintry deep ; but it was well that we had skilful and faithful men to man our richly-freighted vessel when the tempest came, — an assurance that a kind Providence will continue to conduct it..through the turbulent waters yet around it, onward iD its course of glory and blessing. CHAPTER II. MASSACHUSETTS STATESMEN IN THE EEBELLION. Influence of the Leading Minds of the State upon the Nation.— Gov. John A. Andrew. — His Birthplace. — Enters College. — Graduates, and studies Law in Boston. — His Antislavery Position. — In the Legislature. — Governor of the State during the Civil War. — His Earnest and Active Loyalty. — Tributes to his Character. 4 MONG the inscriptions in Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, li. not far from that of "The Nation's Birth]»lace," and be tween two quaint, very high-backed chairs, each bearing the words, " Continental Congress, 1774," shine the golden letters which make this record of the past : — " Within these walls Henry, Hancock, and Adams Inspired the Delegates of the Colonies With nerve and sinew for the Toils of war, Eesulting in our National Independence." Hancock and Adams were Massachusetts statesmen ; and their names suggest again, by their association with the Virginia orator, the relation of the States to each other then and now. Side by side in the glorious pre-eminence of eloquent and influential statesmanship stood the Bay State and the Old Dominion in the Revolutionary War. In the civil conflict, the one was still first in active loyalty, and its expression in the character, and power to guide the people, of her political leaders; while the other was both the first and the last great battle-field of Treason. We have already glanced at the history of Massachusetts from the voyage of the " Mayflower " (and even before that vessel set sail) to the establishment of the Republic; and this is not the place to dwell upon the illustrious names that link the early years of the nation's existence with those of" attempted suicide by a portion of her vast empire. We must be content with brief sketches of the most conspicuous actors in the suppression of the terrible revolt ; and we begin fittingly this roll of honor with 3 17 18 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. his Excellency John Albion Andrew, the twenty-first governoi of Massachusetts since 1780. He was born in Windham, Me., May 31, 1818. His boyhood was free from vices, and of a cheerful, sprightly, and studious character. Graduating at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, in 1837, he removed to Boston, and entered upon the study of law. In 1840, he was admitted to the bar. Thoroughly antislavery, he met every step of its aggressions with his protest, wherever his voice could speak for freedom. In 1850, the passage of the Fugitive-slave Law called forth his warmest opposition to the enactment, and its enforcement in Massachusetts. He felt then, what few will deny now, that the measure was an intended test of slave-power, and an insult to the Commonwealth. In 1858 he was elected to the Legislature, where his course was entirely consistent in the advocacy of human rights. He was a delegate, in 1860, to the Republican Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and voted for him. The same year, he was elected Governor of Massachusetts by the largest popular vote ever cast for a candidate for that office. He foresaw, in the agitation at the South which followed the election of Mr. Lincoln, the beginning of a fearful conflict, and began to prepare for it. The militia of the State was summoned to the armories and the drill, and nothing omitted necessary to place it on a footing of efficiency. The unequalled foresight and prompt action displayed by the Governor will necessarily further appear in the annals of " Massachusetts in the Field." Gov. Andrew was re-elected in 1861 with but feeble opposition, and successively in 1862, '63, and '64 ; and then declined to be again a candidate. His term of office expiring in January, 1866, he could rest from the herculean labor of carrying the State through the four years of war. He had given himself with untiring assiduity to the work of making the Commonwealth ever ready, as she was always willing, to stand in the front rank of the States, in cheerful sacrifice of all things, if required, to crush treason, and save the Republic by rescuing it from the grasp of a domi neering tyranny, whose boast was that it took the fresh-moulded image of God from his hand, and stamped upon it, in the hour of its birth, "Goods and chattels personal." In the conference of loyal governors at Altoona, Penn., Septem jr, 1802, he was conspicuous in hopeful, ardent patriotism anc STATE PAPERS. 19 prepared the address to the President, urging the issue of a call for three hundred thousand new troops to the field. His messages and addresses on special occasions, such as on the departure or return of regiments, the presentation of flags, and on other public occasions, are models of their kind ; and many of them, or extracts from them, will be given in appropriate places as we advance in the volume. His message of January, 1861, reads now like a prophetic oracle. Touching briefly, yet with marvellous comprehensive ness and clearness, upon the disturbing elements abroad in the land, he. vindicates the previous history of Massachusetts, and exonerates her from every charge of being in any way responsible for the unhappy dissensions. He shows her constant loyalty, especially through the years from 1850 to 1860, and her readi ness to defend at any cost the national life. " Her people will forever stand by their country." Gov. Andrew then presents in ' a masterly manner the position held by the old Bay State to ward the country by referring to the threatening condition of affairs, and with the following comprehensive question : " Shall a re-actionary spirit, unfriendly to liberty, be permitted to subvert democratic republican government organized under constitutional forms ? " The whole tone of this portion of the message showed that he foresaw in a great measure the magnitude of the coming contest, and would prepare the people for it. But we then thought there was more of rhetoric than of fact in his weighty sentences. Time passed on, and we learned to be grateful for his foresight. Gov. Andrew's keen appreciation of State and National affairs, and his promptness of action, are admirably shown in his mes sage at the special session in May, 1861. It opens with the laconic words, " The occasion demands action, and it shall not be delayed by speech ; " and then he points out vjhat is to be done, and how it is to be done, in the tersest language. Want of space will not allow us to enter into detail ; but the reader is commended to all the messages of Gov. Andrew during the war. As State papers, they possess rare excellence, — practi cal to the highest degree, comprehensive in their scope, far-reach ing in their grasp, yet adorned with a rhetorical beauty and a fervid eloquence that were magnetic in their effect upon the people. He never allowed the sparkle of enthusiasm to subside ; and,, through all the long years of the war, he, and through him the State, was the embodiment of true patriotism and high mili tary zeal. 20 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Of course, in the war messages, there is much that was for immediate and temporary effect. Sudden emergencies were tc be provided for, and the people were to be stirred in their emo tional nature. Gov. Andrew's Valedictory Address, January, 1866, is of a different character. Closely argumentative, severely logical, with no superfluous words, it will stand as one of the ablest papers on reconstruction ever placed before the people; and, by its strong contrast with previous documents, it shows in a striking light the versatile powers of the distinguished author. A few extracts from different State papers will indicate the tone of the whole. From his message to the Senate, January, 1862, we quote : — Military education, both in the militia and in connection with the earlier training of the seminaries of learning, and the establishment of a school within the State taught by professors of mihtary science, are all subjects deeply engaging the minds of the people. It is to be hoped that Congress at its present session will adopt some comprehensive national plan of militia organization, requiring all men within certain ages to make it a point of honor and duty to instruct, strengthen, and recreate themselves by that reasonable training desirable to prepare the citizen to shoulder the musket at any crisis of public danger or disaster. I venture to recommend that our own militia should be brought to the high est perfection possible by legislative encouragement. Can it be regarded as due to the momentous possibilities of the future, or just to the people, that less than twenty-five thousand men, fitted and furnished to be mobilized in a week, should constitute an active militia ? . . . The ultimate extinction of human slavery is inevitable. That this war, which is the revolt of slavery (checkmated by an election, and permanently subordinated by the census) not merely against the Union and the Consti tution, but against popular government and democratic institutions, will deal it a mortal blow, is not less inevitable. I may not argue the proposition ; but it is true. And while the prin ciples and opinions adopted in my earliest manhood, growing with every year in strength and intelligence of conviction, point always to the policy of jus tice, the expediency of humanity, and the necessity of duty, to which the relations of our Government and people to the whole subject of slavery form no exception, — so that I have always believed that every constitutional power belonging to the Government, and every just influence of the people, ought to be used to limit and terminate this enormous wrong, which curses not only the bondman and his master, but blasts the very soil they stand upon, — I yet mean, as I have done since the beginning of the " secession," I mean to continue to school myself to silence. I cannot suspect that my opinions, in view of the past, can be misconceived by any to whom they may be of the slightest consequence or curiosity. Nor do I believe that the faith of Massa- VIEWS ON EDUCATION. 21 chusetts can be mistaken or misinterpreted. The record of her declared opinions is resplendent with instruction, and even with prophecy ; but she was treated for years as the Cassandra of the States, disliked because of her fidelity to the ancient faith, and avoided because of her warnings and her testimony. And now, when the Divine Providence is leading all the people in ways they had not imagined, I will not dare attempt to run before, and possibly imperil, the truth itself. Let him lead to whom the people have assigned the authority and the power. One great duty of absorbing, royal patriotism, which is the public duty of the occasion, demands us all to follow. Placed in no situation where it becomes me to discuss his policy, I do not stop even to consider it. The only question which I can entertain is what to do, and, when that question is answered, the other is what next to do, in the sphere of activity where it is given me to stand ; for by deeds, and not by words, is this people to accomplish their salvation. Let ours be the duty in this great emergency to furnish, in unstinted measure, the men and the money required of us for the common defence. Let Massachusetts ideas and Massachusetts principles go forth, with the in dustrious, sturdy sons of the Commonwealth, to propagate and intensify, in every camp and upon every battle-field, that love of equal liberty, and those rights of universal humanity, which are the basis of our institutions ; but let none of us who remain at home presume to direct the pilot or to seize the helm. To the civil head of the National State, to the military head of the National Army, our fidelity, our confidence, our constant, devoted, unwavering support, rendered in the spirit of intelligent freemen, of large- minded citizens, conscious of the difficulties of government, the responsibili ties of power, the perils of distrust and division, are due without measure and without reservation. The Great Rebellion must be put down, and its promoters crushed be neath the ruins of their own ambition. The greatest crime of history must receive a doom so swift and sure, that the enemies of popular government shall stand in awe while they contemplate the elastic energy and concentra- tive power of democratic institutions and a free people. Inspired by trust in God, and an immortal hate of wrong, let us conse crate to-day every personal aspiration and every private hope in one united apostrophe to our country and her cause : " Where thou goest, I will go ; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge : thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God : where thou diest will I die, and there will I be buried." While we naturally glance first at the military features of Gov. Andrew's administration, it should be borne in mind that he looked after the interests of the State, in all directions, with his characteristic energy and ability. We point with pride to his message of January, 1863, in which he treats of the educational interests of the Commonwealth with a clearness of insight, and breadth of view, rarely equalled. President Hill, of Harvard Col- 22 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. lege, who probably is better acquainted than any other man with Gov. Andrew's views on the subject of education, remarks, in a private letter, — . Gov. Andrew has, during his official career, shown a great interest in the cause of education, and an understanding of its needs far above that of states men in general. I know of no man whose general views are wider in their grasp, or wiser in their details. His message to the Legislature, Jan. 10, 1863, has been quoted with high approbation in France and in Germany j and, had the General Court that winter shown any thing of the same lofty spirit, Massachusetts would have placed herself, under his administration, in the same high rank in the work of education that she took in the work of up holding: the Federal Government. But he was in advance of his State, and the great opportunity failed. Yet how nobly he bore it ! and with what wis dom set himself about accomplishing, in the best manner, the inferior ends to which the Legislature determined to apply the fund ! Perhaps, as a purely literary production, his address before the New-England Agricultural Society, in September, 1864, is espe cially creditable. It closed with this passage : — In behalf of such a Union and such a Government, a people like those of New England will continue in the future as they have done in the past, by the methods of peace and in the shock of arms, to struggle against every roe, unconscious of dismay, and despising temptation. For the preservation of our nationality, they have, like their brethren in other sections, accepted the dread appeal to arms. For the sake of maintaining government and order and public liberty, the loyal men of the Union have not shunned the arbitrament of war. Lovers of peace, and haters of discord, we of New England are slow to draw the blade ; but we are slower still to yield to the infamy which must blast a coward's name, or to that infirmity of purpose which grows tired of a grand and momentous duty because it tasks our manhood or our faith. To protect the printing-press, the plough, the anchor, the loom, the cradle, the fireside, and the altar, the rights of labor, the earnings of industry, the security and the peace of home, if it must be, we can wield the sword, nor return it hastily to its wonted scabbard ; for the brand of war becomes then the sacred emblem of every duty and every hope. " The sword ! — a name of dread ; yet when Upon the freeman's thigh 'tis bound, While for his altar ai:d his hearth, While for the land that gave Mm birth, The war-drums roll, the trumpets sound, How sacred is it then ! Whenever for the Truth and Eight It flashes in the van of tight, Whether in some wild mountain-pass, As that where fell Leonidas; THE MILITIA. 23 Or on some sterile plain, and stern,— A Marston or a Bannockburn j Or 'mid fierce crags and bursting rills, The Switzer's Alps, gray Tyrol's hills) Or, as when sunk the Armada's pride, It gleam9 above the stormy tide,— Still, still, whene'er the battle-word Is Liberty, when men do stand For justice and their native land, Then Heaven bless the sword ! " The Governor's last words upon the militia of the State were spoken Jan. 3, 1866. He gave very clearly his views of its con dition and wants ; saying, in regard to the latter, — I had hoped, during nearly five years, to have the satisfaction, on my relinquishing office, of leaving a strong body of active militia, well organized, well disciplined, thoroughly armed, uniformed, and equipped. With careful pains, the material needed for the purposes of such a body, ample in num bers, has been accumulated ; and had it been in my power to district the Commonwealth, and draft soldiers up to the number of men of different arms limited by the act of 1865, with the right also to receive volunteers and substitutes instead of drafted men, and also to cause the uniforms to be served out both understandingly and with safety to the public property, it would have been easy at this moment to present rolls and rosters of a body of citi zen-soldiers never surpassed. The proportion of active militia would have been about one-fifteenth of the whole body of men enrolled for duty. And, at a reasonable compensation for each day's training, it would be easy to keep on foot such a proportion. Militia service, like service on the juries or other public duties, would be regarded as alike important and honorable. If the term for each man was limited to three years, no young man would deem it onerous ; and, with all our recent experiences fresh in mind, the people of Massachusetts could not be contented with the wasteful economy of leav ing the State undefended, and unready for any defence. We have now in commission many officers, and on our rolls many soldiers, of the highest merit. It was my utmost pride to be completely identified with their final and successful organization ; but it was not fit for me, by anticipating events or acting in advance of needful legislation, to risk the great interests of the future strength and fame of the militia. Calhng renewed attention to the reports referred to, I leave the subject to the wisdom of the Legis lature. Gov. Andrew's Message to the Legislature, April 17, 1865, on the death of Mr. Lincoln, was perhaps, for a brief document, one of his best efforts. We can quote no more than the opening and closing paragraphs, passing over his clear and accurate analysis of the President's character, which we have not seen equalled by any published estimates of his qualities of mind and heart : — 24 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Since the last adjournment of the General Court of Massachusetts, the people of the United States have been overtaken by a great and enduring sorrow. In the midst of the exultations of recent and repeated victory, in the midst of the highest hopes, of the most auspicious omens, in the hour of universal joy, the nation passed at once, by an inscrutable and mysterious Providence, into the valley of the shadow of death. Assembled while the cloud is yet thick upon our eyes, and the hearts of men are oppressed by the sense of a strange dismay, it has become my mournful duty to record, by formal and official announcement to the legislative department of the Com monwealth, this calamitous and distressing event. But there now remains to us yet another and perhaps a greater labor. On the ruins of that social despotism, over the fallen altars of that barbarism, in whose despairing death-throe was planned and executed this dastardly assas sination, by the side of the bleeding form of all that was mortal in that magnanimous father of his people, let us pronounce the vows of a new obedience. " Powers depart, Possessions va,nish, and opinions change, And passions hold a fluctuating seat ; But by the storms of circumstance unshaken, And subject neither to eclipse nor wane, Duty exists." Order, law, freedom, and true civilization, must rise into life all over the territory blasted by despotism, barbarism, and treason. The schemes of sentimental politicians, who neither learn nor forget, whose ideas of con structive statesmanship are only imitative as are the mechanical ideas of the bee or the beaver ; the plans of men who would rebuild on the sand, for the sake of adhering to a precedent, — must be utterly, promptly, and for ever rejected. Let the Government and the people resolve to be brave, faithful, impar tial, and just. With the blessing of God, let us determine to have a country the home of liberty and civilization. Let us deserve success, and we shall surmount every obstacle, we shall survive delays, we shall conquer defeat, we shall win a peaceful victory for the great ages of the future, and, for the cause of mankind, we shall requite these years of toil and war. The blood of all this noble army of the martyrs, from the soldiers of Massachusetts who fell in Baltimore, to Abraham Lincoln the President, who has mingled his own with theirs, — the blood of this noble army of martyrs shall be, as of old, the seed of the Church. Gov. Andrew's proclamations, especially those for Thanksgiv ings, were remarkable productions, marked with religious fervor, full of Bible language, quoted with singular aptness, and remind ing us of the days of the Puritans. They were celebrated and read all over the loyal States, and will ever remain as brilliant, MR. QUINT'S TRIBUTE. 25 and at the same time patriotic and Christian documents of re markable beauty and power. We have neither space nor inclination to discuss questions of policy or personal appreciation which arose, and were sometimes attended with deep feeling, in the administration of civil and military power. It would not be strange if mistakes were made, unjust and injurious prejudices formed, and merit overlooked. The views of Gov. Andrew upon the subject of capital punish ment, his dissent from popular opinions in other matters, and his personal estimate of particular officers, will be criticised, and by many condemned ; but none can question his sincerity of de votion to the great interests of the people and to the rights of humanity. The testimony of Rev. A. H. Quint, for three years the popular chaplain of the Second Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, in his Election Sermon, January, 1866, is very just and emphatic ; and we give it at length : — Well was it for Massachusetts, that, when the clouds were lowering, she called to the chair of the Executive a man who could say, " I know not what record of sin may await me in another world ; but this I know : I was never mean enough to despise any man because he was ignorant, nor because he was poor, nor because he was black." Massachusetts needed such a man in such a crisis. She wanted one who believed in man, yet not the less believed in God ; one in whose nature was inborn her hereditaiy love of freedom, yet no more inflexible in his faith than determined in its development ; one to be not only the exponent, but the fearless leader, of her sentiment ; one to steady the heart of his State, and yet to stimulate the central Government in the path of justice. She wanted a man of experience in statesmanship ; one whose ability to grasp the various interests of the public good should be equalled only by an energy which could accomplish the enormous work thrown upon him ; one who, in any exigency, would dare take responsibility, yet with reverence for the rio-hts of the people ; one who would bear in his heart her constant in terests of agricultural and other industry, her great system of education, and her reformatory or penal or charitable institutions ; one who could carry her finances through an unprecedented strain ; and, added thereto, one who could, with firmness, energy, and delicacy, conduct those military measures which were to raise, equip, organize, and officer a force ten times as large as the then army of the United States. We recognize the hand of Providence in giving us such a man. We ap preciate the able coadjutors in council and in the departments of the staff. We are grateful for the vast work done, and so well done. To have been the Governor of Massachusetts for five such years— called by the spon- i 26 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. taneous voice of the people, and continued by re-elections (these most mo mentous years since those of the Kevolution) — is enough for the patriotic ambition of any man. To have been such a governor, that the reader of the country's history inevitably turns to Massachusetts, and, turning to Massa chusetts, inevitably sees foremost the name of its chief magistrate, ennobles a man in history. In such a term of service, there is a manifest complete ness. It began when the clouds were lowering : it ends with the skies clear. The work accomplished was one work : it covers a great period in history. Sir, if I venture to address you directly, it is because I know peculiarly your care for Massachusetts soldiers. The camp where I first learned any thing of soldiery, in the dark spring of 1861, bore the name of Camp Andrew ; and, with some of the men who left that a solitude, I heard you welcome the flags home again. By your wise forethought, men were re- equipped for the midnight summons to the defence of the capital. When you asked that the bodies of her martyrs should be " tenderly " cared for, you touched the heart of Massachusetts. In all the struggle, the soldiers you sent into the field were equipped, I know, as none others were. Then- wives and children were sheltered as none others. Their officers were se lected with a care unequalled. In times of disaster, I saw the men and the helps which you sent. I met your agents in remote cities, faithful to our men. I saw the messengers you sent into the field itself to lighten their hardships. You were never weary in advancing their interests, and redress ing their grievances. Year by year I read your words, stirring the soul hke a blast from a Puritan trumpet, to our men, as we observed, in Virginia or Tennessee, the fast and festival days of our home. You welcomed back the soldiers ; you received with honor the flags, and promised that they should be faithfully guarded ; you remembered the dead. Sir, the Massachusetts soldiers owe you a debt of thanks. Let me, as one who has shared with them in the way of his duty, pledge you, not only for the love you bore to them, but for the love you bore to that country which they love, their perpetual gratitude. You commit a prosperous commonwealth to the eminent citizen who suc ceeds you; to the new Lieutenant-Governor, whose patriotic history has identified him with the people's interests ; to a council whose names are a guaranty of wise advice ; to a legislature whose membership promises broad statesmanship and wise legislation. If these officials and this legislature ever need any new inspirations of patriotism, let them, as they daily enter the Capitol, pause before the flags. Let them read the names of battles lost and won inscribed thereon. Let them read the story of hard-fought fields, more eloquently written in the torn, scarred, and pierced remnants of the banners which once went out in their bright, fresh beauty. Let them remember the heroic dead and the maimed living. In any doubt, let them go to the silent flags, and as from an oracle drink in their inspiration, and in that inspira tion learn to respect the rights, maintain the honor, and trust with confidence the principles, of a people who havo heard the voice of God speaking out of the irjid&,t of fiie, and live. PERSONAL SKETCH. 27 A personal friend of Gov. Andrew, formerly a member of his staff, contributes a sketch, which, while it is strongly marked by the fervor of admiration, is yet just and appreciative. It is as follows : — A complete sketch of the late Governor would comprise a substantial history of Massachusetts in the Great Kebellion. The faintest likeness is difficult to obtain, for the same reason that it is impossible to condense sufficiently the vast mass of material. Glancing back to the early days of February, 1861, when, amid the flouts and jeers of the incredulous mass, he began vigorous preparations for the war his clear vision saw impending, and hurrying at ut most speed down to the day when the flags were redelivered to him upon the steps of the State House in December last, scarce a glimpse could be afforded, within moderate limits, of each of the many great departments of activity and labor which this remarkable man's assiduous energy illustrated during his official term. The military duties alone were overwhelming, nor had he the previous training to fit the emergency most easily : yet not only were they most faithfully and ably discharged, but time was spared for the preparation of addresses on agriculture, redolent of the soil, and delightful to the soul of the farmer ; disquisitions on medical matters, which opposed them selves to the learning of the profession ; arguments of profound research and sound logic upon disputed questions of constitutional law ; besides the less studied but yet carefully considered utterances, some of considerable length and of very frequent occurrence, by which he so effectively and unceasingly preached at all seasons the great gospel of New-England ideas, and held up the heart, and inspired anew the soul, of the people of this Commonwealth during the dark days of our national tribulation. And no one who was so fortunate as to have listened to him at some of these wayside preachings will now underrate their value. Let any doubter have seen that vast multitude on the memorable Sunday, during the war, at the camp-meeting at Martha's Vineyard, when he arose, upon request, to address the people ; let him have watched how their faces glowed as he went on ; how his burning words of patriotic ardor fired their hearts, and actually swayed their bodies to and fro, as the blast of his earnest eloquence swept over them, — and the sceptic would have been convinced that it is hard to exaggerate the influence of those winged words, which, like the seeds of some of our native plants, were cast daily to the winds, to find lodgement in some Yankee heart. And here lay ene secret of his power, — a most warm, poetical, and sympathetic soul, which was continually aglow with beneficent and kindly thoughts, and gleam- ino- with the loftiest patriotism. His speech was earnest, and, in his mo ments of special exaltation, carried an audience away with him by his mag netic sympathy more completely than any man I ever heard. But few regi ments marched from the State that he did not inspire their parting moments with the teachings of purest loyalty, and devotion to their duty and their flag. Nor was his unquenchable vigor to be satisfied with such voluntary addition to 28 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the already intolerable load of daily official labor. Activity the most inces sant was a leading characteristic of a man who was overworked if he never left his chair. Wherever his presence was needed, he was there ; and the extent of his official travel was to be computed by thousands of miles. Stern in the vindication of what he deemed essential principle, and immovable in defence of his assured convictions, he was the heartiest and kindest of friends, and inclined to indulge solicitation for his time to the very limits of his con science. Utterly democratic in the fine sense, he never showed, nor proba bly saw, any essential difference between one man or another, whether black or white. Everybody could see him who wished ; and he attended person ally to their stories, often at an apparently fatal waste of time. No one ever was so poor or humble or degraded that he might not command this good magistrate to counsel, aid, or right him. But perhaps the trait from which as much of characteristic good may be traced as from any other was the all- pervading philanthropy of his mind. This element of character may be traced in all directions. Imbued with the largest ideas of modern social science, he yet tempered them with shrewd common sense. Opposed to capital punishment as a system, he yet executed the laws. He was never weary in visiting prisons, penitentiaries, and poor-houses, to examine and care for the convicts. The down-trodden and oppressed, the poor woman and tender child, no matter how degraded or abandoned, found in him a con stant friend. Indeed, it seemed to be in him an actual living recognition of the dignity of manhood, however abraded by hostile circumstance, — a hearty and practical belief in a true and universal brotherhood of man. Pressed by the same principle, his interest and ardor for the cause of good learning and general education never slumbered nor slept. The advance of pure science along the lofty paths of abstract speculation, and the first efforts of the untaught or ignorant, were neither above his view nor beneath his notice. From the primary school to the university, his persistent purpose to aid their labors was felt. By his presence, by his speech, by recommenda tions to the Legislature, and by never-failing interest in their welfare, he did as much as any man has done to promote the spread of intelligence and knowledge in the Commonwealth. He was thoroughly in grain a New-Eng land man. He believed absolutely in our principles, our methods, traininn-, and ideas. He had a wholesome smack of the soil of the region in his strong and shrewd talk, vivid sense of humor, and his liking, once in a while, for the racy anecdotes and peculiar wit, which, in their best form, are sometimes found scattered freely in New England. As a politician, he was truly brave ; never fearing to trust himself to the highest convictions, good sense, and sober second-thought, of the people, even when they seemed determined for a time to lead him from his plan of duty. Such was John A. Andrew, Governor of Massachusetts during the war of the Rebellion. CHAPTER III. SENATORS SUMNER AND WILSON. — EDWARD EVERETT. The Birth and early Education of Charles Sumner. — Studies Law. — An Antislavery Man. — Congressional and Public Life. — Henry Wilson's early Life. — Sympathy with the Masses. — Antislavery Position. — His Prominence and Power in Congress. — War Measures. — Resolutions on the Rights of the Enfranchised and the Emancipation of the Enslaved. — Mr. Everett's Family History. — Preparation for College. — Graduates. — Studies Divinity. — Accepts Professorship. — Residence in Europe. — Political Life and Services. — Patriotism in the Civil War. — His Death. CHARLES. SUMNER. C~'HARLES SUMNER is the son of Charles Pinkney Sumner, formerly High Sheriff of Suffolk County ; and was born in Boston, Jan. 6, 1811. His preparation for Harvard College was made in the Latin School of that city ; and he graduated in 1830, entering the Law School the next year. He contributed to the " American Jurist," and for some time was editor of that magazine. In 1834, he began practice in his profession, and was appointed reporter to the Cir cuit Court. During the absence of Professors Greenleaf and Story from the Law Department of Harvard, Mr. Sumner gave lectures to the classes three winters, besides editing works on law. He sailed for Europe in 1837. While in Paris, at Mr. Cass's re quest, he wrote a defence of the American claim to the North eastern Boundary, — a discriminating and able effort. Again, in 1843, he lectured in the Law School at Cambridge, and edited three years later an edition of Vesey's Reports, in twenty volumes. His political life may be said to have commenced in 1845, when he delivered a Fourth-of-July oration before the citizens of Boston, on " The True Grandeur of Nations," which attracted much at tention, and led to much controversy. At this time, the relations of our Government and that of Mexico were very threatening in their nature ; and Mr. Sumner, with all the ardor of his soul, argued against the ordeal of war. This address made a profound sensation in England ; and Richard Cobden, a name dear to every 29 30 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. true American heart, pronounced it to be " the most noble con tribution made by any modern writer to .the cause of peace." Mr. Sumner's career as the uncompromising champion of free dom, the persistent foe of slavery, dates from the agitation of the question of the annexation of Texas. This he opposed on the ground of slavery ; and a speech of his in Faneuil Hall, Nov. 4, 1845, was received with great enthusiasm. His strong and out spoken course relative to what he considered the national sin and curse gradually led to his separation from the Whig party, and in 1848 he earnestly supported Van Buren as the Free-soil can didate for the Presidential chair. In 1850, Daniel Webster left the United-States Senate for a seat in Mr. Fillmore's Cabinet, and was succeeded by Mr. Sumner, who was elected by a coalition of Free-soilers and Democrats in the Massachusetts Legislature, after an excited and protracted contest. His sentiments at this time may be learned from his letter of acceptance of the senatorial office. After alluding to the interest the election of a senator awakened, and. his apprecia tion of the " duties which eclipsed the honors " of the office, he added, — I accept it as the servant of Massachusetts, mindful of the sentiments sol emnly uttered by her successive legislatures ; of the genius which inspires her history ; of the men, her perpetual pride and ornament, who breathed into her that breath of liberty which early made her an example to her sister States. In such a service, the way, though new to my footsteps, will be illumined by lights which cannot be missed. I accept it as the servant of the Union, bound to study and maintain with equally patriotic care the interests of all parts of our country ; to discountenance every effort to loosen any of those bonds by which our fellowship as States is held in fraternal company ; and to oppose all sectionalism, whether it appear in unconstitutional efforts by the North to carry so great a boon as freedom into the slave States, or in unconstitutional efforts by the South, aided by Northern alhes, to carry the sectional evil of slavery into the free States ; or in whatsoever efforts it may make to extend the sectional domination of slavery over the National Government. From that time to this, Mr. Sumner has been the head and front of the antislavery sentiment of the country, not by any means, as is sometimes urged, as a visionary enthusiast, borne be yond all practical grounds by devotion to one idea ; but his argu ments have been based upon high moral and historical truths ; and the measures he has advocated, and almost uniformly tri- CHARLES SUMNER. 31 umphantly carried, have always been found in strict accordance with the Constitution of the United States. His Congressional life opened with his speech in support of his motion for the repeal of the Fugitive-slave Law, Aug. 26, 1852 ; and since that time his efforts for the abolition of slavery, and for the elevation of the colored race, have been unwearied. This speech, whose theme was the then new one of " freedom national, slavery sectional," was met by that bitter opposition which fol lowed him in the Senate, till the Rebellion purged it of the irri tating element of the slave-power. The spirit with which Mr. Sumner entered upon this great speech is well shown in a para graph from his remarks, on presenting the memorial from the Friends, which gave him the opportunity to present his views : — I bespeak the clear and candid attention of the Senate while I undertake to set forth frankly and fully, and with entire respect for this body, convic tions, deeply cherished in my own State, though disregarded here, to which I am bound by every sentiment of the heart, by every fibre of my being, by all my devotion to country, by my love of God and man. But upon these I do not now enter. Suffice it for the present to say, that, when I shall un dertake that service, I believe I shall utter nothing which, in any just sense, can be called sectional, unless the Constitution is sectional, and unless the sentiments of the fathers were sectional. It is my happiness to believe, and my hope to be able to show, that according to the true spirit of the Constitu tion, and according to the sentiments of the fathers, freedom, and not slave ry, is national ; while slavery, and not freedom, is sectional. In duty to the petitioners, and with the hope of promoting their prayer, I move the reference of their petition to the Committee on the Judiciary. But, while liberty and equal rights lay nearest his heart, Mr. Sumner was alive to all the important measures before Congress ; and the record of no senator shows a more varied labor than his. Those were times when it required both moral and physical cour age to speak and act boldly against the arrogant claims and as sumptions of the slave-power. But he never shrank from duty ; and, when others quailed and faltered, he always stood firm, with his face to the foe, and armed with a wealth of learning, and a power of utterance, which made him, even single-handed, a fear ful antagonist. The history of the Fugitive-slave Bill well illustrates Mr. Sum ner's character. From the day, in August, 1852, when he moved its repeal, until the day when it was wiped from the records of the nation, he never lost sight of the end in view. Although 32 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. never neglecting any important subject which 'seemed to require his attention, and in the mean time originating, and carrying to a successful issue, measures of vital interest to the nation, he worked persistently on until he saw the bill repealed ; his speech being the last one made upon it. He was emphatically the Alpha and Omega of the glorious work, which of itself, for one man, might be esteemed a sufficient honor. It is well to notice in this connection, that in his report on the fugitive-slave acts, submitted in March, 1864, he took the ground, that, in annulling these statutes, Congress simply with drew an irrational support from slavery. It thus did nothing against slavery, but merely refused to do any thing for it. Mr. Sumner's last speech on the repeal of the Missouri Com promise, which occupied two days in its delivery (May 19 and 20, 1856), was a masterly effort. It was afterwards printed under the title of " The Crime against Kansas," had a wide circulation, and was very influential in moulding and consolidating public sentiment at the North. But, if it was a memorable speech for the cause of freedom, it was none the less so in relation to its dis tinguished author. Preston S. Brooks, a member of Congress from South Carolina, whose name goes down to posterity covered with infamy, being greatly enraged at some passages in the speech, attacked Mr. Sumner with a cane, as he sat at his desk writing, and in a totally defenceless condition, and beat him upon the head till he fell to the floor insensible. It was four years before he recovered from the injuries and returned to the Senate. He was unable to attend to any public duties ; went to Europe twice by advice of physicians, and there submitted to very severe treat ment, which ultimately resulted in his complete restoration to health. In the mean time, his term of office had expired ; but he was re-elected (January, 1857) by a unanimous vote in the Sen ate of Massachusetts, and only seven dissenting votes in the House. Nothing daunted by his bitter experiences, but only the more imbued with a sense of the utter corruption of the system of American slavery, his first great effort after resuming his seat in the Senate was the celebrated speech entitled " The Barbarism of Slavery," — one of the most elaborate and carefully fortified speeches ever made in Congress, and which had a truly terrific effect in that body, and shook the whole country to its centre. The truth had never before been clearly set forth by a fearless tongue ; and, although at the time many thought the speech ill- CHARLES SUMNER. 33 advised and too severe, the stern logic of events has shown that the champion of liberty knew his position, and was making ready for a coming storm. He did his duty, and the verdict of all loyal men now sustains him. In an address delivered by him at a fes tival in Plymouth, Mass., in commemoration of the embarkation of the Pilgrims, is an eloquent passage, which well illustrates his principles of action. He says, — All will confess the true grandeur of their example, while, in the vindica tion of a cherished principle, they stood alone against the madness of men, against the law of their land, against their king. Better be the despised Pil grim, a fugitive for freedom, than the halting politician, forgetful of principle, " with a Senate at his heels " ! Such is the voice of Plymouth Rock as it salutes my ears. Others may not hear it ; but to me it comes in tones which I cannot mistake. I catch its words of noble cheer : — "New occasions teach new duties: time makes ancient good uncouth. They must upward srill and onward who would keep abreast of Truth: Lo, before us gleam her camp-fires ! We ourselves must pilgrims be, Launch our ' Mayflower,' and steer boldly through the desperate winter sea." A single remark of Mr. Sumner's will also indicate the moving principles of his life, alas ! too rarely to be found among our great men. When the conflict over the Nebraska Bill in 1853-54 was waxing hot, one of its most eminent supporters said to him, " I would not go through all that you do on this nigger question for all the offices and honors of the country." Mr. Sumner replied, " Nor would I for all the offices and honors of the country ! " No : he was, and is, actuated by higher motives than the honors and emoluments of office. He labors that justice may be vindi cated, as a paragraph from a speech in New- York City (Nov. 27, 1861) eloquently demonstrates. It is this : — Amidst all the perils which now surround us, there is one only which I dread. It is the peril which comes from some new surrender to slavery, some fresh recognition of its power, some present dalliance with its intolera ble pretensions. Worse than any defeat, or even the flight of an army, would be such abandonment of principle. From all such peril, good Lord, deliver us ! And there is one way of safety, clear as sunlight, pleasant as the paths of peace. Over its broad and open gate is written simply, Justice. There is victory in that word. Do justice, and you will be twice blessed ; for so you will subdue the rebel master while you elevate the slave. Do justice frankly, generously, nobly, and you will find strength 34 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. instead of weakness ; while all seeming responsibility will disappear in obedi ence to God's everlasting law. Do justice, though the heavens fall ; hut they will not fall. Every act of justice becomes a new pillar of the universe, or, it may be, a new link of that " Golden, everlasting chain. Whose strong embrace holds heaven and earth and main." Mr. Sumner's great speech at Worcester, Oct. 1, 1861, was one of his most effective efforts ; and the principles then advanced and sustained now seem to breathe of inspiration and prophecy. Here he first publicly urged emancipation as a war measure ; and let us bear in mind that to utter such sentiments then was a vastly different matter from what it was a few months later. To do it imperilled a man's political position ; but then, as always before, and ever since, Mr. Sumner held to his high moral standard, and never allowed questions of expediency to modify his words or his deeds. He is the inflexible foe of all compromises : he decides upon what is purely right, and acts accordingly. A few sentences from his speech at Worcester will indicate its character : — It is often said that the war will make an end of slavery. This is proba ble ; but it is surer still, that the overthrow of slavery will at once make an end of the war. If I am correct in this statement, which I believe is beyond question, then do reason, justice, and policy all unite in declaring that the war must be brought to bear directly on the grand conspirator and omnipresent enemy. Not to do this is to take upon ourselves in the present contest all the weak ness of slavery, while we leave to the rebels its boasted resources of mihtary strength. Not to do this is to squander hfe and treasure in a vain masquerade of battle, which can have no practical result. Not to do this is blindly to neglect the plainest dictates of economy, humanity, and common sense, and, alas ! simply to let slip the dogs of war on a mad chase over the land, never to stop until spent with fatigue or sated with slaughter. Believe me, fellow- citizens, I know all the imagined difficulties and unquestioned responsibilities of this suggestion. But, if you are in earnest, the difficulties will at once dis appear, and the responsibilities are such as you will gladly bear. This is not the first time that a knot hard to untie has been cut by the sword ; and we all know that danger flees before the brave man. Believe that you can, and you can. The will only is needed. Courage, now, is the highest prudence. It is not necessary even, according to a familiar phrase, to carry the war into Africa : it will be enough if we cany Africa into the war, — ¦ in any form, any quantity, any way. But there is another agency that may be invoked, which is at the same CHARLES SUMNER. 35 time under the Constitution, and above the Constitution: I mean martial law. It is under the Constitution, because the war power to which it be longs is positively recognized by the Constitution. It is above the Constitu tion, because, when set in motion, like necessity, it knows no other law. For the time, it is law and constitution. The civil power, in mass and in detail, is superseded, and all rights are held subordinate to this mihtary magistracy. All other agencies, small and great, executive, legislative, and even judicial, are absorbed in this transcendent triune power, which, for the time, declares its absolute will, while it holds alike the scales of justice and the sword of the executioner. The existence of this power nobody questions. If it has been rarely exercised in our country, and never in an extended manner, the- power none the less has a fixed place in our political system. As well strike out the kindred law of self-defence which belongs alike to States and individuals. Martial law is only one form of self-defence. Massachusetts will be false to herself if she fails at this moment. And* yet I would not be misunderstood. Feeling most profoundly that there is now an opportunity, such as rarely occurs in human annals, for incalculable good ; seeing clearly that there is one spot, like the heel of Achilles, where this great Rebellion may be wounded to death, — I calmly deliver the whole question to the judgment of those on whom the responsibility rests, con tenting myself with reminding you that there are times when not to act car ries with it a greater responsibility than to act. It is enough for us to review the unquestioned powers of the Government, to handle for a moment its mighty weapons which are yet allowed to slumber, without assuming to de clare that the hour has come when they shall flash against the sky. But may a good Providence save our Government from that everlasting regret which must ensue if a great opportunity is lost by which all the bleed ing wounds of war shall be stanched, — by which prosperity shall be again established, and Peace be made immortal in the embrace of Liberty ! Saul was cursed for not hewing Agag in pieces when in his hands, and Ahab was cursed for not destroying Benhadad. Let no such curses ever descend upon us. Fellow-citizens, I have spoken frankly ; for such has always been my habit. And never was there greater need of frankness. Let patriots under stand each other, and they cannot widely differ. All will unite in whatever is required by the sovereign exigencies of self-defence ; all will unite in sus taining the Government, and in driving back the rebels. But this cannot be done by any half-way measures or by any lukewarm conduct. Do not hearken to the voice of slavery, no matter what its tones of persuasion. It is the gigantic traitor, not for a moment to be trusted. Believe me, its friendship is more deadly than its enmity. If you are wise, prudent, eco nomical, conservative, practical, you will strike quick and hard ; strike, too, where the blow will be most felt ; strike at the main-spring of the Rebellion ; strike in the name of the Union, which only in this way can be restored ; in the natae of Peace, which is vain without Union ; and in the name of Lib erty also, sure to bring both Peace and Union in her glorious train. 36 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. His speech at Worcester was followed by one on the 6th of the same month, in Faneuil Hall, on the policy and necessity of eman cipation as a war measure. We cannot refrain from quoting a few passages : — If the instincts of patriotism did not prompt this support, I should find a sufficient motive in that duty which we all owe to the Supreme Ruler, God Almighty, whose visitations upon our country are now so fearful. Not rashly would I make myself the interpreter of his will ; and yet I am not blind. According to a venerable maxim of jurisprudence, "Whoso would have equity must do equity ; ' ' and God plainly requires equity at our hands. We cannot expect success while we set at nought this requirement, proclaimed in his divine character, in the dictates of reason, and in the examples of history; proclaimed also in all the events of this protracted war. Great judgments ihave fallen upon the country, plagues have been let loose, rivers have been turned into blood ; and there is a great cry throughout the land, for there is not a house where there is not one dead ; and at each judgment we seem to hear that terrible voice which sounded in the ears of Pharaoh, " Thus saith the Lord God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me." I know not how others are touched ; but I cannot listen to the fre quent tidings of calamity to our arms, of a noble soldier lost to his country, of a bereavement in a family, of a youthful son brought home dead to his mother, without catching the warning, " Let my people go." Nay, every wound, every sorrow, every hardship, all that we are compelled to bear in taxation, in want, in derangement of business, has a voice, saying, " Let my people go." And now, thank God ! the word has been spoken : a greater word was never spoken. Emancipation has begun, and our country is already elevated and glorified. The war in which we are now engaged has not chanced in object; but it has changed in character. Its object now, as at the beginning, is simply to put down the Rebellion ; but its character is derived from the new force at last enlisted, which must not only stamp itself upon all that is done, but absorb the whole war to itself, even as the rod of Aaron swallowed up all other rods. Vain will it be again to delude European nations into the foolish belief that slavery has nothing to do with the war ; that it is a war for empire on one side, and independence on the other ; and that all generous ideas are on the side of the Rebellion. And vain also will be that other European cry, whether from an intemperate press or the cautious lips of statesmen, that separation is inevitable, and that our Government is doomed to witness the dismemberment of the Republic. With this new alliance, all such forebod ings will be falsified ; the wishes of the fathers will be fulfilled ; and those rights of human nature, which were the declared object of our Revolution, will be vindicated. Thus inspired, the sword of Washington — that sword! which, according to his last will and testament, was to be drawn only in self- defence, or in defence of country and its rights — will once more marshal our CHARLES SUMNER. 37 armies of victory ; while our flag, wherever it floats, will give freedom to all heneath its folds, and its proud inscription will be at last triumphantly veri fied, " Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." In this speech, in a few sentences of self-vindication, he made a quotation from Burke (and his speeches are peculiarly rich in English and classical allusions and quotations), but omitted a few closing words, which added nothing to the force of the sen tence, nor affected the sentiment. Some newspaper critic, being destitute either of the fairness, or perhaps ability, to detect the true force of the extract, and whose party prejudices were strong, thought he had caught the senator in a wilful misquotation ; and the accusation was echoed by partisans. In the pamphlet edition of the speech, afterward issued, the whole sentence is given, and Mr. Sumner's honesty clearly vindicated. Not long since, in familiar private conversation, the subject was alluded to ; and Mr. Sumner emphatically remarked, " Before God, I never knowingly sacri ficed truth or honesty to carry any political ends ; let them fall first ; " and the gentleman to whom he spoke will never forget the expression of earnestness, solemnity, and of felt injustice, which marked his countenance. When the civil war commenced, Mr. Sumner saw the doom of slavery at hand, and devoted his energies to the work of hastening the removal of the cause of the Rebellion. There was perhaps no scene of more suggestive and exciting character during the early part of the Rebellion than that when Mr. Sumner read before the Senate, in the spring of 1861, the autograph letter of Andrew Jack son, in which he declared that the next pretext for dissolving the Union by the South would be negro slavery. The Southern senators had not vacated their seats at that time ; and when Mr. Sumner held the document in his hand, and chal lenged examination of its authenticity, there were frowns, silent handling of the precious manuscript, and a sensation so profound, that the venerable Mr. Blair remarked that secession could never recover from the deadly blow of Andrew Jackson's prophetic hand. Months before the war began, Mr. Sumner remarked that slavery was near its end. He saw the clouds gathering whose bolts would destroy it forever : the abnormal condition of affairs in a republi can government must cease ; and in Congress, privately with the President, and in public services, he labored assiduously, and with great effect, toward the accomplishment of the desired end, 38 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. — the termination of slavery. The careful, or in fact the casual student of our country's history during the war will find Mr. Sumner a prominent and always efficient actor in every scheme which bore upon the true interests of the nation, and will be sur prised to see how many of these important measures were origi nated by him, and to a great extent dependent upon him for their final success. The public will always, and naturally, look with gratitude upon Mr. Sumner's herculean labors in Congress ; but he regards his greatest usefulness in the late conflict to be that of which the country knows the least, — his constant in timacy with Mr. Lincoln, and constantly pressing upon him eman cipation as the means for crushing the Rebellion. He did not then press it on moral grounds at all. He first urged emancipation as a war measure upon the President the day after the battle of Bull Run, and ceased not till the proclamation was sounded over the land. The unrestrained intercourse Mr. Lincoln enjoyed with him declared very emphatically his confidence not only in Mr. Sumner's ability and honesty, but in his practical power. The President could not endure for a moment mere speculations or theories ; and yet he made the senator his most frequent and confidential adviser. Mr. Sumner once remarked in conversation with a friend, — I was always honest and very plain with Mr. Lincoln; but he never allowed difference of opinion, or frankness, to interrupt our familiar and con fidential intercourse. In illustration, he referred to his defeat of the President's " pet proposition " for admitting Louisiana, when even his friends assured him that he had made a great mistake, and his enemies rejoiced over the prospect of alienation and separation between the noble friends. On the contrary, Mr. Lincoln soon after asked his attendance on the occasion of the inauguration-festivities, sending his own carriage for him, and taking pains to convince the mixed assemblage of political friends and foes that Mr. Sumner retained his undiminished confidence and regard. On the last week of Mr. Lincoln's life, he said to Mr. Sumner, " There is no person with whom I have more advised through out my administration than with yourself," — a remark he re peated to others. It is impossible, in the brief outline to which we are limited, to give any more than a glance at Mr. Sumner's Congressional labors. Among the measures originated and carried through by him CHARLES SUMNER. 39 was emancipation in the District of Columbia. The repeal, which had been purposed, of the " Black Laws " (so called) of the Dis trict, did not, in his mind, reach the evil. They were but the out growth of slavery : destroy it, and the source of mischief is eradi cated. Upon this basis of action he successfully labored. Mr. Sumner's tact in dealing with difficult questions is well illustrated in the progress of this measure through Congress. An appropria tion of money was necessary to affect the emancipation. The amount required was comparatively small : but the shrewd sena tor was unwilling to establish a precedent for the purchase of slaves as the means of their emancipation, as it might embarrass the grand project of national freedom ; and besides, he felt that true justice would give such money to the slave, rather than to the master. This last idea was not, however, to be taken into con sideration as any thing feasible. Mr. Sumner therefore termed the million dollars required ransom money, — money paid as the only means by which the desired end could be accomplished, but not a precedent, or right and title, to such action in future. It was ransom versus compensation ; and, in support of this posi tion, he brought forward the case of the Algerine captives, — Americans made white slaves in Algiers, — who were ransomed by our Government, not bought. His speech on this subject (March 31, 1862) has points of great interest. Mr. Sumner's speech on confiscation and the liberation of slaves (May 19, 1862) was one of his ablest and most exhaustive efforts ; and so thorough and elaborate was its treatment of the difficult subject, that the Attorney-General of the United States remarked to him, that, for a long time, he carried it about with him in his pocket for study and reference. We quote the closing paragraphs on emancipation to illustrate both his positions, and manner of presenting them : — Vattel says, that, in his day, a soldier would not dare to boast of having killed the enemy's king ; and there seems to be a similar timidity on our part towards slavery, which is our enemy's king. If this king were removed, tranquillity would reign." Charles XII. of Sweden did not hesitate to say that the cannoneers were perfectly right in directing their shots at him ; for that the war would be at an instant end if they could kill him, whereas they would reap little from killing his principal officers. There is no shot in this war so effective as one against slavery, which is king above all officers ; nor is there any better augury of complete success than the willingness, at last, to fire upon this wicked king. But there are illusions, through which slavery has become strong, that must be abandoned. 40 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The slaves of rebels cannot be regarded as property, real or personal Though claimed as property by their masters, and though too often recog nized as such by individuals in the Government, it is the glory of our Consti tution that it treats slaves always as " persons." At home, beneath the lash and local laws, they may be chattels ; but they are known to our Constitu tion only as men. In this simple and indisputable fact there is a distinction, clear as justice itself, between the pretended property in slaves and all other property, real or personal. Being men, they are bound to allegiance, and entitled to reciprocal protection. It only remains that a proper appeal should be made to their natural and instinctive loyalty ; nor can any pretended property of their masters supersede this claim, I will not say of eminent do main, but of eminent power, inherent in the National Government, which, at all times, has a right to the services of all. In declaring the slaves free, you will at once do more than in any other way, whether to conquer, to pacify, to punish, or to bless. You will take from the Rebellion its mainspring of ac tivity and strength ; you will stop its chief source of provisions and supplies ; you will remove a motive and temptation to prolonged resistance ; and you will destroy forever that disturbing influence, which, so long as it is allowed to exist, will keep this land a volcano, ever ready to break forth anew. But, while accomplishing this work, you will at the same time do an act of wise economy, giving new value to all the lands of slavery, and opening untold springs of wealth ; and you will also do an act of justice destined to raise our national name more than any triumph of war or any skill in peace. God in his beneficence offers, to nations as to individuals, opportunity, opportunity, opportunity, which, of all things, is most to be desired. Never before in history has he offered such as is now ours. Do not fail to seize it. The blow with which we smite an accursed rebellion will at the same time enrich and bless ; nor is there any prosperity or happiness which it will not scatter abundantly throughout the land. And such an act will be an epoch mark ing the change from barbarism to civilization. By the old rin-hts of war, still prevalent in Africa, freemen were made slaves ; but, by the rights of war which I ask you to declare, slaves will be made freemen. Mr. President, if you seek indemnity for the past and security for the future, if you seek the national unity under the Constitution of the United States, here is the way in which all these can be surely obtained. Strike down the leaders of the Rebellion, and lift up the slaves. " To tame the proud, the fettered slave to free, These are imperial arts, and worthy thee." Then will there be an indemnity for the past such as no nation ever before was able to win, and there will be a security for the future such as no nation ever before enjoyed, while the Republic, glorified and strengthened, will be assured forever, one and indivisible. Mr. Sumner's instrumentality in securing equality before the law in the United-States courts, so that " there shall be no exclusion CHARLES SUMNER. 41 of any witness on account of color," and his bill abolishing for ever the coastwise (inter - State) slave-trade, were important steps in the grand march of free principles ; and, by these and other measures touching salient points in the workings of sla very, he hoped, to use his own expression, " to girdle the tree," and thus, if direct efforts failed, effect the downfall of the system. The securing the passage of a bill, that colored persons should not be excluded from the horse-cars in Washington, was impor tant in paving the way to equal suffrage. Never was Mr. Sum ner's persistency more clearly shown than on the passage of this bill. He was defeated six or eight times before he carried it. He lost it several times in its first stage, in the Senate, in the House ; and finally triumphed. It was in this connection that Senator Hendricks of Indiana, probably the best speaker on the Demo cratic side of the Senate, made a brief but sharp and good- natured speech, setting forth the utter folly of attempting to thwart the Massachusetts senator when he had a point to carry ; for, in spite of all opposition, he was sure in some way to gain his ends. To Mr. Sumner the country is indebted for the Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which he justly considers as one of his most impor tant national services : and well he may ; for, even while we write, it is the only protection vouchsafed to the freedmen of the South, — the only thing which saves them from new oppressions and injustice. It is well to remember, that in February, 1865, Mr. Sum ner introduced and triumphantly carried the following reso lution : — Whereas certain persons have put in circulation the report, that, on the suppression of the Rebellion, the rebel debt, or loan, may be recognized in whole or in part by the United States ; and whereas such report is calculated to give a false value to such debt, or loan : therefore Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That Congress hereby declares that the rebel debt, or loan, is simply an agency of the Rebellion, which the United States can never, under any cir cumstances, recognize in any«part or in any way. This timely and pertinent bill had a great effect upon our finances abroad, and also depressed the rebel loan. Mr. Sum ner's reasons for introducing this resolution at this particular time were based upon statements made by some of his foreign cor- * See note at end of the chapter, p. 63. 42 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. respondents, to the effect that the Rebel Government was aiding its foreign loan by representing that it was the safest investment in the market, as, if the Confederacy succeeded in establishing itself, it would, of course, be paid ; and if, on the other hand, the Rebellion should fail, the United-States Government would assume the rebel debts. In his own words to a friend, in private conver sation, " the resolution effectually pricked this bubble." Through the whole of Mr. Lincoln's administration, Mr. Sum ner was Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, — the most honorable and important in the Senate ; and this position he still holds. His comprehensive and enlightened views, his inflexi ble love of right, and the high respect in which he is held by the foreign governments, have enabled him to be mainly instrumental in establishing and maintaining a high tone of international in tercourse, and to vindicate the policy of our Government in a tri umphant manner. His peculiar fitness for this responsible situa tion is acknowledged even by those politically opposed to him. A Democratic member of the committee once remarked during a session, after the chairman had set forth some matter of interest touching our foreign intercourse, " Until our chairman gets upon the negro question, there is no gentleman to whom I listen with greater pleasure, or follow more willingly." When the mind recurs to the many intricate and delicate ques tions affecting our relations to other governments, which were con tinually arising during the war, the great difficulty and impor tance of Mr. Sumner's position is easily seen. The co-operative labors of Lord Lyons (the English minister) and himself on the mutual right of search, and the suppression of the slave-trade, were a source of great pleasure to both parties : and, at the successful conclusion of the whole matter, Mr. Sum ner remarked that he never saw Lord Lyons so exultant or in such high spirits ; and they dined together at the house of the English minister in honor of the occasion. To those who would learn of Mr. Sumuer's intimate acquaintance with all points of international law, his speech on Our Foreign Relations (Sept. 10, 1833) will be full of interest. Competent judges have pro nounced it the most carefully elaborated.speech ever made in the country. So important was it considered to be in England, that Lord John Russell publicly attempted to reply to it, — the only instance of the kind on the English hustings. Mr. Sumner's views on the Slidcll and Mason case were very forcibly presented ; and even his friends were astonished at the knowledge he displayed CHARLES SUMNER. 43 of the laws of nations. His views differed from Mr. Seward's, and by many were considered to be clearer. The resolutions of Congress upon Foreign Mediation (passed March 3, 1863), which fixed the foreign policy of our Govern ment, were drawn up, advanced, and carried by Mr. Sumner, and are in every way remarkable. His fame might rest upon them.* Dr. Leiber, the celebrated publicist, remarked, in reference to these resolutions, " I profess to be familiar with public papers ; but I have never met with any thing comparable to this." As a purely senatorial effort, Mr. Sumner's admirers point to his celebrated speech on Retaliation. He was much excited at the time ; and, though the subject was fully in mind, the speech was an off-hand effort, and was pronounced with a vigorous and earnest eloquence that was overpowering ; and, at its conclusion, he received the personal congratulations of the majority of the senators. Another important paper drawn by our distinguished senator was the notice of the termination of the Reciprocity Treaty ; but it is impossible even to touch upon his many national services, whether pertaining to the great desire of his life, — equal rights for all, — or to other subjects of public interest and welfare. The way-marks of his untiring activity are so numerous as to astonish even those who are most familiar with his unparalleled industry. It is safe to say, that Mr. Sumner seems almost equally at home upon all subjects affecting either our domestic or foreign rela tions. Thus financial questions would, to one not familiar with his mental characteristics, seem to be wholly outside the range of his thoughts, being too material and business-like ; but he was on the most intimate terms with Mr. Chase while he was Secretary of the Treasury, and his opinions were sought with eagerness, while his speech on " legal tender " would have been an honor to the ablest professed financier, and " turned the vote " in Con gress, — a very unusual occurrence in a debate where men's minds are generally fully settled. An incident will illustrate Mr. Sumner's promptness to seize upon and fasten great points. On the morning after the passage, in the House of Representatives, of the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery (February, 1865), he moved the admission of a colored lawyer to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States. The speeches were brief on the occasion. Addressing the Chief Justice, the senator said, — * McPherson's History of the Rebellion, pp. 346, 347. 44 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. May it please your Honor, I present to the court John S. Rock, Esq., counsellor at law in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and move that he be admitted as a counsellor of the court. The Chief Justice, bowing, said, — Let him come forward and take the usual oaths. The oaths were then administered. Several months afterward, Mr. Sumner remarked, — Then and there tumbled the Dred Scott decision. There is no space to prolong this imperfect sketch ; and the his tory of the past few years must be studied minutely by those who would know fully the character and services of this eminent man. Such study will show him to be far from a mere theorist ; and the Congressional records are convincing evidence that his voice and vote have been ready upon almost every subject brought up for action. The reason why he has ever been called a theorist, with such her culean, intensely practical labors, we believe to be on account of the region of high moral principle to which he rises in his discus sions. It must seem theoretical and out of place, to men who know no ethics in political life but expediency and party ends, when a senator appeals to the " higher law," and bases his re solves and speeches upon the principles of eternal right and justice. Mr. Sumner's influence in foreign lands is probably not sur passed by that of any man in the nation. His culture, his elo quence, and his consistent and powerful advocacy of human rights, have won for him the highest respect. At home, he is equally honored for his consistency and sincerity in all of his offi cial duties and social relations. If he made mistakes on the floor of the Senate, they were the expression of feeling intensified by familiar contact with the enemies of freedom North and South. Dignified in personal presence, strong in argument, and with a moral sense which recoils from all compromises of principle for political ends, .Charles Sumner will hold his rank in history fore most among the great and good men of the nation appointed by God to stand up for imperilled right, and to smite bravely and fatally wrongs which long flourished under the protection of law. HENRY WILSON. 45 HENRY WILSON. During the Great Civil War, few public men, if any, have ren dered more important services to the country than Henry Wil son. Alike in victory and defeat, his words have been utterances of faith and hope ; his acts have been deeds of patriotism and freedom, justice and humanity. His labors for the liberty and unity of the Republic have been unremitting and effective. His record is distinct and clear, reflecting honor upon the Common wealth he represents, and placing his name among those entitled to receive the grateful remembrance of a regenerated nation. Senator Wilson was born in Farmington, in the State of New Hampshire, on the 16th of February, 1812. His parents were in very humble circumstances ; and, at ten years of age, he was apprenticed to a farmer till he was twenty-one. On attaining his majority, he went to Natick, Mass., and learned the trade of a shoemaker ; at which employment he worked for nearly three years, until he had earned money enough, as he supposed, to secure himself a liberal education. In his speech in the Senate in 1858, in reply to Gov. Hammond of South Carolina, who char acterized working men as " mudsills," and asserted that the " hireling manual laborers " who lived by daily toil were " essen tially slaves," he alluded to his humble origin in these words : — Sir, I am the son of a " hireling manual laborer," who, with the frosts of seventy winters on his brow, " lives by daily labor." I, too, have " lived by daily labor." I, too, have been a " hireling manual laborer." Poverty cast its dark and chilling shadow over the home of my childhood ; and want was sometimes there, — an unbidden guest. At the age of ten years, — to aid him who gave me being in keeping the gaunt spectre from the hearth of the mother who bore me, — I left the home of my boyhood, and went forth to earn my bread by " daily labor." In the spring of 1836, Mr. Wilson visited Washington ; listened to the exciting debates; saw Piiickney's gag resolutions against the reception of antislavery petitions pass the House, and Calhoun's Incendiary Publication Bill pass the Senate by the casting vote of the Vice-President. He visited, too, Williams's slave-pen ; saw men and women manacled, and sent to the Far South-west ; and he returned home with the unalterable resolve ever to give voice and vote for the overthrow of slavery. This fixed purpose is the key to his whole political career, and by it his public course must be 46 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. interpreted. To the policy of antislavery, he has ever, through the varied and shifting changes of political organizations, been steadfastly and consistently true. Returning to his native State, he entered Strafford Academy, and at the close of the term, at the public exhibition, maintained the affirmative of the question, " Ought Slavery to be abolished in the District of Columbia ? " The word " abolitionist " was then a word of reproach. Little could he, or those who heard him, suppose that he would introduce the bill that abolished slavery in the capital of the nation. In 1837, the young men of New Hampshire held an antislavery State con vention at Concord. Mr. Wilson, then at the academy at Con cord, was a delegate to that convention, and took an active part in its deliberations. Losing, by the failure of a friend to whom he had intrusted it, the money he had earned for the purpose of securing a liberal education, Mr. Wilson returned to Natick, taught school for a time, and then engaged in the shoe-manufacturing business, which he continued for several years. Mr. Wilson was a member of the Massachusetts House of Rep resentatives in 1841 and 1842, and a member of the State Senate in 1844 and 1845. He took an active part in favor of the admis sion of colored children into the public schools, the protection of colored seamen in South Carolina, and in opposition to the an nexation of Texas. In the autumn of 1845, he got up a conven tion in the county of Middlesex, at which a committee was ap pointed, which obtained nearly a hundred thousand signatures to petitions against the admission of Texas as a slave State ; and, with the poet Whittier, was appointed a committee to carry the petitions to Washington. In 1846, Mr. Wilson was again a mem ber of the House of Representatives. He introduced the resolu tion declaring the continued opposition of Massachusetts " to the farther extension and longer existence of slavery in America," and made an elaborate speech in its favor, which was pronounced by Mr. Garrison, in « The Liberator," to be the most comprehen sive and exhaustive speech on slavery ever made in any legisla tive body in the United States. Mr. Wilson was a delegate to the Whig National Convention at Philadelphia in 1848 ; and on the rejection, by the convention, of the Wilmot Proviso, and the nomination of Gen. Taylor, he de nounced its action, retired from it, returned home, and issued an address to the people of his district, vindicating his action He purchased "The Boston Republican," the organ of the Freesoil HENRY WILSON. 47 party in Massachusetts, and edited it for more than two years. In 1850, Mr. Wilson was again a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and the candidate of the Freesoil mem bers for Speaker. He was the Chairman of the State Central Freesoil Committee ; was the originator and organizer of the cele brated coalition between the Freesoil and Democratic parties which made Mr. Boutwell Governor in 1851 and 1852, and sent Mr. Rantoul and Mr. Sumner to the Senate of the United States. He was a member of the State Senate in 1851 and 1852, and President of that body in those years. In 1852, he was a delegate to the Freesoil National Convention at Pittsburg ; was made President of the Convention, and Chairman of the National Com mittee. Mr. Wilson was the Freesoil candidate for Congress in 1852 ; and though his party was in a minority, in the district, of nearly eight thousand, he was beaten by only ninety-three votes. Mr. Wilson was a member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention in 1853, and took a leading part in its deliberations. In 1853 and 1854, Mr. Wilson was the candidate of the Freesoil party for Governor of Massachusetts ; and in 1855 he was elected to the Senate to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Everett. Mr. Wilson took his seat in the Senate on the 10th of Feb ruary, 1855 ; and has been twice nearly unanimously re-elected. In that body, he has been the inflexible opponent of slavery and the slave-power. In his first speech, made a few days after enter ing the Senate, he announced the uncompromising position of himself and his antislavery friends to be, "We mean, sir, to place, in the councils of the nation, men who, in the words of Jefferson, ' have sworn on the altar of God eternal hostility to every kind of oppression over the mind and body of man.' ' Mr. Wilson was a member of the American National Council held at Phila delphia in 1855, and the acknowledged leader of the opponents of slavery. In response to the rude menace of one of the South ern leaders, who left his seat, crossed the room, and, with his hand upon his revolver, took a seat beside him, while addressing the convention, Mr. Wilson said, " Threats Jiave no terrors for freemen. I -am ready to meet argument with argument, scorn with scorn, and, if need be, blow with blow. It is time the champions of slavery in the South should realize the fact, that the past is theirs, the future ours." Under his lead, the antislavery delegates issued a protest against the action of the National Coun cil, seceded from it, disrupted the organization, and broke its power forever. 48 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. When, in the spring of 1856, Mr. Sumner was assailed in the Senate Chamber by Preston S. Brooks, of South Carolina, for words spoken in debate, Mr. Wilson, on the floor of the Senate, characterized that act as "brutal, murderous, and cowardly." These words, uttered in the Senate Chamber, drew forth a chal lenge from Brooks ; to which Mr. Wilson replied, in words which were enthusiastically applauded by the country, " I have always regarded duelling as a lingering relic of a barbarous civilization, which the law of the country has branded as a crime. While, therefore, I religiously believe in the right of self-defence in its broadest sense, the law of my country, and the matured convic tions of my whole life, alike forbid me to meet you for the pur pose indicated in your letter." This response, embodying the sentiment and feeling of the people of the North, was warmly approved. When the opposition to the iron sway of the slave-masters triumphed in the election of Abraham Lincoln, he emphatically declared that the " slave-power was under the heel of the nation, and would be ground to atoms." When the irrepressible conflict of irreconcilable ideas and in stitutions culminated in the slaveholders' Rebellion, the Senate assigned to Mr. Wilson the chairmanship of the Military Com mittee. He brought to that position of high responsibility in domitable energy, tireless industry, and an experience derived from four years' service upon the committee under the chairman ship of Jefferson Davis, who knew, perhaps, better than any other public man, the condition of the arms and defences of the coun try, and the state of the army and its officers. Vast responsibili ties and labors were imposed upon the Military Committee of the Senate during the Rebellion. The important legislation for rais ing, organizing, and governing the armies, originated in that com mittee, or were passed upon by it ; and eleven thousand nomina tions, from the second lieutenant to the lieutenant-general, were referred to it. The labors of Mr. Wilson as chairman of the com mittee were immense. Important legislation affecting the armies, and the thousands of nominations, could not but excite the liveli est interest of officers and their friends ; and they ever freely visited him, consulted with and wrote to him. Private soldiers, too, ever felt at liberty to visit him or write to him concerning their affairs. Thousands did so ; and so promptly did he attend to their needs, that they christened him the " Soldier's Friend." Having been for twenty-five years the unflinching foe of sla- SENATOR WILSON THE SOLDIER'S FRIEND. 49 very and all that belonged or pertained to it, comprehending the magnitude of the issues, and fully understanding the charac ter of the secession leaders, Mr. Wilson believed that the conflict, whenever the appeal should be made to arms, would be one of gigantic proportions. Being in Washington when Fort Sumter fell, he was one among the few who advised that the call should be for three hundred thousand instead of seventy-five thousand men. On the day that call was made, he induced the Secretary gf War to double the number of regiments apportioned to Massa chusetts. Returning to Massachusetts, he met the Sixth Regiment on its way to the protection of the capital. He had hardly reached Boston when the startling intelligence came that the regiment had been fired upon in the streets of Baltimore. Having passed that anxious night in the company of his friend Gen. Schouler, Adjutant-Gen eral of the Commonwealth, discussing the future that darkly loomed up before them, he left the next day for Washington. He sailed from New York on the 21st of April with the forces leaving that day, and found Gen. Butler at Annapolis, and communication with the capital closed. At the request of Gen. Butler, he returned to New York, obtained from Gen. Wool several heavy cannon for the protection of Annapolis, and then went to Washington, where he remained most of the time until the meeting of Congress, franking letters for the soldiers, working in the hospitals, and preparing the needed military measures to be presented when Congress should meet on the 4th of July. On the second day of the session, Mr. Wilson introduced five bills and a joint reso lution. The first bill was a measure authorizing the employment of five hundred thousand volunteers for three years to aid in en forcing the laws ; the second was a measure increasing the regu lar army by the addition of twenty-five thousand men ; the third was a measure providing for the " better organization of the mili tary establishment," in twenty-five sections, embracing very im portant provisions. These three measures were referred to the Military Committee, promptly reported back by Mr. Wilson, slightly amended, and enacted into laws. The joint resolution to ratify and confirm certain acts of the President for the sup pression of insurrection and rebellion was reported, debated at great length, but failed to pass, though its most important pro visions were, on his motion, incorporated with another measure. Mr. Wilson, at the called session, introduced a bill in addition to the "Act to authorize the Employment of Volunteers," which 7 50 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. authorized the President to accept five hundred thousand more volunteers, and to appoint for the command of the volunteer forces such number of major and brigadier generals as in his judgment might be required ; and this measure was passed. He introduced bills " to authorize the President to appoint additional aides-de-camp," containing a provision abolishing flogging in the army ; " to make appropriations ; " " to provide for the purchase of arms, ordnance, and ordnance-stores;" and " to increase the corps of engineers ; " all of which were enacted. He introduced also a bill, which was passed, " to increase the pay of the pri vates," which increased the soldiers' pay from eleven to thirteen dollars per month, and provided that all the acts of the Presi dent respecting the army and navy should be approved, legalized, and made valid. The journals of the Senate, and the " Congressional Globe," bear ample evidence that Mr. Wilson's senatorial life was, at that period, one of ceaseless activity in originating and pressing for ward the measures for increasing and organizing the armies to meet the varied exigencies of the tremendous conflict of civil war. At the close of the session, Gen. Scott emphatically de clared that " Senator Wilson had done more work in that short session than all the chairmen of the Military Committees had done for the last twenty years." So ably and so well were his manifold duties fulfilled, that the veteran Lieutenant-General said, in an autograph letter of the 10th of August, — " In taking leave of you some days ago, I fear that I did not so emphatically express my thanks to you, as our late Chairman of the Senate Committee, as my feelings and those of my brother- officers of the army (with whom I have conversed) warranted, for your able and zealous efforts to give to the service the fullest war development and efficiency. It is pleasing to remember the pains you took to obtain accurate information, wherever it could be found, as a basis for wise legislation ; and we hope it may be long before the army loses your valuable services in the same ca pacity." After the adjournment of Congress, Gen. Scott recommended to the President the appointment of Senator Wilson to the office of brigadier-general of volunteers ; but, as the acceptance of such a position would have required the resignation of his seat in the Senate, the subject was, after consideration, dropped. Anxious, however, to do something for the endangered country during the recess of Congress, Mr. Wilson made an arrangement with Gen. SENATOR WILSON IN THE FIELD. 51 t McClellan to go on his staff as a volunteer aide-de-camp, with the rank of colonel ; but at the pressing solicitation of Mr. Cameron, Mr. Seward, and Mr. Chase, whg were most anxious to give a new impulse to volunteering, then somewhat checked by the defeat at Bull Run, he accepted authority to raise a regiment of infantry, a company of sharpshooters, and a battery of artillery. Return ing to Massachusetts, he issued a stirring appeal to the young men of the State, called and addressed several public meetings, and, in forty days, filled to overflowing the Twenty-second Regi ment, one company of sharpshooters, two batteries, and nine com panies of the Twenty-third Regiment, in all numbering nearly two thousand three hundred men. He was commissioned colonel of the Twenty-second Regiment, with the distinct understanding that he would remain with the regiment but a brief period, and would arrange with the War Department to have an accomplished army officer for its commander. With the Twenty-second Regi ment, a company of sharpshooters, and the Third Battery of Artillery, he went to Washington, and was assigned to Gen. Mar- tindale's brigade, in Fitz-John Porter's division, stationed at Hall's Hill, in Virginia. The passage of the regiment from their camp at Lynnfield to Washington was an ovation. On Boston Com mon, a splendid flag was presented to the regiment by Robert C. Winthrop ; in New York, a flag was presented by James T. Brady, and a banquet given by the citizens, which was attended by emi nent men of all parties. .After a brief period, Gen. Wilson, at the solicitation of the Sec retary of War, resigned his commission, put the accomplished Col. Gove of the regular army in command of his regiment, and took the position of volunteer aide, with the rank of colonel, on the staff of Gen. McClellan. The Secretary of War, in pressing Gen. Wilson to resign his commission and take this position, ex pressed the opinion that it would enable him, by practical obser vation of the condition and actual experience of the organization of the army, the better to prepare the proper legislation to give the highest development and efficiency to the military forces. He served on Gen. McClellan's staff until the 9th of January, 1862, when pressing duties in Congress forced him to tender his resigna tion. In accepting it, Adjutant-Gen. Williams said, — " The major-general commanding desires me to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 9th instant, in which you tender your resignation of the appointment of aide-de-camp upon his staff. The reasons assigned in your letter are such, that the general is 52 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. not permitted any other course than that of directing the ac ceptance of your resignation. He wishes me to add, that it is with regret that he sees the termination of the pleasant official rela tions which have existed between you and himself ; and that he yields with reluctance to the necessity created by the pressure upon you of other and more important public duties." During the second session of the Thirty-seventh Congress, Mr. Wilson originated, introduced, and carried through, several meas ures of vital importance to the army and the interests of the coun try. Among these measures were the bills " relating to courts- martial ; " " to provide for allotment-certificates ; " " for the bet ter organization of the signal- department of the army;" "for the appointment of sutlers in the volunteer service, and defining their duties ; " " authorizing the President to assign the command of troops in the same field or department to officers of the same grade, without regard to seniority ; " " to increase the efficiency of the medical department of the army ; " "to facilitate the dis charge of enlisted men for physical disability ; " " to provide ad ditional medical officers of the volunteer service ; " " to encour age enlistments in the regular army and volunteer forces ; " " for the presentation of medals of honor to enlisted men of the army and volunteer forces who have distinguished or who may distin guish themselves in battle during the present Rebellion ; " " to define the pay and emoluments of certain officers of the army, and for other purposes," — a bill of twenty-two sections of important provisions ; and " to amend the act calling forth the militia to exe cute the laws, suppress insurrection, and repel invasion." This last bill authorized for the first time the enrolment in the militia, and the drafting, of negroes ; and empowered the President to accept, organize, and arm colored men for military purposes. Military measures introduced by other senators, or originating in the House, and amendments made to Senate bills in the House, were referred to the Committee on Military Affairs, imposing upon Mr. Wilson much care and labor. ^ During the session, Mr. Cameron, the Secretary of War, re signed ; and, on leaving the department, he said in a letter to Senator Wilson, "No man, in my opinion, in the whole coun- ry, has done more to aid the War Department in preparing the mighty army now under arms than yourself; and, before leaving this city, I think it my duty to offer to you my sincere thanks as its late head. As Chairman of the Military Committee of the Senate, your services were invaluable. At the first call THE SECRETARY OF WAR ON SENATOR WILSON. 53 for troops, you came here ; and up to the meeting of Congress, a period of more than six months, your labors were incessant. Sometimes in encouraging the Administration by assurances of support from Congress, by encouraging volunteering in your own State, by raising a regiment yourself when other men be gan to fear that compulsory drafts might be necessary, and in the Senate by preparing the bills and assisting to get the neces sary appropriations for organizing, clothing, arming, and supply ing the army, you have been constantly and profitably employed in the great cause of putting down the unnatural rebellion." Mr. Cameron was succeeded by Mr. Stanton, who brought to the office tireless industry, indomitable energy, and an abrupt manner that often subjected him to harsh criticisms. The Secre tary and the Chairman of the Military Committee of the Senate ever maintained the most friendly and confidential relations. Mr. Wilson was always ready to consider the wishes of the Secretary, and ever prompt in his defence. Mr. Stanton has often expressed his grateful sense of the public and personal support so readily given. In the last session of the Thirty-seventh Congress, and in the Thirty-eighth Congress, Mr. Wilson labored with the same vigor and persistency to organize and develop the military resources of the nation, to do justice to the officers, and to care for the sol diers. During these sessions of Congress, he introduced many measures, and moved amendments to bills originated by other sen ators and in the House of Representatives. Among the important measures originated and carried to enactment by him were the bills " to facilitate the discharge of disabled soldiers, and the in spection of convalescent camps and hospitals ; " " to improve the organization of the cavalry forces ; " "to authorize an increase in the number of major and brigadier generals;" "for enrolling and calling out the national forces, and for other purposes," — a bill of thirty-eight sections, containing provisions of the highest im portance ; " to amend an act entitled ' An Act for enrolling and calling out the National Forces,' " — a bill of twenty-seven sections, in which it was provided that " colored persons should, on being mustered into the service, become free ; " a bill " to establish a uniform system of ambulances in the armies ; " " to increase the pay of soldiers in the United-States army, and for other pur poses," — a measure that increased the pay to sixteen dollars per month ; " to provide for the examination of certain officers of the army ; " a bill " to provide for the better organization of the- Quar- 54 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. termaster's department ; " a " bill in addition to the several acts for enrolling and calling out the national forces ; " " to incorpo rate a national military and naval asylum for the relief of totally disabled officers and men of the volunteer forces ; " " to incor porate the National Freedmen's Savings Bank ; " " to incorporate the National Academy of Sciences ; " "to encourage enlist ments, and promote the efficiency of the military and naval forces, by making free the wives and children of colored soldiers ; " and a joint resolution " to encourage the employment of disabled and discharged soldiers." The important legislation securing to col ored soldiers equality of pay from the 1st of January, 1864, and to officers in the field an increase in the commutation-price of the ration, and three months' extra pay to those who should continue in service to the close of the war, was moved by Mr. Wilson upon appropriation-bills. Mr. Wilson, while laboring wi'.h ever-watchful care for the in terests of the army and the support of the Government in its gigantic efforts to suppress the Rebellion, did not lose sight, for a moment, of slavery, to the ultimate extinction of which he had consecrated his life more than a quarter of a century before slavery revolted against the authority of the nation. In that remarkable series of antislavery measures which culminated in the anti- slavery amendment of the Constitution, he bore no undistin guished part. He introduced the bill abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia, which became a law on the 16th of April, 1862, and by which more than three thousand slaves were made forever free, and slavery made forever impossible in the nation's capital. He introduced a provision, which became a law on the 21st of May, 1862, providing that persons of color in the Dis trict of Columbia should be subject to the same laws to which white persons were subject ; that they should be tried for offences against the laws in the same manner as white persons were tried, and, if convicted, be liable to the same penalty, and no other, as would be inflicted upon white persons for the same crime. On the 12th of July, 1862, he introduced from the Military Committee the bill, which became the law on the 17th, to amend the act of 1795, calling for the militia to execute the laws. This bill made ne groes a part of the militia, authorized the President to receive into the military or naval service persons of African descent, and made free such persons, their mothers, wives, and children, if they owed service to any persons who gave aid to the Rebellion. When the amendment, on the 24th of February, 1864, to the Enrolment Act. ACTION AFFECTING THE FREEDMEN. 55 was pending in the House, it was so amended as to make colored men. whether free or slave, part of the national forces ; and the masters of slaves were to receive the bounty when they should free their drafted slaves. On the Committee of Conference, Mr. Wilson moved that the slaves should be made free, not by the act of their masters, but by the authority of the Government, the mo ment they entered the service of the United States. It was agreed to, and became the law of the land ; and Gen. Palmer reported, that, in Kentucky alone, more than twenty thousand slaves had been made free by it. On his motion, the Army Appropriation Bill of June 15, 1864, was so amended as to provide that all persons of color who had been, or who might be, mustered into the mili tary service, should receive the same uniform, clothing, arms, equipments, camp-equipage, rations, medical attendance, and pay, as other soldiers, from the first day of January, 1864. He made, too, earnest and persistent efforts to secure justice to the Fifty- fourth and Fifty-fifth Massachusetts colored regiments, and regi ments raised early in the war, and with partial success. He in troduced, and, in face of a persistent opposition, carried through, the joint resolution making the wives and children of all colored soldiers forever free. Major-Gen. Palmer, commanding the forces of the United States in Kentucky, estimated in an official report, six months after its passage, that nearly seventy-five thousand women and children were made free by it in that State alone. He was made chairman, on the part of the Senate, of the Committee of Conference to whom was referred the bills relating to the Freedmen's Bureau ; and reported from the committee a new bill to establish in the War Department a bureau for the relief of freedmen and refugees, which became the law of the land. He introduced many other measures relating to slavery and the rights of persons of color, participated in the debates and the action on kindred propositions introduced by others, and made elaborate speeches in favor of the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia and for the constitutional amendment. In addition to his vast labors in Congress during the Rebellion, Mr. Wilson travelled in several States thousands of miles, deliv ered more than a hundred speeches in support of the war and in vindication of the antislavery policy of the Government, and pub lished "The History of Antislavery Measures in the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses," in which the successive steps of national legislation pertaining to slavery are skilfully traced. This work has been most highly commended for its fairness, and clearness of statement. 56 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. No public man ever brought to the high duties of a great occa sion more sympathy for the toiling and the oppressed, or more faith in the people and the democratic institutions of his country, than Henry Wilson. Born in poverty, nursed in childhood in the lap of penury, trained to incessant toil in boyhood, accustomed in early manhood to the severe labors of the mechanic's shop, he had learned from his own stern experiences the working-man's temptations and trials. Devoting, during the eleven years of his apprenticeship, the hours given to toil, to the study of his coun try's history, he grew up in sympathy with the poor and lowly, with faith in the people, and in love with the free institutions of his native land. Sympathizing with the toiling many, devoted to democratic institutions, he entered public life the uncompromis ing enemy of intemperance and slavery. In the Legislature of Massachusetts eight years, and in the Senate of the United States, he has ever given voice and vote for the rights, the culture, and the elevation of all men, without distinction of color or race., For twenty-five years, he toiled with unflagging energy for the anni hilation of the slave-power and the final extinction of slavery. Calling to mind the important measures he has introduced af fecting the interests of the nation, and aided in shaping, advocating, and pushing through the Senate ; the incessant labors he has per formed in and out of Congress for the overthrow of the Rebellion and the extirpation of slavery, — it is hardly too much to assert that few public men have contributed more to the suppression of the slave-masters' revolt, the restoration of the broken Union, and the utter extinction in America of an institution alike at variance with the dictates of humanity and the teachings of Christianity. EDWARD EVERETT. Edward Everett was born in Dorchester, Mass., on the llth of April, 1794. His father, Rev. Oliver Everett, upon his resigna tion of the pastorate of the New South Church in Boston in 1792, made this pleasant town his residence until his death. The family on both sides were of Puritan ancestry, dating back to the first emigration. In 1803, Mrs. Everett, with her large family, returned to Boston ; and from that time, until his sad and sudden decease, Jan. 15, 1865, Edward Everett was identified with the city and all her interests, and was the pride of all her inhabitants. EDWARD EVERETT. 57 He was educated in the free schools of Dorchester and Bos ton ; and when, later, his regular preparation for college com menced, he attended a private school taught by Ezekiel Webster, elder brother of Daniel, who was also his instructor during the ab sence, for a week, of the principal. In this relation to each other, a friendship began between Edward Evarett and Daniel Webster, which the latter, in 1852, compared to " a clear, blue, cerulean sky, without a cloud or mist or haze, stretching across the hea vens." He entered Harvard College in 1807, graduating in 1811. He was soon after appointed Latin tutor, and commenced the study of divinity under President Kirkland. In 1813, he accepted a call to the Brattle-square Church, succeeding Dr. Buckminster, who had used his influence to induce the youthful graduate to turn his attention from the study of law to that of theology. In addition to his ministerial duties, he published a defence of Chris tianity, against an attack, by G. B. English, on the New Testament. Rev. Dr. Lothrop remarks of this book, that, " at the time it was published, it was justly regarded as one of the most learned and important theological works that had then been written in America ; " and it is but just to say that the completeness and thorough mastery of the subject which marked this " Defence " were ever afterward characteristic of every thing which he under took. Whatever he did, he did well. Accepting the chair of the Greek professorship in Harvard Col lege in 1815, he embarked for Gottingen, by way of England, to prepare himself for his new duties by the study of the ancient German, and to enjoy the advantages, then rarely embraced by an American, of a German university. The winter of 1817-18 was spent in Paris, studying modern Greek. In the spring, he returned to England. He again visited the Continent the same year, taking up his residence for brief pe riods in Florence, Rome, Constantinople, Athens, and other inter esting cities in Southern Europe. He returned to his native country in 1819, " the most finished and accomplished scholar that had been seen in New England ; and it will be generally ad mitted that he maintained this superiority to the last. From this year, down to the hour of his death, he was constantly before the public eye, and never without a marked and peculiar influence upon the community, especially upon students and scholars." * * George S. Hillard: 58 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. In 1819, he addressed himself to the labors of his professorship in the university, and as the able editor of " The North-American Review." He was particularly known for his" earnest vindication of America against English prejudice. Then followed a succession of masterly orations and addresses upon various topics during the rest of his life, none of which was more widely known than the oration on Washington, which brought a golden harvest for the Mount-Vernon Fund. It seemed the purchase of the shrine of a nation's homage to its father, on the eve of a civil war around its hallowed summit. In 1825, Mr. Everett took his seat in Congress, representing Middlesex for ten years. From 1835 to 1839, he was Governor of the State ; and, in 1841, he was appointed minister to the court of St. James. Important questions were at that time pending between the two countries, including the North-eastern Boundary, the Fisheries, "The Caroline," "The Creole," the case of McLeod, and others; but it is universally admitted that he discharged his difficult diplo matic duties with great judgment, delicacy, and grace. During these years, as ever after, he was treated with the highest respect and cordiality in England ; and among the compliments bestowed upon him were honorary degrees from the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin. Upon his return home, in 1846, he was elected President of Harvard College, succeeding the venerable Josiah Quincy. This position he resigned in 1849, and remained in private life, until, upon Mr. Webster's death, in 1852, he was called to the Depart ment of ^tate by President Fillmore. While at Cambridge, and during the years immediately preceding his return to public life, he devoted himself to the establishment of a free public library in Boston ; and in a letter to the then mayor of the city, Hon. John P. Bigelow, he prepared the plan which has been carried forward • from that time, and which has resulted in an institution which is an honor to its originator and to the city. On account of a change in the administration, he served as Secretary of State but a few months, and, in 1853, took his seat in the United-States Senate, as successor of Hon. John Davis ; but ill health com pelled him to resign in 1854. During his brief term, he spoke against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, a measure which . he has termed " the Pandora's box, from which our ills have flowed," the fruitful cause of national troubles. It was during the four years immediately succeeding his retire- EDWARD EVERETT. 59 ment from strictly public and official duties, and while suffering many bodily infirmities, that he devoted himself to raising money for the Mount-Vernon Fund. The proceeds of his remarkable address on Washington, which he generously gave to this worthy object, amounted to nearly one hundred thousand dollars. In one of his public speeches, he thus refers to his motives for under taking tfie great work of securing to the nation the home of the " Father of his Country : " — After the sectional warfare of opinion and feeling reached a dangerous height, anxious, if possible, to bring a counteractive and conciliatory influ ence into play ; feeling that there was just one golden chord of sympathy which ran throughout the land ; in the hope of contributing something, how ever small, to preserve what remained, and restore what was lost, of kind feeling between the two sections of the country, — I devoted the greater part of my time for three years to the attempt to give new strength, in the hearts of my countrymen, to the last patriotic feeling in which they seemed to beat in entire unison, — veneration and love for the name of Washington, and reverence for the place of his rest. With this object in view, I travelled thou sands of miles, by night and day, in midwinter and midsummer, speaking three, four, and five times a week, in feeble health, and under a heavy burden of domestic care and sorrow, and inculcating the priceless value of the Union, in precisely the same terms, from Maine to Georgia, and from New York to St: Louis. Mr. Everett was candidate for the Presidency in 1860, on the ticket of the " Conservative party." When the Rebellion hurst upon the country, he was still for compromise and peace : but as the struggle deepened, and he saw its true character, he nobly evinced his true patriotism, while many of his intimate and dear friends flinched from apparent duty ; and took his place among the most loyal friends of the Government and decided ad vocates of a vigorous prosecution of the war. The effect upon certain classes, on account of his antecedents, of his eloqueut defence of the Government, and condemnation of all treasonable acts, was very great. The confidence and admiration inspired by this magnanimous and patriotic course found expression in his being selected by the people of Massachusetts for their first presir dential elector in 1864. In a spirit of the broadest patriotism, he had attempted to allay sectional prejudices, and unite all at the North and South in a common love and devotion to the Union. " But," in the words of one of his eulogists, " when this hope failed, and he found that 60 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. treason had developed its plans ; that rebellion, unfurling its standard, had inaugurated civil war ; then the policy that had hitherto guided his life was instantly abandoned. He felt that there was no longer any room for concession and compromise^ and so gave himself — time, talents, wisdom, strength, all that he had — in all ways to support the legitimate Government of the United States in all the action and policy by which that Government sought to maintain at all hazards, and at any cost, the integrity of the Union and country which that Govern ment was instituted to preserve. But, in all this, he was under the inspiration of a patriotism that always dwelt in his heart; though, in these later years, he seems to have been raised to an energy, enthusiasm, and earnestness of effort, that indicate a deeper and stronger conviction that he was right than he exhib ited, or perhaps ever experienced, before." In the minds of some not thoroughly acquainted with Mr. Ev erett's principles of action, there has sometimes been a lingering feeling that he was lacking in moral courage. On this point, Hon. John H. Clifford has well remarked, — There were occasions in his life when it would have required less courage, and have cost a smaller sacrifice, to escape this imputation, and secure to himself the popular favor, than it did to incite it. But his resolute adhers ence to his own conscientious convictions, his large and comprehensive patriotism, his unswerving nationality and love of the Union, and the knowl edge which a scholar's studies and a statesman's observations had given him of the perils by which that Union was environed, closed many an avenue of popularity to him, which bolder, but not more courageous public men than he could consent to walk in. If timidity consists in an absence of all temer ity and rashness, of entire freedom from that reckless spirit which so often leads "fools to rush in where angels fear to tread," let it ever be remem bered to his honor that Mr. Everett was a timid statesman. But, if the virtue of moderation is still to be counted among the excellent qualities of a ruler or counsellor, ... let it also be remembered that our departed states man, while he adhered inflexibly to his convictions of the right, was not " ashamed to let his moderation be known unto all men." Among the latest and noblest efforts of his life, before a popular assembly, was his oration, Nov. 19, 1863, at the dedication of the national cemetery at Gettysburg, Penn. The scene is brought vividly before us in his own eloquent words : — Standing beneath this serene sky, overlooking these broad fields now re- posing from the labors of the waning year, the mighty Alleghanies towering EDWARD EVERETT. 61 before us, the graves of our brethren beneath our feet, it is with hesitation that I raise my poor voice to break the eloquent silence of God and Nature. We can only quote further the closing paragraph of the review of the war, and the story of heroic deeds, which held in breathless silence the assembled thousands, among whom our lamented President was a tearful listener. He said, — And now, friends, fellow-citizens of Gettysburg and Pennsylvania, and you from the remoter States, let me again, as we part, invoke your benediction on these honored graves. You feel, though the occasion is mournful, that it is good to be here. You feel that it was greatly auspicious for the cause of the country that the men of the East and the men of the West, the men of nine teen sister States, stood side by side on the perilous ridges of the battle. You now feel it a new bond of union, that they shall he side by side till a clarion louder than that which marshalled them to the combat shall awake their slumbers. God bless the Union ! It is dearer to us for the blood of the brave men shed in its defence. The spots on which they stood and fell ; these pleasant heights ; the fertile plain beneath them ; the thriving village whose streets so lately rang with the strange din of war ; the fields beyond the ridge, where the noble Reynolds held the advancing foe at bay, and, while he gave up his own hfe, assured by his forethought and self-sacrifice the triumph of the two succeeding days; the little streams which wind through the hills, on whose banks, in after-times, the wondering ploughman will turn up, with the rude weapons of savage warfare, the fearful missiles of modern artillery ; the Seminary Ridge, the Peach-orchard, Cemetery, Culp's and Wolf's Hills, Round Top, Little Round Top, — humble names, henceforward dear and fa mous, — no lapse of time, no distance of space, shall cause you to be forgotten. " The whole earth," said Pericles, as he stood over the remains of his fellow- citizens who had fallen in the first year of the Peloponnesian War, — ' ' the whole earth is the sepulchre of illustrious men." All time, he might have added, is the millennium of their glory. Surely I would do no injustice to the other noble achievements of the war, which have reflected such honor on both arms of the service, and have entitled the armies and the navy of the United States, their officers and men, to the warmest thanks and the richest rewards which a grateful people can pay. But they, I am sure, will join us in saying, as we bid farewell to the dust of these martyr-heroes, that wheresoever throughout the civilized world the accounts of this great warfare are read, and down to the latest period of recorded time, in the glorious annals of our common coun try, there will be no brighter page than that which relates The Battles op Gettysburg. Mr. Everett's addresses will ever remain enduring monuments to his scholarship, eloquence, and patriotism. As an orator, he stood first in the land : he had no peer. In the record of benevolence given in another place, the interest 62 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Mr. Everett felt in the destitute loyal people of East Tennessee conspicuously appears. He entered with all his soul into the movement for their relief, displaying in this practical sympathy both his genuine kindness of heart and patriotic devotion to the whole country. The last public occasion on which his voice was heard was at the meeting of his fellow-citizens in Faneuil Hall on Monday, Jan. 12, 1865, for the relief of Savannah, — the "Christmas. gift," three weeks before, of Gen. Sherman to the nation. His manner was unusually animated in that appeal. But expo sure to currents of air then, and soon after in the court-room, where he had an important suit in course of trial, brought on a serious attack of lung-disease, followed by apoplectic symptoms. He died Jan. 15, 1865. The patriotic devotion to his coun try in its peril from foes at the North, who were more dangerous and excuseless than those at the South, shed a halo of true glory over his closing life, which will forever endear his memory to the American people. At the commemorative meeting of the Massa chusetts Historical Society, held on the evening of Jan. 30, elo quent tributes were paid to his memory ; and we know not where else to look for addresses of such singular beauty and appropriate ness as were then delivered. The testimony of those who were equally distinguished, though in different walks of literature, but had for some years widely differed from him on national questions, is very touching. Said William Cullen Bryant, the distinguished poet, — If I have uttered any thing in derogation of Mr. Everett's public character at times when it seemed to me that he did not resist with becoming spirit the aggressions of wrong, I now, looking back upon his noble record of the last four years, retract it at his grave. I lay upon his hearse the declaration of my sorrow that I saw not the depth of his worth ; that I did not discern, under the conservatism that formed apart of his nature, that generous courage which a great emergency could so nobly awaken. Wrote the fiery bard of freedom, J. G. Whittier, — I am saddened by the reflection, that, through the very intensity of my convictions, I may have done injustice to the motives of those with whom I differed. As respects Edward Everett, it seems to me that only within the last four years have I truly known him. . . . At the meeting in Faneuil Hall, Jan. 18, to commemorate his death, the Hon. Alexander H. Bullock, now Governor, closed his eloquent eulogy with these glowing words : — EDWARD EVERETT. 63 His greatest days were his last. The country did not know him perfectly until 1861. Then he renewed his youth ; then he broke away from his own traditions and associations, and mounted to that wise, large patriotism which has guided twenty loyal millions to life and glory. He waited not for others, nor for the victory of our arms ; but, in those first days of war and gloom, his voice sounded hke a clarion over this land. Almighty God be praised that he has been spared to us these four years ! In these temples of your elo quence, in the commercial metropolis where his counsel was more needed, everywhere and every day, by public speech and through the popular press, he has confirmed hesitating men at home, he has inspired your armies in the field. These victories which fill the air to-day peal grandly over his inanimate form : they cannot wake him from sleep ; but they are a fitting salute for his burial. He passes to his rest when the whole heaven is lighted up to proclaim that his mission has been accomplished. The same page of the calendar shall repeat to the next age the Death op Everett, and the New Life of his Country. Note. — We find, upon consulting Senator Wilson's late and able " History of Antislave ry Measures in. Congress," that it would be quite difficult to decide to which of our Mas sachusetts Congress-men we are the most deeply indebted for the success of the Freedmen's Bureau Bill; and we refer the reader to that work for the record of its origin and progress. CHAPTER IV. MASSACHUSETTS REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. Ex-Gov. George S. Boutwell's Early Life. — Entrance upon Public Service. — The Ad vocate of Popular Education and Universal Freedom. — Speech on extending the Right of Suffrage to the Colored Men. — The Hon. Thomas D. Eliot's Birth and Boy hood. — Graduates at Columbia College, and studies Law. — In Congress. — Address and Speeches on the great Questions of War and Freedom. — The Hon. A. H. Rice.— The Hon. Samuel Hooper. — The Hon. H. L. Dawes. — The Hon. John B. Alley.— The Hon. D. W. Gouch. — The Hon. W. B. Washburn. — The Hon. Oakes Ames. GEORGE S. BOUTWELL. GEORGE S. BOUTWELL was born in Brookline, Norfolk County, Jan. 28, 1808. His boyhood was spent upon a farm, amid whose quiet labors he formed habits of industry, and secured a good physical constitution. In early youth, he engaged in mercantile pursuits ; rising from the errand-boy's place to the control of extensive business. After nearly twenty years' experience in intensely practical occupation of his energies, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1836. In 1842, Mr. Boutwell was chosen to the Legislature of the State, where he was an able and efficient member for seven years. In 1849-50, he held the position of Bank Commissioner. In 1851, the people elected him Governor of Massachusetts. Mr. Boutwell was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of the Com monwealth in 1853. Perhaps his noblest, greatest work for the State was his active and earnest service as Secretary of the Board of Education for eleven years. He was for six years member of the Board of Overseers of Harvard College. When, in the spring of 1861, the rising storm of rebellion shook the national capital with excitement, he was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Peace Congress called to calm the strife; and, while he deprecated war, he was true to the principles and trust of his native State. From July, 1862, to March, 1863, he was Commissioner of Inter nal Revenue, and, in the autumn of the former year, was chosen representative to Congress, and placed on the Judiciary Commit- GEORGE S. BOUTWELL. 65 tee. In 1864, he was a delegate to the Republican Conven tion at Baltimore which renominated for the Presidency Abra ham Lincoln. On no ocoasion, perhaps, has he won higher admiration and re gard, by a single effort, than on that of the discussion of negro suffrage, Jan. 18, 1866, in the House of Representatives. The members seemed to be in a careless mood, when the word passed around that " Gov. Boutwell is going to speak." As he rose to his feet, a sudden stillness spread over the hall ; and the tried friend of the laboring classes, the advocate of popular education, and the eloquent pleader for the rights of the oppressed African, commenced one of his finest and most powerful extem poraneous speeches. He said, — Mr. Speaker, — It is only recently that I entertained the purpose to speak at all upon this bill, and it was my expectation to avail myself of the kindness of the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee to divide with him the time allotted him by the rules of the House ; but I accept the opportunity now presented of speaking, before the previous question is demanded, to state certain views I entertain on this bill. I may say, in the beginning, that I am opposed to all dilatory motions upon this bill. I am opposed to the restric tions moved by the gentleman from New York (Mr. Hale), because I see in them no advantage to anybody, and I apprehend from their adoption much evil to the country. It should be borne in mind, that, when we emancipated the black people, we not only relieved ourselves from the institution of slavery, we not only conferred upon them freedom, but we did more, — we recognized their manhood, which, by the old Constitution and the general policy and usage of the country, had been, from the organization of the Gov ernment until the Emancipation Proclamation, denied to all of the enslaved colored people. As a consequence of the recognition of their manhood, cer tain results follow in accordance with the principles of this Government ; and they who believe in this Government are by necessity forced to accept these results as a consequence of the policy of emancipation which they have in augurated, and for which they are responsible. But to say now — having given freedom to this people — that they shall not enjoy the essential rights and privileges of men, is to abandon the principle of the Proclamation of Emancipation, and tacitly to admit that the whole emancipation pohcy ii» erroneous. After showing clearly the inherent, divinely given right of the emancipated bondmen to share in the elective franchise, and the dangerous power left in the hands of those who are still disloyal by withholding it, he closed with great force and impressive- uess : — 66 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. I have thus given, with less preparation than I ought to have made for the discussion of a question like this, the views I entertain upon this subject. But, beyond this, when we proclaimed the emancipation of the slaves, and put their lives in peril for the defence of the country, we did in effect guar antee to them substantially the rights of American citizens and a Christian posterity ; and heathen countries will demand how we have kept that faith. Mr. Speaker, we are to answer for our treatment of the colored people of this country ; and it will prove in the end impracticable to secure to men of color civil rights, unless the persons who claim these rights are fortified by the polit ical right of voting. With the right of voting, every thing that a man ought to have or enjoy of civil rights comes to him. Without the right to vote, he is secure in nothing. I cannot consent, after all the guards and safe guards which may be prepared for the defence of the colored men in the en joyment of their rights, — I cannot consent that they shall be deprived of the right to protect themselves. One hundred and eighty-six thousand of them have been in the army of the United States. They have stood in the place of our sons and brothers and friends ; they have fallen in defence of the country; they have earned the right to share in the Government ; and, if you deny them the elective franchise, I know not how they are to be protected : otherwise you furnish the protection which is given the lamb when com mended to the wolf. There is an ancient history, that a sparrow, pursued by a hawk, took refuge in the chief assembly of Athens, in the bosom of a member of that illustrious body, and that the senator in anger hurled it violently from him. It fell to the ground, dead ; and such was the horror and indignation, because of that incident, of men in that ancient but not Christianized body, — men living in the light of nature and reason only, — that they immediately ex pelled the brutal Areopagite from his seat, and from the association of legislators. What will be said of us, not by Christian, but by heathen nations even, if, after accepting the blood and sacrifice of these men, we hurl them from us, and allow them to be the victims of those who have tyrannized over them for centuries ? I know of no crime that exceeds this ; I know of none that is its parallel : and, if this country is true to itself, it will rise in the majesty of its strength, and maintain a policy, here and elsewhere, by which the rights of the colored people shall be secured through their own power. "In peace, the ballot; in war, the bayonet." It is a maxim of another language, which we may well apply to ourselves, that, where the voting register ends, the military roster of rebellion begins ; and, if you leave these four millions of people to the care and custody of the men who have inaugurated and carried on this Rebellion, then you treasure up for untold years the elements of social and civil war, which must not only desolate and paralyze the South, but shake this Government to its very foun dation. After the proposed amendments were voted down, the original hill, which provides, that, from all laws prescribing the qualifica- THOMAS D. ELIOT. 67 tions of voters in the District of Columbia, the word " white " be stricken out, and that hereafter no person shall be disqualified for voting on account of color, came to the final vote. New England moved in solid column for the measure ; and, of a hundred and seventy ballots cast, only fifty-four were against it. Enthusiastic applause followed, when the outburst was checked, and the House adjourned. Mr. Boutwell is in the full activity of his powers of mind and body, and, it is hoped, may long continue to serve the country that will always hold him in grateful remembrance. His presence is dignified, his manner pleasing, and his nature genial. HON. THOMAS D. ELIOT. Hon. Thomas D. Eliot was born in Boston, March 20, 1808. His father was William G. Eliot, who subsequently became a resident of Washington, D.C., having an official position in the Treasury Department. His mother was the daughter of the Hon. Thomas Dawes, of Boston, who was for several years a Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. He is brother of Rev. William G. Eliot, D.D., of St. Louis. His boyhood was passed in Washington. He entered Columbia College, and, the year before he graduated, delivered an English oration at the first commencement of that institution. At his graduation, 1825, he was appointed to deliver the Latin saluta tory addresses of the anniversary. Rev. Baron Stow, D.D., and the Rev. Robert Cushman, D.D., were among his classmates. He soon after became a student at law in the office of his uncle, the Hon. William Cranch, Chief Justice of the Circuit Court of the United States of the District of Columbia. In the year 1830, he went to New Bedford to complete his law studies with the Hon. C. H. Warren, whose partner he became after his admission to the bar. When, several years later, Mr. Warren was ap pointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Mr. Eliot's widen ing professional practice claimed so exclusively his attention, that he neither sought nor had time for political preferment. The people, however, desired his services as their representative, and, still later, their senator, in the General Court. His professional duties and his devotion to his family induced him to decline a proffered Congressional nomination, until his prosperous career as a lawyer made a new field of activity a pleasant relaxation from professional labor, and an inviting sphere of public usefulness. 68 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. In 1854, he was chosen to complete the unexpired term of the Hon. Zeno Scudder, representative in Congress from his district ; and took his seat in the Capitol when the discussion attending the Kansas-Nebraska Bill was at its height. Always on the side of freedom, his speeches at this crisis of intense interest and feel ing were earnest and eloquent. July 28, 1854, Mr. Eliot asked leave to introduce a bill in the House of Representatives to repeal the Fugitive-slave Law : and, on motion to suspend the rules, the ayes were 45 ; the nays, 120. This was the first bill offered for the repeal of that law. Mr. Eliot had always been a firm Whig, attached to the lib eral wing of the party, but centring his hopes upon the success of that political organization. The whirlwind of Americanism swept that party out of existence in the fall of 1854, and with it disappeared from Congress the Massachusetts delegation. Mr. Eliot shared the universal fate ; and his term closed in March, 1855. Upon the dissolution of the Whig party, he united with those members of various organizations who desired to found the Republican party ; and in the proceedings at Boston which re sulted in the Convention at Worcester in the fall of 1855, and the nomination of Hon. Julius Rockwell, he bore a prominent part. From that time he has acted constantly and zealously with the Republicans. At the State Convention of 1857, he was unani mously nominated as their candidate for the office of Attorney- General ; but the duties of this office were less to his taste than his professional practice, and he declined the nomination. He has also declined offers of judicial station in the Court of Com mon Pleas and on the new Superior Bench. It would not be easy to find one whose life has been devoted more faithfully and closely to his profession. In the practice of many years, he has well deserved the confidence of his clients by the careful prepara tion which he has given to their cases out of court, as well as the earnestness with which their causes have been tried. For some time, he and Ex-Gov. Clifford have been confessedly at the head of the bar in Southern Massachusetts. Outside of his pro fession, his life has been chiefly spent in his home. A less pleas ant one might have stimulated him to more ambitious achieve ments. He was re-elected to Congress from his old district in 1860. In the Thirty-sixth Congress, Mr. Eliot took a high and con sistent position as a Republican, representing a district which L< embraces within its limits the first harbor made by our Pilorini THOMAS D. ELIOT. 69 forefathers at Provincetown, and their first home on Plymouth Rock." He addressed his constituents, Feb.. 1, 1861, defining his posi tion in the exciting crisis ; and his earnest words indicate his fidelity to them in his conscientious devotion to the principles of the fathers of the Republic. We can quote only the closing paragraph, passing over the logical and clear statement of the various attempts at compromise, and always in favor of the South : — The crisis in our national affairs is one of gravest moment. I assume with awe the profound responsibility that rests upon those who now represent the people. I was not chosen by you in view of such events ; but I have regarded with jealous watchfulness the causes that have produced them, and I recognize the duties they enjoin. I am entreated in your behalf to make " concession " to slavery; to make the slave-power, which has ruled us heretofore, more potent by Congressional legislation and by Constitutional amendment, so that it shall rule us hereafter also. It is said the Union may be saved by concession. I believe the Union has been dismembered now because of power gained by unwise concessions heretofore made. I believe, that only firm adherence to the principles of our present Constitution will restore to us a more perfect union, and establish justice, and insure to us domestic tranquillity. • The Rebellion had. reached the gigantic proportions of a South ern empire in arms, when the Congressional session of 1861-2 opened with the vacant seats of those members, who, with their predecessors, had controlled the national legislation. Soon after the exciting debates commenced, Mr. Eliot introduced a resolu tion, declaring the objects of the war to be the suppression of the Rebellion, and the re-establishment of the rightful authority of the Constitution and laws over the entire country, and declaring the right and duty of the military commanders to emancipate the slaves of rebel owners; and, on the 12th of December, supported the resolution by a very able speech. A passage or two will re veal the same old fire of freedom which burned in the hearts of men in the colonial days of resistance to an insolent foe. Mr. Eliot said, — I commence the debate upon the great questions involved in this resolu tion, and the bills and resolutions which have been presented upon similar subjects by other gentlemen, with profound distrust of my ability to discuss them thoroughly, but with a full, abiding, clear, and confident conviction that the good, common sound sense of the members of this House, their free instincts, their patriotic purposes, will enable them to mature a plan that shall 70 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. at once embody the feelings, the wishes, the hopes, and the demands of our constituents and of all loyal men, and which will meet the great necessities of this occasion. Mr. Speaker, I desire to address myself to you in all frankness and sin cerity. It is no time for set speech. The times themselves are not set. Speech is demanded, but such as shall crystallize into acts and deeds. Thoughts of men go beyond the form of words into the realities of things. When we came together the other day, I was impressed with the conviction that no time should be needlessly lost — no, not an hour — before the oppor tunity should be presented to this House to express itself in some way, and to some extent to give utterance to its judgment, which should also be re garded in a measure as the judgment of the people ; for we had just come from the people : and if, at any time, we would assume to represent their feelings, opinions, and judgment, it would be then. . . No matter how, a few months ago, loyal men might have yearned that the old state of things should be restored, the status ante bellum is impossible. The first blow which was struck at Fort Sumter rendered it impossible. Stimulated by mad ambition, that blow shattered the hopes of loyal men throughout the land. No, sir ! no, sir ! Reconstruction must come ; but in the rebellious and seceding States, when it comes, it will come, I believe, without the presence of the slave ! Why, sir, when the President called for aid, nay, before he called, upon the day the attack was made upon Fort Sumter, who was there in the land that dreamed of the intense loyalty which lived in the hearts of our people 1 We had been living for nearly fifty years in peace ; we had been divided among different parties ; we had been carrying on the various pursuits of hfe ; we had success and prosperity ; cities had sprung from the ground in a day ; no nation had prospered so much as we. Who knew of our loyalty? We had hated each other as politicians : who knew how we would love each other as loyal men ? Here, in this House, a Democrat of the Breckinridge school said to me last year that he would pledge himself that there would be from New York no less than an army of fifty thousand men who would come from their homes to fight against the North. Yet what an echo that Sumter gun created ! Why, sir, It sounded through the North and the East and the West ; and their startled population sprang to arms. It sounded through our valleys and over our plains ; and the deserted plough was left in the half- turned furrow by the yeomanry of the land. It sounded through our towns, villages, and cities ; and the mechanic left his shop, the merchant forgot his unbalanced ledger, and the lawyer left his cases untried, and, with his clients, hastened to the field. It sounded along the aisles of our churches ; and pastors and people, their prayers and their patriotism working to one end, marched to the war. More than six hundred thousand men are now in arms. They have left their homes, and on the land and on the sea are upholding the flag, and sustaining the power, and defending the honor, of the Govern ment. THOMAS D. ELIOT. 71 Sir, if we have a right to argue of the ways of Providence, we might say, without irreverence, that the hand of God points to us our duty. Our Presi dent may act, our Commander-in-Chief within his province, and the officers under him in command, may act, and I beheve are called upon to act, by every consideration of humanity and of patriotism ; and, coming from the Commonwealth I represent in part, — a State which has performed no small service in this war, — I call upon you to aid me in giving such expression of the judgment of this House as shall command respect. I am not here to boast of the bravery or the patriotism of Massachusetts soldiers. From the port where I have my home, more than fifteen hundred men have been shipped for our navy. From all our seaboard and inland towns, their skilful aud hardy sons are found as masters upon the quarter-deck, and as seamen on board our ships. From our whole State, her young men are with the army. More than twenty thousand of her sons are in the field, ready and willing, as you know, to shed their hearts' blood in their country's cause. In their name, and in their behalf, I pray you to call upon the military arm to strike that blow more effective for peace and for freedom than armies or victories can be, and convert the slave, which is the power of the enemy, into the free man who shall be their dread. So shall the sword intervene for freedom ! If I have read the history of Massachusetts aright, that is the intervention her fathers contemplated. In the early days of English free dom, when constitutional liberty was beginning to find a home in the hearts of Englishmen, after Hampden and Eliot and their compatriots had been working in the cause, in the days of Charles, a young man, in an album which he found in a public library, wrote these two lines : — " Hasc manus, inimica tyrannis, Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem." " This hand, hostile to tyrants, Seeks with the sword quiet rest in freedom." They called down upon his head the indignant rebuke of an offended king : but the monarch has died, and Sidney has passed away ; yet, while Massachu setts shall live, the lines he then inscribed shall be remembered. In after- years, when our forefathers were seeking to find a motto for their State coat- of-arms, they could select none that seemed to them as pertinent as the last of those two lines ; and there it stands, — " Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem." And now she asks, through the humblest of her sons, that the mihtary power of our chief, hostile always to rebellion, shall thus, with the sword, find quiet rest in freedom. May 14, 1862, Mr. Eliot, as chairman of the Select Committee on Confiscation, reported two bills, — one for the confiscation of rebel property, and one for the emancipation of slaves of rebels. 72 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The first bill was passed in the House of Representatives, and was sent to the Senate. The second bill was not passed as reported ; but an emancipa tion bill was passed, which was not acted on in the Senate. The Senate rejected the Confiscation Bill as passed by the House, but passed it with an amendment in the nature of a sub stitute, and returned it to the House, where the Senate substitute was rejected, and the House bill insisted on, and a committee of conference was appointed. This committee incorporated the main provisions of the House and Senate bills into one bill, and inserted emancipation clauses ; and the bill was then passed in the House, July 11 ; and in the Senate, July 12. Mr. Eliot spoke in the House in support of the first confiscation and emancipation bills on May 20, 1862. It was calm, earnest reasoning, of which the key-note is given in a brief quotation : — The framers of our Constitution contemplated no confederated treason, nor was it within the range of their belief that the precise legislation which the present exigencies require could be demanded ; but, when they ordained the Constitution, they declared in its immortal preamble the ends to be se cured. Among other ends were these, — " to insure domestic tranquillity," and " to provide for the common defence." Domestic tranquillity is a politi cal condition of things, the opposite of which a civil war exhibits. An organized and confederate rebellion cannot consist with such tranquillity. The purpose of the fathers was to establish a frame of government contain ing powers sufficient to insure peace between the States, and between them and the General Government. On the 19th of January, 1863, Mr. Eliot introduced into the House of Representatives a bill to establish a " Bureau of Eman cipation," which was referred to a select committee ; but, for want of time, it was not reported back to the House. The same bill was again brought before the House by him, in December, 1864, and referred to a select committee on " Emancipation." Mr. Eliot, as chairman of the committee, reported back the bill establishing a "Bureau of Freedmen's Affairs" under the War Department, which was debated in the House,, passed on the 1st of March, 1864, and sent to the Senate. The vote in the House stood, yeas 69, nays 67. On the 25th of May, 1864, Mr. Sumner, as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Slavery and Freedmen, to which committee the House bill had been referred, reported it back to the Senate, with an amendment in the nature uf a substitute ; and, on the 28th of June, the Senate amendment THOMAS D. ELIOT. 73 was passed, and sent back to the House. On the last day of June, it was referred to the Select Committee, who recommended non-concurrence with the Senate amendment; and the House postponed the bill until Dec. 20. Congress adjourned sine die on the 4th of July. At the second session of the Thirty-eighth Congress, Dec. 20, 1864, the Senate amendment was non-concurred in ; and a committee of conference appointed by the two Houses subse quently agreed upon a bill establishing a " Department of Freed men." The report of the committee was agreed to by the House, but not by the Senate ; and another conference commit tee was appointed, who reported a bill to establish a Bureau of Freedmen and Refugees under the War Department. Their re port was accepted by both Houses, and the bill was approved by the President. In regard to the final success of the measure, it might be difficult to decide whether the country is the most in debted to Mr. Eliot in the House, or to Mr. Sumner in the Senate. When the bill establishing a " Bureau of Freedmen's Affairs " came up for discussion in the House, Mr. Eliot advocated its pas sage in a speech delivered Feb. 10, 1864. He thus closed his eloquent, patriotic, and humane appeal in behalf of three millions of emancipated slaves. In it he refers to a conversation with Mr. Lincoln just after the Proclamation of Emancipation had gone forth from his pen, — the crowning work and glory of his noble life. Shortly after that proclamation was made, I had an interview with the President; and he then said, " I think that proclamation will not of itself effect the good which you anticipate, nor will it do the mischief which its opponents predict." But he " builded better than he knew." That act was the great act of his life. It has become greater daily in the judgment of the world ; and, in the ages that are to come, it will be the corner-stone of his immortal fame. Never before had such opportunity been given to man. For one, I reverently recognize the hand of God. He created the occasion, and his servant obeyed the divine command which it involved. . . . Why, sir, the case is too plain for argument. Now is the accepted time ; and this Congress will bear the deserved reproach, not only of this great hearted nation, but of all nations of Christian men, if we falter in this work. Mr. Speaker, it has somewhat appeared already how the parties to this bill will be the better for the law. But I would take a wider view of this grand work which the war has put upon us. From its commencement, no man has been able to anticipate events. Nothing has occurred as the wisest seer predicted. Great generals have failed, and men unknown to fame be fore have conducted us to victory. Battles have been won in the valleys and 10 74 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. " above the clouds " by a rank-and-file bravery which the annals of military history cannot rival. Who of us has not had occasion to say, " Not unto us, hut unto thee, 0 God ! be rendered the praise " ? And now, out of the war, a new nation of men has arisen. No power in Constitution, in President, or in people outside of the rebel States, could have held out to them its liberating arm in time of peace. The mad ambition of slave-owners, which struck at the life of the nation to give new life to slavery, disclosed the power to strike back the blow ; and, in the fulness of time, a man was found commissioned to the work. We read, that, in the beginning, God said, " Let there be light, and there was light." But, since the beginning, human agencies have worked out the ways of Providence, and never in history since that great fiat has it been given to more than one man to lift from three million souls the darkness and the doom of slavery. Our duty he has assigned us now. I beheve that this bill, wisely administered, will complete the work. It will enable the Government to help into active, educated, and useful life, a nation of freedmen who otherwise would grope their way to usefulness through neglect and suffering to themselves, and with heavy and needless loss to us.They are children of the Government. By the necessities of war deprived of the guiding and controlling hand which had held in stern mastery their earthly destinies, they are unused to rights heretofore denied them ; yet they know somewhat of them by instinct and by association. No matter how abject the slavery, the idea of freedom is in the soul ; and, when the friendly hand has been extended, the freedman has shown capacity and will to walk as a man among men. What they require is to be made sure that they are free, to be furnished a chance to work, and to be guaranteed their reasonable wages. Work they understand. Their mothers worked before them, and went down into dishonored graves, cursed by the unpaid toil of bondage. But wages they have not owned ; and, in the right to earn and to enjoy them, they find their manhood. Soon they will find the place they have a right to fill. Quick to learn ; appreciating kindnesses, and returning them with veneration and affection; earnest to acquire property, because that, too, is proof of manhood, — they ask but opportunity and guidance and education for a season ; and then they will repay you, some thirty, and some sixty, and some a hundred fold. Without your legislation, the freedmen able to fight will be alienated from your cause ; the freedmen unfit for service, with the young and the aged and infirm, will be a charge upon your treasury. But give the aid which this bill can secure to them, and you will quickly find, not only that peace which comes from duty well discharged, but material strength and a recom pense of reward, which, after all the expenses of your bureau shall have been defrayed, will contribute to your wealth. So shall this your act give to the freedmen of the South, and to all the freemen whom you represent, " beauty for ashes, the oil of joy for mourning, and the garment of praise for the spirit of heaviness." ALEXANDER H. RICE. 75 Mr. Eliot's strength, mental and physical, is unabated; and his voice will still be heard amid the excitement of the debates in Congress, speaking clearly, firmly, and eloquently for the rights of all the people. ALEXANDER H. RICE Was born, Aug. 30, 1818, in Newton Lower Falls, where his father was engaged in paper manufacturing. He was one of ten children. After attending the public schools till about fifteen years of age, he went to Boston, and entered the mercantile business as clerk. His health failed at the end of two years; and, returning home, he resumed his studies. A year later, he went into a paper warehouse in Boston. During all these years, he intensely desired a liberal education, and secretly hoped, at a future period, to se cure the boon. One day, he told his employer, Mr. John L. Wil- kins, a man of genuine culture, his cherished aspirations, and met with prompt encouragement. Again he went home, and immediately commenced preparation for college under Rev. Dr. Newton of West Newton. He entered Union College, Schenec tady, N.Y., in 1840, taking a high position in scholarship; received an appointment to the post of honor in the exercises of commence ment of 1844, and made the closing address, equivalent to the valedictory in other colleges. Mr. Rice's health was frail ; and he accepted, in 1845, a part nership in the house of which he is now the senior member. Meanwhile, he devoted his leisure to literary pursuits. He was on the School Committee of Boston for several years, and Chairman of the Board of Governors of Charitable Institu tions. In 1853 and 1854, Mr. Rice was a member of the Common Council ; and, in the latter year, he was elected its President. In 1855, he was chosen Mayor of Boston, and re-elected in 1856. He was very active in securing the establishment of the Free Library, — " the only one," he remarked, " absolutely free in the country, and perhaps in the world." The speeches at the exercises of opening it were made by Edward Everett, Mr. Rice, and R. C. Winthrop. The address of Mr. Rice was so comprehensive and clear in its views, that it was quoted in leading English papers. He was elected member of the House of Representatives in the Thirty-sixth Congress, aud re-elected to the Thirty-eighth and 76 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Thirty-ninth Congresses. The speeches of Mr. Rice on Protec tion in its Relation to Agriculture and Manufactures and upon the Country, at the opening of the late conflict, were highly commended. But his greatest work for the country in the civil war has been done as Chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. In this capacity, his labors have been manifold. When the fierce attack, under the lead of the Hon. Henry Winter Davis, was made in Congress upon the Navy Department, Mr. Rice pre pared himself for the defence. A question of the most subtle scientific character, respecting certain applications of steam, had been for months before the committee. Mr. E. N. Dickinson, a scientific mechanical engineer of New York, affirmed that the principle adopted by the United-States Navy was radically wrong ; while Mr. B. F. Isherwood,Engineer-in-Chief of the Navy, denied the assertion entirely. The committee were seventy days taking testimony, making a formidable mass of manuscript. Mr. Rice addressed himself to the task of sifting this evidence, and consulting scientific works, till he was able to present one of the clearest, ablest, and most elaborate reports ever made before any legislative body. And when, on Feb. 3, 1865, Mr. Davis made his studied speech in favor of establishing a board of naval administration, aiming a blow at the legitimate exercise of authority in the de partment, Mr. Rice, with no other preparation than could be made during Mr. Davis's remarks, replied in a logical, lucid, and most satisfactory speech of an hour and a half in length. We quote the closing passage of this eloquent defence of the navy : — As I have already said, from the dawn of the Rebellion until now, the navy has been everywhere that it could be, and always has done glorious and efficient service. The Mississippi and its tributaries are open to commerce again ; every port for blockade-runners upon the Atlantic and the Gulf has been closed ; all the strongholds seized by the enemy upon the coast have been recovered, and nearly every corsair driven from the ocean. The navy was at Hatteras, at Port Royal, at Charleston, at Island No. 10, at Fort Donelson, at Fort Henry, at Shiloh, at Memphis, at Vicksburg, at Arkansas Post, at Port Hudson, at Mobile Bay, and at Fort Fisher ; and in all those places it added radiance to the American name, and glory to the American naval history, which no lapse' of time shall be able to obliterate. It has placed upon the imperishable record of fame, to be transmitted amid the plaudits of mankind to the latest generations, such names as Stringham and Foote, and Du Pont and Farragut, and Goldsborough and Porter, and SAMUEL HOOPER. 77 Dahlgren and Rodgers, and Rowan and Davis, and Winslow and Cushing. I should consume the day if I attempted to name them all. Their reputa tion is secure in history ; it is secure in the hearts of their countrymen ; and when the final history of this war shall be written out, and the comparison shall be made of the manner in which the different departments of this Gov ernment have executed the high and laborious and responsible trusts com mitted to them, faithful and earnest as they have been, there will not be one of them that will stand brighter, or that will be more loudly or warmly com mended by our successors, than will the Navy Department. And, sir, I cannot think that the well-earned fame of the naval service, this just meed of praise, will be diminished or obscured by any gentleman, however lofty his standing, or however brilliant his abilities, who asks you, in the light of these facts, to put over your Navy Department a board of administration which shall be a change without improvement, or who cites to you the fact, that, in the accomplishment of the gigantic labors that have fallen to the lot of that department, it made a mistake in regard to the draught of a monitor, or an alleged, but not admitted, mistake in the construction of a double- ender. Mr. Rice is a gentleman in feeling and action ; and the marked ability of his official service associates most honorably his name with the part taken by the Commonwealth in the victorious con flict for national unity and liberty. THE HON. SAMUEL HOOPER'S Native place was Marblehead, where he first saw the light Feb. 3, 1808. After the usual culture of the schools, followed by four years in a counting-room, he visited Europe and the West Indies. In 1832, he settled in Boston, engaging in the China trade, a partner in the firm of William Appleton & Co. He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1851 ; to the State Senate in 1857 ; and, in 1861, to the House of Representa tives in Congress, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of William Appleton. He was Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means ; and, re-elected to the Thirty-eighth Congress, he held the same position. Again elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, he became Chairman of the Committee on Finance. It was here that he displayed that masterly knowledge of the difficult business properly before him that made him a confidential adviser of the Secretary of the Treasury, and won, in the highest degree, the confidence of the President. His name was conspicuous among the few from which that of the able Hugh McCulloch was selected for a place in the Cabinet. His judicious, practical course, amid 78 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the fluctuations in the financial world during the war, has accom plished much, in a quiet way, for the country, — a service whose value cannot easily be appreciated nor over-estimated by those who are not in the secret of that complicated and mighty machine of national progress, the Treasury Department, in its connection with all business activity. THE HON. HENRY L. DAWES Was a native of Cummington, and is now fifty years of age. Graduating at Yale College in 1839, he entered the profession of law. He edited at one time " The Greenfield Gazette." In 1848, he was chosen State Representative ; in 1850, to the Senate ; and again, in 1852, to the Lower House. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1853 ; and District Attorney for the Western District until elected from the Tenth District to the Thirty-fifth Congress, in which he was on the Committee of Revolutionary Claims. Re-elected to the Thirty-seventh, Thirty- eighth, and Thirty-ninth Congresses, he has been Chairman of the Committee of Elections ; a post of duty of great importance to the country, and attended with many difficult questions, to which his practical ability was always equal. During the revolutionary period of the past five years, Mr. Dawes has done his work ably and well. THE HON. JOHN B. ALLEY. Is a resident of Lynn, his birthplace in 1817. While young, he was an apprentice in the shoe and leather business, to which he has since devoted himself when not engaged in public affairs. He was a member of the Governor's Council in 1851, and of the State Senate in 1852. He was a delegate to the Constitu tional Convention, and representative in the Thirty-sixth, Thirty- seventh, Thirty-eighth, and Thirty-ninth Congresses. As Chair man of the Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads, his official duties necessarily, during the chaotic condition of all things at the South and on the border, often required excellent judgment and prudent action. He won and retains implicit confidence on the part of the Government, his colleagues, and his constituents. THE HON. DANIEL W. GOUCH Was a son of Maine, and born in Wells, January, 1820. He was graduated at Dartmouth College, and, in 1846, settled in Boston, a lawyer by profession. In 1852, he was elected to the State W. H. WASHBURN AND OAKES AMES. 79 Legislature. He was chosen member of the Thirty-fifth, Thirty- sixth, and Thirty-seventh Congresses. He was on the Committee on Territories, and subsequently on the Committee on the Con duct of the War. It was in this last responsible position that his influence was especially felt in the progress of the civil war. THE HON. W. B. WASHBURN AND THE HON. OAKES AMES. The Hon. William B. Washburn, of Greenfield, quietly met the questions before the House, in the national struggle, with the Christian patriotism which distinguishes him in the walks of private life. By him, in devotion to the country, stands the Hon. Oakes Ames, of North Easton, Massachusetts. Indeed, Massa chusetts brain and heart have had no small share in the political and moral conflicts and achievements in the halls of Congress and in the departments of State, as well as in the field of martial strife. CHAPTER V. MASSACHUSETTS ABROAD. Charles Francis Adams, Ambassador to the Court of St. James, London. — John Lothrop Motley, Ambassador to the Court of Austria, Vienna. — Anson Burlingame, Ambassa dor to Pekin, China. I^HE nations of Europe were deeply agitated by the outbreak of civil war in the United States. Monarchs, and the aris tocratic classes generally, desired a dismemberment of the Re public. Such a catastrophe would strengthen in the popular mind the " divine right of kings," and secure the throne, and the proud distinctions it fosters, from the sacrilegious- hands of the masses, awakening, in the light of American liberty, to the divine right of the people to enjoy freedom regulated by laws of their own making. The United States, therefore, found little sympathy abroad, ex cepting among the common people, and the few liberal minds in the higher ranks of society. England was ready in all ways pos sible, under cover of national law and custom, to aid the leaders of the causeless and unexampled revolt. France occupied a similar position, though more cautiously taken. In the complications, commercial and political, which would arise among the foreign governments to a great extent (and none could tell how great), it was of the first importance to have able and wise representatives in foreign courts. Among the ministers to other nations, occupying prominent positions on the Eastern hemisphere, were three Massachusetts men. One has been in the mother - country, another in the most despotic nation of Europe, and the third in the Celestial Em pire; and, in the glimpse we take of them and their official services, we naturally begin with our minister to England, — CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS. He is a son of the illustrious John Quincy Adams, and was born in Boston, Aug. 23, 1807. When his father represented the 80 CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS. 81 United-States Government at St. Petersburg, in 1809, he accom panied him, and spent six years in the Russian capital, learning to speak fluently, not only the dialect of the country, but also the German and French languages. In February, 1815, then in his eighth year, he went with his mother in a private carriage, from St. Petersburg to Paris, to meet his father, — a journey at any time no trivial undertaking, but then, on account of the disturbed condition of Europe, attended with unusual embarrassments. On his appointment to a mission at the court of St. James, his father took Charles to England with him, and placed him in a board ing-school. Here ho sometimes had personal encounters with his school-fellows in the defence of the honor of his country against the insults of young England. Returning to Boston in 1817, he entered the Latin School, and subsequently Harvard College, graduating in 1825. The two succeeding years he passed in the Presidential man sion, Washington, which was occupied by his father. He entered the law-office of Daniel Webster, at Boston, two years later ; and in 1828 was admitted to practice, but did not devote himself to his profession. Marrying, in 1829, the daughter of Peter C. Brooks, he became brother-in-law of Edward Everett; and, in addition to his own inheritance, the alliance was attended with a fortune to the family. The people of Boston, in 1841, chose him to represent them in the Legislature. The previous year, he had declined the nomination. Up to this time, his pursuits had been mainly literary. Greek was a special study with him ; and the Roman writers, as well as the greatest authors of more recent times, were his con stant companions. Actuated by the scholarly impulses of a stu dent, he declined a nomination to the State House of Representa tives in 1841 ; but his father was so much disturbed by this appar ent shrinking from public duty, that he promised him to accept a second nomination if offered him the following year. After three years' service there, he took his seat in the State Senate. In 1848, the Free-soil party nominated him for the Vice-Presidency. "The Life and the Works of John Adams," his grandfather, is highly creditable to his ability as an author and editor : a similar effort to preserve the annals of his distinguished father is prom ised. The Letters of John Adams and Abigail Adams were edited by him, with an Introductory Memoir, in 1840, and were received with favor. n 82 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. He was elected to Congress in 1858 ; and also a second time, serving one term, until March 4, 1861. He manifested in all Congressional deliberations that statemanship which has always characterized him in his public and official relations. The closing sentences of his speech, Jan, 31, 1861, when the Rebellion was lifting its horrid front, will illustrate his style, and his manner of treating important topics: — When the cry goes out that the ship is in danger, of sinking, the first duty of every man on board, no matter what his particular vocation, is to lend all the strength he has to the work of keeping her afloat. What ! shall it be said that we waver in the view of those who begin by trying to expunge the sacred memory of the 4th of July? Shall we help them to obliterate the as sociations that cluster around the glorious struggle for independence, or stul tify the labors of the patriots who erected this magnificent political edifice upon the adamantine base of human liberty ? Shall we surrender the fame of Washington and Laurens, of Gadsden and the Lees, of Jefferson and Madison, and of the myriads of heroes whose names are imperishably con nected with the memory of a united people ? Never, never ! For myself, I can only interpose against what seems to me like the madness of the moon the barrier of a single feeble remonstrance ; but, in any event, it shall never be said of my share in the action of this hour of danger, that it has been guided by vindictive passions, or narrow considerations of personal or party advantage. I well know what I hazard, among many whose good opinion has ever been part of the sunlight of my existence, in following what I hold to be a higher duty. Whilst at any and at all times I shall labor to uphold the great principles of liberty, without which this grand system of our fathers would seem to be a mockery and a show, I shall equally strive to give no just ground to enemies and traitors to expand the circle of mischief they may do. * Although not very frequently indulging in the profession of a devotion to the Union, which has heretofore been too often associated with a public policy I deemed most dangerous to its safety, I will venture to add, that no man over the boundless extent of our dominion has more reasons for inextinguish able attachment to it than myself. It is inwoven in my affections with the faithful labors in its support of two generations of my race ; it is blended with a not inconsiderable personal stake in its continuity ; it is mingled with my earnest prayers for the welfare of those who are treading after me ; and, more than all these, it colors all my visions of the beneficent spread of re publican institutions, as well in America as over the rest of the civilized world. If, then, so great a calamity as a division be about to befall us, it shall be hastened by no act of mine. It shall come from the wilful passions of infat uated men, who demand it of us, to destroy the great principles for which our fathers struggled in life and in death, to stain our standard with the symbol of human oppression, and to degrade us, in the very hour of our victory, JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY. 83 before our countrymen, before all the nations of the civilized world, and be fore God. Rather than this, let the heavens fall ! My duty is performed. In 1861, Mr. Adams was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the court of St. James. His personal qualities of mind and character, and the prestige of his name, his father and grandfather having occupied the same high position, gave him influence at once in England. His services during the years of civil war demonstrated the wisdom of the appointment. The more than four hundred pages of printed correspondence between Secretary Seward and Mr. Adams, including that with other State officers, display a marvellous wisdom on the part of both in the management of new, delicate, and difficult questions. Mr. Adams's sagacity, prudence, and firmness were second only to Mr. Seward's in his negotiations with the English Government. The Secretary used the following language in his note to Mr. Adams, June 5, 1862 : — The prejudice that we found prevailing in England soon after the civil war began, to the effect that this Government desired to challenge Great Britain to a war for popular effect at home, has been inveterate. It is pleas ing, however, to discover that at last the equally prudent and just pohcy we have so constantly pursued is beginning to be appreciated by the British Government. No one has done more to correct the injurious error referred to than you have done. Mr. Adams's course against permitting the iron-clads at Laird's to depart on their destructive errand " was distinctly and unre servedly approved." Indeed, whenever he acted officially, he was cordially sustained. The clear statements of mooted points, the exact estimate of what was demanded in the most trying emer gency, and the uncompromising firmness in maintaining the honor of the Republic, without exasperating unfriendly feeling, will place the name of Charles Francis Adams among the ablest diplo matists of any country or age. The nation owes him a debt of profound gratitude for his distant yet efficient services during a rebellion which reached even the shores of England. The American minister to Austria, was born in Dorchester, Norfolk County, April 15, 1814. He graduated at Harvard College in 1831, and soon afterwards embarked for Europe. Proceeding to Gottingen, Germany, he spent a year there, and, removing to Berlin, was in that city about the same period. 84 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. After travelling in the south of Europe, he returned to America, and commenced the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1837. The profession was dry, and unattractive to his literary cast of mind ; and he never gave his energies to it. In 1840, he went to Russia as secretary of legation at St. Petersburg. During the next six years, he published two volumes of ro mance, one of which, " Merry Mount," was founded upon inci dents in Massachusetts colonial history. He also contributed several valuable articles to the reviews. A History of Holland was commenced in 1846, and reached two volumes ; when, to have access to material he could not find in this country, he sailed with his family for Europe again. The fresh and rich resources of information he obtained dissatisfied him with his annals ; and he laid them aside to commence anew the work, with the title, " History of the Dutch Republic." It was published in London in 1856, in three volumes octavo, and had a rapid sale ; reaching, by the year 1860, about fifteen thou sand copies. It was republished in America, with a steady and growing demand. It has been translated into Dutch and German. The exhaustive and attractive work gave the author a reputa tion wide as the domain of letters. Mr. Motley's residence abroad was divided, for the most part, between Berlin, Dresden, and the Hague. He visited the United States in 1858, but, after a brief stay, returned to the Continent. His next great literary work was " The United Netherlands," in three volumes. The University of Oxford, England, conferred upon him the degree of D.C.L. in 1860 ; and Harvard College, that of LL.D. A few months later, he was appointed American ambassador to the court of Austria, and has occupied the important official position with credit to himself, and honor to the country. When Napoleon decided to offer tlie throne of Mexico to Maxi milian, it gave occasion to a correspondence between Mr. Motley and Mr. Seward in regard to the proper bearing of the American minister in the complication of national claims and rights. Mr. Motley's rSsume, from time to time, of European affairs in their relation to our country in the midst of a gigantic war, were enlightened and comprehensive, meeting the warmest approval at Washington. Mr. Seward's reply to Mr. Motley, Feb. 26, 1863, is an example ANSON BURLINGAME. 85 of this uniform appreciation of the able discharge of difficult duties : — Your very interesting despatch of Jan. 27 has been received. The sur vey of Continental politics which you have taken in this paper is full of in struction. If questions purely dynastic, or of mere administration, or, at most, of political organization, can make and keep so many European nations so unquiet as to require constant vigilance on the part of the governments, one would expect that they would be tolerant of this government in its efforts to preserve, in its full efficiency, a system that is so perfect as to be undis turbed by questions of those sorts, and encounters an opposition or resistance from only one disturbing cause, — and that one African slavery, which the public sentiment of mankind elsewhere unanimously condemns. Mr. Motley wisely avoided raising an issue on the Mexican question, or the discussion of it, at the court of Vienna. Ameri ca is justly proud of an ambassador whose genius, culture, and character so much honor the nation which he represents. ANSON BURLINGAME. • Mr. Burlingame, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten tiary to China, is a native of New Berlin, Chenango County, N.Y. He was born Nov. 14, 1822. On the wild Western frontiers he passed his early youth, engaged in surveys of boundary-lines, and in the formation of treaties with the aborigines. He commenced his course of liberal education in the Branch University of Michigan, but, removing to Massachusetts, entered Harvard College, and graduated in 1846. He then studied law, and opened an office in Boston. Mr. Burlingame was sent to the State Senate in 1852, and, the next year, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of the Commonwealth. Elected to the Thirty-fourth Congress, he was an active, influ ential member. He was re-elected to the Thirty-fifth, and served ably on the Committee of Foreign Affairs ; and again, in the fol lowing session, had the same honorable position. Under the administration of Mr. Lincoln, he was sent, in 1861, ambassador to Austria, and soon after to China. His first letter to Mr. Seward was dated Aug. 23 of that year ; and the acknowledgment of it, Dec. 9 ; indicating the long interval which must necessarily lie between the depart ure of a message from an office of legation at the antipodes, 86 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. and the arrival of an answer from Washington, — time enough lor a revolution to sweep over half a continent. Mr. Burlingame's management of treaties which opened trade in Chinese ports, and extended it abroad, securing advantages to other countries with our own, and his successful efforts for the protection of foreign residents in Shanghai, were emphatically indorsed at home and abroad. Sept. 9, 1863, Mr. Seward wrote, — The pohcy which you have adopted in the conduct of your responsible mission is able and wise ; it is also just towards the Chinese Government and people, and liberal towards all other nations. It is an occasion of special felicitation that it meets the concurrence of the enlightened representatives of Great Britain, Russia, and France. Mr. Burlingame's defence of Gen. Burgoine, the successor of the Americo-Chinese hero, Ward ; his efforts in regard to the sani tary condition of Shanghai, which caused the opening of a new gate to the city, and the drainage of stagnant waters before it ; and his cautious, decided treatment of all questions of national policy, however nearly or remotely connected with rebellion in China and in America, — won for him, in official form, the most flattering acknowledgments of indebtedness from men represent ing the interests of different nations. The honor and prosperity of the nation abroad were safe in the hands of our American minister in China during the changing fortunes of the civil war, "J-'';f''"«THAHICLPBM*" PART II. MASSACHUSETTS IN THE FIELD. CHAPTER I. THE STATE PREPARES FOR WAR. The Signs of the coming Conflict. — Massachusetts takes the Alarm. — The Prophello Words of Adjutant-Gen. Schouler. — The Action of the Governor and Legislature. — The Volunteer Militia. THE threatening agitation at the South early in the winter of 1860, ridiculed by many at the North as a transient ebulli tion of feeling, was regarded in Massachusetts with serious appre hension. With the vigilance and the promptness of her youthful days, she began to gird herself for the conflict. An incident illustrative of Massachusetts loyalty, unknown to the public at the time, which places her quite in advance of all other States in the offer of her sons to confront the armed foes of our nationality, occurred just before the evacuation of Fort Moultrie. The first mention of it in a popular assembly was made by the hero of Sumter on July 4, 1865. With the peerless naval commander, Vice-Admiral Farragut, he was welcomed to Boston in a grand reception at Faneuil Hall, during which he remarked, — I am indebted to Massachusetts for many things ; and before I sit down I will simply remark, that the first letter I received in Fort Moultrie, before I went to Fort Sumter, when it was found that things were looking very threatening (and I felt the storm there long before you saw the flash here), ¦ — the first letter I received was from a gentleman, I am sorry I do not re member his name, a militia officer of this city, offering me troops from Mas sachusetts if the Government would then allow them to be sent to me. On July 6, in Faneuil Hall, Brig.-Gen. Edward W. Hinks was introduced to Gen. Anderson by the Mayor as "the gentleman 87 88 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. who wrote to him when he was in Fort Moultrie, tendering him the Massachusetts troops." A cordial greeting followed; and Gen. Anderson said he would have accepted the proffered assist ance if he had had the authority. He was loudly called for, and came forward to the platform with Gen. Hinks, and said to the audience, — My Friends and Fellow-citizens, — I wish to present to you Brig.-Gen. Hinks, the first volunteer of the war, and to thank him in your name as well as my own for a letter which he sent me when I took command of Fort Moultrie, in which he assured me, that, if the Government would allow, he would forward to me friends and soldiers from Massachusetts. I wish you to remember this first volunteer. Gen. Hinks, who was retiring, was brought back by the Mayor ; and cries for a speech, mingled with cheers, saluted him. The general, with a few modest words of allusion to the distinguished visitors, who were the Alpha and Omega of the war, retired amid the popular applause. We add an extract from Gen. Anderson's interesting letter, the first from the field of hostile demonstrations, dated "Fort Moultrie, Dec. 25, 1860." After thanking Col. Hinks for his patriotic and chivalrous offer, he thus concludes : — When I inform you that my garrison consists of only sixty effective men ; that we are in a very indifferent work, the walls of which are only about fourteen feet high; and that we have, within a hundred and sixty yards of our walls, sand-hills which command our work, and which afford admirable sites for batteries, and the finest covers for sharpshooters ; and that, besides this, there are numerous houses, some of them within pistol-shot, — you will at once see, that if attacked in force, headed by any one but a simpleton, there is scarce a possibility of our being able to hold out long enough to give our friends time to come to our succor. Trusting that God will not desert us in our hour of trial, I am very sincerely yours, ROBERT ANDERSON, Major 1st Artillery. A few days before this letter was written, South Carolina had taken the initiatory in the work of dissolving the Union. The governor's message upon the crisis urged the legislature to pre pare to defy the power of the United States ; and the convention of the State found no opposition to the Ordinance of Secession. Before the holidays had passed, the members of Congress HOSTILITIES COMMENCED. 89 from South Carolina had resigned their seats, and the Ordinance of Secession was passed by the State. A Confederate Congress had assembled, and Major Anderson was within the walls of Fort Sumter, for whose greater security from the menacing passions of treasonable men he had abandoned Fort Moultrie. A graphic writer thus sketches the rushing events : * — The process of dissolution was not confined to the secession of States and the withdrawal of members from Congress. Members of the Cabinet residing in the Southern States considered their allegiance to their States superior to that to the United States. Dec. 10, Cobb of Georgia, Secre tary of the Treasury, and, the 29th, Floyd of Virginia, Secretary of War, resigned their places in the Cabinet. Through their unparalleled treachery to the Government that had given them the highest confidence, they had so crippled the forces of the Union, in the robbing of money and arms, that the interests of secession were assisted nearly into an equality of power with the rest of the Union. The work thus commenced was not to be half-way : the position taken was to be sustained by arms. In December, South Carolina's legislature authorized the seizure of all arsenals, arms, and forts within her limits. Jan. 3, Gov. Brown of Georgia ordered the seizure of Forts Pulaski and Jack son, at Savannah ; on the 4th, the authorities of Alabama seized Fort Morgan ; on the 10th, the authorities of Mississippi seized the forts and other United-States property within her limits ; on the 12th, the navy-yard and property at Pensacola were taken; on the 28th, the rebels of Louisiana took the United-States revenue-cutter and other property, and the money in the mint at New Orleans ; and, to complete this list of plundering, Gen. Twiggs of Texas surrendered the United-States forces and property in his hands into the power of the rebels. The forts seized were armed and manned, the arsenals were robbed, the militia of the cotton States was called out, and every material preparation made to withstand any attempt of the Union for self-preservation. Legislatures were convened, minute-men organ ized, mass meetings held, the suspension of banks was legalized, millions were voted to carry out the nefarious designs of the secessionists, Southern rights associations were organized, Northern men were daily arrested, Union men were awed into silence, the levying of executions issuing from the United- States courts was prevented by legislatures, religious conferences passed reso lutions favoring secession, and Palmetto and State flags wore flying every where, and everywhere the stars and stripes were hauled down, and trailed in the dust. The news of secession was hailed with acclamations of delight ; and, to close this saturnalia, two hundred and sixteen of the patients in the United-States hospital at New Orleans were removed to make room for the * Mass. Rejbter, 1802. p 150. 12 90 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. secession troops of Louisiana. Theft was honored, robbery justified, and in humanity to the sick became a public virtue ; law, order, peace, brotherly love, patriotism, and respect for historical memories, all declined to their con founding contraries. Among the loading men, the Governor of Florida, Gov. Moore of Alaba ma, Letcher of Virginia, and Moore of Louisiana, Cobb, Johnson, and Floyd, in the Cabinet, senators Clingman of North Carolina, and Toombs of Georgia, the Governors of Georgia, Tennessee, South Carolina, and Kentucky, and Barnwell, Orr, and Adams, the three South-Carolina commissioners to Wash ington, and Ex-Governor Moorehead, of Kentucky, Davis, Beauregard, and a host of others, leading men, all honorable men in the South, men nourished into growth and power by the Union, now turned their faces and their swords against that Union, to destroy it.. The only method there seems to have been in the madness of secession was the determination of the Southern leaders to sever as rapidly as possible every tie that bound them to the national government. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler of Lowell was at this time in Washington, conferring with his political friends of the South. They said to him, "The North can't fight: we have friends enough at the North to prevent it." " You have friends at the North," replied Gen. Butler, " as long as you remain true to the Constitution ; but let me tell you, that, the moment it is seen that you mean to break up the country, the North is a unit against you. I can answer at least for Massachusetts. She is good for ten thousand men to march at once against armed secession." > "Massachusetts is not such a fool. If your State should send ten thousand men to preserve the Union against Southern seces sion, she will have to fight twice ten thousand of her own citizens at home who will oppose the policy." " No, sir : when we come from Massachusetts, we shall not leave a single traitor behind, unless he is hanging on a tree." " Well, we shall see." " You will see. I know something of the North, and a good deal about New England, where I was born, and have lived forty- two years. We are pretty quiet there now, because we don't believe that you mean to carry out your threats. We have heard the same story at every election these twenty years. Our people don't yet believe you are in earnest. But let me tell you this,— as sure as ycu attempt to break up this Union, the North will THE FIRST OFFER OF TROOPS. — PROPHETIC WORDS. 91 resist the attempt to its last man and its last dollar. You are as certain to fail as that there is a God in heaven. One thing you may do : you may ruin the Southern States, and extinguish your institution of slavery. From the moment the first gun is fired upon the American flag, your slaves will not be worth five years' purchase ; but, as to breaking up the country, it cannot be done. God and Nature, and the blood of your fathers and mine, have made it one ; and one country it must remain." While these hostile demonstrations were occurring at the South, Adjutant-Gen. Schouler wrote from the State House in Boston, on the last day of December, 1860, the following commu nication, which proved to be prophetic of a national tragedy and trial, which but few were then willing to believe to be possible: — Events have transpired in some of the Southern States, and at Washington, which have awakened the attention of the people of Massachusetts in a re markable degree to the perpetuity of the Federal Union, and which may require the active militia of the Commonwealth to be greatly augmented. Should our worst fears be realized, and this nation be plunged into the hor rors of civil war, upon Massachusetts may rest, in no inconsiderable degree, the duty of staying the effusion of blood, and of rolling back the black tide of anarchy and ruin. She did more than her share to achieve the independ ence of our country, and establish the Government under which we have risen to such unparalleled prosperity, and become the great power of the American continent ; and she will be true to her history, her traditions, and her fair fame. Should it become necessary to increase the number of her active militia to a war-footing, the present organization offers an easy and a good means. The present companies could be filled to their full complement of men, and the regiments to their full complement of companies. New regiments of infantry, new battalions of riflemen, new companies of artillery and cavalry, could be formed with which to fill the several brigades, and make our present divis ions five thousand men each, with proper apportionment of the several mih tary arms. This, of course, would require a large outlay of money, which would doubtless be cheerfully met by our people if their honor and the wel fare of their country demand it of them. In the mean time, I would suggest that a General Order be issued calhng upon commanders of the companies of the active force to forward to head quarters the names of the persons composing their commands, also their places of residence, so that a complete roll of each company may be on file in this department. The companies that have not their full quota of men should be filled by new enlistments to the number fixed by law; and, whenever new enlist ments are made or discharges given, the names of the persons enlisted and 92 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. discharged should be forwarded immediately to headquarters, and placed on file. At the State dinner to the Independent Company of Cadets on the evening of Jan. 2, 1861, Ex-Gov. Banks gave a toast in honor of Major Anderson, then besieged. It was responded to by Adju tant-Gen. Schouler in a short address, in which were these words, which may be considered as expressing the general views of the Old Bay State : " We have no boasts to make. History tells what the men of Massachusetts have done, and they will never disgrace that history." He closed his speech with the following* toast : — The Militia of Massachusetts, — True to the State, true to the Union : without any blustering or bravado, they will defend the Constitution and the flag of the Union. President Buchanan's National Fast, on the 4th of January, was made the occasion of patriotic sermons by the clergymen of Bos ton. The whole State at this time was in a feverish condition of anxiety. In one of his valedictory addresses, all of which were aglow with patriotic fervor, Gov. Andrew, referring to Major Ander son's moving from Fort Moultrie to Sumter, remarked, " Cer tainly never an act so slight in itself touched the hearts of so many millions of people, as with fire from heaven, as the recent simple, soldier-like, and patriotic movement of Major Anderson at Fort Moultrie." The tidings of Major Anderson's removal to Fort Sumter, an event which doubtless decided the course in regard to the revolt of the great cotton State, Georgia, thoroughly aroused Gen. But ler to the inevitable struggle at hand. He called upon Senator Wilson, and expressed earnestly the hope that Gov. Andrew would immediately summon Massachusetts to a preparation for the war at hand. It must be conceded by all, that Gen. Butler's loyalty rose above partisan and personal affinities, and spoke clearly and promptly the prevalent spirit of the Commonwealth. He gave to the Governor, who was watching, with sad anticipa tions of an outbreak, the progress of treason, the benefit of his experience in familiar intercourse with the Southern leaders of rebellion, and declared it to be their intention to fight, if neces sary, for independence. In the Governor's Address to the Legislature, Jan. 5, 1861, the whole number of enrolled militia, for the year which had THE GOVERNOR ON THE CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. 93 just closed, was stated to be 155,389 men; and the active militia ready for service, 5,592 : of these he said, " In respect to good conduct, discipline, spirit, and capacity proportioned to its numer ical force, I am advised that our active citizen soldiery was never in a condition of greater efficiency." His remarks upon the "condition of the country" were calm, loyal, and appropriate. With a wise discernment of the true nature of the impending crisis, he predicted that emancipation, in some form, lay " at the end of the road which South Carolina invited her sister States upon the Gulf of Mexico to enter." Alluding to the extraordinary and exciting political events of the last twenty years, he said of the National Government, — The people of Massachusetts have never wavered from their faith in its principles, or their loyalty to its organization. Looking forward to the long ages of the future, building always in their own minds for countless gener ations yet to come, they have endured, and are willing still cheerfully and hopefully to endure, much wrong and more misconception, because they trust in the blood inherited from heroic ancestors ; in the principles of constitu tional liberty ; in the theory of democratic institutions ; in the honest purpose of the intelligent masses of the people everywhere ; in the capacity of Truth and Right ultimately to reach and control the minds of men ; in an undying affection for their whole country, its memories, traditions, and hopes ; and, above all, in the good providence of God. In regard to the great issue, he added, — And the single question now presented to the nation is this : Shall a re actionary spirit, unfriendly to liberty, be permitted to subvert a democratic republican government organized under constitutional forms ? Upon this issue, over the heads of all mere politicians and partisans, in behalf of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, I appeal directly to the warm hearts and clear heads of the great masses of the people. The men who own and till the soil, who drive the mills, and hammer out their own iron and leather on their own anvils and lapstones, and they who, whether in the city or the country, reap the rewards of enterprising industry and skill in the varied pursuits of business, are honest, intelligent, patriotic, independent, and brave. They know that sinqile defeat in an election is no cause for the dis ruption of a government. They know that those who declare that .they will not live peaceably within the Union do not mean to live peaceably out of it. They know that the people of all sections have a right, which they intend to maintain, of free access from the interior to both oceans, from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and of the free use of all the lakes and rivers and high ways of commerce, North, South, East, or West. They know that the Union 94 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. means peace, and unfettered commercial intercourse from sea to sea, and from shore to shore ; that it secures us all against the unfriendly presence or pos sible dictation of any foreign power, and commands respect for our flag, and security for our trade ; and they do not intend, nor will they ever consent, to be excluded from these rights which they have so long enjoyed, nor to abandon the prospect of the benefits which humanity claims for itself by means of their continued enjoyment in the future. Neither will they consent that the continent shall be overrun by the victims of a remorseless cupidity, and the elements of civil danger increased by the barbarizing influences which accompany the African slave-trade. Inspired by the same ideas and emotions which commanded the fraternization of Jackson and Webster on another great occasion of public danger, the people of Massachusetts, confiding in the patriotism of their brethren in other States, accept this issue, and respond, in the words of Jackson, " The Federal Union, — it must be preserved! " Until we complete the work of rolling back this wave of rebellion which threatens to ingulf the government, overthrow democratic institutions, subject the people to the rule of a minority, if not of mere military despotism, and in some communities to endanger the very existence of civilized society, we can not turn aside, and we will not turn back. It is to those of our brethren in the disaffected States whose mouths are closed by a temporary reign of terror, not less than to ourselves, that we owe this labor, which, with the help of Providence, it is our duty to perform. Brig.-Gen. Edward W. Pierce, commanding Second Brigade, First Division, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, in a letter to Gov. Andrew, made the first formal offer of troops : — Headquarters Second Brigade, Assonet Village, Freetown, Jan. 5, 1861. To his Excellency John A. Andrew, Captain* General and Commander-in- Chief Massachusetts Volunteers : — Having for full half the entire years of my hfe been enrolled in the volun teer militia of this Commonwealth, and during fifteen of these years having been honored with a commission in this branch of the public service, I had come fully to the conclusion that my part of the burden had already been borne, and my share of its honors had been received. With this view of the matter, I had contemplated resigning my commis sion, and soliciting your Excellency to grant me a discharge from its duties, as one of the earliest acts of your administration. The recent outbreak in a sister State of the honored Confederation in which we had the good fortune to be born, and under whose laws (good and wholesome for the most part) we have enjoyed the inestimable privileges of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;" the threatening attitude assumed by acts and wicked designs toward the Constitution and Union LETTER OF BRIGADIER-GENERAL PIERCE. 95 of these States, — has caused me to demur, lest my conduct should seem to show a disposition to vacate my post and desert the cause of my country in the day of danger or in the hour of peril. Indeed, so far am I removed, both in thought and wish, from conduct so dastardly, all intention of resigning my position in the militia is, for the pres ent, abandoned, and every vestige of such inclination has fled. Contented and happy to retain, anil, if necessity shall require it, to act by virtue of, my present commission, in repelling invasion from these shores, I am no less ready to resign, and accept a place in one of the companies tha- the emergencies of the case may require to be raised in our own State towards recruiting the Federal army ; and your Excellency will be pleased to under stand that my services hereby are so tendered. With sentiments of the highest respect, I have the honor to remain Yours, &c, EBENEZER W. PIERCE, Brig.-Gen. commanding 2d Brig. 1st Div. M. V.M. The Saturday on which this communication was dated was crowded with marked and significant events. Through the generous loyalty of the merchants of Boston, a salute of a hundred guns was fired on the Common, in honor of Major Anderson, by a detachment of the Boston Light Artillery. On the 8th, Gov. Andrew ordered a salute to be fired throughout the State in honor of Gen. Jackson's victory at New Orleans. He said to a friend, that he did this, more than any thing else, " to stir up the people, and awaken the military spirit" which, he knew, must soon be called out by the national exigencies. Almost amid the roar of the cannon, Ex-Gov. Boutwell made a strong speech upon the secession movements in Charleston ; and there was also held a spirited meeting of the survivors of the war of 1812. The very next day, the " Star of the West," an unarmed steamer, bearing supplies to the famishing Spartan band that gar risoned Fort Sumter, was fired upon by United-States guns in the hands of rebellious citizens, and compelled to turn her prow northward, with the food designed for the defenders of the na tional flag. On the llth, Government troops embarked on the steamer " Joseph Whitney," at Fort Independence, for the. Southern bor der. The same day, the General Government detailed men to put in order Fort Adams, at Newport,— the capital of the smallest State of the Union in area, but second to none in generous loyalty in the opening struggle. Jan. 16, 1801, the Governor issued the following very compre- 96 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. hensive and explicit General Order, marked No. 4, — the grand basis of all the subsequent military movements in the Common wealth : — COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. Headquarters, Boston, Jan. 16, 1861. General Obdebs, No. 4. Events which have recently occurred, and are now in progress, require that Massachusetts should be at all times ready to furnish her quota of troops, upon any requisition of the President of the United States, to aid in the maintenance of the laws and the peace of the Union. His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief therefore orders, — That the commanding officer of each company of volunteer militia examine with care the roll of his company, and cause the name of each member, to gether with his rank, and place of residence, to be properly recorded, and a copy of the same to be forwarded to the office of the Adjutant-General ; pre vious to which, commanders of companies shall make strict inquiries whether there are men in their commands, who from age, physical defect, business, or family causes, may be unable or indisposed to respond at once to the orders of the Commander-in-Chief, made in response to the call of the President of the United States, that they may be forthwith discharged, so that their places may be filled by men ready for any public exigency which may arise, when ever called upon. After the above orders have been fulfilled, no discharge, either of officer or private, shall be granted, unless for cause satisfactory to the Commander-in- Chief. If any companies have not the number of men allowed by law, the com manders of the same shall make proper exertions to have the vacancies filled, and the men properly diilled and uniformed, and their Dames, and places of residence, forwarded to headquarters. To promote the objects embraced in this order, the general, field, and staff officers, and the adjutant and acting quartermaster-general, will give all the aid and assistance in their power. Major-Generals Sutton, Morse, and Andrews will cause this order to be promulgated throughout their respective divisions. By command of his Excellency John A. Andrew, Governor and Com- mander4n- Chief, WILLIAM SCHOULER, Adjutant- General. The members of Gov. Andrew's staff, were efficient officers in carrying forward the warlike measures in which he suddenly MILITARY OPERATIONS IN THE STATE. 97 found himself to be the principal actor. The names of those who thus stood by his side were Lieut.-Col. Horace B. Sargent, Lieut.- Col. Harrison Ritchie, Lieut.-Col. J. N. Wetherell, and Lieut.-Col. Henry Lee, jun. Lieut.-Col. Lee was very active, making estimates of the equip ments necessary, and securing the vessels required to transport the troops. Lieut.-Col. John Quincy Adams, who succeeded Lieut.-Col. Sargent in December, 1861, not only most admirably filled the place, but was a warm, confidential friend of the Gov ernor during the exciting progress of the war. Correspondence was opened with Gen. Scott at Washington, Charles Francis Adams, and other responsible gentlemen, to secure accurate information of the startling revolt, and to be ready for its darkest hour. The Governor had also a Legislature which represented, by a decided majority, the true heart of the Commonwealth. He was left free to act promptly and nobly in the dire emergency. On the 18th of January, the first legislative action of this, and, we believe, of any other State, was had in the passage of the fol lowing resolutions : — Whereas, Several States of the Union have, through the action of their people and authorities, assumed the attitude of rebellion against the National Government ; and whereas, treason is still more extensively diffused ; and whereas, the State of South Carolina, having first seized the post-office, custom house, moneys, arms, munitions of war, and fortifications of the Federal Gov ernment, has, by firing upon a vessel in the service of the United States, committed an act of war ; and whereas, the forts and property of the United States in Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Florida, have been seized, with treasonable and hostile intention ; and whereas, senators and representa tives in Congress avow and sanction these acts of treason and rebellion : therefore Resolved, That the Legislature of Massachusetts, now, as always, con vinced of the inestimable value of the Union, and the necessity of preserving its blessings to ourselves and our posterity, regard with unmingled satisfac tion the determination evinced in the recent firm and patriotic special mes sage of the President of the United States to amply and faithfully discharge his constitutional duty of enforcing the laws and preserving the integrity of the Union ; and we proffer to him, through the Governor of the Common wealth, such aid in men and money as he may require to maintain the authority of the National Government. Resolved, That the Union-loving and patriotic authorities, representatives, and citizens of those States whose loyalty is endangered or assailed by in ternal treason, who labor in behalf of the Federal Union with unflinching 13 98 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. courage and patriotic devotion, will receive the enduring gratitude of the American people. Resolved, That the Governor be requested to forward, forthwith, copies of the foregoing resolutions to the President of the United States and the Gov ernors of the several States. During the same session of the Legislature, a bill was passed, making an appropriation of twenty-five thousand dollars, and au thorizing the Adjutant-General to secure contracts for the outfit of two thousand troops. The principal articles specified, besides two thousand ball-cartridges, were overcoats, blankets, and knap sacks. The resolutions passed by the Legislature, tendering to the President aid in men and money, sent as he may need, were approved by the Governor Jan. 23, and sent to Washington by mail the same day. Meanwhile the volunteer militia had resorted to the nightly drill at their armories, in anticipation ol a lawless assault upon the life of the Republic by the armed propagandists of American slavery : " so that, when the summons came from the President on the 15th of April, the ' fiery cross ' was sent over the Commonwealth ; and, in obedience to the call, the men came forth as in the brave days of old, leaving the work-shop and the plough, their nets and barges, homes and kindred, inspired by love of country and the rights of mankind." It was this provision for a sudden appeal to the "arbitra tion of the sword," with that vigilance which of old " scented tyranny in the breeze," and often surprised the enemies of liberty with a display of martial strength and courage believed by them impossible, that gave to Massachusetts the honor of taking the front in the march to meet the last great assault upon human freedom. On Jan. 17, a meeting of merchants was held in the rooms of the Board of Trade, Mayor Wightman presiding, " to con sider upon the best means of preserving the Union, and upon ad dressing the Massachusetts delegation in Congress." The meeting also decided upon the form of a petition to Congress, and ap pointed the necessary committees. Military companies in several towns assembled to ascertain how many were ready to go to the aid of the United-States Govern ment if their services were required. There was the greatest alacrity and readiness. The Boston Light Artillery had a meet ing on the evening of Jan. 21, at which a hundred and three were present. Ninety-nine pledged themselves to tender their MILITARY OPERATIONS IN THE STATE. 99 aid to the Commander-in-Chief, should the President of the United States need them. This was one of other similar meet ings held the same evening. Among these, on that day, was one of the field and staff officers of the Sixth Regiment, held in Lowell, Jan. 21. They unani mously voted to be in readiness to go ; and that " Col. Jones be authorized and requested forthwith to tender the services of the Sixth Regiment to the Commander-in-Chief and Legislature, when such action may become desirable for the purposes con templated in General Orders, No. 4." The Worcester Light Infantry, the Hale Guards of Haverhill, the Braintree Light Infantry, Charlestown Artillery, the Salem Light Artillery, and the Boston Washington Light Guard, all voted to be in readiness to serve their country. We have very clear evidence of forbearance, rather than hasty radicalism, in Massachusetts, in a petition at this time to Congress to adopt measures calculated to restore harmony between the United States, which contained fifteen thousand signatures. The committee to take the petition to Washington was composed of Edward Everett, Robert C. Winthrop, Lemuel Shaw, Edward S. Tobey, Amos A. Lawrence, and Charles L. Woodbury, who left Boston on the 23d of January. The advent of spring, with its fragrance and bloom in the " sunny South," found its political atmosphere hot and electric with the deeds and plots of secession. The cotton States had gone, or were going, with South Carolina, in her mad attempt to dissolve the Union. The city elections of the State occur during this season of the year ; and the inaugural addresses of the mayors were worthy of the Commonwealth. They had the ring of her unclouded loyalty, and an intelligent comprehension of the national trou bles. April 13, Fort Sumter, after a terrific bombardment and most gallant resistance, was compelled to surrender to the rebel demand for the keys of the noble fortress. War was thus de clared by the roar of cannon aimed at the nation's defences, to reach through them her too forbearing and magnanimous heart. Massachusetts promptly accepted the challenge ; and the head quarters of her cheerful activity to meet its most fearful conse quences were now the Adjutant- General's department. The very day that Sumter fell, its able official head wrote, by 100 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. direction of the Governor, the following letter to the Secretary of War : — Adjutant-General's Office, Boston, April 13, 1861. Sir, — I am directed by his Excellency the Governor to request of you, if consistent with law and the pohcy of your department, to allow me to draw two thousand rifled muskets from the United-States arsenal at Springfield, in advance of our annual quota becoming due. We have five thousand infantry now armed and equipped, and properly officered. Only about three thousand of them, however, are armed with rifled muskets : the others have the old smooth-bores, all of which have been changed from flint-locks to the percussion. If you will permit us to draw two thousand more of the new rifled muskets, we shall have five thousand as well armed, drilled, and officered infantry as ever handled a musket. I would also suggest that a couple of regiments of the volunteers be ordered by the President to garrison Forts Warren and Independence, in Boston Harbor. They are now without troops, and might be taken by lawless men, and turned against the Government. I believe that our troops would like to do garrison-duty until called upon by the President for active service. The regiments might alternate every four or six weeks; and thus they would learn much that would be of service to them, and hold the forts against attack or surprise. With great respect, I have the honor to be Your obedient servant, WILLIAM SCHOULER. Hon. Simon Cameron, Secretary of War, Washington. Neither the muskets, nor permission to garrison the forts, could be obtained. Subsequently, Major-Gen. Wool, of the United-States army, in whose department was the State of Massachusetts, fur nished "five thousand of the most improved smooth-bore muskets from Springfield, and four thousand Windsor rifles (without bay onets) from the United-States arsenal at Watertown." April 15, a telegram was received from Senator Wilson at Washington, asking in behalf of the Government for twenty com panies of Massachusetts troops to be sent forward immediately to the capital, and there mustered into service, — the first call upon her waiting militia. On the same day, a special order was issued, directing " Col. Jones of the Sixth Regiment, Col. Pack ard of the Fourth, Col. Wardrop of the Third, and Col. Monroe of the Eighth, to muster their respective commands on Boston THE FIRST CALL FOR TROOPS. 101 Common forthwith, ' in compliance with a requisition made by the President of the United States.' " By mail and special messengers, the order was conveyed to the homes of the officers in Lowell, Quincy, New Bedford, and Lynn. The companies were to be gathered from the counties of Plym outh, Bristol, Norfolk, and Essex. That night, for the first time in half a century, the quiet dwellings of the people in .the city, village, arrd country, were disturbed with the summons for some of their inmates to hasten to the arena of civil war. The spirit of '76 was abroad on the midnight air ; and the next day, from the sea-border, old Marblehead sent forward three infantry companies under Capts. Martin, Phillips, and Boardman, — the vanguard of Freedom's uprising host. At nine o'clock, a.m., the train that carried the troops to Bos ton reached the Eastern Depot, where a multitude greeted them with cheers that drowned all other sounds, and rang over their march to the music of " Yankee Doodle," through the rain and sleet of a dismal storm, to their quarters in Faneuil Hall. Upon the question, " Who was the first man in the war ? " we have a good letter from Newburyport, whose mistake was after wards corrected. Capt. Bartlett's offer, as described below, was first after Banks's retreat : — The Boston correspondent of the " Springfield Republican," speaking of Capt. Knott Martin's election at Marblehead as representative, says, "He is the man who first reached Boston with his company after the war broke out in 1 861 . " The story about the pig is a true story and a good story, as Capt. Martin is a true and good man ; but he was not the first man to reach Boston with his company : that honor belongs to the late Capt. A. W. Bartlett and the Gushing Guard of Newburyport. They were the first to reach Boston ; and it is worthy of record in favor of Capt. Bartlett, than whom not a braver man fell in the war. He was in the dry-goods business on State Street, perhaps little dreaming of war, having been captain of the company but a short time, when, one afternoon, the telegraph-operator handed him a despatch. He took the paper, and, without saying a word of its contents, turned to his clerk, and said, " Step round the corner to the stable, and get me a horse and chaise." The clerk, knowing that he held a telegraphic despatch in his hand, made bold to ask, " What has transpired ? " — "I have orders," he responded, " to have the Cushing Guard in Boston to proceed to Washington by the first train to morrow, and I must notify the officers at once ; for, if not another man goes, I shall be there." As quick as the horse could be had, and could carry him, he rode over the town, and, in three hours, had his men at the armory. Then people knew nothing of war ; and many in the company declined to leave their business and families to answer so sudden a call. But the next day his 102 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. store was closed ; and at the head of seventeen privates and a few officers, in all, we think, twenty-one, he marched to the cars. It was a cold, wet day ; and the people, stunned at the suddenness of the call, looked on without a shout or cheer as he was off for Boston, reporting himself the first of any com pany in the State. Afterwards he raised a full company of ninety-eight men in seven days for the Thirty-fifth Regiment; and, in four weeks after leaving, he and one-third of that company were dead, or maimed for life, on the bloody field of Antietam, where his mangled body, blown by shell and pierced by shot, was found. Capt. Bartlett was the first ; and before his company left, in 1861, the City Council voted to raise the national flag over the City Hall, to remain there till the RebelUon should be suppressed : and that was the first flag-rais ing in the State. They also, when there was no law for it, voted to draw from the city treasury one thousand dollars to assist the Cushing Guard to go, and to aid the families of those who went ; and that was the first appropriation of money for the war, made in this Commonwealth. Many men acted bravely in the war, and among them was Capt. Martin ; and many towns did nobly. We would detract nothing from them ; but the above is a true record, and it is giving honor only where honor is due." The reply of Gen. Hinks, concerning the " First Massachusetts man in the war," will be interesting as an historical statement, and is quoted, excepting a single expression, verbatim : — I will attempt, without detracting from the noble record of Capt. Bartlett, who for a time served with credit under my command, and who gallantly yielded up his young life upon the bloody field of Antietam, to vindicate the truth of history. On Monday, April 15, 1861, at quarter-past two o'clock, in reply to an offer of my services made in the morning of that day, I received from Gov. Andrew a verbal command to summons the companies of the Eighth Re giment, by his authority, to rendezvous at Faneuil Hall at the earliest possible hour. Leaving Boston on the half-past two o'clock train, I proceeded to Lynn, and personally notified the commanding officers of the two companies in that city, and from thence telegraphed to Capt. Bartlett at Newburyport, and Capt. Centre of Gloucester ; and then drove to Beverly, and summoned the company there ; and from thence hastened to Marblehead, where I personally notified the commanding officers of the three Marblehead companies. I found Capt. Martin in his slaughter-house with the carcass of a hog, just killed, and in readiness for the " scald." On communicating to the cap tain my orders, I advised him to immediately cause the bells of the town to be rung, and to get all the recruits he could. Taking his coat from a peg, he seemed for a moment to hesitate about leaving his business unfinished, and then turned to me, and, with words of emphatic indifference in regard to it, put THE FIRST TROOPS IN BOSTON. 103 the garment on, with his arms yet stained with blood and his shirt-sleeves hut half rolled down, and with me left the premises to rally his company. On Tuesday, April 16, I was directed to remain on duty at Faneuil Hall; and, during the forenoon, the following-named companies arrived there, and reported for duty ; to wit : — 1. Companies C, Eighth Regiment, forty muskets, Capt. Knott V. Martin, and H, Eighth Regiment, twenty-six guns, Capt. Francis Boardman, both of Marblehead; which place they left at half-past seven o'clock, a.m., and ar rived in Boston at about nine o'clock. 2. Company D, Fourth Regiment, thirty-two muskets, Sergeant H. F. Wales, of Randolph, left home at nine o'clock, and arrived at about ten, a.m. 3. Company B, Eighth Regiment, forty muskets, Capt. Richard Phillips, of Marblehead, left home at nine o'clock, and arrived in Faneuil Hall about eleven, a.m. 4. Companies D, Eighth Regiment, sixty-five muskets, Capt. George F. Newhall, and F, Eighth Regiment, seventy muskets, Capt. James Hudson, both of Lynn, left home at quarter-past nine o'clock, and reached Faneuil Hall a Httle after eleven o'clock, accompanied by Lieut.-Col. Timothy Mon roe, subsequently colonel of the Eighth Regiment. At about twelve o'clock, several companies, belonging to different re giments, arrived at Faneuil Hall ; and among them was Company A, Eighth Regiment, nineteen muskets, Capt. A. W. Bartlett, of Newburyport ; which company, assI then understood and have since been informed, left Newbury port at about nine o'clock, a.m. I think that Company E, Eighth Regiment, Capt. Porter, of Beverly, arrived at about the same time ; and that Company G, Capt. Centre, of Gloucester, also arrived early in the afternoon of the same day. The several companies of the Eighth Regiment were recruited during Tuesday and Wednesday, April 16 and 17, to an average of about eighty men. The above is substantially a true record, as will appear by reference to the files of " The Journal " of that date ; and is prompted only by a desire to do justice to Capt. Martin and the patriotic men of Marblehead, who, on the oubreak of the Rebellion, were the first to leave home, the first to arrive in Boston, and subsequently, under my command, the first to leave the yard of the Naval Academy of Annapolis to seize the depot and railroad, and to repair and relay the track, in the march through Maryland to relieve the be- leagured capital of the nation. EDW. W. HINKS, Formerly- Adjutant, Lieut.-Col., and Col. of the Eighth Mass. Infantry. On the morning of that eventful 16th of April, Gen. Butler, who, during the previous night, had been hard at work with Col. Jones in getting the Sixth ready for the field, was on his way to Boston in the same car with Mr. Carney of Lowell, the President 104 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. of the Bank of Mutual Redemption. He said to him, " The Gov ernor will want money. Can the bank offer a temporary loan of fifty thousand dollars to help off the troops ? " The patriotic reply was, " It can and shall." The two regiments required by the War Department were to have more men and companies than the Massachusetts regiments then numbered. The State authorities were, therefore, under the necessity of making up the full quota by additions from other regiments. By this course, some discussion was raised, and dis satisfaction expressed, respecting regimental uniforms, which called forth from Gov. Andrew the emphatic expression, " It isn't uniforms, it is men, we want." The advocates of the national blue ultimately prevailed in their sensible and practical view of the appropriate dress of our brave volunteers, and this style of uniform was chosen. The mind does not revert with pleasure to the uncouth garb in which some of the first troops went to the field. The " army blue " will, we hope, always distinguish the American soldier. We think the first and perhaps the only juvenile offer of mili tary service is contained in the following spicy letter, which is here given, simply to illustrate how thoroughly the whole community was fired with the ardor of true patriotism : — Newburyport, April 19, 1861. Gov. Andrew. Dear Sir, — I am fifteen years old, five feet six inches high, weigh a hundred and forty-five pounds ; and they won't let me enlist, because they say that I am not old enough. I think that I am old enough to whip a secessionist ; at any rate, I should like to tiy : but I don't see as there is any chance for me as yet ; so I shall have to keep cool, and let my hair grow, I suppose. I wish your Excellency would send an order to E. F. Stone to let me enlist. Please send an answer quiekly, and oblige Yours truly, C. H . On that same momentous day which stirred to its depths the heart of the State capital, Gen. B. F. Butler sent a letter to the Governor, containing the offer of his services to the country. The City Government ordered the national flag to be raised on Faneuil Hall, and to be kept floating there till further orders. Its folds were soon heavily waving in the chill wind of that stormy day. Before the dark night shrouded it from the moistened eyes of those who gazed upon it with quickened devotion to its glo- MILITARY OPERATIONS IN THE STATE. 105 rious stars, R. B. -Forbes, Esq., a distinguished citizen and mer chant-prince, proposed to the Governor to raise a coast-guard, the members of which were to be drilled in navy-tactics, and fur nished with arms, a steamer, and other equipments for service. The proposition was referred by the Governor to the Navy De partment. 14 CHAPTER H. THE THREE-MONTHS REGIMENTS. The Adjutant-General and his Office. — The Men summoned to the Field. — The Midnight Messengers. — The Response of the Volunteers. — The Gathering of Troops in Boston. — Reception. — Scenes attending their Departure for Washington. — Officers of the Regiments. — The March of the Sixth, the Eighth, the Fifth. — Third Battalion of Rifles. — Cook's Battery. TO give the early action of the State when just awakening to the tremendous struggle before us, we must take a dis tinct and separate view of the three-months' regiments. The Adjutant-General's department at the capitol of the Com monwealth had suddenly become the busy centre of military operations on an hourly expanding scale ; and a brief sketch of an officer so intimately connected with the army movements of the State will possess interest, especially to the many brought in official relations directly in communication with him. William Schouler was born in the county of Renfrew, Scotland, in 1814. The next year he went to New York with his father, who came to this country as a pioneer in the business of calico printing. After a brief residence on Staten Island, Mr. Schouler removed to Massachusetts, and lived between the years 1829 and 1832 in Taunton, Lynn, and West Cambridge. William learned his father's trade. He was early a reader and a politician. An " original Whig," he gave himself ardently to the campaign of 1840. The year following, he was proprietor and editor of the "Lowell Courier," and, in 1847, became connected with the " Boston Atlas." In 1853, he was co-editor of the " Cincinnati Gazette," and, three years later, edited the " Ohio State Journal," at Columbus, Ohio. He was appointed by the Governor Adju tant-General of the State, but resigned in 1858, and returned to Massachusetts to take the editorial charge of the " Boston Atlas and Bee." Four times he represented the city in the Legisla ture, was elected Clerk of the House, and was a member of the 106 ADJUTANT-GEN. SCHOULER. 107 Constitutional Convention. He was also chosen major, and then colonel, of the First Massachusetts Artillery Regiment. Daniel Webster was a warm personal friend until his " 7th-of- March speech," when Mr. Schouler's opposition to it cooled their mutual regard. In 1860, Gov. Banks appointed Col. Schouler Adjutant-General of the State. A more loyal, devoted, and efficient man for the post, soon to be one of extraordinary responsibility, could not have been selected. He found an efficient helper in the lamented Col. Wil liam H. Brown.* Some of the work done in a single year will in dicate the amount of business transacted in this office. Twenty- seven hundred commissions were issued, with sixty-three Gen eral and 1,323 Special Orders, covering 867 manuscript pages ; six thousand letters were written, which would make 4,700 pages of manuscript ; ten thousand certificates of State aid were issued ; an alphabetical index of soldiers' names was in progress ; with reports, and a great variety of miscellaneous business. Those who -have known nothing of this noiseless, gigantic work, have failed to appreciate official fidelity, without which the forces of the State would have been crippled in many ways. The Surgeon-General, the Quartermaster -General, and the Paymaster-General, labored with the same untiring activity to carry forward the military 'operations. Chaplain Quint, unsurpassed in ability and efficiency, said of Col. Schouler and another officer of the Governor's staff, "If one has not examined the reports of the Adjutant-General, he ought to, to see the vast amount of business, the clear meth od, and the admirable results of the work of that office. It is a marvel; and I know a little about what tables of figures, and records of facts, mean. If one will look at the Surgeon-General's report, and remember the men who have been surgeons, he will imagine what I know, that, in medical skill, no men surpassed, and few equalled, the Massachusetts surgeons. Alas that some whom I knew and revered had to give their lives to their coun try ! " Adjutant-Gen. Schouler, like Senator Wilson, rose from hum ble life among the people by untiring industry ; that devotion to his duties, which, with fine practical talent and executive ability, secured the confidence of his fellow-citizens. One of his sons, who graduated at Cambridge in 1859, enlisted in 1862 in the Forty-third Regiment, was appointed lieutenant, and com pleted his term of service. Another son is midshipman in the * See notice of, among sketches of the heroic dead. 108 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. navy. Col. Schouler's name is forever associated with Massa chusetts in the Rebellion. Before the excitement over the arrival of the first volunteers had died away, a second despatch from Senator Wilson was sent over the wires, calling upon Massachusetts, in the name of the Government, for four regiments to form a brigade. Gen. Butler telegraphed Senator Wilson to remind' Mr. Cameron that the brigade called for by the Government needed a brigadier. The result was the selection of himself for the high honor of the first appointment of the kind from the loyal States. He was commis sioned Brigadier-General, Third Brigade, Second Division, Massa chusetts Volunteer Militia, and was ordered to take command of the troops. Meanwhile the electric wires, mails, and living messengers, had been conveying the orders to the scattered officers to hasten with their several commands to the capital. The sun was near the horizon on the 16th, when Capt. Piatt of Worcester received his order to join the Sixth Regiment with all possible promptitude. The next day's morning light shone on the "glittering weapons and eager faces of the marching troops. It was nine o'clock, p.m., on the 16th, before the Governor had decided to add to the same regiment the companies of Capts. Sampson and Dike. The courier left that night for Stoneham, eight miles from Boston. At two o'clock in the morning, he knocked at the door of Capt. Dike, and soon after placed in his hands the summons to the field. He read them, and with cheer ful decision said, " Tell the Adjutant-General that I shall be at the State House with my full company by eleven o'clock to-day." He marched his men through the streets of Boston at the prom ised hour. At half-past nine o'clock, a.m., he reported at the Adjutant-General's office in Boston in these words : — Sir, — I received the orders of the Commander-in-Chief at two o'clock this morning to have my company ordered into active service, fully equipped for the defence of Washington. I now report that I have my company here, uniformed and fully equipped, consisting of sixty-four privates, eight non commissioned officers, and four lieutenants, — all that the law permits. I could have had more. I now await further orders. With no less enthusiasm • did the captains of other companies welcome the orders to leave their vocations and homes for the perils of war. The subjoined order was issued from the office of the Adjutant- THE MUSTERING OF TROOPS. 109 General, giving the destination of the Third, Fourth, and Sixth Regiments, and detailing for service with them several additional companies : — Headquaetjebs, Boston, April 17, 1861. Brig. -Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, of Third Brigade, Second Division, is ordered to detail the following troops for the following services : — Col. David W. Wardrop, of Third Regiment of Infantry, Second Brigade, and First Division, is hereby ordered forthwith to report himself and his com mand for active service. Company C, Fifth Regiment, Third Brigade, and Second Division, com manded by Capt. RichardsoD, will be added to the command as a part of said regiment. He will with these troops proceed forthwith to Fortress Monroe, in Virginia, by steamer to be provided, and there report himself to Col. Abner B. Pack ard, of Fourth Regiment, Second Brigade, First Division, or to such officer of the United States as may be in command of that fortress ; there to enter into the service of the United States as United-States militia, and await and abide such further orders.as may be received. In case Fortress Monroe shall be inaccessible, or in the possession of an enemy, Col. Wardrop will exercise his own discretion as to the disposition of his command until he shall join Col. Packard, or shall receive further orders from the War Department of the United-States Government at Washington ; and whatever orders he may receive from that department he will obey, whether the same be given by telegraph or otherwise, provided he be satisfied of their genuineness. Col. Abner B. Packard, of the Fourth Regiment, Second Brigade, First Division, is hereby ordered to report himself and his command for active ser vice. He will, with his command, proceed forthwith to the same duty as that ordered to be performed by the troops under Col. David W. Wardrop ; and, upon being joined by Col. Wardrop and his troops, he will take com mand of them also, and act as to them also conformably to the above orders. Col. Edward F. Jones, commanding the Sixth Regiment of Infantry in the Third Brigade and Second Division, is hereby ordered to report himself and his command forthwith for active service. Company C, of the Seventh Regiment, Fourth Brigade, and Second Divis ion, Capt. Dike ; Company C, of First Regiment, First Brigade, and First Division, Capt. Sampson ; Company B, of Third Battalion of Infantry, Fifth Brigade, and Third Division, Capt. Pratt, — will be detailed from their re spective commands, and, for the purposes of this service, will be added to the regiment of Col. Jones. He will with these troops proceed to the depot of the Boston and Worcester Railroad Company at six o'clock this evening, and thence by the most practicable route, via, New- York City, to Washington, where he will report himself and his troops to Brig.-Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, and in his absence, to the Adjutant-General of the United States at Wash- 110 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. ington. Said troops are to enter into the service of the United States as mili tia, and there await and obey such further orders as may be received. By order of his Excellency John A. Andrew, Governor and Com- mander-in- Chief. WILLIAM SCHOULER, Adjutant-General The 17th was a day of loyal excitement in Boston. " There were a thousand things to do ; but there were a thousand will ing hearts and hands to help." Mayor Wightman tendered to the State authorities every avail-. able place in the city, at the disposal of the City Government, for the quartering of troops ; flags were thrown to the breeze from public and private buildings ; the banks, Corn Exchange, Board of Trade, and wealthy citizens, offered their treasures, and the ladies their needle-work. In the surrounding towns the excite ment was no less intense, and practical in its expression. The Sixth Regiment was ready in the afternoon to head the columns of Freedom in the march to her field of deadly and pro tracted strife for the continued possession of her fair domain. The troops marched to the State House, thronged by an earnest multitude, in whose breasts the spirit of the fathers was aroused, to defend their honor, and carry through fire and blood the ban ner they loved, till it should float victoriously over every rebellious State and citizen. On this occasion, the regiment was drawn up in line on Beacon Street, in front of the State House ; Gov. Andrew, accompanied by his staff, several councillors, and other gentlemen, with Gen. Butler, stood upon the steps. Gov. Andrew's address to the Sixth Regiment, on its departure, was as follows : — Mr. Commander, — As the official representative of the old Common wealth of Massachusetts, I bid you farewell, — you and your glorious com mand. You, citizens, are summoned from your quiet homes to assume the cause of defending the dignity of the people and of your glorious flag. To you, citizens of Massachusetts, under the direction of him who stands by your side, is intrusted the high privilege before referred to, under the lead of an old hero of a hundred battles, Gen. Winfield Scott, whom God has chosen and spared to this day. You are to repair to the city of Washington, there to protect the Temple of Liberty, erected under the eye of him whose name it bears, and who is called by the civilized world the Father of his Country. To Washington, or wheresoever duty may call, there you will go. Soldiers, summoned suddenly, with but a moment for preparation, we have done all that lay in the power of man to do, all that rested in the power of OFFICERS OF THE SIXTH REGIMENT. Ill the State Government to do, to prepare the citizen-soldiers of Massachusetts for this service. We shall follow you with our benedictions, our benefactions, and our prayers. Those whom you leave behind you we shall cherish in our heart of hearts. You carry with you our utmost faith and confidence. We know that you never will return until you can bring the assurances that the utmost duty has been performed which brave and patriotic men can accom plish. This flag, sir (presenting the colors of the regiment to Col. Jones), take, and bear with you. It will be an emblem on which all eyes will rest, reminding you always of that which you are bound to hold most dear. Col. Jones, on receiving the flag from the Governor, replied : — Your Excellency, — You have given to me this flag, which is the emblem of all that stands before you. It represents my whole command ; and so help me, God ! I will never disgrace it. The regiment then marched to the Worcester-railroad Station through an enthusiastic throng of friends and spectators, whose earnest faces and eager eyes, often glistening with tears, showed the deep emotion that filled every heart ; while love of country, and admiration of those who, taking their lives in their hands, were going forth " to do or die " for Liberty and Union, ever and anon manifested itself in hearty cheers. From windows and housetops waved the dear old banner of Freedom, never before so precious ; and the sympathizing crowd did not disperse until the long train of cars, with its noble freight, rolled away from the sta tion " for Washington vid Baltimore." OFFICERS OF THE SIXTH REGIMENT. FIELD AND STAFF. dolonel . Lieutenant- Colonel MajorAdjutant . Quartermaster Paymaster Surgeon . Surgeon's Mate* Chaplain . Sergeant-Major Quartermaster-SergeantCo'mmissary-Sergeant Drum-Major Hospital- Steward Total . Edward F. Jones, Pepperell. Benjamin F. Watson, Lawrence. Josiah A. Sautell, Lowell. Alpha B. Farr, Lowell. James Munroe, Cambridge. Rufus L. Plaisted, Lowell. Norman Smith, Groton. Jansen T. Paine, Charlestown. Charles Babbage, Pepperell. Samuel W. Shattuck, Groton. Church Hone, Worcester. John Dupee, Boston. Frederick Stafford, Lowell. William H. Gray, Acton. . 14. 112 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. A, — Lowell . . Capt. George M. Dickerman, Lowell . B, — Groton . ' Eusebius S. Clarke, Groton c, — Lowell . ' Albert S. Follansbee, Lowell . D, — Lowell . ' James W. Hart, Lowell E, — Acton . ' David Tuttle, Acton F, — Lawrence ' Benj. F. Chadbourne, Lawrence . H, — Lowell . ' John F. Noyes, Lowell . I, — Lawrence ' John Pickering, Lawrence K, — Boston . ' Walter S. Sampson, Boston L, — Stoneham ' John H. Dike, Stoneham B, — Worcester ' Harrison W. Pratt, Worcester . Total COMPANIES AND COMMANDERS. 52 73 56 43 57605257 67 65 101 "683 The approach of evening was hushing the tumult of the city, when the regiment marched to the depot, attracting an interest which held many eyes awake that night, and was destined to thrill liberty-loving hearts the world over, and to the end of time. The little bell that signalled the departure of the train bearing the volunteers sounded forth the knell of oppression and a new epoch in history. The regiment arrived safely in New York at the usual hour. The appearance of the troops in the great metropolis at the criti cal moment, it is believed, had much to do with the unexpected turn in the feeling of the city, and the commitment of it de cidedly, and for the war, to the cause of the North, which was the cause of the Union. It was certainly a memorable day to the citizens of all classes, when those brave men, whose compan ions in arms were on the sea, animated by the same high pur pose of loyalty, trod the pavement with the bearing of heroes who intended to defend the flag against traitors at home and abroad, at whatever cost of life and treasure. The march of the pioneer regiment from the capital of the Bay State to the capital of the nation is given in a form which has peculiar interest. The official report of its gallant colonel is quoted, with no other change than the correction of the list of casualties, which could not then be known : — Headquartebs 6th Regt., 3d Bmgade, 2d Div., M.V.M., Capitol, Washixgtox, April 22, 1861. Brigade-Major William H. Clemexce, — In accordance with Special Order No. 6, I proceeded with my command toward the city of Wash ington. Leaving Boston on the evening of the 17th April, we arrived in New York on the morning of the 18th, and proceeded to Philadelphia, reach ing that place on the same evening. On our way, John Brady, of Company THE SIXTH LEAVE BOSTON FOR NEW YORE, 113 H, Lowell, was taken insane ; and, deeming it unsafe to have him accompany the regiment, I left him at Delanco, N.J., with I. C. Buck, with directions that he should telegraph Mayor Sargeant, of Lowell, as to the disposition of him. We proceeded thence to Baltimore, reaching that place at noon on the 19th. After leaving Philadelphia, I received intimation that our passage through the city of Baltimore would be resisted. I caused ammunition to be distributed, and arms loaded, and went personally through the cars, and issued the following order ; viz. : — " The regiment will march through Baltimore in column of sections, arms at will. You will undoubtedly be insulted, abused, and perhaps assaulted; to which you must pay uo attention whatever, but march with your faces square to the front, and pay no attention to the mob, even if they throw stones, bricks, or other missiles : but if you are fired upon, and any one of you are hit, your officers will order you to fire. Do not fire into any promiscuous crowds, but select any man whom you may see aiming at you ; and be sure you drop him." Reaching Baltimore, horses were attached the instant that the locomotive was detached, and the cars were driven at a rapid pace across the city. After the cars, containing seven companies, had reached the Washington De pot, the track behind them was barricaded ; and the cars containing the band and the following companies — viz., Company C, of Lowell, Capt. Follansbee; Company D, of Lowell, Capt. Hart ; Company I, of Lawrence, Capt. Pick ering ; and Company C, of Stoneham, Capt. Dike — were vacated by the band, and they proceeded to march in accordance with orders, and bad pro ceeded but a short distance before they were furiously attacked by a shower of missiles, which came faster as they advanced. They increased their step to double-quick, which seemed to infuriate the mob, as it evidently impressed them with the idea that the soldiers dared not fire, or had no ammunition; and pistol-shots were numerously fired into the ranks, and one soldier fell dead. The order, " Fire ! " was given, and it was executed : in consequence, several of the mob fell, and the soldiers again advanced hastily. The Mayor of Baltimore placed himself at the head of the column beside Capt. Follans bee, and proceeded with them a short distance, assuring him that he would protect them, and begging him not to let the men fire : but the Mayor's patience was soon exhausted, and he seized a musket from the hands of one of the men, and killed a man therewith; and a policeman, who was in ad vance of the column, also shot a man with a revolver. They at last reached the cars, which started immediately for Washing ton. On going through the train, I found there were about one hundred and thirty missing, including the band and field music. Our baggage was seized, and we have not as yet been able to recover any of it. I have found it very difficult to get reliable information in regard to the killed and wound ed, but beheve there were only three killed ; viz., — Sumner H. Needham Lawrence. Addison 0. Whitney Lowell. Luther 0. Ladd Lowell. 15 114 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Capt. J. H. Dike Andrew Robbins Michael Green D. B. Tyler Edwin Colley H. W. Danforth, William R. Patch James Keen an Daniel Stevens Edward Coburn WOUNDED. Stoneham, dangerous, doing welL Lawrence, flesh wound, " " Lowell, condition unknown. cc a Stoneham, " Lowell, " " Company C, Stoneham. " D, Lowell. D, Capt. Dike is in the hands of some brother Masons, and to the Order he owes his life. The others are supposed to be at the Baltimore Infirmary. The following were brought with us, and sent to the hospital here : — Gordon Reed . Alonzo Joy . G. G. Durrell Victor Dengras W. G. Withington. W. H. Young Warren Holden Morris Mead . George Alexander C. L. Gill . Charles Stinson J. M. Moore . J. W. Pennell E. A. Perry . William G. Butterfield Stephen Flanders J. W. Kempton John Fortier . C. H. Chandler S. S. Johnson Henry Dike . J. F. Rowe . Daniel Brown George Calvin, H. Gardner . S. Colley W. D. Gourley John Swett . W. H. Lamson George W. Lovering William M. Holden . Company A, since discharged. " I, doing well. a I, since .discharged. a I, doing well. a D, since discharged. a c, doing well. it c, " cc a c, cc cc a D, cc " a c, " cc it c, cc cc It D, since discharged. it C doing well. it C since discharged. a c, doing well. it c, it cc it c,c, cc tt cc D, cc it tt C since discharged. it c, doing well. it c, cc c n c, tt ( ti c, a ( tt c, tt I It c, " t it c, tt ( ti A, a c a D, n t a D, a ( it c, cc f As the men went into the cars, I caused the bhnds to be closed, and took every precaution to prevent any shadow of offence to the people THE WOUNDED OF THE SIXTH IN BALTIMORE, 115 of Baltimore : but still the stones flew thick and fast into the train ; and it was with the utmost difficulty that I could prevent the troops from leav ing the cars, and revenging the death of their comrades. After a volley of stones, some one of the soldiers fired, and killed a Mr. Davis, who, I have since ascertained by reliable witnesses, threw a stone into the car. Yet that did not justify the firing at him; but the men were infuriated beyond control. On reaching Washington, we were quartered at the Capitol in the Senate Chamber, and at present are all in good health and spirits'. I have made every effort to get possession of the bodies of our comrades, but have not yet succeeded. Should I succeed, I shall forward them to Bos ton, if possible ; otherwise I shall avail myself of the kind offer of George Woods, Esq. , who has offered me a prominent lot in the Congressional Bury- ing-ground for the purpose of interment. We are this day mustered into the United-States service, and will forward the rolls at first opportunity after inspection. EDWARD F. JONES, Colonel SixOi Regiment, M. V.M., in service of United States. According to a statement made by Chaplain Hanson of the Sixth, in a letter to Adjutant-Gen. Schouler, dated April 12, 1865, there was a fourth martyr at Baltimore. He writes : — Charles A. Taylor -came to Boylston Hall, Boston, as the regiment was quartered there, and enlisted in Company D, Lowell. He announced himself as a fancy painter by profession ; was about twenty-five years old, with light hair and blue eyes. Such was the haste, and lack of system, with which all our earliest movements were conducted, that even his loss was not discovered until his captain received his overcoat. The gentleman who sent it saw him fall, and testified, that, after he was killed, his brutal murderers beat him with clubs and rocks until all trace of humanity was destroyed. He was buried at Baltimore. No trace of his family or friends has been discovered by the officers of the regiment, though a box was received for him from Boston a short time after the regiment reached the Relay House. Col. Jones, in a communication to Gov. Andrew, says that " a correct list of the Massachusetts killed at Baltimore can never be made." This is doubtless true. The Sixth was ordered to take a position near the Relay House, between Baltimore and Washington, where it remained on duty ; the troops acquitting themselves through the brief term of service with the strict discipline and cheerful loyalty of which the bloody transit through Maryland was the assurance. Major Cook's battery was with this regiment, winning unquali fied praise for its fine appearance and efficient service. 116 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The same day an order was forwarded to Capt. Briggs, a worthy son of one of Massachusetts' noblest governors, to join with his troops the Eighth Regiment; and another order sent to Gen. Ward of Worcester, Fifth Brigade, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, to have Company B, Third Battalion of Rifles, ready for service. The Third Regiment marched to the wharf, where lay the steamer " Spaulding," whose prow was turned towards Fortress Monroe, then garrisoned by only two companies of regular artil lery, which rebel hands were ready to seize. The Fourth Regi ment moved to the Old-Colony Depot, and were soon borne away from the cherished capital of their State in the train for the Fall- River boat, bound for the same imperilled stronghold. The tables below contain the names of their officers : — THIRD REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel . David W. Wardrop, New Bedford. Lieutenant - Colonel Charles Raymond, Plymouth. Major . John H. Jennings, New Bedford. Adjutant Austin S. Cushman, New Bedford. Quartermaster . Edward D. Allen, Fairhaven. Surgeon Alexander R. Holmes, New Bedford. Surgeon's Mate . . Johnson Clark, New Bedford. Sergeant -Major . Albert C. Maggi, New Bedford. Qu artermaster-Sergeant Frederic S. Gilford, New Bedford. Total . 9 COMPANIES AND COMMANDERS. A, — Halifax Capt. Joseph S. Harlow, Halifax 49 B, — Plymouth . " Charles C. Doten, Plymouth . 69 C, — Cambridge " James P. Richardson, Cambridge 97 G, — Freetown . " John W. Marble, Freetown 24 H, — Plympton . " Lucien L. Perkins, Plympton . 56 K, — Carver " William S. McFarlin, Carver . 62 L, — New Bedford " Timothy In graham, New Bedford 78 Total . . 444 FOTJRTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. FIELD AND STAFF. Colonel Lieutenant - Colonel MajorAdjutant Abner B. Packard, Quincy. Hawkes Fearing, Jr., Hingham. Horace 0. Whittemore, Boston. Henry Walker, Quincy. DEPARTURE OF THE FOURTH REGIMENT. 117 Quartermaster SurgeonSurgeon's Mate . Sergeant -Major . Quartermaster-Sergeant Total William H. Carruth, Boston. Henry M. Saville, Quincy. William L. Faxon, Quincy. Alvin E. Hall, Foxborough. George W. Barnes, Plymouth. COMPANIES AND COMMANDERS. A,- — Canton Capt Ira Drake, Canton . 81 B,- — Easton cc Milo M. Williams, Easton 37 o,- — Braintree . cc Cephas C. Bumpus, Braintree . 66 D,- — Randolph . tt Horace Niles, Randolph . 80 E,- — Abington . tt Charles F. Allen, Abington 60 F,- — Foxborough tt David L. Shepard, Foxborough 76 G, — Taunton It Timothy Gordon, Taunton 68 H, — Quincy ft Franklin Curtis, Quincy . 79 I- - Hingham . Total . tt Luther Stephenson, Jr., Hingham 80 636 An officer has furnished some valuable facts in the early history of this regiment : — The Fourth Regiment was composed of companies in various towns along the Old-Colony shore. Its members haa responded well to the order of Gov. Andrew, in March, 1861, in relation to the willingness of the militia of the State to respond to any call that might be made. On Monday, April 15, Col. Packard received his orders to appear with his command in Boston, in readi ness to proceed to Washington. They were immediately sent out, through his adjutant, Lieut. Walker, to the different companies, by a special messenger, who reached Taunton, forty miles distant, at two the next morning ; handing his order to Capt. Gordon, Company G, at three in the morning. By two, p.m., of that day, every company was at Faneuil Hall. On Wednesday morning, it was decided to send the Fourth to Washington, the Sixth to Fortress Monroe. This order was afterwards changed, and the Fourth was ordered to proceed to Fortress Monroe. Company H, of Quincy, having mustered only some thirty men, Adjutant Henry Walker of that town, formerly an officer in the company, having obtained permission, detailed a drummer and fifer, and in full uniform proceeded to Quincy, reaching there at noon. He had just one hour and a half to do what he intended, as the regiment was ordered to be off at three, p.m. Sending men to break open the- company's armory and boxes, he marched through the place, gathering recruits. Nineteen men fell in behind him, mostly without any leave-taking, in their working-dresses. Returning to the armory, each man received arms and equipments, and were immedi ately marched to the depot, and by half-past two were at Faneuil Hall. We think that this was the first instance of such recruiting in the war. These nineteen men were almost as poorly clothed as Falstaff's recruits, but had hearts throbbing with heroic patriotism. One man said, "I wish to see my 118 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. wife." — " No time for leave-taking," was the adjutant's reply : " fall in ! " Fall in he did. Another said, " Do you want an Irishman in your company? " " Do you believe in the old flag? if you do, fall in." And he fell in in his shirt-sleeves, sending for his coat. From the steps of the State House, Gov. Andrew spoke a few farewell words to the Fourth Regiment : — Mr. Commander, — I regard with inexpressible feelings the presence of this noble command of yours from the ancient Colony of Plymouth. You have come from the side of the sounding sea, where repose the ashes of the Pilgrims. You are bound upon a high and noble pilgrimage for Liberty, for the Union, and for the Constitution of your country. Soldiers, citizens, sons of sires who never disgraced their flag in civil life or on the tented field ; who died to serve their country, with the full faith of honest and patriotic hearts, — I bid you God speed ! From the bottom of my heart, and in the name of the old Bay State, whose unworthy representative I am, I bid you God speed, and fare you well ! Col. Packard responded, — Tour Excellency, — I am scarcely able to speak All I can say is, We will endeavor to do our duty. Gov. Andrew answered, — I know you will endeavor ; and I know, colonel, you will succeed. Continues the officer quoted above, — The Fourth left Boston before any other. It was the first to leave the State ; and if to be the first, even by a short time, be an honor, the Fourth can claim that honor. It arrived in New- York Harbor on the afternoon of April 18. The captain of the hoat did not judge her to be safe to carry troops to Fortress Monroe ; and Col. Packard telegraphed to Gov. Andrew for instructions. He received in answer, "If the captain says he can carry your men, go on. Massa chusetts must be first on the ground." We all were anxious to go; and, after some ballast had been put on board, we left New York, arriving off Fortress Monroe early Saturday morning. We spent an hour of anxiety, lying off and on, doubtful as to who held the fort. We finally landed, and marched inside, finding some two hundred and fifty regulars, who, worn out with watching, heartily welcomed us. The next month was spent in guard and fatigue duty, mounting guns, and storing provisions. When we arrived, the fort was almost defenceless land ward, so far as guns were concerned, and without stores. Threats had been made by the rebels, and night after night the little garrison had slept at the guns. THE EIGHTH REGIMENT READY TO MARCH 119 If the Sixth saved Washington, the Fourth, with the Third, saved Fortress Monroe, more important, in a mihtary point of view, than a score of Wash- ingtons. On the 27th of May, the Fourth proceeded to Newport News, and, with other troops, fortified that point. Four of its companies, in conjunction with a portion of the Ninth New- York and First Vermont, formed a battalion, which, under Lieut.-Col. Washburn, took part in the battle of Big Bethel. This battalion was, with Major Winthrop, on our right : and although, through newspapers, other organizations received all the praise, it is the fact that no part of the force engaged went farther ahead, or nearer the enemy, than this battalion ; and that the order for the commencement of the retreat came from our left, the order being generally credited to a certain New- York colonel, who thought the enemy were outflanking him. It was also a note worthy fact, that the Fourth was the only organization that marched into camp at night in regular order, at shoulder-arms. On the 3d of July, the Fourth and Third were ordered to occupy Hamp ton. Here the two regiments remained during their term of service. Dur ing their stay, they constructed a line of works around the town. On the 17th of July, they left Hampton, and proceeded to Fortress Mon roe,, preparatory to embarking for home. Gen. Butler addressed them, say ing, " You have done your duty well. You have all along been in the advance at Fortress Monroe, at Newport News, at Hampton." Col. Dimmock, the regular officer in command of the fort, said, " Next to regulars, let me commend Massachusetts volunteers." The regiment was mustered out July 22. Its officers still kept it, as it had always been, one of the best militia regiments in the State. The 18th of April dawned upon the Eighth Regiment on Bos ton Common, waiting the command of Gen. Butler to march for Washington by way of Baltimore. In front of the State House, around which a great and enthusi astic crowd had gathered, the regiment listened to Gov. Andrew's farewell address : — Mr. Commander and Soldiers, — Yesterday you were citizens ; to-day you are heroes. Summoned by the sudden call of your country, true to the fortunes of your flag, to the inspirations of your own hearts, and to the mighty examples of your fathers, you have hurried from the thronged towns of Essex, and all along the shore from Boston to Cape Ann, famed through all Massachusetts for noble men, brave soldiers, and heroic women. You have come to be cradled anew one night in Faneuil Hall, there breathing once more the inspiration of historic American liberty, and standing beneath the folds of the American banner. From the bottom of my heart of hearts, as the official representative of 120 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Massachusetts, I pay to you, soldiers, citizens, and heroes, the homage of my most profound gratitude ; and the heart of all Massachusetts beats with full sympathy to every word I utter. There is but one pulsation of liberty beat ing through all this, its beautiful domain, from the shores of Cape Cod to the hills of Berkshire ; and the mountain-valleys and the mountain-peaks answer to each other. Soldiers, go forth bearing that flag ; and as our fathers fought, so, if need be, strike you the blow. " Where breathes the foe but falls before us, With Freedom's flag beneath our feet, And Freedom's banner waving o'er us ? " We stay behind to guard the hearthstones you have left ; and, whatever may be the future, we will protect the wives and children you may leave ; and as you will be faithful to the country, so we will be faithful to them. I speak to you as citizens and soldiers, not of Massachusetts, but of the American Confederate Union. While we live, that Union shall last ; and until these countless thousands, and all their posterity, have tasted death, the Union of the American people, the heritage of Washington, shall be eternal. Soldiers, go forth, bearing with you the blessings of your country, bearing the confidence of your fellow-citizens ; and, under the blessing of God, with stout hearts and stalwart frames go forth to victory. On your shields be returned, or bring them with you. Yours it is to be among the advance guard of Massachusetts soldiers. As such, I bid you God speed, and fare you well ! There was great applause during the speech, and at its close a call for Gen. Butler, who stood with the Governor on the steps. He addressed the troops : — Soldiers, — We stand upon the spot to which the good pleasure of the Commander-in-Chief and our dearest wishes have assigned us. To lead the advance guard of freedom, of constitutional liberty, and of perpetuity to the Union, is the honor we claim, and which, under God, we will main tain. Sons of Puritans, who believe in the providence of Almighty God, as he was with our fathers, so may he be with us in this strife for the right, for the good of all, for the great missionary country of liberty ; and, if we prove recreant to our trust, may the God of battles prove our enemy in the hour of our utmost need ! Soldiers, we march to-night ; and let me say for you all to the good people of the Commonwealth, that we will not turn back until we show those who have laid hands upon the fabric of the Union that there is but one thought in the North, — " the union of these States now and forever, one and insep arable." Attended by a cheering throng, the regiment then marched to THE EIGHTH REGIMENT READY TO MARCH. 121 Faneuil Hall, where an excellent collation was prepared ; thence to the Worcester Depot. Company A, Seventh Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Mili tia, under Capt. Arthur F. Devereux, had been added to the Eighth, when the following was the roll of officers : — Colonel . Lieutenant -Colonel . Major Adjutant . Quartermaster . Paymaster SurgeonAssistant Surgeon Chaplain Sergeant-Major Quartermaster-Sergeant Drum-Major . Total FIELD AND STAFF. ( Timothy Munroe, Lynn. ( Edward W. Hinks, Lynn. Andrew Elwell, Gloucester. Ben Perley Poore, Newbury. George Creasey, Newburyport. E. Alfred Ingalls, Lynn. Roland G. Usher, Lynn. Bowman B. Breed, Lynn. Warren Tapley, Lynn. Gilbert Haven, Maiden. John Goodwin, Jr., Marblehead. Horace E. Munroe, Lynn. Samuel Roads, Marblehead. 13 COMPANIES AND COMMANDERS. A, — Newburyport B, — Marblehead C, — Marblehead D, — Lynn E, — Beverly. . F, — Lynn G, — Gloucester H, — Marblehead I, — Salem K, — Pittsfield Total Capt. i Albert W. Bartlett, Newburyport, 80 Richard Phillips, Marblehead . 58 Knott V. Martin, Marblehead . 63 George T. Newhall, Lynn . . 69 Francis E. Porter, Beverly . . 72 James Hudson, Jr., Lynn . .89 Addison Center, Gloucester . . 66 Francis Boardman, Marblehead . 52 Arthur F. Devereux, Salem . 72 Henry S. Briggs, Pittsfield ; ,-,. Henry H. Richardson, Pittsfield 711 The half -past eight o'clock train bore the regiment "away from the depot, followed by the benedictions of assembled Boston, saluted at every station on the way by excited multitudes. At Springfield, where there was a brief delay to procure from the armory the means of repairing muskets, the regiment was joined by a valuable company under Capt. Henry S. Briggs, when the troops again took the cars for New York. The Broadway march of the regiment, the breakfast at the Metropolitan and Astor. the push through the crowd to Jersey City, the tumultuous 122 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. welcome in New Jersey, the continuous roar of cheers across the State, the arrival at Philadelphia in the afternoon of the memorable 19th of April, who can have forgotten ? " A characteristic telegraphic despatch from Charles Sumner was sent to Gov. Andrew, dated New Yoek, April 21. His Excellency Gov. Andrew, Boston, — I congratulate you on the posi tion of Massachusetts, — first to act, and first to suffer! Our Commonwealth never excited more of love and admiration. CHARLES SUMNEK. The first tidings of the tragedy at Baltimore came to the men of the Eighth at Philadelphia. The loss of telegraphic communi cation soon filled the air with the most alarming rumors. Unable to obey the order to march by way of Baltimore, Gen. Butler's command were sheltered in the unoccupied Girard House for the night, and abundantly furnished with refreshments. The earnest leader gave the night to the stirring crisis. He bought imple ments for rebuilding railroad tracks and bridges, provisions, and whatever he deemed needful for the work before his troops. The maps were consulted, and the route through hostile Maryland chosen. Telegrams were flying to and from Boston, and con sultations held by the officers, till the dawn of the 20th. Each officer willing to follow in the advance to unknown dangers, and cut the way through to the nation's capital,, was offered a revolver by Gen. Butler. None refused the significant pledge of fidelity to the flag. The Fifth Regiment, Third Brigade, Second Division, com manded by Col. Samuel C. Lawrence, was ordered to report for active duty on the 19th of April. From the Seventh Regi ment, Companies B, Capt. Peirson ; E, Capt. Locke ; F, Capt. Bailey ; G, Capt. Messer ; and H, Capt. Danforth, — were ordered to join the Fifth. Company F, declining to go, was immediately disbanded ; and a new company, which Capt. Wardwell had been authorized the day before to raise, was taken in place of it. On the 20th, at four o'clock in the morning, Major Asa F. Cook was ordered to join, with his Light Artillery, Col. Law rence's command. At ten o'clock of the same forenoon, he was ready with his company to march. Before night, all of these troops were on their way to Washington. The names of the officers are as follows : — THIRD BATTALION OF RIFLEMEN. 123 Colonel . Lieutenant - Colonel Major . Adjutant Quartermaster Paymaster Surgeon Surgeon's Mate Chaplain Sergeant-Major Quartermaster-Sergeant Drum-Major . Hospital Steward . Total . FIELD AND STAFF. Samuel C. Lawrence, Medford. ( J. Durell Green, Cambridge. ( George H. Peirson, Salem. ' Hamlin W. Keyes, Boston. John T. Boyd, Charlestown. Thomas 0. Barri, Cambridgeport, John G. Chambers, Medford. Joseph E. Billings, Boston. G. Foster Hodges, Roxbury. Samuel H. Hurd, Charlestown. ( Henry H. Mitchell, East Bridgewater. \ William W. Keene, jun., Charlestown. Benjamin F. De Costa, Charlestown. Henry A. Quincy, Charlestown. Samuel C. Hunt, Charlestown. Charles Foster, Charlestown. Nathan D. Parker, Charlestown. 17 A, — Salem . B, — South Reading C, — Charlestown D, — Haverhill E, —Medford F, — Boston . G, — Concord H, — Salem . L, — Somerville K, — Charlestown Total . COMPANIES AND COMMANDERS. Capt. Edward H. Staten, Salem . John W. Locke, South Reading William R. Swan, Charlestown Carlos P. Messer, Haverhill John Hutchins, Medford David K. Wardwell, Boston George S. Prescott, Concord Henry F. Danforth, Salem . George 0. Brastow, Somerville John B. Norton, Charlestown 927885808477 82 748074 823 In addition to the regiments, there were two other bodies of troops, which, as will appear in the record, did good service, — a battalion of rifles, and a battery. The number of men and the officers were as follows : — THE THIRD BATTALION OF RIFLEMEN, FIELD AND STAFF. Major . Adjutant Quartermaster SurgeonSergeant-Major Quartermaster-Sergeant Total, field and staff . Charles Devens, jun., Worcester. J' John M. Goodhue, Worcester. ^Arthur C. Goodale, Worcester. James E. Easterbrook, Worcester. Oramel Martin, Worcester. Nathaniel S. Liscomb, Worcester. George T. White, Worcester. 124 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION, COMPANIES AND COMMANDERS. A, — Worcester B, — Worcester C, — Worcester D, — Boston . Total, officers and men Capt. Augustus B. R. Sprague, Worcester, 83 " Joseph H. Gleason, Worcester . 79 " Michael S. McConville, Worcester . 78 " Albert Dodd, Boston ... 75 322 Major . Adjutant Quartermaster SurgeonAssistant Surgeon COOK'S BATTERY. FIELD AND STAFF. Asa M. Cook, Somerville. Frederick A. Heath, Boston. Thomas J. Foss, Boston. John P. Ordway, Boston. LeBaron Monroe, Boston. Total, officers and men 115 The Third and Fourth Regiments arrived at Fortress Monroe the twentieth day of April ; the latter, soon after, took passage on the " Pawnee " for Norfolk, to assist in the destruction of the Navy Yard ; because melancholy waste must be made, or the valuable munitions of war — the accumulated improvements and stores of many years — would fall into traitorous hands. CHAPTER III. THE MARCH OF THE EIGHTH. — THE MARTYRS. Gen. Butler prepares, in the Night of the 19th, a Written Plan of his March. — Ex citing Rumors in the Morning. — The Eighth leaves Philadelphia for Baltimore. — Change of Plan. — Embarks at Havre de Grace for Annapolis. — Arrives there. — Stir ring Incidents. — Letter from Capt. Devereux. — The March to Washington. — The Movement on Baltimore. — Capt. Dodd's Company. — Reception of the Baltimore Martyrs in Boston. AFTER the consultation of Gen. Butler with his officers in the Girard House, at dead of night, with the rapidity of a strong mind stimulated to its quickest thought by the rush of events, he made out in writing his plan of operations. This was to be forwarded after his departure for the Maryland border to Gov. Andrew, that the Executive and the people of the State might know what it was, should he not survive the attempt to reach Washington. We give entire THE INTERESTING MEMORIAL OF PLAN AND REASONS FOR PROCEED ING TO ANNAPOLIS. I have detailed Capt. Devereux and Capt. Briggs with their commands, supplied with one day's rations and twenty rounds of ammunition, to take possession of the ferry-boat at Havre de Grace for the benefit of this expedi tion. This I have done with the concurrence of the present master of trans portation of the road. The Eighth Regiment will remain at quarters, that they may get a httle solid rest after their fatiguing march. I have sent to know if the Seventh Regiment will go with me. I propose to march myself at the hour of seven o'clock in the morning, to take the regular eight and a quarter o'clock train to Havre de Grace. The citizens of Baltimore, at a large meeting this evening, denounced the passage of Northern troops. They have exacted a promise from the President of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail road not to send troops over that road through Baltimore : so that any at tempt to throw troops into Baltimore entails a march of forty miles, and an attack upon a city of two hundred thousand inhabitants at the beginning of the march. The only way, therefore, of getting communication with Washington, for troops from the North, is over the Baltimore and Ohio Railway, or march ing from the west. Commodore Dupont, at the Navy Yard, has given me 125 126 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. instructions of the fact in accordance with these general statements, upon which I rely. I have, therefore, thought I could rely upon these statements as to the time it will take to proceed in marching from Havre de Grace to Washing ton. My proposition is to join with Col. Lefferts, of the Seventh Regiment of New York. I propose to take the fifteen hundred troops to Annapohs, arriving there to-morrow about four o'clock, and occupy the capital of Maryland, and thus call the State to account for the death of Massachusetts men, my friends and neighbors. If Col. Lefferts thinks it more in accordance with the tenor of his instructions to wait rather than go through Baltimore, I still propose to march with this regiment. I propose to occupy the town, and hold it open as a means of communication. I have, then, but to advance by a forced march of thirty miles to reach the capital, in accordance with the orders I at first re ceived, but which subsequent events, in my judgment, vary in their execution, believing from the telegraphs that there will be others in great numbers to aid me. Being accompanied by officers of more experience, who will be able to direct the affair, I think it will be accomplished. We have no light batteries : I have therefore telegraphed to Gov. Andrew to have the Boston Light Bat tery put on shipboard at once, to-night, to help me in marching on Washing ton. In pursuance of this plan, I have detailed Capts. Devereux and Briggs, with their commands, to hold the boat at Havre de Grace. Eleven, a.m. — Col. Lefferts has refused to march with me. I go alone at three o'clock, p.m., to execute this imperfectly written plan. If I succeed, success will justify me. If I fail, purity of intention will excuse want of judgment or rashness. B. T. BUTLER. His Excellency Gov. Andrew. The morning of the 20th brought a rumor that modified the original design. At Havre de Grace, forty miles from Philadel phia, is a railroad-ferry, which conveys in one passage the entire train over tlie Susquehanna. The report was abroad that a large rebel force had taken possession of the boat. Instead of sending forward the two companies, it was decided to march the whole regiment, seize the steamer, and appropriate it for the transportation of the troops. When Gen. Butler said to Mr. Felton, president of the road, " I may have to sink or burn your boat," the latter nobly replied, " Do so," and wrote the order approving the measure if necessary. At eleven o'clock in the forenoon, the Eighth was borne away from the depot on Broad Street towards Havre de Grace. It was a serious ride. Arms were firmly grasped, and the possible mortal agony, before the sun went down, flung its shadow over the bravest hearts. One panic-smitten soldier leaped into the water, and, reaching the shore, ran for his life, but was caught, and THE EIGHTH IN MARYLAND. 127 punished for desertion. Instead of bristling bayonets to dispute the passage, the Eighth found the ferry-boat " Maryland " waiting for the next train, with nothing unusual in the aspect of Havre de Grace. Gen. Butler took possession of the boat, and prepared to pack it with his troops, and steer for Annapolis. If any of the offi cials of the "Maryland" were treacherous, he had men who knew the route, and were competent to manage the vessel. At six o'clock in the evening, the crowded boat left the wharf for Annapolis, and, at midnight, was near the city. The citizens were immediately alarmed, even the loyal ones, who were expect ing a visit from the " roughs " of Baltimore ; but, after some ex planations, their fears were quieted, and the inexpressible sense of relief followed. To no man was the assurance of the presence of a Union force more grateful than to Capt. Blake, of the naval school-ship " Constitution," which was aground at the Academy Wharf, and without a full crew. He asked Gen. Butler if his orders would allow him to help off the " Constitution." His characteristic reply was, " I have no orders. I am making war on my own hook ; but we can't be wrong in saving the ' Constitution.' That is certainly what we came to do." April 22, Gen. Butler issued on board the steamer an order, from which we quote a congratulatory passage : — The purpose which could only be hinted at in the order of yesterday has been accomplished. The frigate " Constitution " has lain for a long time at this port, substantially at the mercy of the armed mob which sometimes para lyzes the otherwise loyal State of Maryland. Deeds of daring, successful contests, and glorious victories, had rendered " Old Ironsides " so conspicuous in the naval history of the country, that she was fitly chosen as the school-ship in which to train the future officers of the navy to hke heroic acts. It was given to Massachusetts, and Essex County, first to man her : it was reserved to Massachusetts to have the honor to retain her for the service of the Union and the laws. This is a sufficient triumph of right, and a sufficient triumph for us. By this, the blood of our friends shed by the Baltimore mob is in so far avenged. The Eighth Regiment may hereafter cheer lustily on all proper occasions, but never without orders, that the old " Constitution " by their efforts, aided untiringly by the United-States officers having her in charge, is now safely " possessed, occupied, and enjoyed by the Government of the United States, and is safe from all her foes." We make an interesting extract, though somewhat at the ex pense of the New- York Seventh, from a letter written by Arthur 128 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. F. Devereux, Captain of Company A, Eighth Regiment, preserved in the State archives. It is dated On Board Fkigate " Constitution," Annapolis Roads, April 23, 1861. Just as we had finished the distribution of supplies, and I had begun to get the barracks quiet, making the men go to bed, &c , Gen. Butler sent for me ; and I found him at his headquarters in conversation with six gentle men. He announced to me that he had a dangerous, even a desperate, ser vice to perform, and had sent for me to know if I would do it. I answered by asking for orders. They were, to take my men and the other flank com pany under my command, and, leaving Philadelphia, go to Havre de Grace, seize a steamer there, go out into the stream, and protect her at all hazards against all comers until our regiment arrived, in conjunction with the New- York Seventh ; and we were to start in an hour. We were ready at once, and started secretly, without music, on the quick step for the depot : found there the Seventh Regiment, just arrived from New York. I reported to Col. Lefferts as the detail for the above service. He wanted to consult with the president of the road, who, I found, was one of the gentlemen in Gen. Butler's headquarters when I was summoned there. The president would give me no cars until the matters under consideration were settled. Afterwards Col. Lefferts must consult his officers, keeping me waiting until daylight, and then finally declined. The bully Seventh backed down. 'Twas too much risk, especially as the end in view was to reach An napolis in the steamer, avoiding Baltimore, and thus keep up a connection with the North from Washington, so as to get orders, supplies, and re-enforce ments. Only think of the immense advantage to the Government to estab lish such means as this, when otherwise cut off; not to speak of the fact that our further purpose waa to cut out the frigate " Constitution " from Annapolis, which the enemy had sworn to possess ! The General Government had given Butler his authority : but the New- York Seventh refused to go on the hazard ous service; and Butler was sworn to go alone, and do it all. And we have done it. After taking the steamer, and cutting out the glorious old " Consti tution" in the face and eyes of a regiment of the enemy, I am now on board, in command, and am to bring " Old Ironsides " into New York safe. We shall do it, or blow her up ! She never goes into the hands of an enemy. Capt. Devereux arrived in New York, with the " Constitution," April 28, 1861. The school-ship was saved, — an early omen of the rescue of the " immortal instrument," whose name it bore, from the grasp of traitorous hands which in a delirium of passion were stretched forth to tear it into fragments, and over these march the mana cled millions, whose chattelship was to be the corner-stone of the new Confederacy. THE EIGHTH IN MARYLAND. 129 Against the pathetic and threatening protest of Gov. Hicks and the Mayor of Annapolis, the Eighth landed, and encamped on the grounds of the Naval School. The changeful mood of the Colonel of the New-York Seventh, which had arrived in the " Boston," ready to join the Massachu setts Eighth, and then frightened from the purpose by reports of rebel plots, embarrassed the movements of the latter. Gen. Butler took charge of the Annapolis and Elk-Ridge Rail way, which opened a sharp correspondence between him and the Governor of Maryland, that gained nothing for the aggrieved Executive. A letter from Col. S. C. Lawrence, dated at Annapolis, April 24, 1861, contains a merited compliment to the commander: "Gen. B. F. Butler is here in his shirt-sleeves, working like a giant. He holds Annapolis under martial law ; but I fear he can not long retain it. He is eager to show the people here the troops now landing, some six thousand, hoping it will have a tendency to keep them true to us." At length, the regiment was ready to start for Washington. The train, — whose locomotive was secured by forcing the doors of the store-house, and put in running-order by Charles Homans of Company E, formerly a workman in the shop where it was built, — April 24, bore the Eighth from Annapolis. There stood Homans, with his hand on the lever of the engine ; on each side of him a soldier, with fixed bayonet ; the birds sing ing in the trees beside the gleaming track ; while human eyes flashed with rage because the lips were awed to silence and the hands powerless. Sledge and crowbar were wielded by resolute men under the warm and sultry sun. Bridges and track were rebuilt with a will ; but a mile an hour only was the slow rate of advance. In the afternoon, a shower drenched the sweating "boys," and gave them a cool, refreshing atmosphere. In their ranks were more intelligence and culture than ever before were seen in the same number of troops. The sun went down glori ously ; and the moon rose above the horizon, making the scene strangely beautiful. The graceful Wiuthrop wrote of that march, — 0 Gottschalk ! what a poetic night-march we then began to play with our heels and toes on the railroad-track ! It was full moonlight, and the night inexpressibly sweet and serene. The air was cool, and vivified by the gust and shower of the afternoon. Fresh spring was in every breath. Our fellows had forgotten that this morning they 17 130 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. were hot and disgusted. Every one hugged his rifle as if it were the arm of the girl of his heart, and stepped out gayly for the promenade. Tired or foot sore men, or even lazy ones, would mount upon the two freight-cars we were using for artillery-wagons. There were stout arms enough to tow the whole. It was an original kind of march. I suppose a battery of howitzers never before found itself mounted upon cars, ready to open fire at once, and bang away into the offing with shrapnel, or into the bushes with canister. Our line extended a half-mile along the track. It was beautiful to stand on the bank above a cutting, and watch the files strike from the shadow of a wood into a broad flame of moonlight, every rifle sparkling up, alert, as it came for ward ; a beautiful sight to see the barrels writing themselves upon the dim ness, — each a silver flash. By and by, " Halt ! " came, repeated along from the front, company after company. " Halt ! — a rail gone." From this time on, we were constantly interrupted. Not a half-mile passed without a rail up. Bonnell was always at the front, laying track ; and I am proud to say that he accepted me as aide-de-camp. Other fellows, unknown to me in the dark, gave hearty help. The Seventh showed that it could do something else than drill. At one spot, on a high embankment, over standing water, the rail was gone, — sunk, probably. Here we tried our rails brought from the turn-out : they were too short. We supplemented with a length of plank from our stores. We rolled our cars carefully over. They passed safe ; but Homans shook his head. He could not venture a locomotive on that frail stuff. So we lost the society of the " J. H. Nicholson." Next day, the Massachusetts commander called for some one to dive in the pool for the lost rail. Plump into the water went a little wiry chap, and grappled the rail. " When I come up," said the brave fellow afterwards to me, " one officer out with a twenty-dollar gold-piece, and wanted me to take it. ' That ain't what I come for,' says I. 'Take it,' says he, 'and share with the others.' 'That ain't what they come for,' says I; but I took a big cold," the diver continued, " and I'm condemned hoarse yit ;" which was the fact. Farther on, we found a whole length of track torn up on both sides, sleep ers and all ; and the same thing repeated with alternations of breaks of single rails. Our howitzer-ropes came into play to hoist and haul. We were not going to be stopped. • In a despatch from Gen. Butler, dated at Annapolis, April 26, 1861, is a paragraph which states briefly the work accomplished: — It is now ten days since the Massachusetts troops were first called into the field, and their operations may be summed up thus : Two regiments have reached Fortress Monroe, and put it beyond danger of attack ; one, Col. Jones's, marched to the aid of the Federal capital, through Baltimore, and was baptized in blood ; another, the Eighth, has rescued the frigate " Con stitution," and put her on the side of law and order; has taken possession THE MARCH TO WASHINGTON. 131 of Annapohs and the railroad, building it as they went ; and, together with their brethren of the Fifth, has marched to the capital, and thereby opened a communication through which thousands of troops are now passing. The two battalions are now guarding the depot of troops. Are not these sufficient deeds for a campaign of many months ? Sabbath morning, May 4, at two o'clock, the Eighth New- York, the Sixth Massachusetts, and Cook's Battery, were ready to ad vance towards Baltimore, which, it was decided, should come under the stars and stripes again. Two hours later, the troops were at the Relay House, holding possession of its depot, and look ing in every direction for the presence of the enemy. While here, a private in the Sixth Regiment was poisoned by strychnine, administered in food sold by itinerant venders. He barely escaped death. The surprise of Baltimore was great, when, in the evening of May 13, the Sixth, and Cook's Battery, with the New-York Eighth, beneath the clouds of a storm whose lightning and thunder were terrific, marched from the cars into the wild gloom of the city, which was among the most successful and romantic achievements of military strategy. Gen. Butler had intended to accompany the troops to the capi tal : but the arrival of fresh regiments detained him, till an order from Gen. Scott gave him command at Annapolis, which in a few days was enlarged to a department, including the region extend ing back twenty miles each side of the railroad. The tender of troops to Gov. Hicks for the suppression of an apprehended insurrection of the negroes seemed to be an excess of fealty to the Constitution, which drew from Gov. Andrew a letter very emphatically objecting to the offer of such assistance in a community hostile to the Government. The commander justified himself on the ground that he was pledged to put down mobs, white and black ; and it was not legitimate warfare to let defenceless women and children in Maryland know " the hor rors of St. Domingo." He and the army had grave lessons to learn concerning negro character, and the system of despotism under which, with marvellous patience and kindness, an injured race had borne its Shylock exactions. The line formed to the music, and in the light of the storm. The commander and his staff had reached Federal Hill, rising from the heart of the town, and were looking back upon the cavalcade, whose winding way and bristling steel were revealed distinctly with every flash from the echoing clouds, which poured down 132 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. their baptism upon the heroic host, when a blaze, which her alded a crash of stunning severity, bathed for a moment the earth and sky. The pageantry of war never had a finer illumination, nor presented a scene of more thrilling splendor. The ranks of dripping men, the startled horses and their riders, the brazen ordnance, the city itself, all were aglow for an instant, extort ing a murmur of admiration from the lips of every beholder. May 1, Capt. Albert Dodd's Boston company, ordered to join Major Devens's Rifles, was forwarded by the propellor " Cam bridge," with sealed instructions, as follows : — Adjutant-General's Office, Boston, May 1, 1861. To Capt. Albert Dodd. Sir, — You are to go on hoard the steam-propeller " Cambridge " this af ternoon with your command, and proceed at once to Fortress Monroe, where the troops on board the " Cambridge," belonging to the Third and Fourth Regiments, will be landed to join their respective companies now there. The " Cambridge " will then depart from Fortress Monroe, and proceed to Washington by the Potomac River. Should the ship be attacked, you will use your utmost exertions to defend and protect her, and endeavor to have her make the passage of the Potomac, and arrive at Washington. When you arrive at Washington, you will report yourself to Gen. Butler, who is to attach you and your command to the battalion of rifles under com mand of Major Devens. Your command will be known as Company D of that battalion. Should the "Cambridge" fail to get to Washington by the Potomac River, — though there is no such word as "fail" known to Massachusetts men, — the ship will proceed to Annapolis, where you will report yourself to Gen. Butler, and if he is not there, to Major Devens, and be attached to his battalion. You are to guard and protect the ship while you are on board of her, and to report yourself so as to be attached to Major Devens's com mand when you land ; always holding yourself subject to superior officers, who are expected and instructed to carry forward the purport of these instructions. It is the earnest desire of his Excellency the Commander-in- Chief that the ship " Cambridge " shall reach Washington, and demonstrate that a Massachusetts ship, manned with Massachusetts men, shall be the first ship to arrive by that route, as our Sixth Regiment was the first to arrive at Washington through the hostile city of Baltimore. You will confer with the captain of the ship, and you and he will act in unison. By order of his Excellency John A. Andeew, Governor and Commander- in - Chief. WILLIAM SCHOULER, Adjutant-General CHAPTER IV. THE MARTYRED DEAD.— MILITARY MOVEMENTS. Reception of the Baltimore Martyrs in Boston. — Major Devens's Battery at Baltimore Gov Andrew on the Special Preparation of the State for the War. — Adjutant-Gen. Schouler's Testimony to the Good Conduct of the Early Troops. — The Fifth at Bull Run — Gen. Butler's Letter to Gov. Andrew. ON the day of departure of fresh troops, the bodies of the slain in Baltimore, which Gov. Andrew had requested to be " tenderly forwarded," were brought back in the care of Merrill S. Wright, a private of the Richardson Light Infantry, of Lowell, detailed by Col. Jones for the purpose. From the depot to King's Chapel, escort duty was performed by the Independent Cadets. The Governor, with other State officials and prominent citizens, followed in the long procession which attended the remains. The streets were thronged as when the martyrs kept step to martial music in the ranks which, two weeks before, filled the highway to its curbstones. There were tearful eyes then and now ; but how different, and yet not all unlike, the emotions swelling ten thousand hearts ! April 17, the pulses beat high with patriotism ; in the sudden outflow, dimming many eyes ; while on other faces were min gled the tears of the fond adieu with those of affection for the old flag. Now all were mourners ; but beneath the silence and gloom of that great sorrow, like volcanic fires fitfully gleaming through the darkness of overhanging clouds and night, souls were aflame with the indignant purpose to avenge the martyr-blood of the State and nation, — a purpose whose light flashed from the eye of manhood aiid youth, and was breathed in the prayer that rose to God over those lifeless forms, which spake to the living of trea son and liberty as no human voice could make appeal. The feeling in Boston, and far away on every side around it, is eloquently expressed in connection with the brief biographies of the victims of the secession mob by the Executive of the Com monwealth, in his address at the dedication of their monu ment : — 133 134 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. When, on the evening of the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, there came the news along the wires that the Sixth Regiment had been cutting its way through the streets of Baltimore, whose pavements were reddened with the blood of Middlesex, it seemed as if there descended into our hearts a mysterious strength, and into our minds a supernal illumination. In many trying experiences of the war, we have watched by starlight as well as sun light the doubtful fortunes of our arms ; but never has the news of victory, decisive and grand, — not even that of Gettysburg, on which hung issues more tremendous than ever depended on the fortunes of a single battle-field, — so lifted us above ourselves, so transformed our earthly weakness into heavenly might by a glorious transfiguration. The citizens of yesterday were to-day the heroes whom history would never forget ; and the fallen brave had put on the crown of martyrdom more worthy than a hundred mor tal diadems. Their blood alone was precious enough to wipe out the long arrears of shame. The great and necessary struggle was begun, without which we were a disgraced, a doomed, a ruined people. We had reached the parting of the ways, and we had not hesitated to choose the right one. Oh ! it is terrible, beyond expression terrible, to feel that only war, with all its griefs and pains and crimes, will save a people ; but how infinitely greater than the dread and the dismay with which we thought of war was the hope of *hat salvation ! It was on the first day of May that Massachusetts received back to her soil the remains of these her children. One of the dead still sleeps at Baltimore. The mangled bodies of the other three, transported hither under charge of one of their fellow-soldiers, reached the State capital just before sunset, where they were received by the Governor of the Commonwealth, and were escorted through streets draped in emblems of mourning, and lined by thousands of citizens with uncovered heads and moistened eyes, to the "Vassal Tomb" beneath the ancient King's Chapel. On the way, they were borne past the State House, over the same ground where, twelve days before, they had stood to receive the flag which they swore to defend, and which they died defending. Of these three martyrs, the name of but one was known, — that of Sum ner Henry Needham, of Lawrence. The rolls of the regiment were cut off with its baggage in the struggle at Baltimore. But, had not this accident occurred, they might have failed to afford means of identifying the remains; for, in the haste of the original assembling and moving of the regiment, they had escaped careful revision. Some men had discarded the implements and clothing of peace, and fallen into the ranks on its march across the city the very hour of its departure. In those early days, when the nation was waver ing between life and death, we did not waste time on forms. We were asked to send two regiments of troops as soon as we could. We did send five regi ments, and more, sooner than the country had believed it was possible for any State to do ; but, in accomplishing that, we neglected formalities which would have been indispensable under an exigency less tremendous. GOV. ANDREW AND THE DEAD AT BALTIMORE. 135 Therefore it was that two of the three corpses — the same two which have mouldered into these ashes in the presence of which we stand — lay before us that May evening, without a name. Later in the night, under the direc tion of officers of the headquarter's staff of Massachusetts, and in the pres ence of the mayors of the cities of Lawrence and of Lowell, these bodies were identified ; and the names of Luther Crawford Ladd and Addison Otis Whitney, two young mechanics, both of Lowell, were added to that of Need- ham. And completing the four is the name of Charles A. Taylor, whose residence and family even now remain unknown. To complete the historical record of the humble men who thus, by a for tunate and glorious death, have made their names imperishable, let us review the brief stories of their lives. They are quickly told. They are simple in incident, and they are characteristic of New England. Little is known of Taylor, except that his trade was that of a decorative painter. The most careful inquiries of his officers have failed to discover his residence or his origin. On the evening of April 16, he presented himself at Boston in the hall where the regiment was quartered, and was enrolled as a volunteer. He appeared to be about twenty-five years of age. His hair was light, his eyes blue. After he fell on the pavement at Baltimore on the afternoon of April 19, his brutal murderers beat him with clubs until life was extinct. Needham was born March 2, 1828, at Bethel, a little town lying under the shadow of the White Mountains, on the banks of the Androscoggin River, in the County of Oxford, in the State of Maine. About 1850, he came to Lawrence, in Massachusetts, and engaged in his trade there as a plasterer. After he fell mortally wounded at Baltimore, he was removed to the in firmary, where he lingered until April 27, when he died. His remains lie at Lawrence, where his wife and child reside. Luther Crawford (son of John and Fanny) Ladd was born at Alexandria, near the Merrimack River, in the County of Grafton, in the State of New Hampshire, where his parents still reside, on the twenty-second day of De cember, 1843, being the anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims. Addison Otis (son of John F. and Jane B.) Whitney was born Oct. 30, 1839, at Waldo, in the county of the same name, which borders on the Penobscot River, near where it joins the sea, in the State of Maine. Both died unmarried. These brief lives offer no incidents that are not common to most of the ingenuous young men of New England. Born of honest parentage, the youth of both Ladd and Whitney was passed by the side of the great rivers, and the sea, and th% mountains of New England, and was nurtured in correct principles and fair ambition by the teaching of free schools, until, arrived at manhood, and attracted by the opportunities of the great mechanical estab lishments of the eastern counties of Massachusetts, they came to Lowell, and were employed, the first in a machine-shop, the second in the spinning-room, of one of its manufactories. Their companions in toil and in social life testify 136 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. to" their exemplary habits, their amiable disposition, and their laudable indus try. And thus they were engaged, constant in work, hopeful of long life, and confident of the success which is everywhere in New England the fruit of free and honest labor, when the sudden summons reached them to take up arms for their country. They never faltered for one moment in simple- hearted patriotism and loyal obedience. At Lowell, on the fifteenth day of April, they dropped the garb of the artisan, and assumed that of the citizen- soldier. Four days afterwards at Baltimore, their mortal bodies, bruised and lifeless, lay on the bloody s"tones of Pratt Street, the victims of the brutal mob. Both Whitney and Ladd were young, and moved by a dauntless enthu siasm. Whitney was but twenty-one years of age, and Ladd was only in his eighteenth year. Whitney joined the Lowell City Guards (Company D, of the Sixth Regi ment) in the summer of 1860. He attended muster with the regiment that year, and was discharged early in the winter of 1861, because he was learn- . ing a trade, and could ill afford the time and expense of membership. On the call of the Governor on the regimental commanders, in March, 1861, to ascertain how many men in their commands would be ready for active service in case they should be needed, Whitney promptly came forward, and signified his willingness to obey the summons. He signed the rolls of the company with the understanding, that, if it should not be wanted, he should be dis charged. On the evening of April 15, when the order came for the regiment to get ready to leave the following day, he was among the first to put on his uniform. In company with a comrade, he left the armory about two o'clock, during the night of the 16th, for the purpose of procuring his photograph in the early morning ; and he was at 'his company post promptly at the time appointed. In passing through Baltimore, he was on the left of the first section ; and while marching through Pratt Street, near the bridge, was seen to fall. Some of his comrades, thinking he had stumbled, tried to assist him ; but, finding he was dead, they left him where he fell. A bullet had pierced his right breast, passing down the body, causing instant death. Tlie shot was un doubtedly fired from the upper window of a house. The coat which he wore was found stripped of every button, cut off by the mob. The place in the coat where the bullet entered is plainly visible, saturated with his blood. The precise manner of the death of Ladd is known by the bullet-holes, of which there are several, through the coat and the overcoat he wore, and by their gory stains. He is reported to have cultivated a strong taste for histori cal reading, and from his earliest boyhood to have entered with ardor into the study of our national affairs. He enlisted in the City Guards, at Lowell, three months before his death, on the occasion of the appearance of the General Order of that year from the Commonwealth headquarters, already alluded to, and known as Order No. 4 ; and he expressed his desire- to join that company most likely to be called to active duty. By his youth he was TELEGRAMS BETWEEN BOSTON AND BALTIMORE. 137 legally exempt from military service, and his friends would have dissuaded him at last from assuming its hardships and perils ; but he met their persua sions by an appeal to the flag of his country, whose fortunes he declared that he would surely follow. And when the fatal bullets had smitten him, and he lay struggling with death, the vision of his country's flag suddenly Beemed to flash before him as a momentary glory and delight ; and exclaiming aloud with his dying voice, "All hail to the stripes and stars!" the soldier-boy ended his brief campaign. The public opinion that permitted this tragedy derives its interpretation from public documents and official action which leave no doubt of the value of the Massachusetts militia to the Union cause, no doubt of the danger their service averted, no doubt of the urgent necessity of that very march through Baltimore, no doubt that it was the hinge on which turned the ultimate fate of Maryland, and perhaps of the Union. Our militia were ready not a day too soon, nor were they an hour too late. The people of Baltimore, so tele graphed the Mayor to myself, on the 20th of April, regarded the passage of armed troops of another State through their streets as an invasion of their soil, and could not be restrained. The Governor of Maryland and the Mayor of Baltimore represented to President Lincoln that the people were exaspe rated to the highest degree by the presence of the troops, and that it was not possible for more soldiers to pass through Baltimore. They remonstrated against the transit of more soldiers, and they required that the troops already in the State be sent back to its borders. In reply to the Mayor of Baltimore, the Governor of Massachusetts telegraphed, "I am overwhelmed with sur prise that a peaceful march of American citizens over the highway to the de fence of our common capital should be deemed aggressive to Baltimoreans. Through New York their march was triumphal." The loyal people of the Union shared this surprise, and exhibited it through the public press, in public meetings, in cordial response to the Presidential proclamation, and by promptly raising troops for three months' service. The affair of the 19th of April was observed throughout the country with inex pressible emotion. In the Congressional debates on " The Reconstruction of the i States," in April, 1864, the Hon. Mr. Williams of Pennsylvania, in a speech of " rare beauty and masterly power," pronounced. a feeling eulogy upon Massachusetts, in connection with the recep tion and burial of the bodies of those slain heroes. He ex claimed, — Leave Massachusetts out in the cold ! What matters it that no tropical sun has fevered her Northern blood into the delirium of treason ? I know no trait of tenderness more touching and more human than that with which she received back to her arms the bodies of her lifeless children. " Handle them tenderly " was the message of her loyal Governor. Massachusetts desired to 18 138 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. look once more upon the faces of her martyred sons, " marred as they were by traitors." She lifted gently the sable pall that covered them. She gave them a soldier's burial and a soldier's farewell ; and then, Hke David of old, when he was informed that the child of his affections had ceased to hve, she rose to her feet, dashed the tear-drop from her eye, and in twenty days her iron-clad battalions were crowning the heights, and her guns frowning destruc tion over the streets, of the rebel city. Shut out Massachusetts in the cold ! Yes : you may blot her out from the map of the continent ; you may bring back the glacial epoch, when the arctic ice-drift, that has deposited so many monuments on her soil, swept over her buried surface ; when the polar hear, perhaps, paced the driving floes, and the walrus frolicked among the tumbling icebergs : but you cannot sink her deep enough to drown the memory of Lexington and Concord, or bury the summit of the tall column that lifts its head over the first of our battle-fields. "With her," in the language of her great son, " the past, at least, is secure." The Muse of History has flung her story upon the world's canvas in tints that will not fade, and cannot die. Meanwhile Major Devens's battalion of riflemen was ordered to Fort McHenry, in the harbor of Baltimore, where it completed the term of service. Although quiet duty, it was indispensable, at that place and time, to keep restless Maryland in the Union. May Li, at an extra session of the Legislature, Gov. Andrew, in his address, made statements which further show the singular pre-eminence of the State in readiness to hear the call to arms, repeated at intervals during the subsequent months and years. The Governor said, — In view of the great lack of arms existing in this Commonwealth, certain to become apparent in the event of a continued struggle, — a want shared by the States in common with each other, — under the advice and consent of the Council, I commissioned a citizen of Massachusetts, on the twenty-seventh day of April (who sailed almost immediately in the steamer "Persia"), to proceed to England, charged with the duty of purchasing Minie rifles, or other arms of corresponding efficiency, in England, or on the Continent, as he might find it needful or desirable. To this end, he was furnished with a letter of credit to the amount of fifty thousand pounds sterling ; and he was attended by an accomplished and experienced armorer, familiar with the work shops of the Old World. The production of fire-arms at home will, of neces sity, remain for a considerable period inadequate to the home demand, and I await with much interest the arrival from abroad of our expected importa tion ; and I have no doubt that Congress, at its approaching special session, will reheve this Commonwealth from the payment of the duties chargeable thereon. In addition to its other military defences, the Nautical School-ship has been fitted up to aid in guarding the coast of the Commonwealth. She has MILITARY DEFENCES OF THE STATE. 139 been armed with four six-pound cannon and fifty-two muskets. The Collect or of the district of Boston and Charlestown has commissioned, and placed on board the ship, an "aide to the revenue," with instructions to overhaul all suspicious vessels ; warning him to use that authority with caution and moderation. Each afternoon, at the expiration of business-hours, the col lector telegraphs to the station at Hull the names of all vessels having per mission to pass out of the harbor of Boston ; and, the list being immediately forwarded to the ship, the "aide" is authorized to order all vessels not so reported, and attempting to leave the harbor between sunset and sunrise, to wait tiU the next day, and until he is satisfied of their right to pass. The commander of the ship is instructed to assist the "aide to the rev enue" to see that thorough discipline is at all times maintained; that the rules of the ship are strictly obeyed ; that all due economy is practised ; that the exercises of the school are daily continued ; and to see that the boys re ceive kind treatment, and their habits, morals, and education are carefully and constantly regarded. On the 7th of this month, the ship left the harbor of Boston, and is now cruising in the bay in the performance of the duties assigned her. A sense of insecurity along our coast, under the late piratical proclamation of Jefferson Davis, as well as our constant wants for transportation service, have induced a purchase for the Commonwealth, as a part owner with the underwriters of Boston, of the steamer " Cambridge," of about eight hun dred and sixty tons' burthen, and of the steamer "Pembroke," of two hundred and forty tons, both of which, equipped with competent naval armament, and ready to fight their way over the seas, are engaged in service. The " Cam bridge " has carried a full cargo of arms, men, and supplies, in ample quan tities, not only to Fortress Monroe, but up the Potomac itself ; and, in spite of the danger supposed to menace her from its banks, she has safely carried tents, stores, provisions, and clothing to our troops at Washington. Besides making the requisite appropriations to meet these and other ex penses, and adopting measures to establish the power of the Executive to meet the emergencies of the occasion on a distinctly legal foundation, my other principal purpose in convening the General Court was to ask its atten tion to the subject of a State Encampment for Military Instruction. Wise statesmanship requires an adequate anticipation of all future wants of the controversy, whether as to the number or quality of the mihtary force, its discipline, instruction, arms, or equipment. At this moment, there exist one hundred and twenty-nine companies newly enlisted into the active militia, all of whom were induced to enroll themselves by the possibility of active duty in the field. Many of these are anxious to receive orders for service ; and, withdrawing themselves from other avocations, they are now endeavoring to perfect themselves in the details of a soldier's routine of duty. It seemed equally an injustice towards those who are disposed to arms, and to all other citizens on whom future exigencies might cast the inconvenient necessity of taking the field, to discourage these efforts and struggles of patriotic ambi- 140 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. tion. It is important to secure a reasonable number of soldiers, to have them ascertained, within reach, and in a proper condition for service ; and it is scarcely less important that other citizens should be left as free as may be from the distractions of a divided duty, so as to pursue with heart and hope the business enterprises of private life. The best public economy is found in the forethought of considered plans, disposing the means, pursuits, and people of the whole community, so as to meet all exigencies without confusion, and with the least possible derangement of productive industry ; and I have, therefore, to these ends, earnestly considered the suggestions of various emi nent citizens, the written requests or memorials, numerously signed, which have reached me, and the advice of the highest officers in our own militia, all uniting in the recommendation of a State encampment. On the 30th of May, Gen. E. W. Pierce, Second Brigade, First Division, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, succeeded Brig.-Gen. Butler after his promotion. Of these regiments, which obeyed the call to arms while yet the Rebellion was regarded as a transient ebullition of passion, Adjutant-Gen. Schouler wrote in his report to Gov. Andrew : — It would far exceed the limits of this report to recount in detail the brave acts of our three-months' troops during their term of service. It is sufficient, perhaps, to say that they were the first to respond to the call of the Presi dent, the first to march through Baltimore to the defence of the capital, the first to shed their blood for the maintenance of our Government, the first to open the new route to Washington by way of Annapolis, the first to land on the soil of Virginia and hold possession of the most important fortress in the Union, the first to make the voyage of the Potomac and approach the Fed eral city by water, as they had been the first to reach it by land. They upheld the good name of the State during their entire term of service, as well by their good conduct and gentlemanly bearing as by their courage and devotion to duty in the hour of peril. They proved the sterling worth of our volunteer militia. Their record is one which will ever redound to the honor of Massachusetts, and will be prized among her richest historic treasures. These men have added new splendor to our Revolutionary annals ; and the brave sons who were shot down in the streets of Baltimore on the 19th of April have rendered doubly sacred the day when the greensward of Lexing ton Common was drenched with the blood of their fathers. From the 13th of April to the 20th of May, one hundred and fifty-nine applications were granted at the AdjutantrGeneral's office to responsible par ties for leave to raise companies. In nearly every instance, the application was signed by the requisite number of men for a company. These applica tions came from every part of the Commonwealth, and represented all classes, creeds, and nationahties. The authorities of the several cities and towns acted with patriotic liberality toward these companies, furnishing good accom- THE ADJUTANT ON THE THREE-MONTHS' MEN. 141 modations for drilling, and providing for the famihes of the men. In addi tion to these companies, ..organizations for drill-purposes and home-guards sprung up at once in every part of the State ; and numerous applications were received for loans of muskets to these parties, that they might perfect themselves in the manual. This spirit of patriotism was encouraged to its full extent by the means at the disposal of the Adjutant-General. From the 13th of April to the 20th of May, about two thousand seven hundred old muskets were distributed to forty of these organizations. In every instance, good security was required and given for the safe-keeping of these arms, and their return to the State when called for, generally from the selectmen of the towns making application. When the office of Master of Ordnance was cre ated by your Excellency on the 27th of May, the papers and vouchers re lating to the arms were transferred from this department ; and the report of the Master of Ordnance, which accompanies this, will show the exact amount and condition of our ordnance material at that time. About the 1st of May, an association of Massachusetts men, forming a company in Cincinnati, made an urgent request for arms. Their committee had applied at New York and Philadelphia without success, and at length came to Massachusetts. As we had just received five thousand new smooth bore muskets from the Springfield Armory, I sold them one hundred ; for which they paid thirteen hundred dollars, the Government price. The money was deposited in the State Treasury, and doubtless the muskets were soon in the hands of men who did good service in the Union army of Kentucky. The Fifth Regiment participated in the first great battle of the war at Manassas. Col. Lawrence was wounded. Hiram S. Col lins, Haverhill, Company D ; Sergeant William H. Lawrence, Medford, Company E ; Sergeant Charles W. Cassebourne, Thomas Kettle, Isaac M. Low, Stephen O.'Hara, Cyrus T. Wardwell, and Edward J. Williams, all of Boston, Company F; Sergeant Wil liam S. Rice, Concord, Company G ; George A. Thompson, Salem, Company H, — were killed. Twenty-two were missing after the fight was over. The three-months' volunteers were distributed over the State as follows : — In Barnstable County Berkshire County Bristol County Essex County Franklin County Hampden County Hampshire County Middlesex County Norfolk County Commissioned Officers. Privates. Total 0 6 6 3 73 76 21 192 213 71 857 928 0 1 1 0 3 3 0 2 2 57 882 939 21 391 412 142 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. In Plymouth County • 19 333 352 Suffolk County 27 325 352 Worcester County . 24 339 363 Other States . 1 56 57 Residence not given . . — 32 32 Totals 244 3,492 3,736 The warlike condition of the State militia now inaugurated, together with a rapidly augmenting force in the field, made an additional force in the Adjutant-General's field of manifold ser vice a necessity. On the 20th of April, Lieut.-Col. John H. Reed, of Boston, was commissioned quartermaster-general, with the rank of brigadier- general. Dr. William J. Dale, of Boston, was commissioned surgeon- general, and Elijah D. Brigham, of Boston, commissary-general, severally with the rank of colonel, on the 13th of June. Gen. Ebenezer W. Stone, of Roxbury, was commissioned mas ter of ordnance, with the rank of colonel, on the 25th of May ; which office he held until the 3d of October. On the 7th of Oc tober, Charles Amory, Esq., of Boston, was commissioned as his successor. Albert G. Browne, jun., of Salem, was commissioned as military secretary to the Commander-in-Chief, May 27, 1861 ; rank, lieu tenant-colonel. Assistants were added to departments with the increase of offi cial business. Upon the appointment of Gen. Butler to the rank of major- general, his immediate connection with the State troops ceased. In a note to Gov. Andrew, he thus warmly speaks of the patriotic Executive : — I cannot close our official relations, and my nearer official relations to the Massachusetts troops, without expressing to your Excellency my deep sense of obligation for the kind and vigilant attention which you have bestowed upon every want of the soldiers on duty here, the unremitting exertions to aid us in the discharge of our duties, your unvarying personal kindness to us all, and especially to myself. If we have in any degree well done that duty to the country, and properly performed that service, which Massachusetts had a right to expect from us, in upholding her fame, so dear to all her sons, it has been because we have been so unweariedly and faithfully aided at home by the exertions of your Excellency and the military department of the State ; and I take leave of your Excellency with sentiments of the highest respect and firmest friendship. LOYALTY OF THE PEOPLE. 143 The Commonwealth was therefore prepared for the next call from the Government upon her waiting volunteers, whose Executive worthily represented her spirit when he said, — To whatever work of patriotic duty they are called, the people will come. There are those now among us, and still ready to serve the country, who remember in the war of 1812 the thousands flocking down, some even from beyond the county of Worcester, each man with pick or shovel on his shoulder, and each town or parish headed by its pastor, armed like the rest, to labor on the forts and defences of Boston. The people, if need be, could come themselves, and wall up our coast with the masonry of war. In this connection we add a sketch of the Independent or " Gov ernor's Company of Cadets," whose history deserves many pages. PRESENT OFFICERS. Lieutenant-Colonel. — C. C. Holmes. Majors. — John Jeffries, jun., Curtis B. Raymond. Surgeon. — B. Joy Jeffries, NL.D. Chaplain. — Rev. S. K. Lothrop, D D. Adjutant. — . Lieut. Charles M. Seaver. Quartermaster, . Lieu tenants. — William F. Lawrence, Otis E. Weld, George A. Clark, James H. Eli son, Henry P. Quincy, Frederic Dexter. JV 'on-commissioned Staff. — Sergeant- Major J. Theodore Clark, Quartermaster Sergeant Charles E. Stevens. This company was organized Oct. 16, 1741 ; having three commissioned offi cers ranking as field-officers. The first commander was Lieut-Col. Benjamin Pollard, whose commission from Gov. William Shirley has been transmitted to the Independent Company of Cadets of Boston. In the very year of their organization, the Cadets escorted Gov. Shirley to the boundaries of the Prov ince of Massachusetts Bay, when on his way to Rhode Island for the purpose of adjusting the boundary-line between that colony and the Colony of Plymouth, which had been annexed to Massachusetts. From that time, until the summer of 1774, the Cadets were recognized as the body-guard of the successive govern ors of the province, and were always detailed to perform escort-duty. Its subse quent annals are peaceful, but full of historical interest. On the breaking-out of the Rebellion in 1861, the first division of Massachu setts militia became dismembered by reason of many of its organizations having been mustered into the service of the United States. The Cadets remained un attached during the administration of his Excellency John A. Andrew, Gov ernor of the Commonwealth ; and, during that time, performed many important duties, in guarding the capital, and State arsenals, besides having been mustered into the service of the United States, and serving for five weeks on garrison-duty at Fort Warren in Boston Harbor. About twenty of the present company have served through the war. Of the past and present members of this corps, a hundred and forty are known to have been in the service of the United States in the course of the war, mainly holding commissions. The following have re ceived commissions as general officers: Brevet Major-Generals. — George H. Gordon, Edward A. Wild, and Adin B. Underwood. Brigadier-General. — Ste phen M. Weld, jun. Brevet Brigadier-Generals. — Horace B. Sargent and Wil liam S. Tilton. Fourteen members of this corps have been killed in battle, or died of their wounds. A beautiful monument for the Cadets who have died in the war is soon to be erected in Mount Auburn. CHAPTER V. THE THREE -YEARS' REGIMENTS. The President's Call for Volunteers. — Response of the States. — The first Regiment. — Its Origin. — Departure for the Seat of War. — Marches and Battles. PRESIDENT LINCOLN, who had become convinced by the " logic of events " that the war was no transient ebullition of sectional feeling, but a deadly conflict whose end none could discern, issued on May 3, 1861, a call for troops to serve three years, unless the dawn of peace disbanded the army before the expiration of that period. In the towns of Massachusetts, and elsewhere in the loyal States, volunteer companies had been formed, anticipating the demand for their services in the widening arena of bloody conflict. May 23, in accordance with the President's proclamation, the Ad jutant-General of Massachusetts published an order for the organ ization of six regiments of infantry, each to consist of ten compa nies ; the maximum strength to be a thousand and forty-six men ; and the minimum, eight hundred and forty-six. Each regiment was to have a chaplain, who must be a regularly ordained minister of some religious denomination. The six regi ments were promptly organized. The Third and Fourth Militia Regiments at Fortress Monroe were incomplete ; and, to supply the deficiency, three-years' troops were taken. May 9, a company from Lynn, commanded by Capt. W. D. Chamberlain, and another, raised in Boston and vicinity, left the city in the steamer " Pembroke " for Fortress Monroe. Nine days later, 'Capt. L. Leach's company from Bridgewater, Capt. J. H. Barnes's company from East Boston, Capt. Charles Chipman's company from Sandwich, and Capt. S. H. Doten's company from Plymouth, sailed in the " Cambridge," having the same destination. On the 22d, Capt. P. H. Davis's company from Lowell, and Capt. T. W. Clarke's of Boston, were carried by the " Pembroke " to join the Third and Fourth Regiments. After the three-months' troops returned, the remaining companies were formed into an infantry 144 ¦8 VaE.Ra. A1-' HISTORY OF THE FIRST REGIMENT. 145 battalion, which afterwards became, by additions, the Twenty-ninth Infantry Regiment, whose record will appear in another place. VIRST REGIMENT MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY. This regiment was the first to leave the State for three years' service, and is said to have been the first three-years' regiment in the service of the United States. In its original composition, it was made up mainly from the First Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, of which Col. Robert Cow- din of Boston was the commander. As soon as the news of the assault on Fort Sumter reached Bos ton, Col. Cowdin waited upon Gov. Andrew, and offered the services of himself and command to proceed immediately to the defence of Washington. He continued daily to urge the claims of his regiment until the 27th of April, when he received an order from the Adjutant-General of Massachusetts to prepare his regiment to go to the seat of war, and to report himself in person the next day at the State House, and select from the companies offered him enough to fill up his regiment to the requisite standard (ten com panies) ; he having already detailed two companies from his regi ment to fill up other regiments, by order of his Excellency the Governor. May 8, orders having been received from the War Department calling for volunteers for three years' service, the First at once unanimously responded, and, after some delay, was mustered into the service of the United States as follows : — Field and staff officers, May 25. Companies A, B, G, H, May 23. Companies D, F, K, I, May 24. Company E, May 25. Company C, May 27. The field and staff of the regiment were composed as follows ; viz. : — Col. Robert Cowdin, Lieut-Col. George D. Wells, Major Charles P. Chandler, Surgeon Richard H. Salter, Assistant Surgeon Sam uel A. Green, and Chaplain Warren H. Cudworth. Col. Cowdin, whose father and grandfather were military men, was a faithful officer, who had maintained during his long resi dence in Boston a high character as a consistent temperance man, but whose promotion, though urged by superior officers, was, for some reason, opposed in other influential quarters. 19 146 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Lieut.-Col. Wells was a very capable and faithful officer, and was promoted to the command of the Thirty-fourth Regiment. Major Chandler was killed at Glendale, Va., and was a faithful and meritorious officer. His body was never recovered, but is sup posed to have been buried on the field. B, D, E, F, G, were the original companies of the First : the others were added to make up the complement, — ten companies. From May 25 to June 1, the headquarters of the regiment were at Faneuil Hall. Its first camp was established in Old Cambridge, about six miles from Boston, and called Camp Ellsworth ; after wards the regiment went to Camp Cameron, in North Cambridge. The regiment complete was mustered into service, and left Camp Cameron for the seat of war, June 15, 1861, and marched to the depot of the Boston and Providence Railroad. Here a flag was presented by Alderman Pray in behalf of the City Council of Boston ; and an address was made by his Honor Mayor Wightman, to which Col. Cowdin responded. Eight o'clock, p.m., the soldiers entered the cars in waiting, and the train started. All along the route, they were met with patriotic demonstrations. Crowds thronged the railroad stations, wild with excitement. At Providence, they were welcomed with a national salute. Arriving at Groton, Conn., the cars were ex changed for the commodious steamer " Commonwealth." At fifteen minutes before two, p.m., June 16, the steamer, gayly decorated with flags, and every available standing-place crowded with sol diers, arrived at the pier in Jersey City. The troops debarked, and were welcomed with a bountiful entertainment, tendered by the sons of Massachusetts, Mr. Warren, President ; and, after a few hours' detention, took the cars for Washington. Arriving in Philadelphia the next morning, they were marched to the Cooper Shop and Union Refreshment Saloons, where a welcome such as soldiers know how to appreciate awaited them. It was now the 17th of June, the anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill. Since the 19th of April, when the Sixth Regiment was assaulted in its streets, no troops had passed through Baltimore. At the urgent request of Col. Cowdin, he was permitted to go that route, instead of by way of Harrisburg or Annapolis as other troops had gone. In order to be prepared for any emergency, as they drew nigh the city, ten rounds of ball cartridges were distributed to each man, and every gun examined, loaded, and capped. On alighting from the cars, the regiment formed, and marched up Baltimore Street to the Wash ington depot, a distance of nearly two miles. FIRST REGIMENT AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL. 147 Throughout the line of march, though the sidewalks, steps, windows, balconies, and even house-tops, were thronged with spec tators, not a word was uttered on either side, not a cheer or groan was heard, and not a secession flag or motto appeared. Taking the cars in waiting at the depot, they arrived in Washington at seven, p.m., before the arrangements for their accommodation had been perfected. Their presence in the capital, then rank with the spirit of se cession, gave to loyal hearts a sense of security ; and, for the first time since the outbreaking of the Rebellion, loyal men breathed freely in Washington. On the 19th of June, the regiment went into camp beyond Georgetown on the Potomac, about two miles from Chain Bridge. On their way, the troops passed in review before President Lin coln, who expressed to Gen. Morse great satisfaction with the ap pearance of the troops. To a delegation of New-England men who had called upon him to pledge their sympathy and co-opera tion in the great struggle, the President expressed his gratifi cation at the surprising promptness of the Old Bay State in responding to the first call, and said, " It is evident the Massa- ¦ chusetts people have got riley, and, from what we have just wit nessed, appear to be coming down here to settle." This bon-mot produced considerable merriment ; and the President, begging to be excused on the ground of pressing engagements, retired. The new camp of the regiment was named Camp Banks. The 4th of July was a lovely day, and was not permitted by the soldiers to pass without some patriotic recognition. The celebra tion was opened with the booming of cannon, and the playing of the national airs by the regimental band ; after which followed a dress-parade. A handsome silk banner was formally presented to Col. Cowdin by Col. Ellis, of the First California Regiment, in behalf of the San-Francisco City Guards; Capt. Moore, their commander, having formerly served under Col. Cowdin. An ap propriate reply was made by the colonel. Speeches were also made by Senators McDougal and Wilson, Representative Eliot, and others. On the 16th of July, the First Massachusetts, Second and Third Michigan, and Twelfth New-York, constituting Richardson's bri gade, crossed over Chain Bridge, in Virginia, — their first appear ance on its " sacred soil." Advancing till night, they bivouacked in a large field in Vienna. On the 17th, after marching all day, they encamped about two miles this side of Centreville. On the 148 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. morning of the 18th, before breaking camp, Col. Cowdin requested Col. Richardson that the First Massachusetts might be placed in advance ; assigning as a reason, that he would like to pit Mas sachusetts against South Carolina, it being understood that the troops of this latter State were in advance of the rebel army. The request was granted ; and Col. Cowdin made the remark, that it was the best order he ever received in his life. To the First Massachusetts belongs the honor of opening the memorable skirmish of Blackburn's Ford. It was the only regiment under musketry fire ; and according to Estavan, a colonel of Confederate cavalry, this regiment had opposed to them the whole of Longstreet's brigade, afterwards re-enforced by Early's brigade. The skirmishers of the First, under the command of Lieut. George H. Johnston, afterwards assistant adjutant-general, gal lantly carried the Butler House at the point of the bayonet under a heavy fire of musketry; the rebels leaving the house by one door as the Massachusetts boys entered the other. The skirmishers were then ordered to deploy into an open field under fire of the enemy's sharpshooters, where they suffered severely. Two com panies were sent to their relief, but were driven back with loss. The enemy then advanced out of the wood in large numbers with the cry of " Bayonet them, bayonet them ! " and in a mo ment more the skirmishers would have been killed or captured ; but the First came upon the double-quick, and, pouring a volley into the enemy over the heads of the skirmishers, rescued the Union troops. Col. Cowdin wa.s the most conspicuous man in the regiment, fighting in white shirt-sleeves at the head of his men. In one case, having ordered the men to lie down amid a heavy fire from the enemy, he alone remained standing, and remarked, "The bullet is not cast that can hit me to-day." Some person speaking to him on the left, he leaned that way to understand more distinctly, when a ten-pounder, whizzing past his right side, shattered a tree directly behind him. The colonel turned calmly around, and said, " I am certain that the ball is not yet cast that will kill me;" and issued his command as coolly as though he were on a dress-parade. The regiment retreated only when ordered to do so by Col. Richard son. Had Col. Cowdin been supported as he wished, the enemy would have been driven from this position, and the rout of Bull Run would never have taken place. Gen. Tyler testifies substan tially this before the Committee on the Conduct of the War. This affair, though a mere skirmish, was of great interest to the THE FIRST AT BULL RUN AND NEAR WASHINGTON. 149 » First Regiment, as it was their earliest experience under fire. The movement was probably intended simply to feel the position and strength of the enemy ; but it had a further importance, in teach ing the volunteers how to meet the bullets of the enemy. This movement was nearly a failure, although the troops did remarkably well. The regiment fell back to Centreville, which for some days was the focus of interest. During the battle of Bull Run, July 21, the First was stationed at Blackburn's Ford, where it remained until the retreat of the army, when it reluctantly fell back, astonished that the battle which it had begun so well had been so unaccountably lost. On the 23d of July, in anticipation of an attack on Washing ton, it was ordered to Fort Albany, on Arlington Heights, a new breastwork overlooking Washington, Georgetown, Alexandria, and the adjacent country. On the 18th of August, the regiment was detached from Col. Richardson's brigade, and ordered to the vicinity of Bladensburg, on the opposite side of the river, beyond the capital, and there incorporated with Gen. Hooker's brigade, then composed of the Eleventh Massachusetts, the Se cond New -Hampshire, and the Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania. Bladensburg, where the regiment was encamped, is a place of some historic interest. It was the scene of the battle between the English and the American forces, fought Aug. 24, 1814, which resulted in the capture and destruction of the Capitol by the British. Here Adjutant William H. Lawrence (now a brevet brigadier-general) was appointed aide to Gen. Hooker, and First Lieut. George H. Johnston appointed adjutant. In anticipation of trouble in some parts of Lower Maryland, the First Regiment, with two companies of cavalry, all under the command of Col. Cowdin, was sent with five days' rations to search for arms and military stores of the rebels, and cut off their communication with Virginia. After thirty days' absence, the regiment returned, having done good service. Oct. 14, Col. Cowdin was detached from the regiment, and put in command of the first brigade of Hooker's division, just then created by Gen. McClellan's new arrangement of the army ; Lieut. G. H. Johnston appointed acting assistant adjutant-gen eral ; and Lieut. George E. Henry, aide-de-camp. Lieut-Col. Wells succeeded to the command of the regiment, which left Bladensburg Oct. 25, and proceeded down the Maryland shore of the Potomac to Posey's Plantation, opposite the rebel batteries at Dumfries and Shipping Point. This march was exceedingly hard : 150 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. it was hastened, as the rebel steamer "Page" had been trouble some a day or two before, and troops were needed at that point. No orders having come for winter-quarters, the regiment was not slow in providing comfortable log-houses for the coming win ter. This camp was named, in honor of the division-general, Camp Hooker. In February, Gen. Naglee was placed in command of the bri gade, and Col. Cowdin returned to his regiment. The advance of McClellan's army began to pass down the river about the middle of March ; but the First Regiment did not leave camp until the 7th of April, when it went on board the steamer " Kennebec " for Fortress Monroe. On the morning of the 16th, it moved to the front before Yorktown, and encamped in line of battle ; Gen. Hooker's division having the centre of Gen. Heintzle- man's corps. Here began a routine of fatigue and picket duty. On the 26th, three companies, — I, H, and A, — un der command of Lieut-Col. George D. Wells, were detailed for special duty, whose object was a rebel redoubt just erected, the guns of which were exceedingly annoying to the pickets and working-parties. The expedition was successful. The rebels evac uated Yorktown May 4 ; and, in close pursuit of their retreating columns, Gen. Hooker's division the same evening bivouacked within five miles of Williamsburg. The next morning, advancing at an early hour, the division met the pickets of the enemy. The First were deployed as skirmishers. An engagement took place, in which the regiment took a prominent part, and lost many men. For services on this occasion, it was specially complimented by Gen. Hooker ; and Col. Cowdin was appointed a brigadier- general by the President for his gallantry in the engagement. On the 6th, the enemy evacuated Williamsburg: the regiment was detailed for provost^duty until the 15th, when it resumed the march ; a troop of cavalry having been ordered to relieve it. On the 24th, it crossed the Chickahominy at Bottoms Bridge close upon the heels of the enemy, and on the 25th encamped on Poplar Hill. Heat, exposure, and want of rest, now began to tell upon the health of the troops. In the First, out of a thousand and fifty men who had left Boston one year before, not more than six hundred were fit for duty. On the 4th of June, they moved to Fair Oaks, where the battle had been fought a few ' days previous. During their stay here, they were on picket-duty at the extreme front every third day. On the 25th, an attempt to advance our picket-lines brought on a general engagement ; the IN THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 151 First driving the enemy's skirmishers through the woods for a long distance, and holding the new line several hours before being relieved. In this engagement the regiment lost heavily, — six officers and fifty-five enlisted men. On the 29th, the movement towards the James commenced : the First moved to the front, and relieved the skirmishers of the Jersey brigade. When the entire line had fallen back and taken another position, this regiment followed, being the last one to leave the bloody and desolate field of Fair Oaks. At Savage Station, the regiment supported Battery K, United-States artillery. On the 30th June, the battle of Glendale was fought, during which the regiment charged the enemy at the point of the bayonet, turning the head of their column. In this engagement the regiment again suffered severely, losing sixty-three men. Major Chandler and Lieut. Sutherland were killed. On the morning of July 1, it marched again, and took part in the battle of Malvern Hill ; the next day, through a pelting storm, it reached Harrison's Landing, where the army encamped. From this time until the army commenced its retrograde move ment, nothing of note affecting the regiment occurred which can be recorded here. This movement began Aug. 15 ; and Aug. 26, the command of the army having been transferred to Gen. Pope, the regiment was again at Warrenton Junction, and on the 27th was in pursuit of Jackson's forces, who had, on the previous even ing, made a raid on the railroad at Catlett's Station. They came up with the enemy about half-past one o'clock, p.m., at Kettle run. A brisk engagement ensued, lasting until dark, when the enemy retreated to Manassas Junction. Next day they continued their march down the railroad, passing Manassas Junction to the south side of Bull Run, near Blackburn's Ford, where they encamped for the night. Next morning, the regiment crossed the run, moved forward to the battle-ground of 1861, and became engaged with the enemy in what is known as the second battle of Bull Run. The loss in this engagement was severe ; they having been detailed by Gen. Siegel as skirmishers. After holding the enemy in check several hours, the brigade was brought up, and charged into the woods, driving the rebels before them, until, meeting an over whelming force, it was compelled to fall back; the First losing in killed and wounded more than one-third of the command. The regiment was under fire nearly all of the next day, and that night fell back to Centreville. Sept. 1, Col. Cowdin being in command of the brigade, and Lieut-Col. Baldwin in command of the regi- 152 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. ment, they started in the midst of a heavy storm towards Fairfax Court House. At Chantilly a skirmish took place, in which the regiment, supporting a battery, was under a heavy fire, and re mained in line of battle until three, a.m., of the 2d, when it resumed the march to Fairfax Station ; the next day reaching Fort Lyon. Gen. Pope having been relieved of his command, and Gen. McClellan re-instated, Gen. Hooker was assigned a corps. By the express wish of the latter, his old division was allowed to remain within the defences of Washington for a few weeks to rest, and to be refitted for the field : this accounts for the First Massachusetts not having been at the battles of South Mountain and Antietam in Maryland. Sept. 26, Col. Cowdin having been appointed brigadier- general, and assigned to command the second brigade, Abercrom- bie's division, the command of the regiment devolved upon Lieut- Col. Baldwin. On account of the frequent and successful raids of the rebel cavalry under Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, it was thought advisable to establish well-guarded outposts on all the roads leading to the Federal capital. The First Regiment, with a battery of artillery, was ordered to garrison Munson's Hill, a commanding eminence within six miles of Washington ; but, as the utmost vigilance could discover nothing in that vicinity indicating an intended approach of the enemy ou Washington, this with other outposts was aban doned, and the troops ordered to join in the advance on Richmond by the way of Falmouth and Fredericksburg. Gen. Carr now commanded the brigade, and Gen. Sickles the division, at Centre ville. The First Regiment was detached from the brigade, and ordered back to Fairfax Court House to do provost-duty. The duties here were light, and without any particularly exciting inci dents. The regiment remained here until the 25th of November, when it was ordered to rejoin its brigade on the Rappahannock in front of Fredericksburg. On the llth of December, with the rest of the army, the First took position and remained on the heights opposite Fredericksburg during the bombardment of the llth and 12th. Oil the 1:3th, it crossed, and took part in the battle of that and the two succeeding days ; recrossing when the army fell back on the morning of the 16th, and reaching its old camp in the afternoon. After the evacuation of Fredericksburg, the regiment, under command of Lieut.-Col. Baldwin, returned to its old quar ters between the Acquia-Creek Railroad and the Rappanharmock River; and here Col. McLaughlin took command of it on the 10 th of December. THE FIRST AT FREDERICKSBURG. 153 In the latter part of January, 1863, another advance upon Fredericksburg was ordered by Gen. Burnside; but the execution of the order was found impracticable on account of the inclem ency of the weather and the impassable condition of the roads. At his own request, Gen. Burnside was now relieved of the command of the army, and Gen. Hooker appointed to succeed him. A thorough inspection of the army was ordered by Gen. Hooker. Of over one hundred and fifty regiments, but eleven were considered worthy of special commendation. One of these eleven was the First Massachusetts. April 27, the army received orders to be in readiness to march at any moment. May 1, the regiment was detailed as rear-guard ; crossed the United-States Ford, and halted a few minutes ; again formed line, and joined the brigade, which had halted two miles nearer the Chancellorsville House. Heavy firing being heard in front, the brigade advanced at double-quick down the Chancellor- ville plank-road to check the advance of the enemy, who had attacked and driven the Eleventh corps. The First Massachusetts was ordered to a position to the right of this road, and to hold it at all hazards. Here the men soon improvised quite a good shelter for themselves, which they held until the next morning against two fierce assaults. Holding the same line of works was a Maryland regiment upon the left of the road. The rebels ad vancing with a bolder front than usual, this regiment gave way, and fled to the rear. The regiment upon the right flank then also yielded. Both flanks being thus open to attack, the First was obliged to fall back, — about a quarter of a mile, — and again formed a line of battle in the road leading from the ford to the Chancellorsville House. May 5, about noon, preparations were made by Gen. Hooker to abandon his position, and fall back across the river. At half-past six, P.M., the First received orders to report to Capt. Randolph, chief of artillery, Third Corps. The regiment then moved out of the woods, proceeded towards the river, and arrived at the ford at midnight ; crossed at two, a.m. On the 6th, it rejoined the bri gade, and moved to its old camping-ground at the Fitz-Hugh House, near Falmouth. It was while the regiment was occupying its advanced position on the plank-road that Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded. The circumstances, as related by Col. McLaughlin, are as follow: — During the early part of the night, a rebel came down the plank-road. driving a pair of mules. He was halted, and asked where he was going 20 154 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. when he replied, that he had been ordered by Capt. Stewart (C.S.A.) to go and get a caisson the Yanks had left alongside the road. He was immedi ately arrested, and sent to the rear. At half-past eight o'clock, p.m., a cavalcade of a dozen or more horsemen drove down the plank-road ; when my men immediately opened fire upon them : they turned about, and rode furiously back up the road. From the official report of the rebel Gen. Lee, I am led to believe that Gen. Stone wall Jackson formed one of the cavalcade, and that he was killed by my men. Until the first week in June, the hostile armies confronted each other; Gen. Hooker's at Falmouth, Gen. Lee's at Freder icksburg. The movements of the enemy induced the belief that he was designing an invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania. By a cavalry reconnoissance at Beverly Ford, papers disclosing this intention were obtained, and sent to the authorities at Washing ton. In furtherance of this design, a combined attack upon the defences at Winchester was made by Gens. Ewell, Early, and Johnson. Gen. Milroy, overpowered by numbers, abandoned his defences ; and the way into Maryland was thus opened. The Army of the Potomac was strengthened as much as possi ble, and put in rapid motion on the right of Gen. Lee's columns, to act on the offensive to cover Washington, on the aggressive to drive the enemy from Maryland. The weather was oppressive, the water scarce, and the daily marches of the troops unusually long. The narrative of fatigue and suffering in this campaign is common to all the regiments of the army. On the 22d of June, Gen. Hooker's forces held the line of the Potomac from Leesburg up. On the 27th, the army was in the vicinity of Frederick, Md. ; and one column of the enemy had ad vanced as far as York, Penn. Gen. Hooker was now superseded in the command of the army by Gen. G. G. Meade. From Frederick, the Third Corps, to which the First Regiment belonged, proceeded to Taneytown, where it was joined by Gen. Sickles. The second division of the corps arrived at Emmetsburg, on the Pennsylvania line, July 1. On approaching Gettysburg, after dark, a mistake was made in the road, the advance guard coming upon the enemy's pickets. They quietly retraced their steps, came upon the right road, and rejoined the remainder of the corps at two, a.m., July 2. At daylight, the men were formed in line of battle. At eleven, a.m., the First Reginiant was ordered forward, and deployed as THE FIRST IN NEW YORK. 155 skirmishers in front of the brigade. The enemy advancing in force, it fell back according to instructions, and took position in the brigade line. The engagement soon became general; and, in the bloody conflicts of this and the succeeding day, the Third Corps acted an important, conspicuous part. Its losses in officers and men were very severe. In the First Regiment, Col. Baldwin and Adjutant Mudge were disabled. The entire loss of the regiment was one hundred and twenty-three. On the 6th of July, the First joined with the rest of the corps in the pursuit of the disappointed and discomfited forces of Gen. Lee. Few incidents of special interest to the regiment are to be noted in this pursuit until July 23, when the enemy pre pared to resist our advance at Manassas Gap. The First Regi ment was sent forward to support the picket-line. Skirmishing commenced at three, p.m. The enemy were driven from the gap, and the regiment bivouacked on Wapping Heights that night. July 30, orders were received for regiments to prepare to pro ceed to New York, as resistance was threatened in that city to officers of Government in enforcing the draft. The men obeyed with alacrity ; passed through Washington at seven, p.m., the same evening ; and arrived at Governor's Island, New-York Harbor, Aug. 2. The regiment was rejoined by Col. McLaughlin, who had for some weeks been absent on sick leave. Aug. 15, it was ordered to report to Brig.-Gen. Jackson, commanding Draft Rendezvous at Riker's Island. Companies A, B, and G, under command of Lieut.-Col. Bald win, were detached, and ordered to David's Island, to guard rebel and wounded prisoners. These companies were relieved from this duty Oct. 15, and the regiment ordered to report to Gen. Halleck at Washington. Arriving there the 17th, they went thence to Union Mills, Va., and reported to Gen. French, com manding Third Army Corps, and were by him assigned to their old position, first brigade, second division, Third Corps. From this time gradual advances were made, until their old camping-ground between the Rapidan and Rappahannock was again reached. Nov. 7, the Third and Sixth Corps captured the enemy's re doubts at Kelley's Ford, which caused him to evacuate all his works on the Rappahannock, and retreat to the south side of the Rapidan. Nov. 27, the Third Corps fought the battle of Locust Grove, cap turing several hundred prisoners, and forcing back the enemy's 156 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. lines. In this fight, great praise is accorded to Capt. Stone of Company D for the skill, courage, and address shown by him throughout in the performance of important duty. Dec. 3, the regiment reached the old camping-ground at Brandy Station, and the men began at once to prepare for winter-quarters. March 23, the Third Corps was broken up. The first and sec ond divisions were assigned to the Second Corps, and the first and third brigades were consolidated. Nothing of interest trans pired until April 14, when the second division was reviewed by Major-Gen. Hancock, accompanied by Major-Gen. Meade. At this review, the First Regiment was highly complimented for soldierly bearing. May 4, crossed the river at Ely's Ford, and continued its march to the battle-field of Chancellorsville ; the First Regiment occupying ground very near to that whereon they had fought the year before. Since that battle, this field had been in possession of the rebels, and on all sides were the evidences of most inexcu sable neglect. Scattered about were seen whole skeletons, skulls, arms, and thigh-bones, lying where the men had fallen in battle. One member of the First, whose skull lay bleaching on the ground, was identified by some peculiarity of the teeth. All the bones were carefully gathered and interred, and the regiment moved on. Early on the morning of the 5th, the Second Corps advanced five miles on the Spottsylvania Road, when it encountered the pickets of the enemy. A communication was at once opened with the Fifth and Sixth Corps, which had crossed the river above. A line of battle was formed, and breastworks thrown up. The lines were advanced about five hundred yards ; but, for some unknown reason, the second division broke, and fell back in confusion to its breastworks. Lieut.-Col. Baldwin, having been detailed as officer of the pickets, was captured early on the morn ing of the 6 th. i The series of conflicts which followed for several successive days, and ended only with driving the enemy within the de fences of Richmond, show this campaign to be without a parallel in the history of modern warfare. In all these battles, the Second Corps, under the indomitable Hancock, played a prominent part. From the first battle in the Wilderness, up to the 20th of May, when the regiment's term of service was about to expire, the men were constantly under arms. The history of their toils and suf ferings, their losses and their victories, is a part of the history of this wonderful campaign, and cannot be brought within the brief THE WELCOME HOME. 157 space allotted for this sketch. As the division was preparing to march on Guinness Station, the First Regiment received orders to report to the superintendent of recruiting service, Boston, Mass., to be mustered out of service ; the term of its enlist ment having nearly expired. The men whose term of service had not expired were ordered to be transferred to the Eleventh Massachusetts Volunteers. The regiment then took up its line of march, homeward bound, by way of Fredericksburg ; resting a few hours at Washington, Philadelphia, and New York. From the latter city, it embarked on the steamer " Metropolis " for Bos ton, whero a magnificent reception awaited it. It was received by the Ancient and Honorable Artillery, Roxbury Horse Guards, Roxbury Minute-men, Boston Fusileers, two companies from Chelsea, and the South-Boston Home Guard, all under the com mand of Gen. Cowdin. The streets were crowded with people, all cheering and applauding. The men were marched to the State House, where they were received by his Excellency the Governor ; thence to Faneuil Hall, where a dinner had been provided by the city of Boston ; and the regiment was welcomed by his Honor Mayor Lincoln, who introduced his Excellency the Governor, who received them in behalf of the State, whose honor they had main tained on so many bloody fields. The Governor said, " The Com monwealth of Massachusetts, addressing not only the present offi cers and men of the First Regiment, but Gen. Cowdin, and all those among the living who have participated in your trials, — the veterans in line, and the veterans who have been discharged before you, — gives her heartiest thanks. During all the years re maining on earth, may the honest, substantial gratitude of patri otic hearts make your paths happy ! Let thanks to God be raised, and prayers, that, in his own good time, he will crown our arms with victory." Col. McLaughlin responded, expressing the thanks of the regiment for its noble reception. The regiment was mustered out of service of the United States on Saturday, May 28, at eleven, a.m. So ends the history of the First Massachusetts Regiment, with out a spot or blemish. It upheld the honor of the old Bay State, and its history will be revered for generations to come. THE SECOND REGIMENT. On the day when news of the attack upon Fort Sumter came to Boston, George H. Gordon, then a member of the Suffolk bar, an educated and experienced soldier, was in consultation with 158 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. several loyal gentlemen about raising a regiment. On the Mon day following, April 15, 1861, he was summoned to the State House to take part in the counsels made necessary by the Presi dent's call for militia, made that morning. His advice had been sought, and largely followed, in those earlier plans which had en abled the Governor to send the first troops to the defence of the national capital. On that day, he received a promise from the Governor that he should command the first regiment to be raised for the war. Consultations were immediately had, and various persons were associated in the enterprise. On the Thursday following the surrender of Sumter, Wilder Dwight, a member of the Suffolk bar, entered the office of Major Gordon, and said abruptly, "Will you raise a regiment?" Major Gordon replied, " I am already committed to that. I have spoken to the Governor upon the subject, and he has promised me the command of the first regiment which leaves the State for the war." Major Gordon (till a short time before the commander of the New-England Guards battalion, of which Dwight was a member) then explained what had been done. At the interview now mentioned, the difficulties in the way of raising a regi ment on principles deemed essential were discussed, which were mainly in the fact that there was, as yet, no authority to raise troops for the war ; and, for the brief period of service allowed, only militia regiments could be received, with officers chosen by the enlisted men, which Major Gordon deemed incompatible with discipline in active service. It was determined, however, to raise a regimental fund ; and, in an hour, five thousand dol lars were secured by Dwight, soon increased to nearly thirty thousand, to raise a regiment to be commanded by George H. Gordon. George L. Andrews was soon associated with the two ; and these, with Greeley S. Curtis, James Savage, Charles R. Mudge, R. Morris Copeland, Henry L. Higginson, Samuel M. Quincy, Adin B. Underwood, and others, began their preparations. Major Gordon, the colonel, after graduating at West Point in 1846, had fought under Gen. Scott in every battle from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico; had been subsequently severely wounded ; was breveted " for gallant and meritorious conduct ; " and, after nine years of service, had returned to civil life. George L. Andrews had graduated at West Point in 1861, — highest in his class ; had been employed as engineer on the coast fortifications; and had been acting assistant professor of civil THE SECOND REGIMENT IN CAMP. 159 and military engineering and the science of war at the Mili tary School. Wilder Dwight, a graduate of Harvard in 1853, had travelled abroad, studied in the offices of Caleb Cushing and Samuel Hoar, and had already taken very high rank in his profession. ^ A few days after the interview, placards were posted, announ cing the raising of a regiment ; and recruiting-offices were opened. On the 2.:th of April, Andrews and Dwight left for Washington to obtain a promise of the reception of the regiment ; and with considerable difficulty, on account of the Secretary's alleged want of authority to accept troops for the war, obtained permission, and immediately telegraphed 'it to Boston. This was the first au thority to raise a regiment for three years; and the work was immediately pushed vigorously forward. Camp was established at Brook Farm, West Roxbury, May 11, 1861, and named, in honor of the Governor, Camp Andrew ; but three entire companies, and parts of others, had been raised before the end of April. The minimum was speedily reached ; the de tachments being mustered in by Capt. (afterwards Gen.) Amory. The necessary number had been mustered in about the middle of May ; but all were remustered as an entire body a few days later, and Col. Gordon was mustered as colonel by Capt. Amory prior to any other colonel of a Massachusetts three-years' regi ment. His commission, however, was made to date a little later than that of the commander of the First. The regimental date of muster was finally settled to be May 24 ; that of the First Regi ment being, according to the Adjutant-General's Report, June 15. The regiment now remained in camp until the eighth day of July, waiting for orders, and subjected to severe, steady drill and discipline. Its equipment was perfect ; and no volunteer regi ment could surpass the training it received under accomplished and educated officers. Its flags were presented by ladies, friends of the regiment ; addresses being made on the several occasions by George S. Hillard and T. Lothrop Motley. Of the regimental fund, thirty - five per cent was eventually returned to the sub scribers, or, with their consent, transferred to the Twenty-fourth. On leaving, the roster was as follows : Colonel, George H. Gor don ; Lieutenant- Colonel, George L. Andrews; Major, Wilder Dwight ; Adjutant, Charles Wheaton, jun. ; Quartermaster, R. Morris Copeland ; Surgeon, Lucius M. Sargent, jun. ; Assistant Surgeon, Lincoln R. Stone ; Chaplain, Alonzo H. Quint ; Captains, Francis H. Tucker, Greeley S. Curtis, James Savage, jun., Edward 160 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. G. Abbott, Samuel M. Quincy, Richard Cary, William Cogswell, Adin B. Underwood, Richard C. Goodwin, Charles R. Mudge ; First Lieutenants, William B. Williams, Henry S. Russell, Marcus M. Hawes, George P. Bangs, William D. Sedgwick, Charles F. Morse, Thomas L. Motley, Edwin R. Hill, Robert G. Shaw, jun., Henry L. Higginson ; Second Lieutenants, Ochran H. Howard, James Francis, Thomas R. Robeson, Charles P. Horton, Rufus Choate, James M. Ellis, Robert B. Brown, Anson D. Sawyer, Fletcher M. Abbott, Stephen G. Perkins. All of the officers had been selected by Col. Gordon, and the line-officers had raised their own companies by enlistments. Of these officers, promotions raised three to the rank of brevet major-general, two to brevet brigadier-general, three others to that of colonel, seven to that of lieutenant-colonel, three to that of major, nine to that of cap tain. Fourteen of them are dead. On the 8th of July, the regiment left camp, and, after an en thusiastic reception in Boston the same afternoon, started for Martinsburg, Va., to join Gen. Patterson. It went by way of New York (where a grand welcome awaited it), Elizabethport, N.J., Harrisburg, Reading, and Hagerstown, Md. ; crossed the Potomac on the 12th, and the same day became » part of Gen. Patterson's command. In that short and unsatisfactory campaign, it was, at first, the only three-years' regiment. It did what it had to do in moving to Bunker Hill, then to Charlestown, and, on the 18th, to Harper's Ferry, to which place it was then sent alone, and where Col. Gor don was made and continued post-commandant. The whole force moved there in a few days ; most of it was mustered out ; other regiments came. Gen. Banks's late command had abandoned the Virginia side, except that three companies of the Second, under Lieut.-Col. Andrews, were left in the armory buildings, with some cavalry out beyond. The Second was stationed, without tents or wagons, up Maryland Heights, with a battery overlooking the river ; the only force in front of the hills. Nothing very active, beyond a brisk skirmish, took place while here. In the fall, Gen. Banks's force lined the Maryland side of the Potomac. The Second left Maryland Heights Aug. 17 ; was at Hyattstown a week, and at Darnestown and Seneca Creek until the 4th of December, excepting a march to the spot opposite Ball's Bluff, where it was suddenly ordered, in the night following that disaster, to picket the river, and cover the return of the wounded. During the winter of 1861-62, it was in camp four miles east THE SECOND IN VIRGINIA. 161 of Frederick City, steadily busy with drill, and officers' recita tions. On the opening of the spring campaign, it left camp, Feb. 27, 1862 ; crossed the Potomac at Harper's Ferry ; and was the ad vance (with a small force, cavalry), under Col. Gordon, in driving the enemy from and occupying Charlestown. From Winchester the enemy was eventually dislodged, without a battle. From that place, the Second was ordered to Eastern Virginia, and moved March 22 : but the breaking of a pontoon-bridge broke the division at Snicker's Ferry ; and the battle of Winchester, heard while waiting, recalled the regiment. In the pursuit of Jack son, commenced on the 25th, the Second was in advance. On the 1st of April, it had a series of sharp skirmishes with Jackson's rear-guard at different times in the march of thirteen miles, and, in each case, steadily pushed the enemy. On this day was the first man wounded. The pursuit of Jackson carried the regiment as far as Maguaghey Town, south of Harrisonburg, a little more than a hundred miles beyond the Potomac. Peremptory orders from the War Department here sent the whole force back to Strasburg to garrison that point. Jackson, being strongly re-enforced, returned. Banks was weakened one-half by the sudden removal of Shields's division. He repeatedly remonstrated with the department, and alleged his danger, but with no satisfaction. When, on the 23d of May, Jackson fell upon Col. Kinly at Front Royal, a few miles east ward, Banks's only course was to make a rapid retreat, in hope to save his command and trains, to the Potomac River. How the Second was sent back on the road to save the trains ; succeeded in part, and thenceforward covered the rear under Col. Gordon's eye (then commanding brigade) ; met the repeated attacks of the enemy, and repulsed them ; and, past midnight, was the last of the force in front of Winchester, — is matter of history. It is in refer ence to one of these affairs that the rebel Eston Cooke says, " The enemy [the national troops] turned savagely upon Jackson ; " and in reference to a stand by three companies of the second (I, Capt. Underwood ; B, Capt. Williams ; C, Capt. Cogswell), " A sudden fire on their right, left, and front, at the same moment, revealed an ambuscade of importance," which required "three regiments of the Stonewall Brigade " to meet. After a few hours' rest in front of Winchester, the enemy at daylight appeared, and battle opened. Col. Gordon's brigade was on the right, and sustained a severe fight. Two companies 21 162 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. of the second (D, Capt. Savage ; and G, Capt. Cary) were thrown forward as skirmishers, and took position behind a stone wall, where, says Eston Cooke, " they opened a galling and destructive fire," so much so as to silence several of the enemy's guns ; and although other guns opened on them with " solid shot," " in spite of missiles and crashing stones around them," says Cooke, they " still gallantly held their position." For over three hours, the attack was met against overwhelm ing odds. The enemy at last moving a heavy fire around our right, retreat was ordered. Passing through Winchester, the rear of one of the columns under heavy fire, and continuing as rear guard to the Potomac, the regiment had, in thirty-three hours, marched fifty-six miles, most of it as rear-guard ; met the enemy three times, and fought in a pitched battle besides. Its conduct on that hard day evinces the skill of its officers, the bravery of its men, and the results of severe training. It met the fullest expecta tions of its State. Col. Gordon was eventually made brigadier for his services in this retreat, and Lieut.-Col. Andrews became colo nel. The losses were, seven killed, and nine wounded mortally, two officers and forty-five enlisted men wounded not mortally, and ninety-four (including seventeen wounded) prisoners. On the 10th of June, the regiment recrossed into Virginia, and, with a few days' rest at Front Royal and at Little Washington, was daily on the road, in Pope's campaign, to the battle of Cedar Moun tain, on the 9th of August. Being, as a part of Gen. Banks's whole force, near Culpeper that morning, it was ordered forward about six miles to support Crawford, against whom the enemy, who had crossed the Rapidan, were appearing in force. When position was taken, the Second was on the right. The battle open ing, Gen. Banks swung forward his left. The Second was soon ordered to move to Crawford's position, and did so. A tre mendous fire opened, and was replied to. Great loss was expe rienced and inflicted ; but the ground was firmly held until the enemy moved three brigades upon the front and flank of the brigade of ten and a half regiments. The Second stopped the line advancing in front, and stood until the force on its right was completely scattered by the flank attack. It fell back, in obedi ence to orders, to its first position. In that battle, the rebel re ports give the names of ten brigades : we had five. The battle had been terrible. Of twenty-two commissioned officers, six came out unhurt. It had five officers killed, and one mortally wounded, seven wounded, and three prisoners; of enlisted men, thirty-six AT ANTIETAM. 163 killed and thirteen mortally wounded, ninety-one wounded, and fifteen prisoners. The total loss was thirty-five per cent of all engaged. That night, however', the regiment was placed at the extreme front, in the centre of the new line. On that sad day for Massachusetts, among its losses were numbered Savage, Abbott, Cary, Williams, Goodwin, and Perkins. When Pope retreated to the Rappahannock, the corps was sta tioned at Rappahannock Crossing. Thence the Second moved up or down the river every day, always in sound of, and often under, fire. It was not brought into action at the second battle of Ma nassas, though in sound of every shot, being in the division charged with the removal of the immense stores on the road. This duty was performed ; and, by a detour and forced march, the division reached Centreville, and soon Alexandria. In the campaign under McClellan, it moved into Maryland, and eventually to Antietam. In that action it bravely did its part in Mansfield's corps, following up the success of Hooker on the right. Tlie regiment was actively and successfully engaged. It lost one officer killed (Lieut.-Col. Dwight), and three wounded ; eleven enlisted men killed, and six mortally wounded ; and fifty others wounded, — in all, twenty-five per cent of those en gaged. In the absence of movements which followed, the Second was placed at Maryland Heights. Subsequently, while the army moved southward, the corps (Twelfth) under General Slocum guarded the Upper Potomac (the Second being near Sharpsburg) until the 12th of December. Here a detachment under Capt. Cogswell crossed the river, and skilfully broke up a guerilla-band, killing its leader. On the 12th of December, the whole force was moved by steady marches to near Fairfax, Va., where it formed part of the reserve grand division under Sigel. While here, it had active work to do by reason of guerilla and other raids. On the 19th of January, 1863, the division started for Stafford Court House ; and it remained there until Hooker's movement to Chan cellorsville. While here, it was one of the eleven regiments, found, by careful inspection of the whole army, to merit the highest commendation for superiority in every department of soldierly excellence. Col. Andrews had been appointed brigadier in the autumn, and Major Quincy became colonel. The movement to Chancellorsville commenced on April 27. The corps, with two others, moved to Kelley's Ford ; then to Ger- mania Ford, on the Rapidan, when the Second, with the Third 164 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Wisconsin, being in advance, surprised and captured the entire force of the rebels at that place. On the 2d of May, when Jackson was moving to our right, the division was sent out a mile and a half to attack his wagon-train. It had hardly reached it when it was ordered back. Jackson had rolled up the Eleventh Corps. The Twelfth was formed across its old line, and, with Best's splendid artillery, held the position, and stopped the enemy. Night ended the conflict ; but, in the morning, it was resumed. The Second, for the first time, fired away all its ammunition, including that of its wounded, and took more from the dead rebels. It broke three lines of the enemy, and waited for ammunition. That was not furnished ; but, after long delay, the regiment was relieved. That night, it was placed on the extreme left of the whole line ; and afterwards, in Hooker's retreat, returned to its old ground at Stafford Court House. In this affair it had one officer killed, and four wounded ; twenty-two enlisted men killed, and eight mortally wounded ; and eighty-six wounded and eight prisoners, — in all, thirty-three per cent of its force. After its return, Col. Quincy resigned, on account of his severe wound at Cedar Mountain ; and Lieut.-Col. Cogswell became colonel. Col. Quincy received the lieutenant-colonelcy of a regiment of colored troops, with a staff- appointment, and eventually became brevetted brigadier. In the movement across Beverly Ford in June, when cavalry, with a few picked infantry regiments, were selected, the Second took part. The enemy was surprised, and driven back a mik\. The' Second took a good number of prisoners, with a loss of one enlisted man mortally wounded, two wounded, and two prisoners. The object being accomplished, the force recrossed the river. But it was to go to Gettysburg. It crossed the Potomac at Leesburg, and, passing through Frederick, was near Gettysburg on the 1st of July. On the morning of the 2d, after some skirmishing, another change was made, and breastworks of logs were thrown up on the bank of a deep stream in the woods. When, in the afternoon, heavy firing commenced on the left, the regiment, with the division, was ordered to leave the works, and go to the assistance of that wing. Arriving there, the command was exposed to artillery fire, but took its new position with the loss of only one man wounded. Scarcely was the movement completed, when the enemy being repulsed, and it growing dark, the division was ordered back to its log-defences again. AT GETTYSBURG. 165 Arriving near them, circumstances led Lieut.-Col. Mudge to fear that the enemy had occupied the ground ; and Com pany F was sent in as skirmishers to ascertain the state of the case. Meanwhile the regiment was promptly placed in line of battle, at right angles to its old line, in the edge of the woods, on the opposite side of the meadow from where the enemy might be expected. The night was dark, with an occasional gleam of moonlight ; and, with the exception of occasional dropping shots from distant skirmishers, all was still as death. The skirmishers soon reported a rebel line of battle at about four hundred yards' distance, in the woods, which had not only got into our works, but had formed their line directly across them ; and several prisoners were brought, in who confirmed this statement. Lieut. - Col. Mudge, not fully satisfied that such could, be the case, withdrew the first company, and sent in another, with orders to go forward till it met the enemy: this was at once done. The company advanced to within ten feet of the enemy's line, captured twenty prisoners, received, a volley of musketry, and returned to the edge of the wood, with a loss of only two men wounded, and two taken prisoners. It having been thus ascertained beyond doubt that the enemy was in position and in force, the new line was protected by rails and logs as far as possible, skirmishers were pushed well forward, and daylight was anxiously waited. The time was improved by posting two batteries of" Parrott" and "Napoleon" guns to command the wood ; and at daylight they opened a rapid fire, which was kept up for over an hour : but, although severe, it failed to dislodge the enemy, who still held his position, favored by the nature of the ground, which was steep and rocky, and cov ered with dense woods. The batteries had ceased firing, and by this time the action had been renewed in other parts of the field. The fire of the sharp shooters posted in trees on the other side of the meadow was very close and annoying. At about seven o'clock, orders were given to the Second Regi ment and one other to advance across the open meadow, and take the position of the enemy. It seemed certain destruction ; but such were orders: and Lieut.-Col. Mudge gave the com mand, — " Rise up, over the breastworks, forward, double- quick ! " With a cheer, with bayonets unfixed, without firing a shot, the line advanced as rapidly as the swampy ground would allow. Col. Mudge fell dead in the middle of the open field, as 166 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. on foot, sword in hand, he was cheering on the men. Three color-bearers were shot in going two hundred yards: but the colors kept on, — into the enemy's line, over the breastwork ; and the regiment held the old line. But from behind every tree and rock the rebel fire was poured in. Another color-bearer was shot dead waving the colors. The regiment on the right fell back in disorder. Ten of the officers of the Second were killed or wounded, and a regiment of the enemy was flanking it. Major Morse gave the order to fall back just in time to prevent the remnant of the regiment from being surrounded. Slowly and sullenly it retired to the other side of the meadow, and, taking position behind a ruined stone wall, opened fire on the enemy wherever he showed himself. In that advance of about four hundred yards, and in about twenty minutes' time, the Second had lost, out of two hundred and ninety-four men and twenty-two officers, a hundred and thirty-four killed or wounded. Soon after this attack, the regi ment went into its log-defences, and the men lay on their arms on the ground again. As soon as it had left the woods, the artillery opened again with good effect ; and, at the same time, an attack was made by a part of the Second Division on the enemy's flank and rear ; and after seven hours of hard infantry-fighting, including the time the Second had been engaged, the rebels were driven from the works, and, at about three o'clock in the afternoon, the regiment held the ground already covered by its dead and wounded. The latter were at once cared for, and the former brought off, — some from under the fire of sharpshooters, and some under the cover of night. During the following night, it lay in the works, constantly wakened by skirmishing fire and volleys of musketry ; but, in the morning, the enemy had disappeared. Ordered on a recon- noissance outside the lines, the movements of the Second and other regiments only served to establish the fact of the rebel retreat. The losses were forty-four per cent. Lieut.-Col. Mudge, Robe son, Fox, and Stone, were killed, or mortally wounded. But the regiment had behaved nobly. " I never saw a finer sight," said the general of division to the chaplain, " than when that regiment came out under that terrible fire, faced about, and formed as steady as on parade." The regiment was in the marches which took the corps to Kel- ley's Ford, on the Rappahannock. From that place it was sud- THE MARCH TO ATLANTA. 167 denly taken, as one of the regiments selected for steadiness, to Alexandria, and then to New- York City in the time of the riots. It was there a fortnight, camping in City-hall Park ; and re mained while the draft was enforced. Returning, it was sent to Raccoon Ford, on the Rapidan, where it lay under the enemy's guns. On the 24th of September, the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps left the river. Ignorant at first, they soon found they were to go to the army of Rosecrans. It was immediately after the battle of Chickamauga. On the morning of Oct. 4, the Second found itself at Stevenson, Ala. ; but, on the same day, it was started back to repair the railway broken by the enemy behind it. Hard marches up and down followed, at last temporarily ceased by being placed to guard the important bridge at Elk River. While there, efforts were made to secure the services of the old regiments. A sufficient number of the Second re-enlisted, to secure its continuance. According to orders, the re-enlisting men were sent home for thirty days. The regiment, under Col. Cogswell, arrived in Boston on the 19th of January, 1864. The reception it met with was worthy of its fame, surpassed by no welcome to others. On the first day of March, it was again in Tennessee ; being stationed at Tullahoma. April 28, it commenced its march in the great campaign to Atlanta. The division was in front of the enemy at Buzzard's Roost, below Chattanooga ; moved through Snake-creek Gap with McPherson, and found itself at Resaca. It was in reserve in the fight of the afternoon of the 14th of May ; but, at night, the corps (now the Twentieth, under Hooker) was ordered to the re lief of the. Fourth Corps. In the morning, the Second was selected to go out on a reconnoissance ; found the position of the enemy, and returned, with two men wounded. The whole corps then advanced, and drove the enemy into his inner works ; and the brigade three times repulsed strong sallies. The loss of the regiment was one killed, and twenty-two wounded. That night, the enemy evacuated. Pursuit was commenced in the morning. On the 19th, the corps skirmished for five miles of advance; found the rebels in force at Cassville, and threw up breastworks under the enemy's guns. Here the officers and men not re-enlisting left for home, their full tim.3 having expired. On the 23d of May, the regiment left Cassville. Near Dallas, 168 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the regiment, with a section of battery, was specially detailed by Gen. Hooker to destroy a bridge just repassed by the corps, and thus prevent the enemy's crossing. The regiment was, by this service, kept from participating in the bloody battle of New Hope Church. It was sent a few days after to Kingston, as escort to one hundred and seventeen army wagons loaded with wounded men of its corps ; but rejoined the corps in front of Lost Mountain, June 8. On the llth, by a movement to the left, it confronted Piney Mountain, and threw up a heavy line of defences under the enemy's batteries. In the succeeding movements, it was in various skirmishes, and was an inactive spectator of the attack on Kenesaw Mountain. It participated in the movements on Atlanta, and was in the second line at the bloody and decisive battle of Peach-tree Creek ; losing only one officer (First Lieu tenant Lord) and one enlisted man in the skirmish line. In front of the enemy's inner line before Atlanta, to which he had been driven, the Second found itself on the 22d, and built breastworks close to the enemy. On the 30th, Lieut.-Col. Morse, field-officer of the day, at daybreak surprised and captured the enemy's pickets in their rifle-pits ; and the regiment was ordered forward. It immediately occupied the commanding hill thus gained, and hastily threw up breastworks. The position was within two hundred yards of one of the enemy's principal forts, and a close and hot fire of his artillery, infantry, and sharpshoot ers. Several attempts were made by the enemy to retake the hill, but without success. For six hours, the regiment replied steadily and effectively to the rebel shots, firing two hundred rounds per man. It met with but little loss. When Atlanta fell, the Second was placed on duty there as provost-guard, with its colonel (Cogswell) in command of the post. Its losses subsequent to the battle of Resaca had been three officers wounded, three enlisted men killed, twenty-two wounded, and six prisoners. Lieut.-Col. Morse being made provost-marshal of the post, Capt. Brown was in command. After arduous duties, it was the last regiment to leave Atlanta in the great march to the sea. It was on the 16th of November, ten days after the army had moved forward, that the Second left the city. Moving by way of Decatur, it joined the rear of the Fourteenth Corps, but reached its own corps, near Milledgeville, on the 22d. In the progress of the campaign, the Second had its share of skirmishes, destruction of bridges, railways, &c, and, of course, marching. On tlie THE SECOND AT AVERYSBOROUGH. 169 morning of the 9th of December, it found itself about fifteen miles from Savannah, and halted near where the enemy had built a fort, and had planted a battery in the road. Proper disposition of troops led the enemy to retire. The next day, the regi ment went into camp, in line of battle, four miles and a half from Savannah, and half a mile from the enemy's works ; made a reconnoissance the next day (with the One Hundred and Seventh New- York), and found the situation of matters ; crossed to Argyle Island, in the Savannah, in flat-boats, on the 15th ; and, on the 16th, were all day under fire from a rebel battery and a rebel gunboat. On the 19th, the brigade crossed to the South- Carolina shore, and, skirmishing with the enemy, drove him three miles ; threw up breastworks in the night, and remained, with more or less skirmishing, until the 21st, when Savannah had been evacuated ; and, on the next day, went into camp ten miles from Savannah. Here Col. Cogswell was brevetted brigadier-general, and assigned to the command of the third brigade, third division ; and Lieut.-Col. Morse took command of the Second. On the 17th of January, 1865, after very imperfect refit as to clothing, the regiment moved on the march northward. It encountered the difficulties of the swamps ; experienced much wet and cold weather, and some skirmishing. There is not space to give the details. The regiment reached Fayetteville on the llth of March, and passed in review before Gens. Sherman and Slocum. On the 15th, it moved forward again, and, in the evening, formed cavalry in position, went into line of battle, and the men lay on their arms. On the next morning, the brigade (the Second being on the left), supported by cavalry on its flanks, advanced on the enemy, drove back his skirmishers, who contested the ground stubbornly, and finally took position across the main road. The enemy, being in superior force, and with artillery, made repeated attempts to force back the line ; but, by great exertion and some loss, every attempt was nobly repulsed. The brigade, relieved by Gen. Cogs well's, was transferred to the right, and again advanced, driv ing the enemy a mile to the works he had thrown up, and hold ing the position, with considerable loss. In this battle (Averys- borough) the regiment lost two officers killed (Capt. Grafton and Lieut. Storrow), one wounded (Lieut.-Col. Morse), five enlisted men killed, and seventeen wounded: number carried into action, a hundred and forty -one. "The Second and Thirty-third Massachusetts Regiments," 170 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. says the staff-officer who wrote the " Story of the Great March," in his account of this battle, " are the only representatives of the glorious Bay State in our army. A nobler record of heroic deeds may never be found than is the history of the Second." The enemy being defeated, advance was resumed. On the 24th, the regiment reached Goldsborough, and camped near the Weldon Railway. The great march through the Carolinas was ended. On the 10th of April, the regiment, temporarily consolidated into ten companies under Capt. Phalen, moved towards Raleigh; on the 20th, received news of the suspension of hostilities. On the 29th, the surrender of Johnston was announced to the troops; and, on the 30th, commenced the march to the capital. After being in camp at Alexandria a few days, the regiment took part in the grand review of Sherman's army on the 24th of May. It then went into camp at Bladensburg. On the 9th of June, the old brigade, division, and corp organizations, being broken up, it parted with its gallant companions. With other Eastern veteran regiments, it formed a part of Gen. Bartlett's division. On the 14th, it began provost-duty, as part of the gar rison of Washington, and went into camp at Capitol Hill. On the 14th of July, orders mustered the Second out of service. On the loth, it started homeward. At New York, it paid its respects to its old general, Hooker, and was cordially received. The regiment reached Readville, Mass., where it remained until the 26th of July. On that day the men received their final dis charge, and the Sacond Massachusetts left its name to history. This regiment furnished many subordinate officers to other regiments, or departments of service, besides eight majors, six lieutenant-colonels, four colonels, two brevet brigadier-generals, and three brigadiers who were brevetted major-generals. Its whole number of officers from the beginning, of all grades, was. eighty- eight. Of these, twelve were killed ; four died of wounds ; two died in service, of disease contracted in the line of duty, and one since ; twenty-two wounded, not mortally ; twenty-seven received higher commissions in other branches or corps, of whom five were killed ; and, of the remainder, five left service from disease.. Of the original thirty-seven officers who left Camp Andrew, four teen are dead. The Adjutant-General's Report gives one thousand seven hundred and one enlisted men : of these it reports one hun dred and sixty-six as killed, or died of wounds; ¦seventy-eight dead by disease ; thirteen died in Southern prisons. The number wounded, not fully ascertained, was near five hundred. BRAVERY OF THE SECOND. 171 This brief account, in which details are necessarily omitted, is a story of a regiment which never failed in its duty. Its char acteristics were perfect instruction, thorough discipline, hardy endurance, and entire bravery. It was always a reliable regiment. " I want to spare it," said a corps commander; " but, when I come to a hard place, I have to put in the Second Massachusetts." The commanders of every grade, brigade, division, or corps, never ad mitted the superiority of any regiment in the army to this ; and its position was, tacitly at least, admitted, wherever it served. CHAPTER VI. THE NINE-MONTHS' REGIMENTS. TheDraft. —The Third Regiment volunteers. — In Camp. — In the Field. — The Fourth Regiment. — Organization. — Departure for the Front. — Its Services. — The Fifth Regiment. — Formation. — Preparations to march. — Active Duties. — The Sixth Regiment. — Its Organization and Services. — Return to Massachusetts. — The Eighth re-enlists. — In Camp Lander. — Embarked for Newbern, N.C. — Services in the Field. — Its Return Home. THE THIRD REGIMENT. WITH the return of autumn, 1862, the President's order for a draft of nine-months' men was published. This brought into the field the first Massachusetts troops for that period of service. The pioneer march of the- Third Regiment has already been narrated in the record of the three-months' troops. Upon its re turn from Fortress Monroe, July, 1861, it was mustered out of service, and again took its place in the militia of the State. The Third did not wait for drafting, but, when the emphatic call came, immediately volunteered, and went into Camp Joe Hooker, at Lakeville. The first company arrived Sept. 16 ; and, before the week expired, the tenth company was also there. The organ ization was completed under the following officers : — Colonel Silas P. Richmond. James Barton. Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon Assistant Surgeon Chaplain John Morissey. Alfred A. Stacker. Woodbridge R. Howe. Charles A. Snow. Oct. 8, orders were received to start for Newbern, N.C, and report to Gen. Foster ; but the march was delayed, for the want of overcoats, until the 22d, when the steamers " Merrimac " and " Mississippi " sailed with the troops, in the quiet of evening, hon ored with the signals of a proud and tender farewell. After a passage of four days, they debarked at Beaufort, N.C. ; were borne by the cars to Newbern, thirty-six miles distant, the same night, Oct. 26 ; and went into camp on the banks of the Neuse River, a mile from the city. 172 THE THIRD IN NORTH CAROLINA. 173 The arms distributed on the 29th were poor " Austrian rifle muskets," and were received with marked dissatisfaction. Drilling, picketing, and short expeditions ; garrison duty by Company I at Plymouth and Elizabeth City, N.C. ; and a fight near the former place, in which two were killed, — make up the outline of regimental history till Dec. 11. On that day, the Third moved with the expedition to Golds borough, which occupied eleven days, and included a march of one hundred and fifty miles. The Third was in the fights of Kinston, Whitehall, and Goldsborough, and displayed such cour age, that, by the order of Gen. Foster, those names, with the dates of the battles that made them historical, were inscribed on its banner. The remainder of the month was devoted to the almost unno ticed but perilous and indispensable picket-duty. The regiment was attached to Gen. Heckman's brigade, and the subjoined note from him tells the story of that connection : — Headqitakteks First Brigade, Naglee's Division, Newbekn, N.C, Jan. 12, 1863. To Col. S. P. Richmond, commanding Third Regiment M.V.M. Colonel, — In the report of my assistant adjutant-general, who inspected your regiment last muster, the arms you now have were condemned. I have made every effort since to have the arms changed, to retain you in my brigade ; but time would not permit : another regiment has been assigned. Accept my regrets that your regiment was not in condition to remain (as regards equipments) . The soldierly appearance and conduct of your officers and men have made a favorable impression ; and I part with you with regret. Very respectfully yours, C. A. HECKMAN, Brigadier-General, Commanding 1st Brigade, Naglee's Division, 18th Army Corps. The regiment now became a part of Col. J. Jourdan's brigade for the rest of its term of enlistment. The commendation of Gen. Foster is a reliable estimation of the discipline and efficiency of the troops : — " The Third Massachusetts Regiment always obeys orders, and performs all its duties promptly, and without grumbling." Gen. Prince says, — " The Third Massachusets Regiment and its commander can be intrusted with important duties, with a certainty of their being performed promptly and well." Col. Jourdan says, — " The Third Massachusetts Regiment is always ready for duty." 174 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. When the troops were removed, Jan. 26, to Camp Jourdan, near Fort Totten, its horribly wretched condition was soon so completely changed by their cheerful hard work, that the medi cal director made special mention of it as " one of the cleanest, prettiest, and most healthy camps near Newbern, although for merly considered a very unhealthy locality." During March, important detached service was performed by the Third, in Gen. Prince's division : under arms at Deep Gully, and reconnoitring to Pollocksville, were the most important inci dents in its army life. April brought work on intrenchments, an expedition across the Neuse River, exhausting marches, skirmishes with the enemy, successful co-operation with another column in driving the rebels from Washington, N.C, releasing the Forty-fourth Massa chusetts from its unpleasant position, and picket-duty at Deep Gully. May repeated substantially this experience ; and, June 6, the regiment escorted the Forty-fourth Massachusetts to the depot, on their homeward march. Writes an officer, — Being ordered on the llth to Boston, Mass., the regiment left New bern. Three companies, with the sick, embarked on the " Tillie " at New bern ; and seven companies went by railroad to Morehead, and embarked on the " Spaulding." The regiment was escorted to the depot by the One Hundred and Fifty-eighth New-York Volunteers, preceded by the band of the Forty-sixth Massachusetts. Gen. Foster and Col. Jourdan honored the column by a standing review. The Forty-fifth and Fifty-first Massachusetts Regiments were in line on the south side of the Trent River, and cheered us with music and voice on our homeward journey. We landed in Boston the 10th, having had rather a rough passage; but the transports were very comfortable. We met with an enthusiastic re ception in Boston, and were escorted to the Common by the Forty-fourth Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Rifle Club. The Governor being ab sent, Adjutant-Gen. Schouler reviewed the column from the State-House steps; after which we marched to Beach Street, and partook of a collation. At one, p.m., the regiment took the cars for Camp Joe Hooker, but were furloughed on the cars, being ordered to report in camp on the 22d. The regiment reported in camp on that day, where it remained until the 26th, when it was mustered out of service by Capt. J. K. Lawrence, United- States army, and was dismissed by a complimentary and affecting order from the colonel. The men dispersed quietly, maintaining their excellent character for discipline to the last. During the campaign, the regiment was transported by steamers and THE FOURTH IN MOTION. 175 railroad more than two thousand miles, and marched more than four hundred miles over the swarnpy roads of North Carohna ; most of it being done during the most inclement season. It bivouacked upon the ground, without shelter, when the water froze in canteens ; and also marched when the thermometer ranged at one hundred and seven degrees in the shade. During a portion of the time, more than two hundred men were furnished for extra duty as me chanics, and quite a large number were detailed as overseers of " contrabands " and others. THE FOURTH REGIMENT. The Fourth Regiment was not tardy in answering to the re newed demand for troops. It promptly prepared to march. Its officers were, — Colonel Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon Assistant Surgeon it a Chaplain . Henry Walker. Eben T. Colby. Charles F. Howard. James Maldock. Edward W. Norton. J. F. Gould. Samuel E. Pierce. We give below, in a letter received from an officer of the Fourth, an authentic record of great interest. His glowing eulogy of the troops is not only pardonable, but, indeed, a commendable expression of appreciation of their gallant conduct. Upon Gen. Banks's retreat down the Shenandoah Valley, the Fourth, with other regiments, was ordered out. Lieut.-Col. Walker, late adjutant, living in Quincy, eight miles from Boston, read the order in the newspapers of the morning, while on his way to the depot. Setting the bells of his own town ringing, and arranging affairs there, he started, and drove through twenty miles of the country, setting all the church-bells ringing, appointing places of rendezvous, &c. In forty-eight hours, the regiment had eight hundred men in Boston. A question arising as to the term of service required under the then recent legislation of Con gress, Lieut.-Col. Walker addressed the men, appealing to their patriotism, and sense of duty ; and, in response, over two-thirds of those present promptly signed their names to an agreement to go, and trust to the justice of the Government' Out of all the other organizations in town, one only, the Fourth Battalion, took a like stand. Telegrams from Washington, stating that the troops were not needed, came the same day; and the four thousand men who had gathered almost at a moment's notice, returned to their homes. In July 1862, the call came for two hundred thousand nine-months men. 176 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. On the very day on which it became known in Boston, Lieut.-Col. Walker offered the services of the regiment to the Governor, with the additional offer, that, if camp equipage could be furnished, the regiment would be ready to go out of the State with a thousand men in a fortnight. It was the first regiment offered under this call. Camp equipage could not be furnished ; but, within the fortnight, the regiment was more than three-quarters full. New regiments were about this time started in Boston and vicinity, with large bounty funds, which tempted men to leave other organizations for the sake of the money. The Fourth finally went into camp, and was organized, Dec. 6, having had over twelve hundred men on its rolls. Lieut.-Col. Walker was chosen colonel; and on the 25th of December, 1862, the regiment left for New York. Here it was detained a week ; Col. Walker refusing to go in the vessel provided. By law, it could not carry six hundred emigrants; and here a thousand men were put on board for a voyage to New Orleans. This matter was finally arranged, part of the men being left for another ship. Touching at Fortress Monroe, the regiment arrived at New Orleans about the middle of February, and went into camp at Carrolton, where muskets were distributed to the men. Shortly after, the regiment proceeded to Baton Rouge, and took part in the first Port-Hudson expedition, when Farragut passed that point in " The Richmond." On the second day out, the rest of the army having halted, Col. Walker was ordered by Gen. Emory to take the Fourth and Thirty-first Massachusetts and Second Rhode-Island Cavalry, proceed to a point on the Clinton Plank-road called the " Cross-roads," and hold it at all hazards, as the right flank of the army. This force was after ward augmented to twenty-five hundred men and several pieces of artillery. It arrived at the Cross-roads on the afternoon of Saturday, March 11 ; under orders, fell back several miles to Cypress Bayou, reaching there about five, p.m., Sunday, 12th; bivouacked there until the afternoon of the next day, amid a driving storm, and was then ordered back to the main army, reaching it about ten, p.m. The troops were in arms at three, a.m. ; waited until noon, and then started again for Cross-roads, reaching there at five, p.m. ; here bivouacked until eleven, p.m., and fell back to Cypress Bayou again; left there at eight the following morning for the main army, and with that lay in camp two days, when all were ordered back to Baton Rouge. The Fourth was detailed to remain behind, and bring all the baggage off the ground. It did so, arriving some hours after the main army ; having sent every wagon and every thing worth carrying ahead. Early in April, with the most of the army, the Fourth proceeded to Brashear City. With the Sixteenth New- Hampshire, and part of the Twenty-first Indiana, it was ordered to garrison that post. Afterwards it was ordered across Berwick Bay to participate in the fight at Bisland, and then to return. The night of the retreat of the rebels, the regiment was thrown out in front, close to their works ; and the fact that the rebels were retreating was first discovered by some of its officers, and by them communicated to Gen. Banks. It marched on as far as Franklin, and then returned to Brashear ; the command of which post was assigned to Col. THE FOURTH AT PORT HUDSON. Ill Walker. The duties here were very arduous. The regiment, by the medical and sanitary reports one of the cleanest and healthiest in the department, lost many men. The place was the depot of supplies for the whole army : to it were sent all the captured men and stores en route for New Orleans. Thou sands of negroes came down, and had to be rationed, and sent to the rear. Thousands of head of cattle, horses and mules, were brought in, while the hospitals furnished accommodations for seven hundred men. So multifarious were the duties, that often there were not men enough left in camp for police or camp-guard duty ; men performing the latter sometimes two or three days in succession. On the 28th of May, Col. Walker received orders to send his own, the Fourth, and other regiments, to Port Hudson. At his own request, he was relieved from command of the post, and rejoined the regiment at Port Hudson. Here it lay until the 14th of June, doing its full share of picket, fatigue, and foraging duty. In the assault of the 14th, Capt. Bart lett, of Company K, led the storming-party, made up of men from several regiments. Of the four officers of the Fourth in the advance, two (Capt. Hull, of Company A; Lieut. Sampson, Company I) were wounded ; Capt. Bartlett, killed ; Lieut. Drake, unhurt. Capt. Bartlett died on the very slope of the enemy's works, gallantly leading his men ; and no truer Chris tian and patriot, and no braver soldier, went up from that bloody field than he. Said a rebel major, " He died nearer our works that day than any other Federal officer." The main body of the regiment, under the colonel, who had left his bed to go into the fight, advanced close under the works, and, with the rest of the assaulting columns, finally was ordered to halt, and lie down. Where the men dropped, there they lay until night, beneath the hot June Southern sun ; and many were sun-struck. When darkness came on, all the troops, under its cover, went back to camp. The Fourth lost every fifth man. After the fall of Port Hudson, the regiment remained in camp until Aug. 4, when it started for home. While before Port Hudson, all its baggage, papers, clothing, had been captured by the enemy at Brashear City, where they had been left under orders. The regiment had nothing left but its camp-worn clothes, nearly used up by hard service ; and as its term of service was nearly out, and no pay to be had, the men journeyed home in their war-worn blouses. The regiment was mustered out Aug. 28, 1863 ; most of it having been in the United-States service eleven months. Its character may be summed up in the words of Major-Gen. Emory : " It was one of the best regiments in my whole division. It was well disciplined. It was remarkable for its camp, police, and sanitary discipline. I remember signalizing it before the whole division at Baton Rouge, on account of its extreme excellence in these respects." 23 178 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. THE FIFTH REGIMENT. The Fifth was briefly noticed in the narrative of early military operations. It won unqualified praises from Gen. Mansfield while aiding him in the defence of Washington. Having only a State banner, it was presented with a beautiful ensign by Massachusetts men in the capital, while on Long Bridge, en route from the Treasury Building to Alexandria. It was visited at Camp Massachu setts by the President and Secretaries Chase and Cameron, who highly complimented the splendid appearance of the troops. The 4th of July was appropriately celebrated ; and Gov. Andrew visited the encampment the succeeding day, greeting and prais ing the boys. On the 16th, the march toward Centreville was commenced with Gen. Franklin's brigade. The Fifth, having the honor of the right of the division, marched at the head of the column under Col. Heintzelman. After an exciting advance over an enemy's country, the command came on the 21st to " fall in lively ; " and, after ten miles of marching, the field of Bull Run, already covered with the smoke of battle, was reached. When, soon after, the order rang over their ranks, " Fifth Mas sachusetts, forward, double-quick, march ! " the men, in their dark uniforms, went forward, under the fire of shot and shell, " with as much coolness as if they had beeii on an ordinary muster-field." Indeed, they were mistaken by an officer for reg ulars, on account of their excellent behavior. Lawrence, the color-bearer, fell, bravely raising his standard in the wild tempest of that terrific struggle, when both armies had their sanguinary baptism into the war of Slavery with Freedom. Returning to camp on the 22d, the Fifth marched towards Washington with their wounded colonel, who was determined to see his regiment safely home. From the capital the troops pro ceeded to Boston, attended along the way, and on their arrival, with the most enthusiastic demonstrations of grateful regard. The regiment was mustered out July 30, 1861. This regiment sprang again to arms at the call of their beloved President for three hundred thousand soldiers for nine months. Repairing to Camp Lander, Wenham, the ranks were soon filled ; and, Oct. 22, they sailed from Boston for Newbern, N.C, with orders to report to Gen. Foster, under the following officers : — THE FIFTH IN NORTH CAROLINA. 179 Colonel Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon . Assistant Surgeon George H. Pierson. John T. Boyd. William E. C. Worcester. William Ingalls. Dixie C. Hoyt. The Fifth reached Newbern safely ; but before its arms and equipments could be forwarded from Morehead City, the point of debarkation, orders were received to be ready immediately, with three days' rations, to start upon an important expedition. Within forty-eight hours after the arrival of the troops, and through the hours of all the night, the camp was aglow with the fires over which the rations were cooking. Muskets were dis tributed ; and, at four o'clock of Oct. 30, they embarked on board transports for Washington, N.C, which was reached the follow ing day. Here they waited until Nov. 2 for the arrival of troops from Newbern by the overland route. ' At seven o'clock on the morning of the sabbath, the columns engaged in the expedition, led by Major-Gen. Foster, took up their line of march for Williamstown. The regiment formed a part of Col. Horace C Lee's brigade, of the Massachusetts Twenty-seventh, under whose able and appre ciative command it continued during the whole term of its service. After a march, attended with slight skirmishes, of one hundred and sixty miles, over bad roads and under stormy skies, the troops returned to camp. The story of their next march, commencing Dec. 10, to destroy the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, is well told by their en thusiastic colonel : — We formed regimental line at six, a.m., Thursday, Dec. 11; forming on the left of the third brigade, Col. H. C. Lee. At two, p.m., we started on the march, having the second post of honor (the extreme left) . Marched until half-past four, a.m., of the 12th, and bivouacked about nine miles from Newbern. At sunrise, we again started in the same position, and, after a hard day's march, bivouacked about twenty miles from Newbern. Sunrise of the 13th saw us again moving in the same position. Arrived at the "Church," six miles from Kinston, about ten, p.m. In the morning, we were ordered to throw out pickets on the different roads, and to guard the baggage-train. Companies H, Capt. Drew, and E, Capt. Kent, were posted about three miles from our headquarters, on a cross-road leading to Kinston, and, in connection with a company of cavalry, held about six hundred of the enemy at bay, and finally drove them into Kinston, and joined us the next moraine there. Company C, Capt. Daniels, was posted on the road leading 180 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. towards Wilmington. About eleven, p.m., they saw the enemy's cavalry coming up the road ; but the boys were wide awake, and a few shots dispersed the rebels. Upon examination and inquiry the next morning, it was found that there were about two hundred of them, undoubtedly on a scouting expedition. Companies G, Capt. Grammer, and F, Capt. Currier, were posted on the main road to Kinston to guard the bridge over South-west Creek. Company D, Lieut. Marden commanding, was posted to the rear, — thus leaving Companies B, K, and I, as guard for the baggage-train; Com pany A being at this time on detached service at Washington, N.C. Monday morning, the 15th, we were ordered to march again, still holding the same position. This day we marched about twenty-three miles, being obliged to march the six miles from the " Church " to Kinston before joining the main column. Tuesday found us still on the left ; but, as the battle at Whitehall was concluding, the third brigade was ordered in the advance. In passing up the hill opposite that place, the enemy's bullets were still flying in the air ; but we had only three wounded, of which I sent you an account by last mail. Much to our relief, we reached our camping-ground about half- past five, p.m. The next morning we were off again, the third brigade still in the advance. About half-past twelve, p.m., the cannon in advance told us we had reached the field of action ; and so indeed we had. We were drawn up in hne on the extreme left. Company D was detached, and sent skirmishing ; and Company H was sent to protect the party destroying the railroad. After remaining thus for about an hour, our two companies were ordered in ; and the word was passed, that "the object of the expedi tion" was accomplished, and orders were, "Back to Newbern." "Three times three " went up as we came to about-face, and the retrograde movement began. But the echo of our cheers had hardly died away before we heard traitor shouts, and saw the rebel flag displayed directly in our rear (that was then), and towards Goldsborough. Capt. Morrison's battery immediately wheeled to the front, and we were ordered to its support. Here the regiment showed the pluck common to troops from the Old Bay State. Not a man flinched, or moved an inch from his post. Yet this was their first time in the face of an enemy. On the rebels came, showing a determination to charge on and take our battery. But Capt. Morrison's guns were not idle : they poured grape and canister into them, mowing them down by scores, and driving them back with great slaughter. But the rebels showed a spirit worthy of a better cause : they tried again with the same result ; and never shall we forget the scenes of that day. It did us good to see the traitor flag fall in the dust as we lay there eager for the charge. Perfect storms of shot and shell passed over our heads ; our flag was twice pierced by fragments of shell ; and yet, strange as it may seem, we had only five men wounded in this engagement. We were denied the chance of testing our strength hand to hand with them : still we were none the less ready. The officers and men promptly obeyed all the orders given them. After a severe punishment had been inflicted upon the enemy, they broke, KINSTON, WHITEHALL, AND GOLDSBOROUGH. 181 and fled into the woods in great confusion ; and we were again ordered to resume our march toward Newbern. In so doing, we were obliged to cross a brook into which the enemy had lifted a water-gate, thus hoping to flood us ; but they failed in this project. New-England men are not afraid of water : still it was not comfortable to wade to our arm-pits, stand an hour on the bank, and then march five miles to camp. Nothing more of peculiar interest happened on our return march. We had all the way the extreme left, or rear-guard, which placed us late in camp every night. We reached our camp at Newbern on Sunday, Dec. 21, at half-past two, p.m., happy in having done our duty, and ready at all times to respond to its call. The regiment had marched a hundred and eighty miles in ten days. Gen. Foster ordered the inscription on its banners of the battle names, Kinston, Whitehall, and Goldsborough. Jan. 21, the camp was fortified, and named by Gen. Foster, in honor of the commander of the Fifth, Fort Pierson. On the 21st of February, Company G was detailed to garrison Forts Hat- teras and Clark, at Hatteras Inlet ; where it remained until the regiment returned home. Company D was also detailed for gar rison duty at Plymouth, N.C. ; returning to the regiment on the 4th of May. March 13, just fifteen minutes after the order was received, this regiment started with others for Deep Gully, eight miles from Newbern, where the enemy made his appearance, but, learning the enemy had attacked Newbern, immediately returned to that place. After attempting the relief of Gen. Foster at Washington, N. C, by Pamlico River, it returned to join the land expedition under Gen. Spinola ; and, after a brief engage ment, returned again to Fort Pierson. April' 16 was a memorable holiday. A beautiful flag was raised to its staff, a speech made by the chaplain, songs were given to tlie glee club, and patriotic airs were played by the regi mental band. The next day, the regiment joined a new expedition to Wash ington, which the rebels abandoned upon the approach of our troops. Ten days afterward, they were connected with the expedition towards Kinston under Gen. Palmer, for whose success he com plimented with special notice the Fifth Regiment. An expedition to Mosely Creek, May 21, was attended by a splen did charge upon the enemy, and his defeat : the forces returned to Newbern on the 23d. The hardest part of the struggle was with 182 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the intense heat, the miry swamps, and the pathless jungles, of the march. Garrison and picket duty occupied the weeks until June 22. On that day, the regiment left North Carolina, and reported next day at Fortress Monroe, to tender its services to the Gov ernment if the emergency required them ; but, in consequence of the term of service having so nearly expired, it was ordered to proceed directly to Boston. Arriving in Boston Harbor on the afternoon of the 25th, and landing on the morning of the 26th, the regiment received an enthusiastic ovation from the citi zens of Boston, and the authorities and inhabitants of Charles town and vicinity. Along the whole route, crowds of people had assembled to welcome the return of this favorite regiment to Massachusetts. The regiment was mustered out of service at Wenham, July 2. During its term of service, it had marched about six hundred miles over the wretched roads of North Carolina, and sailed over two thousand miles in crowded transports. Performing every duty required of it with alacrity and fidelity, and exhibiting unshaken fortitude when severely tested, it secured the high esteem of the veteran troops with whom it was associated, and won high praise from its brigade, division, and corps com manders. When leaving Newbern, it received the compliment of an escort from the brigade to which it had been attached, under the com mand of Col. H. C Lee, who took advantage of the occasion to address the officers and men of the regiment as follows : - — Mr. Commander, Fellow - officers, and Soldiers, — Although unaccus tomed to public speaking, I cannot, in justice to my own feelings, part with you without expressing my respect for you, and my gratitude for the prompti tude and cheerfulness with which you have obeyed all my orders, whether you were commanded to march to the deadly battle-field, or to appear for drill or review. I had heard, before the regiment came to this department, of its honorable reputation ; and I was proud when I learned that it was to be included in the brigade under my command. That pride has been continually strengthened by the faithfulness with which you have performed your duties. You had scarcely time to realize that you were on the enemy's soil, when you were ordered on a tedious and hazardous march ; and this you have fol lowed up, with brief intervals, by frequent expeditions, leaving but little time for rest. THE FIFTH ENLISTS FOR THE THIRD TIME. 183 You may, perhaps, think you have done more than your share of labor, by engaging in more expeditions, enduring longer marches, and performing more arduous service, than any other nine-months' regiment, or even the three- years' troops, in the same period of time. But you should remember the Scripture saying, that " whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth," and accept the toils and hardships you have borne, as a proof of the good opinion of your commanding general, who calls most frequently into service those regiments in whom he has the most confidence. I shall follow you to your farms, your workshops, and your counting-houses, with the warmest feelings of friendship ; and shall always remember your services with gratitude and satisfaction. Just before the departure of the regiment, a note was received from Gen. Foster, of which the following is a copy : — Headquarters Eighteenth Corps, Newbern, June 22, 1863. Col. George H Pierson, commanding Fifth Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, — The term of service of your regiment having expired, you are about to leave this department. Your regiment has at all times faithfully performed its duty : whatever it has done has been well done. The commanding general desires to express his regret at bidding you fare well, and the hope that he may soon have the pleasure of welcoming many of your members back again. Very respectfully and truly, And by command of MAJOR-GEN. FOSTER. Southard Hoffman, Assistant Adjutant- General. For the third time, the Fifth Regiment, commanded by Col. Pierson, left for the seat of war, July 28, 1864 ; having been mustered in the same day with eight hundred and eighty-six men. The regiment returned with honor to the State at the expiration of the term of service. THE SIXTH REGIMENT. The Old Sixth needs no other eulogy than its simple history. When its officers gathered, at the suggestion of Gen. Butler, in the American House, Lowell, Jan. 21, 1861, they little dreamed of the scenes which, three months later, immortalized the regiment. " The streets oar soldier-fathers trod Blushed with their children's gore: We saw the craven rulers nod, And dip in blood the civic rod. Shall such things be, 0 righteous God! In Baltimore? " 184 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The blood that reddened the pavements of that city flowed from the veins of the men of the Sixth. There were incidents of permanent interest in that tragical experience, unrecorded at the time. When, in the haste and confusion at Baltimore, the regiment was separated, and the band of musicians driven to seek refuge in such houses as were opened for them, until escorted by four hundred policemen to the Philadelphia Depot, while Capt. Follans- bee led the four companies through Pratt Street, Timothy Crowly, the standard-bearer, proudly kept the colors flying over the march, whose silence was broken only by jeers, curses, and the sounds of assault. Lieut. Jepson still keeps the sword crimsoned with the blood of the rebel who drew him into the mob. A new sword having been received in Washington, the, blade of the old one was unwashed, and will be a stirring memorial of one of the earliest blows upon a traitor's head. Here, too, began the expressions of kindest interest by the bondmen, which increased with the progress of the war. Colored women tore up their scanty garments to bind \\ie soldiers' wounds. While at Washington, Chaplain Babbidge (to whom Col. Jones, in his anxiety for the flag presented by Gov. Andrew, committed it) folded the standard, and wore it across his heart, under his coat, for several days. Whether marching through Pennsylvania Avenue in columns of platoons to awe the secessionists with the brigade-appearance, or drilling, then building ovens and tanks, or guarding the polls at Baltimore, the troops were the objects of peculiar interest, and warmly praised by all loyal hearts. Congress thanked them ; Gen. Dix congratulated them ; the people of Bergen, N. J., pre sented a flag ; and the Commonwealth which they had honored received them home again, Aug. 2, with a welcome such as Bos ton knows how to give her returning warriors. The Sixth led in the march of the nine-months' troops to the field of war, under the command of Col. A. S. Follansbee, of Lowell. The regiment was mustered into service, Aug. 31 ; and, on the morning of Sept. 9, left Camp Wilson, Lowell, for Washington. At Boston, marching directly across the city to the Providence Depot, the troops were deprived of a handsome collation which had been provided by the State authorities, and of the Governor's eloquent farewell. THE SIXTH IN VIRGINIA. 185 At New York, which was reached by steamer " Plymouth Rock," Sept. 10, a bountiful breakfast was spread at the Park barracks for the men, while the officers were entertained at the Astor House. Col. Howe presided ; and Prof. Hitchcock of the Union Semi nary, and others, made addresses. In the afternoon, the regiment marched towards Jersey Ferry amid the wildest cheering. Flags and handkerchiefs were waved from doors, windows, and balconies : a cannon thundered its significant adieu from the roof of the New- England House. At Camden, N. J., Major Henry headed a dele gation, and Mr. Thomas Webster very eloquently addressed the troops. In Philadelphia, the officers were welcomed to the Continental, and the troops to the Cooper Refreshment Saloon, — that resting- place along the great highway to the battle-fields of the war in the East, the mention of which will suffuse with tears of gratitude the eyes of unnumbered soldiers. On each plate was placed a printed address of warmest greeting, whose title indicates its character: "Union Saloon's Welcome. Hail to the Massachusetts Sixth ! Wednesday evening, Sept. 10, 1862." After other speeches, and exhibitions of enthusiasm, the Sixth started at eleven o'clock, a.m., for Washington. The officers of the regiment were, — Colonel . Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon . Assistant Surgeon a it Chaplain A. S. Follansbee. Melvin Beal. Charles A. Stott. Walter Burnham. 0. M. Humphrey. G. E. Pinkham. J. W. Hanson. Col. Follansbee reported to Gen. Casey, who ordered the troops to Fortress Monroe ; and Gen. Dix sent them to Suffolk, Va., where they reported to Gen. Terry on the 15th. They were stationed in an orchard, which, in Yankee fashion, they immediately began to improve ; and soon tents were pitched, streets graded, and every thing was made as comfortable as possible. The rebels, it was reported on the 17th, were near, and preparation was at once made to receive them ; but no attack was made, and the men were employed on picket-duty, rifle-pits, and intrenchmeuts. During the next eight months, the result of their digging, chop- 186 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. ping, wheeling, and working on fortifications, was seen in one of the most formidable line of defences to be found in the country, stretching nine miles along the Dismal Swamp. The observance of the sabbath by the regiment was general ; and, wherever the " assembly sounded, several hundred usually formed a square in front of headquarters, the chaplain standing on a box, behind a pile of drums, and discoursing briefly to an attentive audience, with singing of the first order." Prayer- meetings were also held weekly; and " several men made a profes sion of religion during the campaign." The Sixth was called the " writing regiment," because of the unusually large correspond ence kept up between the boys and home. On the 24th, the regiment was brigaded under Col. R. S. Fos ter. The next day, camp was changed to higher and pleasanter ground, and built winter-quarters of " Virginia mud," logs, and. canvas. The country around furnished sweet-potatoes, grapes-j &c, " which would find their way into camp." The monotony was broken by the frequent arrival of contrabands, panting for freedom. Chaplain Hanson graphically describes the meetings of the col ored people for worship to which he alluded, and gives the words of their original heart-melodies. Nov. 17, a force of about five thousand men, in which the Sixth had the post of honor, started for the Black water River, where the cavalry had skirmished with the enemy. The gantlet of rebel fire along the march, " whose ticklish music the troops heard for the first time," was run with heroic bearing. Two men fell out of the ranks, and were captured. The expedition returned ; and the troops, after rest, completed winter-quarters. Two of their number died of typhoid-fever during November. The 27th was Thanksgiving. The Massachusetts holiday was appropriately observed. The chaplain had read the previous sabbath the Governor's Proclama tion, and General Orders ; and a " large number of strangers were present, and the larders of the men overflowed with comforts. Boxes from home, containing tons of luxuries, were constantly arriving ; and they did much to moisten the ' hard-tack,' and soften the proverbial ' salt mule.' " Early in December, an expedition was made to the vicinity of Franklin, where the cavalry force charged splendidly an equal rebel force. Dec. 6, huts were built upon new camping-ground on the THE SIXTH IN THE FIELD. 187 front, before occupied by the Eighty-fifth Pennsylvania, and called Camp Misery : it was soon worthy of a better name under the new management. Here young Richardson died of diphtheria, " with perfect trust in God." A refreshing supply of stores was received from the Sanitary Commission, and Soldiers' Aid Society of Haverhill. On the llth, the regiment was again marching toward the Blackwater. Lieut. Barr, a favorite among his com rades, was the next day killed by a rebel sharpshooter, the ball entering his heart. After hard marches and heavy skirmishing, the troops encoun tered the enemy. A skirmish followed with a force under Gen. Pryor on the 28th, in which the rebels were routed. Jan. 27, another death by fever occurred ; and, on the 29th, another by the falling of a tree. Two days later, at midnight, another expedition started for the Blackwater, the moonlight shining on the waste of mud and water through which the marches lay. The object of the movement was to attack, rout, and, if pos sible, capture, Gen. Pryor's force. Near Suffolk, the enemy made an attack, when the Sixth supported the Massachusetts Seventh and Follett's Battery. In the severe engagement of the regiment, §ix were killed or fatally wounded. The conduct of the Sixth was excellent, and complimented on the field by Geii. Cor coran and other officers. February and March were months of frequent storms, and only fatigue and picket duty could be performed. Feb. 27, Augustus Reed, the gallant " Gussy," as he was called, aged nineteen, died. April 10, tents disappeared, huts were dismantled, and the Sixth " reduced to light marching order." Then followed the threat ened attack of Gen. Longstreet, with its skirmishing, duels between gunboats, the artillery, and the rifles of the sharp shooters, for twenty-three days. April 24, Col. Follansbee commanded an expedition to make a sortie on the Somerton Road. May 4, the enemy fell back towards Fredericksburg. Nine days later, the eighth and last expedition of the Sixth was made towards Blackwater, under the general command of Col. Foster, while Col. Follansbee led Foster's brigade. The 15th brought skirmishing with the enemy, followed by firing all along the line. The engagement cost the Sixth twenty-one killed, wounded, and missing. 188 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Records the Adjutant-General : — Under command of Gen. Corcoran, the regiment moved to Windsor, May 20, to protect workmen in taking up the rails of the Norfolk and Petersburg Boad. Here it remained until the 23d ; when Gen. Corcoran notified Col. Follansbee, that, in consideration of the nearness of the time when its term of service would expire, the regiment would that day be relieved. Accordingly, at four, p.m., it left for Suffolk, arriving after ten days of most fatiguing and exhausting service, which told more on the regiment's health and spirits than all the rest of its hardships combined. May 25, Gen. Peck and Col. Foster issued very complimentary orders to the regiment ; and, on the morning of the 26th, it bade adieu to the scene of its toils and perils, arriving in Boston in the steamer "S. B,. Spaulding," after a delightful voyage, May 29, and reaching Lowell the same day, where a splendid ovation was received from the people of that city. It was then — two days before the expiration of its term of service — dismissed, to report for mustering out on the 3d of June. With great order, the men returned to their homes. Thus ended the second campaign of the Sixth Massachusetts Kegiment, honorably to itself, and with remarkable exemption from death by disease and battle, when the number of its engagements, and the unhealthy location of its camp on the edge of the Dismal Swamp, are considered. Much of this exemption should be attributed to the humane courage of its commanding officers, the skill and care of its surgeons, but more to the sterling sense and intelligence of the men themselves. Col. Follansbee could have sacrificed many of them had he been ambitious to do so, and would have done so had he possessed less military skill. Officers and men parted with remarkable good will, and with a mutual harmony and confidence rarely witnessed ; and as those who composed the regiment look back, and review their campaign, they must generally con gratulate themselves that their mihtary experience was, on the whole, so agreeable. THE EIGHTH REGIMENT. The Eighth is emphatically an Essex-County regiment. It served with distinction under Col. Monroe and Col. (now Gen.) Hinks in the three-months' campaign in 1861. It was recruited for the nine-months' service at Camp F. W. Lander, at Wenham ; and completed its organization by the election of F. W. Coffin, an experienced militia officer, as colonel. The roster was as follows : Colonel F. J. Coffin. Lieutenant- Colonel Surgeon Assistant Surgeon Chaplain . James Hudson, jun. Charles Haddock. J. L. Bobinson. J. C. Kimball. THE EIGHTH IN NORTH CAROLINA. 189 On the twenty-fifth day of November, 1862, the regiment left Camp F. W. Lander, at Wenham, Mass., for Boston, where it embarked on the transport steamer " Mississippi," and sailed dur ing the evening of the same day ; and, after a somewhat stormy passage, arrived at Morehead City, N.C, on the 30th, and pro ceeded thence by rail to Newbern. On its arrival, — which was late in the evening, — the regiment was assigned to the second brigade, first division, under command of Col. T. G. Stevenson, Twenty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers, and went into camp on the Fair Grounds, in tents vacated by the Tenth Regiment Connecticut Volunteers. Dec. 4, Company A, Capt. Gardiner, and Company E, Capt. Porter, were detached from the regiment, for garrison-duty at Roanoke Island ; and remained absent from the regiment until July 12, 1863, when they rejoined it at Maryland Heights. Dec. 9, the regiment was detached from the second brigade, first division, for garrison-duty in the city of Newbern, — all the other troops in and about Newbern being about to leave on an expedition to the interior of the State, — and Col. Coffin was appointed to the command of the post. Dec. 28, the regiment was assigned to the brigade under the command of Col. T.*J. C Amory, Seventeenth Massachusetts Volunteers ; and, on the same day, was transferred to the first brigade, second division, under command of Brig. -Gen. Heckman, where it remained until Jan. 11, 1863. The brigade was then ordered to the Department of the South, and the regiment was joined to the second brigade, fifth division, under command of Col. James Jourdan, One Hundred and Fifty-eighth Regiment New- York Volunteers, on account of having condemned arms. Jan.. 25, 1863, the regiment changed camp from Fair Grounds to Fort Totten ; and, on the same day, Companies G and K were detached from the regiment for duty there. Feb. 1, Companies A and E, under command of Capt. Porter, with two days' rations, proceeded on steamer " Halifax " up Car- rituck Sound to destroy rebel salt-works and capture guerillas. Getting frozen into the ice, they were compelled to remain five days, during which they suffered much for want of rations ; but returned on the 6th, having accomplished their object, with a loss of two men wounded. Feb. 7, Companies B and F were detached from the regi ment, and ordered to Roanoke Island as re-enforcements to the garrison there. 190 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. On the 10th, Company B was detached from the garrison at Roanoke Island, and ordered to Elizabeth City as a re-enforcement to the garrison at that post, the vicinity of which was then infested with guerillas, and with whom the garrison had a number of skirmishes, but with a loss to this company of only one man wounded. Feb. 25, the regiment participated in a review of all the troops in and about Newbern ; and, although it had but six com panies present, it received the credit of being one of the best regiments in the department for soldierly bearing and deport ment. March 16, the regiment, with others comprising the fifth division, under command of Gen. Prince, was ordered on a re- connoissance towards Trenton, N.C. Having accomplished the object of the expedition, they returned the next day, after a march of about twenty-five miles. March 20, Col. Coffin was ordered to the command of the second brigade, fifth division. » April 8, an expedition, of which the regiment formed a part, under command of Brig. -Gen. Spinola, left Newbern to re-en force Gen. Foster at Washington, N.C ; meeting and engaging the enemy at Blount's Creek, who were strongly fortified, and believed to be in large numbers. The expedition, therefore, returned on the 12th, with a loss to the regiment of one man wounded, having marched a distance of forty-five miles. April 16, Company B was relieved from duty at Elizabeth City, and ordered to rejoin the regiment, the above-named place having been abandoned by our forces. The same day, the regiment, forming part of an expedition under command of Gen. Prince, left Newbern for the purpose of recon noitring in the vicinity of the outposts of the enemy. After remaining absent six days, the expedition returned, having taken a number of the enemy prisoners. May 18, the Eighth changed from camp at Fort Totten to Camp Coffin, about one-third of a mile distant. May 25, it moved from Camp Coffin to Fort Thompson, on the Neuse River, about five miles from Newbern, to reconstruct the fort destroyed in 1861; but, on inspection, the commanding general abandoned the idea; and, on June 12, it returned to Newbern, and went into camp at Camp Jourdan, named in honor of the brigade commander, Col. James Jourdan. June 24, Companies G and K were relieved from duty in Fort ON MARYLAND HEIGHTS. 191 Totten, and reported to the regimental commander for duty ; and, on the same day, the regiment embarked on transports "Alli ance" and "Highlander," and sailed for Fortress Monroe, arriving on the 27th. The next day it was ordered to Boston, Mass., to be mustered out of service. The quartermaster's department not furnishing the necessary transportation, the regiment lay at Fortress Monroe until the 30th, when it was ordered to Balti more, Md., to report to Major-Gen. Schenck, commanding Middle Department, Eighth Army Corps, as there were fears of an attack on that city by the enemy. July 1, the regiment arrived at Baltimore, and was assigned to the second provisional brigade, under command of Brig.-Gen. E. B. Tyler. It was ordered to Camp Bradford, where it re mained until the 6th, when it was assigned to the brigade under command of Brig.-Gen. Briggs, and proceeded by rail to Monocacy Junction, Md. The next day the Eighth proceeded to Sandy Hook, and on that night took up the line of march for Maryland Heights. The march up those rugged heights was hard indeed ; and, it having rained for a number of hours, the road, or rather path, was in a very bad condition, and the night so dark, one could not tell friend from foe. Entirely unacquainted with the route, the regi ment was nearly five hours advancing a distance of little more than three and a half miles ; but finally reached the destination, and at about half-past two o'clock, a.m., of the Sth, taking possession of Fort Duncan, raised the stars and stripes where they could be seen by the pickets of the enemy at the break of day. The regi ment remained here until the 12th; when, with the re-enf»rccment of Companies A, E, and F, — which had been relieved from duty at Roanoke Island, N.C, — the brigade took up the line of march in the night to re-enforce the Army of the Potomac, which it joined the next day at Funkstown, having marched a distance of twenty-five miles in sixteen hours. The brigade was immediately assigned to the second division, First Army Corps. The regiment remained with the Army of the Potomac during its movement from Funkstown to the Rappahannock ; when, on the 26th, it was ordered home to be mustered out of service. While in the Army of the Potomac, although the regiment was not engaged with the enemy, it suffered much for want of tents, clothing, shoes, &c. The men, on leaving Newbern, June 24, supposing their destina tion to be Massachusetts, deemed it unnecessary to provide them selves with a new supply of clothing, as what they had would be 192 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. more than sufficient for their use on the passage home ; and, being unable to get supplied at Baltimore, the men arrived in Massachusetts on the 29th, with clothes tattered and torn, but yet showing that they had seen service, and, by their firm tread and manly bearing, that they were ready and willing to do their duty to their country and to the glorious old flag. The regiment received a hearty welcome from its friends, and was mustered out of service Aug. 7, 1863. Since the organization of the regiment, the number of deaths was nine ; wounded, four ; deserters, forty-two. The Eighth Regiment, Col. Peach in command, left with the hundred-days' men, — his force numbering eight hundred and sixty men, — July 26, 1864. Acquitting themselves with their usual discipline, and prompt acceptance of any post of duty to the Re public, the troops reached home again in the autumn. CHAPTER VII. THE SEVENTH, NINTH, AND TENTH REGIMENTS. Tlie Seventh under Col. Couch. — Movements and Achievements. — Ninth Regiment. — Composition of the Regiment. — Col. Cass. — Roster of Officers. — Movements in Virginia. — Peninsular Campaign. — March .into Maryland. — Battle of Fredericks burg. — Chancellorsville. — Gettysburg. — Rappahannock Station. — Mine Run. — Wilderness. — Return Home. — Discharge. — Tenth Regiment. — Its Origin. — Its Roster of Officers. — In Maryland. — In Virginia. — At Yorktown. — Peninsular Campaign. — Antietam. — Fredericksburg. — St. Mary's Heights. — At Gettysburg. — Pursuit of the Enemy. — Campaign of the Wilderness. — Crossing the James. — Before Petersburg. — Return Home. — Mustered out. THE Seventh Regiment was raised in the county of Bristol by Col. Darius Nash Couch, who was commissioned major- general, July 4, 1862. He was a native of Putnam County, N. Y., and a graduate of West Point. He won laurels in the war with Mexico ; and, six years later, made a tour through that country, publishing, upon his return, his " Notes of Travel." Resigning his position in the army, he engaged in business in New- York City, and subsequently in Taunton, Mass., where he resided when the Rebellion brought him again into the war-field, at the head of the Seventh. Its officers were, — Colonel . Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon . Assistant Surgeon Darius N. Couch. Chester W. Greene. David E. Holman. S. Atherton Holman. Z. Boylston Adams. Col. Russell of the regular army, who succeeded Col. Couch upon his promotion to a major-generalship, was a fine officer, and did much to make the Seventh one of the best regiments in the army. In making a sketch of this excellent body of troops, we can give no more than " a mere outline of its camps, its marches, and its battles." The "bravery and good conduct" of the Seventh have frequent mention in General Orders. It was mustered into service at Taunton, Mass., June 15, 1861 ; and arrived in Wash ington, D.C, July 15, and encamped on Kalorama Heights, near Georgetown. The following month it went into winter-quarters 25 193 194 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. at Camp Brightwood. The last week in March, 1862, — having marched to Prospect Hill, Va., and returned, — it embarked in the steamer "Daniel Webster" for Fortress Monroe ; landed on the 29th, and moved seven miles to Camp William F. Smith. On the 4th of April, the troops were again on the march toward Williamsburg, where they immediately entered the field of battle. Though weary, and the afternoon was waning, they advanced, under a severe and well-served fire, to the support of the ex hausted columns of Gen. Peck's brigade. At nightfall, they relieved the One Hundred and Second Pennsylvania Volunteers, standing by their arms during all the dismal night of drenching rain, without blankets or fires. Before the sun had risen, a de tachment from Company K, Capt. Reed, with another from Gen. Davidson's command, occupied Fort Magruder. On the 9th, they started for Bottom's Bridge ; had a skirmish with the enemy's pickets onthe 21st, driving them in: our forces then crossed the Chickahominy. On the last day of May and the first of June, they were engaged in the fierce battle of Fair Oaks. June 2, they supported a battery at Golding's Farm ; and on the 25th, having left camp not far from Savage's Station, engaged the enemy near Seven Pines. During the five days following, the troops marched twenty-five miles, turned to James River, and, after a skirmish with rebel cavalry, encamped on the 30th at Turkey-Island Bend. July 1, the march was resumed to Malvern Hill, followed by picket -duty in the woods. The next day, the weary men encamped near Harrison's Landing. On the 3d, they marched three and a half miles, and went into camp again. By the 17th, having made reconnoissances to Turkey-Island Bend and Haxall's Station, the troops crossed the Chickahominy, and encamped on its banks. The month of September, 1863, was spent in marches from Alexandria to Fairfax Court House, Chain Bridge, Tenally Town, into Maryland, crossing the Monocacy River at Sicksville, then over the mountains to Burttellsville, thence through South-Mountain Gap, and finally to the battle field of Antietam. Here they remained a few hours in line of battle in the rear of Gen. Porter's corps, and crossed the Antie tam River to the field of the previous day, to be stationed on picket. The 21st, they encamped in the woods on the Williams- port Road, and, two days later, near Downesville. Oct. 18, passing through Williamsport, the tents were pitched in THE SEVENTH AT WORK. 195 the neighborhood of Clear Springs. Marching over North Moun tain on the 20th, and changing camp from Hancock to Cherry Run, Williamsport, Robertsville, and Berlin, they crossed into Virginia. Dec. 11, they started at daylight, and marched to the Rappa hannock about one mile below Fredericksburg ; halted until five, P.M. ; then crossed that river under a severe fire from the enemy. The regiment was the second to cross, and, acting as support to the skirmish-line, advanced about half a mile from the river, driving the enemy in front. The troops remained in this position during the night, on picket ; their brigade being the only troops across the river at this point. From Dec. 12 till the last days of January, with brief encamp ments, the regiment was marching ; sometimes on the left of our line, under fire, and then the rear-guard of the army. They were in camp the greater part of the winter, at White-oak Church. Leaving this spot April 28, the rain beating upon their ranks, the brave men moved towards the Rappahannock, bivouacked for the night, and at dawn of day, advancing nearer to the stream, deployed into line of battle. July 3, they acted as support, moving from right to left, almost continually under fire. On the 4th, before dawn, they were in the front ; and at noon fell back, and threw up rifle-pits. From that memorable day till the last of October, the troops were on picket, their tramp echoing on the midnight air, and their bivouac on the wild summit of South Mountain ; followed by the close pursuit of the enemy with its excitement, and the line of battle with its awful pause. Rifle-pits bristled at intervals along their way, thrown up by their strong hands ; and from the mountain-top, crested by their arms on the 7th of July, they moved towards the Potomac, encamping at Warrenton, Stone- house Mountain, Bristow Station. Nearly two hundred and fifty miles had been travelled to the neighborhood of Warrenton, and well-nigh the entire programme of war experienced by the un complaining troops. October and November brought the usual variety of marches, skirmishes, and encampments along the Rappahannock and the Rapidan. Nov. 7, the regiment was detached from the second brigade, and sent forward in line of battle to strengthen the First ; and, on the 29th, joined the Second Corps, and again took the front. Dec. 3, the Seventh marched to Brandy Station, and pitched 196 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. tents on the same camping-ground left on the last Thanksgiving Day. Col. Johns, its last commander, has written an account of sub sequent operations : — The regiment remained at Camp Sedgwick, which is near Brandy Station, Va-, between the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers, performing the usual routine of camp and picket duty, until Feb. 27, 1864. On that day, we moved with the Sixth Corps to cover and support the cavalry movement in the direction of Charlottesville, Va. ; marched fifteen miles, through Culpeper, towards Madison Court House, and bivouacked for the night near Jamestown, Va. ; and, the 28th, reached the south bank of Robertson's River, and took position in line of battle, where we remained until the night of March 1 in the midst of a severe rain and snow storm. The cavalry having returned, we recrossed the river, and bivouacked one mile from the north bank, the storm still continu ing. The objects of the movement having been completed, March 2, marched twenty-two miles back to our old camp near Brandy Station, and resumed camp-duties. Nothing unusual occurred until the night of May 3, when we received orders to break camp at three, a.m., the next morning, and hold ourselves in readiness. to move. We started at four, a.m., May 4; marched fourteen miles, crossing the Rapi dan about one o'clock, and bivouacked for the night four miles from the river. The day following, marched to the left, and took position on the left of the Third Corps. We formed in line of battle ; and about four, p.m., the advance to attack was sounded, and the enemy was successfully engaged until dark, when we occupied the field, and slept on our arms for the night. Casualties in this engagement, eighty-five. At daybreak we advanced again to the attack ; and continued to be engaged, with wavering success* during the greater portion of the day. The casualties this day were thirty-five. We bivouacked on the field for the night, and on the 7th were ordered to the right to resist a threatened attack of the enemy in that direction. We commenced throwing up rifle-pits, which were not occupied, and at dark moved through the Wil derness to the left ; being on the march during the whole night. Eight miles on the road leading to Spottsylvania Court House, the enemy made a stand. We formed with the Sixth Curps in line of battle, and at dark charged on the enemy, who was in a strong position on elevated ground. Their line was broken, and the Seventh Massachusetts captured the color- standard, color-guard, and thirty-two men, of a Georgia regiment, losing but one man killed, four wounded, and two prisoners ; the latter having been recaptured while on the way to Richmond. We held the position gained, and bivouacked on the field. The next two days we were engaged in throw ing up rifle-pits, with more or less firing on both sides. On the llth, we were ordered to the front in skirmish-line, remaining on constant duty till the loth, when we rejoined the main body, and rested until two, a.m., of the 14th ; then marched five miles, and formed in line of battle on the left of the Fifth Corps. At daik, on the 17th, we marched ah night towards the right ON CONSTANT DUTY. 197 of the army, and at daybreak charged with our division on the enemy's works, which were not carried. The attempt was renewed : we were subjected to a severe artillery-fire until eleven, a.m. ; when we were ordered to retire, and fell back to our own rifle-pits. Towards dark, we moved farther back to the same position we left on the night of the 17th, crossed the Ni River, threw out pickets, and bivouacked for the night. The casualties this day were six. Marched two miles to the left on the 19th, and threw up rifle-pits. In the evening of the 21st, at nine o'clock, we commenced a night-march of fifteen miles towards North Anna River ; crossed it, and threw up rifle- pits. On picket-duty, near Noel's Station, May 25. The regiment, on the 26th, was thrown on the extreme left, where the enemy was in formidable position. With other regiments, the Seventh covered the withdrawal of the Sixth Corps ; recrossed North Anna River, and thence over the Pamunkey, throwing up rifle-pits at Hanover Court House, on the 29th ; and, the 31st, acting as pickets to cover movements from that position. Juno 1, we marched fifteen miles to Cold Harbor, which we reached at two, p.m. The enemy was found in position, and were immediately engaged by the Sixth Corps with success, and driven back ; we occupying the ground for the night. The Seventh was on constant duty at this point from this date until June 12 ; being engaged in several assaults by day and night, constantly exposed to the enemy's fire, and losing men daily. Having been reduced in numbers by the serious casualties of the campaign thus far, the duties of the regiment were unusually arduous, the necessities of the position requiring almost constant duty in the front line. The 13th, having marched twenty-five miles, we crossed the Chickahominy, and bivouacked for the night ; and, next day, marched four miles to near Charles-City Court House, where we saw the wa ters of the James River. On the 15th, we bivouacked on the banks of the James. The term of three years' service of the Seventh expiring this day, it was relieved from duty, and ordered to Massachusetts to be mustered out of service. In Special Order from division and brigade commanders, the regi ment was thanked for the gallant and efficient service they had performed. On the morning of the 16th, it embarked from Wilson's Landing, James River, Va., in the despatch steamer " Keyport," for Washington ; and on the 17th, at six, p.m., took special train for New York. At Philadelphia, we met with a flattering reception and a hospitable entertainment, by the citizens, at the Sol diers' Home. At New York, we were comfortably quartered and provided for at the Park barracks ; and, on the evening of the 19th, took special train for Taunton, Mass., — the point at which the regiment was organ ized three years ago. Reached Taunton, June 20 ; and the regiment was warmly welcomed back by the citizens, who turned out en masse. The men were furloughed until July 4, when they paraded, and assisted the citizens of Taunton in the celebration of the anniversary of our national independence. July 5, the regiment, which had lost in action and by disease sixty-five men, was formally mustered out of service, and the men were furnished trans portation to their homes. CHAPTER VTII. NINTH AND TENTH REGIMENTS. Ninth Regiment. — Composition of the Regiment. — Col. Cass. — Roster of Officers.— Movements in Virginia. — Peninsular Campaign. — March into Maryland. — Battle of Fredericksburg. — Chancellorsville. — Gettysburg. — Rappahannock Station. — Mine Run. — Wilderness. — Return Home. — Discharge. — Tenth Regiment. — Its Origin. — Its Roster of Officers.— In Maryland. — In Virginia. — At Yorktown. — Peninsular Campaign. — Antietam. — Fredericksburg. — St. Mary's Heights. — At Gettysburg. — Pursuit of the Enemy. — Campaign of the Wilderness. — Crossing the James. — Before Petersburg. — Return Home. — Mustered out. THE NINTH REGIMENT. THE energetic and enthusiastic Col. Thomas Cass was the " life and soul " of the gallant Ninth, which was com posed of Irishmen by birth or descent, almost to a man, accustomed to military drill. Among the first three-years' regiments, it be came, by discipline and heroism, one of the most efficient that left the State for the seat of war. It was ordered into camp at Long Island, Boston Harbor, May 3, 1861 ; from which place, some weeks later, it was transported in the steamer " Ben De Ford " to Washington. The brave Col. Cass fell, mortally wounded, before Richmond, in the battle of June 27, 1862. He was succeeded in command by Col. Patrick R. Guiney, a brave and accomplished officer, who has furnished a brief nar rative, which will follow this roll of officers : — Colonel . Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon . Assistant Surgeon Chaplain Thomas Cass. Robert Peard. Patrick R. Guiney. Peter Pineo. Patrick A. O'Connell. Thomas Scully. Upon arriving at Washington, June 29, we encamped about one mile from the city. Left this camp, July 28; crossed the Potomac, and encamped on Arlington Heights, Va., where we remained until the 29th of September, when we left to participate in the grand forward movement of the Army of the Potomac, and arrived at Miner's Hill, Va. ; which place we occupied until 198 BATTLES OF GAINES'S MILLS, MALVERN HILL, ETC. 199 March 10, 1862, when we marched to Fairfax Court House, where we re mained one week. From thence we moved to Alexandria, and embarked for Fortress Monroe the latter part of this month, and encamped near Hampton. Our regiment formed a part of the reeonnoissance toward Yorktown, drivino- the enemy from their works at Big Bethel. On the 4th of April, we ad vanced to Yorktown, participating in the battle before that town the foUowing day, also in the subsequent siege. On the evacuation of Yorktown by the enemy, the Ninth joined in the pursuit ; arriving at Gaines's Mills, on the Chickahominy, May 25. Formed a part of Gen. Fitz John Porter's corps at the battle of Hanover Court House, May 27. June 26, marched to Mechanicsville, and participated in the battle near that place. We remained in position during the night, and, the following morning, inarched to, and fought the battle of, Gaines's Mills, alone ; losing, during the engagement, six killed, twenty wounded, and one missing. The same day (June 26), participated in the battle of the Chickahominy, where our loss amounted to fifty-two killed, a hundred and thirty wounded, and fifteen missing. The following morning, we crossed the Chickahominy, and biv ouacked on the banks of the river; where we remained till the following day, when we marched towards Malvern Hill. On the afternoon of July 1, we took an active part in the battle fought at that place ; our loss being eleven killed, a hundred and forty-seven wounded, and twenty-two missing. The following morning, we marched to Harrison's Landing, on the banks of the James River" ; where we remained encamped until Aug. 14, 1862. From thence we marched down the Peninsula, arriving at Fortress Monroe after a march of five days. We reached Acquia Creek Aug. 21. Jlere we were transported by rail to Fredericksburg, where we encamped, and remained some two or three days. On the 24th of August, we marched to Ellis's Ford, on the Rappa hannock ; where we remained a few days only, then marched to Warrenton Junction. From thence we marched to Manassas, and were present at all the engagements near that place ; our loss being only five wounded. We marched from Manassas, via Vienna, to Chain Bridge, on the Potomac ; whence we returned nexf day to our old camp-ground at Miner's Hill, after an absence of nearly six months. Left this camp Sept. 12, and marched to Frederick, Md., where we arrived the 14th inst. On the following day, we marched to Boonsborough, and were present at the battle of Antietam. The next day, we followed the retreating enemy to the banks of the Potomac, where we encamped. We were present at the battle of Botler's Mill ; also formed part of the reeonnoissance towards Charlestown, Va., Oct. 22, under command of Gen. Humphrey ; loss, one wounded. On the 30th of October, marched to Harper's Ferry, Va. ; from thence to Snicker's Gap, where we remained three days. Nov. 5, we left Snicker's Gap, and marched to War renton, where we arrived Nov. 10. 200 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The regiment left Warrenton Nov. 16, and encamped for a few days at Hartwood Church. Nov. 20, it moved to Falmouth, and took part in the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13. After the battle, the Ninth re-occupied its old camp at Falmouth until Dec. 30, when it made a reeonnoissance toward Kelley's Ford, march ing fifty-four miles in thirty-one hours, and returning to camp much exhausted. April 27, 1863, the troops moved to Kelley's Ford ; crossed the Rappahannock, reaching the Rapidan on the 29th, and arrived at Chancellorsville on the 30th. The regiment participated in the engagement which took place there May 3 ; when it returned to Falmouth, where it remained, comparatively idle, until the com mencement of the series of movements which culminated in the Gettysburg campaign. In the great battle and victory which so gloriously terminated this campaign, the Ninth participated, having been twice actively engaged with the enemy, although its principal duties on this field had been those of skirmishers. In the subsequent pursuit of the enemy, the- regiment passed over South Mountain on the 8th of July, and continued the pursuit through Middle- town, Boonsborough, &c. ; and, after crossing the Antietam, the army took up a position. Afterwards we cautiously advanced on Williamsport, which we found evacuated. July 17, the regiment crossed the Potomac at Berlin, Md., and encamped at L ville, Va. ; and, notwithstanding the extraordinary fatigue the troops had undergone, — marching, skirmishing, fighting, almost unceasingly, — the men were never in better spirits. The glorious success of Gettysburg, coming to them as it did after a series of terrible defeats, inspired them to endurance, and strengthened their hopes. The following day, they marched to Manassas Gap, and, July 24, participated in the battle of Wapping Heights. The enemy were driven from their position there ; and the Ninth continued its march, reaching Warrenton on the 27th, where, after a brief encampment, it removed to Beverly Ford. From this position, Sept. 14, it changed to a point near Culpeper. Here, Oct. 13, it acted as rear-guard to the Fifth Corps while the army fell back, and then bivouacked at Warrenton. The Ninth next moved to Centreville and to the rear of Fairfax. After several heavy marches, the regiment again reached the Rappahannock, Nov. 7, and took part in the battle of Rappahan nock Station. Nov. 19, the regiment crossed the river again at Kelley's Ford ; marched to and crowed the Rapidan ; and, advan- THE BATTLE OF THE WILDERNESS. 201 cing nine miles to Robinson's Tavern, moved on to Mine Run, a mile and a half farther, — and shared in the engagement at that place. Dec. 1, the regiment recrossed the Rapidan, and, Dec. 3, crossed to the north side of the Rappahannock, and was detailed to do guard-duty at Bealton, where it encamped. The Ninth left Bealton May 1, 1864, and advanced to Cul peper Court House, where it rejoined the main body of the army. From that point a-night's march was made, and the Rapidan was crossed at Germania Ford on the morning of May 4. The march was continued into the Wilderness to the point at which the battle of the Wilderness was fought, May 5, 6, and 7. Thence the regi ment moved to Spottsylvania, the North and South Anna Rivers, Shady Grove, and up to Cold Harbor, near Richmond, partici pating in the several battles of this unparalleled campaign. From Cold Harbor the Ninth was ordered home, having completed its term of service. The men whose term of service had not expired were transferred to the Thirty-second Regiment. The losses of the Ninth in this its concluding campaign were, officers, six killed and fourteen wounded ; enlisted men, two hundred and thirty-eight killed and wounded. Major Mahan's narrative contains paragraphs which will make the foregoing more complete. In reference to the winter of 1864, he says, — The duties performed during these winter months were very arduous, and required the greatest vigilance, in consequence of the frequent raids of Mosby's guerilla-band, and also of the notorious company of "Black-horse Cavalry. ' ' The latter force consisted principally of the flower of Fauquier County, .and was the first company of cavalry mustered into the service of the Confederate States. It took its name from the fact that its first captain rode a noble black charger ; and the company was always known, even prior to the war, as the " Black-horse Cavalry," and formed part of the Virginia militia. On the night of the 13th of January, 1864, this company made an attack on the guard stationed at headquarters of second brigade, first division, Fifth Corps, but were repulsed by Company F of the Ninth, commanded by Capt. O'Leary. Several other attempts to cut the railroad and burn the bridge at Licking Run were foiled by the determination of the guard detailed from the Ninth. It was the 10th of June when the regiment's service closed ; and it broke camp at daylight, and proceeded homeward vid Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. On the morning of the fifteenth day of June, the regiment ar rived in Boston ; and the veterans nut with a most cordial and 202 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. hearty reception. The Millbury company of State militia formed the escort, and twenty-three civic associations joined in the pro cession. All the public buildings, and many private dwellings and stores, displayed the national colors, and were gayly decorated with bunting. A salute was fired on Boston Common by Capt. Cummings's Battery of Light Artillery, and at Faneuil Hall a splendid collation was served by the city of Boston. In the after noon and evening, the regiment was entertained in a becoming manner by the Columbian Association. THE TENTH REGIMENT. The Tenth was raised in the five western counties of the State. Capt. Henry S. Briggs, who commanded one of the companies of the noble Eighth in April, was called to the colonelcy of the Tenth in the latter part of May. On the 31st of the month, the troops went into camp at Springfield, and subsequently at Med ford. July 25, 1861, they sailed for Washington in the steamers " Ben De Ford " and " S. R. Spaulding." Its officers were, — Colonel . Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon ¦ Assistant Surgeon Chaplain . Henry S. Briggs. Jefibrd M. Decker. William R. Marsh. Cyrus N. Chamberlain. William Holbrook. Frederic A. Barton. The regiment reached the Navy-yard at Washington, July 28, and, disembarking, marched to Kalorama Heights. A week later, the troops removed to a point five miles north of the capital, on the road to Rockville, where they were stationed, March 10, 1862. with the advance of the army towards Manassas. The regiment then marched to Prospect Hill, Va., and, on the 27th, sailed from Washington for Fortress Monroe, where it landed April 1, and went into camp five miles from Hampton. On the 5th, the troops engaged in the siege of Yorktown, and, on May 3, joined in the pursuit of the enemy to Williams burg. On the evening of the 5th, they entered the battle-field there in time to support the right wing during the closing scenes of the contest. The 8th found them on the enemy's track up the Peninsula. On the 28th, they reached Savage's Station. The attack on Gen. Casey's advanced division was made by the THE TENTH AT MALVERN HILL. 203 rebels on the 31st, forcing it back, and bringing the burden of resistance upon Gen. Couch's division. The Tenth was in the smoke of battle the entire afternoon, breasting the unequal tide like a rock amid the waves. June 25, the troops were again in the fight, supporting the advance on the left, just before the retreat to Harrison's Landing. In the terrific battle at Malvern Hill, the Tenth Massachu setts, with the Thirty-sixth New-York, fell with resistless force upon a brigade of North-Carolina troops, and came out of the bloody contest leaving only the fragments of columns behind. On the 16th of August, the retreat from Harrison's Landing was commenced ; and, twelve days afterwards, the army embarked at Yorktown for Alexandria. On the 2d of September, the Tenth moved to Chain Bridge, and, on the 3d, crossed into Maryland, and entered upon the cam paign in that State. On the 16th, the regiment was at Pleasant Valley ; on the 17th, at Harper's Ferry ; and, on the night of that day, encamped near the battle-field of Antietam. The next morn ing, the troops were in front ; but the conflict was not renewed. The shattered columns of Gen. Lee were now hastening to place the Potomac between themselves and the victorious legions of Gen. McClellan. The latter, in pursuit, reached Williamsport on the 20th. From this date, until the 26th of October, they remained comparatively inactive. On the 31st, the Tenth crossed the Potomac into Virginia; reached New Baltimore, near Warrenton, on the 2d of Novem ber, and the camp at Stafford Court House on the 18th. This regiment behaved bravely at the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 11, having crossed the Rappahannock at sundown, two miles below the city. It was followed by the Second Rhode-Island as skirmishers, with the Thirty-sixth New-York on one bridge, and the Seventh and Thirty-seventh Massachusetts on the other. Gen. Devens was in command of the brigade composed of these five regiments, and held the south bank of the river until morn ing. Although not in the fight, the regiment performed a harder task, which was to stand firm under a heavy artillery-fire. Antici pating the renewal of hostilities, on the 15th, the regiment stood in the front line ; but, instead of engaging the enemy, it became its duty to cover the retreat of the army, and was thus the last regiment to recross the river, encamping in a pine-thicket two miles from Falmouth. Jan. 20, another advance was attempted. The troops broke 204 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. camp, and approached the river ; but the inclemency of the weather, and the intolerable condition of the roads, soon termi nated this expedition, and sent the troops back to their camps. April 28, they were again on the banks of the Rappahannock. Crossing over on the 1st and 2d of May with other troops, the Tenth made a detour to the right of Fredericksburg to attract the attention of the foe lo that quarter, and from the point of assault. This was carried ; and the Tenth, with the loss of sixteen men, joined the brigade on St. Mary's Heights. It advanced to Sa lem Heights, the position of the rebels, and had a hot engagement with them, in which the commander was severely wounded ; Col. Eustis, of the Tenth, taking his place at the head of the brigade. May 5, the Tenth prepared to encamp near the previous whiter- quarters. June 10, the regiment crossed the Rappahannock to relieve the skirmish-line. On the 13th, it evacuated the south bank of the river ; and, on the 14th, marched to Stafford Court House. After a series of daily, fatiguing marches, the Tenth reached Gettys burg on the afternoon of July 2, and moved at once to the first line of battle. July 3, it was in reserve, and marched from point to point to strengthen the weak parts of the line ; at one time passing under the concentrated fire of over a hundred pieces of rebel cannon. On the memorable 4th, the regiment was on skirmish-line ; and on the 5th, pursuing the flying rebels, overtook them near Hagers- town; and, continuing the pursuit, reached Williamsport the next morning, after the rebel rear-guard had disappeared across the Potomac. On the 19th, the troops crossed the river, and, on the 25th, had advanced again as far as Warrenton, Va. Their stay here was short. The two or three months following were without any specially noteworthy incidents ; but, on the 7th of November, the Tenth was engaged as support in the battle of Rappahannock Sta tion. On the 26th, it crossed the Rapidan at Jacob's Ford ; and after eight days' campaigning in the Wilderness, involving hard marching and severe exposure, the Tenth was put on picket Dec. 1, and left to cover the retreat of the army. On the 2d, it was withdrawn ; and, recrossing the Rapidan before sunrise, was again in camp, at Brandy Station, before noon of the 3d. Fatigue, picket-duty, and drills were the variety in camp-life till the 27th of February, 1864. During the time, about one- fourth of the regiment re-enlisted, and were furloughed for thirty days. THE BATTLES OF THE WILDERNESS. 205 Feb. 28, the regiment marched by Culpeper and Thorough fare Mountain to Robertson's River ; and, May 4, moved, with, the Army of the Potomac, across the Rapidan, " bivouacking for the night on the south bank, which was the only sound night's rest the regiment enjoyed till it was relieved ; its term of service having expired." Marching and countermarching, rifle-pits and picket, indicate the hard work accomplished. May 5, the Tenth was fairly in the Wilderness, followed by skirmishing to cover Gen. Eustis's front, and then fierce battle. Writes the gallant colonel, — Men fell like leaves in autumn; yet the regiment stood firm, never wavered, till, the ammunition being expended, it was promptly relieved by Lieut.-Col. Harlow and the Seventh Massachusetts. Would I could sound a note to his (Harlow's) praise, than whom none is more worthy ! We suffered here a loss of one hundred and fifteen, or more than one-third, in killed and wounded. There the brave and gallant First Lieut. Ashley, commanding Company I, was shot through the head, and instantly killed ; and Lieut. Midgly, a most worthy officer, fell mortally wounded. We fell back over the crest of a hill and supplied ourselves with ammunition, took our position for the night, and, as we held the ground, cared for our wounded. Moving on the enemy at daylight next morning, the Tenth repeated the heroic fighting of the preceding day ; and, indeed, the same sanguinary valor distinguished the regiment through all the dreadful days of the Wilderness, and beyond it. Of the conflict which followed the attempt of the rebels to regain the ground from which Hancock in his charge, sup ported by the Tenth, had driven them on the llth, Lieut.-Col. Parsons says, — The battle of the 12 th of May was one of the severest and closest the regi ment was ever engaged in. The rebels seemed determined to retake the posi tion at whatever cost ; and for twenty-four hours there was one continuous roar of musketry. The right of the Tenth was in close proximity to the rebel left, and fiohtin<* over the same works. The muskets of the rebels were knoeked aside by the men, and, in some instances, wrenched from the hands of tlie rebels. Many examples of bravery were displayed in this fight ; but it would be invidious to mention any, and not all. It was here that Major Parker, Capt. J. H. Weatherill, and First Lieut. A. E. Munyan, officers distinguished for bravery and gallant conduct on many a hard-fought field, were mortally wounded. Capts. Knights and Johnson, and Lieut. Eaton, were severely wounded, and many brave men were killed and wounded, in the fight of the 12th • and to mention all who creditably acquitted themselves would be to 206 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. publish the names of all who were present. A heavy rain was falling all day, and all day and all night was the regiment kept under fire. Early on the morning of the 13th, the enemy gave up the attempt to retake the works ; and we were relieved, and ordered to the rear. The battle-field at this point, directly in front of the ground occupied by the Tenth, beggars description. The dead and wounded of the enemy were literally piled in together, three, four, and five deep, showing conclusively that the ammunition which had been expended during the previous twenty-four hours had not been in vain. The loss of the enemy at this point was far greater than our own. A brisk engagement between the enemy and the fourth brigade took place on the 18th, of the casualties of which Lieut.-Col. Par sons says, — We suffered the loss of Lieut. Bartlett, — ever noted for brave and gallant conduct, — who was shot through the head, and instantly killed. Also Capts. Bigelow and Pierce, and Lieut. Cotterill, were among the wounded. Sergts. Paul, Abbott, and Corp. Harger, were among the number who fell to-day, — men of indomitable pluck, heroes in every sense of the word, full of patriotism, and fully competent to command. We mourn the loss of many such, who fell with their breasts to the foe on the battle-fields of Virginia. On the 24th of May, the North Anna River was crossed, and, on the 28th, the Pamunkey. From Hanover Court House, a reeon noissance to Peak's Station, on the Central Virginia Railroad, was made on the 30th ; the Tenth being in advance. This was followed by a forced march to Coal Harbor next day, and the battle at that point. From that time until the 19th of June, the regiment was on the march, and under fire; crossing the Chickahominy on the 13th, and the James on the 16th, at dusk, on a pontoon-bridge. Marching all night and the day following, the regiment reached a position within two and a half miles of Petersburg, and was ordered out at ten o'clock the same night to support a picket. The 18th was spent in skirmishing, in carrying a line of rifle- pits, and in throwing up others under cover of darkness. The Tenth was relieved the next evening, and encamped near corps headquarters. The next morning, as we were waiting to receive the order to report in Massachusetts, the enemy opened a battery of twenty-pound guns from the opposite bank of the Appomattox, and shelled the regiment very vigorously for some time. Sergeant-Major George F. Polley was struck with one of these missiles, and almost instantly killed. The death of Polley cast a gloom over the whole of the homeward trip, commenced that day. By his gallant THE TENTH HOME AGAIN. 207 conduct and fearlessness, he had become a favorite with the whole regiment. When such men are called to give up their lives, we are forcibly reminded of the immense sacrifice this struggle costs us. We buried Polley at City Point, June 21, and took the mail-boat for Washington, arriving there the 22d ; and, after numerous delays, reached Springfield on the 25th of June, where a cheering and enthusiastic reception awaited the return of the vet erans of many a hard-fought field. The regiment formed at the depot, and marched down Main Street to Court Square. The street was fined with the national colors, and cheer upon cheer rent the air. It was welcomed back by the Mayor in a neat and appropriate speech, which was acknowledged ; and the thanks of the regiment were tendered to all who were present to bid it welcome, by the commanding officers. The regi ment was then marched into City Hall, and partook of a bountiful collation prepared by the citizens of Springfield. During the festival, we were enter tained with patriotic songs sung by some fifty misses, to the great delight of all present. The regiment was then furloughed until the 8th of July, when it was mustered out. Thus, after three years' and fifteen days' service, the Old Tenth passed into history, and its members returned to the rights of citizenship. CHAPTER IX. ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH REGIMENTS. Eleventh. — Roster of Officers. — At Washington. — Resignation of Col. Clark. — At Yorktown. — Battles of the Peninsula. — Bull Run and Bristow Station. — Chan cellorsville. — March to Gettysburg. —Lieut.-Col. Tripp's Report. — Wilderness. — Cold Harbor. — James River. — Petersburg. — Death of Col. Blaisdell. — Twelfth Regiment. — Organization. — At Sandy Hook, Md. — In the Shenandoah Valley. — Death of Col. Webster. — Battle of South Mountain. — Fredericksburg. — Gettys burg. — Mine Run. — Gen. Grant's "On to Richmond." — Return Home. — Mus tered out. THE ELEVENTH REGIMENT. THIS regiment was raised in the vicinity of Boston, and ordered to Fort Warren, May 4, 1861 ; where it was organized on the ¦ 9th, and sworn into the service of the United States June 13. The officers of the organization were as follow : — Colonel Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon Assi tant Surgeon Chaplain George Clark, jun. William Blaisdell. George F. Tileston. Luther V Bell. Dr. John W. Foye. Elisha F. Watson. June 15, the regiment went to Camp Cameron, and, on the 24th, started for Washington ; reaching the capital on the 3d of July. On the 14th, it was marched to Alexandria, and thence, on the 21st, to Bull Run, and participated in the conflict there. From that disastrous sabbath's work, the regiment returned to Camp Wilson, at Alexandria. Aug. 10, it removed to Bladensburg, Md. ; and from thence, Oct. 27, to Budd's Ferry. Meanwhile, Col. George Clark, who had originally raised the regiment, was com pelled, Oct. 11, by reason of ill health, to resign, and was suc ceeded by Lieut.-Col. Blaisdell. During the winter, the regiment performed picket-duty as a part of first brigade, Hooker's divi sion, along the banks of the Potomac, and in front of the rebel 208 THE BATTLES BEFORE RICHMOND. 209 batteries at Shipping Point, Va. No part of the soldier's service involves more exposure or requires more fortitude than the picket- line. April 5, the Eleventh embarked for the Peninsula, and, on the 12th, encamped at Yorktown, and were again assigned to picket- service. On the 26th, the men of the Eleventh dashed upon and took a rebel lunette, and, on the 4th of May, entered the enemy's breastworks. Next day, they engaged the enemy at Williams burg, and were the admiration of the army. To express the grateful appreciation of the Commonwealth, the Governor ordered a new State color for the regiment, to be forwarded with his congratulations. The annexed tells the rest of the pleasant story : — Adjutant-General's Office, Boston, May 19, 1862. Col. Blaisdell, Eleventh Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers. Colonel, — It makes every Massachusetts man feel prouder than ever of the old Commonwealth as he reads of the brave deeds of our Massachusetts regiments. f The conduct of the Eleventh Regiment at the battle of Williamsburg was gallant in the extreme ; and his Excellency Gov. Andrew tenders to your self, your officers, and your men, his warmest congratulations, and his sincere thanks for their bravery and good conduct on that terrible day. As a small recognition of their valor, his Excellency has ordered a new regimental color to be made, and forwarded to the regiment. Respectfully yours, WILLIAM SCHOULER, Adjutant-General. The colors were sent on in July last ; and the old ones which have been borne so bravely in ten hard-fought fields were returned, and are now depos ited in the State House. Marches, with the interludes of encampments, Drought the regi ment to Fair Oaks, June 3, to perform picket-duty, work on the intrenchments, &c. The troops were engaged in the battle of the 25th, in the action at Savage's Station, in that at Glendale on the 30th, and at Malvern Hill July 1 ; encamping in the evening of that day at Harrison's Landing. On their return march, the troops reached Yorktown on the 15th of August, embarked for Alexandria, and thence advanced again as far as Warrenton Junction. On the 23th, they went to the battle-fields of Bristow Station and Bull Run ; returning to Alexandria, Sept. 3, to be employed on the defences of Washington. 27 210 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Nov. 1, the Eleventh again took up the line of march to join Col. Blaisdell's brigade at Warrenton Junction. On the 28th of November, it went into camp at Falmouth, and, after twelve days' rest, marched to the Rappahannock, crossed over on the 12th of December, and was detailed to guard the pontoon-bridge at Franklin's Crossing ; ordered to the front on the 13th, but was not actively engaged in the battle, and moved back to camp again on the 16th. Military life here was devoid of any unusual interest until Feb. 5, 1863, when the regiment was ordered to support a cavalry force sent to destroy a bridge over the river. April 29, it crossed the river, and reported to Gen. Hancock. On the 2d and 3d of May, the regiment at Chancellorsville had severe but successful engage ments with the enemy, and, for its gallantry in repulsing him, received the thanks of Gen. Hancock. Returning to camp at Falmouth, the regiment remained there until, the llth of June, when it started on the Gettysburg campaign, reaching the battle field at that place, July 1. In the battles of the 2d and 3d with the rebel invaders, few regiments suffered more than the Eleventh, in proportion to the whole number of men engaged. In pursuit of the enemy, the regiment again crossed the Potomac, July 15. At Manassas, July 23, preparations were made to attack the enemy in force ; but, during the night, he evacuated the position. The Eleventh reached Beverly Ford, Aug. 1, furnishing de tails of pickets until the 15th of September ; when it commenced the march towards Culpeper, which it reached on the 17th, and encamped. On the 8th of October, it was ordered to James City to support Kilpatrick's cavalry ; had frequent skirmishes with the ene my, and, after a series of marches, encamped at Catlett's Station, Oct. 21. The next six weeks were consumed by marches between this point and Mine Run. Nov. 27, encountering the enemy at Locust Grove, a sharp engagement took place. At dark, the divi sion was relieved by the third division, Sixth Corps. Lieut.-Col. Tripp says, — We were ordered to report to Gen. Warren on the Plank-road, at two o'clock, a.m., the same night we arrived. We reported at four, a.m., formed a line of battle in front of the enemy's works, and were ordered to charge them. The project, however, was abandoned. On the morning of Dec. 1, we were ordered to join Gen. Gregg's cavalry division, and act as rear-guard on the Plank-road. THE BATTLES OF THE WILDERNESS. 211 We performed this duty, and crossed the river on our way back to camp, Dec. 2, 1863. Reached camp Dec. 3, and at once prepared for winter- quarters. The regiment performed picket and other service near Brandy Station from this date until May 3, 1864, when, breaking camp, it marched by the old battle-field of Chancellorsville to the Wil derness, where, about four o'clock, p.m., of the 5th, the enemy was met advancing in line of battle. The conflict at once opened, and raged until dark, only to be renewed the next day, and to continue until one, p.m., when the flank of the Eleventh was turned by the rebels, and it fell back to a line of breastworks. Here the foe in heavy force made another assault on our columns, and was repulsed with severe loss. The regiment remained in the vicinity, on picket-duty and protecting supply-trains, until the 10th, when it took up a position in front of the enemy, a short distance to the right of Spottsylvania. Here a fruitless attempt was made to charge across a swamp, and take the enemy's works. Two days later (the 12th), the regiment shared in a general charge upon the rebel intrenchments. One line of these was carried, and six thousand prisoners taken. The line of works captured from the enemy was soon reversed, and a bloody contest was waged until dark. On the 21st, the regiment was strengthened by the addition of forty-five veterans and recruits from the First Regiment of Massa chusetts Volunteers ; the term of service of that regiment having expired. The march to Coal Harbor was attended with skirmishing and a few casualties. June 12, the term of enlistment of fourteen officers and two hundred and ninety enlisted men expired, and they left the front for Boston. The eight remaining commissioned officers, and three hundred and thirty enlisted men, were organ ized into a battalion of five companies, and immediately com menced its march towards the James River. On the night of the ' 15th, it bivouacked within two miles of Petersburg. At sunrise next morning, the summer air was rent with the screaming shell and shot. The men of the Eleventh were ex posed for half an hour to the fire, standing in the open field without the least protection. This receiving fire when nothing can be done but watch the fearful missiles is most trying to the nerves of troops. Skirmishing and picket-duty followed until the 27th, when the 212 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. command moved into the works abandoned by the Sixth Corps, which had gone to support cavalry at Ream's Station, on the Wel don Railroad. Just previously to this, Col. Blaisdell, of this bat talion, was killed while in command of the Corcoran Legion. After an addition of two companies from the Massachusetts Sixteenth, the battalion marched to a reserve camp in the rear, where it was employed in various duties until the 26th of July. Marching was renewed, with the variety, however, of mus ketry, shelling, and artillery fire, and relieving the Eighteenth Corps in front of Petersburg. On the 29th, the battalion returned to camp. Aug. 12, it was at Deep Bottom, and, on the 16th, was detached to make a demonstration and learn the enemy's position, and again compelled to stand in an exposed condition until the object of the movement was accomplished. Two days later, the battalion proceeded by way of Bermuda Hundred to the position held by the Ninth Corps, and were once more under fire. From the middle of August to the middle of December, the battalion was moving about as reserve, furnishing men for fatigue and picket duty in battle, and assisting in the destruction of the Weldon Railroad. Jan. 1, 1865, the battalion lay in the works in front of Peters burg, Va., until Feb. 5, when it took part in a movement designed to extend the lines. It assisted in the construction of a line of works until the closing campaign was commenced. March 29, the regiment made a gallant charge on the enemy's line of works, and a number of men, becoming separated from the rest, — though they drove the enemy from a portion of his works, — were at length overpowered by "superior numbers, and compelled to surrender. During the pursuit of the enemy, the regiment took an active part in the capture of the enemy's trains, and munitions of war, and was in the advance when the formal surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia took place. The regiment moved with the rest of the army to the vicinity of Washington, D.C., at the close of the campaign, and performed light duty until orders were received for its discharge at Read ville, Mass. ; to which place it was transported on the 13th of July, and discharged July 14. Ce,1 CEO. C. &TBO^C - ^LETCh- ^B5' Cf-N. T j. C AMOP- /-enn'- ¦•'¦r 1 !';(..'i''/' Tt'zc-Uer & Co BATTLE OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN. 213 THE TWELFTH REGIMENT. Of this regiment, Companies A, B, C, D, and E were recruited in Boston ; F, in North Bridgewater ; G, in Abington ; H, in Weymouth ; I, in Stoughton ; and K, in Gloucester. The whole number of troops was a thousand and forty. On the 26th of June, they were mustered into the service of the United States, at Fort Warren, with the following officers in command: — Col. Fletcher Webster, son of the Hon. Daniel Webster, com manded the regiment until he was killed at the battle of Bull Run, Aug. 30, 1862. Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon . Assistant Surgeon Chaplain Timothy M. Bryan. Elisha M. Burbank. Jedediah H. Baxter. John McLean Hayward. Edward L. Clark. The regiment left Boston, July 23, 1861 ; and, four days later, went into camp at Sandy Hook, Md. Marching thence by way of Monocacy River, the men went into winter-quarters at Frederick, Md. Feb. 27, the regiment moved to Shenandoah City, Va. With the opening of spring, the Twelfth commenced a succession of marches through the Shenandoah Valley, which continued until early in August. On the 9th, the troops were in the battle of Cedar Mountain, where Capt. N. B. Shurtleff, jun., was killed. On the 20th, they were again engaged in the action at the Rap pahannock, and, on the 30th, in the battle at Grovetown, near Bull Run. In this severe engagement, besides Col. Webster, there were killed, Capt. Kimball, ten enlisted men, and a hun dred and thirty-five wounded and missing. The regiment then retreated to Centreville ; which place it reached on the following day. Sept. 14, it was in the battle of South Mountain, and, at five o'clock on the morning of the 17th, engaged the enemy at Keedys- ville • but at nine, a.m., was ordered to leave the field. It retired in good order, having lost, out of three hundred and twenty-five men forty-seven killed and one hundred and sixty-six wounded, a number of them mortally. The remnant, however, brought from the field their regimental colors and, after supporting a battery, reached their brigade, and ioined in the pursuit of the enemy across the river. Sept. 23, Capt. James L. Bates, an officer of much merit, 214 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. was commissioned colonel, and took command of the regiment. Nov. 8, the troops reached Rappahannock Station, and went into camp. At the battle of Fredericksburg, the Twelfth was in Gibbon's division, Col. Lyle's brigade, and held the right of the second line. The position of this regiment was taken at nine o'clock, a.m. The enemy were hidden from view by a thick wood. Our men remained lying down until one o'clock, p.m., under a brisk fire of shot and shell; the skirmishers being hotly engaged, and the balls of the enemy passing over us. During these four hours, there was but one man of this regiment injured. At one o'clock, the signal to advance was given to the whole division, and immediately obeyed. A heavy fire of musketry broke from the whole fine of woods in our front. Gen. Taylor's brigade stood the fire some thirty minutes, when the brigade in which was this regiment was ordered to reheve them. As they advanced, they became separated from the brigade by the retiring regiments of the third brigade, and continued to advance independ ently, taking a position, and firing until their ammunition began to fail. Their brigade had fallen to the rear ; and they were alone until the third line came forward. Their solid ranks broke to the right of this line, which opened to the right and left to get to the front, where it was quickly formed. The Twelfth Regiment followed the one in their front — the Six teenth Maine — a short distance, and, being out of ammunition, were about to join their brigade in the rear, when they were ordered by Gen. Taylor to prepare for a charge. The colonel thereupon gave the command to fix bayonets, filed to the right of the brigade, and charged with them into the wood in their front. About two hundred of the enemy rushed through our lines, and gave themselves up as prisoners of war. We carried the posi tion, and remained 6ome twenty minutes, expecting support ; but none was in sight : and the men were constantly falling before the fatal fire of an unseen enemy. Capts. Ripley, Reed, Packard, and Clark, were wounded, and a hundred of the men had fallen. After consulting with the officers, the colonel gave the order to about-face ; and they fell back, slowly and reluc tantly, in very good order, bearing their tattered banners with them to their brigade. After reaching the position to which they were ordered to fall back, they were supplied with ammunition and rations. They remained under arms during the night, and, early on the morning of the 14th, were ordered to another position, where they remained until the night of the 15th, when they recrossed the river to Falmouth with their corps. During the battle, the Twelfth was under fire six hours ; and its loss was chiefly sustained during the last two hours. In that time, its loss was a hun dred and five men out of two hundred and fifty-eight who went into the action. The regiment now became attached to the second brigade, second division, First Army Corps. Soon after the withdrawal BATTLES OF THE WILDERNESS. 215 of the army from the south side of the Rappahannock, which fol lowed the late battle, the Twelfth marched to Belle Plain, Va., and commenced at once, near Fletcher's Chapel, building a log city for winter-quarters. Respecting the winter and early spring of 1863, an officer writes : — We remained in this camp until the 20th of January, 1863 ; when we moved out with the division, and started towards the Rappahannock, taking the direction of Banks's Ford. Marching all day, and far into the night, we reached a point on the river road, about four miles from the ford, where the regiment bivouacked for the night in a ploughed field. Soon after the halt, it commenced raining ; and the night proved one of the most uncomfortable that it has ever been our luck to experience. By morning, the whole country around us was a sea of mud ; but we moved forward about two miles towards the river, and again bivouacked in an oak-wood, where we remained until the morning of the 23d, when we were ordered to return to our old camp at Belle Plain, which we reached that evening, and resumed the usual routine of camp and picket duty, which was continued until the 28th of April, when we again broke camp to participate in the affair before Fredericksburg and at Chancellorsville. At this time, the Twelfth was five miles from Fredericksburg. Remaining there until May 2, a march of sixteen miles was made to the United-States Ford, where the columns crossed in the deepening darkness, and entered the Wilderness, with their faces toward the front. It was a toilsome midnight passage through the woods. The regiment was immediately deployed as skirmishers, and sent forward a mile into a dense forest, cut up with ravines, and crossed by narrow streams. Within less than twenty-four hours of duty, a hundred and one prisoners, including two commissioned officers, were taken. The next night was devoted to the construction of rifle-pits by the roadside ; the deep silence echoing to the blows of a hundred strong arms cutting down trees to strengthen the position in front. With other troops, the Twelfth made a reeonnoissance on the 4th to the right, in front of our line, to Ely's Ford. May 6, the march was renewed, encamping on the 7th four miles below Fredericksburg. On the 12th, the regiment broke camp, and on the 13th reached Bealton Station, and, the next afternoon, arrived at Manassas Junction. During the remainder of the month, it was almost con stantly on the march, and, on the morning of- July 1, came within sound of the cannon at Gettysburg. After a few moments' rest, awaiting orders, the second brigade advanced through the town, and, crossing a field, took position on the right of the line of the first division, but forming a right angle with that fine. The enemy making a demonstration on our left flank, the brigade rapidly changed front forward on its left, and occupied the crest of the hill; and, each regiment opening fire as soon as in position, the whole line was soon engaged. 216 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The position of the regiment was near the right, between the Ninetieth Pennsylvania and Eighty-third New- York. A second change of front by the regiment enabled it to deliver a destructive enfilading fire into the advancing lines of the enemy, at short range, while the troops on its left received them with a steady and rapid fire in front. This soon brought, the enemy to show the white flag, and to cease their fire ; and the rapid change of part of the brigade resulted in the capture of some four hundred prisoners. The enemy were now observed bringing up heavy re-enforcements against our front, and advancing a brigade against our right ; making another change of front of a part of the line necessary, to prevent our right being turned. This was quickly and handsomely done by the two right regiments (Ninetieth Pennsylvania and Twelfth Massachusetts) , and we were thus enabled to hold our ground against a vastly superior force for more than an hour. The enemy in the mean time were deploying troops, and overlapping our right. Our ammunition was nearly all expended, and our situation was indeed critical ; when the first brigade, coming up, formed on our right, giving us an opportunity to withdraw to the rear of their line, and enjoy a few moments' rest. The brigade was once more marched to the crest of the hill, a little to the left of their former position, and ordered to hold it with fixed bayonets against assault. It remained in this position, until, the right of the line giving way, and exposing its flank, it was ordered to fall back to Cemetery Hill, on the opposite side of the town. On the morning of the 2d, the division was relieved from the front line by Gen. Hays's division, of the Third Corps ; and, during that and the next day, was used as a reserve for the Second and Eleventh Corps. On the after noon of the 3d, when the last attack was made on the Second Corps, it was ordered to that point, and arrived just in time to witness the repulse of the enemy. July 6, the Twelfth left the battle-field, and joined in the pur suit of Gen. Lee's retreating columns. From this date until Oct. 26, nothing of unusual interest transpired. The army then crossed the Rapidan, and, on the 28th, advanced in line of battle to Mine Run, on the opposite side of which the enemy were in force. In that position the regiment remained until Dec. 1, when it recrossed the Rapidan, and went into camp on the south side of the Rappahannock, about one mile from Kelley's Ford. It remained here until May 3, 1864 ; when, with the army under Gen. Grant, it began the advance toward Richmond. On the 4th, at noon, it crossed the Rapidan, advanced twenty-one miles, and bivouacked. It advanced next day at half-past six, a.m. ; and at seven, p.m., THE BATTLES OF THE WILDERNESS. 217 encountered the enemy in the dense woods of the Wilderness, and had a fierce battle, which lasted until darkness compelled the combatants to retire. In this battle, Lieut.-Col. Allen was killed. Next morning, the fight was renewed, during which the patriotic and chivalrous Gen. James Wadsworth fell. For several suc cessive days, the Twelfth was either fighting in the dense thickets of the Wilderness, lying in rifle-pits for weary hours, or grand ly charging the enemy, or on the march. Col. Bates com manded the regiment until the 18th of May, when he was placed at the head of the second brigade, second division, Fifth Corps. This brigade, which included the Twelfth, made a most important reeonnoissance on the 22d. The fact being discovered that Long- street and Ewell had passed to the southward during the night changed the movements of the whole army. For this reeonnois sance the brigade was complimented in General Orders. The brigade crossed the North Anna on the 23d, and was opened upon very heavily about sundown, by the rebels, with artillery. The men were ordered to lie down ; and then, for nearly an hour, the iron hail fell among the brave boys, who could only nerve themselves for the terrible suspense between life and threatened death. It seems a miracle that only one man (Private Chase) of the Twelfth was injured. The rest of May, and half of June, was spent in marching and counter-marching, in skirmishing and in battle-line, now on the banks of the North Anna or Pamunkey, and then in White-oak Swamp. The troops reached the James River June 16. Col. Bates, in the closing of his report, says, — The 17th was ushered in by the firing of cannon and musketry in our front. Marched towards Petersburg, the Ninth Corps heavily engaged ; our corps, the Fifth, supporting them. On the 18th, very early on the march to the front. Passed over the battle-field of last night, which was strewed with the dead of friend and foe ; formed fine, and began to intrench. Ordered by Gen. Crawford to take the lead, and advance. Sent the Twelfth as skirmishers to drive the enemy from the railroad, where they were covered. This was performed, under Major Cook, in gallant style : the enemy retreated across a creek to their intrenchments. Ordered to charge the works of the enemy, in conjunction with Gen. Griffin's division on my left, and the Ninth Corps on my right. Advanced simultaneously with Gen. Griffin; but the Ninth Corps did not move : the enemy opened upon us with grape and musketry. Advanced to a point about a hundred yards from the works of the enemy, and halted ; the men lying down to escape the terrific fire before us. During the night, intrenched in this position ; established a line of skirmishers here, 28 218 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION.. and was ordered back a short distance to intrench. The new line was about five hundred yards from the line of the enemy. Loss in the brigade, very heavy. The Twelfth and Eighty-eighth Pennsylvania occupied the line of skirmishers as sharpshooters, keeping the enemy very closely confined to their works. June 25, the term of service of the Twelfth Regiment Massachusetts Vol unteers expired. I returned to the command of my regiment, which was ordered to City Point for embarkation, and turned over the men whose terms of service had not expired to the Thirty-ninth Regiment Massachusetts Vol unteers. Having made the transfer, marched for City Point at three, p.m. The regiment was safely transported to Boston, where it was mustered out of the service of the United States, July 8, 1864. CHAPTER X. THIRTEENTH, FOURTEENTH, AND FIFTEENTH REGIMENTS. Thirteenth. — Its Origin. — Officers. — In Maryland. — In Virginia. — Second Battle of Bull Run. — South Mountain and Antietam. — Fredericksburg. — Chancellorsville. — Gettysburg. — Across the Rapidan. — Wilderness. — Across the James River. — Re ception at Home. — Fourteenth. — Its Colonel. — Its Roster of Officers. — At Fort Albany. — Changed to the First Heavy Artillery. — Fifteenth. — Col. Charles Devens. — Mrs. Child's Letter. — Roster of Officers. — Ball's Bluff. — Hampton. — Camp Misery. — At Yorktown. — Peninsular Campaign. — At Antietam. — Second Battle of Fredericksburg. — At Gettysburg. — Bristow's Station. — Campaign of the Wilderness. — Return Home. — Muster Out. THE THIRTEENTH REGIMENT. THE nucleus of this regiment was the Fourth Battalion of Rifles, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. It was ordered, under Major Leonard, to Fort Independence, Boston Harbor, June 1 ; was there recruited to a regiment ; and left for Wash ington, July 30, 1861. Its roll of officers was as follows : — Colonel . Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon Assistant Surgeon Chaplain Samuel H. Leonard. N. Walter Batchelder Jacob P. Gould. Allston W. Whitney. J. Theodore Heard. Noah M. Gaylord. Until the spring of 1862, the Thirteenth was on patrol and outpost duty on the Upper Potomac, in Maryland. On the last day of December, 1861, Companies A, B, E, and H, in command of Capt. J. A. Fox, marched to Williamsport, Md. ; and Jan. 5, 1862, Companies C, D, and I were ordered to Hancock, Md., to aid in repelling a force of the enemy. Having marched twenty-six miles, through a severe snow-storm, between three, p.m., of that day, and half-past one of the next morn ing, they reported to Gen. Lander. But the enemy had left, after destroying several miles of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. On 219 220 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the 30th, these companies left Hancock for Camp Jackson, at Williamsport, reaching their old quarters next day. The month of February was occupied by the regiment in drills, guard-duty, picket-service, from Falling Waters towards Williams port, with the ordinary routine of camp-life, relieved only by an occasional alarm which called the men to arms. March 1, a telegram from Gen. Banks made a stir in the en campment ; and soon the regiment was crossing the Potomac. It joined Gen. Hamilton's brigade at Bunker Hill ; on the 12th, acted as provost-guard in Winchester, Va. ; and, on the 20th, was added to Gen. Abercrombie's brigade. On the 25th, the troops crossed the Shenandoah to re-enforce Gen. Banks, but immediately retraced their steps to Blue Ridge on information that re-enforce ments were not needed. Marches were again the order for several days, until the regi ment was quartered in deserted rebel tents at Bull Run. The history of April, in its general aspects, was similar to that of March. May 12, marching again commenced ; and the routes pursued were from Camp Stanton vid Cedar Creek, Falmouth, Alexandria, Manassas Junction, &c, to Front Royal. Col. Leonard wrote, June 8, 1862 : — The unprecedented number of " absent sick " is owing to the heavy marches over the ridges of Manassas and the Blue Mountains, and without any shelter for the men except their rubber blankets, and their not having been accustomed to it. Two days' rest, with regular rations, have improved us very much. The want of proper food — living for a week on hard-bread and coffee only — has affected the officers as well as enlisted men. July 4, by order of Gen. McDowell, the regiment moved towards Warrenton, and bivouacked near Gainesville. Resumed the march on the 5th. On the 25th, moved camp about one mile. On the 28th, took part in the action at Thoroughfare Gap ; and at night encamped at Gainesville. At daylight on the morning of the 29th, it marched to Manassas Junction, via Bristow Station on the Alexandria and Orange Raihoad, and thence to a position near the first Bull Run battle-field, where it bivouacked. Early on the morning of the 30th, the brigade in which they were was ordered forward to the fine of the expected battle. Shortly after gaining this position, it was discovered that our left had been flanked by a heavy force ; and this regiment especially was receiving the enemy's fire from two directions. Soon the sup ported fine fell back, passing through the regimental fine to the rear. Not until thus uncovered did this regiment return the fire of the enemy. THE THIRTEENTH AT ANTIETAM. 221 After nearly half an hour's brisk fighting, many having been disabled, it became evident that the Thirteenth- could not, unsupported, long hold the position, exposed, as it was, to a fierce enfilading fire from both the enemy's artillery and musketry. At this time, their colonel received an order by one of Gen. McDowell's aides to flank to the woods, then partly occupied by the enemy, about one hundred yards distant, across a small brook and ravine much exposed to the enemy's fire. While accomplishing this movement, the left wing of our whole force gave way generally ; and this regiment retired with the other troops to re-form in the rear of the hospital. At night they retreated about two miles, and bivouacked, and, early the next morning, reached Centreville. The losses sustained by this regiment at this battle were nineteen killed, one hundred and eight wounded, and sixty-six missing ; total, one hundred and ninety-three. On the retreat of Gen. Pope's army, Gen. Lee entered Mary land, and moved immediately upon Frederick, the capital. Gen. McClellan, at the head of the Union army, also advanced upon Frederick, and compelled a total change in the rebels' plan of operations. They, retiring towards Hagerstown, were brought to a stand, Sept. 14 ; and the battle of South Mountain was fought. On the 17th was fought the battle of Antietam, resulting in the success of the Union arms. Advancing from Keedysville, on the right bank of Antietam Creek, the brigade of which the Thir teenth was a part came under fire of the enemy. The colonel says, — For two hours, the regiment was spiritedly engaged. Their brigade was composed of four regiments, of which the Twelfth Massachusetts was on the right, the Eighty-third New- York on the left, and the Thirteenth Massachu setts on the right of the left wing. The battle raged fiercely at this point. After a full hour's hard fighting, the right wing of the brigade, holding a more exposed position and suffering a heavy loss, fell back. This regiment was the last to retire ; and not until the Nineteenth Pennsylvania, which came up as a re-enforcement in the place of the Eleventh Pennsylvania and the Twelfth Massachusetts, had retired from their right, and the Eighty-third New- York from their left, did their colonel receive the order to fall back. The Thirteenth was with the army under Gen. Burnside at Fredericksburg, and took part in the battle there, Dec. 13, 1862. Of the conduct of the Thirteenth in this battle, Adjutant Brad- lee, in a letter dated Falmouth, Dec. 17, 1862, writes, — The continuous thug of the bullets as they struck around every man as he rose up to fire, and the fact that there were less than three hundred men in 222 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. front of three brigades, eve,ry man's actions to be seen by those in the rear, and not knowing any thing but what was going on in front, proved the grit of what remains of our regiment. At the general advance, shortly after noon, our regiment began to fire as rapidly as they could from a kneehng position, until the brigades advanced over them, and commenced the battle in earnest, as the press has it. The Thirteenth was ordered to rally upon their reserve of two companies, and sent nearly half a mile to the rear for ammunition, which they got after a long time, and when the brigade had mostly fallen back, and formed on us. Gen. Gibbons being wounded, Gen. Taylor assumed command of the division, and Col. Leonard of the brigade, and advanced to a position in the rear of the road we picketed the night before. By what miracle our men escaped, no one can tell ; but certain it was, that, on our recapitulation of to day, the regiment can account for every man but two, who were doubtless deserters, as they were not in the fight. The Thirteenth, excepting the sick, who numbered more than half the regiment, was, for the next nine months, most of the time on the move, with interludes of camp-life, at Fletcher's Chapel, White-oak Church, and other points. The Rappahan nock and Deep Run will never be forgotten by the brave fellows, who, in spite of weariness and the rain, enlivened the march by songs and cheers. At the Fitz-Hugh House, the enemy's shells killed Capt. George Bush and Lieut. William Card well, Company F, and tore away the right leg and arm of Sergeant I. S. Fay. At Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863, in a reeonnoissance to discover the position of the enemy, seven men of the Thirteenth were wounded. On the 20th, the regiment was transferred to the first brigade. On the 12th of June, the army commenced its march northward. On the 25th, crossed the Potomac near Edward's Ferry, and the Pennsylvania line on the 30th; when a halt was ordered, and a line of battle formed, owing to the first division, which was in advance, encountering the pickets of the enemy. Report from the battle-field of Gettysburg says, — Marched, July 1, at six o'clock, a.m. After proceeding about four miles, heard cannonading in front; our cavalry and flying artillery having engaged the advance of the enemy. The first and third divisions, being ahead of us, advanced, and we followed rapidly. Before proceeding far, the news came to the rear of the death of Gen. Reynolds. We rapidly neared the firing, which grew more rapid and severe as we approached. Soon the first division was engaged; and Gen. Paul notified the commanders that they were imme diately going into an engagement. We left the road, and moved out to the AT GETTYSBURG. 223 front of Gettysburg, and soon came under the fire of the enemy. The enemy so much outnumbering us, our brigade was sent into action by regiments, and with so great intervals between them, as not to be able to properly support each other. The enemy pressed hard on our flanks ; but our regiment — com manded by Col. Leonard until he was wounded and retired, and afterwards by Lieut.-Col. Batchelder — held its ground for upwards of an hour, when, being seriously annoyed by a regiment of the enemy lying behind the banks of Chambersburg Pike Road, a charge was ordered, which resulted in the cap ture of one hundred and thirty-two of the enemy, seven of whom were com missioned officers. They were safely carried to the rear. A division of the Eleventh Corps, on our right, giving way before a charge of the enemy, with very slight resistance, left our flank exposed ; and, no support coming up, a retreat was ordered, and we fell back through the town to the heights in the rear, where the command was re-organized. About one hundred were taken prisoners in passing through the town. Our loss in killed, wounded, and missing, in the day's battle, was one hundred and eighty-nine. We took into action two hundred and sixty muskets. July 2. — We supported batteries on Cemetery Hill until nearly dark, when we were ordered to the left, and ran the gantlet of a very heavy artillery-fire, reaching the point of attack as the enemy were driven back. We returned to our position on the right, and about nine, p.m., were moved over the hill in front of the batteries and near the town, where we were much annoyed by the sharpshooters firing from the windows of the houses. July 3. — Soon after daylight, we were ordered to the rear of the batteries. As we rose from the stone wall, and moved off, we received a volley from the pickets of the enemy, which fortunately did no damage. We held a position in support of batteries, until, the enemy making a desperate attack on the centre, our division was sent to re-enforce the Second Corps ; reaching the point of attack just as the enemy fell back broken and defeated. We then relieved the Second Corps, built earthworks in the edge of the wood's, and, after sending out a strong picket, bivouacked. From the 6th of July until the 27th of November, the Thirteenth was marching over mountains and through the gaps ; across the Potomac ; acting as rear-guard to the corps, July 22 ; and antici pating hourly the attacks of guerillas ; on the 27th, on picket-duty near Bealton Station ; and Aug. 1, with the rest of the brigade, encircling with rifle-pits the heights on which the " White House " stands ; then over Raccoon Ford ; through Manassas, with the roar of cannon all day sounding in the rear ; Oct. 24, fording Broad Run, and encamping on the battle-ground near Bristow Station ; and finally pitching its tents on the heights south of the Rapidan, near Culpeper, on Thanksgiving, — a day full of pleasant thoughts and memories to the sons of New England. The next day, 224 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Nov. 27, the Thirteenth crossed to the Orange Court-house Road, and moved out into the Wilderness, going to the left of the Second Corps, and picketed through the night ; and, early in the follow ing morning, went into line of battle. Gen. Meade finally abandoned his intention to storm the works of the enemy, on account of the great risk involved. The regiment reached Ger- mania Ford, Dec. 1 ; and thence, on the safe withdrawal of the army, marched to Stevensburg, and, by Christmas, to Mitchell's Station. The narrative from that date is as follows: — We remained here doing duty on the extreme front of the army as a por tion of a brigade doing outpost duty, picketing the river and near it, having severe duty to perform ; and, from the smallness of our number and the importance of the position, the regiment was worked severely. We had the pleasure of being visited by division and corps commanders, and were reviewed by Lieut. -Gen. Grant on his route to Garnett's Peak, the outpost signal station of the army fronting the enemy. The brigade to which we were attached had this signal station under their charge ; and a large number of deserters and contrabands came into our fines, crossing the fords in our front. It was here that the first positive information was received of the successful escape of some of our officers through the tunnel under Libby Prison, — an officer of an Blinois regiment having found his way through Rebeldom to our lines. On the 16th of April, 1864, Lieut.-Col. Batchelder received an honorable discharge. April 20, the regiment broke camp, and pitched tents a mile in advance. On the night of May 3, moved towards Culpeper, Lieut.-Col. Hovey commanding. On the morning of the 5th, moved to the front, and, early in the afternoon, engaged with the enemy. The limits of this sketch will not permit a detailed account of this campaign, which, for the en durance and heroic daring of soldiers, is without a parallel in the history of modern warfare. It may be added, however, that from the 4th of May, when the regiment entered the Wilderness, up to the 6th of June, the troops had been under fire every day and night; and a distinguished United-States senator says of the Thirteenth, " that it was always noted for good conduct." It crossed the James River on the 16th of June, and moved towards Petersburg. The report concludes, — We did our share of picket and detail duty, assisting in building Fort War ren, and working night and day. The regiment during this time was under command of Major Pierce, Lieut.-Col. Hovey being relieved on account of severe illness. THE FOURTEENTH IN THE FIELD. 225 The regiment left City Point for Washington on the morning of July 15, and arrived in Boston on the morning of the 21st. The time of the regiment expired July 16. The reception of the regiment in Boston was more than ordi narily enthusiastic ; and the towns from which six companies of the regiment came extended most kindly greetings and hearty favors to the veterans' of the Thirteenth. THE FOURTEENTH REGIMENT. This body of troops, called " the Essex-County Regiment," from the part of the State where most of the members were recruited, was stationed, early in June, at Fort Warren, on gar rison-duty. Its colonel, William B. Greene, was in Paris when the civil conflict called for the sons of Massachusetts. He immediately embarked with his family for this country, and, upon his arrival, offered himself to the Commonwealth for duty in the field. The regiment was mustered into service July 5, 1861 ; and left Boston for Washington, Aug. 7, with the following officers : — Colonel Lieutenant - Colonel Major Surgeon Assistant Surgeon Chaplain William B. Greene. Samuel C. Oliver. Levi P. Wright. David Dana, jun. Samuel K. Towle. Stephen Barker. The lieutenant-colonel is a son of Gen. Oliver, Treasurer of the State. The Fourteenth, on its arrival at the national capital, was ordered to Kalorama Heights, Md. It was ordered, a week later, to cross the Potomac River, and to garrison Fort Albany, then regarded as the " key to Washington." The regiment shortly after also furnished a garrison for Fort Runyon, at the head of Long Bridge. Similar service near Washington was assigned the Fourteenth till the dawn of the new year. An order from the War Department, Jan. 1,1862, changed this regiment to that of the First Heavy Artillery, whose honorable record will appear in its proper place in this volume. 29 226 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. BRIGADIER-GENERAL CHARLES DEVENS AND THE FIFTEENTH REGIMENT. The men of this regiment were from Worcester County. Their first commander was Col. Charles Devens. His subsequent pro motion, and his prominence in the political affairs of the State, call for some notice of his life. He was born in Charlestown, April 4, 1820 : entered Harvard University in 1834 ; and, after graduating at its Law School, commenced the practice of his pro fession in Franklin County, Mass., in 1841. In 1847-48, he was in the State Senate ; and, from 1849 to 1853, was United-States Marshal for the District of Massachusetts. For the part he took officially in the rendition of the fugitive slave Sims he was severely censured. That he acted conscientiously, and is a modest, true man, will appear from a recent statement by Lydia Maria Child. Intimate friends did not know the facts from any allusion to them by himself; nor was the generous act recorded by Mrs. Child the offer of a millionnaire, but that of a gentleman whose heart was larger than his means. The letter of Mrs. Child will also be a vindication of a large number of citizens of Massachusetts, whose words and acts may have seemed to some hostile to universal liberty, but whose hearts, beneath legal forms and party theories, were true to humanity and freedom. Of all the bad effects which slavery produces on character, I think that of meanness is the most conspicuous ; but its various demoralizing effects, all over the country, cannot be estimated. Nothing can be more disastrous than frequent collisions between the law of the land and the moral convictions of the people. In New England, reverence for law amounts almost to a rehgious feehng; and, when " iniquity is framed into a law," the sin is like that of poisoning the sacrament. Kind and conscientious men not unfre- quently get entangled in this conflict of duties ; and lucky it is for them if they can preserve their integrity after they have subordinated the higher to the lower law, though with the idea that they are thereby performing a civil duty. I have met with one remarkable case of this kind ; and, for the sake of its moral influence, I think it deserves to be recorded. Some months before the war broke out, a friend showed me letters from Thomas Sims, expressing an earnest desire to obtain his freedom. His master had promised to let him buy himself for eighteen hundred dollars. It was a large sum ; but I tried to raise it by writing many letters, most of them to persons more or less impli cated in the rendition of Sims. Many of the letters were answered ; others brought in contributions. The Hun. John P. Bigelow, who was Mayor of LETTER OF MRS. CHILD. 227 Boston at the time the city was so deeply disgraced by that inhuman transac tion, sent me twenty dollars, with expressions of regret that the execution of the law had compelled him to take such a course. A short time after I com menced these operations, I was astonished by the following note from Worces ter, Mass. : — Mrs. Child, — I have heard that you are trying to raise money to redeem Thomas Sims from slavery. If you have received any contributions, please return them to the donors, as I wish to contribute the entire sum myself. Yours respectfully, CHAS. DEVENS, Jun. In making my applications, I had chanced to overlook Mr. Devens, though I knew he had acted as United-States Marshal at the time of the rendition of Sims. According to his request, I returned the contributions I had received ; and, in writing to thank him, I informed him of the high price demanded. He replied, that the sum was subject to my order whenever I chose to call for it. The feehng of indignation which I formerly had against him was changed to respect and admiration ; but, when I wrote him, I could not refrain from giving him a little patte de velours, merely saying that he reminded me of the senator in " Uncle Tom." There were impediments in the way of communicating with Thomas Sims ; and, before the affair could be safely arranged, the outbreak of the civil war rendered negotiations with Southerners impracticable. Mr. Devens, though well established as a lawyer, immediately volunteered his services for the defence of the country, and received a major's commission from Gov. Andrew. He is still in the army, having fought bravely through the war. He was severely wounded at Fair Oaks, and again at Chancellorsville, and in numer ous battles has fairly earned his present rank of brevet major-general. In a recent letter to me he writes, " It is a satisfaction to me that I have had a reasonably active part in the great struggle which has resulted in the emancipation of all the slaves. I agree with you, that suffrage ought to be given to the negroes, though with certain restrictions as to education ; the same restrictions being applied to all white men who shall vote hereafter. The liberty of no race can be safe if deprived of this right as a race. Injus tice, followed by civil commotion, will be the inevitable result of such a deprivation." Thomas Sims married after he was returned to slavery ; and, when the United-States army arrived in his vicinity, he contrived to convey himself, wife, and child, into their camp. When he again arrived in Massachusetts, Gen. Devens sent him, through me, a present of one hundred dollars, to assist him till he could get into business. I call that man a true hero in the highest and best sense of the term ; and I think all your readers will agree with me. L. MARIA CHILD. When, in the spring of 1861, Mr. Devens was appointed major 228 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. of a battalion of rifles, he was practising law in the city of Worces ter. With these troops he performed garrison duty at Annapolis and Baltimore, Md., until he was called to the command of this regiment, whose roster was as follows : — • Colonel Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon Assistant Surgeon Chaplain Charles Devens, jun. , Worcester. George H. Ward, Worcester. John W. Kimball, Fitchburg. Joseph N. Bates, Worcester. S. Foster Haven, jun., Worcester. William G. Scandlin, Grafton. The annals of the Fifteenth were ably and modestly written by Lieut.-Col. Kimball, which, with the omission of the less impor tant particulars for the want of space, are quoted in his own words : — The Fifteenth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, was organized in Worcester County, in the month of June, 1861, under the call for three- years' volunteers to put down the rebellion then existing in our country. For a nucleus, the regiment had three companies of State militia around which to rally. Seven companies of entirely new organization being added, the whole was mustered into the service of the United States, June 12, 1861, as the Fifteenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, under the command of Col. Charles Devens, jun. During the process of recruiting, organizing, and drilling, the regiment was encamped in the city of Worcester, at Camp Scott ; which the regiment left, Aug. 8, 1861, direct for Washington, full in num bers, thoroughly and entirely armed and equipped. Arriving in Washington, Aug. 11, quarters were obtained in public buildings used at that time for the accommodation of the thousands of troops which were crowding into the city. Next day, they were ordered to Camp Kalorama ; and thence, on the 25th, to Poolesville, Md. Here was the first experience in bivouac. Under a cloudless sky, bright with its ten thousand lights, the men, wearied by the unusual toil, threw themselves upon the grass-grown earth, to forget in sleep the then called hardships of a soldier's life. The march next day was eighteen miles ; the bivouac at night a piece of woodland, near the town of Dawsonville. Poolesville was reached on the 27th August, and the regi ment ordered into camp by Gen. Charles P. Stone, commanding corps of observation, on a large common, or plain, near the town. Nofhino- of im portance occurred to break the monotony of the established camp until the battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21. Of the events of that disastrous day, it is sufficient to say, that, after an obstinate resistance from morning till night against superior numbers, our forces were driven from the bluff to the river. The only means of transportation across the river were two boats, — one capable of holding sixty men ; the other, a small life-boat, not more than sixteen. Into these the troops crowded. The large boat soon sunk, filled with men, many THE FIFTEENTH AT FAIR OAKS. 229 of them wounded ; and, for want of proper means of propelling the smaller one, it was but of little service at that critical moment. The only chance of escape left was by swimming, made extremely hazardous by the galling fire which the .enemy poured into the river. Of the six hundred and twenty-five men of the regiment who in the morning crossed the river, but three hundred and thirteen returned uninjured at night. Two officers were killed, four wounded, seven taken prisoners. Our morning reports, immediately after the battle, show a loss among the enlisted men of twenty-six killed outright, sixty-six wounded, and two hundred and twenty- four missing in action. Nothing of note occurred during the fall and winter months. Orders to march were received Feb. 25, and camp was broken. The troops marched successively to Harper's Ferry, where they were quartered in buildings ; thence to Bolivar Heights, Charlestown, and Berryville. On the 22d, they were transported to Washington, and the next day ordered to Alexandria ; whence, March 29, they embarked on board transports for Hampton. The Fifteenth landed here April 1, and, on the 4th, commenced its march up the Peninsula, and went into camp beyond Big Bethel. This camp was known as Camp Misery ; a name entirely in keeping with the condition of the camp, which, by a long rain-storm, was made truly miserable. Here the labor of felling timber and making roads commenced, in order that the artillery and trains might be brought to the front. Until the evacuation of Yorktown by the enemy, the regiment was actively employed on picket-duty, supporting artillery, throwing up earthworks, &c. During the siege, the first company of Andrews Sharpshooters became attached to the regiment. While before Yorktown, Col. Devens left the Fifteenth to take command of a brigade, having been appointed a brigadier-general. The command of the regiment was immediately assumed by Lieut.-Col. Kimball. Shortly after, Col. Ward, who had lost a leg at Ball's Bluff, and who was a very brave and meritorious officer, took command. On the evacuation of their works by the enemy, May 4, the Fifteenth embarked for West Point, arriving there in time to re enforce Gen. Franklin, who was engaged with the enemy. The troops then advanced until they reached the Tyler Estate, near the Chickahominy ; which point they gained May 22. The heat at this time was intense ; and, for want of proper rest, many of the men fell out from the ranks in an exhausted condition. Early in the afternoon of May 31, rapid and heavy firing was heard, dis tinctly heard, from across the river. The troops under Gen. Sumner, including the Fifteenth Regiment, were immediately ordered under arms, and marched to the assistance of Gen. Casey. Crossing the river on a bridge of logs, called Sumner's Grapevine Bridge, the column advanced about two miles, and formed near Fair-oaks Station, in anticipation of an attack. The regi- 230 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. ment had barely time to load, before the battle, which raged fiercely until after dark, commenced. The first position taken by the Fifteenth Regiment was in support of a battery of light artillery, commanded by Lieut. Kirby of the regular service, which was playing with great effect upon the concealed enemy. This position was trying to the men in the extreme : as but a small portion were engaged, the balance could only stand firmly before the storm of bullets, to resist the charge, should one be attempted. Three times did the foe, flushed with the victory of the morning, and confident of success, rush upon the battery almost to the cannon's mouth, but each time were driven back in disorder, leaving many brave men within a few yards of our bayonets. Before they could rally from this terrible fire of canister and musketry, a charge upon them was ordered. With wild shouts and cheers, the unwavering line advanced into the almost impenetrable thicket ; but the enemy had fled : their dead and wounded alone were left, the evidences of a glorious victory. That night, the troops rested upon their arms on the battle-field, the horrors of which were made doubly revolting by the unceasing groans of the wounded. In the battle of Fair Oaks, the regiment sustained a loss of five killed, seventeen wounded. The battle-field became the permanent camp at Fair Oaks. A breastwork of logs was thrown up, behind which the regiment stood in line of battle many weary hours, both day and night, during the entire month of June, in anticipation of an attack. On the 27th, the expected attack was made. Although not brought into action, the regiment was under fire. On the 29th, it marched to Savage Station for the purpose of destroying the ordnance-stores, prior to abandoning that post. Having performed this work, it awaited the troops then slowly falhng back from Fair Oaks. In the engagement of the evening of that day the Fifteenth took an active part, and was posted on picket until nine, p.m.; when it was quietly withdrawn, and the retreat continued to Glen Dale. In the rear again at Glen Dale, the regiment was engaged with the enemy on the evening of June 30, as the result of which the trains were enabled to reach a place of comparative safety. July 1, the pickets were withdrawn, and the retreat continued to Malvern Hill. On the arrival at Harrison's Landing, the soldiers were thoroughly worn out by the unceasing fighting and marching of the week. A suitable place was selected, and a permanent camp established, known as Camp near Harrison's Landing. During the month of July, but little was required of the regiment ; the intense heat of the weather rendering constant drilling highly- injurious. Aug. 15, the army moved for Newport News, where the regi ment embarked for Alexandria. On the 29th, it arrived at Chain Bridge, when an order was received requiring the division to THE FIFTEENTH AT ANTIETAM. 231 which the Fifteenth was attached to march immediately to Cen treville. By a forced march during the night, this point was reached just in time to cover the retrograde move of the army towards Washington. Sept. 2, the Fifteenth crossed the Potomac ; halted two days at Camp Defiance, near Rockville ; met and routed the enemy's cav alry at Hyattstown on the 8th ; and, on the 9th, entered Frederick City. It arrived at South-Mountain Pass the night of the battle there, and relieved a brigade. The next morning's sun revealed that the enemy had left during the night, and pursuit was imme diately commenced. Sept. 16, preparations were made for the impending battle, and the regiment ordered to be in readiness the next day. On the morning of the 17th, the great battle of Antietam commenced ; and, at nine o'clock, Gen. Sumner's corps was ordered to the front to follow up the success already achieved by the troops under Gen. Hooker. It has been the subject of much remark, that troops never went into battle more cheerfully than did ours that morning ; so confident were all that the shattered enemy would be driven, ere night, across the river. At half-past ten o'clock, the Fifteenth, in the front line of the division, became engaged, and for twenty minutes sustained a terrific fire from the enemy, at the expiration of which time the disheartening order to fall back was given. We have neither time, space, nor heart to record in detail the disasters to the Fifteenth on that day. It was repulsed, in common with all other regiments attached to the division. In the history of our State, we claim to be mentioned as having fought a good fight; as an evidence of which, we ask only that the list of casualties occurring in the regiment that day may always be coupled with the official report of the commanding officer. The record stands thus : Twenty-four officers, and five hundred and eighty-two non-commissioned officers and privates, went into the fight; five officers were killed, six were wounded, one of which number has since died ; sixty enlisted men left dead on the field, two hundred and forty-eight wounded, twenty-four missing ; total, three hundred and forty-three killed, wounded, and missing. Included in this number is the loss sustained by the Andrews Sharpshooters, which was two officers killed, eight non-commissioned officers and privates killed, and seventeen wounded, one of whom has since died of his wounds. The National and State colors, hardly to be recognized as the same once so bright and beautiful, were brought off in safety by hands other than those who bore them into the fight, together with a battle-flag of the enemy, since delivered at headquarters, Army of the Potomac, by virtue of an order re quiring that all trophies be thus turned over. The enemy, held in check by our artillery, did not follow up their success ; and a stand was made by the remnants of the regiments, which position was not attacked by any force of 232 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. infantry. On the night of the 18th, the enemy evacuated, the terrible battle field falling into our hands the next morning. Almost all of the wounded were found in and about a barn near the field, where, as well cared for by the enemy as circumstances would permit, they impatiently awaited our arrival. The robbed and disfigured bodies of our noble dead were laid by kind hands in the humble graves hastily dug and prepared for their reception. Sept. 22, nothing loath to leave the scene of carnage, the regiment marched from Sharpsburg to Harper's Ferry, forded the Potomac, and occupied the same ground as a camp left more than six months before. From this point, the line of march lay along the east side of the Blue Ridge, occupying, from day to day, the gaps through which demonstrations on the part of the enemy might be expected. Nov. 2, the regiment encountered the enemy's cavalry at Ashby Gap ; but they fled without firing a shot. On the 9th of November, the regi ment entered Warrenton, and encamped. Nov. 15, the Union army evacuated Warrenton, and, on the 20th, reached Falmouth. On the 5th of February, 1863, Col. Ward rejoined his regiment, having been absent (suffering from the loss of his leg) since the battle of Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21, 1861. Nothing worthy of note occurred until the campaign under Gen. Hooker commenced. On the 2d of May, a little before sunrise, the second division of the Second Corps, of which the Fifteenth was a part, crossed the river at the same point where the Second Corps had crossed in December, 1862, with little or no opposition. The Fifteenth was soon after directed to take a position on the extreme right of the first brigade, and commenced moving to a point on the right of the city ; and, at the same moment, the enemy's batteries opened from three different points with solid shot and shell, which they kept up while the regi ment was going the distance of half a mile. At the same time this movement was going on, the enemy were hurrying up their infantry at double-quick, and filling the rifle-pits on the crest of the hill in our front, almost in rifle range. It was our good fortune to have a slight embankment for a cover, where we remained for two hours, until the position known as Mary's Heights, in rear of the famous bank-wall rifle-pit where so many brave men laid down their lives at the first battle of Fredericksburg, was flanked by Gen. Sedgwick's Sixth Corps ; and the enemy in our front began to fall back. A canal, some thirty feet wide, and too deep to ford, prevented our advancing directly in front ; and we were obliged to return to the city before doing so. During the time we had remained there, the enemy had placed two guns in such a position on the bluff, on the south side of the river, that they had an enfilading fire on our line while returning to the city ; but isither through their great haste to join their fleeing comrades, or bad prac- AT GETTYSBURG. 233 tice, they did us little harm : but two men slightly wounded during the whole shelling. After following up the enemy two miles, the second division were ordered back to the city, — the Fifteenth to the north bank of the river, supporting Battery A, First Rhode-Island Artillery, which covered the pon toon-bridge, where we remained until the following day about dusk, when Companies A, B, E, and G moved into the rifle-pits above and below the bridge to cover its removal. The regiment camped near the banks of the river until the 8th inst., when we moved half a mile to the rear to get better ground for camping- purposes. Here the regiment remained, doing picketrduty along the river, until Sunday, the 14th of June. It moved about nine o'clock, p.m., towards Stafford Court House. The march northward now commenced. On the 26th, the army crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry, when the following order was issued : — Headquarters Second DrvisiON, Second Corps, Edward's Ferry, Va., June 26, 1863. General Orders, No. 105. The Fifteenth and Nineteenth Massachusetts Volunteers, for marching to-day in the best and most compact order, and with the least straggling from their ranks, are excused from all picket-duty and outside details for four days. By command of BRIG.-GEN. GIBBON. July 1, about noon, heavy cannonading was heard to the northward ; and the troops were soon marching rapidly towards the Pennsylvania line. At night, they bivouacked behind a barricade of rails, three miles south of Gettys burg. Next morning, about sunrise, the Fifteenth got into position behind Cemetery Ridge, where a large part of the Second Corps was massed. No demonstration was made on either side until one, p.m. ; when the enemy opened fire with artillery on the Second Corps. The Fifteenth, with another regiment of the brigade, was now moved out to a position full three hundred yards in front of the main line : here a barricade of rails was hastily thrown up. About sunset, the enemy made a furious assault upon our lines. Hav ing driven in the Third Corps, they speedily gained the flank of this advanced detachment of the Second. The batteries on the ridge opened on their ad vance with grape and case-shot ; but, through some deplorable mistake, most of the shots fell short, and tore with destructive effect through the ranks of the Fifteenth. Exposed thus, front, flank, and rear, the regiment was forced, after considerable loss, back to a position behind the ridge. Next day, at one, p.m., the rebels opened upon our lines with a hundred pieces of artillery. This terrible fire was continued for about two hours ; and, though the air seemed filled with the fragments of bursting shells, comparatively Utile damage was clone. At three, p.m., the rebel infantry moved to 30 234 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the assault. Our men sprang promptly to meet them, glad at a prospect of work, relieving them from their painful recumbent positioy, which a broihW sun rendered the more intolerable. This contest lasted an hour or D twc, during which both armies showed a determination to hold their ground, regardless of the results. A slight wavering of the rebel line was detected ; and at the suggestion of Col. Hall, commanding third brigade, the colors of the Fifteenth were ordered to advance, when the remnant of the regiment rallied promptly around them, and the whole line, as if moved by one im pulse, rushed forward, and carried the position. The regiment was sent out to picket the field ; and at daylight, on the morning of the 4th, skirmishing commenced, and continued until the regiment was relieved at eight o'clock. The regiment went into action with eighteen officers and two hundred and twenty-one enlisted men. During the three days, it lost three officers (Col. Ward and Capts. Murkland and Jorgensen) killed and eight wounded, and nmeteen enlisted men killed and eighty-five wounded, many of which have since died. Saturday, July 4, was spent on the field. At two, p.m., of the 5th, the regiment left the battle-field, and marched in pursuit of the discomfited rebels. On the 18th, it crossed the Potomac, and, on the 23d, hastened over paths fright fully rough to the assistance of the Third Corps, which had become engaged with the enemy at Manassas Gap. The march was continued, vid Warrenton Junction and Beal ton Station, to the Camp near Morrisville. On the 31st, the regiment, with a part of the Second Corps, was ordered to the fords of the Rappahannock to assist in de stroying two small steamers which had been captured by the enemy a few days before. The object of the expedition success fully accomplished, the Fifteenth returned to camp. Oct. 14, the regiment took part in the action at Bristow's Station, when the enemy were severely repulsed, and with heavy loss to them, but comparatively little to the Fifteenth. It was again engaged at Robertson's Tavern. Here it was deployed as. skirmishers, joining on the right of the second brigade. Nov. 30, moved out in front of the enemy's fortifications, which the Second and Third Corps, and one division of the Sixth, expected to assault at eight, a.m. The enemy, having anticipated the movement, were re-enforced to such an extent with both artillery and infantry, that the assault was abandoned, and the line withdrawn after dark. Next, under orders to relieve another regiment, the Fifteenth marched to Ely's Ford ; crossed the Rapidan on the 2d of Decem ber, and, on the 5th, moved to a position near Steveusburg, and there, for tlie third time, built winter-quarters. These were MUSTERED OUT. 235 neither regularly built, nor ornamental in design, but were well arranged and comfortable within. During April, 1864, preparations for the spring campaign were in full operation. This opened on or about the 1st of May. A field return on that day gave the strength of the Fifteenth Regiment, present for duty, as about three hundred officers and men : of this number, two hundred and seventy-five were rank and file. In the battle of the Wil derness, the regiment lost about one-half its number in killed and wounded. The simple statement, that, in all the marches and battles from the Rapidan to Petersburg in which the Second Corps was engaged, the Fifteenth Regi ment bore its part, is in itself sufficient history. On the 22d of June, the regiment, dwindled down to five officers and about seventy muskets, confronted the enemy near the Jerusalem Plank-road, before Petersburg. A break, or gap, in the line of battle, allowed the enemy to throw a large force on the flank and in the rear of the second division, Second Corps. Hidden from view by a dense undergrowth, the manoeuvre was not comprehended until too late. The first intimation of the position of affairs was a demand from the enemy to surrender. Taken thus by surprise, and overwhelmed by numbers, the remnant of the regiment was captured almost entire. Four officers and about sixty-five men were marched off pris oners of war : one officer and some five men escaped to tell the story. This officer was wounded the same day, and shortly after the disaster, with the few remaining men, whose number was increased by the arrival of convalescents, was placed for a few days in another command, until officers of the regi ment, who had been wounded in the campaign, and who were on their way to the front from hospital, should arrive. On the twelfth day of July, the regiment was ordered to proceed to the city of Worcester, Mass. , to be mustered out of service ; its term of three years having expired. One company, not mustered in until Aug. 5, 1861, was left in the field : the balance, increased by detachments of sick and wounded men whose condition was such as enabled them to travel, men on detached service, &c, entered the city of Worcester about one hundred and fifty strong. The reception these men received will never be forgotten as long as life and memory shall be granted them. His Excellency Gov. Andrew and staff, together with his Honor Mayor Lincoln and the city authorities of Boston, welcomed the regiment home, thanking the men in eloquent words for the part they had borne in their country's struggle, and alluding with tender respect to the honored dead who had fallen in the fight. Both state and city were represented in the mihtary escort and procession. The city, decorated with flags, wore a holi; day aspect ; and the crowded streets and welcoming shouts gave proof of the heartiness and spirit of the people. One week later, the regiment was formally mustered out of the service of the United States, and to-day exists only in memory. Its members yet held 236 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. to service by reason of re-enlistment, or non-expiration of term of service, were transferred to the Twentieth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers. Four officers were prisoners of war. During the year 1864, one officer only of the regiment was killed ; namely, Lieut. Simonds, of Fitchburg. A brave soldier, a pure man, his character and deeds will ever be remembered by his comrades. CHAPTER XL SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH REGIMENTS. Sixteenth. — Where raised. — Officers. — Col. Wyman. — Capt. Lombard's Account. — Pen insula. — Fredericksburg. — Wapping Heights and Locust Grove. — Chancellorsville. — Gettysburg. — Wilderness. — Death of Capt. Eowe. — Cold Harbor. — Petersburg — Mustered out. — Seventeenth. — Where recruited. — Officers. — Near Baltimore. — Join Gen. Foster. — Expedition from Newbern. — Operations in North Carolina. — Mus tered out. — Eeturn Home. SIXTEENTH REGIMENT. THIS regiment was composed of troops raised in Middlesex County. It was ordered, June 25, to Camp Cameron, Cam bridge ; and in August left for tHe seat of war, officered as follows : — Colonel Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon Assistant Surgeon Chaplain . Powell F. Wyman. George A. Meacham. Daniel S. Lamson. Charles C. Jewett. Edward A. Whiston. Arthur B. Fuller. Col. Wyman, a graduate of West Point, whose service in the regular army was highly honorable, was in Europe when the great struggle commenced. Hastening home, he offered himself to the country, impatient to lead a regiment to the field of conflict. He was placed in command of the Sixteenth. The history of this noble regiment is well presented in the sketch given of it by Capt. Lombard, which, omitting unimportant particulars, is given below. He says, — The Sixteenth left the State, Aug. 17, 1861, and proceeded to Baltimore, where it remained until Sept. 1 ; when it was ordered to Fortress Monroe, Va. It remained at the latter post until May, 1862 ; when it triumphantly marched into Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Suffolk, it being the first Union regiment which entered those cities. It marched, and joined the Army of the Potomac at Fair Oaks, June 13, 1862, and shed its first blood on the 18th of the same month in an action known as " Woodland Skirmish." For its 237 238 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. gallantry and good conduct at that time, Gen. Hooker complimented Col. Wyman and the regiment with the remark, "I can trust them anywhere." In this skirmish, Lieut. F. P. H. Rogers was mortally wounded. From a long and intimate acquaintance with Lieut. Rogers, I learned the more to esteem him. His whole heart was in the cause he had espoused. All were sad that so good and efficient an officer should thus early fall. The regiment was next engaged at Peach Orchard, June 25. On the 30th, at Glendale, the Sixteenth won for itself true glory. At this time, Color-Sergt. J. F. Capelle distinguished himself in the manner with which he carried the colors in action, and his conduct while there. In the early part of the battle, Col. Wyman fell. Without a syllable from his lips, he passed from this to the unknown world. He was a true patriot and noble commander. All the traits of a good soldier were illustrated in his character. No pen can describe the feelings of the officers and men when they knew he was no more. The heart alone knows the bitterness of such a moment. In Gen. Hooker's letter to Gov. Andrew on the death of Wyman, we find the following sentence: "There is no doubt but at Glendale the Sixteenth Massachusetts saved the army." At Malvern Hill, July 1, Bristow Station, Aug. 27, the Sixteenth took part. • Aug. 29 and 30, we were engaged at the battle of second Bull Run. Lieuts. Darricott and Banks were killed. Lieut. Darricott was a faithful of ficer, and by his heroic endurance while in feeble health won for himself the respect of both officers and men. Lieut. Hiram Banks (a brother of Gen. Banks) joined the regiment at Fortress Monroe. His career was indeed glorious. His more than ordinary ability, firmness, and decision, gave him marked distinction among his fellow-officers. Dec. 12, 13, and 14, at Fredericksburg, where Northern blood drenched the banks of the Rappahannock, perhaps no one officer more distinguished himself than the lamented Arthur B. Fuller. Chaplain Fuller was then out of service, having been discharged for disability; but being there, and seeing the heroism of our troops, he could not resist the opportunity to prove by acts his love for the cause, and by example his unfeigned patriotism. No hero deserves a brighter page in history than this departed patriot. The first battle fought by the Army of the Potomac in 1863 will ever be remembered, — Chancellorsville. In this engagement, Capt. A. J. Dallas was killed, and Lieuts. Hiram Rowe and Samuel G. Savage mortally wounded. In Capt. Dallas's character, strict integrity, morality, and patriotism were most prominent. Lieut. Rowe was promoted from the ranks, a youno- man of great promise, honest, a strict disciplinarian, brave to a fault, and in every sense a good soldier. Lieut. Savage was one of the few men who " know themselves." He entered the service a corporal ; and, by strict attention to duty, he won the respect and confidence of his superiors, and was promoted for good conduct on the field. The name of Gettysburg is immortal. We cannot think of the first, sec- THE SIXTEENTH AT CHANCELLORSVILLE. 239 ond, and third days of July, 1863, without feelings of sorrow, yet mingled with pride, — sorrow for the dead and suffering soldiers and mourning friends, pride that victory had perched upon our banners. Capts. King, Roche, and Lieut. Brown, fell upon the field, Capt. Johnson mortally wounded, and several other officers slightly wounded. Captain L. G. King was a good officer, true to the cause he so early espoused ; never flinching, but always foremost in the fight. He was possessed of great powers of endurance. Capt. David W. Roche was one of Ireland's most noble sons, possessed of the real Irish impetuosity and courage. All who knew him honored him for his devotion to bis adopted country, and love for our flag, under which he so freely offered up his hfe. Lieut. Brown was particularly distinguished for modesty, coolness, and true courage. None knew him but to love and honor him. The name of Capt. C. Robinson Johnson will awaken in the heart of every soldier of the Sixteenth a feeling of respect and love which can only die when the last patriot of the Sixteenth is no more. . . . Wapping Heights, Locust Grove, and Mine Run, end the list of battles for 1862 and 1863. Two years and six months of the three years had passed. The record is a proud one. All could say in truth, " We have done what we could to sustain the honor of the old Commonwealth." I now commence that part of our history fraught with the most important results, and by far the severest and hardest year's service, — 1864. The new year found the regiment encamped at Brandy Station, Va. ; where it remained until May 3. This was a day of labor. The old huts were levelled, grounds cleaned, and tents pitched. At dark it received orders to move at midnight. Rations were issued, and all things were ready. Prompt to the hour, we marched, and bade adieu to our old camps ; and, amid the shades of night, we cast the last lingering look on the ruins where we had passed so many happy hours. May 4. the Sixteenth crossed the Rapidan, and at three, p.m., encamped on the battle-ground of Chancellorsville. Many things contributed to remind the men of their last year's experience on this spot. The bones of their fallen companions, whitened by the winter's frosts, lay scattered through the woods ; while here and there " were blooming in innocent beauty the violet and other spring-flowers." The next day, the Sixteenth met the enemy's skirmishers on the Brock Road, in the Wilderness. The entire corps was hotly engaged until eight, p.m., without any material change of lines. Next morning, May 6, the sun rose on a cloudless sky, but was soon ob scured by the smoke of battle. At six, a.m., the entire line was advanced about one mile, the battle raging fiercely until eleven, a.m., when the heavy re-enforcements of the enemy were thrown in masses upon our lines. At this time, the Sixteenth showed its real pluck, and held the ground until the en tire line both to the right and left had fallen baok. We retired slowly, con testing each foot of ground until we reached the works, when we were assigned 240 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the right of the brigade along the second line of works. At five, p.m., Gen. Longstreet's corps made its famous charge upon our line. The advance fine of battle fought the masses of the enemy until their ammunition was expended ; when they were obliged to evacuate the works, and seek shelter at our rear. While so doing, the enemy occupied the advance line. In a moment, as if by magic, the Sixteenth leaped the works, and charged the enemy, forcing him back, and captured a large number of prisoners. The brave and impetuous lieutenant, William Ross, was the first to reach the captured works. The flag of the Sixteenth first waved over them after their recapture. Col. McAllister, commanding brigade, particularly mentioned the Sixteenth, in his official report, for its good conduct. In this day's fighting, Capt. Jos. S. Hills and Lieut. John H. Woodfin were killed. Capt. Hills was a young man of great promise. He entered the service as a sergeant, and was the first promoted from the ranks. No officer in the regiment had a more enviable record. In battle he knew not fear, and obeyed and executed orders with that alacrity which distinguishes a good soldier. Firmness, strict temperance, and morality, were traits in his charac ter which stood forth so prominent, that none failed to observe. Lieut. J. H. Woodfin was a good officer, and, like Capt. Hills, was promoted from the ranks. From the 7th to the 10th of May, we marched from the Wilderness to Spottsylvania, moving by the left flank ; each day erecting from one to three lines of earth-works. May 10, at eight, a.ji., the regiment was ordered out as skirmishers, and were immediately engaged. Remained on the line and under fire all day. The fourth was now consolidated with the third division, and the Sixteenth attached to the second brigade. The 12th was a memorable day for the Army of the Potomac and for the country. Before daylight, the Second Corps was formed in line of battle, and advanced (over the grounds on which the Sixteenth had skirmished two days previous) : taking the enemy by surprise, we were in their camps while they were yet sleeping. The result of that day's action, in captures of guns and prisoners, is well known. The Sixteenth is entitled to a share of the glory. After the capture of their line, the enemy rallied, and the almost bloodless victory of the morning was soon turned to a severe battle. At twelve, >i., the Sixteenth was ordered to the right, along the crest of a hill, where the enemy had regained a few rods of the works lost in the morning. Along the entire line, this seemed the only contested spot. Our object was, that the enemy should capture no more of the works, and that a steady fire be kept up, so that no re-enforcements could reach those already there. The musketry fire was terrific. It was at this point that a tree, some fourteen inches in diameter, was actually cut down with bullets; it beinc between the fire of the contending parties. Regiment after regiment was thrown into this deadly position, and were cut down before the terrific fire AT PETERSBURG. 241 hke grass. Indeed, the blood flowing from so many killed and wounded, mixing with the rain then falling, gave the running water the appearance of streams of blood. The men fired upwards of three hundred rounds of ammunition, of various caliber ; after which they were relieved to clean their pieces. In this action our loss was heavy, including Lieut.-Col. Waldo Merriam, then commanding the regiment, killed. He was a brave and good officer, for getting self while serving his country, and ever willing to sacrifice personal comforts for his country's good. From May 10 to the 20th the regiment was under fire each day, within one mile of the Spottsylvania battle-field. Advancing on the 21st, the regiment reached the North Anna on the 23d, and crossed next morning under a terrible fire from the enemy's artillery. Continuing the march in a south-easterly direction, the Sixteenth reached the Pamunkey on the 28th, and took up a position thirteen miles from Richmond. On the 29th, advanced the lines about three miles, and, on the 31st, moved across a miry swamp, drove the enemy from their guns, and con tinued the advance across an open field, under a severe fire of grape and canister. The men never flinched, and the regiment never acquitted itself more honorably. It was relieved at dark. In this encounter, Capt. John Rowe was mortally wounded. Capt. Rowe entered the service a sergeant ; was promoted for good conduct and faithful service. From a long and intimate acquaintance, I learned to prize him for his sterling traits of character, and kindness of heart. In his death, the country lost a good soldier, his widowed mother a noble son, and his comrades an associate whose life is worthy of emulation. From the 1st to the 14th of June, the regiment marched from Cold Harbor to Windmill Point ; crossing the Chickahominy on the 13th, and the James next day. On the 15th, at twelve at night, reached the outer works of Petersburg. These works were captured by the colored troops. The next day, the regiment was employed in turning the captured works. At the close of the day, it was hotly engaged with the enemy. In this action, it lost several of its best men in killed and wounded. June 17, the Sixteenth was under fire all day, losing several men. The same experience was repeated for several days in succession until the 23d, when the regiment took position near the Strong House, where it remained until the night of July 11 : it then left the front for Massachusetts, to be mustered out, having served the full term of three years. The regiment reached home on the 22d, and were mustered out on the 27th, of July, 1864. 31 242 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Five officers and a hundred and ninety-six men remained at the front, — the men either recruits or veterans. They were formed into a battalion, and attached to the Eleventh Massachu setts ; and were afterwards made a part of that organization by the act of consolidation. SEVENTEENTH EEGIMENT. Eight companies from the county of Essex, one from Middle sex, and one from Sussex, formed the Seventeenth Regiment. It was recruited at Lynnfield ; and Aug. 23, 1861, under com mand of Lieut.-Col. Fellows, left the State for Baltimore, Md., where it remained for several months. Capt. T. J. C. Amory? United-States army, was commissioned colonel, but acted as brigadier-general much of the time, leaving Lieut.-Col. Fellows in command of the regiment. The officers were, — Colonel Lieutenant- Colonel Major Surgeon Assistant Surgeon Chaplain . T. J. C. Amory. John F. Fellows. Jones Frankle. Isaac F. Galloupe. W. H. W. Hinds. William D. Haley. While stationed near Baltimore, Major-Gen. Dix, who com manded the Department of Maryland, ordered, in the autumn, six companies to Accomac County, Va., to suppress hostile demonstrations. This expedition was entirely successful ; and, returning, the troops spent the winter in the usual routine of camp-life. With the opening of spring, the regiment joined Major-Gen. Foster's command at Newbern, N. C. The troops were here almost constantly employed in skirmishing and on picket ; but until Gen. Foster's advance upon Goldsborough, N. C, in the second week of December, 1862, no severe engagement with the enemy had tested their soldierly qualities. Lieut.-Col. Fellows wrote an interesting letter at the termination of this important movement, to make a plain statement of facts which should show that the Seventeenth " brought no discredit upon the State." On Thursday, llth inst., an expedition, numbering from thirteen thousand to fifteen thousand troops, started from Newbern for the interior. Nothing of particular interest occurred until the following Sunday, when, on approach- THE SEVENTEENTH AT GOLDSBOROUGH. 243 ing Kinston, the advance-guard, composed of the Ninth New- Jersey, and Wessel's brigade, were engaged with the enemy, the Seventeenth leading. The first brigade was next called ; and I was ordered to report to Gen. Wessel, who sent me to support a battery on the right that was in great danger from an attack. We were afterwards again ordered forward to support another battery, and then, with the Ninth New-Jersey, to advance, and flank the enemy. At this point, the regiment was detached from the brigade, and ordered to co-operate with the Ninth New-Jersey ; which arrangement con tinued until our return to Newbern. We advanced together, and were the first regiments to cross the bridge and enter Kinston, where we took many prisoners. We were then ordered on provost-duty, but subsequently received an order to rejoin the brigade, which had not crossed the bridge. On our way, I was met by Gen. Foster, who ordered me back, as the rebel general, Evans, had taken position on the hill beyond the town, and he (Gen. Foster) was " going to knock him out of it." We returned, but the enemy left; and we were again ordered on provost-duty. The next morning, the march was resumed towards Goldsborough, and the Seventeenth was selected for the ad vance. This continued through the next day, when, approaching Whitehall, we were engaged by the enemy, who were on the opposite bank of the river, and protected by earthworks and dense woods. After a fight of three or four hours, it being impossible to ford the river, and the bridge across it having been burned, we continued on our way, the Seventeenth yet in advance. The next day, upon nearing Goldsborough, I increased my line of skirmishers by adding Company C to Company F. They were in command of Capt. Fuller. They were soon fired upon ; but they drove the enemy before them. The main object of the expedition was to burn a railroad bridge, destroy the track, and cut off communication. As the railroad bridge was then in sight, and occupied by a large rebel force, I turned to the left, through a wood which was occupied by a camp of rebels. We pushed onward, with skir mishers deployed, and gained the railroad, driving the enemy before us. I was then ordered to approach the bridge, leaving the skirmishers, under Capt. Fuller, to watch the enemy ; but, on approaching the bridge, we were opened upon by a heavy fire of artillery in front, and musketry from the woods on both sides. We continued to advance, and arrived within ten feet of the bridge, using the banks of the road as a temporary shelter. The shells from our own artillery falling immediately in front of us, and not being willing to lose my men by our own fire, I sent to the officer in command of the artillery to change his direction ; which had no effect. I then went myself, and repre sented that he was doing us more harm than the enemy : this had the desired effect. Upon my return, Morrison's battery came up, and took position near our flag, on the right flank. I pointed out to the captain the bridge and the depot beyond, where a train had just arrived with re-enforcements for the enemy. Giving his orders with coolness and judgment, he planted a shell directly among them, and kept up a steady fire in that direction. Meanwhile, the shot and shell from the enemy's artillery came thick and fast among us, 244 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. yet not a man quailed ; and my orders were obeyed with as much coolness as if they were upon a battalion drill. I sheltered the men in a hollow, directly in rear of the artillery, and was then notified that two. men from each of the two regiments were to be sent to fire the bridge. I called for volunteers ; and Barney Mann, our late adjutant, offered to find them. A short time after, I saw him wounded, and then learned that he had gone himself, with another man, for the purpose : the two from the Ninth New-Jersey were also there, and the bridge was fired. I was then notified that the object of the expedition was accomplished ; and Gen. Foster gave the credit of it to the two regiments. The Seventeenth remained in Newbern, doing provost-guard duty, during the winter of 1863. Early in the spring, it was re lieved, and, April 7, marched, under the command of Brig.-Gen. Spinola, to the relief of Washington, N. C, then besieged by Longstreet's division of the enemy, who was posted in a strong natural position, and in large force, at Blount's Creek. After fighting him two hours, and deeming it impracticable to continue the battle against great odds, Gen. Spinola returned to Newbern, reaching there on the evening of the 10th. On the 17th, the regiment again left Newbern, under Major- Gen. Foster, for a second attempt to reach Washington. On the same day, however, the siege was raised, and the enemy withdrew ; so that nothing was seen of him except his rear-guard, many of whom were captured by Gen. Foster's cavalry. On the 28th, a movement was made on the enemy at Dover Station by a force on the railroad, and one on the Neuse Road ; the whole under the command of Brig.-Gen. J. N. Palmer. A skirmish took place ; but the enemy retreated. The Seventeenth was engaged, but suffered no loss. May 1, it returned to Newbern. July 4, left again, as a part of a force, under Brig.-Gen. Heckman, designed to support a raid on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. The object of the ex pedition was successfully accomplished ; and the force returned to Newbern on the 7 th. On the 25th, the regiment left Newbern, as cavalry support, on another expedition against Weldon. At Mount-Tabor Church, it came suddenly upon a camp of the Twelfth North-Carolina Bat talion (rebel), which it captured, with thirty-two prisoners. The cavalry, however, were not able to reach Weldon, but penetrated as far as Jackson, where a fight occurred. They took fifty pris oners, burned the rebel camp, and retired to Winton, whence the regiment re-embarked for Newbern. It remained in barracks NEWBERN, WASHINGTON, ETC. 245 on the Trent, when it was ordered to move into town, and relieve the Twenty-seventh Massachusetts. The Seventeenth .was on provost-duty until Feb. 1, when it went to the asistance of the One Hundred and Thirty-second New- York Volunteer Infantry, whose pickets and camp, nine miles from Newbern, were attacked. The enemy carried the bridge at Batchelder's Creek, soon crossed over, and, their force numbering fifteen thousand men, succeeded, under cover of the woods and fog, in flanking our little force. The fog was so thick, that their movements could not be seen. Finding resistance useless against the overwhelming force the enemy brought against this little body, numbering only a hundred and two men and thirteen officers, the order was given to fall back to the crossing of the rail road and Trent Road to make another stand. At this time, the remainder of the Union force had retreated, leaving the Seventeenth alone to check the advance of the enemy. Soon after, Lieut.-Col. J. F. Fellows, Surgeon I. F. Galloupe, Adjutant H. A. Cheever, — who was severely wounded, — Capt. J. K. Lloyd, First Lieuts. B. N. Mann, L. B. Comins, jun.-, J. B. Hill, and J. W. Day, were taken prisoners, together with fifty-eight enlisted men. Three were killed, and three badly wounded. Lieut. Cann succeeded in saving the flag of the One Hundred and Thirty-second New- York, which they left flying 'in their camp when they retreated, and, with twenty men, partly succeeded in destroying their camp. The enemy, under command of Pickett, marched, with little opposition, nearly to the works in front of Newbern. After waiting three days, the enemy withdrew without assaulting the works. While the enemy were in front, the Seventeenth were at the breastworks, and doing the advance picketing. On the 18th of April, 1864, eight companies left Newbern in transports for Washington, N.C, which was threatened by the enemy. After capturing Plymouth, he moved on Washington, which was evacuated April 30 ; and the troops returned to New bern, May 1. In the fighting at Washington, the Seventeenth lost two men killed. The next day, the regiment was relieved from provost-duty, and changed its camp. Until July 16, skirmishing, garrisoning Fort Spinola, and holding other positions, occupied the men ; when the troops whose time had expired embarked for home. Those whose time of service had not expired were consolidated into three companies, forming a battalion, under command of Capt. Henry Splaine. On the 27th, these men moved to Newport Barracks, twenty-six miles from Newbern, on the railroad to Beaufort, N.C, where they remained until 246 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Sept. 23, when all of the veterans received a furlough of forty days iu Massachusetts, and embarked at Fort-Spinola Wharf on the steamer " Dud ley Buck." Arrived at Fortress Monroe on the 25th, New York on the 27th, and at Boston on the 28th. They were received by the Boston Cadets, and escorted to Faneuil Hall, where, after partaking of a collation, the men were furloughed until Nov. 7. They left Boston on the 10th, arrived at Newport Barracks on the 20th, and were on picket^duty. Col. Thomas J. C Amory, who had been commanding the sub-district of Beaufort, N.C, for several months, died at Beaufort, Oct. 7, of yellow- fever. Capt. Splaine's battalion was engaged several months in outpost- duty, and guarding railroad lines between Newbern and Morehead City. Meanwhile, four hundred and fifty men were transferred from the Second Massachusetts Heavy Artillery to the Seven teenth, March 4, 1865. It was then transferred to the third brigade, second division, District of Newbern, under command of Gen. S. P. Carter, of Tennessee. Lieut.-Col. H. Splaine, who had been promoted, commanded the brigade, and Major W. W. Smith the regiment. The forces then moved to Gum Swamp and Wise's Forks, and fortified their position. The next morning, March 8, an attack was made by Gen. Bragg with fourteen thou sand men, capturing the second brigade entire. Companies of the Seventeenth showed great bravery in attempting the recapture of a gun which had been taken from the second brigade. For three days the fight continued with varying fortunes, when the rebels were repulsed by a gallant charge, in which the Seventeenth bore its port. The regiment entered Kinston and Goldsborough on the 20th; and on the 25th a junction was made with Gen. Sherman's army. After an encounter with Wheeler's cavalry, the regiment entered Raleigh on the 10th of April ; and the next day the Seventeenth marched alone towards Greensborough. It was employed there as provost-guard, winning respect by its excellent conduct, until July 11, when it was mus tered out, and the men returned to Readville, Mass., to be paid, and return to their homes. CHAPTER XII. EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH REGIMENTS. The Mustering of the Eighteenth Regiment, and its Officers. — March to the Front In the Campaign of the Peninsula. — From the Chickahominy to Boston. — The Nine teenth — Colonel Hinks and his Heroic Command. EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT. EIGHT companies of the Eighteenth, recruited chiefly from the counties of Norfolk, Bristol, and Plymouth, were mus tered into the service of the United States, Aug. 27, 1861 ; leaving the two companies necessary to complete the organization of the regiment to be added subsequently. The next day it left the State, under orders for Washington, with a full complement of officers, and eight hundred and ninety-one men. Field and staff officers were as follow : — Colonel . Lieutenant - Colonel Major Surgeon . Assistant Surgeon Chaplain . James Barnes, Springfield. Timothy Ingraham, New Bedford. Joseph Hayes, Boston. David P. Smith, Springfield. Orlando Brown, Wrentham. Benj. F. De Costa, Charlestown. On reaching the capital, the regiment was ordered, Sept. 3, to cross the river, and report to Gen. Fitz John Porter. It was as signed by him to the first brigade of his division, commanded by Brig.-Gen. J. H. Martindale, and encamped near Fort Corcoran. Here it was engaged in drilling, and in working on the intrench- ments then constructing for the defence of the capital. Sept. 26, the army advanced ; and the regiment moved forward with the division, and took position at Hall's Hill. During the months of October and November, the two companies in which the regiment was deficient were added ; making the number of enlisted men nine hundred and ninety-five. 247 248 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The time allowed at Fort Corcoran and Hall's Hill for the in struction and drilling of the regiment was improved by its officers ; and the command attained a high degree of discipline, and a commendable proficiency in military drill and exercise. Here the regiment was complimented by the commanding general of the division with a new outfit of uniforms and camp-equipage. Leaving Hall's Hill March 10, 1862, the regiment arrived in front of the defences of Yorktown April 5. Here, acting as skirmishers and in support of batteries engaged, the regiment, or a portion of it, was almost every day, during the siege, under the fire of the enemy. Leaving Yorktown May 7, it reached Kidd's Mills on the 22d, where it was supplied by Government with the Springfield rifled muskets, as a substitute for the smooth bore, which, up to this time, had been in use by the regiment. On the 26th, it marched to Gaines's Mills, on the Chickahominy. Immediately on reaching this point, and during a furious storm, eight companies of the regiment were ordered on picket-duty. Subsequently, during the night, orders came to relieve them, as the division, under the command of Gen. Morell, was to move to Hanover Court House the following day. The division moved at three o'clock in the morning of the 27th ; but the companies of the Eighteenth that had already been on duty twenty-four hours were ordered to remain behind, and rest a few hours in camp. In consequence of this delay, the regiment had not the good fortune to arrive at Hanover Court House in time to share in the honors of the victory gained by the division. Returning, the regiment remained in camp at Gaines's Mills until the 26th of June, when, a movement upon the right flank of our army being anticipated, an expedition, consisting of light cavalry and artillery, with two regiments of infantry to act as light troops, and placed under the command of Gen. Stoneman, was started from the camp of Porter's corps. The Eighteenth Massachusetts was se lected as one of the infantry regiments for the expedition, and thus became temporarily detached from the rest of the division during the battles of Chickahominy and Malvern Hill. On the 2d of July, the regiment was at Harrison's Landing ; and, on the 14th following (Col. Barnes, a brave and high-toned man in all respects, having been assigned to the command of the brigade), the command of the regiment devolved upon Lieut.-Col. Hayes. ^ Leaving Harrison's Landing, the regiment marched, vid Wil liamsburg and Yorktown, to Hampton, where, owing to a severe illness contracted on the Peninsula, Lieut.-Col. Hayes was com- BATTLES OF BULL RUN, ANTIETAM, FREDERICKSBURG. 249 pelled to leave the regiment for a few days ; and the command devolved on Capt. Stephen Thomas, the senior officer present. Proceeding vid Acquia Creek, Falmouth, Warrenton, and Thor oughfare Gap, the regiment arrived at Bull Run on the 30th of August, in time to participate in the second battle on this already noted field. The total loss of the regiment in this battle, being fifty-two per cent of the whole number engaged, is a sufficient proof of its steadiness and gallantry, and of how well it merited the great praise it received from both division and corps com manders. It was the first regiment of the division to advance to the attack, and the last to retire from the field. Here fell some of those gallant officers whose names henceforth will be borne upon the list of those who have made Massachusetts honored in the annals of this contest for freedom. Sept. 1, Col. Hayes, having joined his regiment, assumed command. Although not having for the space of twenty days enjoyed an interval of twenty-four hours' rest, the regiment set out upon its march to Maryland, reaching the battle-ground of Antietam Sept. 16. On the 17th, it was placed in support of batteries engaged ; and the next twenty- four hours it was on picket-duty at Stone Bridge. Under com mand of Lieut.-Col. Hayes, the regiment crossed the river, leading the advance, and commenced the action of Shepardston. The regiment remained encamped near Sharpsburg until the 30th of October, when it recrossed the Potomac, and continued its advance until it reached the river opposite Fredericksburg, where it re mained during the bombardment until the 13th of December, when, under command of Lieut.-Col. Hayes as the leading regiment of the corps, it crossed the river, and engaged in the battle of Freder icksburg. Here it well sustained the reputation for discipline and valor it had previously earned. In a charge made by order of the general of the division, the regiment nearly penetrated the enemy's fortified position upon Mary's Heights ; but, being unsupported, it was compelled to fall back, with a loss, in killed and wounded, equal to nearly one-half of its number. Having rallied again, it occupied the most advanced position gained by the corps, which position it held throughout the battle. Here several officers fell ; and it is believed that the dead of this regiment lay nearer the enemy's works than those of any other engaged on this part of the field. On the 31st of December, the brigade recrossed the river, the Eighteenth leading, and the men fording the water waist-deep. In May following, it was present at and participated in the battle 82 250 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Of Chancellorsville. July 1, the regiment was within three miles of Gettysburg, and participated in the decisive battles of the next two days. Following up the flying columns of Gen. Lee, the 8th of Sep tember found the regiment encamped at Beverly Ford, Va. About this time, Col. Hayes was placed in command of the brigade, leav ing Major White in command of the regiment. Oct. 12, it moved in line of battle to Brandy Station ; but, the enemy retreating, it marched to Manassas Junction, and formed a line of battle there. It was afterwards ordered back to support the Second Corps en gaged with the enemy at Bristow's Station. Nov. 7, under the command of Lieut.-Col. White, the regiment was engaged in bat tle at Rappahannock Station ; and on the 29th and 30th, it was in line of battle before the enemy's works at Mine Hill. The regi ment marched Dec. 3, to Beverly Ford, and encamped. Here about one-third of its force was detailed for outpost-duty. On the 1st of May following, the regiment broke camp, crossed the Rappahannock, and encamped near Brandy Station. May 3, marched near Culpeper. On the next day, the regiment, com manded by Col. Hayes, and consisting of twenty officers and two hundred and ninety-six men, forming a part of the third briga9e, first division, Fifth Corps, left camp near Culpeper, crossed the Rapidan, and marched to the Wilderness Church, where it bivou acked for the night. Next morning, in consequence of a report that the enemy was moving down the Stone Road, the division commenced throwing up a defence of logs and earth near where it had bivouacked. Col. Hayes was directed to take the Eigh teenth Massachusetts and the Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volun teers, move up the Stone Road, and discover the force and inten tions of the enemy. The two regiments moved up to the picket- line ; and two companies of the Eighteenth were detailed to be moved forward as skirmishers, and placed under the command of Capt. Bent. It was quickly ascertained that the enemy was pres ent in force, and was briskly engaged in throwing up breastworks. In this movement, Charles Wilson of Company I, the first man lost in this campaign, was killed. The regiment was now joined on its left by a brigade of the fourth division, and on its right by the Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers. At the command to advance, the division moved for ward across an open space, and into the woods beyond. The enemy fell back, leaving his wounded and forty prisoners in our hands. The regiment returned through the woods to the breast- THE EIGHTEENTH AT SPOTTSYLVANIA. 251 works. During this movement, Col. Hayes was severely wounded in the head by a bullet. Next day, the Eighteenth Regiment was sent out as skirmishers ; and, being ordered to move forward in advance of a line of troops sent to ascertain if the enemy remained in front, his skirmishers fell back to his line of battle, where he was found to be strongly posted with infantry and artillery. The troops were now withdrawn, and the regiment relieved of picket-duty. After dusk, the brigade left its position, and, march ing all night, reached Laurel Hill about daybreak. Here no time was allowed for the men to rest or take food ; but, without halting, they were marched forward against an intrenched position. The brigade was formed in two lines, the Eighteenth Massachusetts on the right of the second line, and the First Michigan on the left. The assault was repulsed, and the brigade fell back. The regiment was now again joined to the second brigade, and, on the night of the 13th of May, marched to the left of the Ninth Corps over a very heavy road ; arriving in an exhausted condition, in the morning, in front of Spottsylvania. Here it was placed in line of battle, and remained until the 17th, when it was moved forward to the picket-line, and worked all night throwing up rifle- pits, behind which the regiment remained until the 20th. The brigade was withdrawn from line, and marched to the North Anna River, which it forded on the 23d. As soon as the bri gade had reached the south bank, the Eighteenth was detached from it, and sent to occupy a hill to the front and left of the crossing. A part of the regiment was disposed on the crest of the hill, behind hastily constructed breastworks ; and two companies were sent out, under command of Capts. Dallas and Pray, to pre vent the enemy from occupying the woods directly in front of the line. These were actively engaged nearly an hour before the furious attack was made by Hill's corps on the division. In this attack, Lieut.-Col. White received a severe wound in his hand, disabling him ; and the command devolved upon Capt. Meservey, the senior officer present. June 1, the brigade took up a new position, the Eighteenth on the right. A swampy and heavily wooded ravine, separating the regiment from Burnside's corps, ran perpendicular to the line of battle, and extended nearly to the enemy's intrenchments. Here the regiment commenced throwing up a defence of rails and logs, but had made little progress, when the enemy, suddenly debouching from the ravine, where he had formed unobserved, 252 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. drove in the pickets, and made a vigorous attack, with the design of turning the right flank of the brigade. He advanced the colors of his first two regiments to within forty yards of our line, but was met with so rapid and accurate a fire, that he halted, lay down, and afterwards retired under cover of the darkness. The regiment, having exhausted its ammunition, held the position by bayonet until re-enforcements arrived. The breastworks so effect ually covered the men, that the casualties were few. The next day, the regiment withdrew; and, after frequent skirmishing with the enemy, the brigade reached the Chickahominy at Sumner's Bridge on the morning of June 7, the Eighteenth having the advance of the column. The enemy's pickets being found in force upon the left bank of the river, the regiment was ordered to drive them across, and secure the bridge-head ; which was promptly done by Capt. Bent with a skirmish-line of fifty men. A short skirmish-line was then formed along the bank, and the remainder of the regiment was placed in reserve. On the 16th of June, the regiment crossed the James River, and advanced over a very dusty road to the fortifications before Petersburg. Here Major Weston, having returned, assumed command. On the 21st, the regiment, having moved farther to the left, erected a line of earthworks, which it occupied until the 20th of July, when, its term of service being about to expire, it was ordered to proceed to Washington. The battalion made up of the men whose term of service would not expire with that of the regiment were detached from it, and remained a part of the third brigade, Fifth Corps. This battalion was marched to the Weldon Railroad, and for three successive days was engaged with the enemy, capturing fifty prisoners and the battle-flag of the Twenty- seventh South-Carolina Regiment. Sept. 30, the Fifth Corps made an advance, and captured a line of the enemy's works at Preble's Farm. The Eighteenth Battalion, in this action, made a part of the advance, and did good service, reflecting great credit upon both rank and file. Capt. Bent was appointed major United-States Volunteers for gallant services on that day. The term of service of the officers having expired, the battalion was consolidated with the Thirty- second Massachusetts Regiment.* * This regiment was one of three to whieh was awarded the splendid outfit fur nished by Americans in Europe for that number of the best-disciplined regiments at the time in the Union army. BRIG.-GEN. HINKS. 253 BRIG.-GEN. EDWARD WARD HINKS AND THE NINETEENTH REGIMENT. The prominence of Gen. Hinks in the early action of the State for the national defence entitles him to a more extended notice than could otherwise be giveu. He is a native of Maine, and is now thirty-six years of age. A printer by trade, he removed to Boston soon after his majority, and established himself in business. His character and success won the public confidence ; and he was elected to the General Court, and also to the City Council. When the Rebellion burst upon the country, he was residing in Lynn. For several years he had been an active militia-officer, and was among the intelligent observers of national affairs who anticipated a severe struggle when the hostile elements at the South began to organize themselves into opposition to the admin istration of Mr. Lincoln. His correspondence with Major Ander son was a marked illustration of his foresight, and patriotic readiness to meet the struggle. The next act of similar significance was his visit to Washington, in March, 1861, to ask an appointment in the army of the United States. Mr. Cameron assured him that he should be commissioned in place of one of the Southern officers who was resigning. Scarcely had he been created second lieutenant in the Second United-States Cavalry, when the thunder of cannon aimed at Sumter awakened the martial spirit of the nation. Col. Hinks hastened to Boston, April 15, to offer his services to the State. Subsequently, he, with several militia officers, met the Governor at the Capitol, when his proposal to let eight com panies of the Eighth Regiment, of which he was adjutant, form a part of the force of a thousand five hundred men called for, was accepted ; and he hastened to rally his men in the towns of Lynn, Newburyport, Beverly, and Marblehead. Forcibly wrote Col. Hinks, — The patriotic fire spread from man to man, from town to town, from State to State, until the whole North was wrapped in one blaze of patriotic devotion to the Union ; and men seemed to spring from the earth, completely armed, like Minerva from the brain of Jupiter, and crowded forward to protect the national capital, and preserve the Federal Union : but, at every point, — at Baltimore, at Washington, at Annapolis, at Fortress Monroe, Norfolk, and Gosport, — Massachusetts men were to be in the van. 254 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. When the Eighth Regiment left Philadelphia, Sept. 20, 1861, Gen. Butler gave to Col. Hinks, at his own request, the selection and organizing of one hundred picked men, armed as sappers and miners, with axes, hatchets, spades, picks, sledges, crowbars, and saws, to overthrow barricades, construct bridges, and, if necessary, force the passage through Baltimore, as our army did at Monterey, clearing the way from street to street of that city. He led a strange-looking company that morning, attired as the men were in blue flannel frocks, close-fitting caps, a hatchet in each belt, and, instead of a musket, shouldering heavy mining-tools. At Annapolis, Col. Hinks was directed by Gen. Butler to board, with his pioneers and Capt. Devereux's Zouaves, " The Con stitution," and lighten and get her off; which was well and quickly done. When Col. Lefferts, of the New- York Seventh, refused to ad vance, and take possession of the Baltimore and Washington Railroad, fearing a large rebel force would oppose, Col. Hinks volunteered, with two companies of the Eighth, to take the respon sibility, and bravely secured the track, rolling-stock, &c. When a few miles from Annapolis, he was met by two mounted gentlemen, who desired an interview with him. One of them in quired for what purpose he was invading the State of Maryland. " For the purpose of going to the capital of the country." " You will be opposed by force." " I shall by force go forward, then." " You will never be able to reach the capital by this route." " I shall follow this route until I am stopped." " There is a large force at the Junction." " There will be a larger when we get there." " Good-day, sir : we shall be at the Junction to meet you." " Good-day, gentlemen : it will be a warm meeting." And thus the rebel gentlemen and the lieutenant-colonel of the Eighth parted. Though ordered to proceed toward Washington, he subse quently remained at the Junction, because the troops, who had less confidence in the superior command, would not stay without him ; and he reluctantly relinquished the opportunity to which he was entitled, of being the first in Washington with his detachment. May 14, he joined Gen. Butler in the march on Baltimore. His commission as colonel of the Eighth dated from the 16th. While at the Relay House, ladies who were friends of the New- York Seventh, with a beautiful and complimentary letter to Col. THE NINETEENTH AT MERIDIAN HILL. 255 Hinks, presented his regiment with a splendid flag. Gen. Butler sent the banner and letter, accompanied by a note of the warmest commendations. Gov. Andrew's letter of welcome to Col. Hinks upon the re turn of his troops, — Aug. 1, — contained flattering congratula tions. THE NINETEENTH REGIMENT, According to the testimony of one high in position, and of influ ence in the Government, " was one of the best and bravest regiments of the war." It was organized at Camp Schouler, with the three companies of First Battalion of Rifles as the nucleus. To these were successively added companies from Boston, Lowell, and Maiden ; making the number of companies ten. The field-officers were as follow : — Colonel Lieutenant- Colonel Major . Surgeon Assistant Surgeon Chaplain Edward W. Hinks. Arthur F. Devereux. Henry J. Howe. J. Franklin Dyer. Josiah N. Willard. Joseph C Cromack. Upon the muster-out of the Eighth Regiment, Col. Hinks was immediately commissioned as colonel of the Nineteenth, then in camp at Lynnfield, and numbering about three hundred and ninety men. He was mustered in on the 3d of August, 1861, and rapidly recruited, organized, and officered this regiment, which has since proved to be one of the best fighting, best disci plined, and most enduring regiments which Massachusetts has sent to the war. On the 28th of August, 1861, the Nineteenth Regiment broke camp at Lynnfield, and took the cars for Boston, where it em barked for the South. On the 29th, it was received and enter tained in New York by the officers of the Seventh Regiment, and by the Associated Sons of New England in that city. It reached Washington late in the evening of the 30th, and, on the following day, went into camp at Meridian Hill ; and here Col. Hinks insti tuted the rigid system of instruction which was observed in the regiment as long as he retained command of it. The major (Howe) was appointed instructor of officers and men in guard- 256 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. duty, police, &c. ; the lieutenant-colonel (Devereux) was ap pointed instructor of officers and men in the school of the soldier, school of tlie company, &c. ; while the colonel was in structor of the regiment in the school of the battalion and in skirmishing, and of the officers in making papers, muster-rolls, and returns. The regiment was drilled, by company or by battalion, eight hours in each day ; and an officers' school was held at head quarters three evenings each week. On the 13th of September, this regiment was assigned to the brigade of Gen. F. W. Lander, and immediately marched for Poolesville, Md., where it arrived on the evening of the 14th, and, on the following day, went to Camp Benton, near Edward's Ferry. Here the drill and instruction of the regiment were continued, interspersed at intervals with picket-duty. Said an officer of the regiment (Dr. Dyer) in writing home, Sept. 29, 1861, " Through the untiring exertions of Col. Hinks, who is emphati cally a working man, the general condition of the regiment has vastly improved : cleanliness and order are strictly enforced. Under the superintendence of Lieut.-Col. Devereux, the compa nies have acquired a proficiency in drill not surpassed by many older troops. Under charge of Major Howe, the important duties of the guard are well attended to. Other departments are in good hands, and a system of strict accountability is rigidly enforced." On the 21st of October, 1861, Col. Hinks, with his regiment, was engaged in the affair at Ball's Bluff; late in the day, covering the retreat, and removing the wounded : and he remained in com mand of the troops at Harrison's Island, by order of Gen. Stone, until it was finally evacuated by the Federal forces. The report of operations made by Col. Hinks at that time occasioned con siderable feeling, and attracted almost universal remark and com ment from the Northern people and press, on account of its plain statement of the important affair. Oct. 23, Col. Hinks was assigned to the command of the first brigade, corps of observation, at Poolesville, to succeed Gen. Lander, who was wounded on the 21st in the affair at Edward's Ferry, and had been sent to the rear. AVith this brigade, he remained on duty near Edward's Ferry until Dec. 9, when he was assigned to the command of a district on the Potomac River, from Great Falls to Edward's Ferry, including the post- villages of Darnestown and Rockville, where he remained until the 8th of March, 1862, when he marched with his regiment to join the division then under command of Gen. John Sedge- BATTLES OF FAIR OAKS AND OAK GROVE. 257 wick, at Harper's Ferry ; and thence to Charlestown and Winches ter ; returning soon after, vid Harper's Ferry and Baltimore, to Washington, to join Gen. McClellan's army, en route for the Peninsula. While in Washington, the Nineteenth Regiment en camped east of the Capitol, and was much complimented for its excellent discipline, exemplary conduct, and correct drill and fine parades. March 29, 1862, Col. Hinks, with his command, left Washing ton, and, having been compelled by a severe storm to land at Point Lookout, Md., arrived at Hampton, Va., on the 31st of March, 1862. His regiment was now designated to be the first regiment in the third brigade, second division, Second Corps d'Armee ; and on the 4th of April, 1862, this corps joined in the general move ment of the army towards Yorktown. On the 7th of the same month, the Nineteenth Regiment, with the Twentieth Massachu setts Regiment, made a reeonnoissance of the enemy's works upon Warwick River, discovering several rebel batteries, and determin ing the position of the enemy's works upon the river. During the reeonnoissance, several men of the Nineteenth were wounded, and one killed. This was probably the first man killed in an en gagement with the enemy on the Peninsula in 1862. The Ninteenth participated in the siege of Yorktown, being assigned a portion of the time to duty in batteries number seven and eight. At daylight on the 4th of May, it entered the enemy's abandoned works, and raised the first Union flag which floated from the rebel fortifications in the vicinity of Yorktown. On the 6th of May, it moved up the river with Sedgewick's divi sion on transports, and on the 7th of May was engaged in the affair at West Point. Subsequently it was with the Second Corps in the marches to the Chickahominy and at the battle of Fair Oaks. On the 25th of June, it was ordered by Gen. Sedgewick to prolong Gen. Hook er's line to the right, in the battle of Oak Grove ; which movement was executed with skill, the troops driving the enemy handsomely out of his rifle-pits on the extreme right of our advanced position : and the Nineteenth Regiment then stood within three miles and a half of Richmond. As soon as the enemy yielded before the cool and determined fire of the regiment, Col. Hinks ordered, " Cease firing ! " and, springing to the front of the regiment, exclaimed, " Now, boys, we will give them a taste of Massachusetts steel ! " and immediately commanded, " Forward ! " But, before he 33 258 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. could complete the order to charge, he was interrupted by a call from Capt. Caudler, aide to Gen. Hooker, who brought an order to fall back to the line of our defences. " But," said Col. Hinks, " see what a splendid opportunity I have to make a charge, and take colors and prisoners ! " — " The order is from Gen. McClellan, and is imperative," said Capt. Caudler. " Well, hold on to it, then," said Col. Hinks, " and I will show you the handsomest charge you ever saw, bring you a thousand prisoners, and be on this spot in fifteen minutes from now ! " — *¦" I cannot do it," said the captain. " I was directed to order you to fall back immediately." — "Very well," said the colonel, and, gathering up all his killed and wounded, — about sixty in num ber, — fell back through the swamp to the Union earthworks, which for twenty days previous he had occupied, under a continual and harassing random fire of the enemy's guns, and where he remained until the change of base of the army was progressing. He was warmly complimented by Gen. Sedgewick for his gallantry and skill, and the excellent behavior of his regiment, in the battle of Oak Grove. June 27, Sumner's corps followed the army in the retreat to wards the James River ; and, during the day, the Nineteenth was in the engagements at Allen's Farm and Savage's Station. June 30, he was again in action at White-oak Swamp, and, later in the day, at Glendale, where his regiment moved unsup ported against the enemy, before whom a portion of the Penn sylvania Reserves had given way, and restored the Union line, retained possession of this part of the field, and secured from capture Kirby's Regular Battery, which was in imminent peril. In the action at Glendale, Col. Hinks was severely wounded by a bullet through the upper portion of the right thigh, re ceiving also a severe contusion in the left ankle, and was sent to the rear. For his gallantry and good conduct in bat tle, Col. Hinks was recommended for promotion by Gens. Sedge wick and Sumner; and his regiment was ordered to inscribe upon its colors, "Allen's Farm," "Savage's Station," "White- oak Bridge," " Glendale," " Malvern." During the engagement of Glendale, Major Howe, a most valuable, efficient, and gallant officer, was killed while standing beside the colonel, and at the same instant that the colonel was wounded. In all the continued fights until the army reached the James River, the Nineteenth Regiment behaved handsomely and with the greatest gallantry, and lost very heavily in killed and wounded. THE NINETEENTH AT GLENDALE. 259 Said Capt. Edmund Rice (since colonel), the ranking officer that reached the James River with the regiment, in his report of operations of the regiment at Glendale on the 30th of June, — We marched towards the field of action, coming upon it on the double- quick and under fire, the action at its height as we came into position. We were soon ordered forward into the woods. Marching steadily forward at support arms, we entered the woods, cautioned that a line of our own men were in front of us, and we were not to-fire. We had advanced about fifty yards, when a heavy volley was fired into our line, supposed by us to be fired at our first line, and seeming, through it, to take effect on us. We ad vanced still farther, under a continuous fire ; when suddenly two regiments of the enemy rose from the ground, at a distance of only a few yards, and poured a volley upon us, at so short a range, that our men's faces were, in many instances, singed with the flash of the enemy's muskets ; and, on the right of the regiment, our men crossed bayonets with the enemy. Under these circumstances, our men did all that men could do, firing upon the heavy masses of the enemy unceasingly. Some portions of our line had already given way, unable to withstand the withering fire of the enemy ; when the entire line was ordered by Col. Hinks to fall back, and the regiment retired, firing as it went. The regiment was speedily re-formed on the outskirts of the woods, and ordered to lie down ; the field-officers remaining standing, and watching the movements of the enemy. . . . Soon after sunset, troops were seen moving in the woods, from whom we received a heavy fire, under which Col. Hinks and Major Howe fell, the latter mortally wounded. Our men rose, gave one volley in return, and then broke, retiring but a short distance, when they were re-formed, where we remained until ordered to retire late in the evening. By the fall of Col. Hinks and Major Howe, and the wounding of Capt. Wass, the command devolved upon me until relieved by Lieut.-Col. Devereux on the night of July 11. The officers, without an exception, behaved most gallantly, leading their men into the thickest of the fight, their faces almost at the muzzles of the enemy's guns, with the coolness and self-possession of veterans. The honorable wounds received by Col. Hinks are, in themselves, a eulogy of his courage and patriotism in his country's cause, and earnest solici tude for the welfare of his officers and men. In honor of the memory of our young but courageous major, Howe, let the words dropped from his lips after receiving his mortal wound be the highest praise which can be spoken of a true patriot : " Let me die here on the field : 'tis more glorious to die on the field of battle." Capt. Charles W. Devereux was wounded while faithfully performing his duties ; being prostrate at the time from continued illness, fatigue, and ex posure. Lieut. David Lee died manfully at the post of duty. 260 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Sergeant-Major E. M. Newcomb, since promoted, and killed at Fredericks burg, proved to his superiors that he enlisted for his country's good, and from purely patriotic motives. I am, general, Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, (Signed) EDMUND RICE, Capt. Nineteenth Mass. Vols., Comd'g Regt. t of Spanish Fort, and was en gaged with the enemy every day from that time until the fall of that stronghold. April 20, the battery embarked on board steam er " Col. Cowles " as part of an expedition up the Mobile and Alabama Rivers. It returned to Mobile on the 16th of May, and sailed thence, on the 30th of June, for Galveston, Tex. ; arrived there July 3, and, on the 9th, moved to Houston. Records an officer, — Oct. 1, the property pertaining to the battery having been turned over, the company started on its return home. It was detained in Galveston four days, and at New Orleans six days, awaiting transportation. Oct. 14, it embarked on board steamship " Guiding Star." In the even ing, the ship grounded on the bar at the mouth of the Mississippi River, where it remained until the 19th, when it was got off, and proceeded on ifri way. On the 22d, the wind commenced blowing a gale from the north-east, and increased to a perfect hurricane on the night of the 23d. At one o'clock on the morning of the 24th, the ship fell off into the trough of the sea, where it remained for thirty-six hours, the men working at the pumps during that time. On the morning of the 25th, the wind having abated, it proceeded to Port Royal, S.C, for coal. The company arrived at New- York City on the 2d of November, and in Boston on the 3d : it then proceeded to Gal- loupe's Island, in the harbor, where it was mustered out of service on the 10th, and paid off and discharged on the 12th, of November. 520 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. EIGHTH LIGHT BATTERY. The Eighth Light Battery was organized under the following officers : — Captain .... Asa M. Cook. Senior First Lieutenant Charles M. Griffin. Junior " " . . John N. Coffin. Senior Second " . James W. Garland Junior " " . . George W. Evans. We take a brief notice of its early history from the official report : — The order for the recruitment of this battery for six months' service was issued on the 27th of May, 1862; and, on the 30th of that month, the first squad of recruits, numbering over forty, were sworn into service, and went into camp at Camp Cameron, North Cambridge. The recruiting proceeded rapidly until the full complement was obtained ; and having re ceived its pieces, horses, uniform, and equipments, the battery left Boston for Washington June 25. Its journey was interrupted by a most melancholy accident a short distance south of Trenton, N. J. The train containing the battery ran off the track, and several of the forward cars were thrown into the canal. Two men were killed by this event, a number more or less wounded, thirteen horses killed, and a large amount of property destroyed. The battery returned to Trenton to be put in shape again ; and, on the 27th of June, resumed its march, and proceeded to Washington, where it halted until July 1 by the side of the railroad track. It then crossed into Virginia by the Long Bridge, and went into camp near Fairfax Semi nary. While here, it was attached to the brigade of Gen. John Cook, in Gen. S. D. Sturgis's reserve army corps. On the 8th of August, it was ordered to report for service in the corps of Gen. Burnside. It marched to camp near Falmouth, Va., arriving Aug. 11. There it was attached to the division of Gen. Stevens, and marched with a detachment of the Ninth Army Corps to the re-enforcement of the Army of Virginia, taking a position on the left, seven miles south of Culpeper. On the retreat to the Bappahannock, it was detached from the division, and sent to guard Barnett's Ford, an important position, which it held, from Aug. 20th to the 23d, almost without support. At this time, the right section was detached from the battery, and was engaged in a skirmish near Sulphur Springs, supported by a part of Gen. Sigel's corps. The battery marched to Warrenton Aug. 23, and thence to Warrenton Junction. On the discovery of Jackson's appearance on our flank at Ma- THE EIGHTH BATTERY AT ANTIETAM. 521 nassas, it marched with the rest of the division in pursuit of him. It war: engaged in the battle of Bull Run, Aug. 30, and, at the end of the action, fell back with the army to Centreville, without the loss of a man or a gun. On the 1st of September, it took part in the battle of Chantilly, and came out with similar good fortune. On the 2d, it encamped near Pond's Mills, only one mile from its previous camp at the Seminary. On the 5th, it marched to Washington, and received new hmbers and caissons, as well as ammunition for the coming Maryland campaign. It marched through Lees- borough, Brookville, Frederick City, and Middletown, in pursuit of the enemy. It was engaged in the battle of South Mountain, Sept. 14, occupying a very exposed position on the left, in the teeth of the rebel batteries, and under a murderous fire of canister. Loss, one killed, four wounded. On the 17th of September, it took part in the great battle of Antietam. During the day, it occupied several positions of extreme exposure and danger on the left wing of the army ; and its services were highly complimented by Gen. Wilcox, commanding the first division, Ninth Army Corps. During the night, it held an advanced position on an eminence on the west bank of the creek, believed to be the only battery of Gen. Burnside's command which remained on that side after sunset. It continued to hold the position until late in the afternoon of the 18th, when it was relieved by other troops. The battery lay in camp, near the mouth of Antietam Creek, until Oct. 5, when it was ordered to Washington Arsenal to exchange its guns for pieces of a longer range. Oct. 21, it rejoined at Pleasant Valley just in time to participate in the advance into Virginia. On the 8th of November, the battery was in camp at Waterloo. During the last march of the battery through Maryland, on its return from Washington, as it was passing through Hyattstown, its commander was in formed by a disguised scout of the existence of a nest of rebels in the vicinity A party of mounted volunteers of non-commissioned officers and privates, under the leadership of Lieuts. Coffin and Kirk, went out in search of the rebels, and succeeded in capturing several members of Stuart's cavalry, with some recruits for the same regiment who were hiding in a secession house in the neighborhood, together with several horses and other valuable contraband property. Having completed its term of service, this battery returned to Bos ton. Capt. Cook, who commanded it, is the same gentleman who commanded the First Massachusetts in the three-months' service. THE NINTH LIGHT BATTERY Was recruited chiefly at Camp Meigs, Readville ; though, for a por tion of the time, it was encamped at Camp Stanton, Lynnfield. The following is its list of officers : — 522 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Captain ..,,,. Achille De Vecchi. First Lieutenant , Christopher Erickson. " " . . . . Alexander H. Whi taker. Second " .... George Warren Foster. " " .... Richard Swett Milton. The battery left the Commonwealth for Washington Sept. 3, 1862, and arrived at that city on the 7th, and by Gen. Casey was ordered to Camp Seymour, on Capitol Hill, D.C. The company remained there until the 22d of September, when it was ordered to Camp Chase, in Virginia, and remained there until the 27th of October. The winter of 1862-3 was passed by the battery at Fort Ramsay, on Upton Hill, and the neighborhood. From the 25th of June, it participated in the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac up to the close of the year, but was engaged with the enemy only at the battle of Gettysburg. From the 13th of December until the 4th of May following. the company was encamped at Brandy Station. It then crossed the Rapidan. During the battles of the Wilderness, the command was not actively engaged, but was continually in position, covering the reserve-camp and the army-trains, losing but one man wounded. It was subsequently engaged in several of the principal battles of this campaign. On the 18th, it engaged the enemy near the Avery House, in the vicinity of Petersburg, while the corps line was advancing. At four, p.m., it followed Chamberlain's brigade, first division, and Hoffman's brigade, fourth division, on the charge of the corps. to within four hundred and eighty yards of the enemy's inner line of works, and silenced a battery that had canister range on our lines as they continued to advance. It retained the position secured after the charge failed, and the line withdrew. On the 21st of July, it was assigned to the third division, Fifth Corps, and occupied a small redoubt on the Jerusalem Plank-road. The middle of August, it was marched to the Weldon Railroad, and became heavily engaged with the enemy ; so also on the 19th and 21st. During the remainder of the year, it took part in frequent recon noissances. Notwithstanding the severity of this campaign, the men continued uniformly healthy, losing none by disease. On the 19th of December, it was in Fort Rice. THE NINTH BATTERY AT PETERSBURG. 523 Feb. 4, the battery was relieved, and the following day, under command of Lieut. George W. Foster, accompanied the Fifth Army Corps to Hatcher's Run. Feb. 10, a portion of Battery A, First Volunteer Light Artillery, reported for duty to the battery, under instructions from the War Department ; and the final con solidation was effected March 11, 1866. March 4, the battery moved to Fort Rice, and remained there until March 27 ; at which time it was relieved, and reported for duty in the Artillery Brigade, Ninth Army Corps. In the final assault and surrender of Petersburg, this battery operated with the Ninth Corps. April 3, after turning in one section to the ordnance-department, the battery accompanied its corps to Nottingham Court House, where it remained two weeks. April 23, it returned to City Point, and was immediately assigned to the artillery reserve of the Army of the Potomac, in conformity with all batteries not permanently assigned to corps. Soon after, the battery moved to Washington, preparatory to being mustered out. Says the report, — Under provisions of instructions from the War Department permitting all volunteer batteries to be mustered out in their respective States, the organiza tion left Washington, June 1, en route for Massachusetts ; where it arrived June 3, and immediately proceeded to Galloupe's Island, Boston Harbor, to await mustering out. On the arrival of the battery at the island, owing to some slight disturbance between some of the men and the provost-guard on duty at the island, Private R. J. Isaacs was shot by the officer of the day, killing him instantly. The investigation of the case ruled that the officer was in the performance of his duty, and could not be guilty of murder. After two years and ten months' service, the battery was mustered out, June 6, by Capt. A. R. Kroutinger, U.S.A. ; but the men were not finally disbanded and paid off until June 9, at which date they left the island. THE TENTH LIGHT BATTERY Was recruited at Camp Stanton, Lynnfield, and left the State for Washington Oct. 2, 1862. Its officers were, — Captain . First Lieutenant a a Second " J. Henry Sleeper. Henry H. Granger. Joshua W. Adams. Asa Smith. Thomas R. Armitage. For several weeks, the battery occupied Camp Barry, D.C. ; but. 524 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. in the latter part of December, it was sent to guard the fords of the Upper Potomac at Poolesville, Md. The winter was spent at Camp Davis, so called in honor of the colonel of the Thirty-ninth Massachusetts. This was exchanged in the spring for Camp Heintzelman, two miles from Poolesville. The centre section of the battery, commanded by Lieut. Smith, was ordered, May 9, to Edward's Ford. A little excitement was pro duced in camp, June 10, by the appearance of Mosby's gueril las ; but, when the battery was placed in position, the game was gone. From the 24th to the 30th of June, it was at Maryland Heights. At Frederic, it joined the Army of the Potomac on the return- march, after the battle of Gettysburg ; remaining near Warrenton, Va., on picket-duty, until Sept. 15. It joined the army in its retrograde movement, and, holding as before the advance, had the first engagement with the rebel cavalry, about twelve hundred strong, near Auburn. Wheeling into position, and opening with canister and shells, it soon routed the enemy. The following order tells the story of their valor in that en gagement : — Headquarters, First Division, Third Corps, Fairfax Station, Va., Oct. 18, 1863. General Okdeks, No. 93. Especial credit is due the first brigade, Col. Collis, and to the Tenth Mas sachusetts Battery, Capt. Sleeper, for their gallantry in repulsing the enemy's attack on the head of the column at Auburn, and to Col. Collis for his skill and promptitude in making the dispositions ordered. By command of MAJOR-GEN. BIRNEY. On the 19th, the battery again had the advance. It reached Warrenton on the 30th, where it remained until the 7th of November, when it was again ordered to take the advance in crossing" the Rappahannock. At Kelly's Ford it was engaged three hours, expending nearly five hundred rounds of ammunition, in shelling the town of Kel- lysville ; silencing a rebel battery that was brought to bear upon the troops, and keeping in check a brigade of rebel infantry. It crossed the river that night, marched to Brandy Station next day, and went into camp until the 26th ; when, with the army, it crossed the Rapidan, and marched upon Mine Run. On the morn ing of the 30th, it opened upon the enemy's works, and continued it for about an hour. TENTH BATTERY IN BATTLES OF THE WILDERNESS. 525 On the 1st of December, it recrossed the Rapidan, and again went into camp at Brandy Station, Dec. 3. May 3, 1864, the battery crossed the Rapidan ; and, during the battles in the Wilderness, its position was on the left of the army. On the 6th, it fought the enemy's cavalry sharply and decisively. It was engaged in most of the important battles of the Army of the Potomac from this time to the close of the year ; and whether in the forts, on the line, or in the open field, it did its work well. After the reeonnoissance towards Hatcher's Run, the battery encamped at Patrick's Station, then the terminus of Gen. Grant's railroad. On the 5th of February, 1865, it moved with the second division of the Second Corps into a position three miles distant, to protect the left and front of the division. That night, the enemy attempted to turn the right flank ; but, after an hour or more of hard fight ing, was obliged to withdraw. Gen. Smythe spoke in high terms of this engagement, and added, that the second division must have been defeated but for the Tenth Battery. The chief of ar tillery of the Second Corps, and Major-General Humphrey, also expressed their praise. On the 6th, the Tenth engaged a rebel battery, and compelled it to draw out of its position. On the llth, it moved to Battery E, built expressly for it, and, for the fourth time, commenced the preparation of winter-quarters. Here the battery remained until the 29th of March, when Cap*. Adams, commanding the Tenth, and Battery B, First Rhode-Island Light Artillery, reported to Gen. Hayes, commanding second division, Second Corps. April 2, Capt. Adams's command was assigned a position on the Boydton Plank-road, towards Hatcher's Run, Of its action on this day, Capt. Adams reports, — At about eight o'clock on the morning of April 2, firing commenced all along our fine from right to left ; and in a short time the news came that the enemy's hnes had been broken, the enemy routed, and Richmond and Petersburg in our possession. The Tenth Battery was the first to march down the Boydton Plank-road, and cross the bridge at Hatcher's Run. The march was continued to within one mile of Petersburg ; when the order came to rear-face and follow the enemy, who was then retreating up the South-side Bailroad. We continued to follow them, marching day and night, and engaging them every time we came within range, until Lee's surrender to Gen. Grant at Appomattox Court House on the morning of April 9. From March 29 to April 9, forty horses were killed by over-work. I will mention that the Tenth Battery had the honor of firing the last gun at 026 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the enemy that was fired in the Second Corps, and, with one exception, the last that was fired in the Army of the Potomac. After the surrender, we remained in camp at Clover Hill till the morning of April 11 ; when we started on our return-march to Burkesville Station, passing through New Store, Farmsville, and High Bridge, arriving at the Station on the afternoon of the 14th. On the 2d of May, the battery set out for Washington, vid Rich mond and Fredericksburg, reaching its destination on the 13th ; and, on the 23d, participated in the grand review of the Army of the Potomac. The captain concludes his report by saying, — On the 31st, turned in the battery to the proper department, and, on the 3d of June, started with the men for Boston, where we arrived on the evening of June 5, and, by order, proceeded to Galloupe's Island, where we remained until the 14th, when we were paid off and discharged, having been mustered out of the service June 9, 1865. Having been with the Tenth Massachusetts Battery since its formation in August, 1862, and being the only officer to return with the battery of the five who went out with it, I feel justly proud in making this my final report; and I cannot close without saying a word in praise of the officers and men composing the battery, with whom I have been so long associated. Of the officers, they were gentlemen, prompt and efficient : of the men, none could be better ; having always found them ready and willing under all cir cumstances. THE ELEVENTH LIGHT BATTERY. The Eleventh Light Battery was recruited by Capt. Jones at Camp Meigs. Its nucleus was the Eleventh (nine-months') Battery. Its officers were, — Captain . First Lieutenant Second Edward J. Jones. Edward P. Morrill. George W. Booth. Harry D. Littlefield. William Woodsum. George W. Sanborn. It left the State Feb. 5, 1864, and reported at Washington, D.C. April 9, it became a part of the Army of the Potomac ; passed through Washington with the Ninth Corps on the 25th, and joined Gen. Meade in the Wilderness, May 6. It shared in all the marches and actions of the corps. ELEVENTH BATTERY AT HATCHER'S RUN. 527 While crossing the North Anna, it was temporarily assigned to the Second, and, Aug. 18, to the Fifth Corps ; and was in action on the left of the line with the First Massachusetts Cavalry, charging the enemy on the extreme left, and defeating his attempt to recover the Weldon Railroad. Capt. Jones writes, — In all the actions in which we have been engaged, my command have ex hibited the usual excellent character for bravery, and devotion to duty, which fipecially belong to Massachusetts troops. I am happy to report that no man has deserted, neither has any one of my command ever been tried by court-martial ; and to-day concludes the first year of our term of service. The battery was under fire continuously from June 17, 1864, to March 24, 1865 ; changing position occasionally during this time along the line of the extreme left, near Hatcher's Run, to the Appomattox River, and participating in the several engage ments and reconnoissances during the siege. We quote again from Capt. Jones's report : — The Eleventh Massachusetts Light Battery were the first troops to meet and check the enemy, after they passed through Stedman; Gens. Park, Tidball, and Wilcox, specially complimenting this battery for their prompt, spirited, and effective service ; and, without adding further particulars, I make the following extract from the report of Gen. Tidball : — " Capt. Jones, of the Eleventh Massachusetts Battery, occupying Fort Friend with six three-inch rifle-pieces, promptly manned his guns upon the first alarm, and, about half an hour afterwards, was enabled, by the dawning of day, to distinguish a body of the enemy moving from Fort Stedman towards Fort Haskell. He immediately opened fire upon them. At the same time, he discovered a line of skirmishers advancing towards the hill upon which his post is situated ; and, as the line of skirmishers arrived at the ravine in front of the fort, he discharged canister into them, which had the effect of checking their advance until the regiment of Pennsylvania troops, encamped near the fort, formed, advanced, and drove back the line. From this commanding position, Capt. Jones continued to direct a most destructive fire into and around Fort Stedman upon any body of the enemy which made its ap pearance. ... As far as I could see and have learned, the artillery upon the whole line was most skilfully and judiciously managed by the respec tive officers in charge of it. This was particularly so in regard to Capt. Jones's Eleventh Massachusetts, from Fort Friend ; Capt. and Brevet Major Nerner, Third New-Jersey Battery, from Fort Haskell; and First Lieut. and Brevet Capt. Stone, Fifth United-States Artillery, from Battery No. 9." This desperate demonstration of the enemy was followed by a succession 528 MASSACHUSETTS IN fHE REBELLION. of feeble attacks along the line until the evacuation of Petersburg on the 3d of April ; this command being constantly harnessed, and otherwise in readiness to meet any emergency : and, when the pursuit was made after the flying foe, this battery was complimented by being the first of three batteries selected by Gen. Tidball to march with the Ninth Corps ; and, upon the final surrender of the rebel army at Appomattox Court House, my command was detailed as a part of the force to draw off the captured artillery from the field of sur render. Upon the return of the army to Washington, the light artillery of the Army of the Potomac were ordered to their respective States, and the Eleventh was mustered out at Readville on the 16th of June. TWELFTH LIGHT BATTERY. The Twelfth Light Battery was recruited at Readville, and left Boston Jan. 3, 1863, under the following officers : — Captain First Lieutenant a tt Second " Wrote an officer, — Jacob Miller. Joseph R. Salla. Edward M. Chamberlin. Charles W. Weeber. Edward E. Souther. Philip N. Hammond. The battery was quartered at the Apollo Stables for three weeks ; then ordered to Baton Rouge, where we received six field-pieces, and took charge of the fortifications. We returned to New Orleans March 28, camped on Metaire Race-course, and were mounted and equipped as cavalry the 8th of April. We turned over the horses, left for Brashear, on the Atchafalaya River, April 17, and took charge of the defence of transports moving up with men and supplies. We returned to New Orleans May 23, quartered at Bernard's Stables, and were there fully equipped as a light battery. Two gun detachments on steamer " Union " were moving round to Port Hudson before our order was received to return to the city. June 3, Lieut. Chamberlin, with eighty-four men, commanded at Fort Banks. This detachment, and two others from Port Hud son, proceeded to New Orleans, and were again ordered to Port Hudson, Oct. 15. On the 7th of November, Lieut. Chamberlin accompanied a foraging expedition to Tunica, where a sharp skirmish with the enemy took place. TWELFTH BATTERY IN LOUISIANA. 529 With respect to fifty-one deserters from this battery, an officer states that six only belonged to Massachusetts ; the others to the British Provinces, foreign countries, and other States. This company was recruited when bounties were high, and the procuring of recruits was chiefly in the hands of irresponsible men called brokers. Comment is unnecessary. Of the movements of this battery in 1864, the same officer writes, — On the 16th of March, one gun and gun detachment went on board the steamer " Cornie" on an expedition to Red River, and returned on the 18th. On the 26th, one gun and a gun detachment went on board the steamer " Ida Blay" to protect the boat on an expedition laying telegraph up to Red River, and returned on the 6th April. On the 26th of April, one gun and gun detachment went on board the steamer ' ' Cornie : ' ' proceeded down the river to repair telegraph, and returned to camp on the second day of May. On the 6th of May, the enemy came within a mile and a half of the fort, and set fire to a saw-mill. The battery went out in order to support one regiment of infantry and one regiment of cavalry, the whole under command of Col. Fundy : drove the enemy back about eight miles in great confusion, killing eight, and wounding forty-five. It returned to camp same day. On the 29th, the battery was ordered out to check the advance of the enemy, reported to be moving in force on the Jackson Road towards this place. It remained out all night, lying in ambush ; but no enemy was seen. Return ing to camp next day, on the 15th of June, twenty-five men of the battery were mounted and equipped as cavalry for patrol and scouting duty, keeping the country for twelve miles around clear of guerillas up to the latter end of October. On the 18th of June, the battery went out about two miles on the Baton-Rouge Boad, and took a position in order to support one regiment of infantry and a regiment of cavalry (commanded by Col. Fundy) ordered out on account of the enemy having fired several shells on a scouting-party. It remained there until dark ; and, the enemy not appearing, the battery was ordered back to camp the same night. On the sixteenth day of June, the bat tery fired a salute for Major-Gen. Sherman, and was inspected same day by him. Compliments were received from the general for the good drill and military appearance of the battery. On the 24th of August, it went on an expedition towards Clinton, twenty five miles from this post. On the 19th of November, Capt. Miller, with forty men, mounted and equipped as cavalry, left camp with despatches for Gen. Lee, who was at Liberty on a cavalry raid ; and returned to camp next day, capturing two rebels, and wounding one on his return. Of the year 1865, the Adjutant-General reports, — 530 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. I have been unable to get a full report of the services of this battery for the year 1865. It served in the Department of the Gulf, and took part in most of the millitary operations there, and performed well its arduous duties. THIRTEENTH LIGHT BATTERY. The Thirteenth Light Battery was recruited at Readville, and left the State on the 20th of January, 1863, in the ship " De Witt Clinton" for New Orleans. Its officers were, — Captain Philip H. Tyler. Charles H. J. Hamlin. First Lieutenant Second " Timothy W. Terry. EUis L. Motte. Bobert C. Nichols. Charles B. Slack. The Adjutant-General received no reports from this battery for the year ; but letters were addressed to him from officers, in which they complained of the poor provision made for the trans portation of the horses. Capt. Hamlin has given a narrative of the battery for 1864 : — A detachment under command of Lieut. Terry, which had been at Fort Banks, eight miles above New Orleans, joined the battery June 4 : and the next day the entire force sailed in the " Anglo-American " up the Mississippi Biver ; on the 6th, reaching Springfield Landing, ten miles below Port Hud son, then besieged by Gen. Banks. Thence it marched in dust and heat twelve miles to headquarters, and reported to Gen. Arnold, chief of artillery. By his order, the battery was divided into two detachments on the 7th : one- half, under Capt. Hamlin, taking charge of four siege-mortars on the left of the Union intrenchments ; and the other part at the extreme right of the line, with the same number of mortars. This position was occupied until the surrender of Port Hudson. Capt. Hamlin was ordered by Gen. Banks, Aug. 27, to go to Boston with a detail of troops to obtain and forward such drafted men as might be assigned to batteries in his department. In this service, and in recruiting for his own battery, he was absent ten months. Meanwhile, Aug. 31, the Thirteenth reported to Capt. Nims, of the Second Battery, and, in September, went with the latter on an expedition to Bisland, vid Algiers, Brashear City, and Berwick City. From Bisland, the troops advanced beyond Franklin, capturing a piece of artillery. On the 14th of October, at Carrion Crow, a skirmish took place, followed next day by an artillery duel, in which the battery was engaged. On the 24th, the troops returned to Opelousas, and encamped until Nov. 1. From THIRTEENTH BATTERY AT RED RIVER. 531 this time until the return of spring, the battery was at Vermilion Bayou, New Iberia, and Franklin. In February, 1864, the arrival of recruits for Nims's battery relieved the Thirteenth from duty in that organization, when it joined the Sixth Massa chusetts ; the latter leaving Franklin on furlough. March 6, the Thirteenth reported to Lieut. Taylor, commanding Battery L, United-States Artillery. Subsequently it took part in the Bed-river Expedition. It was at Pleasant Hill and Sabine-cross Roads, where the Thirteenth Army Corps suffered a reverse. April 11, it reached Grand Encore, and, a week later, Alexandria, having had an engagement at Cane River. It reached New Orleans, via Semmes- port and Morganza, June 29. From the 31st of August to the close of the year 1864, the battery was en camped at Camp Parapet, La. During the months of September and Octo ber, sickness prevailed to an alarming extent in the camp. Up to this time, the battery did good service in the Department of the Gulf. FOURTEENTH LIGHT BATTERY. The Fourteenth Light Battery was organized at Readville, and mustered into the service of the United States Feb. 24, 1864. Its roster of officers was, — Captain . First Lieutenant Second Joseph W. B. Wright. Samuel J. Bradlee. Samuel Chapin. Albert George. John Lawson. Ephraim B. Nye. Matthias J. Moore. It left the State the 4th of April following ; arriving at Wash ington, D.C, on the 22d. Without a single day of artillery drill, the battery crossed Long Bridge, and joined the first divis ion of the Ninth Army Corps. It moved into the Wilderness, and opened its first fire across the Spy River, on the 10th of May. Beyond this stream the battery had a severe engagement, and received a charge from the enemy, who was repulsed. It was in action again on the 16th and on the 24th at North Anna, where it was engaged until the 27th, when, with a regiment of infantry, it joined the rear-guard of the army. The Fourteenth was now reduced by the loss of men and horses to four guns. June 1, about sunset, it had an engagement with the enemy at Tolopot- 532 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. omy, and gallantly repulsed him, receiving the highest commen dation from the division and brigade commanders. On the 2d and 3d, it was engaged at Bethesda Church. It was under fire at Cold Harbor on the 4th, and continued so until the 12th, when it ad vanced towards the James River. On the 16th, it arrived in front of Petersburg, and next day opened fire on the enemy's batteries with effect, changing positions frequently, and receiving for ser vices rendered a favorable mention in the report of that day's action. In numerous actions during the siege of Petersburg, it established a reputation for discipline, and accuracy of fire, rarely equalled. Besides the personal engagements alluded to, the bat tery was at Prince George Court House, Norfolk Railroad, and Ream's Station. Oct. 1, it was assigned for duty to the Second Army Corps, and one section sent to Fort Bross, near the Norfolk Railroad, the others to Battery 37 ; and, on the 25th, the Four teenth went into the outer defences of City Point, occupying Fort Merriam, with commodious winter-quarters in the rear. In Janu ary, 1865, the battery reported to the Artillery Brigade, Sixth Army Corps, at Warren Station, Weldon Railroad. While here, it was ordered to join the Artillery Brigade of the Ninth Corps; the right section in Battery 10, an angle of Fort Stedman, and the left in Battery 14. Its history for the remainder of its term of service is summed up by one of its officers thus : — On the 25th of March, about four, a.m., the enemy made an attack on our line, and succeeded in carrying Battery 10 and Fort Stedman. The assault was so sudden and unexpected, — no alarm being given by the pickets in front, — that but one round was fired from each gun. The firing of guns revealed the positions of them to the enemy, — already inside the battery, — who immediately seized the cannoneers, and threw them over the works into the ditch. In the darkness and confusion, six of the cannoneers, one of them wounded, managed to make their escape to camp. About eight, a.m., the line being retaken from the enemy, the guns of this section in Battery 10 were remanned : they had been turned and used by the enemy. One gun was disabled by the vent-field having blown out at the first discharge in the morning. Lieut. E. B. Nye, in command of the section at the time of capture, was killed at the guns, and was found rifled of sabre and per sonal effects. One cannoneer, badly wounded, was left by the enemy in the works ; and eleven were captured and carried off, two of them wounded. On the night of March 29, in anticipation of another attack, a heavy fire was kept up by both sections on the enemy's line. The distance from Battery 10 to their line was so short, that canister was used for the projectile. Dur ing the action of April 1, both sections of the battery were actively engaged. On the 2d of April, the right section opened fire on the enemy's line, under FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH LIGHT BATTERIES. 533 direction of Major Miller, inspector of artillery, Ninth Army Corps, to pre vent their moving troops from our right to left ; and also supported a charge by the Seventeenth Michigan Infantry. The left section in Battery 14 was in a position which enabled them to rake the enemy's columns hi their attempt to retake Fort Mahone, and materially assisted in repelling several most desperate charges. Shells were also thrown by this section into Peters burg. The enemy having evacuated Petersburg during the night of April 2, the battery withdrew from its positions in the lines on the morning of the 3d, and, on the 4th, marched to camp of artillery reserve at City Point. May 3, the battery broke camp at City Point, and marched, vid Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Fairfax Court House, to camp near Fairfax Seminary. Remained in camp here from May 13 to June 4 ; when, under orders to report to Readville, Mass'., the battery inarched to Washington, and took transportation by railroad, arriving at Readville June 6. The battery was mustered out of service June 15, and paid June 24. FIFTEENTH LIGHT BATTERY. The Fifteenth Light Battery was recruited at Lowell and at Fort Warren, and was mustered into service Feb. 17, 1863. Its officers were, — Captain First Lieutenant Second Timothy Pearson. James W. Kirk. Albert Rowse. Lorin L. Dame. Harry D. Littlefield. Edward D. Morrill. It left the State the 9th of March, in the ship " Zouave," for the Department of the Gulf, and went into barracks in the suburbs of New Orleans April 9. Before leaving the State, and subsequently, nearly one-half of the troops deserted ; but they were not Massa chusetts men. They were chiefly adventurers, brought here by brokers, who received their bounties, and deserted. The battery was ordered first to Brashear City, and, in four weeks, back again ; then garrisoned two small forts in the vicinity of New Orleans ; and Dec. 29, leaving all quartermaster's stores, ordnance, prop erty, &c, behind, it marched to Lakeport, on Lake Pontchartrain, and Jan 2, 1864, embarked on the "Kate Dale," in the expedition to Madisonville, under command of Col. William Kimball, of the Twelfth Maine Regiment. The battery was again in New Orleans on the 20th of February. From the 5th of March until the 17th of October, it remained at 534 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Terrell's Press. It then sailed for the mouth of White River, Ark. ; and thence to Duvall's Bluff, nearly two hundred miles farther, Nov. 7. Three weeks later, it sailed for Memphis, Tenn. Lieut. Rowse was in command from Jan. 1 until the mid dle of February, when Capt. Pearson took his place. Meanwhile the battery sailed for Barrancas, Fla. , and reported to Major-Gen. Andrews. April 2, it was with the division under Gen. Steele in front of Blakely, Ala., taking an active and gallant part in the siege and capture of that port. On the 20th, it went on an expedition to Selma ; and, on the llth of May, arrived in Mobile, where its guns and horses were turned over to the proper' department. On the 20th of July, the company left Fort Gaines for Massachusetts, and was mustered out Aug. 4. Great praise was awarded by Brevet Major-Gen. C. C. Andrews to this battery for its good discipline and bravery. SIXTEENTH LIGHT BATTERY. The Sixteenth Light Battery was organized at Readville duriDg the month of March, and was mustered to its maximum strength April 4, 1865. Its officers were, — Captain First Lieutenant Second Henry D. Scott. William H. Follet. Lewis V. Osgood. Philip T. Woodfin, jun. James McCullum. Augustine Sanderson. On the 19th, it proceeded to Washington, D.C, and was as signed to the Twenty-second Army Corps. It went into Camp Barry, where it received a complement of guns, and was supplied with horses. About the middle of May, it removed to Fort Thay er, northern defences of Washington, occupying successively Fort Lyon, Fort Wool, and Fort Reno. During the rebel raid of July into Maryland, the battery was in Fort Kearney. It then returned, July 12, to Camp Barry ; and, on the 2d of August, was at Fort Stevens. Sept. 5, it was ordered to Albany, N.Y. ; returning to Wash ington Nov. 19. It afterwards marched to Fairfax Court House, SIXTEENTH LIGHT BATTERY. 535 Va., and reported to Cob Gamble, commanding first separate brigade. Here it remained on picket-duty until the spring of 1865, when it made a march to Loudon Valley with the Eighth Illinois Cavalry. During the month of March, orders were re ceived to proceed to Massachusetts, preparatory to muster-out of service, the war being virtually at an end. On the 18th of June, marched to Washington, and turned in guns, horses, and equipments. On the 19th, took the cars for New York, where the company arrived on the night of the 20th, and was well provided for by Col. Frank E. Howe, of the New-Eng land Rooms. On the 22d, it arrived at Readville, where it was mustered out of the service of the United States, and paid off and discharged July 13, 1865. The service was brief, but all that men could achieve in the circumstances attending it. They never dishonored the flag of the nation or the commonwealth. MASSACHUSETTS' EXPENSES IN THE WAR, AND CHARACTER OF THE TROOPS. The total expenditure incurred by Massachusetts on account of the war amounts to twenty-seven million seven hundred and five thousand one hundred and nine dollars. This sum in cludes only such expenses as have accrued under the direction and supervision of the several State Departments, as authorized by legislative enactments. As far as ascertained, the expenses incurred by cities and towns for bounties and other military pur poses amount to nearly an equal sum. Of the total expen diture incurred by the Commonwealth, there have been advanced for the paymejit of bounties, in accordance with the provisions of chapters 91 and 254 of the Acts of 1863, ten million dollars ; for the pay of soldiers who elected to receive a bounty of fifty dollars down, and twenty dollars per month extra while in the service of the United States, $2,943,201. We regret the want of space for quotations from several letters, written by general officers of the Union Army at the request of Gov. Andrew, concerning the character of Massachusetts troops. The testimony of Gen. Phelps in regard to the men led by Cols. Wardrop, Barnes, Dudley, Jones, and Manning, is a fair example of the whole. It would revive both pleasant and sad memories of the war, could we introduce the journal of Col. Schouler's visits to the camps of the troops, for whose welfare he faithfully labored ; 536 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. but we must refer the soldier and his friends to the reports of the Adjutant-General. In regard to Massachusetts soldiers in the hospitals, it is the testimony of surgeons and nurses, that, wherever confined by sick ness or wounds, they were conspicuous in certain particulars. First, They were generally men of marked intelligence. An unusually large proportion of them had a liberal education, rep resenting every profession and calling in life : they appreciated fully the struggle, and were prepared to meet it. While this knowledge of men and things characterized Northern soldiers to an extent never known in a vast army before, it was especially noticeable among New-England volunteers, and those who originated there, but entered the army from the West. In the second place, Massachusetts soldiers cheerfully bore their sufferings, and rapidly recovered from wounds when the injuries were not of a fatal kind. With habits of industry and sobriety, and inured to a severe climate, they could not only bear toil, but the physical system soon rallied from the effects of wounds and disease. There was another peculiarity. The men were ready for the field again as soon as able to get to it. None surpassed, if any equalled them, in this prompt return to duty, and readiness to resume their places in the ranks, even before physicians coun selled their desertion of the hospital. The effect of the war upon the morals of the troops who would survive it was a question which awakened the deepest anxiety, during the progress of the conflict, in the hearts of all the friends of the Republic and its defenders. War is and must be demor alizing in its tendency. The appeal to arms is itself an unnatural and cruel arbitrament, whose every means of success is hard ening to the sensibilities, and quickening to the lower passions. In addition to this, the warriors are removed from all the soften ing influences of the fireside, and the means of grace connected with the temples of God to which they have been accustomed weekly to resort. War is waste of men, money, and moral restraints. There were, however, extraordinary features of this contest. The struggle for great first principles of right, liberty, and justice, was clearly defined, and intelligently appreciated by the loyal legions ; and we may here repeat the assertion, that no embattled host, since the trump of war was first sounded, has been followed with such a volume of prayer, and influences so manifold and powerful for good. CHARACTER OF THE TROOPS. 537 To test the result in this Commonwealth, the Adjutant-General, in December last, sent to the mayor of each city, and the select men of each town, a circular asking for information respecting the morals and general conduct of the returned soldiers. More than three hundred answers were received, besides communica tions from the sheriffs of several counties, all giving a favorable report. The letter of P. Ball, Esq., Mayor of Worcester, in the very heart of the Commonwealth, is very discriminating and satis factory. It adds to this cheering view, on the whole, of the result of the disbandment so suddenly of our vast army, to recollect that a large number of men entered upon a decidedly religious life in the field and hospital, and returned home to do good in the highest form of activity ; while a softening, chastening, and saving influ ence has gone over the land from the shadow of affliction resting on almost every home and heart. CHAPTER XXXII. A RESUME OF MILITARY OPERATIONS. Additional Historical Facts. — The Work at the State House. — Departure of Troops. — The Action of the Commonwealth embarrassed by that of the General Govern ment. — Response of the Volunteer Militia to the Call of May, 1862. — Quotas. — The Draft. — Recruits from Abroad. — Massachusetts had a Surplus of Troops in 1864. — The Riot. — The Volunteers at Home and in the Field. — Mob suppressed July, 1863. — Draft and Quotas. — The Governor upon the Material Support of the Union, and imported Volunteers. — Massachusetts Men in other States. — Notes from the Ad jutant-General's Narrative of Visits to the Camps. — Our Soldiers in the Hospitals. A RESUME of the military operations of the State, in addition to the brief annals of the early military action of the Com monwealth and of the regiments, will present a connected view of martial movements during the four eventful years of conflict. The excited people of city and country would have been cheered in their work of sacrifice for the endangered Republic, in the early period of the war, could they have looked into the State Capitol, and have seen the Governor, Adjutant-General, and their assistants, day after day, taking their simple lunch in one of the apartments at the hour of dinner, because they had no time for the usual meals ; and have witnessed often the same unceasing devotion to the common cause till the " noon of night." We doubt whether, in any other State of the Union, such ex hausting labor by the Executive and all the officers under him was given to the country as might have been witnessed in the rooms of the State House of Massachusetts. The only embarrassment in mustering the forces of the State was imposed by the General Government, in withholding permis sion from the State authorities to increase the number of accepted volunteers. The illusion slowly faded from the minds of the Presi dent and cabinet, that a large force would not be required to sup press the Rebellion. The latter part of May, the Secretary of War advised the Gov ernor that " it was important to reduce rather than enlarge the number of regiments ; and, if more were already called for, to reduce the number by discharge ; " for the Administration was getting more men than were wanted. VOLUNTEERING DISCONTINUED. 539 Several thousand troops had volunteered whom the Government would not receive. It therefore became necessary to establish camps under the encampment law of the State, and commence the painful work, to those who discerned the signs of the times, of disbandment. Said the Governor, — It should not be forgotten, that, at this time, six Massachusetts companies, organized in Newburyport, West Cambridge, Milford, Lawrence, Boston, and Cambridgeport, finding' no places in our volunteer service, received permission to join the Mozart Regiment and Sickles Brigade, both belonging to the State of New York ; that three hundred more Massachusetts men were enlisted in the Union Coast-Guard Regiment, at Fortress Monroe, under command of Col. Wardrop ; and that others were also enlisted by persons from other States, who maintained recruiting stations in our towns and cities until they were prohibited by law from thus withdrawing the people of Massachusetts into the organizations of those States. There were estimated by the Adjutant- General of this Commonwealth more than three thousand Massachusetts men who thus went to swell the apparent contribution of other communities, while lessening the abihty of this State to meet any subsequent draft upon her mili- ' tary population. When, in February, 1862, the Executive requested leave to re cruit four companies, and, with six more acting as garrison in Fort Warren, form a regiment for any emergency which might demand its services, the offer was promptly declined. Another company of sharpshooters, on the 26th of that month, was also offered ; and, after a silence of nearly three weeks, the reply came that it could not be accepted. Nothing will present more strikingly the delusion that reigned in the high places of power in regard to the nature of the conflict than the subjoined order of the War Department, April 3, 1862 : — The recruiting service for volunteers will be discontinued in every State from this date. The officers detached on volunteer recruiting service will join their regiments without delay, taking with them the parties and recruits at their respective stations. The superintendents of volunteer recruiting service will disband their parties, and close their offices, after having taken the neces sary steps to carry out these orders. Some exception was obtained by the Governor to this order sev eral days afterwards, authorizing enlistments to repair losses sus tained in the battles of Roanoke and Newbern by Massachusetts regiments ; and again, still later, in favor of the Second Regi ment. 540 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The nation's vanguard of three-months' men that rescued the capital and Fortress Monroe from the imminent peril was fol lowed by the successive inarches of the three-years' and the nine- months' regiments, until, by Oct. 8, 1861, the whole number of regi ments in and on the way to the field of battle was twenty-two ; averaging a little more than three for every month. There were in addition to these, during the same period, a battalion of rifle men and a battery of light artillery in the three-months' service, and three batteries of light artillery and two companies of sharp shooters for the longer term. The following eight months gave ten more regiments and eight companies to the Army of the Republic. July 2, 1862, in compliance with the earnest desire of the gov ernors of the loyal States, the President issued a call for three hundred thousand more volunteers, to serve three years, or during the war. Up to this date, the State had furnished twenty-seven regiments and thirteen unattached companies ; making thirty-one thousand three hundred and ninety-seven troops before the cessation of recruiting in the preceding April. Massachusetts' new quota was fifteen thousand troops. Pro ceeding on the basis of the assessors' returns of the men liable to do military duty, the number was as accurately as possible dis tributed among the towns of the State. The regiments, both to be completed and raised entirely, were six, running from the Thirty-second to the Thirty-seventh inclu sive, and for which four thousand seven hundred troops were required. The remaining ten thousand three hundred were needed to supply the waste in regiments then in the field. Records the Adjutant-General, — To further aid recruiting, and accommodate the western part of the State, a camp was established at Pittsfield the last of July, and was designated Camp Briggs, in honor of Col. (now Brig.-Gen.) Briggs, a native of Berk shire and a citizen of Pittsfield, who had behaved with great 'gallantry while in command of the Tenth Regiment in the battles on the Peninsula and between the Chickahominy and James Rivers, in one of which he was severely wounded. As evidence showing the rapidity with which the fifteen thousand men were raised, it may be stated, that from the time (July 7) the order was issued, to the Sth of September (two months) , upwards of four thousand men had been recruited for the old regiments, and sent forward : four companies to complete the Thirty-second Regiment, and nine new regiments, had been formed and THE DRAFT IN MASSACHUSETTS. 541 organized ; and eight of the latter had left the State, and entered upon active duty. In addition to the troops required, two batteries (the Ninth and Tenth) were also recruited in Camp Stanton, commanded by Capt. De Vecchi and Capt. Sleeper, and were sent forward to Wash ington in August and October. Aug. 4, the draft was ordered for the first time, to bring three hundred thousand nine-months' men into the field, of whom nine teen thousand and eighty were to come from Massachusetts. This novel order of things was placed in the able hands of Major Wil liam Rogers, Second Assistant Adjutant-General. In June, 1864, a convention of gentlemen from a large number of the cities and towns of Massachusetts was held in Boston to discuss the charges made against the State, of injustice in making up the quotas of men. It was said that estimates were wrong ; speculators in bounties allowed too much latitude, &c. After demonstrating that the rolls in his office were correct, the official head of the military department adds, — Few complaints were ever made that the rolls were incorrect, until lately ; and that since the inauguration of the system of offering large state and local bounties. These bounties warmed into life a certain class of men known as recruiting or substitute brokers, who agree to furnish men to fill the quotas of towns for a specified sum. I have not a high opinion of this class ; and I have no doubt that many of the selectmen and town-agents have been grossly swindled by them. Numerous cases have come to my knowledge where they have given certificates that they had furnished the men, and that the men had been mustered in, when the facts were not so ; and bounty -money has been paid to recruits and brokers, before any assurance could be given that the recruit would be accepted, and credited to the town. I have no doubt, that, in many cases, the recruit and the broker were fellow-partners in the swindle. Again : I have no doubt that gross wrong has been done by these brokers in this way; viz., men who go into new regiments can only be mustered in when the company is filled. This, sometimes takes weeks and months. The broker's recruit goes to camp; and, before the muster is made, the broker sells the man again, and he turns up at last as a recruit for a certain ward in Boston, when he originally enlisted, it may be, for the quota of Edgartown. The record of the State in the history of the draft is an honor able one. This method of raising troops "was, from the first, very distasteful to the people of Massachusetts ; and they were disposed to make the most strenuous efforts to raise the requisite number by volunteering before the time for a draft should arrive." But 542 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the imposssibility of giving exact information, when it was ordered, how many would be required of each town, in the absence of cer tain data, created misapprehensions in many of the towns. Massachusetts nobly made up her full proportion, and more, of the calls that were made upon ber citizens by the President of the United States. Adds Gen. Schouler, — It is much to be regretted, that, in some instances, the funds liberally and patriotically contributed by the towns have been bestowed upon unworthy adventurers from abroad, who came here with the deliberate purpose of secur ing the bounty, and then deserting, to repeat the same operation in another State. Upon a charge not unfrequently preferred during the war, that the people of the Commonwealth had resorted to importations from abroad to meet demands made upon them for troops, it is only necessary to give the words of the Governor : — The whole number thus obtained during 'the year 1864 (of course not including previous and permanent residents of foreign birth who may have volunteered) is but nine hundred and seven out of the whole aggregate of recruits. These are divided among four regiments, and include some of their best soldiers. I have deemed it important to the public welfare that the employment of persons capable of increasing the masculine industrial and military strength of the Commonwealth should be favored. To that end, whenever opportunity offered to obtain good recruits for the army from among persons desiring to come hither to aid the defence and to enjoy the blessings of a free government, I have always accepted them. When the call was issued in 1864 for three hundred thousand men, Massachusetts had a surplus of several thousand, taking the quota of the State as a unit. The deficiency in particular Con gressional districts grew out of the system pursued by the War Department, regarding each of these as a unit. The State " actually sent more men to the war than are now to be found in it liable to do military duty." Among the most memorable exhibitions of disloyalty at the North during the war was the disgraceful and sanguinary riot in New-York City early in July, 1863, extending its influence, apparently through a conspiracy between the lower classes, to Boston and some populous towns. The occasion seized by these lawless men was the draft. The animus of the outbreak was hatred to the Government and to the negro. THE RIOT IN COOPER STREET. 543 The authorities of Boston learned on the 13th of July that the materials of a mob were in the streets, and would soon take form, prostrating before its Briarean arms the public peace and human life. Prompt measures were employed to disperse the rebels at home in sympathy with those in the battle-field. The suburban towns, and even New Bedford, nearly sixty miles distant, caught the alarm. „ Special orders were issued by the Adjutant-General of the State to the troops, who were placed under the efficient command of Brig.-Gen. Pierce. Companies known as drill-clubs and home- guards tendered their services. Major Gordon, U. S. A., com mandant at Fort Independence, offered himself and his men for any military duty required ; as did also Capt. Whiton's company of heavy artillery, Massachusetts volunteers, in the same fortress. The latter was sent on guard to the United-States Arsenal at Watertown. Other officers in Boston offered themselves to the Government. The police co-operated with most commendable activity. Very forcibly wrote Col. Schouler, — The rioters assembled on the evening of the 14th in the neighborhood of the armory of the Eleventh Battery, in Cooper Street ; which was attacked with stones and other missiles. The military, under command of Major Stephen Cabot, First Battahon of Heavy Artillery, Massachusetts Volun teers, kept inside in perfect quiet, but with their guns loaded, and ready for attack should an exigency arise. At length, an attempt was made by the mob to force an entrance to the building, and obtain possession of the guns. It was not prudent to delay; and accordingly the word was given to fire. The effect was electrical. Several persons were killed, and more wounded ; how many, will probably never be known, as they were carried away by their friends, and afterwards kept hidden. This virtually crushed the mob, although riotous demonstrations were afterwards made in Dock Square and in other parts of the city ; but the presence and firm front of the military, and the courage and activity of the police, cowed the desperadoes. Several arrests were made of persons supposed to be ringleaders ; but no more powder and ball were fired. The one volley in Cooper Street did the work, and saved many lives from death, and much valuable property from destruction. No outbreak occurred in any of the other cities in the Commonwealth. The military, however, were held in readiness for several days in each of them, ready at a moment's notice to maintain the public peace. The Surgeon-General won the warmest commendation of the Government by his timely and judicious service in the organiza tion of a medical staff for the impending conflict between des perate citizens and the soldiery. 544 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The total expense of the suppression of the riot was fourteen thousand four hundred and ninety-five dollars, of which two thousand and seventy-nine dollars and forty-four cents were paid by the city of New Bedford. There was something sublime in this quick and effectual conquest of a riotous populace, to whose lawlessness the Southern leaders looked with lively hope. The whole number of men furnished by Massachusetts, being a surplus of 13,492 over all calls, was, — Three-months' troops • . • 3,736 Three-years' troops . . 96,270 One-year troops • . • . 4,728 Nine-months' troops . 16,685 One-hundred-days' troops 5,461 Ninety-days' troops . 1,209 Men in the navy up to September, 1865 . 31,165 Total . 159,254 From Massachusetts and her sister New-England States, when the war began, there were, of native-born population, 16,313 in Ohio, 9,873 in Michigan, 3,443 in Indiana, 19,053 in Illinois, 3,719 in Minnesota, 12,115 in Wisconsin, 6,214 in Iowa; and in " Kansas, where in 1855 she made haste to hoist the flag and practically assert the principles of Liberty, and where her sons have repeatedly sealed their testimony with their blood, 1,282 natives of Massachusetts continued to guard the outposts of Freedom, always menaced and frequently assaulted by the foes of our common country and the supporters of slavery." The sons of Massachusetts were found in almost every Western regiment, and her heroic dead swell the list of every State of the mighty West. Turning the attention from men to money for the war, the Commonwealth will find no occasion to blush over her rank among the States. Thirty-third in area, and seventh in population and also in wealth, she stands second in her propor tional contributions to the internal revenue of the General Gov ernment. From Col. T. L. S. Laidley, United-States Armory, Springfield, we have the annexed summary of what this grand arsenal has done for the war : — From the 1st of July, 1860, to June 30, 1865, 805,636 muskets were assembled at this armory, in the following order ; viz. : — 386 workmen 1,474 )> 2,499 J» 2,984 „ 2,442 J» LAST GENERAL ORDER OF GOV. ANDREW. 545 From July 1, 1860, to June 30, 1861, 13,802 muskets, „ 1, 1861, „ 30, 1862, 102-,410 „ „ 1, 1862, „ 30, 1863, 207,884 „ „ 1, 1863, „ 30, 1864, 276.200 „ „ 1, 1864, „ 30, 1865, 195,340 „ There have also been made at the armory during the war, parts for repairs, equivalent to about fifteen per cent of the whole number of complete arms as named above. The retiring Chief Magistrate of the State thus summed up the material support of the Union, Jan. 30, 1866 : — The proportional contribution of Massachusetts to the war will appear in a still stronger light when compared with the number enrolled in the militia of the State for the year 1865, which is 148,555 men. By this statement, without allowing for the number of re-enlistments, which it is impossible exactly to reckon, it appears that Massachusetts has sent 10,610 more men into the service than are now to be found in the State between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. The whole number of men called for from Mas sachusetts, reduced to the three-years' standard, is 117,624. The whole number of men furnished for all arms of the service, and for all terms of service, was 159,165 ; reduced to the three-years' standard, 131,116. Deducting the total number called for, there is a surplus over all calls of 13,- 492. The whole number of colored troops was 6,039 ; and of foreign recruits, 907. Of the foregoing total number of men furnished for active service, 26,329 were in the navy for different periods of service. Two thousand four hundred and eighteen of these were pro cured by agents of the Commonwealth in rebel States, costing •1100 each of the f 125 deposited for the purpose. The last General Order of Gov. Andrew deserves a place in these annals of the State : — COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. Headquarters, Boston, Dec. 26, 1865. General Orders, No. 22. On the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, issued his Executive Proclamation, declaring that " on the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State, or any designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thencefor ward, and forever free." On the first day of January, A.D. one thousand eight hundred and sixty- 69 546 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. three, a Proclamation of Emancipation was made by the President, in and by the terms of which, " all persons held as slaves in the designated State, and parts of States, then in rebellion," were declared " free ; " and the " Execu tive Government of the United States," including the military and naval authorities thereof, were pledged to " recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons." On the first day of January, A.D. one thousand eight hundred and sixty- five, by a joint resolution of both Houses of Congress, there was submitted to the Legislatures of tke several States, for their adoption, " An Amendment to the Constitution of the United States," which provided that " neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction, and that Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation." On the eighteenth day of September, A.D. one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, the Secretary of State of the United States certified and pro claimed that the Amendment to the Constitution proposed, as aforesaid, had been duly ratified by three-fourths of the whole number of States, and had " become valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of the Constitution of the United States." In commemoration and honor of these transactions and events, so great and beneficent ; so laden with joy to the American slave, and hope to the oppressed of every land ; so honorable to this nation and people, conforming their national policy with Christian civilization ; so full of lofty cheer and of sublime and consoling aspirations ; so happy in associating the advent of the year with the advent of liberty, — It is ordered, — That national salutes be fired on Monday next (Jan. 1, 1866), being the anniversary of Emancipation Day, at twelve o'clock at noon, in all the following places; viz., on Boston Common, at Plymouth, on Dorchester Heights, on Bunker Hill, at Concord and Lexington, and at the North Bridge, Salem. The national flag will be suspended on all the public buildings and at all military posts of the Commonwealth during the day. The First Company of Light Artillery, Capt. Cummings, and the Second Company of Light Artillery, Capt. Baxter, are charged with the execution of this order. They will report to these headquarters for further orders. By order of his Excellency John A. Andrew, Governor and Commander- in-chief. WILLIAM SCHOULER, Adjutant- General Alexander H. Bullock, the worthy successor of Gov. Andrew, was inaugurated into office Jan 6, 1866. GOVERNOR BULLOCK. 547 Gov. Bullock is a native of Boyalston, Mass. ; where he was born on Mar. 2, 1816. Mr. Bullock pursued the study of law in the office of Hon. Emory Washburn at Worcester, and at Harvard University; and, in 1841, was admitted to the bar in Worcester, and began his practice that year. While still a student at Cambridge, he was appointed senior aide to Gen. Davis, who was elected for the second term in 1840. He was chosen representative to the Legislature in 1845, and again in 1847 and 1848. The session of 1847 will be remembered as that in which Mr. Cushing, before the members were fairly in their seats, offered a resolu tion to pay twenty thousand dollars out of the treasury to the thousand or more volunteers for the war with Mexico. Mr. Cushing pressed the measure with great vehemence, and secured a favorable report from the committee to whom the subject was referred. Col. Bullock, in behalf of a minority of the committee, opposed the resolve in a speech which the reports characterized as " eloquent and masterly," turning the scales of opinion against that most adroit debater, and winning for himself an honorable reputation throughout the State. In 1849, he was chosen to the State Senate. He was appointed Judge of Insolvency for Worcester County, by Gov. Gardner, in 1856, but resigned the office in 1858. The year following, he was elected Mayor of Worcester. He returned to the Legislature in 1860, and the four subsequent years, with hardly the forms of opposition. Of the service he has rendered to the Commonwealth in that period, it is too fresh in the memory of all readers to require repetition. During the last year, Amherst College conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws. His Eulogy upon Abraham Lincoln, his Centennial Ad dress at Royalston, his Oration before the Massachusetts Charitable Mechan ics' Association in Boston, his Anniversary Address at Dartmouth and Amherst, — all filled with evidences of extended reading, of careful culture, and of sincere thought, — showed that his mind moved in no narrow circle, and won for him not only the applause of friendly audiences, but the appre ciation of thoughtful and scholarly men. In his Inaugural Address, in vigorous and eloquent language, he alluded to the war-record of the State. We quote a few passages from this peaceful message : — I find, that, in the first educational year after the Rebellion broke out, there was in the State a decrease in the school-appropriations of sixty-eight thousand dollars. The next year, 1863-64, these appropriations rose to one hundred and one thousand dollars above the preceding ; the largest increase, with a single exception, which had ever been made. But in 1864-65, the last vear of the war, the gain amounted to the sum of two hundred and forty- six thousand dollars, — more than double that of any previous year ; the amount expended on public schools, exclusive of buildings and books, being one million nine hundred and forty thousand dollars. 548 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. After urging an honorable and full compensation for the sol dier, and provision for the widow and orphan, he says of the im pressive celebration of Forefathers' Day, — an occasion which the throngs who participated in it will never cease to remember with pride, — referring to the marching regiments and their colors* — In storm and sunshine, in success and in repulse, they carried those banners through twelve hostile States. In the hour of utmost need, they, before all others, had planted them on the National Capitol, staining on the way, with the life-blood of some, the pavement of a city in rebellion. They had carried them with Hooker to the summit of Lookout Mountain, and had fixed them, with Strong and Shaw, on the ramparts of Wagner. With Burnside, they had crossed the mountains of Tennessee, and had sheltered the hearthstone of Andrew Johnson. With Butler, they had forced the channel of the Missis sippi, and proclaimed law and order in the City of the Crescent. In all the campaigns of the East, in Sherman's grand march, with Banks at Port Hudson, with Grant at Vicksburg, wherever and whenever there was hazard to be encountered or laurels to be won, they had carried the battle-flags of Massachusetts with unyielding devotion and national renown. It is worthy the dignity of the State to reverence these martial memories ; it is her interest to maintain these millitary lessons ; and it should be her grateful duty to transmit to the coming generations these mementoes of the great battle for Freedom. And since, in their present position, they will be liable to wear and waste from the exposure, or to be injured by thoughtless hands, I have the honor to recommend that a generous appropriation be made for their preservation beneath the dome of the State House, in such a manner as shall insure their safety, while they shall always be accessible to the public inspec tion. He closes with words to which the citizens of the State will respond : — In this communication, I have thought it proper to confine myself within those subjects which belong to our domestic administration. Another field lies beyond, broad as the Republic, laden with painful anxieties, but blossom ing with transcendent hopes. It has been moistened all the way from the Capi tol (within whose walls, first arriving, one of her regiments was quartered in the darkest hour) , to the farthest lines of the whole expanse, with the blood of the sons of Massachusetts ; and she may be forgiven for asking, in the day of victory to which she contributed, that the fruits shall be equal to the sacri fice. Congress must be held to perform its part. In war, it was inevitable that the Executive overshadowed Congress ; in peace, it is necessary that Congress should resume the exercise of its prerogatives under the Constitution. I, for * See Appendix. GOVERNOR BULLOCK. 549 one, am willing to intrust to the senators and representatives of Massachu setts in that body the interests and the convictions of this ancient of States. Senators and Representatives, — I come to my office, as you approach yours, at a time when the excitement of arms has given way to the re-actions of peace. The statesman and magis trate who retires to-day from the Executive Office, aided by the Legislature through five years of war-administration, has given to the State a lasting glory of annals. For you and for me, I trust lighter duties may be our lot. But we will not mistake such relief for inaction or indifference ; and, trusting the God of our fathers for his blessing, we will enter upon the responsibilities which have been assigned to us. CHAPTER XXXIII. THE NAVAL SERVICE OF THE STATE. The Growth of the Navy. — Massachusetts Men in this Department. — Assistant Secretary Gustavus V. Fox. — Admiral Charles Henry Davis, Chief of Bureau of Navigation. — Admiral Joseph Smith, Chief of Bureau of Yards and Docks. — Commander Albert N. Smith, Chief of the Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting. — Other Officers. — The Number of Men furnished for the Navy, during the War, by the Commonwealth. — Heroic Men and Deeds. PERHAPS no single item indicates more strikingly the growth of the American navy since the commencement of the civil war than the increase in the sizes of " The Annual Register," from a pamphlet of forty-six pages in 1861 to a volume of three hundred and thirty-five pages in 1865. The prominence of Massachusetts in this arm of the service is intimated by the organization of the Navy Department. Here we find the names of Gustavus V. Fox, Assistant Secretary, salary, $4,000 ; Admiral Joseph Smith, Chief of Bureau of Yards and Docks, salary, $4,000 ; Admiral Charles Henry Davis, Chief of Bureau of Navigation, salary, $4,000 ; Albert N. Smith, son of the admiral, Chief of the Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting, salary, $3,500 ; William P. S. Sanger, Chief Engineer of the Bureau of Docks and Yards, salary, $3,000 : to which might be added the names of several Massachusetts men as clerks, and other subordi nate officers in the various bureaus. We exceedingly regret that we have no complete records of the heroes of naval history. GUSTAVUS V. FOX. We begin the incomplete annals appropriately with the name of Gustavus Y. Fox, Assistant Secretary in the Navy Department at Washington, — an officer who has no superior in the compara tively quiet work of this branch of national achievement during the war. He was born at Saugus, June 13, 1821. His father removed to Lowell in 1823, where Gustavus acquired in the schools a good education. eso GUSTAVUS V. FOX. 551 June, 1838, he entered the navy. He was successively mid-' shipman, passed midshipman, and, in 1852, lieutenant. Reliable and energetic, he passed safely through the temptations of almost every foreign port, prepared to take any position of usefulness at home. Upon his resignation in 1855, he acccepted the agency of the Bay-State Mills, Lowell. The earliest work for the country, after the secession movements at the South, was the originating and the prosecution of a plan for the relief of the garrison of Fort Sumter, January, 1861, a few weeks after Col. Hinks of Massachusetts offered Major Anderson his aid. We give the project in his own words, as he explained it to his friend, George W. Blunt : — From the outer edge of the Charleston Bar, in a straight line' to Sumter, through the Swash Channel, the distance is four miles, with no shoal spots having less than nine feet at high water. The batteries on Morris and Sullivan's Islands are about twenty-six hundred yards apart ; and, between these, troops 2nd supplies must pass. I proposed to anchor three small men-of-war off the entrance to the Swash Channel as a safe base of operations against any naval attack from the enemy ; the soldiers and provisions to be carried to the Charleston Bar in the Collins steamer " Baltic ; " all the provisions and mu nitions to be put up in portable packages easily handled by one man ; the "Baltic " to carry three hundred extra sailors, and a sufficient number of armed launches, 'and to land all the troops at Fort Sumter in one night. Three steam-tugs of not more than six-feet draft of water, such as are employed for towing-purposes, were to form part of the expedition, to be used for carrying in the troops and provisions in case the weather should be too rough for boats. With the exception of the men-of-war and tugs, the whole expedition was to be complete on board the steamer " Baltic ; " and its success depended upon the possibility of running past batteries at night, which were distant from the centre of the channel thirteen hundred yards. I depended upon the barbette- guns of Sumter to keep the channel between Morris and Sullivan Islands clear of rebel vessels at the line of entering. Gen. Scott encouraged and sustained Mr. Fox in his unself ish, patriotic effort to relieve the beleaguered men of Sumter ; Secretary Holt seconded the enterprise ; and President Buchanan, " palsied with terror," said yes one day, and no the next. When Mr. Lincoln succeeded him, the scheme was again urged upon the attention of the Government. The President was convinced of its feasibleness ; and the plan of Mr. Fox was ordered to a practi cal test. But a failure in important details, for which Mr. Fox was not in the least responsible, defeated the design of the expe- 552 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. dition when near its consummation. Mr. Lincoln said of it, not withstanding the result, that the endeavor to carry supplies to Major Anderson and his band of heroes " greatly strengthened the cause of the country." Mr. Fox was appointed Assistant Secretary May 9, 1861. With him originated the New-Orleans Expedition. He pro posed it to Gen. McClellan, who replied that it required a hun dred thousand men. Mr. Fox asked for ten thousand, and they were promised ; but so little interest did Gen. McClellan feel in the expedition, that, when the vessels were ready, Gen. Butler found the troops which had been gathering at Ship Island were ordered to Texas. He conferred with Mr. Fox and with Secretary Stanton, who had just entered upon his duties. Gen. McClellan was called into the council ; and the result was, the troops were furnished, New Orleans captured, and the national cause suddenly brought into the cheering light of victory amid the rejoicings of the people. It was Mr. Lincoln's habit to visit the room of Mr. Fox, and defer to his judgment in naval affairs, while he was also a warm personal friend. It was a striking remark of Mr. Seward in his Auburn speech toward the close of the war, when alluding to the Secretary of the Navy, " We have two Secretaries of the Navy ; " expressing his estimate of the capacity and services of Mr. Fox. Capt. Fox will cross the ocean in the monitor " Miantonomah," now awaiting him at Halifax, to personally see the Emperor of Russia with the resolutions of Congress, congratulating him on his escape from assassination. Capt. Fox will also examine and report upon the condition of the principal navies of Europe. Modest, gentlemanly, and honorable, Massachusetts can point proudly to her representative man in the Navy Department, — Gustavus Y. Fox. REAR-ADMIRAL DAVIS. The following is but a brief sketch of Rear-Admiral Davis's patriotic and useful career, — a gentleman whose purity of char acter has honored his origin and his State : — Charles Henry Davis was born in Boston, Jan. 16, 1807. His father was the late Hon. Daniel Davis, for forty-two years Solicitor-General of Mas sachusetts. He received his early education at the Latin School, and entered Harvard, but remained there less than two years. REAR-ADMIRAL DAVIS. 553 On the 12th of August, 1823, he was appointed an acting midshipman in the United-States navy, and, in the following October, received orders to join the frigate " United States." In 1829, he joined "The Ontario," and sailed for the Mediterranean in the squadron of Commodore Biddle. While on this cruise, he commenced the study of the Spanish and French languages. He next went to the Pacific in " The Vincennes," the flag-ship of Com modore Wadsworth, where he was employed as interpreter between Commo dore Wadsworth and the authorities of the State of Ecuador. In 1837, he sailed for St. Petersburg in the frigate "Independence," carrying Mr. Dallas, the American minister to the imperial court of Bussia. He was appointed to the United-States Coast Survey from 1842 to 1849. During this service, he commenced investigations into the laws of engineering in tidal harbors. The harbors of Portland, Boston, and New York, have been particularly benefited by these investigations. In July, 1849, Lieut. Davis was assigned to the duty of superintending the preparation of " The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac," which, after many formidable obstacles, he triumphantly organized, and su perintended for seven years. During that time, he prepared a translation of Gauss's " Theoria Motus," as well as treatises on " Mechanical Quadratures," " The Computation of Planetary Orbits," and other mathematical tracts. In 1856, he joined the sloop-of-war " St. Mary's," of which he had re ceived the command, at Panama ; and, during this cruise, received the capitu lation of Gen. Walker, while besieged by the allied armies of Central America. In 1859, he again resumed the superintendence of " The Nautical Almanac." In May, 1861, Commander Davis was ordered to Washington on duty connected with the efficiency and discipline of the naval service, and was appointed member of two boards. By one of the boards, several combined naval and military expeditions against Southern ports were organized. Commander Davis was appointed captain of the fleet of one of these, which consisted of eighteen men-of-war and thirty-eight transports. This expedition sailed on the 29th of October, 1861 ; and, on the 7th of Novem ber, Forts Walker and Beauregard were captured. Commander Davis ren dered such valuable assistance in every detail of the expedition, that, a few days after the battle, he was commissioned captain. During the following winter, Capt. Davis commanded an expedition which deposited stone-ladened ships, as obstructions, across the mouth of Charleston Harbor. In February, 1862, he commanded a squadron of five gunboats, and dispersed the rebel fleet of Commodore Tatnall. He afterwards accom panied Admiral Dupont on an expedition against Fort Clinton and Fernan- dina, Fla., which resulted in success. In March, 1862, he was detached from the South-Atlantic Blockading Squadron ; and in April was ordered to reheve Flag-officer Foot, and assume the command of the Mississippi flotilla. On the 10th of May, he gained 70 554 . MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the victory off Fort Pillow. On the 6th of June, he captured the city of Memphis. On the 17th, a portion of his fleet captured Fort St. Charles, in White Biver. In July, he took part in the first attack on Vicksburg. He afterwards co-operated with Gen. Curtis in several expeditions against the enemy ; and a portion of his command, under Capt. Phelps, destroyed the Fort off Haines's Bluff. In July of the same year, Admiral Davis was confirmed by the Senate as Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, in which office he remained until 1865. On 7th of February, 1863, Commodore Davis was commissioned rear- admiral in the United-States navy. In May, 1865, he was appointed Superintendent of the National Obser vatory. He is a member of the Light-house Board, Chairman of the Permanent Commission of the Navy Department, Chairman of a Joint Commission of Officers of the Army and Navy on Harbor Obstructions, one of the United- States Commissioners of Boston Harbor, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the American Philosophical Society and of the National Academy of Sciences. ACTING MASTER JAMES FOLGER. Few men in the war have left a nobler record than the la mented Folger, of Nantucket. Returning from a long voyage soon after the civil war commenced, he immediately offered his ser vices to the country, and went on board the United-States bark "Roebuck," off Charleston. While on shore at St. Andrew's, he was surprised by a company of cavalry in ambush, and fatally wounded, dying on board his ship soon afterwards. He was a brave and Christian man, whose death was deeply deplored by his comrades. THE HEROES ON BOARD "THE CUMBERLAND." On that dark and fearful day to the navy of the Union and to the country, March 8, 1862, when "Tlie Merrimack" made pastime of destruction to our war-ships at Newport News, the valor of Massachusetts men was conspicuous. The action on the part of the Union fleet was opened by a Massachusetts officer, — Capt. John Marston, of " The Roanoke." Of the principal officers attached to the frigate " Cumberland " at the time of the engagement with " The Merrimack," at least three were from Massachusetts. Capt. Radford, who commanded, was, during the action, on shore on a court-martial. George U. Morris, ex-officer, was in full command during the engagement. Lieut. Morris was a son of this Commonwealth, and, with his heroic crew, fought the rebel monster with the most desperate LIEUT. SMITH AND OTHERS. 555 bravery. When all prospect of victory was gone, the vow passed from lip to lip never to surrender. When the cry arose, " The ship is sinking! " not a man left his gun: no heart wished the white flag to go up in place of the stars and stripes. While the good ship settled in the waves, Acting Master William P. Randall of New Bedford, with Acting Master Kennison, stood by his pivot- gun, knee-deep in water, and fired the last shot before she went down. Lieut. T. 0. Selfridge, also of Massachusetts, was a most gallant officer. LIEUTS. J. B. SMITH AND C. H. SWASET. Lieut. Joseph B. Smith, the son of Admiral Smith, command- manding officer on " The Congress," was killed in the heroic dis charge of his duty. In the engagement of "The Sciota" below Donaldsonville with a rebel force, Oct. 4, 1862, Lieut. Charles H. Swasey displayed all those qualities of intelligent, Christian loyalty which have been to a remarkable degree -an element of power in the late civil war. The simple record of his commander, in a report to Admiral Farragut, is a bright and touching memorial of the youthful hero : — I regret to report that Lieut. Charles H. Swasey, executive officer of this vessel, was mortally wounded while gallantly performing his duty ; having just pointed and fired the nine-inch gun. A twelve-pounder rifle-shot entered the bulwark, striking him on the hip, and inflicting a terrible and mortal wound, of which he expired at three, p.m. This officer was characterized by all the elements which make up the hero, — brave, imbued with patriotic ardor and professional ambition, chivalric as a gentleman, gentle, and with a heart full of Christian principles. His last words were, ' ' Tell my mother I tried to be a good man. ' ' I respectfully request that his death, so heroic and noble, may be especially made known to the nation through the Navy Department. ENGINEER E. HOYT, MASTER B. W. LORING, AND OTHERS. Engineer E. Hoyt of " The Richmond," during the memorable passage of the batteries of Port Hudson, on the night of March 14, 1863, won special notice for his self-forgetful devotion to the success of the daring enterprise. He flew from one post of peril to another, " until, having penetrated the steam several times to ascertain the extent of injury, he was finally led away completely exhausted and fainting." In the capture of " The Alabama," also known as " The Fingal," in Warsaw Sound, June 17, 1863, Acting 556 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Master B. W. Loring, of "The Weehawken," distinguished him self for his coolness, and skill in serving the guns, as he had done before under the walls of Fort Darling. Acting Master C. C. Kingsbury, of the powder and shell divisions, was equally con spicuous in the fight ; his department having " more the aspect of ordinary exercise than of battle. No one would have sus pected that the men were in action " from their appearance in the fiery contest. Here Lieut.-Commander T. 0. Selfridge com manded the naval battery on the right wing of Gen. Sherman's corps, and gained the admiration of officers and men for his splendid conduct in the severe engagement. Acting Midshipman Henry L. Blake, son of the commander, who was in the flag-ship " Hartford," received the warmest commendation of Admiral Far ragut for the bravery of a veteran displayed by this young officer. In the attack of Fort Sumter, April 7, 1863, Commander John Dennis of " The Nahant," and Quartermaster Edward Cobb, who were wounded, the latter fatally, Ensign M. L. Johnson, aide to Admiral Dupont in "The Wabash," and others from Massachusetts, behaved with the greatest coolness and courage. Capt. John A. Winslow of " The Kearsarge," whose guns sunk " The Alabama " June 19, 1864, was a citizen of this State, although born in North Carolina. It was just and fitting that the piratical craft which had preyed upon the whaling-fleets of Massachusetts should be sent, by a vessel under the intelligent command of one of her gal lant officers, to the bottom of the ocean it had disgraced. At the terrible bombardment of Fort Fisher, the middle of January, 1865, among the Massachusetts men who were distin guished for bravery was Lieut. F. F. Baury, nephew of George Bancroft, one of the storming-party from " The Colorado." He was severely wounded during the assault. Ensign F. A. O'Connor was struck down by the side of his commander. Assistant Surgeon William Longshaw, jun., who " was always near the front with in struments and tourniquets, was bending over a wounded and dying man, when he was shot in the head, and instantly killed." Act ing Master W. H. Maies, Lieuts. Smith and Nichols of " The Sen eca," and Acting Ensign George T. Davis of "The Wabash," also re ceived special notice for the highest gallantry, in the report of Lieut. Commander Parker of " The Minnesota." Lieut. M. L. Johnson, in the midst of a heavy fire fron the enemy, with a boat's crew of volunteers, " carried a hawser from his ship to the new ' Ironsides,' in order to enable the ship to bring all the guns to bear from the THE NAVY IN THE REBELLION. 557 port battery ; and was for more than half an hour a target in the forts, of which they availed themselves, but fortunately without success." July 4, 1864, an Act of Congress was approved, allowing men in the naval service during the war to be credited to the quotas of any town or state to which they belonged. Three days later, a communication was sent from the War Department in Wash ington to Gov. Andrew, appointing him and Ex-Gov. Clifford a commission to give Massachusetts the benefit of the just and timely law. To ascertain the number of enlisted men in the navy, it was necessary to copy the rolls on board of the receiving- ship " Ohio," at the Charlestown Navy Yard ; which contained, it was found, 22,360 names. A circular was sent to the selectmen of each town, asking for a statement of all persons there, who had entered the naval service, not already credited, nor enrolled prior to Feb. 24, 1864. Prompt responses were made. The direct credits given to cities and towns, reduced to three-years' men, were 9,020J. The number credited to the State at large, and distributed, pro rata, to the credits of the cities and towns, reduced to three-years' men, were 7,605^. The naval service is apart from the people at home : the re turn of its heroic men is unaccompanied by marching columns and popular demonstrations, excepting the occasional honors paid to a great victor. There is but little sympathy between the brave warriors of the sea and the citizens of a commonwealth : conse quently, the indispensable and gallant services they have rendered to the country are but scantily appreciated. They do not go and come in time of war under newly given or torn and black ened banners, amid the tearful adieus or welcomes of friends and citizens. On this very account, the history of the soldiers of the sea is fragmentary, and no connected narrative can be written as of regiments and companies, in which the bravery of nearly every man will appear. The men of the navy feel this isolation from the communities on the land, and are driven to seek associations in port, often destructive, urged forward in a reckless career by the broken lines of interest in the people. In connection with the naval service, it will be both proper and interesting to have a brief account of the " Stone Fleet," which was almost wholly a Massachusetts affair. The War Department having decided to close, if possible, the well-known channels in the harbors of Charleston and Savannah, to stop, for a time at least, the blockade-running, resolved to make the experiment of 558 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. sinking in those waters ships heavily laden with stones. The novel enterprise was intrusted to Mr. Richard H. Chapell of New London, Conn., who was assisted by Messrs. I. H. Bartlett & Sons of New Bedford, Mass., and Mr. Vernon H. Brown of Boston. The vessels employed were principally old whalers, sold by citizens of Massachusetts, manned by her hardy tars, and sent on their hostile errand by men accustomed to the harpoon and lance. Twenty-five vessels were ordered at first ; but, before sailing, twenty more were added. For weeks, granite bowlders, great and small and in fragments, were carted to the wharves where the whalers lay, and piled beneath their decks. The arrangement for sinking them consisted of a hole six inches in diameter under the stern of each vessel, within six inches of the water, into which lead pipe was introduced, and made water-tight. A plug was so attached, that it might be readily withdrawn. With thirty days' provisions, the fleet of twenty-five vessels — sixteen of them from New Bedford — sailed under the command of Rodney French, Esq., ex-mayor of that city, Nov. 20,1861. The sight was novel and beautiful as the unarmed armada moved down the bay, attracting many spectators to the shores. When the vessels reached their destination, after taking off sails and rigging, they were anchored, the plugs knocked out, and in fifteen minutes the venerable travellers to distant seas went to the bottom, and the waters closed over their naked masts. The crews made good their escape to a vessel which accompanied the fleet. The object in view by the Government in this expedition was temporarily se cured ; and its importance as a punishment to the rebels was indicated by the indignant declaration of their English allies, that it was an exhibition of vandalism. The effect in the end, however, was rather of a moral than a physical character. The enemy was alarmed, and the jealousy of France and England called forth in expressions of sympathy for the injured South. CHAPTER XXXIY. GENERAL OFFICERS FURNISHED BY MASSACHUSETTS, WHO SURVIVED THE WAR. Officers in the Regular Army and Volunteer Forces. — Brief Notices of Sheridan, Hooker, Butler, Banks, Saxton, and Gordon. — Gen. Grant's Visit to Boston. IN addition to the sketches of general officers from Massachu setts which have been given in the regimental histories, we can scarcely more than glance at the career of some of the more conspicuous actors in the great tragedy of national redemption which has just closed. We begin with those in the regular army. MAJOR-GEN. P. H. SHERIDAN. Major-Gen. P. H. Sheridan was born in Massachusetts. His father removed to Perry County, 0., while he was very young, where, some historians will have it, he first saw the light. His name is entered in all the army registers as from this Common wealth ; but he was appointed to the Military Academy at West Point from Ohio. The grandest achievement of " Cavalry Sheri dan " was the victory won by him in the hour of apparently hope less defeat by Early at Winchester, — a martial achievement which has no parallel in the annals of war. With no re-enforce ments but his return to the field of disaster, he brought order from chaos, and inspired his men with enthusiasm, which swept, like chaff before the whirlwind, the exultant rebel legions from the field of their triumph. E. W. TOWNSEND AND S. BRECK. Assistant Adjutant-Gen. Edward W. Townsend has really been the chief officer of the department during tlie war. The duties of Gen. Townsend have been almost constantly in the South-west, superintending .the enlistment of colored regiments, and the busi ness growing out of the new order of things which followed the work of emancipation. 559 560 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Gen. Townsend's able assistant, Col. Samuel Breck, is also a Massachusetts man. MAJOR-GEN. JOSEPH HOOKER. Major-Gen. Joseph Hooker's birthplace was the ancient and beautiful town of Hadley. He entered the United-States Mili tary Academy at West Point in 1833, at the age of fourteen ; and graduated in 1837. Entering the regular army, he served in the Mexican war, where, for his bravery, he received the brevet ranks of major and lieutenant-colonel. In 1853, resigning his commis sion, he settled on a farm in California. May 17, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and joined the Potomac Army, winning in the Peninsular battles the title of " Fighting Joe Hooker." He was made major-general July 4, 1862 ; and was seriously wounded in the foot at Antietam. In September of that year, he was created brigadier-general in the regular army. The command of the Army of the Potomac, and his many gal lant deeds, among which is the crowning military achievement of his life in the storming of Lookout Mountain, on whose top he fought " above the clouds," are known to his admiring country men. MAJOR-GEN. B. F. BUTLER. Major-Gen. Benjamin F. Butler's life and services have been so fully and enthusiastically written by Mr. Parton, that no sketch of the hero of New Orleans after its surrender to the Union army, excepting the notices already interwoven with the narra tives in this volume, is necessary. He was born Nov. 5, 1818, in Deerfield, N.H., of Irish descent. He graduated at Waterville College, Me., and became a resident of Lowell, Mass. His prominence as a lawyer and'a politician is familiar to the people. He was the first brigadier-general of volunteers appointed in this, or, we believe, in any other loyal State, after the civil war began. An " old-line Democrat," he was inclined to let the " negro question " alone when he entered the field ; but personal observation of the slave system, and a deep insight into the nature of the conflict, soon cleared his vision, and stirred his heart. The earliest indication of right views was the origin of the word " con traband," applied by him to the bondmen that came under our flag. MAJOR-ffENERALS BUTLER AND MILES. 561 Two military successes under his command will have a place, in the annals of the war, among great and decisive achievements. The first was his prompt and fearless action in Maryland at the opening of the war, which saved that State to the Union : the other was the command of New Orleans after the war-ships of Farragut brought down its secession flag. Of the latter the rebels complained, and cursed the " beast." " Copperheads " at the North and their English sympathizers re-echoed the com plaint and the curse. Time passed on, and the loyal people at home, and even ene mies abroad, approved his administration. He may have erred in principle and practice ; but he ruled his province well. The management of the rebellious city, awing its angry citizens by a bold front of authority when he was comparatively weak in martial force, and wringing from their reluctant grasp abused power, will ever give Gen. Butler a high place in the popular estimate of executive ability and successful treatment of the rebels. He was created major-general. We shall not discuss his military knowledge and skill in the management of large bodies of troops, but leave this question to calmer times and future history. That he possesses genius, and, rising above party predilections, did a work for the country, in her darkest hours, that few men in the nation could have performed, no fair-minded person will deny. In this view alone, he is entitled to and will receive the honor rendered to the greatest heroes of the greatest civil contest the world has known. MAJOR-GEN. NELSON A. MILES. Of this gallant officer, a member of his military family writes, — Gen. Miles was born in Wachusettville, Worcester County, Mass., Aug. 8, 1839 ; and is, therefore, twenty-six years of age. He received a fair education, and at the age of seventeen entered a store in Boston, where he remained - until the breaking-out of the war. His patriotism was above the considera tions of home, and induced him to accept the position of first lieutenant in Senator Wilson's regiment, — the Twenty-second Massachusetts Volunteers ; which left Boston on the 1st of October, 1861, and joined the Army of the Potomac near Washington. He remained with his regiment but a short time, being first detailed on the staff of Gen. Casey ; and was afterwards assigned to the staff of Brig.-Gen. 0. 0. Howard, then commanding the first brigade, 71 562 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. first division, Second Army Corps ; and served in that position until the army moved in March, 1862. He was with the brigade when the army ad vanced to Manassas and Rappahannock Station, and was at the siege of York- town and the battle of Williamsburg. At the battle of Fair Oaks, he was favorably mentioned in the official re ports of Gen. Howard for meritorious conduct. At one time, when the Eighty-first Pennsylvania Begiment was without a field-officer, and was falling back, he rallied them under a heavy fire, and, turning upon the enemy, regained the lost ground, and forced them to retreat, leaving their dead and wounded upon the field. In this engagement he was wounded in the foot, and his horse shot under him. He mounted another horse, and remained on the field until the battle was over. He declined the opportunity of going North, and continued on duty, suffering much from his wound. In the official report of the battle, he was mentioned by his commanding general for distinguished gallantry. He acted a conspicuous part in the battle of Charles-city Cross-roads. He led the Eighty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers in the charge across an open field, which closed the battle at half- past nine, p.m. For this he was highly complimented by Gen. Kearney, and mentioned in that general's report for gallant acts. At Malvern Hill he again rendered distinguished service during the day, and, at the close of the battle, brought a force of artillery which poured showers of grape and canister into the enemy's ranks with great execution, and fired the last gun on that eventful day. From the battle of Fair Oaks he acted as adjutant-general, first brigade, first division, Second Corps, until the army reached Harri son's Landing, during the seven-days' battle before Richmond. About this time, Gov. Andrew of Massachusetts requested Gen. Sumner to recommend a few meritorious officers of his command for field-officers in new regiments then being formed in that State. Gen. Sumner recommended Lieut. Miles for the colonelcy of a regiment ; but, before the recommendation was acted upon, he accepted the lieutenant-colonelcy of the Sixty-first New- York Volunteers. Sept. 30, 1862, after the battle of Antietam, he was created colonel of the regiment. At the close of the terrible struggle at Fredericksburg, he was recommended for the position of brigadier- general. During the campaign of the fall of 1863, he was in command of the first brigade. In the battles of the Wilderness, he sustained his character for heroic command ; and after the battle at Ream's Station, in which his division, it was said, saved the corps, he was recommended by Gens. Grant, Meade, and Hancock, for brevet major-general. Through all the bloody conflicts of the Potomac Army, Gen. Miles displayed the qualities of a veteran commander ; not only fearless in danger, but skilful in the man- " MAJOR-GEN. BANKS. 563 agement of his division. He was carried from the field of Chancel lorsville, it was supposed fatally wounded, but rallied, and hastened back to his command. Gen. Miles returned with the army to Washington ; and, when it broke up, he was assigned to the command of the military district of Fortress Monroe (including fifteen counties of Eastern Virginia), — the -largest fort in the United States, and where the chief of the Southern Confederacy is confined. For his efficiency in action, his skill in the arrangement and management of his troops in the last campaign, he was made major-general. It is due Gen. Miles to say, in connection with the above, that he is the youngest major-general in the,army ; and, though he may not claim the years of many who have been raised to the same rank, Massachusetts has not a man whose record will exceed his in the history of the war of the Bebellion. MAJOR-GEN. N. P. BANKS. Major-Gen. Nathaniel Prentiss Banks was born in Waltham, Jan. 30, 1816. His boyhood was passed in the usual routine of rural life, the common school, errands and play, until old enough to enter the cotton factory with which his father was connected. Later he became a skilful machinist. During the period of his youth, dramatic entertainments were resorted to in the village homes ; and so marked was his genius for the stage, that friends thought it worthy of encouragement. But his attention was turned to more practical literary pursuits. He delivered lectures, addressed political assemblies, and edited the newspaper of his native town. Elected to the House of Rep resentatives of the Commonwealth in 1849, he was entered on the roll of members as machinist. He entered the legal profession, but gave it little attention, be cause the demands of the political arena which he had chosen enlisted his energies. In 1851, Mr. Banks was Speaker in the House of Representa tives of the State ; and, in 1852, was elected to Congress. The succeeding year, he was President of the Convention-to revise the Constitution of the Commonwealth. He was chosen Speaker of the Thirty-fourth Congress. As Speaker of the House, he held the first rank. An accom plished debater, and familiar with parliamentary rules, he con trolled the stormy elements, in the hours of greatest excitement, with calmness, wisdom, and decision. His fame suffers no eclipse in the comparison with the presiding officer of any deliberative assembly in the annals of the nation. 564 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE EEB'ELLION. He was elected Governor of the State in 1854, and served three terms. May 11, 1861, he was appointed major-general of volunteers, commanding in the Department of Annapolis ; and, later, in that of the Shenandoah. He was unsuccessful in some of his military operations, but never through habits of dissipation or a reckless ambition. The clear and impartial verdict of history is yet to be given upon the causes of failure. He is now a loyal and able member of Congress. MAJOR-GEN. RUFUS SAXTON. Major-Gen. Rufus Saxton, who was a farmer's boy in old Deerfield till he entered West-point Military Academy in 1845 at the age of twenty-one, has, since his graduation, served in the regular army. He led a surveying expedition over the Rocky Mountains ; invented an improved instrument for taking deep-sea soundings, which bears his name ; and was conspicuous in the breaking-up of Camp Jackson, at St. Louis, when the war be gan. During the Rebellion, he was military commander at Port Royal and Charleston, where, as the ardent friend of impartial justice and liberty, he won the grateful affection of the enfran chised. BREVET MAJOR-GEN. GEORGE H. GORDON. In addition to the passing notice of this brave and able officer by Chaplain Quint, in his story of the Second Regiment, a more extended outline of his life and services will be a fitting accom paniment to his portrait. Gen. Gordon was born in Charlestown, Mass., July 19, 1825. After a course of study at Framingham Academy, he determined, if it were possible, to secure an appointment to the Military Acad emy at West Point. Four years of patient waiting were crowned with success ; and he entered that institution in 1842, graduating in 1843. Gens. McClellan, Reno, Foster, Couch, Sturgis, Palmer, Stonewall Jackson, Maury, Rickett, and others of note, were in his class. Young Gordon was made brevet second lieutenant in a regiment of mounted riflemen, and went with Gen. Scott to Mexico, Decem ber, 1816. He was with that commander in all his battles, marches, and sieges. He was wounded twice in the battle of MAJOR-GEN. GORDON. 565 Mexico and of Cerro Gordo ; and for his gallantry he was made first lieutenant. He remained with his command in the city of Mexico until December, 1847. Lieut. Gordon was ordered to command a company of cavalry which was to go as part of an escort to Vera Cruz, and return to the city of Mexico. He was very severely wounded by guerillas within one day's march of Vera Cruz ; receiving no less than one ball and thirteen slugs in various parts of his body, three or four of which still remain. His left hand was disabled for life ; all the bones in the back of it having been cut through He was carried to Vera Cruz, tenderly nursed by some Mexican ladies, taken on board a ship, and sent home in April, 1848. The remainder of 1848 and 1849 he was on duty at different posts throughout the United States, on the Atlantic coast. In the spring of 1850, he joined his regiment in Oregon, and passed the summer and winter there at various stations on the banks of the Columbia River until 1851, when with his regi ment he returned to the Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis. The remainder of 1851-52, he was stationed west of the Mississippi River, at Forts Scott and Leavenworth, meanwhile making a trip to the Rocky Mountains. In 1853, upon the application of Professor Bache, he was de tailed by Jefferson Davis, then Secretary of War, upon the Coast Survey ; in which service he remained until the summer of 1854. He resigned, and, in the spring of 1855, entered the Cambridge Law School, where he remained one year. He had prepared himself for this course of study by reading law on the banks of the- Columbia in Oregon, at Fort Scott in Missouri, and at Car lisle Barracks in Pennsylvania. In 1856, he was admitted to practice in all the courts of this Commonwealth ; had attained a successful practice, when he abandoned all to raise a regiment for service in the Great Rebel lion. After resigning his commission in the army, he received a pension for total disability, which he gave up forever when he entered the service again. His brilliant military career is re corded with the services of the Second Regiment. He is now again in the practice of law in Boston. We can merely add, to the record of general officers of distin guished heroism, the names of Major-Gens. A. W. Whipple, killed at Chancellorsville, and J. G. Barnard, U.S.A. ; Brevet Ma jor-Gens. W. F. Bartlett, J. Hayes, G. N. Macy, E. G. Loring, Q. B. Tower, and C. J. Paine; all wounded several times, and never dishonoring their State or National flag. 566 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. EVENTS IMMEDIATELY SUCCEEDING THE PRESIDENT'S DEATH. The months succeeding the assassination of our second Wash ington, Abraham Lincoln, April 14, 1865, were crowded with stirring events. The fate of Jefferson Davis, Booth, and his fel low-conspirators, intensely excited the people, in connection with the precarious condition of the Secretary of State and his son, who were also intended victims of the rebel homicides. But there were joyful emotions contending with the painful throughout the loyal States. The war was closed, the country saved, and the greatest general of the age — the patient, modest, and victorious Grant, who was providentially delivered from the assassin's blow when Lincoln fell — was making a tour through the North, amid the grateful acclamations of the people. He was of and for the masses. Of Scotch descent, he was born, April 27, 1822, in a very humble dwelling at Point Pleasant, 0. ; and entered West-point Military Academy in 1839. In the Mexican war he won laurels for noblest heroism, but at its close became an unsuccessful farmer, and then a leather mer chant, in Galena, 111. His career, since the civil war commenced, has become a familiar story in every home. Gov. Andrew having learned that the Lieutenant-General was at Saratoga, and intended to visit the Eastern States and Canada, commissioned the Adjutant-General of the State to bear an official invitation to him to visit the Commonwealth. From Saratoga to Boston, during his stay at the capital, and along the route to Canada, and indeed through the Provinces, there was an enthusiasm rarely witnessed in national experience. Gen. Grant's home, while in Boston, was the Revere House. On the sabbath day, he attended divine service in the Old South, of Revolutionary memory, — the venerable temple of religious and civil freedom. PART III. MASSACHUSETTS AT HOME. CHAPTER I. PATRIOTIC PHILANTHROPY AND CHARITIES. The Spontaneous and Practical Sympathy of the People. — Lowell takes the Lead. — Charlestown. — Boston. — City Authorities, Banks, and Schools. — The American Tract Society. — The Christian Commission. ANCIENT history records the offering, by the Carthaginian women, of their hair, to manufacture bowstrings for their warriors ; and modern annals relate the story of Revolutionary sacrifices, and of a Florence Nightingale's ministry of mercy, whose shadow the suffering and grateful soldier kissed : but the late civil war presented the world with a spectacle of organized and individual benevolence, comprehending the temporal and spiritual wants of a million of men, altogether new in the history of war. The civil conflict had immediately concerned in its issues a territory not only unequalled in extent, but covered with a net work of railways for travel, above which ran telegraphic wires con necting city and hamlet. The enterprising city of Lowell claims to have been the first, not only in the field with her troops, but at home, in a formal subscription in behalf of the soldiers, — the first to form an aid society, and the first to hold a sanitary fair. A public meeting was held April 15, 1861 ; and, on the 18th, Judge Crosby wrote a note to the mayor, enclosing a check for one hundred dollars, requesting that the sum be sent immediately to the paymaster of the regiment, to supply any wants for which, in the haste of departure, no provision had been made. He also suggested the formation of a society to meet the necessities for which rations and medicine-chests did not provide. 667 568 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The mayor laid the matter before the City Council that evening, and took up a subscription as suggested. Five hundred dollars, besides Judge Crosby's one hundred, were thus obtained. As early as the 15th of April, while the ladies of Bridgeport, Conn., were holding a meeting in behalf of the army, for which the President's call had reached them a few hours before, Miss Almena B. Bates, of Charlestown, was reading the summons to the volunteers to prepare for the field. Some of these men, she knew, would go from Charlestown. " What can we do to aid them in the sacrifices and sufferings before them ? " was the question that stirred her heart and fell from her lips. There was a quick response to the benevolent appeal ; and, on the memora ble 19th of April, a number of ladies and gentlemen signed a paper, which set forth in outline the organization of a relief society. Three days later, the Bunker-hill Relief Society adopted a constitution, and appointed officers: Mrs. H. G. Hutchins#being chosen president ; Mrs. H. Lyon, secretary ; and Miss Almena B. Bates, treasurer. More than ten thousand dollars were received by this society in money ; and at one meeting, July 9, 1862, three hundred articles of clothing were made for the army. Two hun dred soldiers' families were also relieved at home. Boston had no truer friend of the soldier than her son and Mayor, during nearly the whole war, the Hon. F. W. Lincoln, jun. He was born in that city, Feb. 27, 1817, the descendant of Puri tan stock. His early life was marked by industry and probity, — qualities that have adorned his manhood. In all public move ments for the prosecution of the war and the welfare of the troops, he was prompt to act, often drawing generously from his private means. His letter to the Mayor of Savannah, which went with the cargo of provisions after the surrender of that city, "was a model of touching Christian sympathy and patriotic senti ment." April 18, there was a meeting of the officers of the Boston banks, and an offer made of their funds to the State, through the Gov ernor. Thirty-nine banks were represented, comprising a capital of thirty-five million dollars. The Boston Board of Trade passed a series of patriotic resolu tions the same day. The Common Council also appropriated a hundred thousand dollars for military purposes in the city. April 20, Fletcher Webster issued a card proposing to raise a new regiment; and, on the 22d, there was a meeting in the Mer- PUBLIC PHILANTHROPY AND CHARITIES. 569 chants' Exchange to raise money to equip it, which, in three days, reached twelve thousand five hundred dollars. April 22, Plymouth, the Old Colony, raised two thousand dollars for the war ; Marblehead, five thousand ; Quincy, ten thousand ; Abington, five thousand ; Maiden, one thousand ; Weymouth, five thousand ; Jamaica Plain, four thousand ; Cambridge, ten thousand ; Waltham, sixty-seven hundred ; Pawtucket, three thou sand ; Brookline, fifteen thousand ; Newton, twenty-four hundred twenty-five ; and Lynn, ten thousand. Andrew Carney gave five hundred to Irish volunteers ; andthe Barnstable Bank, Yarmouth, voted to loan the State thirty-three thousand. The aldermen of Boston passed resolutions unanimously pledg ing the moral and material support of the city. During the succeeding days, railroad companies, beginning with the Eastern, insurance companies, with their plan to send a large steamer to cruise in the Gulf of Mexico, and other organiza tions, offered' their aid. The boys of the Quincy School gave two hundred dollars for such former members of the institution as might enlist. Framingham raised three thousand dollars to fit out a volunteer company, and her bank offered to loan the State twenty-five thousand dollars. Among the women who tendered their services, the young ladies of Mr. Sledhoff 's school voted to devote their week's vacation to the making of garments for the soldiers. Somerville, Roxbury, Dorchester, Mansfield, Middleton, Wo- bnrn, Dedham, Melrose, Marshfield (where repose the remains of Webster), the Island of Nantucket, Sutton, Georgetown, Fairha- ven, and, indeed, nearly every town, followed in the enthusiastic offer of sums in proportion to their wealth equal to those already tendered. Even the inmates of the State Prison, at Charlestown, caught the spirit of sacrifice, and cheerfully performed extra labor in the common cause. Nurses responded to the call of Miss D. T. Dix, authorized by Secretary Cameron to act in the military hospitals. The last of April, Mrs. Harrison Gray Otis, a name fragrant with Revolutionary memories, originated the Donation Committee. She determined to open her house as a depot for receiving and distributing the necessaries and comforts of a soldier's life ; when Mr. Evans offered the spacious rooms of the Evans House, Tre- mont Street, for her use. She entered them, and, with the co operation of the Misses L. and D. Brown and Miss Bates, com- 72 570 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. menced her noble work, relying upon the Bank of Faith for means to prosecute it. About ten thousand dollars in money, hundreds of thousands of substantial articles of clothing and food, and an abundant supply of Testaments and other religious works, were distributed. The Soldiers' Relief Fund, 56 State Street, the Home of Dis charged Soldiers, the Massachusetts Bible Society, and the ladies at the M'Lean Asylum, Somerville, were valuable auxiliaries to the Evans House. The Ladies' Industrial Aid Association, whose object it was to furnish work for wives of soldiers, employed many hundreds of grateful women. Mrs. C. R. Lowell was the president of this excellent association. Boston City Aid was another fountain of this exhaustless benevolence : its monthly outlay was nearly twenty thousand dol lars. April 30, the teachers of the public schools of Boston voluntarily proposed to relinquish from ten to twenty-five per cent of their salaries during the continuance of the national troubles. The superintendent of schools, and masters of Latin, English, High, and Girls' High and Normal Schools, twenty-five per cent. Masters of Grammar Schools, and sub-masters of English and Latin High Schools, fifteen per cent. Sub-masters and ushers of Latin and English High Schools, twelve and a half per cent. Ushers of Grammar Schools, ten per cent. The annual sum paid by this cheerful sacrifice alone, into the treasury of the State's war-charities, was twelve thousand dollars. The city of Boston cut down its appropriation one-quarter of a million, as a matter of economy, in view of the condition of the country. A committee of one hundred was appointed at a citizens' meeting to take charge of and distribute funds collected and received for the benefit of soldiers, — Gov. Andrew, President ; Chief Justice George T. Bigelow, Vice-President ; and Ex-Govs. Levi Lincoln, Edward Everett, Marcus Morton, George N. Briggs, George S. Bout well, Emory Washburn, John H. Clifford, 'Henry J. Gardner, and Nathaniel P. Banks, as Executive Committee. Then came a succession of contributions from towns, corpo rations, and individuals, for the outfit of companies, the presenta tion of horses to officers, and of banners to be borne through the smoke of battle. PUBLIC PHILANTHROPY AND CHARITIES. 571 Ex-Gov. Washburn, of the Cambridge Law School, sent flannel shirts arid pocket-handkerchiefs by the hundred, which were made by the ladies of that town. In acknowledging their cheerful labors, he said, " In glancing over the names, I realized most completely how great a hold the cause, in relief of which these troops are mustered, has upon every social class in our community. There are no hands too delicate to contribute something to the work," alluding to a letter from a poor needle-woman who was anxious to do the little in her power. May 23, 1861, the State Legislature passed "An Act in Aid of the Families of Volunteers, and for other Purposes ; " doubtless the earliest legislation in the charitable department of service for the country in the war. Party and denominational lines disappeared before the strong tide of patriotic benevolence flowing from the people. The Sixth and Seventh Regiments from Massachusetts were met in New York by members of the Young Men's Christian Association with fraternal interest, — the beginning of army-work in that organization. The similar independent, local labor devoted to the troops in and near Washington, which Mr. Alvord found when he reached the front, attracted the attention of the leading minds of these useful associations. Delegates were sent out to visit the camps and barracks ; and by personal conversation, prayer, and religious books, they endeavored to promote the moral and spiritual wel fare of the men. In the encampments at home, there was also much done by individual effort. Consultations respecting the best method to enlarge operations were held, which resulted in calling delegates from th o Young Men's Christian Associations of the country, in New York, Nov. 16, 1861. A United-States Christian Commission was formed, whose first President was Rev. A. Rollin Neale, D.D., of Boston. This grand enterprise, combining both material and moral relief and comfort to the army, soon attracted to it the Christian sentiment and sympathy of the North, and the grateful regard of the troops. Among its successful appeals to New England were eight meetings called by the Boston Army Committees in that city, and twenty-eight others in different parts of the six States ; whose golden harvest the first year was the handsome sum of seven thou sand five hundred dollars. Seven hundred packages of stores were forwarded to the front. 572 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. In the receiving-ship " Ohio," in Boston Harbor, more than three hundred prayer-meetings were held by the Young Men's Christian Association, and twenty thousand copies of hymn- books and various religious works were distributed. Capt. Bartlett, the sailors' missionary, was unwearied in labors of love. Indeed, the Christian Commission found nowhere a more cordial welcome, and a more generous response to its requests for men and money, than in Massachusetts. From her churches among the hills, and lying along the fruit ful banks of the Connecticut, and other smaller but no less beau tiful waters, the sabbath contributions poured in ; and pastors volunteered to spend the six weeks required, or more, in labors of love wherever the army-lines marked the advance of the legions who had gone forth neither for glory nor reward, nor at the command of absolute power, but as the intelligent citizens of the first home of exiled freedom. Massachusetts furnished more delegates for the Commission than any other State. The four general field-agents were also from this Commonwealth. In contributions, it was second only to Pennsylvania ; Boston ranking next to Philadelphia in the amount of donations from the cities of the North. The Boston branch of the Christian Commission raised $358,- 581.41 in money, and $526,980.10 in stores. In addition, much was sent directly to Philadelphia. Eight hundred and sixty dele gates were commissioned by Charles Demond, Esq., the efficient agent ; and, in the single year 1865, from the office were sent to the army one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine Bibles, twenty-five thousand eight hundred hymn-books, one hundred and ninety-eight thousand seven hundred and twenty pages of tracts, twenty-two thousand five hundred weekly religious papers, sixteen thousand five hundred and eighty soldiers' books, and one thou sand four hundred and sixty bound books. The able committee was composed of Edward S. Tobey, Jacob Sleeper, Joseph Story, J. L. Warren, and Russell Sturgis, jun. Charles Demond, in his Address before the Alumni of Williams College, alluded to this free giving, and narrated some very in teresting incidents connected with it. He says, — Some of the most delightful memories of my life are in connection with this free giving. It was my privilege, with others, to sit on the Exchange in PUBLIC PHILANTHROPY AND CHARITIES. 573 Boston after the battles of Gettysburg and the Wilderness, and after the taking of Bichmond, to receive the voluntary offerings of the people for the relief of the wounded. No one was asked to give. No attempt was made to awaken enthusiasm, except by giving notice in each day's papers of the fact, and of the sums given. In a few days, on the first occasion, thirty-five thou sand dollars were handed in ; on the second Occasion, over sixty thousand ; and on the third, thirty thousand. These munificent sums were made up of comparatively small contributions. Only one sum as large as a thousand dollars was given, and from that to ten cents. It was a movement of the people. At times there was a crowd around the tables, and many were wait ing their turn to give. . . A poor woman of eighty, in Amherst, Mass., who supported herself by her needle, walked a long distance to give her five cents. The American Tract Society, Boston, whose efficient secretaries are Revs. I. P. Warren, J. W. Alvord, and William C. Childs, originated the idea of furnishing standard religious reading to the army ; circulating it with system, with vigor, and with a generous hand. In May, 1861, Mr. Broughton, the Depositary of the Society, visited Washington, carrying letters of introduction from Gov. Andrew, Hon. R. C. Winthrop, and others, to President Lincoln, Gen. Scott, Mr. Cameron, the Secretary of War, &c. He was received with cordiality, the Government entering heartily into the work. President Lincoln was specially interested and hope ful in regard to the movement. A systematic distribution was devised. Books, tracts, and papers were prepared, and circulated among the soldiers whenever opportunity occurred. A depot was early established in Washington. Large boxes of books and tracts, including Lives of " Gen. Havelock," " Hedley Vicars," " Welcome to Jesus," in attractive forms, especially for sol diers, were forwarded and distributed, and were received with great eagerness by the noble boys flocking to the nation's capi tal. Mr. Coolidge was also active in the good work. The society availed itself of every opportunity for the circula tion of religious truth. Regiments passing through Boston, and entertained at Faneuil and Music Halls, were visited by Rev. J. W. Alvord and Mr. N. Broughton, and supplied with reading. Not unfrequently, when public dinners were given, the books, beautifully bound in red and blue, were distributed, a copy of each being put under every plate. The following editorial remarks from one of the first religious papers in the country will show the appreciation of the society's labors : — 574 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. It is due to the American Tract Society, 28 Cornhill, Boston, to state that their enterprise in the form of books, pamphlets, miniature tracts, &c, for meeting the present necessities for reading in the army, is comprehensive, and worthy of all praise. A new demand at this point has been created for the activities of the society, and its officers respond to the demand with enlight ened vigor. About four and a half million pages were distributed among the soldiers by this society during the first four months ; after which time, till the end of the war, the circulation of reading by it continued without cessation, and constantly increased. Another earnest and self-sacrificing secretary of the society, Rev. J. W. Alvord, left his home, and went to the army, remain ing throughout the war ; going with his wagon-load of religious reading from camp to camp, from army to army, accompanying them in their marches, sharing their privations and hardships, and constantly distributing the gospel in the attractive form for which the society is celebrated. It would require a volume to narrate the unwearied labors of Mr. Alvord, not unfrequently bringing him to the gates of death through mere nervous exhaustion. His last great work has been to incorporate and establish the Freedmen's Savings Bank, with which enterprise he is now di rectly connected. Among the various religious organizations which entered the field of Christian benevolence was the Massachusetts Sabbath- school Society, whose venerable secretary, Mr. Bullard, and efficient treasurer, M. H. Sargent, were devoted to the moral and spiritual wants of the army at home and in the field. Of the beautiful memorial of "Adjutant Stearns," thirty thousand copies alone were circulated in the army. The " Soldier's Diary, and Book for Leisure Moments," prepared by Mr. Bullard, was widely circulated, and was a benediction to many a brave boy. The Seamen's Friend Society contributed largely in admirable little books and papers to the same object. The Rev. H. S. Hanks, its popular secretary, has scattered numberless copies of " The Black-valley Railroad," an original and most graphic pic ture, the work of his own genius, which presents impressively the ravages and ruin of intemperance. Throughout the army, and over the' land, this new advocate of sobriety, and warning to the tippler, has gone on its mission of reform. CHAPTER II. SANITARY ASSOCIATIONS AND AID SOCIETIES. The Earliest Organized Efforts. — Cambridge and Boston. — New Bedford. — New-England Society of New- York City. — Newburyport. — Lynn. — Taunton. — Springfield. — Other Towns. — Lowell and the first Sanitary Fair. — Boston Fair. — The Donation of a venerable Woman. ON the 20th of April, the city of Lowell, through its mayor, called the people together " for the purpose of initiating measures for the comfort, encouragement, and relief of citizen- soldiers." Judge Crosby presented a plan of practical sympathy for the army, as follows : — 1. By gathering such funds and supplies as may be necessary. 2. By supplying nurses for the sick or wounded, when and as far as practicable. 3. By bringing home such sick and wounded as may be proper. 4. By purchasing clothing, provisions, and matters of comfort which ra tions and camp allowances may not provide, and which would contribute to the soldier's happiness. 5. By placing in camp such Bibles, books, and papers as would instruct and amuse their days of rest and quiet, and keep them informed of passing events. 6. By gathering the dates and making a record of the names and history of each soldier and his services. 7. By holding constant communication with paymasters, or other officers of our regiments, that friends may interchange letters and packages. In April, 1861, the patriotic women of East Cambridge assembled to distribute among themselves the lahor of furnishing Company A, of the Sixteenth Regiment, with flannel shirts, socks, towels, and other articles of clothing that might be wanted in the march and in the field. Till the close of the summer of 1862, the busy hands were weekly adding to the wardrobe of the absent boys ; but, having no formal organization, an accurate account of the value of their work was not kept. In September of that year, a 675 576 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. society was formed, numbering four hundred members, of whom two hundred and thirty were ladies. Mrs. R. J. Knight was president. For a year and a half the contributions were given to the Sani tary Commission, and, after that time, divided equally between the Sanitary and the Christian Commissions. Nearly five thou sand dollars were raised, about one-seventh of which was con tributed by the various churches. In December, 1861, at 22 Summer Street, Boston, the rooms of the New-England Women's Auxiliary Association were opened, with the following board of officers : — President, John Ware ; Vice-President, Samuel G. Howe ; Secretary, Bufus Ellis ; Treasurer, George Higginson. During the ensuing year, seven hundred and fifty tributary societies were formed in the cities and villages of Massachusetts and the other five States of New England. Like the streams which swell the majestic ocean, from these gatherings of earnest women in the valleys and among the moun tains the contributions poured into the central society at Boston, until the articles forwarded in a single year reached the large figure of two hundred and fifty-five thousand ; the pamphlets scattered in the army, forty-two thousand ; and the money received, sixty-five thousand dollars, — thus making a broad current of benevolence, gladdening the arid and blackened field of conflict, where, by hundreds and thousands, the sons of New England were carrying the flag of freedom towards the heart of rebellion. There was, among all the auxiliaries, none, perhaps, more efficient than the Old Cambridge Sanitary Society, which, organ ized the October before, when the Boston society entered upon its work, became a subordinate charity. The collections in money were nine thousand dollars. The slipper and handkerchief circles were " wheels within a wheel," whose movements were felt through every part of it. New Bedford, called the " City of Oil," but one of the cleanliest, healthiest, and wealthiest towns in the Union, in proportion to its population, bad been educated by her peculiar experience for a' prompt offer of aid in the great conflict when it opened. Her Quaker mayor, in a peaceful way, gave the whole force of his offi cial authority and influence to the furtherance of any measure designed to express Northern patriotism, and deepest sympathy for the defenders of the national banner. SANITARY ASSOCIATIONS AND AID SOCIETIES. 577 The Soldiers' Aid Society of New Bedford was first organized, April 18, 1861, to make garments for the New-Bedford City Guards, who had left, at a few hours' notice, on the 18th, 21st, and 22d. The City Hall was crowded with women who had there assembled to cut and sew. The funds needed were contributed by the citizens : but the mayor afterwards decided that the city should pay the bills, which amounted to three hundred and fifty- nine dollars and ninety-seven cents ; and the money was returned to the givers. On May 14, it was voted that the society should be organized, to meet weekly until the end of the war. New officers were chosen, who, with two exceptions, were on duty until the society was dissolved. Th6 money in cash given was sixteen thousand two hundred and eighty-nine dollars and seventy-two cents. The gifts in clothing, stores, delicacies for the sick, books, and the numberless articles needed, were very liberal and abundant, — fully equal to the above amount. To the fairs held at Baltimore, Boston, St. Louis, and New York, the contributions were very liberal. Supplies were forwarded to the Massachusetts Military State Agency at Washington, D.C. ; to Baltimore, Annapolis, Fortress Monroe, Philadelphia, and the New-England Rooms, New York ; to the Seminary Hospital, Georgetown, D.C, and Hilton Head, S.C, Portsmouth Grove, R.I., and to Miss Dix. The society maintained its independent organization through its whole period of existence ; and the management was characterized by its efficiency and usefulness, its prompt attention to appeals for aid, and thorough excellence of all its supplies. In July, 1865, the last call was supplied. The amount given in the churches and by wealthy merchants would greatly exceed the sum expended by this association. When women and children worked with a heartiness and zeal corresponding to the great interests at stake, children who could not sew picked lint or rolled bandages ; many held fairs, and sent the proceeds for the aid of the sick soldiers ; those who had no money to give knit or sewed ; and, in every dwelling, work was done for the soldiers. Many soldiers' families received important sums for work ac complished for the association. The New-England Society of New-York City — a social and charitable association — extended its benevolent operations when the civil war began ; forming around the old organization another, 73 578 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. called the Sons of New England. A year later, the members, who were largely from Massachusetts, had in successful opera tion the New-England Soldiers' Relief Association, whose special work it was to " aid and care for all the sick and wounded soldiers passing through the city of New York on their way to and from the war." Col. Frank E. Howe, military agent for four of the Eastern States, one of which was Massachusetts, was made super intendent. The building erected and furnished for the purpose was No. 198, Broadway. From April 9, 1862, to Feb. 1, 1865, the association received, registered, lodged, fed, aided, and clothed about sixty thousand soldiers, many of them wounded or disabled. Two-thirds of them were from New England. The Harmonic Society furnished music for the sabbath service, at which dif ferent clergymen officiated. The Women's Auxiliary Committee were tireless in ministrations of mercy to our sick boys. Who ever visited the neat, airy, and pleasant rooms, and saw and heard the gratitude of the pale heroes descended from New-England sires, thanked God for that word " New England " over the doors. Cambridgeport, during three years of the war, did its charitable army-work without any other form of organization than a circle of the members of each religious society. Early in 1864, through the efforts of a few clergymen, the Cambridgeport Soldiers' Aid Association was formed, whose president was Mrs. J. M. S. Wil liams. The amount of its funds, the first year, was three thou sand dollars. The Home Relief Department, into which was merged the Young Ladies' Circle, whose object had been to clothe the absent soldiers' children, exemplified, emphatically and practi cally, the familiar adage, " Charity begins at home." The Ladies' Soldiers' Relief Association of Newburyport entered upon its organic existence and noble work Aug. 14, 1862. Mrs. A. L. March was its president. Like the similar society of New Bedford, it maintained an independent position, dispensing its charities according to the urgency of any appeal that reached the association. The commissions, hospitals, and camps, wherever the army were fighting or encamped, were remembered by this excellent society, whose collections in money reached five thousand dollars ; and the number of boxes forwarded to the front and be yond, sixty. The pleasant city of Lynn, whose manufacturers not only cover the feet of thousands, but are always ready to help those who cannot walk or in any respect need human sympathy, was prompt to offer aid to the mustering army. When the Rebel lion shed Northern blood, the peace-loving Quakers raised a fund SANITARY ASSOCIATIONS AND AID SOCIETIES. 579 of three thousand dollars for the families of soldiers; and in January, 1863, organized their efficient Aid Society. Church collections, woman's ceaseless labors for the mariner as well as the landsman, and literary entertainments, all swelled the amount of Lynn charities for the war. Taunton, after unwearied sacrifices for the army, formed her Hospital Aid Society on the 17th of January, 1862 ; through which channel alone passed contributions amounting to five thousand dollars. The Soldiers' Rest in Springfield was established during the summer of 1863, when the number of sick and wounded soldiers passing through Springfield began to attract attention, and their condition and necessities to demand sympathy and assistance. The battles of the previous campaigns had filled the hospitals located near the fields of conflict ; and each succeeding engagement necessitated the removal of sick and wounded men northward. The location of Springfield, at the junction of two main lines of railroad communication, brought large numbers through the city. Organized effort for the relief of these men resulted in the estab lishment of the Soldiers' Rest. During the fall and winter of 1863, a small, cheap building, and a comparatively small amount of labor, were sufficient to care for those who needed assistance at this point. But the opening of the spring campaign of 1864, in the sanguinary battles of May, brought responsibilities which tasked the little organization to the utmost. To meet these, a large building was erected, fitted, and furnished ; and the aggregate result may be appreciated in the single fact, that, up to the present time, there have been received and cared for at " The Rest " more than ten thousand men ; and more than ten thousand dollars have been expended in buildings, labor, supplies, fuel, food, medicines, and medical attendance, for the relief of these men ; which ex pense has been mainly borne by the citizens of Springfield. Pittsfield, Northampton, and Greenfield, which for beauty of situation, and intelligent enterprise, have no superiors in this Commonwealth, through local societies, sabbath and private con tributions, bore their part in the unceasing charities of the people. Indeed, the humblest town among the coldest heights of the State sent down a rill of benevolence to swell the great tide, daily augmented by new outbursts of the abounding love cherished for those who rallied around the flag on the arena of conflict between Freedom and Tyranny, upon which was fixed the gaze of the world. Lowell originated, in idea and in practical form, the first Sani 580 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. tary Fair. A participant in this movement, which became a na tional fashion, if not passion, thus records its history : — On the evening of the 24th of January, 1863, a score of ladies assembled at the house of a gentleman in Lowell, at the request of his daughters, to consider the expediency of holding a fair in aid of the Sanitary Commission. At first, it was only intended to make it a neighborhood affair : but, as they talked, the cause inspired them with deeper interest and stronger faith ; and, before they separated, they had not only decided to ask the co-operation of every religious society in the city, Protestant and Catholic, but a notice was written for the city papers, requesting all persons interested to meet at a specified place. A large number of ladies and gentlemen responded to the call. A plan was drawn up, and an executive committee, composed of nine gentlemen and six ladies, chosen. Committees, with a chairman for each, were appointed for each department. In four weeks from the day when the first meeting was called, without a dollar in hand or an article prepared, the first Sanitary Fair in the United States was opened, — a fair which, for har mony of action, beauty of decorations, system and order of management, and perfection of its financial arrangements, has never been excelled, if equalled. In acknowledging the receipts of the proceeds, Dr. Bellows wrote, — The zeal and liberality of your community have been conspicuous in every turn of the war. Your repeated contributions to our stock of supplies had not led us to anticipate such a splendid addition as you now offer. You would have been up to the average if you had stopped where you were. You will make it very difficult for any community, this side of the Bocky Mountains, to keep pace with you, now that you pour into our treasury four thousand eight hundred and fifty dollars. The magnificent Chicago Fair followed that of Lowell. Among its contributions were a six-hundred-dollar piano from Chick ering and Sons ; handsome collections of their works from Profs. Agassiz and Longfellow of Cambridge ; and by James M. Barnard, of Boston, a beautiful assortment of china ornaments, valued at five hundred dollars. Next in order came Boston, whose splendid fair opened Dec. 14, 1863 ; the total receipts amounting to one hundred and fifty-three thousand six hundred and fifty-eight dollars and ninety-seven cents. The " quilting-party " was there, the spinning-wheel and ap ple-paring, the busy workers attired in the apparel of the days of the " Boston Tea-party." Upon a pair of socks which would not dishonor the best efforts of any " fair knitter " was this note : — SANITARY ASSOCIATIONS AND AID SOCIETIES. 581 The fortunate owner of these socks is secretly informed that they are the one hundred and ninety-first pair knit for our brave boys by Mrs. Abner Bartlett of Medford, Mass., now aged eighty-five years. — January, 1864. Mrs. Samuel A. Frazer of Duxbury, who was ninety-two when the war commenced, and could recollect the trials of '76, the horrors of Valley Forge, also knit' a number of pairs of worsted stockings for the soldiers of the second national-life struggle she had lived to see. A barrel of hospital clothing from Conway, a Swiss hamlet among the hills, contained " a pair of socks knit by a lady who is ninety-seven years old. She is ready and anxious to do all she can." Of the two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars in money received by the Western Sanitary Commission, fifty thousand were from Massachusetts. CHAPTER III. THE FREEDMEN; THE REFUGEES; THE DESTITUTE SOUTH The first Movement in regard to the Freedmen. — Contributions to relieve the suffering and loyal People of East Tennessee. — The Sailor's Home. — Boston sends Aid tc Savannah. — Aid for Missouri. — Woman's Work. THE earliest association formed to take care of the liberated slaves came into existence in the house of Rev. J. M. Manning of the Old South, Boston, Feb. 7, 1862. Mr. E. L. Pierce, United- States agent for emancipated negroes of Port Royal, had made an effective appeal ; and, in the quiet gathering at the parsonage, the desired result was attained in the organization of the New- England Freedmen's Aid Society ; his Excellency John A. An drew, president. The call for patient and faithful teachers to go among the unlettered, docile, and multiplying thousands whose manacles the unsparing hand of Mars had shivered, was answered by the sons and daughters of New England with enthu siasm ; and soon many of them were surrounded by the eager learners, who, but a few days before, were chattels. Of the money and goods which the society contributed in two years, whose val uation was nearly a hundred and thirty-six thousand dollars, almost the entire sum was from New England, and three-quarters of it from Massachusetts alone. For the freedmen of the South west, through Chaplains Fiske and Fisher, New England gave forty thousand dollars more. Boston added nine thousand dol lars to the funds of the Roanoke Colony. Massachusetts furnished the Thanksgiving dinner in 1864 for all the soldiers in the Washington hospitals (seventeen thousand), besides supplying the forts in Boston Harbor and other military stations, and sharing in the New-York army-subscription. When, early in 1864, the touching appeal in behalf of loyal and outraged East Tennessee was made by Col. Taylor, Boston was the first to act. Feb. 10, 1864, a public meeting was held in Faneuil Hall, of which Edward Everett was president ; and Gov. Andrew, Mayor Lincoln, and others, vice-presidents. Mr. Everett, upon taking the chair, made one of his happiest efforts on such occasions. 582 EAST TENNESSEE. 583 Whoever heard him will not forget his eloquent descriptions of the rivers, valleys, and the summits crowned with cultivation to their tops, the resources and health-breathing climate, of East Tennessee, closing with this paraphrase of a German poet : — " On the mountains is freedom : the breath of the vales Eises not up to the pure mountain gales." Though no call was made upon individual benevolence, several notes with remittances were received, effectively demonstrating practical sympathy, which we are compelled to exclude from these pages. The Second Church in Dorchester transmitted three hundred and twenty-five dollars through the hands of the pas tor, Rev. James A. Means. Mr. T. P. Allen's school of New Bed ford sent sixty-seven dollars. Mr. George F. Bartlett of the same city sent six sovereigns, the only thing saved from the whalesbip " Lafayette," burned by " The Alabama," April 15, 1863, off Fer nando de Noronlea. Capt. Lewis had this gold with him on shore to purchase stores ; when Semmes steamed around the island, and burned his ship. Mr. Bartlett alluded touchingly to the immor tal Lafayette in his note. A very interesting note, enclosing forty- five dollars from three school-misses of Chelsea, was also received. This sum was collected by them from house to house, after their school-hours, in small sums. A poor old woman gave her all, seven cents, with an earnest wish that it were more. The hand some donation of a hundred and thirty-two dollars was sent by the Eliot-church Sabbath School of Newton. The scholars were stimulated to give liberally by the offer of the teachers to double the amount they gave. A noble warrior, who had fought by the side of East Tennesseeans, forwarded five hundred dollars, mod estly signing himself " Anonymous." Miss Anne Wigglesworth accompanied her second donation of a hundred dollars with expressions worthy a true woman's loyalty. The naval heroes in the service of the Union were well-nigh overlooked in their isolation, because the people had for many years left all sailors to such care as benevolent societies in time of peace might give them. And yet what could the nation have done without the mariners of "The Congress," " The Cumberland," "TheMonitor," thePorter and the Farragut fleet, and the men of a thousand or more float ing leviathans, which, in battle and blockade, held or ravaged the enemy ? 584 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. To Boston belongs the honor of the first popular demonstration in their behalf. The National Sailors' Fair, to secure a Sailor's Home, opened in Boston, Nov. 9, 1864. It was a " Boston notion," adopted cor dially by the Commonwealth, and cherished by many friends abroad. The objects in view to be attained by means of this fair were forcibly and clearly set forth by the distinguished committee. Alexander H. Rice and Mrs. John A. Bates were chairmen of the Managing Committee ; Thomas Russell, vice-chairman ; John A. Bates, paymaster U.S.N., treasurer; and Mrs. S. T. Hooper, secretary. The Hon. Edward Everett made the opening address in his usual eloquent and attractive manner. He pleaded im pressively for "poor Jack." Monitor Hall was a department of the splendid display, unsur passed in interest. The mimic battles, and the narrative of Capt. Worden, who was introduced by Mr. Everett, are fresh in the memory of those who enjoyed the novel exhibition. The miniature monitor built by Mr. Joseph Kay earned for the fair ten thousand dollars. Among the distinguished contributions was the mammoth ox from President Lincoln, to whom it was presented, which brought into the treasury three thousand dollars. The whole proceeds of the magnificent affair amounted to $282,370.90. The most striking and suggestive offer of aid during the war was that of Boston to Savannah in January, 1865. Aug. 10, 1774, at a mass meeting of Georgians held in Savan nah, a committee was chosen " to receive subscriptions for the suffering poor of Boston." The Port Bill in the latter city, like the blockade along the Southern coast in regard to the former, had reduced the popu lation to very meagre supplies of daily food. The sales of rice contributed amounted to two hundred and sixteen pounds, and was forwarded to the Boston Committee. The citizens of Boston reciprocated the relief in 1865. The amount raised by that city, New York, and Philadelphia, was not far from a hundred thousand dollars. The grateful acknowledgments which. came back after the good ship of supplies had reached Savannah were worthy of both the donors and the beneficiaries. A writer in " The North-American Review" made an interest ing statement with regard to the relation of the Western Sanitary Commission to Boston. He says, — MUNIFICENCE OF COUNT SCHWABE. 585 Boston alone has sent over two hundred thousand dollars ; New England, five hundred thousand. The golden rule, to do as you would be done by, thus practised, will bind the East and West together in bonds that no seces sion or rebellion will ever disturb again. At this moment, no two cities are nearer each other than St. Louis and Boston ; no two States, than Missouri and Massachusetts. Count L. Bennet Schwabe, a native of Germany, and a gentle man of great wealth, is perhaps the most remarkable and muni ficent donor called into the field of benevolent activity by the national cause. The family of the count (who, with republican simplicity and modesty, insists upon being called Mr. Schwabe), for several gen erations, held large possessions in South Carolina. He was in the war with Algiers, and in the Danish war of 1848. After vainly using his influence to keep the home of secession in the Union, he came North at the opening of the civil conflict, while his brother Gustavus cast in his lot with the rebels. While at Middletown, Conn., visiting his old friends, — Gen. Mansfield, U.S.A., and Com. Tatnall, — the First Connecticut In fantry answered the call for three-months' men. To these troops he gave a full supply of hospital-stores, — his first contribution to the wants of the army. Since then, like the dew of heaven on the battle-fields, his beneficence has fallen upon every camp, and al most every hospital-cot, in the vast arena of the Union arms. The great Commissions recognize him as the most liberal and careful contributor. Fifty thousand dollars would not be a high estimate of the cost of his donations ;"his express-charges alone reaching five thousand dollars. He has received more than thirty thousand letters of acknowledgment from men in the highest official positions and in the ' ranks. Whole libraries have been constantly forwarded to the hospitals and soldiers' homes. His character and motives have been misjudged by some, appar ently on account of the peculiarities and originalities of his man ner. All sorts of things have been said about his designs ; but he has not taken the time to correct false impressions. He is, we believe, a true man in bis love of liberty, and humane devotion to the country of his adoption. We find in the columns of the peri odical press, before the war, the warmest expressions of gratitude for his benevolent aid in establishing mission-schools, and dona tions to the needy. 586 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Upon the return of peace, Count Schwabe wrote to the Gov ernor of the State, congratulating the country upon its victorious struggle, and announcing his retirement from the office of the State House to private life. But be carried his undying interest in the Republic with him. Taking rooms in the City Hall, he de voted his labor to his gallery of portraits of fallen heroes, on which he is lavishing another fortune. Nov. 4, 1864, a grand entertainment was given, at a private residence in Beacon Street, in compliment to Count Schwabe, the " soldier's friend." The city, army and navy, were well repre sented on the occasion. A delegation of the Dale United-States Hospital of ex-invalid soldiers, Worcester, presented a fine painting by the count to the library there, which bears the name of Lieut. Putnam, Twentieth Massachusetts Regiment. The officers of the army and navy gave him an elegant silver dressing-case. From Readville Hospital was sent a valuable breast-pin, to express the appreciation, by officers and inmates, of the generous gift of a good library. HOSPITALS AND SOLDIERS' HOMES. Pemberton-square United-States Army Hospital was the first one established in Boston, with Dr. William Townsend, jun., as surgeon in charge. Under his care, the hospital was a model. Mr. Schwabe, who was from the first to the last a constant visitor, presented to the inmates the first Christmas and New-Year's suppers ; tJie Hon. Robert C. Winthrop giving the dinners. The hospital is at present in Summer Street, under the name of "The Soldier's Rest," and still in charge of Surgeon Townsend, who has won the confidence of those under his care and of the Government. Readville United-States Hospital was laid under the skilful management of Dr. John Stearns, surgeon in charge, in the sum mer of 1864, who with his successor, Dr. Gross, was a gentleman fitted for the work ; and thousands of grateful soldiers enjoyed not alone their kind attentions, but shared largely their private means. The fine library was the gift of Count Schwabe, and named by him the " Kearney Library." The Dale United-States Hospital, Worcester, was opened, under the charge of Dr. Chamberlain, in November, 1864. It was a supe rior building, with a pleasant chapel, and a large library, the gift SOLDIERS' HOMES. 587 of Count Schwabe. The officers and good people of Worcester have ever been eminently devoted to the welfare of the suffering inmates. Galloupe's Island was the residence of many thousands of the Union soldiers. It was under the command of Brig.-Gen. Hendrickson, a very gentlemanly officer. A library, a furnislied church, and other contributions, were the memorials of Count Schwabe's generous interest in the comfort of the Union troops. The first discharged-soldiers' home in the country was estab lished, in the early part of the war, in North Street, through the generosity of private individuals, and the deep interest of the Rev. Phineas Stowe, who was the pioneer in the enterprise, and to the present hour has labored hard for the institution. Eminent men and ladies of Boston took a deep interest in the home. Among them were Edward S. Tobey, Joseph Story, E. Redington Mudge, the soldier's friend, L. B. Schwabe, Peter C Brooks, Ginery Twichell, and others. The home was soon removed to the present fine location on Springfield Street. The noble structure • was loaned by the city. The Legislature has donated several times from ten to twenty thousand dollars. The building was furnislied by private generosity, societies and churches, and is supported prin cipally by private contributions. Mr. Tobey is president ; Mr. and Mrs. Rice and Miss Rice are the able managers ; Dr. L. K. Shel don, a surgeon of ability and all goodness to the sick, is the phy sician, with an excellent assistant. This institution is perhaps superior to any of its kind in the country. The Soldier's Home at Weston is as old, within a few months, as the above ; and has been carried on entirely under the care and management of Lieut. Califf, late of the Eleventh Regiment. It has given shelter and a home to men maimed for life, principally foreigners, who had no friends in the country. We might fill many pages with the record of woman's unambitious and blessed ministry of mercy among the sick, wounded, and dying. Such nurses as Mrs. Pomeroy of Chelsea, whose presence, like Florence Nightingale's amid the horrors of Crimean warfare, was itself a benediction to the suffering, and a host of co-workers in the field and at home, may yet have a fitting volume, whose title shall be, " Woman's Part in the War of a Nation's Redemption." CHAPTER IV. THE MEDICAL SERVICE. Surgeon-Gen. Dale. — Other Officers. — State Agencies. — Col. Frank E. Howe, New York ; Mr. Carson, Philadelphia; Mr. Robinson, Baltimore; Mr. Tufts, Washington. — Surgeon Dale's Testimony. — Gov. Andrew's Tribute to the Medical Service. THERE was yet another form of benevolent care exercised by the State over her sons in the field, which attracted but little public notice, but was, in a part of its work at least, a noble charity, — the medical service in the war. At the head of it was the able, wise., and faithful Surgeon-Gen eral, William J. Dale, — a gentleman whose high-toned loyalty and character have shed lustre on the great work of the Good Samari tan in caring for the wounded and sick on hostile soil, performed on the grandest scale by the surgeons of the war. That inexperi ence, carelessness, and intemperance marred it, cannot be doubted ; but we agree with Surgeon Dale, who says in his report, — It is a satisfaction to add, in the exigency summoning so many medical men from the ordinary duties incident to civil life to the untried hardships of the camp and field, that no troops were ever cared for with more skill and faith fulness than the volunteer regiments in the service from Massachusetts. We add the list of staff medical officers, appointed by Massa chusetts, who have been brevetted, as given by the Surgeon- General : — Brevet Brigadier- General, United-States Army. — Surgeon Charles H. Crane, United-States Army. Brevet Major, United-States Army. — Assistant Surgeon Warren Web ster, United-States Army. Brevet Colonel, United- States Volunteers. — Surgeon S. A. Holman, United-States Volunteers. Brevet Lieutenant -Colonels, United -States Volunteers. — Surgeons Da vid P. Smith, United-States Volunteers ; Ira Russell, United-States Volun teers ; J. Theodore Heard, United-States Volunteers ; F. S. Ainsworth, 588 SURGEON-GEN. DALE AND ASSISTANTS. 589 United-States Volunteers; John W. Foye, Wnited-States Volunteers ; C. N. Chamberlain, United-States Volunteers ; P. A. O'Connell, United-States Volunteers; A. M. Wilder, United-States Volunteers; Frank Meacham, United-States Volunteers ; Lincoln R. Stone, United-States Volunteers ; 0. M. Humphrey, United-States Volunteers; Joel Seaverns, United-States Volunteers ; George Derby, United-States Volunteers ; George A. Otis, United-States Volunteers ; Henry A. Martin, United-States Volunteers ; Brevet Major, United - States Volunteers. — Assistant Surgeon J. W. Merriam, United-States Volunteers. Brevet Captains, United- States Volunteers- — Assistant Surgeons D. B. Hannan, United-States Volunteers ; J. W. Hayward, United-States Vol unteers. It is gratifying to notice, that at the head of the above list of meritorious surgeons stands the name of a distinguished officer, whose loyalty, courtesy, energy, and executive ability, have been greatly instrumental in bringing the medical corps of the army to a condition securing the confidence of the Govern ment and the lasting gratitude of the country. Surgeon Dale, in closing his very valuable report, writes in memoriam, — The Angel of Death rested over the agency, and two of its most cherished members are gone. Ikving S. Vassell, of Oxford, chief assistant, died April 9, 1865, aged twenty-six years. Expecting the summons to come, he was waiting to go ; yet he walked cheerfully on to the last, fulfilling " the whole duty of man." Brilliant in intellect, and pure in spirit, he adorned this life, and was fitted for a higher. In his departure, the agency lost its most gifted and valued member, his parents their " chief joy," and the world a man by whose living it had been made better. Alden S. Cake, of West Newbury, died July 6, 1865, aged twenty-three years. . He was a young man of singular purity of character and refined manners. His good deeds and kind ways will long be remembered. As the greater number of troops demanded increased that of suffering men, the State appointed agencies at important points for the relief of her soldiers. The Surgeon-General had the superintendence of the new and benevolent enterprise. The first agency opened was at Washington, in charge of Lieut.-Col. Tufts ; a second at Baltimore, in charge of William Robinson, Esq. ; a third at Philadelphia, Lieut. Robert R. Carson manager ; a fourth 590 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. in New York, under the direction of Col. Frank E. Howe ; and a fifth at Hilton Head, S.C, of which A. L. Stimson, Esq., was the agent. The objects of the agencies were to visit the trains or boats having sick and wounded soldiers of Massachusetts, and extend all possible aid ; to make weekly returns of all arrivals, and those in hospitals, adding an account of deaths and departures ; and the care of discharged soldiers in distress. Col. Frank E. Howe served the State, without salary, at the agency, 194, Broadway, New York ; the record of whose noble work for our New-England troops alone would fill a volume. William Robinson, Esq., of the Baltimore Agency, forwarded to Surgeon Dale interesting statements of relief extended to dis charged soldiers, letters to friends respecting the missing ones, and replies to the manifold inquiries of anxious hearts at home. At no point were the labors and touching scenes of the agency more varied and grateful to the worker than at Washington, under the care of Gardner Tufts, Esq., who devoted his energies to the suffering ; offering as far as possible the presence of home, with its cheering aspects ; and carrying its comforts to those prostrate ones whose smitten forms and depressed spirits needed all the reviving influences of that sacred place. From the statement of Robert B. Carson, agent at Philadelphia, we take a single paragraph : — I have seen these men as they have been brought from shipboard ; and I have stood over their beds, endeavoring to ease their last sufferings, to which a worse than hellish ingenuity had given such a fearful shape. And I say, that one may thread and brood over a fresh battle-field till there is forced in upon him a full appreciation of the agonies which his sense sickens to be hold ; or he may wander through all the loathsomeness of a half-old field ; or he may take his daily path among our hospitals, and mark all the varied forms of suffering and of death known there : he will never see such unmitigated horrors as in the maimed, distorted, shrunken, and sometimes half-rotten bodies of our soldiers returned from Southern prison-pens. More than six thousand letters were written during a single year, and six hundred and ten telegrams sent in behalf of the troops. The ways of serving the men and their families were manifold. At the office, applications for State aid, calls for intelligence of every kind, collection of pay, and the sending of agents to DISABLED SOLDIERS AND THEIR FAMILIES. 591 battle-fields to get reliable information of the wounded, were all a part of the ordinary round of business. The care of the heroic dead was a sad labor, but a most wel come one to the bereaved friends afar. Mr. Tufts dwells with peculiar interest upon the grand furlough given to our troops at the last presidential campaign, and the Thanksgiving dinner furnished through the Union City Commit tee of Boston, of which S. B. Stebbins, Esq., was secretary. Mr. Tufts reports, — We distributed fifteen and three-quarters tons of poultry, pies, &c, to thirty-six different hospitals, containing eighteen thousand patients ; and also to twenty-six companies Massachusetts heavy artillery, the Sixteenth Light Battery, and to other scattered detachments. We received by contribution $3,603 ; of which $3,433.01 was expended, and the balance, $169.99, by direction of the committee, turned over to our relief fund. It is needless to dwell upon the hearty good-will developed towards our State by the splendid display of its liberality. The Massachusetts Army and Navy Union, of which Gen. Hinks is president, and Col. Lounsbury secretary, is an excel lent association, designed to perpetuate pleasant associations, protect the members against fraud, and secure necessary aid to disabled soldiers and the needy families of dead or invalid troops. During the summer of 1865, Surgeon-Gen. Dale, Col. F. L. Lee, A.A.D.C, and Col. J. M. Day, Provost-Marshal of the Com monwealth, were appointed trustees of a fund for the benefit of disabled soldiers and their families. A part of it was money deposited with the Provost-Marshal to procure representative recruits in the army, they having cost less than was anticipated. The depositors not only surrendered the amount cheerfully for the charitable use, but, in several instances, increased the sum. The constant forethought of the Government, in the generous care of the soldier, was also expressed in the early part of the year in a general order issued in his behalf, establishing a re- gistery in the office of the Surgeon-General, recording the name, age, occupation, &c, of disabled officers and men. To this the attention of those having situations at their disposal was invited. Later an association of returned Massachusetts volunteers was formed for aiding disabled soldiers honorably discharged ; which soon after, on the recommendation of the treasurer, Col. H. S. Rus sell, late Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry, was attached to the bureau of employment. D. S. Walker, Superintendent of the Bureau, and 592 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Soldiers' Messenger Corps, gives among the very interesting facts of its history the subjoined number of applications up to De cember, 1865. Registered, 2,132 : of these, 311 had lost the use of a limb, 83 wounded in various parts of the body, and 247 disabled by disease. Employment was furnished to 701, of whom 91 had useless limbs, 25 otherwise injured by wounds, and 106 wrecked by sickness. The Soldiers' Messenger Corps was another enter prise of great value to the unemployed soldiery. The colored soldiers more readily than others found places of employment, Mr. Walker states, because they so easily adapted themselves to whatever labor was offered them. Reported Surgeon Dale, — The sick and wounded, through the liberality and kindness of the Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital, were admitted into that institution, kindly cared for, and the amount of cost remitted to the State. The elegant mansion in Pemberton Square, belonging to our esteemed and respected fellow-citizen, B. M. Mason, Esq., was generously offered to the Government for a United-States General Hospital ; Acting Assistant Surgeon W. E. Townsend, U.S.A., being in charge. In every emergency, where official attention was rendered to the sick and wounded, I have had the cordial co-operation of the Assistant Quartermaster U.S.A., Capt. William W. McKim, and the Commissary of Subsistence, Col. E. D. Brigham, my relations with whom have always been of the most satisfactory and pleasant character. . . . I should do injustice to my own feelings if I failed to acknowledge my indebtedness to the officers of the Belief Agency, established at 76, King ston Street, where many of our sick and wounded soldiers have been lodged and provided with every thing necessary for their comfort, and where private beneficence has cheerfully supplied the wants of those who were unable to claim consideration either of the State or Federal Government. We complete the record of the medical department with a few paragraphs from Gov. Andrew's address to the graduating 'class of the Medical School in the University of Cambridge, March 9, 1864, which present eloquently the noble service, often gratui tous, rendered by the profession : — I claim for the Commonwealth the honor of having put into the mili tary service a medical staff, up to this day consisting, in all, of one hun dred and one surgeons and one hundred and ninety-eight assistant surgeons, comprising some men of the most eminent merit, of noble patriotism, of dis tinguished professional acquirements and skill. To your profession, gentle men, belongs the honor of furnishing an array of proficients so numerous and DR. LUTHER V BELL. 593 respectable ; and to one of its members, in whom are united the characters of the amiable gentleman, the good physician, and the patriotic citizen, — I mean the Surgeon-General of the Commonwealth,* — and to those other emi nent and most liberal-minded exemplars of your calling who have contributed to the State, in the capacity of a Board of Examiners,! their invaluable ser vice, — to them belongs the credit of the selection. And, besides the three hundred members of the medical staff of our regiments, more than one hun dred gentlemen of the profession, including some of the most distinguished practitioners of surgery, have been sent forward from the headquarters of the Commonwealth, on notice from the Department of War, to repair to the battle-ground after some of our severest actions. They obeyed our summons without hesitation or delay, and gave their efforts and their skill while the pressing character of a grave exigency continued to need them, receiving no reward but that priceless compensation, — the thought of a good man's duty nobly done. Eight gentlemen of those who entered the service from this Common wealth, commissioned on our regimental staffs, have yielded up their lives, victims to disease, exposure, and over-toil. To one of them, who was among the earliest in the spring of 1861 to offer himself to the work, I must allude by name. I can never forget the impression his original offer of service, made in person, produced on my own mind. Of mature age, — having passed the time when exposure to life in the army could often be expected, — of ripe and large experience in some of the most difficult and the most intel lectual duties of the profession, the possessor of a fame permanent and wide, a man of great ability and of large acquirements, Dr. Luther V Bell came out at once from the retirement and comparative leisure his former labors had richly earned. With youthful ardor, but with the grave and weighty sense of a thoughtful, matured, and philosophic mind, he proposed for him self the hardest and most active service ; pointed to his younger brethren the path of duty and honor, and led the way. In camp, on the march, in hos pital, and on the field, he was alike a model of earnest fidelity, of accom plished ability, of modest patience, and of that subordination of self to duty which renders a great man entirely great. In many instances, our surgeons have suffered the hardships of prisoners of war ; the wounded and dying been deprived their aid ; and five of our own medical staff, falling upon the battle-field, have breathed their last breath by the side of those they had come to rescue or reheve. Thus eight by diseases incident to the * Dr. William J. Dale. t The members of the Medical Commission, from the time of its constitution in April, 1861, as a Board of Examiners of Candidates for Appointment as Surgeons and Assistant Surgeons of the Massachusetts Volunteer Regiments, to this date, are as follows : Dr. James Jackson (resigned); Dr. George Hayward (died); Dr. S. D. Townsend; Dr. John Ware (resigned) ; Dr. Samuel G. Howe (resigned) ; Dr. J. Mason Warren; Dr. Samuel Cabot, jun.; Dr. Richard M. Hodges; Dr. George H. Lyman (resigned); Dr. George H. Gay; Dr. William J. Dale; Dr. John C. Dalton (died); Dr. Robert W. Hooper; Dr. Samuel L. Abbot. 75 594 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. exposures of military employment, and five by the perils of battle, — thirteen medical officers * from our own Commonwealth, — during these three years of war, have laid down their lives, giving to their country and to man kind the last pledge of patriotism, valor, and conscientious devotion to the behests of duty. Others, not a few, broken in health, disabled for such ex acting labors, responsibilities, and exposures, have been relieved in season to permit their return in civil life to less perilous spheres of usefulness. I must not omit to mention that three of our staff-surgeons have been relieved to accept positions more exclusively military. One is a major of cav alry ; another is a captain ; and the third t accepted a lieutenancy of cavalry, only to die by an accidental injury received in the line of his duty before he reached the field. Another Massachusetts physician, who had passed through the war of the Crimea as a surgeon of Omar Pacha, entered the First Begi ment of Massachusetts Infantry Volunteers as a captain ; afterwards com manded the Thirty-fifth as its colonel ; lost an arm at the battle of South Mountain; and is now in command at Norfolk, Va., as a brigadier-general of volunteers. Two of the members of the Medical Commission of this Commonwealth have died while in its service, — Dr. George Hayward and Dr. John C. Dalton. The former, an eminent surgeon, a member of the corporation of the University, was among the earliest of the medical men who came to the assistance of the State, and among the most constant, upright, and efficient. * The names of these medical officers, and the corps to which they were attached, are as follows : — Died from disease or accident, in the line of their duty. — Dr. Johnson Clarke, Surgeon's Mate Third Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, detailed as Surgeon of battalion Massachusetts troops at Fortress Monroe, subsequently organized as Twenty-Ninth Regi ment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Dr. Luther V Bell, Surgeon Eleventh Regi ment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, promoted to be Brigade Surgeon of Volunteers, afterwards to be Medical Director of Gen. Hooker's division. Dr. Ephraim K. Sanborn, Surgeon Thirty-first Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Dr. Ariel J. Cummings, Surgeon Forty-second Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, captured at Galveston ; held as prisoner by the rebels ; died in a rebel prison. Dr. Robert Ware, Surgeon Forty- fourth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Assistant Surgeon Neil K. Gunn, First Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Assistant Surgeon James Wightman, Second Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Assistant Surgeon Nathaniel W. French, Fifty-fifth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Killed by the enemy. — Surgeon S. Foster Haven, jun., Fifteenth Regiment Massachu setts Volunteer Infantry. Assistant Surgeon Albert A. Kendall, Twelfth Regiment Mas sachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Assistant Surgeon John C. Hill, Nineteenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, died in hospital from wounds received on the battle-field. Assistant-Surgeon Edward H. Revere,- Twentieth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Assistant Surgeon Franklin L. Hunt, Twenty-seventh Regiment Massachu setts Volunteer Infantry; killed by a rebel assassin. Besides these, Dr. E. G. Pierce of Holyoke, and Dr. J. H. Morse of Lawrence, em ployed in the service of the United States as contract-surgeons, died of disease contracted in the line of their duty; and Dr. James M. Newhall of Sutton, engaged in the same service, was drowned in a chivalrous attempt to rescue some women and children from on board a sinking transport-vessel. t Lieut. Edward B. Mason, Second Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Cavalry, for merly Assistant Surgeon First Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Heavy Artillery. DRS. DALTON AND WARE. 595 Dr. Dalton's whole heart, also, was in the national cause. When, in 1862, the " Daniel Webster " steamed into port with two hundred wounded soldiers on board, happening to be aware of their arrival, he reported to the Surgeon- General with cordial offers of help. "What can I do for you, doctor?" he asked. He was answered, " Jump on to the box of this ambulance, and help me see these wounded soldiers to the hospital." The venerable patriot, ready to give his heart and hand and distinguished professional aid wherever the exigency of the moment called for him, mounted the box, and rode up State Street with his charge. I have heard of much younger and inferior men, whose sense of their own personal dignity would be contented with nothing less than the leading hand in a capital operation. Another * (whose family name is eminent in divinity as he has himself made it in medicine) , having given his son to his country (the noble-hearted surgeon of the Forty-fourth Massachusetts Begiment, who died at his post in North Carolina), was compelled to retire from the commission; though he cannot withdraw from the public memory, nor its honor and gratitude. The sum. devoted by the State to charities and reforms, during the year 1865, was five hundred thousand dollars. * Dr. John Ware. CHAPTER V. THE CHURCHES AND THE CLERGY IN THE WAR. Sanction and Co-operation of the Church. — The New-England Conference of the Method ist-Episcopal Church. — Prostestant-Episcopal Church. — American Unitarian Asso ciation. — The General Association of the Congregational Ministry of Massachusetts. — The Massachusetts Universalist Convention. — The Massachusetts Baptist Conven tion. — Chaplains supplied by various Churches. WHILE the outbreak of rebellion found an indignant reply in the patriotism of the people, that patriotism lacked none of the sanctions of religion. The churcheswere not only inspired by the duty of maintaining the authority of a mild and legal govern ment : they felt that the iniquity of the rebellion was a sin against God. The foundation of the rebel government, human slavery, and the war, begun solely to maintain that relic of heathen barba rism, called out the protest of an insulted Christianity. The time had long passed when any considerable number of Christians had apologized for slaveholding, and rare was the church or man who hesitated to avow that that system was a blot upon a Christian nation. When, therefore, the traitors, in their infatuation, opened war in a foolish, criminal determination to perpetuate that insti tution, the voice of the churches was instantly heard. In Massachusetts, from the days of the Pilgrims, the ministers of Christ had not hesitated to apply the rules of Christian principle to great public movements. As, in the days of the Revolution, the pulpits of Massachusetts had nerved the hearts of the people, and sent their influence into the camps of the soldiery ; so, in 1861, the churches resounded with appeals in behalf of loyalty, and enforced the Christian duty of the hour. Hundreds of such appeals, printed in answer to the demand of loyal hearts, are already placed in libraries which collect their historic materials of the history of the war. In every special emergency, such words were spoken ; on every success, praise was given to God ; and, in every dark period, Christian hope was strengthened by the sturdy faith of the ministers of God. Connected with many of the churches were associations to 696 THE METHODIST-EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 597 furnish or procure and send forward supplies to the army. Many such were constant in helping the Sanitary Commission ; and many, by contributions of money taken in congregations and by work, replenished the treasury and storehouses of the Chris tian Commission. In connection with the latter, hundreds of ministers and lawyers labored for brief and regular seasons among the soldiers in the field ; ministers, the best and truest which Massachusetts afforded, being given the time by their churches. In all the Christian ways devised, by men, by religious papers and books, as well as by the material helps needed, the churches were unbounded in their labor. In many parishes, the fourth sabbath evening in every month was also specially set apart for public prayer in behalf of the country and of the army ; and, when great exigencies demanded immediate help for the wounded, sabbath-services were occupied by immediate appeals to patriotism ; and, before the sabbath sun set, immense quan tities of supplies were gathered, and made ready to go forward. Most of the various ecclesiastical bodies, representing the sev eral churches or denominations, put on record their sentiments. Some of these should be copied. The New-England Conference of the Methodist - Episcopal Church, covering by far the larger part of the State, at the conference of 1862 said, — In the unanimity with which the South have madly rushed into this unprovoked rebellion, we recognize a judicial blindness righteously visited upon them for their sin in cherishing slavery ; and that in the calamity of civil war which has been brought upon us as a people, perilling our national existence, we behold the same retributive justice upon us for our national complicity with slavery. . . . With equal clearness, we see the hand of God in mercy, no less in giving us in this time of trial a President whose integrity and patriotism command the universal confidence and respect of the loyal people, than in the heroic devotion of our army and navy, and in the victories which have crowned their onward march. Deeply as we deprecate the evils of civil war, we devoutly pray that this struggle may never be ended by the Government humiliating itself to a com promise with this great foe of God and humanity by which it is assailed. . . . The principles of Christianity and the economy of our church bind us to recognize the Constitution of the United States, as, under divine authority, the supreme law of the land ; and that, by all the sanctions of our sacred office, we are bound to uphold the national ensign. Said the conference of 1863, — 598 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. What we can but regard as a most causeless and demoniac rebellion has been raging with relentless fury in our land. ... A rebellion we had fondly hoped could have been broken and subdued ere this still rears its iron front of defiance, and tramples upon all rightful authority in our land. . . . We rejoice in, and hail as a measure of righteousness and fraught with great good, the Emancipation Proclamation. . . . We look with confidence that that noble edict will stand unshaken, and be maintained all over our country. . . . We express our firm confidence in the mtegrity, enlightened patriotism, and far-seeing statesmanship, of our present Chief Magistrate. . . . We tender our cordial greeting to our brethren who have been called to the active duties of the camp and the field, and assure them of our warmest sympathies in their trials, our admiration of their courage and patriotism, and our best wishes and fervent prayers for their safety, happiness, and success. Said the conference in 1864, — While patriotism and other material resources are being so wonderfully ex hibited in these eventful times, and our army and navy are assuming pro portions alarming all the world, sagacious statesmen and Christian patriots will be careful to lay anew the foundations of the Government in eternal truth and right while the furnace-fires of war render them plastic. In 1865, the conference recognized " with profound gratitude and reverence the manifest interposition of Divine Providence on behalf of our Government, in its successful struggle with a rebel lion of unexampled atrocity and strength ; " recorded its con gratulations upon the " recuperative energy of the nation " and the extinction of slavery ; and declared in favor of the position, that " the right of suffrage shall be accorded, without distinction of color." Hardly had hostilities commenced, when the Protestant-Epis copal Church in the Diocese of Massachusetts held its annual con vention, in May, 1861. The bishop in his address spoke of the revolutionary purposes evident, and denounced the nefarious re bellion. " I cannot refrain from congratulating you," said the bishop in 1862, "upon the success with which a gracious Providence has crowned thus far the armies of the Union in their conflict with the perpetrators of this rebellion." In 1863, the bishop, referring to the proceedings of the General Convention of the Church, said, — But the most important of all the acts — this act of expressing our fealty to the Government — was the issuing of the Pastoral Letter by this same house THE EPISCOPAL AND UNITARIAN CHURCHES. 599 of bishops. A masterly document it is, representing this stupendous insur rection as a criminal violation of God's law, and strengthening its positions by reference not only to the Bible, but to the pungent homily of our church against rebellion. For all this we have reason to thank God. For surely, if, in this hour of the country's distress and peril, such a church as ours, at the solemn gathering of its bishops and representatives, had failed to proclaim its sympathy with the universal heart of the nation, and, amidst the groans and tears and agonies of a bleeding people, had either shut its lips in silence, or expressed itself in ambiguous and undecided language, we should have had just reason to bide our heads in shame. For the recent mercy of God (said the bishop in 1864), in giving signal and important victories to the arms of the United States, let us devoutly thank his holy name. Let us, however, remember in love the wounded thousands among our soldiery and among the legions of our misguided enemies. What a blessed change (said he in 1865) has passed over the affairs of this afflicted country ! and what grounds have its inhabitants, and we among the number, for overflowing gratitude to God at the sight of a most wicked rebellion at length defeated, its military power broken, and the dawn appear ing of what, we trust, will, ere long, be a bright day of union restored, of the renewal of the arts of peace, and of the blotting-out of human bondage from every portion of the national territory ! The Unitarian churches of Massachusetts have no State organi zation ; but at the convention of the American Unitarian Asso ciation that met for business-purposes in Boston on the 28th of May, 1861, their secretary most truly said, — The Unitarian churches have everywhere been prompt to do their part in this crisis, and to take up their share of the national burdens. The first regiment that went from Massachusetts — the noble Sixth, that will hereafter be famed in history for its passage through Baltimore — had in its ranks as chaplain one of our Unitarian ministers (Rev. Charles Babbidge of Pepperell), who went with them through those blood-stained streets, and was with those who fell in that first sacrifice on the altar of our national freedom. . . . We are also being permitted, as a denomination, to do our full share at the present time in furnishing counsellors at Washington. . . Massachu setts sends one of our Unitarian brethren as minister to England in this critical period of our history ; . . . and Massachusetts has placed in Jher chair of State one whom all honor to-day, and who has been, from his boy hood up, one of our Unitarian friends and brothers. Let us be thankful, that, out of our small numbers and our feeble means, we have been able to con tribute more than our share of men who are able to meet the demands of the time, and to help us to finish the work which God has given us all to do. There is hardly a parish in New England (said the committee in 1863), of our denomination, which has not sent into the army some of its best mem- 600 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. bers. . . • While such men are away, the parishes suffer. Some of them will never return, and for years their loss will be felt. . . . The spirit of loyalty and humanity also pervaded the Congre gational churches. The General Association of the Congregational Ministry of Massachusetts (said this body in 1862) cannot allow itself to adjourn without putting on its record an expression of deep sympathy with the President of the United States in this day of our nation's trial, and without tendering to him, in the name of the Christian people whom we represent, the assurance of our earnest and constant prayers, that the Buler of nations and the God of all grace may so endow him, and all associated with him in the carrying-on of our national affairs, with the spirit of wisdom and the love of freedom, and with confidence in the everlasting safety of well-doing, and so further our Federal councils and arms with his continual help, that treason may be speedily baffled, rebellion crushed, slavery abolished ; and " so the work of righteousness may be peace ; and the effect of righteousness, quietness and assurance forever." The existing civil war (said the General Conference of the churches of the same denomination in September, 1861) in which the American people are unhappily involved is one which has been forced upon the Government of the United States by the insurrection and rebellion of the people of certain South ern States against constitutional liberty and the sovereignty of the Republic ; and is one, which, waged without cause or justification, is a crime alike against government, rehgion, and humanity. ... No other course is left to the people of the loyal States than firmly to stand by the Government and na tionality, at whatever cost, until the Rebellion is put down, and the laws restored in their integrity. While we acknowledge our entire dependence upon God for the triumph of our Government (this conference said in 1862), we believe that God will secure this result through appropriate human agencies ; and therefore we look for a complete and permanent restoration of union and peace to our country, and for the removal of slavery, the chief source of this Rebellion. . . . We believe that we express the unanimous feeling of our churches in this State when we pledge our loyal support and sympathy to the President of these United States in the most vigorous measures for the suppression of the Rebellion. The successes (said this body in September, 1863) with which the Lord of hosts has recently crowned our arms upon the land and upon the sea call for and awaken in our hearts devout gratitude to our fathers' God and ours ; and that in view of what he has done for us towards suppressing the most wicked rebellion in human history, as well as the justice of our cause, we are encour aged to pray that the blessing of Heaven may attend the efforts of our Govern ment. . . . We tender to the President of the United States our most cordial sympathy : we have confidence in his wisdom and integrity. Without one feeling either of despondency or of impatience (said the con- THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH. 601 ference in 1864), we watch the progress of the armies of the Union in putting down the most criminal rebellion the world ever saw, — without despondency, for we believe God is on our side, and will give us in due time full and crown ing success ; and without impatience, for we have been instructed to interpret hopefully these divine delays, and have seen the issue ever widening, and em bracing more and more radical and precious revolutions and deliverances. We stand to-day (said the conference in 1865) upon the threshold of a new period, if possible still more momentous than the last. We deem it fit to record these acknowledgments and solemn convictions with reference to our country. The Massachusetts Universalist Convention, at its session held in October, 1862,— Resolved, That in the present uprising of the people of this country against the gigantic and dark Rebellion, under which intense suffering is so widely spread throughout our land, we see but a mighty struggle between freedom and oppression ; and we tender our heartiest sympathies, and pledge our unreserved support, to the Government, until the RebelUon is completely crushed. In 1863, the convention Resolved, That the present civil war in our land opens a wide and highly important field of Christian labor for our denomination ; and while we are re joiced to hear that our people have done and are doing much, individually, to encourage the soldier and sustain the Government, we feel that a call is made for a more concerted and denominational action. Whereas (unanimously said the convention in 1864), The evil passions of n ¦m have stimulated the Southern States to seek the overthrow of this National Government, and establish another whose corner-stone shall, be a repudiation of the laws of God regarding human brotherhood, and in the interests thereof have instituted and carried forward a bloody, civil war : therefore Resolved, That, as a denomination of Christians, we rejoice in the pros pects of peace foreshadowed in the triumph of the Union arms. Resolved, That we witness with gratitude the destruction of slavery as one of the results of this civil strife. Resolved, That our most hearty thanks are due to the brave men of the army and navy ; and we cheerfully accord their memory a high place in the future history of American independence. Resolved, That our word of encouragement is hereby given to the Govern ment in its work for the preservation of the Union ; and we bid its civil officers God speed in the vigorous prosecution of the war till the last traitor is sub dued, and the people everywhere acknowledge their highest allegiance, under God, to be due to the Government of the United States. Resolved (said the committee in 1865), That every principle of Christiani ty, as well as the letter and spirit of the Declaration of Independence, demands that the colored men of this country, many of whom have fought so nobly for 76 602 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. the rights of man, shall have secured to them the full rights of citizenship, especially of equal suffrage ; and that it is the imperative duty of our press and all our pulpits to urge this subject upon the attention and consideration of our people. ¦The Massachusetts Baptist Convention, meeting in October, 1861, adopted the following : — Whereas, During the past year, God has brought our great civil war to a triumphant issue, securing to the nation its integrity, to an enslaved race its freedom, and to the world a signal manifestation of the strength of our repub lican institutions : therefore Resolved, That we, the Massachusetts Baptist Convention, assembled on its sixty-third anniversary, render to Almighty God devout praise and thanks giving through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Resolved, That as members of the body of Christ, and citizens of this Bepublic, we recognize no civil or moral distinction of race or color either in the Church or State. Resolved, That, in the work of political and rehgious reconstruction, we are ready to extend the hand of fraternal welcome to all who give unmistakable evidence of present loyalty to our Government and to Christ. Resolved, That, in regard to the disputed subject of political franchise in the several States, we are willing to leave the whole matter where the National Constitution leaves it ; claiming that, in its truest intent, it guarantees the same rights and privileges to all living under it, of whatever race or color. Resolved, That it is the duty of the Church of Christ to sound the trum pet of the gospel " through all the land, to all the inhabitants thereof; pro claiming their liberty to a race freed from the shackles of slavery, not freed from the shackles of prejudice." Resolved, That, in the future as in the past, it is our duty to fold our country to our hearts, and to continue to pray to Him who is too wise to err, and too good to be unkind, to give his guidance to our Chief Magistrate, and those in council with him ; and so to order events, that the largest liberty consistent with wholesome laws shall be enjoyed by the whole people of this regenerated Republic. At the meeting held in October, 1864, the Convention said, — Resolved, That the Rebellion of 1861, which began its work by attempting -the destruction of the Government of our fathers, and has sought to accom plish its unholy ends by an appeal to the arbitrament of the sword, is a transgression of God's law, a violation of the stipulations under which every ; American holds his citizenship, a contradiction of every logical principle, and wanting in all the elements of a legal existence. / Resolved, That as the war was commenced for the purpose of building up a confederacy whose leading idea was, that property in man should be a part .of its organic life, we believe that no peace should be negotiated, nor recon- THE BAPTIST CHURCH. — CHAPLAINS. 603 struction made, which cannot look to the speedy, sure, and final destruction of that which has been the cause of so large a part of our woes ; namely, Ameri can slavery. Resolved, That, standing by the graves of our fathers who fought the bat tles of the Bevolution, and won for us the priceless heritage which has given us civil, political, and religious liberty ; and by the newly made graves of our brethren, sons, and neighbors, who have poured out their blood like water, — ¦ we, the members of the Massachusetts Baptist Convention, on its sixty-second anniversary, pledge ourselves as ministers of Jesus, the disciples of Christ, and citizens of the Republic, to give to the President of the United States, and those in authority, our sympathies, prayers, and efforts, to aid them in the suppression of this most causeless and unjustifiable Rebellion. Many ministers were sent to the hospitals and the field, while not a few went for short periods of service' in the employ of the Christian Commission, and some were sent by other organizations. The character and number of the chaplains appointed to the sev eral regiments ought never to be forgotten. While some may have proved unfitted for the peculiar work, the great majority were of the best men Massachusetts could furnish. A record of these is in the official reports. Some prominent churches lent their pastors ; such as the Old South in Boston, Rev. J. M. Man ning; the Park-street in Boston, Rev. Dr. A. L. Stone; the Church of the Pilgrim Fathers in Plymouth, Rev. E. B. Hall, — all for the nine-months' service. Many of the chaplains were prostrated by disease, and forced to leave the field. Indeed, few were able to. fulfil a whole term of service. The church of Rev. W. H. Cudworth, of East Boston, chaplain of the First Infantry, gave him leave of absence for the entire period : his faithfulness and zeal were samples of many others. Rev. A. H. Quint, of Jamaica Plain, chaplain of the Second Infantry, was another. Rev. N. M. Gaylord of the Thirteenth Infantry, and the chap lain of Campbell Hospital in Washington, was untiring during the whole war in every good work. Rev. Charles Babbidge of Pepperell, of the Twenty-sixth Infantry, who went with the First Regiment, which left the State in April, 1861, Chaplain Morse of the Thirty-seventh, and Chaplain French of the Thirty- ninth, were also devoted to their work. Some gave their lives. Rev. A. B. Fuller fell at Fredericksburg. Chaplain Carver of the Seventh, and Chaplain Hempstead of the Twenty-ninth, also died in service: they fell as nobly as any who died upon the battle-field. CHAPTER VI. THE COLLEGES LN THE WAR. President Lincoln's significant Words. — Intelligence of the Union Army. — Preparatory Training for the Conflict. — A forcible Extract. — Loyalty of our Colleges. — Harvard University. — Williams College. — Amherst College. — Other Institutions. PRESIDENT LINCOLN remarked, in a letter written to the President of the College of New Jersey in the midst of the war, " Thoughtful men must feel that the fate of civilization upon this continent is involved in the issue of our contest. Among the most gratifying proofs of this conviction is the hearty devotion everywhere exhibited by our schools and colleges to the national cause." It is unquestionably safe to say, that, since wars began, no conflict previous to the Rebellion could compare with it in the intelligence, or, still stranger, the culture, which pervaded the Union arnjies : and the same may be said of the moral condition of our troops ; so that, whether we look at them in regard either to physical, intellectual, or moral strength, they compel our admira tion, they prove to us the true value of our civil and religious institutions, and that no sacrifice is too great for their preserva tion. Although men may not perceive it at the time, God prepares the people for great events. With Him who holds the nations in the hollow of his hand, events do not happen ; and so, unknown to ourselves, so far as the bearing upon coming events was con cerned, the angel of the Lord had passed over the North ; and in the great religious awakening of 1857-58, and in the results flow ing from it, the minds of men had, even unconsciously to them selves, been made sensitive to the demands of truth, humanity, and an enlightened Christian patriotism. An intelligent writer has well said, — If there ever was a war in which liberal and enlightened views were opposed to a re-actionary and barbarous policy, it was the war in which we have just been engaged. No people but a people of general education and intelligence, hke those of the Northern States, could ever, under a popular form of govern- 604 HARVARD COLLEGE. 605 ment like ours, have carried it through to a successful issue. Undoubtedly it was a war which should have enlisted the support of the people simply on the ground of patriotism. Still it was a war in many respects so unlike the contests which have been carried through successfully by the simple influence of patriotic feeling, that among a population of less general intelligence, and containing fewer men of hberal education, there would have been hardly a hope of success. It might well have been expected that the farmer, the mechanic, the tradesman, the men of " the plough, the loom, and the anvil," would rush to arms at the call of the Government ; and it was a grand uprising when these men, fired with true patriotism, seized the musket, ready " to do or die " for their country. But we saw more than this. The professor left his chair, the student his class, or, as in some instances, the class went en masse : and Homeric contests yielded to a sterner warfare ; and the mathematics of text books, to the practical work of the field. Academic honors were but as the dust in the balance, when the life of the nation was in peril. No offering was too precious to be laid on the common altar ; and graduates and undergraduates, officers and students, from all our colleges, East and West, enlisted in the service, marching in the ranks or leading the columns, fighting shoulder to shoulder, and falling side by side, in every battle from Bull Run until Lee yielded up his sword to the victorious Union commander. Old Harvard nobly vindicated her historic fame, and'the fire of her patriotic enthusiasm spread over the Commonwealth. Her response to the call for men was prompt and generous. The class of 1825 furnished Rear- Admiral C. H. Davis. The number of men in the war from the succeeding classes was five hundred and thirty, whether graduates or not. " The following is a statement of the rank of the Harvard students and graduates in the army. Major-generals, two ; major-generals by brevet, seven ; brigadier-generals, five ; brigadier-generals by brevet, seven ; colonels, twenty-seven ; colonels by brevet, three ; lieutenant-colonels, twenty ; lieutenant-colonel by brevet, one ; majors, thirty-nine ; majors by brevet, seven ; captains, a hundred and eight ; captains by brevet, two ; first lieutenants, seventy- four ; second lieutenants, twenty -four ; surgeons, thirty-two ; as sistant surgeons, ten ; chaplains, four ; other officers, nine ; pri vates and non-commissioned officers, a hundred and fifty-four, of whom many were promoted. Some of the departed heroes of Harvard will be found in the roll of the honored dead. We regret exceedingly that we have not been able to get the 606 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. war-record of old Williams, which sits grandly among the moun tains of Berkshire. A very full one was prepared, lent to a leading New-York daily paper, and lost. We only know that the spirit of '76 pervaded its halls when the civil conflict opened, and the religious element which has always distinguished the college fired the patriotism of her sons. The annals of some of these will be found among the sketches of " fallen heroes." " Amherst, whose eyry among the green hills looks down upon the unrivalled Valley of the Connecticut, and magnificent land scapes upon every side, needed no more than the sound of the clarion of war to make her ready to offer her sons. With a Faculty unsurpassed in ability and Christian patriotism, it is not strange that the revered president's son and a popular professor should be among the 'prompt volunteers for the national conflict. Like Williams, Amherst has ever been distinguished for deep religious character, the highest style of scholarship, manhood, and loyalty. By the records, we find that this institution contributed to the strength of the national armies twenty-two chaplains, and a hundred and ninety-two officers and privates ; Prof. Clarke being one of the number. Among these men of Amherst, from Massachusetts, were the brave, modest, and devout Lucius L. Merrick of Palmer ; Chris topher Pennell, who fell "far in front of the column" in the assault which followed the springing of the mine at Petersburg, Aug. 16, 1864, a hero of the highest style ; and John Marshall Whitney of Hopkinton, assistant surgeon in the navy. From Tufts College, a young but growing institution, we have failed to get a report : that she did her part in the war for free dom, we cannot doubt. Among the classical tributaries of established reputation to the colleges, the Boston Latin School, and Phillips Academy, An- dover, have furnished a thousand men or more for the war ; the latter having on her roU several hundred, including every grade from the major-general to the hero of the rank and file. CHAPTER Vn. MASSACHUSETTS POETS AND THE WAR. Poets, the Bards of Freedom. — Rev. John Pierpont. — John G. Whittier. — Oliver Wendell Holmes. — Henry W. Longfellow. — Mrs. Howe's Battle-hymn of the Republic. — James T. Fields. — Gen. Lander. — S. Burnham, Esq. — The Press, and General Literature. THE spirit of poetry is the spirit of freedom ; and. in all the struggles which mark the pages of history, where the cause of human rights has been brought in collision with oppression and injustice, the poet's heart has beat true to noble impulses, and has interpreted the highest aspirations of the soul. The mind of man cannot be fettered. Tyranny may restrain the body : but it cannot reach that which constitutes the man ; it cannot seize that inner self where the soul sings its songs of freedom undismayed. Thus it is, that, with few exceptions, the educated minds of the world have been identified with the cause of popular rights, with the best interests of humanity : they have been the leading revolutionary, re-actionary spirits, always striving for some thing higher, nobler, more sublime. This is emphatically true of poets. In the long contest for the supremacy of human rights, they have tuned their harps to lofty strains, inspiring the people with a higher enthusiasm and enduring patience, a never-dying hope. Trumbull, Paine, Hopkinson, Freeman, and others of the youthful clays of the Republic, wielded a power with their verses which was not less real, though different in nature, than that of the sword and musket. They were both the admirers and the admiration of the sturdy patriots. It would have been indeed remarkable if the late RebelUon had not been a fruitful source of poetry ; for the great principles underlying the contest were those of truth and humanity, of liberty, of equal rights. A glance through the newspapers and publications of the last four years shows that the pen has been no less active than the sword. The minds of our thinking men and of our poets rose immediately to the grandeur of the struggle ; and, while bayonets gleamed, thoughts flashed. But aside from the contest and its origin and principles was another producing cause. Never before in the history of man was there a war in which the actors and the supporters were so intelligent and well educated. And here we must claim the precedence for Massachusetts. The Old Bay State holds the advance-guard of thought as she does of action ; and who will deny her claim to literary pre-eminence ? But we would speak of her poetry 607 608 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. during the war ; and when we mention Pierpont, Whittier, Holmes, Long fellow, Lowell, and a host of others, can any other State show such a brilliant galaxy of shining names ? Would that it were possible to present all the noble* poems that would tell of Massachusetts in the Eebellion ! but we can give but a few specimens, — simply enough to show how the hearts of our poets beat in sympathy with the cause of humanity ; how their stirring, patriotic hnes indorsed the call to the noble struggle. No attempt is made at completeness (the design of this volume precludes its possibility) ; and we are conscious that there is many a fine poem, richly deserving a place in our pages, which is reluctantly omitted. But the quotations made will show that the poets of Massachusetts have honored them selves and their State, and have added fresh laurels to the wreaths of never- dying fame* We cannot introduce our selections more appropriately than by quoting from the venerable Rev. John Pierpont ; a name identified with the cause of human liberty and progress ; one of the champions of Freedom who was a leader, and not a follower ; who held and pubfished and spoke his sentiments in those days when to be an antislavery man was to be but too often a " hissing and a by word." The two poems that follow are from Mr. Pierpont's pen. " E PLURIBUS UNUM." BY BEV. JOHN PIEBPOHT. 1. The harp of the minstrel with melody rings When the Muses have taught him to touch and to tune it ; But, though it may have a full octave of strings, To both maker and minstrel the harp is a unit : So the Power that creates Our Republic of States Into harmony brings them at different dates ; And the thirteen or thirty, the Union once done, Are E Pluribus Unum, — of many made one. 2. The Science that weighs in her balance the spheres, And has watched them since first the Chaldean began it, Now and then, as she counts them and measures their years, Brings into our system and names a new planet ; * In selecting poems for this chapter, Messrs. Ticknor and Fields kindly granted permis sion to copy from " The Atlantic Monthly," and other of their publications, such as would serve our purpose ; and it has been au additional gratification that Holmes, Whittier, and Longfellow specified the pieces they preferred to have used in these pages. Courtesies like these are worthy of acknowledgment. JOHN PIERPONT. — JOHN G. WHITTIER. 609 Yet the old and new stars, — Venus, Neptune, and Mars, — As they drive round the sun their invisible cars, Whether faster or slower their races they run, Are E Pluribus Unum, — of many made one. 3. Of that system of spheres, should but one fly the track, Or with others conspire for a general dispersion, By the great central orb they would all be brought back, And held each in her place by a wholesome coercion ; Should one daughter of light Be indulged in her flight, They would all be ingulfed by old Chaos and Night : So must none of our sisters be suffered to run ; For E Pluribus Unum, — we all go, if one. 4. Let the demon of discord our melody mar, Or Treason's red hand rend our union asunder, Break one string from our harp, or extinguish one star, The whole system's ablaze with its lightning and thunder. Let the discord be hushed, Let the traitors be crushed, Though " Legion " their name, all with victory flushed 1 For aye must our motto stand, fronting the sun, E Pluribus Unum, — though many, ive're ONE. PROPHECY. — JULY, 1861. This fraticidal war Grows on the poisonous tree That God and man abhor, — Accursed slavery ; And God ordains that we Shall eat this deadly fruit, Till we dig up the tree, And burn its very root. JOHN G. WHITT1EK, The Quaker poet, whose heart and pen have always been true to the cause of humanity, has written some of the noblest poems of the war. We have room but for two, and these he kindly specified for our use. Additional in terest attaches to the first from the fact that the singing of it was prohibited in Gen. M'Clellan's camp. 77 610 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. v> "BIN FBSTB BURG 1ST UNSER GOTT (" Our God is a consuming Are.") LUTHER'S HYMN. We wait beneath the furnace-blast The pangs of transformation. Not painlessly doth God recast And mould anew the nation : Hot burns the fire Where wrongs expire, Nor spares the hand That from the land Uproots the ancient evil. The hand-breadth cloud the sages feared Its bloody rain is dropping ; The poison-plant the fathers spared All else is overtopping. East, West, South, North, It curses the earth : All justice dies, And fraud and lies Live only in its shadow. What gives the wheat-field blades of steel 1 What points the rebel cannon ? What sets the roaring rabble's heel On the old star-sf>angled pennon ? What breaks the oath Of the men o' the South ? What whets the knife For the Union's life ? — Hark to the answer : " Slavery ! " Then waste no blows on lesser foes In strife unworthy freemen: God lifts to-day the veil, and shows The features of the demon. O North and South ! Its victims both, Can ye not cry, " Let slavery die ! " And union find in freedom ? What though the cast-out spirit tear The nation in Lis going ? We who have shared the guilt must share The pang of his o'erthrowing. JOHN G. WHITTIER. 611 Whate'er the loss, Whate'er the cross, Shall they complain Of present pain Who trust in God's hereafter ? For who that leans on His right arm Was ever yet forsaken ? What righteous cause can suffer harm If He its part has taken ? Though wild and loud And dark the cloud, Behind its folds His hand upholds The calm sky of to-morrow. Above the maddening cry for blood, Above the wild war-drumming, Let Freedom's voice be heard, with good The evil overcoming. Give prayer and purse To stay the curse Whose wrong we share, Whose shame we bear, Whose end shall gladden heaven ! In vain the bells of war shall ring Of triumphs and revenges, While still is spared the evil thing That severs and estranges. But blest the ear That yet shall hear The jubilant bell That rings the knell Of slavery forever ! Then let the selfish lip be dumb, And hushed the breath of sighing : Before the joy of peace must come The pains of purifying. God give us grace Each in his place To bear his lot, And, murmuring not, Endure and wait and labor I 612 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. LAU8 DEO. HEARING THE BELLS RING FOR THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ABOLISHING SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES. It is done ! Clang of bell, and roar of gun, Send the tidings up and down. How the belfries rock and reel ! How the great guns, peal on peal, Fling the joy from town to town ! Ring, O bells ! — Every stroke exulting tells Of the burial-hour of crime, — Loud and long, that all may hear ; Ring for every listening ear Of Eternity and Time ! Let us kneel : God's own voice is in that peal, And this spot is holy ground. Lord, forgive us ! What are we, That our eyes this glory see, That our ears have heard the sound ? Forjthe Lord On the whirlwind is abroad ; In the earthquake he has spoken : He has smitten with his thunder E'en the iron walls asunder, And the gates of brass are broken ! Loud and long Lift the old exulting song ; Sing with Miriam by the sea : He hath cast the mighty down ; Horse and rider sink and drown ; He hath triumphed gloriously ! Did we dare In our agony of prayer Ask for more than he has done ? When was ever his right hand Over any time or land Stretched, as now, beneath the sun ? How they pale, Ancient myth and song and tale, OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 613 In this wonder of our days, When the cruel rod of war Blossoms white with righteous law, And the wrath of man is praise 1 Blotted out ! All within and all without Shall a fresher life begin : Freer breathes the universe As it rolls its heavy curse On the dead and buried sin ! It is done ! In the circuit of the sun Shall the sound thereof go forth : It shall bid the sad rejoice ; It shall give the dumb a voice ; It shall belt with joy the earth 1 Ring and swing, Bells of joy ! on morning's wing Send the song of praise abroad ; With a sound of broken chains Tell the nations that He reigns Who alone is Lord and God ! OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. Two of the happiest of the always happy efforts of this popular authoi are " Brother Jonathan's Lament for Sister Caroline," and " To Canaan." The first was written March 25, 1861, $oon after the announcement of the pas sage of the Ordinance of Secession by the Committee of South Carolina, and doubtless expressed the almost unanimous sentiment of the North at that time. The latter appeared anonymously, Aug. 12, 1862, and was claimed as original by several newspapers in Western New York, Ohio, and Illinois. BROTHER JONATHAN'S LAMENT FOR SISTER CAROLINE. She has gone ; she has left us in passion and pride, — Our stormy-browed sister, so long at our side : She has torn her own star from our firmament's glow, And turned on her brother the face of a foe ! O Caroline, Caroline, child of the sun ! We can never forget that our hearts have been one ; Our foreheads both sprinkled, in Liberty's name, From the fountain of blood with the finger of flame I 614 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. You were always too ready to fire at a touch : But we said, " She is hasty ; she does not mean much." We have scowled when you uttered some turbulent threat ; But friendship still whispered, '-- Forgive and forget." Has our love all died out ? have its altars grown cold ? Has the curse come at last which the fathers foretold ? Then Nature must teach us the strength of the chain That her petulant children would sever in vain. They may fight till the buzzards are gorged with their spoil ; Till the harvest grows black as it rots in the soil ; Till the wolves and the catamounts troop from their caves ; And the shark tracks the pirate, the lord of the waves. In vain is the strife ! When its fury is past, Their fortunes must flow in one channel at last, As the torrents that rush from the mountains of snow Roll mingled in peace through the valleys below. Our Union is river, lake, ocean, and sky : Man breaks not the medal when God cuts the die ! Though darkened with sulphur, though cloven with steel, The blue arch will brighten, the waters will heal. O Caroline, Caroline, child of the sun ! There are battles with Fate that can never be won. The star-flowing banner must never be furled ; For its blossoms of light are the hope of the world. Go, then, our rash sister ! afar and aloof; Run wild in the sunshine away from our roof: But when your heart aches, and your feet have grown sore, Remember the pathway that leads to our door. TO CANAAN. A SONG OF THE SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND. Where are you going, soldiers, With banner, gun, and sword ? We're marching south to Canaan, To battle for the Lord ! What captain leads your armies Along the rebel coasts ? The Mighty One of Israel : His name is Lord of Hosts ! To Canaan, to Canaan, The Lord has led us forth To blow before the heathen walls The trumpets of the North ! OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 615 What flag is this you carry Along the sea and shore ? The same our grandsires lifted up, The same our fathers bore ! In many a battle's tempest It shed the crimson rain : What God has woven in his loom Let no man rend in twain ! To Canaan, to Canaan, The Lord has led us forth To plant upon the rebel towers The banners of the North ! What troop is this that follows, All armed with picks and spades ? These are the swarthy bondsmen, The iron-skin brigades ! They'll pile up Freedom's breastwork ; They'll scoop out rebels' graves : Who, then, will be their owner, And march them off for slaves ? To Canaan, to Canaan, The Lord has led us forth To strike upon the captive's chain The hammers of the North ! What song is this you're singing ? The same that Israel sung When Moses led the mighty chsir, And Miriam's timbrel rung ! To Canaan, to Canaan, The priests and maidens cried : To Canaan, to Canaan, The people's voice replied. To Canaan, to Canaan, The Lord has led us forth To thunder through its adder-dens The anthems of the North ! When Canaan's hosts are scattered, And all her walls lie flat, What follows next in order ? The Lord will see to that ! We'll break the tyrant's sceptre ; We'll build the people's throne : When half the world is Freedom's, Then all the world's our own ! To Canaan, to Canaan, The Lord has led us forth To sweep the rebel threshing-floors, — A whirlwind from the North ! 616 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. HENRY W. LONGFELLOW. The loyal North will never forget the thrill that passed over the land as the news flashed from city to city, and town to town, that " The Cumberland" had been sunk in Hampton Boads by the rebel iron-clad ram " Merrimack," on Saturday, March 8, 1862 ; nor how the noble sailors fired upon their assailants as the waters rose over her gun-deck ; nor how the gallant ship went down with colors flying. But we will allow Longfellow to describe it in his own impres sive style. THE CUMBERLAND. At anchor in Hampton Roads we lay, On board " The Cumberland," sloop-of-war ; And at times, from the fortress across the bay, The alarm of drums swept past, Or a bugle-blast From the camp on shore. Then far away to the south uprose A little feather of snow-white smoke ; And we knew that the iron ship of our foes Was steadily steering its course To try the force Of our ribs of oak. Down upon us heavily runs, Silent and sullen, the floating fort : Then comes a puff of smoke from the guns, And leaps the terrible death With fiery breath From each open port. We are not idle, but send her straight Defiance back in a full broadside ! As hail rebounds from a roof of slate, Rebounds our heavier hail From each iron scale Of the monster's hide. " Strike your flag ! " the rebel cries In his arrogant old plantation-strain. " Never ! " our gallant Morris replies : " It is better to sink than to yield I " And the whole air pealed With the cheers of our men. HENRY W. LONGFELLOW. 617 Then, like a kraken huge and black, She crushed our ribs in her iron grasp ! Down went " The Cumberland " all a-wrack, With a sudden shudder of death, And the cannon's breath For her dying gasp. Next morn, as the sun rose over the bay, Still floated our flag at the mainmast-head. Lord, how beautiful was thy day ! Every waft of the air Was a whisper of prayer In a dirge for the dead. Ho ! brave hearts that went down in the seas ! Ye are at peace in the troubled stream. Ho ! brave land ! with hearts like these, Thy flag, that is rent in twain, Shall be one again, And without a seam. KILLED AT THE FORD. He is dead ! — the beautiful youth, The heart of honor, the tongue of truth ; He, the life and light of us all, Whose voice was blithe as a bugle-call ; Whom all eyes followed with one consent ; The cheer of whose laugh, and whose pleasant word, Hushed all murmurs of discontent. Only last night, as we rode along Down the dark of the mountain-gap To visit the picket-guard at the ford, Little dreaming of any mishap, He was humming the words of some old song : " Two red roses he had on his cap, And another he bore ou the point of his sword." Sudden and swift a whistling ball Came out of a wood, and the voice was still : Something I heard in the darkness fall, And for a moment my blood grew chill. I spake in a whisper, as he who speaks In a room where some one is lying dead ; But he made no answer to what I said. We lifted him up on his saddle again, And, through the mire and the mist and the rain, 78 618 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Carried him back to the silent camp, And laid him, as if asleep, on his bed ; And I saw by the light of the surgeon's lamp Two white roses upon his cheeks, And one, just over his heart, blood-red ! And I saw in a vision how far and fleet That fatal bullet went speeding forth, Till it reached a town in the distant North ; Till it reached a house in a sunny street ; Till it reached a heart that ceased to beat, Without a murmur, without a cry : And a bell was tolled in a far-off town For one who had passed from cross to crown ; And the neighbors wondered that she should die. BATTLE-HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC. BY MRS. JULIA WARD HOWE. This glorious hymn has doubtless achieved a quicker and a wider popu larity than any ever before written in this country ; and it is so universally familiar, that words of praise are unnecessary. It has true inspiration. It seized the heart of the nation ; and at home and in camp, on the march, and even on the field of battle, it has been read and sung, until it may justly be claimed that it is the hymn of the war. Wedded to the singular but popular air of " Glory, Hallelujah," with its marked accent and playful movement, old and young, soldier and civilian, have sung its soul-stirring words, and been incited to nobler thoughts and braver deeds. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord : He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored ; He hath loosed the faithful lightning of his terrible swift sword. His truth is marching on. I have seen him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps ; They have builded him an altar in the evening dews and damps ; I have read his righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps. His day is marching on. I have read a fiery gospel writ in burnished rows of steel : " As ye deal with my contemners, so with you my grace shall deal : Let the hero born of woman crush the serpent with his heel ; Since God is marching on." He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat ; He is sifting out the hearts of men before his judgment-seat : Oh ! be swift, my soul, to answer him ! be jubilant, my feet ! : Our God is marching on. JAMES T. FIELDS. — GEN. F. W. LANDER. 619 In the beauties of the lilies, Christ was born across the sea, With a glory in his bosom that transfigures you and me : As he died to make men holy, let us die to make men free, While God is marching on. THE STARS AND STRIPES. BY JAMES T. FIELDS. Rally round the flag, boys ; Give it to the breeze : That's the banner we love On the land and seas. Brave hearts are under it ; Let the traitors brag : Gallant lads, fire away, And fight for the flag ! Their flag is but a rag ; Ours is the true one 3 Up with the stars and stripes 1 Down with the new one 1 Let our colors fly, boys? Guard them day and night: For victory is liberty, And God will bless the Right. YANKEE PRIDE. BY BRIG.-GEN. F. W, LANDER, On hearing that the Confederate troops had said that " fewer of the Massa chusetts ofBcers would have been killed if they had not been too proud to surrender." Ay, deem us proud ; for we are more Than proud of all our mighty dead : Proud of the bleak and rock-bound shore A crowned oppressor cannot tread ; Proud of each rock and wood and glen, Of every river, lake, and plain ; Proud of the calm and earnest men Who claim the right and will to reign ; Proud of the men who gave us birth, Who battled with the stormy wave To sweep the red man from the earth, And build their homes upon his grave ; 620 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Proud of the holy summer morn They traced in blood, upon its sod, The rights of freemen yet unborn ; Proud of their language and their God ; Proud that beneath our proudest dome, * And round the cottage-cradled hearth, There is a welcome and a home For every stricken race on earth ; Proud that yon slowly-sinking sun Saw drowning lips grow white in prayer O'er such brief acts of duty done As honor gathers from despair. Pride ! — 'tis our watchword. " Clear the boats 1 Holmes, Putnam, Bartlett, Pierson, — here ! And while this crazy wherry floats, Let's save our wounded ! " cries Revere. Old State, — some souls are rudely sped, — This record for thy Twentieth Corps, Imprisoned, wounded, dying, dead, It only asks, " Has Sparta more ? " SAMUEL BTJRNHAM, (Of " The Congregationalist," Boston.) Extract from a Commencement poem, delivered at Madison University, New York. The storm-cloud of war envelops the nation ; Earth reels with the shock as the huge tempest breaks ; New battle-fields shudder with red desolation ; The land from its long sleep of peace now awakes. Hark ! hear the loud tramp of the mustering legions, Resistless in numbers, and firm in their tread ! From East and from West, and from far-distant regions, They steadily march to the field of the dead. See slowly uprising the smoke of the battle, The dull heavy cloud by lightning-flash riven ! Hark the roar of the cannon, the musketrys-rattle, The din of the contest that rises toward heaven ! The angel of death o'er the dark field is bending, With skeleton-finger is pointing his prey : O God ! hear the prayers of a nation ascending, And turn our dark night of horror to day ! O God of our fathers, the God of our nation ! Our faith is unwavering, our trust is in thee : Oh ! hear our petition, our land grant salvation, And graciously smile on the home of the free. THE PRESS, AND GENERAL LITERATURE. 621 How long, oh ! how long, shall the storm-cloud hang o'er us ? How long ere the blood-stained sword may be sheathed ? How long is the terrible conflict before us ? How long ere laurels of peace may be wreathed ? Not yet, no, not yet, will the contest be ended ! We shrink from the path God bids us to take : The cries of the bondmen to heaven have ascended, And now is God's time their fetters to break. O'er the din of the battle, o'er war's desolation, Like heavy-toned thunder, or roar of the sea, God utters his voice in the ear of the nation, And all the world hears, — " Let my people go free ! " Nor justice nor vengeance ever has slumbered ; God's plagues have been on us for all this abuse : The days of their bondage in Egypt are numbered ; Thank God, we've no Pharaoh who'll dare to refuse ! And then, like the first flash of lightning from heaven, Will victory dawn on a glorious day, And then, like clouds by mountain-winds driven, Will trouble and sorrow fly southward away, And " Io Triumphe ! " usher in the bright day 1 THE PRESS, AND GENERAL LITERATURE. We had' hoped to obtain a further record of the loyal press and literature of the State. But it is well known that the moulding thought of the writers in Massachusetts has always been true to Liberty and Christianity. The newspapers of the Commonwealth were almost unani mous in the advocacy of justice and the defence of the national administration. We might point for unsurpassed intelligence, and fidelity to the high trust of public journalism, to " The Boston Journal," with its " Carleton " in the field, and " Perley " at the capital of the Republic ; to " The Advertiser," always able and dignified; to the ever-loyal "Traveller," whose columns — at least once a week — contained a spicy risume ; to "The Transcript," breathing the patriotic devotion of the State ad ministration which it so well represented ; and to " The Herald." The weekly, issues were on the side of the righteous cause. Among them we may notice the religious organs. The spirited and fearless " Congregationalist," " The Recorder," " Watchman and Reflector," " Zion's Herald," " Christian Exam iner," and " Trumpet," were responsive to the pulpit in the un- 622 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. compromising clearness and boldness of the loyalty which they taught the people. Even the conservative " Post " and " Courier," although regarded by a majority of the people as sympathizing deeply with the South, if we concede what was claimed of hon esty of conviction, advocated, with their peculiar views of securing the result, the preservation of the Union at any cost. If we turn to the less frequent and larger issues, we have no exception to the rule of loyalty. " The North-American Review," "The Atlantic Monthly," and "The Boston Review," were eloquent oracles of freedom and the rights of all mankind. Throughout the State, the press fanned with the breath of an ardent love for the Republic the sacred fires of patriotism, on the home-altars of the people, with a unanimity never surpassed in the 'history of any other State. The theological works, the jurisprudence, and the very school- books, of the Commonwealth, have that same old savor of freedom and justice which "The Mayflower" brought to these shores. CHAPTER VIII. THE HEROIC DEAD, AND NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. Unwritten History of Mourning Homes. — Col. William Brown, Assistant Adjutant- General of Massachusetts. — Roll of Honor. — Schwabe National Portrait Gallery. — Chaplain Fuller. — Major-Gen. George C. Strong. — Brig.-Gen. George D. Wells. — Brig.-Gen. T. J. C. Amory. — Col. Fletcher Webster. THERE are no more appropriate words with which to com mence this part of our annals than those employed by the patriotic Governor to the senators of the State : — There is a history in almost every home of Massachusetts, which will never be written ; but the memory of kindred has it embalmed forever. The representatives of the pride and hope of uncounted households, departing, will return no more. The shaft of the archer, attracted by the shining mark, numbers them among his fallen. The flag, whose standard-bearer, shot down in battle, tossed it from his dying hand, nerved by undying patriotism, has been caught by his comrade, who, in his turn, has closed his eyes for the last time upon its starry folds as another hero-martyr clasped the splintered staff, and rescued the symbol at once of their country and of their blood-bought fame. How can words of fleeting praise gild the record of their glory ! Our eyes suffused with tears, and blood retreating to the heart stirred with unwonted thrill, speak with the eloquence of Nature, — uttered, but unexpressed. From the din of battle, they have passed to the peace of the grave. Farewell, warrior, citizen, patriot, lover, friend, — whether in the humbler ranks, or bearing the sword of official power ; whether private, captain, surgeon, or chaplain (for all these in the heady fight have passed away) , — hail, and farewell ! Each hero must sleep serenely on the field where he fell in a cause " sacred to liberty and the rights of mankind." " Worn by no wasting, lingering pain, No cold gradations of decay, Death broke at once the vital chain, And freed his soul the nearest way." * * See Appendix fo- the roll of Massachusetts officers who have died in the service. 623 624 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. COL. WILLIAM BROWN. High among the names of those who served the State well and faithfully during the progress of the war is that of Col. William Brown, First Assistant Adjutant-General of the Commonwealth. The complimentary order of Gov. Andrew, appointing him to the office, was issued Oct. 28, 1861. The General Order announcing his death, dated Feb. 18, 1863, reads as follows : — Col. William Brown, First Assistant Adjutant-General of the Common-. wealth, died in the city of Boston, Feb. 16, aged sixty years. The Com mander-in-chief, in respect for his character as a gentleman and a citizen, and in recognition of his valuable services and untiring devotion to duty as an officer, orders that his death be officially communicated to the Massachusetts regiments and batteries in the field, and to the militia organizations now in the Commonwealth. When the Rebellion opened, he occupied an important position in the Capitol, and won his advancement by a faithful, able, and unwearied discharge of duty. His funeral, at Salem, was attended by the Odd Fellows, by his Excellency the Governor and staff, Adjutant-Gen. Schouler, Surgeon-Gen. Dale, and a congregation of friends. The services were conducted by Rev. Dr. Briggs, and " nothing could have been more appropriate than the tribute which was paid to the memory of the deceased." The Roll of Honor, sacred to the memory of the departed heroes from this State, bears the names of eleven general officers. To Count L. B. Schwabe, we are indebted for much biographi cal information of the honored dead, of which we have availed ourselves to the greatest extent our limits would permit. The count has been and is engaged in procuring personal sketches of all those who grace the walls of his gallery. These memoirs will appear in " The History of the National Gallery," the first volume of which will soon be in the hands of the publishers. We introduce the notices of the heroic dead who served in the field with the name of CHAPLAIN ARTHUR B. FULLER. His noble life has a worthy record from the pen of his brother ; and we shall here present only a glance at the shining example of high aims in life, and self-forgetful patriotism in death, from the pen of an admiring friend. ARTHUR B. FULLER. — GEN. STRONG. 625 Bev. Arthur B. Fuller was commissioned by Gov. Andrew as chaplain of the Sixteenth Massachusetts Regiment, Aug. 1, 1861. He resigned at once his pastorate in Watertown, Mass., and entered with zeal upon his duties, which he discharged with unwonted fidelity and ability. Hon. Timothy Fuller was Chaplain Fuller's father ; and Margaret, Coun tess d'Ossoli, his sister, a ministering angel to Italian soldiers in 1849. Chaplain Fuller, after witnessing the encounter of " The Merrimack " and " Monitor," an excellent account of which he furnished for the press, accom panied his regiment through the disheartening Peninsular campaign. Exposure and excessive labor impaired his health. He came home in the spring of 1862 ; but duty soon recalled him to the field. He was finally obliged to resign, Dec. 10, 1862. The very next day occurred the battle of Fredericksburg ; and the patri otic chaplain volunteered to serve on that occasion, saying, "I must do something for my country." He advanced over the pontoon-bridge beneath the fierce fire of the enemy, and fell in a short time, pierced by two rebel balls. His remains were recovered, and Massachusetts gave her son an honor able burial ; the highest State officials, and prominent men of all sects and parties, joining in paying the last tribute of respect to one, who, as a pastor and as a chaplain, was worthy of his high and holy calling. BRIG.-GEN. GEORGE C. STRONG. More than a passing notice is due this brilliant young officer, who received his death-wound, leading the charge of his brigade upon Fort Wagner, near Charleston, on the 18th of July. We quote the following : — George Crockett Strong, thirty years of age at the time of his death, was born in Stookbridge, Vt. Through the untiring application of his uncle, who adopted him when eight years old, and through the discrimination of Hon. George T. Davis, then representing that district in Congress, young Strong was, after the death of his father, Daniel E. Strong, appointed to West Point in 1853. Cadet Strong graduated in 1857 among the first five of his class, all of whom he excelled, however, in the military exercises of the campus. Lieut. Strong received his brevet in the ordnance department, and was, for a while, stationed at Selma, Ala. y Nothing but his popularity and patriotism prevented an attack by the populace on Watervliet Arsenal, when it was ascertained that a patent machine for manufacturing bullets was made by direction of the Secretary of War, under the superintendence of Major Mordecac, who had command. After he had been in command of that post for a short time, he applied for active service, and was called to a position, as chief of ordnance, on the staff 79 626 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. of Gen. M'Dowell ; and was in the action of Bull Bun, where he distinguished himself by his cool courage and daring. Lieut. Strong was attached to the staff of Gen. M'Clellan, but in Septem ber, 1861, upon the application of Gen. Butler, was made Assistant Adjutant- General of the Department of New England, with the rank of major, and soon after became chief of staff, and acting chief of ordnance. He labored hard in the fitting-out of the New-Orleans Expedition, and from Ship Island made a brilliant and suceessful attack on a rebel camp at Biloxi, Miss. In the descent upon New Orleans, he landed, May 1, 1862, with the first column in that city. His severe duties brought on a fever early in June, and he was com pelled to go North. Three months later, with restored strength, he was welcomed back by his commander, and associates on the staff, and immediately sought active service. He obtained permission from Gen. Butler to make a daring raid upon Pontehala, across Lake Pontehartrain, the headquarters of Gen. Jeff. Thompson, capturing the town, and bringing among his trophies the rebel commander's spurs, bearing the inscription, ' ' Presented by the patriots of Memphis." When Gen. Butler was relieved from the Department of the Gulf, Major Strong returned with him, and remained in New York, attached to the staff of that general. In this position the War Department kindly permitted him to continue, on account of his ill health. For his gallantry, courage, and efficiency, Major Strong was, upon the recommendation of Gen. Butler, appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and received, two days before his death, the nomination of major-general by President Lincoln. Finding that there was no prospect that Gen. Butler would be ordered into immediate service, Gen. Strong, notwithstanding his sickness, volunteered to go with Gen. Gillmore to participate in the attack on Charleston. The coun try was electrified by the news of the gallantry with which he led his brigade in the landing on Morris Island, and first assault upon Fort Wagner, unsuc cessful though it was. Just as the parapet was gained, a shot struck Gen. Strong in the thigh, and he fell. He was carried out of the fight by his men, and sent to hospital, whence he was conveyed to New York. The wound was more severe than his enfeebled constitution could bear ; for, on his arrival there, he was attacked by lock-jaw, and died July 30, 1863. In him the country has lost one of her noblest and best soldiers* * Since this sketch was in press, wrote one who knew him intimately, " The quali ties which were particularly noticeable were his deep religious character, and that devoted patriotism which 'did not count his life dear' if his country called for its sacrifice. His death was full of Christian triumph. He was affectionate in all the relations of life, — a brave soldier and a true patriot. Not only may the state, but the nation, mourn the loss of a spirit so pure and noble in its aspirations." GEN. WELLS. 627 BREVET BRIG.-GEN. GEORGE DUNCAN WELLS. George Duncan Wells was born at Greenfield, Mass., Aug. 21, 1826. His father was Chief Justice Wells, from whom he inherited his integrity, and kindness of heart. He was elected to the Legislature in 1859 ; becoming at once chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and leader of the House. Early in the Bebellion, he served for a short time at Fort Warren, and was then commis sioned as lieutenant-colonel of the First Massachusetts Regiment. To him that gallant corps owed much of its discipline and efficiency. At the siege of Yorktown, heded the first assault of the Peninsular campaign, capturing a redoubt at the head of three companies ; himself being the first man to enter the lunette. Lieut.-Col. Wells shared most of the battles of this campaign ; leading, for a time, a demoralized regiment, to which be was assigned for the purpose of restoring its character. In July of < 1862, he took command of the noble Massachusetts Thirty-four-th. Col. Wells was next placed in command at Harper's Ferry. In October, 1863, the Thirty-fourth gained an opportunity to show themselves under fire, driving Imboden's raiders ten miles, and marching thirty-five miles in fifteen hours. In December, this officer, with fourteen hundred men, including four hundred cavalry and a battery of six guns, was sent to Harrisonburg to aid Averill, who was engaged in cutting the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. He rendered essential service, holding a rebel army of ten thousand men in check, and, when pursued by a large force under Early, made a masterly retreat. Building fires to deceive the enemy, he marched by night, and reached Harper's Ferry with his men and munitions unharmed, and with many prisoners and trophies. This march of forty-three miles in thirty hours was followed by a dress-parade on the next day, when the shining guns and neat equipments of the men were as remarkable as ever. The next battle was the disastrous one at Newmarket, where the Thirty- fourth gained new glory. The colonel was struck by two bullets ; but his "boys " boasted that he was " iron-clad." To the courage and coolness of his men, the safety of the army was, in great part, ascribed. Col. Wells next took part in the battle of Fisher's Hill, where he saved the day. The colonel was struck by a bullet, but without harm. On the 12th of October, Col. Wells fell at South-Cedar Creek, mortally wounded ; giving, after he received his death-wound, the needed orders for the withdrawal of his brigade, and warning his men not to attempt to save him. A brigadier-generalship by brevet was bestowed upon Col. Wells, dating from the day of his fall. So, mourned and honored by friends and foes, he died the death, as he had lived the life, of a true patriot and a true man. His body was buried in his native town. 628 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. BRIG.-GEN. THOMAS I. C. AMORT. Thomas I. C. Amory was a native of Massachusetts, and born in Boston, Nov. 28, 1828. When seventeen years of age, upon the nomination of Ex- President John Q. Adams, a friend and classmate of his grandfather, he was appointed a cadet at West Point. He was above the usual height, and of a robust constitution, Well fitting him for the hardships and exposures of his profession. Graduating in 1851, he was appointed brevet second lieutenant in the Seventh United-States Infantry, stationed at Fort Smith ; and for the next ten years was constantly engaged in his military duty in the western wilder ness, from the Falls of St. Anthony to Texas. His regiment was not in the Mexican War, but formed part of the Utah Expedition in 1854. After ten years of active duty, he returned home in the spring of 1861 on recruit ing service, and, when the Rebellion broke out, was useful in expediting troops to the field. In the autumn of that year, he was appointed colonel of the Seventeenth Massachusetts Volunteers. His regiment, one of the most efficient in the army, was ordered to Baltimore, and, after being employed in re-establishing order in Eastern Maryland, went to Newbern. Col. Amory as acting brigadier took part in several expeditions into the interior, and, when, Newbern was attacked, repulsed the enemy. In October, 1864, while in command at Beaufort, his wife died of yellow-fever ; and, a few days later, he also fell a victim to the disease. COL. FLETCHER WEBSTER. Fletcher Webster, son of the illustrious statesman, Daniel Webster, was born in Portsmouth, N.H., July 23, 1813. He was fitted for college at the Latin School in Boston, and graduated at Harvard College in 1833. In 1843, he went to China as secretary of legation under the Hon. Caleb Cush ing, who was minister. Upon his return, he settled in Boston. Immediately after the firing upon Fort Sumter, he proceeded to raise a regiment ; and his efforts were so warmly seconded by his own friends and those of his father, that, in a very short time, its ranks were filled. After passing some weeks at Fort Warren, in Boston Harbor, diligently drilling, and learning their new duties, his regiment, the Twelfth Massachusetts, in July, 1861, proceeded to the seat of war. For the remainder of that year, and for a considerable portion of 1862, the regiment was employed in guarding the upper waters of the Potomac. In the second battle of Bull Bun, Aug. 29, 1862, the regiment suffered heavily from the fire of the enemy ; and Col. Webster, who - had throughout behaved with the utmost gallantry, was shot through the body, and died a few hours afterwards. Col. Webster was a generous and warm-hearted man,. a brave soldier, and an excellent officer. His friends were strongly attached to him, and he was much beloved by the men whom he commanded CHAPTER IX. FALLEN HEROES. Brig.-Gen. F. W. Lander. — Brig.-Gen. T. G. Stevenson. — Brig.-Gen. Charles Russell Low ell.— Col. R. G. Shaw. — Col. P. J. Revere.— Col. G. L. Prescott. — Lieut.-Col. C.R. Mudge. — Lieut.-Col. L. M. Sargent. BRIG.-GEN. FREDERICK WILLIAM LANDER was born in Salem, Dec. 17, 1822. He was an active and adventurous boy, and grew up fond of and familiar with manly sports. In early youth, he entered Capt. Partridge's Military Academy at Norwich, Vt., and graduated a civil engineer. After a success ful practice in his profession for several years, he engaged in .explorations for the Government at the West. Of two expedi tions to survey the route of a Pacific Railroad, he organized the latter at his own expense, and was the only survivor of the party who went out with him. Subsequently he surveyed and constructed the Great Central Wagon-route ; travelling, in four months and a half, four thousand six hundred miles. In 1858, while this gigantic enterprise was in progress, the Pah Ute Indians fell upon his party of seventy men, and were completely routed. When civil war burst upon the country, he offered his services to Gen. Scott " in any capacity, at any time, and for any duty." He was soon after employed successfully on secret missions to the South. He was volunteer aide on Gen. M'Clellan's staff the same year, and shared honorably in the battles of Philippi and Rich Mountain ; in the latter, especially, displaying coolness and bravery which decided the fortunes of the day. In July, 1861, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers ; and while in Washington, hearing of the disaster at Ball's Bluff, he hastened to Edward's Ferry with a company of sharpshooters, and held the position. Here he was wounded in the leg, but continued in active service. After a forced march of forty-three miles through deep snow, in February, 1862, to Blooming Gap, he made a bril liant and successful charge upon the enemy. Failing health compelled Gen. Lander to ask for relief from 629 630 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. military duties ; but before the request could be granted, hearing that the enemy were within reach, he was preparing for a mid night attack, when he suddenly sank into the arms of death at Paupan, Va. The immediate cause of his death was congestion of the brain. Gen. Lander was a dashing and daring officer, regardless of danger, and glorying in the strife when hottest around him. In sympathy with human suffering, and hating injustice, he was a chivalrous and heroic man, of whose martial career we can only say, his " sun went down while it was yet noon." GEN. STEVENSON. Thomas Greely Stevenson, brigadier-general United-States Volunteers, who fell at the head of the first division of the Ninth Army Corps on the tenth day of May, 1864, was born in Boston, Mass., on the third day of February, 1836. He was the elder son of J. Thomas Stevenson, of that city. In his boyhood he was beloved and trusted by his companions, acquiring an influence over them, accounted for only by attributing to him the pos session of those remarkable qualities which so fully developed themselves in riper years. As a youth, he was a leader in manly sports ; many of the most promis ing young men of his native city gathering around him as their chief. His manly and straightforward conduct insured their respect, and his sympathetic friendship won their affection. He received his early education in the best schools of Boston. While still quite young, he evinced a decided preference for the active pursuits of com mercial life ; and at sixteen he entered the counting-room of one of the most active of the Boston merchants, whose love and confidence he rapidly gained, and never lost. The first flash of the Bebellion awakened him to a full sense of the duties which young men owed to the nation. He devoted himself with all his ener gies to his country, and enlisted in her cause. He seemed to foresee the mag nitude of the contest, and never indulged a doubt concerning its issue. In the spring of 1861, he was orderly-sergeant of the New-England Guards, — an old and favorite company of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, com posed of young men of good position in Boston. When permission was given to raise another company of New-England Guards, and the two were organized as the Fourth Battalion of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, he was elected captain of one of the companies. The battalion received orders to garrison Fort Independence, in Boston Harbor ; and occupied that post on the 25th of April, 1861, under his command. On the 4th of Blay, he was elected major of the battalion, and continued to com mand it till he was called to a position of higher rank and greater responsi bility. GEN. STEVENSON. 631 On the 31st of August, 1861, Major Stevenson received from the Governor of Massachusetts authority to raise a regiment of volunteers for the service of the United States, which he proceeded to recruit forthwith with great care. Col. Stevenson went into camp at Beadville, Mass., early in September, 1861, with the Twenty-fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. The regiment was assigned to Gen. Burnside's command, and left the State on the ninth day of December, 1861, and proceeded to Annapolis, Md., where it was attached to the brigade of Gen. John G. Foster. He commanded the regiment at Boanoke Island on the 8th of February, 1862 ; and in the battle of Newbern on the 14th of March of the same year, where his coolness and intrepidity, under the severe fire to which the troops were exposed, seemed to inspire the young officers by whom he was sur rounded, and did much to secure the steady and unwavering conduct which distinguished his men. Upon the re-organization of Gen. Burnside's forces in North Carolina, in April, 1862, Col. Stevenson was assigned to the command of a brigade in Gen. Foster's division, which he accepted with much hesitation, on account of his youth, and of his apprehension that the chances of war might separate him from the Twenty-fourth Regiment, to which he was ardtently attached. In Gen. Foster's movement towards Tarborough in November of that year, his command had the advance. The official report of the commanding gen eral concludes as follows : — " I desire to mention particularly the efficient conduct of Col. Stevenson, commanding the second brigade ; and of Col. Potter, of the First North- Carolina Union Volunteers. " I recommend that Col. Stevenson, for his efficient services on this march and in the affairs at Little Creek and at Rawle's Mills, as well as previous services at the battles of Boanoke and of Newbern, be promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, to date from Nov. 3, 1862." He led the same brigade in the movement to Goldsborough, and distinguished himself by the rapidity of his movements upon that march, by the disposition of his troops, and his conduct in the battles of Kinston on the 14th, of White hall on the 16th, and of Goldsborough on the 17th of that month. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general on the 27th of December, 1862, upon the recommendation of his commanding officer, for gallantry and efficiency in the field. Early in 1863, Gen. Foster organized a land force for operations against Charleston, and assigned a brigade to Gen. Stevenson; and in February he went to South Carolina, where his command was attached to the Tenth Army Corps. On the 28th of March, 1863, in anticipation of the first combined move ment by Admiral Dupont and Gen. Hunter upon Fort Sumter, he landed upon Seabrook Island and took possession of it. The maintenance of this position, in close proximity to the enemy at a point easily accessible to his forces, required great circumspection. On the night 632 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. of July 9, he moved his force from Seabrook to James Island, where he re mained until the 17th, when, the object of the movement having been accom plished, his brigade was ordered to Morris Island, where he landed it on the 18th, the day of the assault upon Fort Wagner, during which he commanded the reserves. In the subsequent operations upon Morris Island, in the siege of Charleston, Gen. Stevenson labored very assiduously, commanding regiments from seven different States. He remained attached to the Tenth Army Corps until April, 1864, when he was ordered to report to Gen. Burnside at Annapolis : here, not fully recovered from sickness contracted by constant exposure and severe service in South Carolina, he organized and took command of the first division of the Ninth Army Corps, which immediately marched to the Rappa hannock to join the Army of the Potomac. He commanded this division in the battle of the Wilderness on the 6th of May ; and was at its head, at Spott sylvania, when he was killed by a rifle-ball, on the morning of the 10th of May, 1864. In his military career, his honors outstripped his years. He was the coun sellor of many older and of larger experience than himself. He occupied higher positions and held larger commands than belonged to his existing rank, during nearly the whole term of his service. His devotion to duty, his strict attention to the minutest details, his skill in the disposition of troops, his gallantry in action, and his efficiency in the field, secured for him always the thorough confidence of his superior officers. He was proud of the regiment which he had organized, jealous of its honor, and always confident that its duty would be well performed ; and they, in re turn, seemed to idolize their young commander. Sick and wounded officers and privates found relief in the cheerful tones of his voice : and " the men of Stevenson's brigade will never forget, that after the toilsome march, often late into the night, they always found their general waiting to make sure that every thing which circumstances permitted was done for their comfort ; that the last quarters located were his ; and that the last weary man relieved from duty was their general ; that however cheer less the bivouac, or however stormy the night, he never left them to avail himself of the proffered comforts of headquarters." Gen. Stevenson entered the military service with no ambitious purposes, but from a religious sense of duty ; and having laid upon the altar of his country his young life, full of honors and of happiness in the past, and of promise for the future, he will be remembered as " a good son, a dear brother, a firm friend, a true patriot, a brave soldier, a gallant officer, and an honorable man." BRIG.-GEN. CHARLES RUSSELL LOWELL. A writer in " Macmillan's Magazine," London, commenting with great fairness and admiration upon the victorious issue of the war, and bestowing fitting praise upon Massachusetts, says of the Lowells, — GENS. LOWELL AND SHAW. 633 First in order comes Willie Putnam, aged twenty-one, the sole surviving son of Lowell's sister, — a boy of the highest culture and promise, — mortally wounded at Ball's Bluff in October, 1861,- in the first months of the war, while in the act of going to the help of a wounded companion. At the same bitter fight, his cousin, James Jackson Lowell, aged twenty-four, was badly hurt ; but, after a short absence to recruit, joined his regiment again, and fell on June 30, 1862. " Tell my father I was dressing the line of my company when I was hit," was his last message home. He had been first in his year at Harvard, and was taking private pupils in the Law School when the war broke out. Warren D. Bussell fell at Bull Bun in August, 1862. Charles Russell Lowell, the only brother of James who died " dressing his Une," was also the first scholar of "his year (1854) at Harvard. He had visited Europe for health, and made long riding-tours in Spain and Algeria, where he became a consummate horseman. On the day after the Sixth Mas sachusetts were fired on in Baltimore streets, Charles Lowell heard of it, and started by the next train to Washington, passing through Baltimore. All communication between the two cities was suspended ; but be arrived on foot at Washington in forty-eight hours. In those first days of confusion, he be came agent for Massachusetts at Washington, and brought order out of chaos for his own State before joining the army. His powers of command and organization gained him rapid promotion. He served with distinction in the Peninsular campaigns of M'Clellan, and, after Antietam, was selected to carry the captured standards to Washington. He raised a second cavalry regiment at home in the winter of 1862. He was placed in command of the cavalry force which protected Washington during the dark days of 1863. In Sheridan's brilliant campaign of 1864, he commanded the cavalry brigade of four regu lar regiments, and the Second Massachusetts volunteer cavalry. He had thirteen horses shot under him before the battle of Cedar Creek, on Oct. 19 ; was badly wounded early in that clay, and lifted on to his fourteenth horse to lead the final charge, so faint, that he had to give his orders in a whisper. Urged by those round him to leave the field, he pressed on to the critical point of -attack ; and himself led the last charge which ended one of the most obstinate battles of the war. He died next day of his wounds, leaving a widow of twenty, himself not thirty. The " Gazette," in which his commission as general was published, did not reach the army till after his death. Sheridan, with the generosity which most of the great Northern captains have shown, declared that the country could better have spared himself, and that there was no one quality of a soldier which he could have wished added to Charles Lowell. COL. R. G. SHAW. We have an outline of Col. Robert G. Shaw's career in the words of a relative, which we quote, because they modestly and in the briefest form tell the story of a noble life and heroic death : — 80 634 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. He was the only son of Francis George and Sarah Blake Shaw, both natives of Boston, and of mixed English and Scotch descent. Col. Shaw was born in Boston, 10th October, 1837; was educated at St. John's College, Fordham, N. Y. ; in Switzerland, Italy, and Germany ; and at Harvard College, class of 1860. Leaving college before his class graduated, he entered the counting-house of his uncles, Henry P. Sturgis & Co., New- York City; where, in January, 1861, impressed with the duty of taking part in the struggle he saw to be impending, he became a private in Company C, Seventh Begiment New- York State Militia, with which he marched to Washing ton in April, 1861 , on the President's first call for volunteers. On the 13th of May, he received a commission as second lieutenant in the Second Begiment Massachusetts Volunteers, then forming under Col. (afterwards Gen.) Gordon. He was commissioned as first lieutenant on the 8th July, 1861 ; as captain on the 10th August, 1862 ; and remained with his regiment, participating in all its battles, serving as aide-de-camp to Gen. Goodwin at Cedar Mountain. Though struck by bullets at Winchester and Antietam, he escaped without a wound. Early in February, 1863, he was designated by Gov. Andrew to form and command the Fifty-fourth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, the first colored regiment authorized to be raised in a free State. He was commissioned as major on the 31st of March, 1863; and on the 17th of April as colonel. On the 28th of May, having formed and disciplined his regiment, he embarked with it for South Carolina. After having been employed in several expeditions, the regiment dis tinguished itself in an engagement on James Island ; where, on the 16th of July, 1863, three companies bravely confronted and held back a superior force of the enemy, securing time for the formation of the division. On the 18th of the same month, the Fifty-fourth was honored by being selected to head the assault on Fort Wagner, Morris Island. Col, Shaw was killed on the parapet of the fort, leading and cheering on his brave men ; and was buried near the fort with many of his attached and devoted followers who had fallen with him. It is proper to add here, that perhaps to no one of the heroes of the deadly night-strife in which Col. Shaw fell were the troops more indebted than to Capt. Luis F. Emilio, of Salem, Mass., who rallied the men, and fought with the greatest valor. COL. PAUL JOSEPH REVERE. Paul Joseph Revere, colonel of the Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, fell, mortally wounded, at the battle of Gettysburg, on the second day of July, 1863. He was born in Boston on the tenth day of September, 1832 ; being the third son of Joseph W. Bevere, and grandson of Paul Revere. He received his early education in the schools of Boston and the neighborhood, and then went to Harvard College, where he graduated in 1852. In the summer after COL. REVERE. 635 • the war broke out, he accepted the position of major of the Twentieth Regi ment Massachusetts Volunteers. He was energetic and faithful in the dis charge of his duties in raising and disciplining that regiment ; and distin guished himself highly in the disastrous affair of Ball's Bluff, where it first met the enemy. He was slightly wounded, taken prisoner, and carried to Bichmond ; where, not long after, it fell to his lot to go into close imprison ment, as one of the hostages for the Southern privateersmen whom we had captured and confined. He was exchanged in 1862, and rejoined his regiment before Yorktown just in time to march with it into the abandoned works of the enemy. The thin remnant of those who served with him then will not soon forget the energy with which he pushed the skirmishers through the woods and swamps which edge the Chickahominy, nor how gallantly he played his part, and how clearly his voice rang, on the dark afternoon when Sumner met the rebel left as it swung round at Fair Oaks. Here the Twentieth first had its revenge for Ball's Bluff, taking prisoners from eleven of the thirteen States of the Confederacy. In all the fighting and skirmishing and outpost>duty of the Peninsular campaign, Major Bevere showed himself the faithful, the conscientious, the gallant soldier. At the battle of Glendale, on the 30th of June, 1862, he distinguished himself particularly. He had two horses shot, and was severely wounded by the fall of one. For his gallant services, Gen. Sedgewick made especial mention of him. In the hot and unhealthy air of Harrison's Landing, Major Revere lan guished. The effects of prison-life became more apparent, and his frame seemed shaken by his fall at Glendale. At Malvern Hill, in August, 1862, his manifest unfitness for the field attracted the attention of Gen. Sumner ; and he ordered him to the rear, and gave him leave of absence. He returned to the field in September following as inspector-general of the Second Corps, on the staff of Gen. Sumner, with the rank of lieutenant>colonel. He rode by his side into the field of blood at Antietam, where, in thirty minutes, fifty-five per cent of the third brigade of his second division, to which the Twentieth belonged, were shot down. Here, as everywhere, Col. Revere did good service till a wound disabled him and sent him to the rear, in ignorance of the fate of his brother, a brave and devoted surgeon, who lay on the same field, shot through the heart. His recovery from this wound was slow, and attended by cruel sufferings, which kept him from the field for many months. Before he was fit for service, he reported for duty, and was appointed to the command of his old regiment. By the side of those tried and trusty men, his companions in so many fights, on the second day of July, 1863, he received the wound of which he died two days after. Col. Bevere was a man of great coolness and daring. His form was tall and athletic, his eye quick. He was endowed with a very uniform and cheer ful disposition, and did much to keep up the spirits of his associates in 636 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. prison and in the field by the hopefulness and spirit which he always dis played. His early death took from his friends and his country a true man, a gallant soldier, and an accomplished Christian gentleman ; from his wife and two young children, a devoted husband and father. COL. GEORGE L. PRESCOTT Was born in Littleton, Mass., May '29, 1829, — the only son of Timothy Prescott, Esq. Four years after, his father moved to Concord, Mass. Here the outbreak of the war found him quietly engaged in business : but, at the first call of Government, he left it, and led one of the earliest companies to Washington ; leaving home on the 19th of April, — a day memorable both in Concord and Baltimore. With the rank of captain, he served in the Fifth Begiment Massachusetts Infantry, participating in the first Bull-Run battle. Returning home from his three-months' service, he felt as if he must do mora for his country ; and in October, 1861, he again raised a company ; and the spring of 1862 found him again in the field, connected with the Thirty- second' Begiment. He served through the latter part of the Peninsular campaign, and was present at the battles which followed the disasters of M'Clellan. In August, 1862, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, and participated in the bloody repulse at Fredericksburg. On the resignation of Col. Parker in December, he was promoted to the command. He commanded the Thirty-second at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, where he was slightly wounded. He led his regiment, with signal gallantry, from the Wilderness to Peters burg. Here, on the 18th of June, while leading his regiment in an assault upon the enemy's works, he received a mortal wound through the left breast. He lived twenty-four hours, — long enough to receive the well-merited praise of his superior officers, and to send messages of affection to his wife and httle ones- iii Concord. LIEUT.-COL. CHARLES REDINGTON MUDGE. Lieut.-Col. Charles Redington Mudge was killed in the battle of Gettys burg, 3d July, 1863, aged twenty-three years. He was bom in New- York City, 22d October, 1839. His boyhood was marked by an honest and truthful as well as kind and genial disposition, which endeared him to his playmates, and made him a cherished object of affection to his family. He graduated at Har vard in the class of 1860. From that time, with the exception of a few mouths passed in preparing to enter business with his father, he was in the service of his country, having joined the Second Massachusetts Infantry, — the first three-years' regiment raised for the war. He was commissioned as first LIEUTS. MUDGE AND SARGENT. 637 lieutenant; promoted to be captain July 8, 1861; and was subsequently made major and lieutenant-colonel. When the regiment covered the rear in Gen. Banks's retreat, Col. Mudge was with them in their dangerous path ; and in the battle of Winchester, May 25, 1862, received his first wound. At the battle of Chancellorsville, Col. Cogswell was wounded early in the day ; and the command of the regiment devolved upon Col. (then Major) Mudge, which he retained from that time until his death. In the movement on Beverly Ford and the wonderful march of the army to the field of Gettys burg, the Second Regiment was kept in constant readiness for any duty. On the evening of the 2d July, it changed its position from the left to the right wing. The rebels were found to have advanced their left. A recon noitring-party was ordered forward, and discovered that the woods in front were filled with them. It was at this juncture that the calm courage and wonderful quickness of thought of Major Mudge enabled him to extricate the regiment from its perilous position. The officers and men felt themselves saved from annihilation or capture by the presence of mind and military skill of their young commander. The morning dawned, and an order came for the brigade to which the Second Regiment was attached to assault the enemy's position. It resulted in one-half the regiment being laid dead or wounded on the field. The remnant struggled through alone ; the brigade having broken, and fled back to the cover of their lines. The young commander fell dead, struck full in the breast by a rifle-ball. LIEUT.-COL. LUCIUS MANLIUS SARGENT. Lieut.-Col. Lucius Manlius Sargent, First Regiment Massachusetts Cavalry, was killed at Weldon Railroad, Va., on the ninth day of December, A.D. 1864, when leading his regiment against the enemy. He was widely known in the service for his manly and chivalric nature, his indifference to personal danger, and his efficiency as an officer. From the outbreak of the war, he devoted himself, without hesitation, to the cause of his country ; first as a surgeon in the Twentieth Regiment, and after wards by joining, as captain, the First Cavalry, of which his brother Horace was lieutenantrcolonel. He saw much active service, and was in various engagements, being wounded at Aldie. He made it a principle to share the hardships and privations of his men, improving every opportunity of con- tributino- to their welfare. His wit and cheerfulness made him an agreeable companion, and his natural enthusiasm inspired others with hke zeal and devotion. In every relation of hfe, Col. Sargent was exemplary, and not least so in the practice of his profession. He took good rank as a surgeon ; and his dispensary services, from their extent and usefulness, have been often men tioned with praise. Ordinary panegyric seems cold and unmeaning when applied to a character of such noble proportions. Those who were bound to him by ties of friendship or consanguinity will ever cherish his memory with peculiar tenderness. CHAPTER X. FALLEN HEROES. Major W. A. Walker. — Capt. W. S. Hodges. — Capt. W. E. Hooker. — Capt. N. B. Short- leff, Jun. — Lieut. H. M. Burnham. — Lieut. E. P. Hopkins Sergeant Theodore Parkman. — Lieut. Sumner Paine. — Brig.-Gen. George B. Boomer. MAJOR WILLIAM A. WALKER. MAJOR WILLIAM AUGUSTUS WALKER was a native of Ports mouth, N.H. He was born in 1827. At the age of twenty, he removed to Boston, and subsequently to Greenfield in 1858, where he was employed as a clerk for some time, and was interested in all matters of public interest. In the summer of 1861, at the breaking-out of the Bebellion, he was very active in raising and organizing a company for the Twenty-seventh Regiment. He was mustered into the service, as captain of Company C of that regiment, 20th of September, 1861. The first engagement in which Capt. Walker participated was at Roanoke Island, Feb. 7, 1862, in which, by the testimony of all his brother-officers, he behaved gallantly. His next engagement was at Newbern, March 14, 1862, when the reputation for bravery he had earned at Roanoke was firmly estab lished. From this time till the winter of 1862, his regiment performed camp and garrison duty only. In November, he participated in the brisk skirmish at Rawles's Mills ; and afterwards marched with his company to Williamston, Hamilton, and in the vicinity of Tarborough, near the Weldon Railroad, on an expedition designed to destroy the road. In the succeeding month, Capt. Walker participated in the sharp engagement of Bristow, White Hall, and Goldsborough, in an expedition led by Gen. Foster. Major Walker was for a long time provost-marshal of Newbern ; performing the arduous and delicate duties of the post with great satisfaction to all asso ciated with him. In consequence of his business-training, and known habits of order and system, he was repeatedly chosen to serve on courts-martial, and, in many positions other than in the field, served his country faithfully and acceptably. In May, 1863, he was promoted to the rank of major. In the fall of 1863, the Twenty-seventh Begiment was transferred to Norfolk, Va., where it per formed garrison-duty till the opening of the summer campaign of 1864, when it was incorporated into the Army of the James. A temporary sickness detained Major Walker, and prevented his capture at Drury's Bluff, where most of the regiment was taken. The command of the remainder now devolved upon Major 638 MAJOR WALKER AND CAPT. HODGES. 639 Walker : he marched with them and the Eighteenth Army Corps to join Gen. Grant. June 3, in a fatal charge upon the enemy at Cold Harbor, Major Walker was instantly killed at the very front of his regiment. The spot where he fell being under the fire of both armies, he was left several days unburied, and at last interred upon the field where he fell. It is the universal testi mony of both officers and men who were associated with him, that he was a brave man, and a faithful, efficient officer. His company, as a testimonial of their respect and attachment, some time previous to his promotion, made him a present of an elegant sword, sash, and belt. CAPT. WILLIAM TOWNSEND HODGES. William Townsend Hodges, captain Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry, son of Col. Almon D. Hodges of Boxbury, Mass., was a lineal descendant, on his mother's side, from Boger Williams. He graduated at the English High School in Boston in 1850 ; and was appointed a discount clerk in Washington Bank, Boston, at the age of nineteen years. He was killed, April 6, 1865, in a cavalry charge made by three squadrons of his regiment on the rebel cavalry Under Fitz-Hugh Lee, at High Bridge, near ¦Burkesville, Va., where nearly every officer of this command was either killed or wounded. • The command had broken through a brigade line of the enemy's cavalry ; and the last charge was made by Capt. Hodges at the head of his squadron, upon a division line of the enemy, when he fell. He was actively engaged during the battles which ended in the evacuation of Bichmond, and took a part in the pursuit of Lee, up to the engagement in which he lost his life. Capt. Hodges first held a commission as first lieutenant in Capt. John L. Swift's company of the Forty-first Massachusetts Begiment ; and he bore an honorable part in the campaigns in Louisiana. At Port Hudson, volunteers were called for as a forlorn hope to make an assault on the powerful works of the enemy ; and he was one among the first to offer his services for the dangerous duty. This was quite in keeping with the character of the deceased, who was a courageous and determined soldier. Lieut. Hodges was promoted in April, 1864, from lieutenant of the Third to a captaincy in the Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry, which he held at the time of his death. Capt. Hodges' remains were brought to Roxbury, and repose in Cypress Avenue, Forest Hills, where a monument is erected to his memory, and also to the memory of his brother, George Foster Hodges, a graduate of Harvard University of the class of 1855, who joined the Fifth Massachusetts Begiment, which left Boston for Washington, April 21, 1861. He was ap pointed paymaster of said regiment by Col. Lawrence, his classmate, after the arrival of the regiment at Washington. He participated in the battle of Bull Bun ; and, after the return of the Fifth, he was appointed to the office of adjutant of the Eighteenth Regiment, on recommendation of Col. Barnes. He also gave up his life to the service of. his country. 640 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. CAPT. WILLIAM ESTES HACKER. Capt. William Estes Hacker, Company A, Third Maryland Volunteer In fantry, was born in Philadelphia, Aug. 20, 1844. Moved to Worcester 1850. Entered the Highland Military School at Worcester in 1857. In 1858 was appointed second lieutenant, and captain in 1859; and held the office until he graduated in 1861. He left home, September, 1861, to act as volun teer aide on Gen. James Cooper's staff, who was raising a brigade in Maryland ; and continued on his staff until the following May, when he accepted com mission as second lieutenant in the Third Maryland. The last of May, the regiment was ordered to Harper's Ferry, and was stationed at Bolivar Heights. In the retreat of Gen. Saxton, the regiment lost all their baggage and tents. Was afterwards up the Shenandoah Valley with Gen. Banks's army corps, and in the fight at Slaughter Mountain, where Major Kennedy of the regi ment was killed. During the retreat of Gen. Pope, the regiment was engaged in the rear, burning and destroying baggage-wagons' and railroad-cars, and suffered se verely for want of food. In the battle of Antietam, he was shot through the chest. He was taken to Worcester by his father on a stretcher. In Novem ber, he left for his regiment again, as he learned they were going into winter- quarters. A few days after, they were ordered to move, and he to report to the medical director at Philadelphia. Not being sufficiently recovered to go with the regiment, he was ordered to the officers' hospital at Camaes Woods in Philadelphia, where he staid until Jan. 13. He then joined his regi ment at Stafford Court House, Va. ; and shortly after they were ordered to Acquia Creek. In March, was detailed by Gen. Jackson to act as brigade inspector ; but, before assuming any of the duties, he was taken with typhoid- fever, and died March 28, 1863. . His body was taken to Philadelphia, and laid in Laurel-hill Cemetery. He was eighteen years and seven months old when he died, and probably one of the youngest captains who died during the war. CAPT. NATHANIEL BRADSTREET SHURTLEFF, JUN., Was the son of a physician of Boston bearing the same name ; and was born in that city on the sixteenth day of March, 1838. He received his early educa tion in the public schools of his native city, where he earned several high prizes. He graduated at Harvard College in 1859, where he distinguished himself as a public speaker, possessing the highest powers as a writer and extemporaneous debater. In the law-office of William Brigham of Boston, he passed a year of study; and, just as he was attaining a position among his fellow-students, the country became convulsed by the Southern Rebellion. He was a member of a volunteer military company in Boston, the Independent Company of Cadets. On the day after the Baltimore riot, Fletcher Webster made his public appeal in State Street for soldiers for three-years' service. L'EUT. P M Lieut e f hof < ''¦ % - hy G-.E.P-.rmi ^C W7Clk.er-,7F,u7l7l&r Sc Co. CAPT. SHURTLEFF AND LIEUT. BURNHAM. 641 Mr. Shurtleff was his first recruit, enlisting on the 20th of April, — the first actually enlisted to serve three years, or until the close of the war. He was chosen by his men, and commissioned by the Governor, as captain of Company D, early in May, 1861. This regiment was first brought under fire at the battle of Cedar Mountain, near Culpeper, in Virginia. Here it was that Capt. Shurtleff fell on the 9th of August, 1862, at the age of twenty-four years. His death was instantaneous ; a ball having passed through his chest as he raised himself to caution his men against unnecessary exposure, they lying on the ground by command of their general officer. The body of Capt. Shurtleff was embalmed, sent home for burial, and was deposited at Mount Auburn with military honors, after an imposing ceremonial at the Church of the Immaculate Conception. LIEUT. HOWARD MATHER BURNHAM. Howard Mather Burnham was born in Longmeadow, Mass., March 17, 1842 ; and died on the field of Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863, at the age of twenty-one. When the signal-gun of war reverberated from Sumter, it fired instantly the pent-up enthusiasm of his ardent and noble nature. On the 19th of April, 1861, — the day when the first Massachusetts blood was shed in Baltimore, — he joined the Springfield City Guards. A few days after, seeing the prospect of speedier service, he went into camp with the Tenth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, then forming at Springfield, on the Hampden Park. He was soon commissioned as second lieutenant, Fifth Artillery, in the regular army. He served impatiently for several months in the irksome service of recruiting-officer at Towanda, Philadelphia, New York, Albany, and Dubuque, until he was ordered to Fort Hamilton, N.Y., on garrison-duty. The next April, he was promoted to a first lieutenancy, and ordered to report to Gen. Rosecrans at Murfreesborough. He was placed in command of Battery H, Fifth Artillery ; and with this battery he remained till he died fighting its guns. He had, however, shortly after taking its com mand, been appointed chief of artillery of the first division, Fourteenth Army Corps, and placed on the staff of Gen. Baird. He placed his battery in position for his first and last fight, serving his guns ; and, exposing himself to a murderous fire of bullets, he fell, mortally wounded by a shot through the right breast, about noon, Sept. 19. He was full six feet high, of fine proportions, very athletic, proficient in all manly sports, a great pedestrian, a splendid rider ; not disdaining the axe and spade ; ready for work as well as play; " enduring hardness " self-imposed, as if to guard against the soft allurements of wealth and leisure. He was the obedient son, the careful, loving brother, the type of gentlemanly bearing, the model of courtesy. 81 642 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. LIEUT. EDWARD PATSON HOPKINS. Lieut. Edward Payson Hopkins was born July 22, 1843, in Williams- town, where he received his early education ; entering Williams College (where his father was professor) with the class of 1864. Previous to this, he was engaged for some months with Prof. Wilbur in an exploration of the State of Illinois. In college, he became the President of the Lyceum of Natural History, and was an active member of the expedition it sent to Greenland. At the beginning of his senior year, he began, with enthusiasm, recruiting for the First Massachusetts Cavalry. On the sixth day of January, 1864, he was mustered into the United-States service as first lieutenant in that regiment, and soon after joined his command in the Army of the Potomac. The cav alry commenced fighting, May 3, in the battle of the Wilderness, and were almost constantly engaged until May 11; on the morning of which latter day, Lieut. Hopkins was shot from his horse, and killed instantly, while leading a charge on the cavalry of the enemy at Ashland, sixteen miles from Richmond. By those with whom he was associated he was esteemed, by his comrades honored and loved, and regarded by all as one born insensible to fear. THEODORE PARKMAN. Theodore Parkman, who was killed at the age of twenty-five in the skir mish at Whitehall, N.C, was a graduate of Columbia College of the class of 1857. His special studies were in chemistry and natural science. He studied more than two years in Germany, where, in 1861, he obtained the degree of doctor of philosophy from the University of Gottingen. He had a singularly clear and manly mind, was a scholar, admirably versed in his depart ment, pure and noble in his thoughts, jealous of every moment in which he was not learning something, modest and reserved in manner. Distrusting his untried military ability, this accomplished young man in sisted upon enlisting as a private in the Forty-fifth Massachusetts Volunteers. Appointed color-sergeant of his regiment, he won by his courage and cheer fulness the hearty love of his comrades. He was killed while his regiment was waiting in reserve to support the Twenty-third, of the same State. SUMNER PAINE. Sumner Paine was born in Boston, May 10, 1845 ; and was a great-grand son of Robert Treat Paine. After being at the public Latin School one year, he went in 1856, with his family, to Europe. He spent nearly a year at an excellent institution in Paris ; and in September, 1858, after two years' absence, returned to Boston, and re-entered the public Latin School, having acquired a knowledge of Spanish and the French and Italian languages, so as to converse in them freely. In 1861, he graduated at the school as first ; scholar, and entered Harvard University. His talents and attainments were LIEUT. PAINE AMD GEN. BOOMER. 643 such, that the required exercises were an easy task to him. In April, 1861, he applied for and obtained a commission as second lieutenant in the Twenti eth Massachusetts Regiment, which he joined May 2, 1863, at Fredericks burg. That night the army crossed the river, and, the next day, fouo-ht the battle of Chancellorsville. Early in the day, the captain of his company was wounded; and the command devolved on him. He acquitted himself in a way to gain the high esteem of his brother-officers. He continued in command of a company until his death. The long, hot, forced march to Gettysburg, under which so many gave out, he bore without difficulty. His regiment arrived on the battle-field at the end of the first day's fight. On Friday afternoon, the enemy made their last and great effort, pouring in immense force upon our left centre. Lieut. Paine, full of zeal and ardor, was urging his company for ward, and had just exclaimed to a brother-officer, " Isn't this glorious ? " when his ankle was broken by a piece of shell, and he fell. Then, raising himself upon his left elbow, he was waving his sword, and cheering on his men with " Forward, forward ! " when a bullet pierced his heart, and he dropped dead, Friday, July 3, 1863, aged eighteen years. He lies buried on the battle-field where he fell, in the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, in the Massachusetts division. His brother-officers held him in the highest esteem and affection. GEN. GEORGE B. BOOMER. Gen. George B. Boomer was killed, May 22, 1863, by a rebel bullet, at the siege of Vicksburg. His funeral took place in the Third Baptist Church, Worcester. It was attended by all the members of the city government, be sides many other distinguished personages. Rev. F. Barnard, who officiated, spoke in high terms of the deceased, and gave a very interesting account of his military career ; stating that, in Sep tember, 1861, he commanded the Twenty-sixth Missouri Regiment, raised by his own exertions. Soon after the battle of Iuka, in which he was severely wounded, he was, by order of Gen. Grant, given the command of a brigade as a reward for his bravery. His body was interred in Rural Ceme- tary ; and in December, 1865, a freestone shaft of handsome design was placed above his resting-place. HENRY LYMAN PATTEN. Henry Lyman Patten was born at Kingston, N.H., in April, 1836. He graduated at Harvard, with high honors, in 1858. He taught in different places, and was assistant professor in the Washington University, St. Louis ; and finally entered the Law School at Cambridge, Mass. When the war broke out, he obtained a commission in the Twentieth Regi ment, and fought through the Peninsular campaign ; received a wound at Glen dale ; and was in the thickest of the fight at Antietam. He shared in the crossing of the Rappahannock, and in both attacks on 644 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. Fredericksburg ; was wounded at Gettysburg ; at the battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864 ; and went through the fatiguing campaign of Mine Run. The command of the regiment was soon given to him, and, shortly after wards, the rank of major. The arduous duties and privations he had to undergo in his capacity cannot be estimated ; but he nobly bore them, as also illness, which, under ordinary circumstances, would have reheved him from duty. The first and second officers of his regiment returning, he was at length relieved of his command. Three days after, he received a wound at Deep Bottom, rendering amputation of his leg above the knee necessary. His con stitution, already overtaxed, was unable to support this shock ; and, though he bore his sufferings with Christian patience, they were only ended by his death. Major Patten was a singularly modest man, and one of the bravest soldiers that ever drew sword. He was beloved by his regiment; and, of the eighteen officers of the Twentieth who gave up their lives to their country, he was one of the most worthy. It is with a sigh of deep regret that we turn from a score or two of sketches of youthful heroes in the national gallery of the patriotic Count Schwabe, which we had hoped to add to the brief memoirs that accompany the por traits; such as Marshall, Durivage, Washburn, Williams, Fox, Priestley, Craig, Cowdin, Ure, Stearns, Wilcox, Putnam, Dwight, Perkins, Allen, Sturgis, Hodges, Meade, Cushing, the brothers Batchelder, and Russell. A simple and succinct record of their names and fate will be found in the Appendix, which at least will exonerate us from the charge of having will ingly neglected to give a record of their heroic career to the world. Before dismissing the subject, however, it is impossible to refrain from mentioning particularly the last victim of the Rebellion. EDWARD L. STEVENS. Edward L. Stevens, of Brighton, first lieutenant, Company H, Fifty-fourth Begiment, was killed in the action at Boykin's Mills, April 18, 1865, the last engagement of the war, and nine days after the surrender of Gen. Lee. The expedition of Brig.-Gen. Potter into South Carolina, which cost young Stevens his life, conferred on Massachusetts the honor of giving the last mar tyr-blood to the Bepublic. Baltimore and Boykin's Mills have thus an his torical interest to the State, which will be cherished among her most precious treasures in the glorious past. CHAPTER XI. MEMORIALS OF THE DEAD. The Work of commemorating the Death of our Heroes of the Field just begun. — Gov. Andrew's eloquent Words to the Legislature. — Gettysburg Cemetery. — The Monu ment to Ladd and Whitney. — Needham's Monument. — The Dead of Williams Col lege. — Reading Monument. — New Bedford, Eastham, Ashfield, and other Places. IT is too soon yet to record the substantial honors Massachusetts pays to her departed heroes. In the peaceful years before us, all over the Commonwealth will rise the shaft and the statue ; the beautiful garden of death will attract the steps of the living ; and the glowing canvas in the public hall and in the homes of the people will be studied with moistened eyes, — endearing memo rials of those gallant defenders of the national flag who yielded their lives under its victorious folds. We have gleaned a few items of interest to place on the memorial-record. In his ad dress before the Legislature, January, 1865, Gov. Andrew paid an eloquent tribute to the Massachusetts soldiers killed on the battle-field, and said, " Since the war began, four hundred and thirty-four officers whose commissions bore our seal, or who were promoted by the President to higher than regimental commands, have tasted death in the defence of their country's flag." On the occasion of the dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Nov. 19, 1863, the Governor appointed Henry Edwards, George William Bond, and Charles Hale, to represent Massa chusetts. Major-Gen. Couch was in command of the department in which Gettysburg was situated, and cheerfully granted the request of those gentlemen for a detail of invalid soldiers, from hospitals in the vicinity, " to bear the standard of the Common wealth during the pageant." J. E. Atwood, standard-bearer of the Tenth, and W. D. Toombs of the Second, W. W. Mason of the Tenth, A. B. Kimball of the Fifteenth, and J. E. Baker of the Nineteenth, color-corporals, were selected, and were conspicuous in the impressive scenes of the memorable day, on account of the singular and honorable duty they performed. The oration was worthy of its author, the Hon. Edward Everett. 645 646 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. The sepulture of those soldiers who were citizens of Boston was put in charge of a committee secured from the City Council by the efforts of the Mayor. Of the estimated expense of fin ishing the cemetery, — $63,500, — the proportion of Massachusetts was $4,205.30. The graves of the dead of this Commonwealth are bounded by those of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut ; and, excepting the sad " unknown," their lot is third in extent ; that of New York being the first, and of Pennsylvania the second. The dedication of the monument to Ladd and Whitney, in Lowell, occurred on June 17, 1865. The Governor made the address, a comprehensive rSsume of the war, and a fitting tribute to the martyrs buried beneath that commemorative stone. After narrating the raising and march of the troops early in April, 1861, the bloody scenes in Baltimore, and the appropria tion of seven thousand dollars by the General Assembly of Mary land for the families of the soldiers killed and disabled by the mob, " to wipe out the foul blot," he thus closes : — Let this monument, raised to preserve the names of Ladd and Whitney, — the two young artisans of Lowell who fell among the first martyrs of the Great Rebellion, — let this monument, now dedicated to their memory, stand for a thousand generations ! It is another shaft added to the monumental columns of Middlesex. Henceforth shall the inhabitants of Lowell guard for Massachusetts, for patriotism, and for liberty, this sacred trust, as they of Acton, of Lexington, of Concord, protect the votive stones which com memorate the men of April, '75. Let it stand as long as the Merrimack runs from the mountains to the sea ; while this busy stream of human life sweeps on by the banks of the river, bearing to eternity its freight of destiny and hope. It shall speak to your children, not of death, but of immortality. It shall stand here, a mute, expressive witness of the beauty and dignity of youth and manly prime con secrated in unselfish obedience to duty. It shall testify that gratitude will remember and praise will wait on the humblest, who, by the intrinsic great ness of their souls or the worth of their offerings, have risen to the sublime peerage of Virtue. The body of Corporal Sumner H. Needham, who, April 19, predicted that he would meet his death the same day, was con veyed to Lawrence by a committee of the city government, and placed in the City Hall. Thence it was taken with impressive ceremonies to the beautiful cemetery, where it lies under a grace ful granite monument, bearing au appropriate inscription. MEMORIALS OF THE DEAD. 647 At the commencement of Williams College, 1865, the harmo nious meeting at the hall was made intensely interesting and impressive by the memories and mention of the heroic dead. Judge Paige, the president, gave an eloquent address on taking the chair ; and speeches were made by Major-Gen. Truman Sey mour, Brig.-Gen. Alden, Hon. Bushnell White, Hon. Amasa Walker, Major C. N. Emerson, Charles Demond, Esq., and others. After the exercises at the church were concluded, the alumni met around the beautiful monument which has been erected on the brow of the hill, a little east of Griffin Hall (the old Chapel), to the memory of the sons of Williams who have fallen in the war, for the purpose of dedicating it. Prayer was offered by President Hopkins : most appropriate addresses were made by Hon. James D. Colt, of Pittsfield ; Hon. Joseph White, of Williamstown ; Hon. A. B. Olin, of Washington, D.C. ; and Hon. Emory Washburn, of Cambridge. The names placed upon the monument are Lewis Benedict, of the class of '37 ; Horace I. Hodges, '42 ; George D. Wells, '46 ; Thomas S. Bradley, '48 ; Henry S. Leonard, '49 ; N. Orson Ben jamin, '51 ; David B. Greene, '52 ; John Foote, '55 ; William R. Baxter and Charles E. Halsey, '56 ; Charles D. Sanford, '58 ; David M. Holton and Edgar Phillips, '59 ; Edward S. Brewster, John H. Goodhue, George A. Parker, and Edward K. Wilcox, '62 ; Henri H. Buxton, '63 ; Edson T. Dresser, George Hicks, and Edward P. Hopkins, '64 ; Fordyce A. Dyer, '65. Others may hereafter be added. Arrangements were made to build this monument two years ago ; and " Old Williams " was the first to inaugurate the com memoration of the heroism of the graduates of colleges, as she has been the first in so many other good works. Harvard University has in contemplation a " Memorial Hall," which will be a beautiful and worthy commemoration of the heroism of her fallen sons. Reading was among the first towns to move in the public and fitting commemoration of her citizens who had died in the coun try's service. With the return of autumn, 1865, in the new cemetery near the Old South Church, upon a gentle eminence, rose a beautiful monumental shaft. Its base of granite is five and a half feet square ; and above it are three plinths, and au obelisk of handsome Italian marble, twelve feet high, surmounted by an eagle grasping 648 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. a battle-axe and a laurel wreath. The entire structure is a little more than sixteen feet in height, and cost two thousand dollars. Mr. A. Holden, then lately deceased, left in his will five hundred dollars for the object, on condition that the town should give an equal amount. The people did not accept the limitation on their part, but generously increased the stipulated sum. The names, date of enlistment, and day of the death, of the forty-six brave soldiers, are neatly engraved upon the side. On the base of the monument is the inscription, " Dedicated to the Sons of Reading who died for their Country in the Great Rebellion." Thursday, Sept. 28, was the day appointed for its dedication. Edward Appleton, Esq., was president of the day ; and W. J. Wightman, Esq., chief marshal. The procession, accompanied by the Fort -Warren Band, moved from the Common to the Monument, where an appropriate ode, written by Mrs. P. A. Hannaford, was sung by the choir. At the conclusion of this exercise, the procession proceeded to the church, where the services were opened by singing a hymn composed by Miss Eliza Evans. The Rev. W. W. Haywood then read from the Scriptures passages appro priate to the occasion ; after which a most devout prayer was offered by the Rev. William Barrows. The choir then sang the beautiful hymn, commencing, — " We shall meet, but we shall miss him." The address was delivered by Rev. Mr. Wilcox. In the evening, there was a soldiers' reception in Lyceum Hall. After partaking of a bountiful collation, the audience were regaled with some fine singing by a select choir, followed by a welcome speech from the president of the day. Other speech es, in response to toasts offered, were made by Rev. Alonzo Quint, Rev. Mr. Barrows, and others. Mayor Howland of New Bedford, in his inaugural address, Jan. 2, 1865, in which he offered a recommendation in relation to the public burying-grounds, suggested the propriety of erecting in one of the public cemeteries a fitting monument upon which to record the names of the New-Bedford soldiers killed in the war. The monument will be constructed of handsome light-gray Con cord granite, at a cost of about ten thousand dollars. The design combines an air of stability at the base, with a light and graceful shaft. The names of the deceased soldiers and sailors of the city will be inscribed on tablets, which will be set in the walls of the City Hall. The purpose of this is to render the monument chaste MEMORIALS OF THE DEAD. 649 and elegant by preserving it from a mass of lettering. The cor ner-stone of this monument was laid July 4, 1866. Rev. A. H. Quint made a fitting and eloquent address. Brighton also dedicated in July a graceful monument to her heroic dead. The subject of commemorating in some suitable way the mem ories of the brave soldiers who fell in battle early awakened the interest it demands among the sons of Cape Cod. The Soldiers' Aid Society of the town of Eastham had on hand, at the close of the war, some fifty dollars ; and, through the efforts of this associa tion, the amount was swelled by subscription to about two hun dred and fifty dollars, with which a neat and tasteful monument has been obtained, and placed on the site of the old Congregational Meeting-house. Under the names of the dead is chiselled, — We were sacrificed; but our country lives. Erected by the Soldiers' Aid Society of Eastham, 1865. In Ashfield, the monument in memory of the fallen brave is to have on one side their names, and on the opposite a fountain to slake the thirst of the weary traveller. Roxbury, Dorchester, Worcester, and other cities, and many villages, have in progress or prospect similar memorials of the slain. At this moment, we find in press the latest memorial-service to the departed heroes in the following form : — THE SOLDIERS' MEMORIAL SOCIETY Is organized to preserve the grateful Memory of the Soldiers of Massachusetts who have served in the War for the Union, It will collect such narratives and other memorials of their heroism as may be obtained for the use of the historian or student ; and it will hold itself ready to assist in any work of -benevolence in those regions which were the seat of war, which may fitly show there, that, in the work of war, our soldiers were engaged in the highest work of humanity and justice. Our monuments to our brothers who have served the country shall be in the hospitals, schools, and other beneficent institutions, to which we can contribute in the region where they fought for us. Hon. F. B. Fay is the president of this society ; and Rev. E. E. Hale, secretary. 650 MASSACHUSETTS IN THE REBELLION. While we write the closing paragraph of this narrative, the glad news is flying over the land, that a son of Massachusetts — Cyrus W. Field, Esq. — has achieved the peaceful victory of sci ence and capital over gigantic difficulties in the way of success ; linking together by the electric wire the mother-country and the State which was her first colony in the New World, and the first to resist her arrogant demands. May it be a signal and safe guard to both nations of amity and prosperity ! With reluctance we close this record of the Commonwealth, whose people and work for the Republic deserve an abler pen and a larger volume. But her history will never be written per fectly on earth : there will ever remain the unpublished annals of the home and heart, the sacrifice, heroism, charities, and prayer, recorded alone by Him who has been our own, as he was " our fathers' God." APPENDIX. The Battles of the Massachusetts Regiments. — The Public Ceremony of depositing the Battle-flags in the State Honse. — The Roll of the departed Officers of the Regiments. BATTLES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENTS. The First Regiment. — Bull Run, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Glendale, and other battles on the Peninsula, Kettle Run, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, Fredericks burg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Locust Grove, Wilderness, Spottsylvania. The Second. — Jackson, Front Royal, Winchester, Cedar Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach- tree Creek, Atlanta, Raleigh, Averysborough. The Third. — Plymouth, Kinston, Whitehall, Goldsborough. The Fourth. — Bisland and Port Hudson. The Fifth. — Bull Run, near Kinston, Whitehall, Goldsborough, Blount's Creek, Mosely Creek. The Sixth. — Baltimore, Blackwater, Suffolk, Hebron Church. The Seventh. — Battles of the Peninsula, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Cold Harbor. The Eighth. — Blount's Creek, Expeditions to Carrituk Sound, Elizabeth City. The Ninth. — Battles on the Peninsula, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Po River, Bethesda Church, Shady Oak, Cold Harbor. The Tenth. — Battles on the Peninsula, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Get tysburg, Rappahannock Station, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Cold Harbor. The Eleventh. — First Bull Run, Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Savage Station, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Bristow Station, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Kelly's Ford, Locust Grove, Wil derness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomy, Cold Harbor. Petersburg, Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, Poplar-spring Church, Boydton Road. The Twelfth. — ¦ Cedar Mountain, Second Bulf Run, Antietam, Fredericks burg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Cold Harbor, Petersburg. The Thirteenth. — Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellors ville, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, The Fifteenth. — Ball's Bluff, battles on the Peninsula, Antietam, Freder icksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristow Station, Robertson's Tavern, Wilderness. The Sixteenth. — Fair Oaks, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Kettle Run, Chan tilly, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Locust Grove, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Cold Harbor, Petersburg. The Seventeenth. — Kinston, Goldsborough, Batchelder's Creek. The Eighteenth. — Battles on the Peninsula, Second Bull Run, Shepardstown, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Rappahannock Station, Wilder ness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad. The Nineteenth. — Ball's Bluff, Yorktown, West Point, Fair Oaks, Peach 651 652 APPENDIX. Orchard, Savage Station, White-oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristow Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Tolopotomy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Beaver Station, Boydton Road, Vaughan Road, Farmville. The Twentieth. — Ball's Bluff, Yorktown, West Point, Fair Oaks, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Chantilly, Antietam, Freder icksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristow Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Po River, Spottsylvania, Tolopotomy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, Ream's Station, Boydton Road, Vaughan Road, Farmville. The Twenty-first. — Roanoke Island, Newbern, Camden, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Blue Spring, Campbell Station, siege of Knoxville, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cold Har bor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar-spring Church, Hatcher's Run. The Twenty-second. — Battles before Richmond, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Rappahannock Station, Wilderness, Laurel Hill, Spottsylvania, Jericho Ford, Little River, Tolopotomy, Bethesda Church, Shady- grove Church, Petersburg. The Twenty-third. — Roanoke Island, Newbern, Rawle's Mills, Kinston, Goldsborough, Wilcox Bridge, Winton, Smithfield, Heckman's Farm, Arrow- field Church, Kinston 2d, Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, and other battles before Richmond. The Twenty-fourth. — Roanoke Island, Kinston, Whitehall, Goldsborough, Tranter's Creek, Newbern, James Island, Morris Island, Fort Wagner, Green Valley, Drury's Bluff, Richmond and Petersburg Railroad, Weir-bottom Church Deep Bottom, Deep Run, Fussell's Mills, siege of Petersburg, Four-mile-run Church, Darby-town Road. The Twenty-fifth. — Roanoke, Newbern, Kinston, Whitehall, Goldsborough, Port Walthal, Arrowfield Church, Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, and other batues before Richmond, Wise's Forks. The Twenty-sixth. — Winchester, Cedar Creek, and Fisher's Hill. The Twenty-seventh. — Koanoke, Newbern, Washington, Gum Swamp, Wal thal, Arrowfield Church, Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, and other battles before Richmond, South-west Creek. The Twenty-eighth. — ¦ James Island, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, South Moun tain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristow Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Po River, Spottsylvania, Tolopotomy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, Ream's Station, Petersburg, South- side Railroad. The Twenty-ninth. — Hampton Roads, Gaines's Mills, Savage Station, White- oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, Second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Vicks burg, Jackson, Blue Springs, Campbell Station, siege of Knoxville, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Fort Stedman. The Thirtieth. — Vicksburg, Baton Rouge, Plains Stores, Port Hudson, Don- aldsville, Winchester, Cedar Creek, Fisher's Hill. The Thirty-first. — Bisland, Port Hudson, Brashear City, Sabine Cross-roads, Cane-river Crossing, Alexandria, Governor Moore's Plantation, Yellow Bayou, and in the several actions during the siege of Mobile. The Thirty-second. — Malvern Hill, Gainesville, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomy, Bethesda Church, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Vaughan Road, Dabney's Mills, Boyd ton Road, White-oak Road. The Thirty-third. — Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Beverly Ford, Gettys burg, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and the battles of Gen. Sherman. The Thirty-fourth. — Berryville, Newmarket, Piedmont, Lynchburg, Snicker's Gap, Martinsburg, Halltown, Berryville, Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, Cedar Creek 2d, Hatcher's Run, Petersburg. The Thirty-fifth. — Antietam, Fredericksburg, Jackson, Campbell Station, siege of Knoxville, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Weldon Rail road, South Mountain, Vicksburg, Poplar-spring Church, Hatcher's Run, Fort Sedgewick, P'ort Mahone, Petersburg. APPENDIX. . 653 The Thirty-sixth. — Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, Jackson, Blue Springs, Camp bell Station, siege of Knoxville, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Poplar-spring Church, Hatcher's Run. The Thirty-seventh.— Fredericksburg, Mayre's Heights, Salem Heights, Get tysburg, Rappahannock Station, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Peters burg, Fort Stedman, Opequan. The Thirty-eighth. — Bisland, Cane River, Mansura, Port Hudson, Opequan, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek. The Thirty-ninth. — Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tol opotomy, Bethesda Church, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Dabney's Mills, Gravelly Run, Five Forks. The Fortieth. — Engagements on the Blackwater, bombardments of Forts Sumter and Wagner, siege of Charleston, Olustee, Ten-mile Run, Jacksonville, Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, Fort Harrison, Fair Oaks, and the several battles before Petersburg and Richmond. The Forty-first. — Irish Bend, guerilla-fights (see Third Cavalry). The Forty-second. — Galveston, Port Hudson, Lafourche Crossing. The Forty-third. — Kinston, Whitehall, Blount's Creek. . The Forty-fourth. — Kinston, Whitehall, Goldsborough, Washington. The Forty-fifth. — Kinston, Whitehall, Goldsborough. The Forty-sixth. — Newbern, siege of Washington, Batchelder's Creek. The Forty-eighth. — Plains Stores, Port Hudson. The Forty-ninth. — Plains Stores, Port Hudson, Bayou Lafourche. The Fiftieth. — Port Hudson. The Fifty-first. — White-oak Creek. The Fifty-second. — • Port Hudson, Near Jackson Cross-roads. The Fifty-third. — Near Patterson ville, Fort Bisland, Port Hudson. The Fifty-fourth. — Fort Wagner, and the several engagements before Charles ton, Olustee, James Island, Honey Hill, Boykin's Mills. The Fifty-fifth. — Siege of Charleston, James Island, Honey Hill. The Fifty-sixth. — Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar-spring Church, Hatcher's Run, siege of Petersburg. The Fifty-seventh. — Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar-spring Church, Hatcher's Run. The Fifty-eighth. — Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Pe tersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar-spring Church, Fort Sedgewick, Fort Mahone. The Fifty-ninth. — Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar-spring Church, Hatcher's Run, Fort Stedman. The Sixty-first. — Petersburg. The First Cavalry Regiment. — Poolesville, South Mountain, Antietam, Fred ericksburg, Chancellorsville, Brandy Station, Aldie, Upperville, Gettysburg, Williamsport, Culpeper, Auburn, Todd's Tavern, fortifications of Richmond, Vaughan Road, St. Mary's Church, Cold Harbor, Bellefield. The Second. — South Anna Bridge, Ashley's Gap, Drainsville, Aldie, Fort Stevens, Fort Reno, Rockville, Poolesville, Summit Point, Halltown, Opequan, Winchester, Luray, Waynesborough, Tom's Brook, Cedar Creek, South Anna, White-oak Road, Berryville, Berryville Pike, Charlestown, Dinwiddie Court House, Five Forks, Saylor's Creek, Appomattox Court. House. The Third. — Irish Bend, Henderson Hill, Cane River, Port Hudson, Sa bine-cross Roads, Muddy Bayou, Piney Woods, Red-river Campaign, Opequan, Fisher's Hill, Snag Point, Winchester, Cedar Creek. The Fourth. — Gainesville, Fla., Drury's Bluff, and at several of the engage ments in front of Petersburg and Richmond. The Fifth. — Bailor's Farm, Va. Light Batteries. — First Light Battery. — West Point, Meehanicsville, Gaines's Mill, Charles-city Cross-roads, Malvern Hill, Bull Run, Crampton Pass, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Sander's 654 APPENDIX. House, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Winchester, Fisher's Hill. The Second. — Vicksburg, Baton Rouge, Sabine Cross-roads, Jackson, Clai borne, Ala., Daniel's Plantation. The Third. — Yorktown, siege of Yorktown, Hanover Court House, Mechan- icsville, Gaines's Mills, Malvern Hill, Antietam, Shepardstown, Leestown, Fred ericksburg, Chancellorsville, Middleburg, Gettysburg, Mine Run, Wilderness, Laurel Hill, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, siege of Petersburg, Six-mile Station, Weldon Railroad. The Fourth. — Ponchitoula, Baton Rouge, Bonfuca, Bisland, Port Hudson, Vir- milion, and the several engagements of the siege of Mobile. The Fifth. — Yorktown, Hanover Court House, Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mills, Malvern Hill, Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettys burg, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Bethesda Church, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Hatcher's Run. The Sixth. — Biloxi, Pass Christian, New Orleans, Brashear City, Houma, Vicksburg, Baton Rouge, Laberdiersville, Bisland, Port Hudson, Bayou Lafourche. The Seventh. — Deserted House, South Quay, Somerton, Providence Church- road, Hollands's House, Mansura, and the several engagements of the , siege of Mobile. The Ninth. — Gettysburg, Mine Run, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomy, Bethesda Church, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Hatcher's Run. The Tenth. — Kelly's Ford, Mine Run, Po River, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Ream's Station, Boydton Road, Hatcher's Run. The Eleventh. — Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Peters burg, Weldon Railroad, Fort Stedman. First Regiment of Heavy Artillery. — Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, Poplar -spring Church, Boydton Road, Hatcher's Run, Duncan's Run, Vaughan Road. THE BATTLE-FLAGS IN THE STATE HOUSE. May 15, 1865, it was ordered that volunteer regiments and batteries, on their return to their respective States, when mustered out and discharged, should deposit their colors with the chief United-States mustering-officers, to be by them transferred to the gover nors of the States. Dec. 13, two State orders were issued : one of which, in accordance with the above, called for the deposit of the flags ; the other, in response to the ardent desire expressed by officers to be present when the ceremony transpired, ap pointed the 22d of the month for a grand procession, over which the old banners would float, and be borne to the Capitol. Gen. Couch, the ranking-officer of the State, accepted the command of the procession ; and Brig.-Gen. E. W. Hinks was appointed chief of staff. Lieut- Col. C. C. Holmes commanded the escort of honor, the Independent Corps of Cadets. Records the Adjutant-General : — The weather, though cold, was pleasant. The earth was clothed with a slight covering of snow. As an appropriate feature of the exercises, the citizens very generally dis played the " stars and stripes," and the national flag floated proudly on the breeze from every flagstaff and public building in the city. The Old State House, was handsomely decorated on the end facing State Street. The national colors were tastefully arranged ; and several small arches were inscribed with suitable welcomes to the veterans, and mottoes significant of the present peace ful condition of affairs. The procession which was to escort the flags to the State House was formed APPENDIX. 655 on Park-street, Tremont-street, and Beacon-street Malls. The Common pre sented a lively and picturesque appearance while the column was getting into line. Gen. Couch had his headquarters' tent pitched on the Park-street Mall, near the gate ; and the colors of the different regiments were delivered to the officers of the respective commands from his tent. His forces on this occa sion were a bannered host, such as never before collected within these public grounds ; and their tattered yet brilliant insignia glistened in the sharp sunlight reflected from the burnished snowy crust covering the earth. Before the procession started, the formality of passing over the flags from Brovet-Col. Francis N. Clarke, chief United-States mustering-officer, — in whose office a large number of them had been deposited, — to Gen. Couch, was performed at the headquarters of the general in command. This duty was done by Col. Clarke in the following remarks : — Major-Gen. Couch, — As the authorized agent of his Excellency the Governor to re ceive them, it is with pleasure I place in your hands, to be by you delivered into the cus tody of the State, such colors of Massachusetts troops as are now in my possession. Your long and faithful services, as well as your intimate connection with Massachusetts regiments, point to you as eminently the proper person for the delivery of these colors to their final resting-place. The thorough identification of the Governor, in his official ca pacity, with the various organizations, makes your surrender of them into his hands, on the eve of his retirement from office, an occasion of more than ordinary interest. It is the closing scene of official relationship. These colors are to become the property of the State, to be placed in her archives, — there to remain, to the nation, emblems of victory and a re-established Union; to Massachusetts, testimonials of the fidelity of her Governor, and the courage, devotion, and honor of her sons. Gen. Couch replied as follows : — Col. Clarke, — It is with deep emotion that I receive from your hands these elo quent emblems of the fidelity, bravery, and patriotic devotion to their country, of the Massa chusetts soldiery. No language can so forcibly exhibit the hardships they have endured, or the perils they have encountered. Many who have fought bravely under then- folds have sealed their devotion to their country with a patriot's grave. To those who have been spared to bear them on to final triumph devolves the privilege of returning them to the Commonwealth, in the consciousness that the object for which they were unfurled has been fully accomplished, the principles they symbolize triumphantly vindicated, and the Union of the States restored upon a firm and enduring basis. The procession started with military punctuality nearly at the time appoint ed — eleven o'clock. First came the escort, consisting of the Independent Cadets, with their two howitzers, commanded by Lieut.-Col. C. C. Holmes. The Cadets turned out with full ranks, and presented their usual excellent ap pearance. They were accompanied by the Brigade Band. Succeeding the escort were the general commanding and his staff, consisting of the following- named officers : — Chief of Staff. — Brig.-Gen. Edward W. Hinks. . Aides to General Commanding.— Col. A. F. Devereux, Col. and Brevet Major-Gen. Georo-e N. Macy, Lieut.-Goi. Giles A. Rich, Major John B. Burt, Major James Brown, Capt Augustus Crocker, Lieut, and Brevet Major Linus B. Comins. Surqeon. — Major Patrick A. O'Connell. Aides lo Chief of Staff. — Capt. and Brevet Major J. H. Sleeper, Capt.. and Brevet Col. William L. Palmer, Capt. Joseph J. Baker. The brio-ade of cavalry, under the command of Brig.-Gen. E. A. Wild, who had a brilliant staff, consisted of a delegation of the First Frontier Cavalry, forty stron" • the Fifth (colored) Cavalry, under the command of Major Adams, fifty men ¦ and the Third Massachusetts, Lieut.-Col. Muzzey, a hundred men and twenty officers. The Third had the right of the brigade ; then followed the Fifth ; and' the representatives of the Frontier Cavalry were the last in the ^T^artillery division made a superb display. It was under the command of Brevet Maior-Gen. Joseph Hayes. The batteries were under the immediate lead of Capt and Brevet Col. Augustus P.Martin; while the heavy-artillery regiments were led by Col. William S. King. 656 APPENDIX. The infantry corps was commanded by Brevet Major-Gen. Gordon, and consisted of three divisions, under the command of Brig.-Gen. Cowdin, Brig. and Brevet Major-Gen. Charles J. Paine, and Col. and Brevet Brig.-Gen. Wil liam S. Tilton. Nearly every Massachusetts infantry regiment was represented in the line. All the flags were inscribed with the names of the battles into which they had been borne, and most of the banners told their own story of hot strife for the country. The flags which gave the most unequivocal evidence of having passed through a severe ordeal were the most loudly cheered as the procession moved over the route previously arranged to the State House. In State Street, the battle-rent banners were loudly applauded. The residents of Union-park Street provided hot coffee for the veterans as they marched along. The kindness was thoroughly appreciated by the " boys in blue." On Tremont Street, where the column entered Pleasant Street, a large crowd gathered to see the pageant. Among the throng were a number of children with banners bearing mottoes, one of which was, "Wave, colors, over our sacred dead ! " The head of the procession reached the Capitol about one o'clock ; which was announced by a detachment of light artillery, under Capt. Cummings, firing a salute upon the Common. As the regiments arrived, the color-bearers deployed upon the steps in front of the edifice ; while the remainder of the cavalry, artil lery, and infantry commands, gathered in the yard ou either side. Gilmore's Band played some appropriate music while those carrying the colors were taking their positions. Besides the military within the State-house grounds, there was an immense crowd of persons on the street in front of the building. The scene — with the multiplicity of banners occupying the centre of the grouping, the military on either side, and the people in the foreground — was singularly enlivening and impos ing. As the Governor and staff and other invited guests appeared, the colors were with one impulse raised, and loud cheering succeeded from all sides. Three of the color-bearers of the Nineteenth Regiment in the procession had but one arm. The colors of the Twentieth Regiment were carried by those who had not borne them before : the brave fellows who held them in battle have gone, and left their comrades to tell how nobly they defended the flag to the end. The popular Sergeant Plunkett, who lost both arms while bearing the col ors of his regiment, walked in the procession, in front of the standard, and was at every point enthusiastically cheered. Rev. Samuel K. Lothrop, D.D., chap lain of the Cadets, made a most appropriate and fervent prayer, Gen. Couch stepped forward, and addressed Gov. Andrew as follows : — May it please your Excellency, — We have come here to-day as the representatives of the army of volunteers furnished by Massachusetts for the suppression of the Rebellion, bring ing these colors in order to return them to the State who intrusted them to our keeping. You must, however, pardon us if we give them up with profound regret; for these tattered shreds forcibly remind us of long and fatiguing marches, cold bivouacs, and many hard- fought battles. The rents in their folds, the battle-stains on their escutcheons, the blood of our comrades that has sanctified the soil of a hundred fields, attest the sacrifices that have been made, the courage and constancy shown, that the nation might live. It is, sir, a peculiar satisfaction and pleasure to us, that you, who have been an honor to the state and nation from your marked patriotism and fidelity throughout the war, and have been identified with every organization before you, are now here to receive back, as the State custodian of her precious relics, these emblems of the devotion of her sons. May it please your Excellency, the colors of the Massachussetts volunteers are returned to the State. Gov. Andrew replied in the following, brief but beautiful and eloquent ad dress : — General, — This pageant, so full of pathos and of glory, forms the concluding scene in the long series of visible actions and events in which Massachusetts has borne a part for the overthrow of rebellion and the vindication of the Union. APPENDIX. 657 These banners return to the Government of the Commonwealth through welcome hands. Borne one by one out of this Capitol, during more than four years of civil war, as the symbols of the nation and the commonwealth under which the battalions of Massachu setts departed to the field, they come back again, borne hither by surviving representa tives of tbe same heroic regiments and companies to which thev were intrusted. At the hands, general, of ydurself, — the ranking-officer of the volunteers of the Com monwealth (one of the earliest who accepted a regimental command under appointment of the Governor of Massachusetts), — and of this grand column of scarred and heroic veterans who guard them home, they are returned with honors becoming relics so venerable, sol diers so brave, and citizens so beloved. Proud memories of many a field ; sweet memories alike of valor and friendship; sad memories of fraternal strife ; tender memories of our fallen brothers and sons, whose dying eyes looked last upon their flaming folds ; grand memories of heroic virtues sublimed by grief; exultant memories of the great and final victory of our country, our Union, and the righteous cause; thankful memories of a deliverance wrought out for human nature itself, unexampled by any former achievement of arms; immortal memories with immor tal honors blended, — twine around these splintered staves, weave themselves along the warp and woof of these familiar flags, war-worn, begrimed, and baptized with blood. Let the " brave heart, the trusty heart, the deep, unfathomable heart," in words of more than mortal eloquence, uttered though unexpressed, speak the emotions of grateful ven eration for which these lips of mine are alike too feeble and unworthy. General, I accept these relics in behalf of the people and the Government. They will be preserved and cherished, amid all the vicissitudes of the future, as mementoes of brave men and noble actions. The immense throng then dispersed, and the colors were placed in the Doric Hall of the State House, where they will remain to testify to future years of the courage and endurance manifested by the troops of Massachusetts during four of the most eventful years of its history. As a fitting finale to this grand pageant, we place ou record the noble lyric addressed to the Governor by a gentleman who has borne a brave and noble part in this great war ; one who, when the war began, was chief of his per sonal staff, and who afterwards resigned that position, and went to the war as lientenant-colonel of the First Regiment Massachusetts Cavalry, afterwards promoted colonel ; and who, wounded, and broken in health, came home, after three years' active military service, with the stars of a brigadier-general upon his shoulders, earned by meritorious conduct and conspicuous gallantry. Severe domestic affliction prevented Brig.-Gen. Sargent from appearing in the procession. He saw it from his window pass along. The sight filled his heart, and he wrote this lyric : — THE RETURN OF THE STANDARDS. TO HIS EXCELLENCY JOHN A. ANDREW, Who suggested the first provision of two thousand soldiers' overcoats in the winter of 1861 —by which measure, so much ridiculed in proslavery journals, our militia were able to reach Washington earlier than all others, and well furnished for active service, — a sol dier, full of respect, gratitude, and affection, dedicates these verses without permission. One op the First Massachusetts Cavalry. Boston, Jan. 1, 1866. I. Hark to the fife and drum ! Look at them ! How they come ! Horse and foot, how they come ! All of them ? No ! For some — Some of the best of them — Azrael tested them — Did not come back. Where are the rest of them, Some of the youngest And bravest and best of them / Ask parlor strategists, Wont to make jest of them. Azkael, Azrael, Azrael tested them. 83 See those pale shadows ! Can they be the rest of them ? Look at them ! Ghosts ! Who are riding abreast of them? If you would know of them, Some of the best of them, Chosen by Death When he 'made the fierce test of them, Look through the years Of the war-eagle's track; Look at the headstones That lie in the track, All wet with hot tears, When they did not come back. 658 APPENDIX. H. Infantry, cavalrv, Flying artillery! Cannon ! America, Africa, Come to this revelry Of the States' chivalry ! Cannon ! Wake, with your reveille, Musket and brand ! Cannon! Here comes my regiment 1 God ! what a skeleton ! Hardly a peleton Of the battalions That went from the land! Cannon ! Hush ! Look at the flanks of them ! See those dim ranks of them ! Violet banks of them! All the command,' As it loomed in the old time From fog of Sea Islands And black whirlwinds of sand. Cannon ! Hoofs and wild wings hum ; Trumpet drowns fife and drum: See ! a storm of hosts, they come ! Columns of squadrons, In column, battalions! Shadowy riders On phantoms of stallions ! Martinets, dandies, With tatterdemalions ! Nameless heroes crowd heroes Of deathless medallions ! Great God ! how they push To the front with a rush ! Boots clinging, spurs stinging, And long scabbards ringing Against the black muzzles Of slung carabines swinging! What a band ! Bare sabres in hand, — Incarnadined sabres, That redden the hand ! in. Ah that fierce gathering, Quivering, quivering! Cloud rack, all feathery, Against the wind shivering ! Sabres bend, trembling, In hands of the dead ! Like fog meeting headland, These spectres from Deadland, These ghosts of the red hand From over the border, Break ranks in disorder, And melt against shadows Of sunlight and shade. Cannon ! The settled air quivers : The pageant has fled. Their presence but seeming ! The soldiers are dreaming, In the graves where they lie, That they rise from the dead. Where guidons are streaming, Where trumpets are screaming, And cannons' flash gleaming, And sabre-points beaming, The soldiers are dreaming The dreams of the dead. All their effort is seeming ! All voiceless their screaming; In uneasy graves dreaming Nightmares of the dead ! IV. Cannon ! Spite of man's blundering, Long years of wondering, God's mills keep thundering, Grinding away ! Soldiers 1 — who sneers at them ? What coward jeers at them ? The continent cheers at them : Who are the peers of them ? Tell me this day. Soldiers in tattered rags, Torn as your shattered flags, Under your battle-rags, Glorious blood-spattered flags, Sheltered to-day ! As you march up the hill, Men feel their eyelids fill. Cowards are cowards still. Woman's warm pulses thrill As the ghosts, mute and still, Breathe on them icy-chill, And the guns thunder till All fades away, — Till the century's pageant Has faded away ! Boston, Forefathers' Day, Deo. 22, 1866. ROLL OF HONOR. This honored roll of Massachusetts' dead has been very carefully prepared. It is the roll of upwards of four hundred commissioned officers of Massachusetts who laid down their lives for their country, most of them upon the field of battle.* First Regiment. Charles P. Chandler, Major, June 30, 1862; killed, battle of Glendale. Neill K. Gunn, Assistant Surgeon, Juno 3, 1863; died, Potomac-creek Hospital, Fal mouth, Va. Charle« E. Rand, Captain, May 2, 1863; killed, Chancellorsville, Va. Moses H. Warren, Captain, May 12, 1864; killed, Spottsylvania, Va. William H. Sutherland, First Lieutenant, June 30, 1862; killed before Richmond, Va. * This list of the dead is copied from the Adjutant-General's Report. APPENDIX. 659 John M. Mandeville, First Lieutenant, Aug. 30, 1862; killed, Bull Run, Va. Henry Hartley, First Lieutenant, July 2, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Elijah B. Gill, jun., Second Lieutenant, July 21, 1861; killed, Bull Run, Va. William H. B. Smith, Second Lieutenant, July 18, 1861; killed, Blackstone Ford, Va. Second Regiment. Wilder Dwight, Lieutenant-Colonel, Sept. 19, 1862; died of wounds received at Antietam, Sept. 17. James Savage, jun., Lieutenant-Colonel, Oct. 22, 1862; died of wounds received at Cedar Mountain, Va. James Wightman, Assistant Surgeon, June 15, 1863; died of disease, at Acquia Landing, Va., June 15, 1863. William H. Heath, Surgeon, Aug. 23, 1864; died of disease, at Chattanooga, Tenn. Charles R. Mudge, Lieutenant-Colonel, July 3, 1863 ; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Edward G. Abbott, Captain, Aug. 9, 1862; killed, Cedar Mountain, Va. Richard Cary, Captain, Aug 9, 1862; killed, Cedar Mountain, Va. Richard C. Goodwin, Captain, Aug. 9, 1862; killed, Cedar Mountain, Va. William B. Williams, Captain, Aug. 9, 1862; killed, Cedar Mountain, Va. Thomas R. Robeson, Captain, July 3, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. J. Ingersoll Grafton, Captain, March 16, 1865; killed in action, Averysborough, N.C. Thomas B. Fox, Captain, July 25, 1863; died of wounds received at Gettysburg, Penn. Stephen G. Perkins, First Lieutenant, Aug 9, 1862; killed, Cedar Mountain, Va. William D. Sedgewick, First Lieutenaut, Sept. 27, 1862; died of wounds, on Gen. Sedge wick's staff. Gerald Fitzgerald, First Lieutenant, May 3, 1863; killed, Chancellorsville, Va. Caleb N. Lord, First Lieutenant, June 29, 1864; died of wounds received at Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. Samuel Storrow, First Lieutenant, March 16, 1865 ; killed in action. Henry W. D. Stone, Second Lieutenant, July 3, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Seventh Regiment. Prentiss M. Whiting, Captain, May 4, 1863; died of wounds received at Fredericksburg. Jesse D. Bullock, First Lieutenant, June 25, 1862; died of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va. Albert A. Tillson, First Lieutenant, May 3, 1863; killed, Fredericksburg, Va. Henry W. Nichols, First Lieutenant, May 12, 1864; died of wounds, Spottsylvania, Va. Peleg Mitchell, Second Lieutenant, Aug." 10, 1862; died at hospital, Baltimore, Md. Ninth Regiment. Thomas Cass, Colonel, July 12, 1862; died in Boston, of wounds received before Rich mond. Robert Peard, Lieutenant-Colonel, Jan. 27, 1862; died of disease. Thomas Mooney, First Lieutenant, Quartermaster, March 17, 1863; accidentally killed at a hurdle-race. William Madigan, Captain, June 27, 1862; killed, Gaines's Mills, Va. T.i... /-, /V„„4..,:„ T....a OT IQflO. Ir'.UoA flainna'a Mills Va William A. Phelan, 'Captain, May 5, 1864; killed, Wilderness, Va. James W McNamara, Captain; died of wounds received May 5, 1864, at Wilderness, Va. John H. Rafferty, First Lieutenant, July 1, 1862; killed Malvern Hill Va. Edward McSweeney, First Lieutenant July 1, 1862; ki ed, Malvern Hill, Va. Richard P Nugent First Lieutenant, June 27, 1862; killed, Gaines's Mills, Va. Archioald Simpson'. First Lieutenant, May 5, 1864; killed Wilderness, Va Nicholas C. Flaherty, First Lieutenant May 5 1864; killed Wilderness Va. Francis O'Dowd, Second Lieutenant, June 27, 1864; killed, Gaines's Mills, Va. Charles B. McGinniskiu, Second Lieutenant; died of wounds received May 5, 1864, at Phili^l^edmond, Second Lieutenant, Sept. 17, 1863; died in hospital at Washing- Jamesn6'Ndi, Second Lieutenant, May 9, 1864; killed, Wilderness, Va. Tenth Regiment. Dexter F. Parker, Major; died of wounds received May 12, 1864. Ozro Miller Major, July 1, 1862; killed, Malvern Hill, Ya. ElisL Smartftfaptain/MaV 31, 1862; killed Seven Pines, Va vaS-Z pnni Oaotain. May 31, 1862; killed, Seven Pmes, Va. James H. W^hereTcaptain, June 20, 1864; died of wounds received May 20, 1864, at . WiUiam'lTAsh^y, First Lieutenant, May 5, 1864; killed, Wilderness, Va. 660 APPENDIX. Edwin B. Bartlett, First Lieutenant, May 18, 1864; killed, Spottsylvania, Va. Alanson E. Munyan, First Lieutenant, May 21, 1864; died of wounds received at Wilder- ncss v 3» George F. Polley, First Lieutenant, June 20, 1864; killed in action, near Petersburg, Va. Benjamin F. Leland, Second Lieutenant, May 81, 1862; killed, Seven Pines, Va. N. P. A. Blair, Second Lieutenant, July 11, 1862; died at Harrison's Landing, Va. Alfred E. Midgley, Second Lieutenant; died of wounds received May 5, 1864, at Wilder ness, Va. Eleventh Regiment. William Blaisdell, Colonel, June 23, 1864; killed before Petersburg, Va. George F. Tileston, Lieutenant-Colonel, Aug. 29, 1862 ; killed, Bull Run. Luther V Bell, Surgeon, Feb. 11, 1862; died in line of duty. Benjamin Stone, jun., Captain, Sept. 10, 1862; died of wounds received at Bull Run. Albert M. Gammell, Captain, Dec. 17, 1863; killed at Chelsea, Mass.; run over by railroad car. David A. Granger, Captain, Oct. 27, 1864; left on field, Petersburg, Va. Alexander McTavish, Captain, Oct. 27, 1864; killed, Petersburg, Va. Peter T. Goldie, First Lieutenant, Sept. 13, 1864; killed in action near Petersburg, Va. Thomas G. Bowden, First Lieutenant, July 21, 1861; killed at Bull Run, Va. Alonzo Coy, First Lieutenant; killed. William R. Porter, First Lieutenant, Aug. 29, 1862; killed at,Bull Run, Va. John Munn, First Lieutenant, May 3, 1863; died of wounds. John S. Harris, First Lieutenant, May 3, 1863; died of wounds, Chancellorsville, Va. William B. Morrill, First Lieutenant, May 3, 1863; died of disease, at Newton, Mass. William B. Mitchell, Second Lieutenant, July 30, 1863; died at Massachusetts General Hos pital, Boston. Twelfth Regiment. Fletcher Webster, Colonel, Aug. 30, 1862 ; killed, Bull Run, Va. Elisha M. Burbank, Major, Nov. 29, 1862 ; died of wounds received at Antietam, Md. Albert A. Kendall, Assistant Surgeon, Sept. 17, 1862; killed at Antietam, Md. David Allen, jun., Lieutenant-Colonel, May 5, 1864; killed at Wilderness, Va. Richard H. Kimball, Captain, Aug. 30, 1862; killed at Bull Run, Va. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, jun., Captain, Aug. 9, 1862; killed at Cedar Mountain, Va. John Ripley, Captain, Dec. 20, 1862; died of wounds. John S. Stoddard, Captain, May 10, 1864; killed, Spottsylvania, Va. William G. White, First Lieutenant, Sept. 17, 1862; died of wounds received at Antie tam, Md. Arthur Dehon, First Lieutenant, Dec. 13, 1862; killed, Fredericksburg, Va. Lysander F. Cushing, First Lieutenant, Sept. 17, 1862; killed, Antietam, Md. Francis Thomas, First Lieutenant, July 2, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Charles G. Russell, First Lieutenant, July 2, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. William Robinson, First Lieutenant, May 14, 1864 ; died of wounds received at Spottsyl vania, Va. David B. Burrill, First Lieutenant, May 24, 1864; killed, North Anna River, Va, James G. Smith, First Lieutenant, June 6, 1864; died of wounds. George W. Orne, Second Lieutenant; died of wounds received Sept. 17, 1862, in action. Edward J. Kidder, Second Lieutenant, May 10, 1864; killed, Spottsylvania, Va. Tldrteenth Regiment. George Bush, Captain, April SO, 1863 ; killed by shell, Fitz-Hugh House, Va. Charles W. Whitcomb, First Lieutenant, May 8, 1864; killed, Wilderness, Va. Joseph H. Stuart, First Lieutenant, May 10, 1864; died of wounds. Wilderness, Va. William Cordwell, Second Lieutenant, April 30, 1863 ; killed by shell, Fitz-Hugh House, Va. Fifteenth Regiment. George H. Ward, Colonel, July 2, 1863 ; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Samuel F. Haven, jun., Surgeon, Dec. 13, 1862 ; killed, Fredericksburg, Va. Clarke S. Simonds, Captain, Sept. 17, 1862; killed, Antietam, Md. Moses W. Gatchell, Captain, Oct. 21, 1862; killed, Ball's Bluff, Va. John Murkland, Captain, July 2, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Hans P. Jorgenson, Captain, July 2, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Charles H. Stevens, Captain, Oct 15, 1863 ; died of wounds received Oct. 14, 1863, at Ma nassas Junction. * Nelson Bartholomew, First Lieutenant, Nov. 21, 1861; died in Philadelphia, Penn. Richard Derby, First Lieutenant, Sept. 17, 1862; killed, Antietam, Md. Thomas J. Spurr, First Lieutenant, Sept. 27, 1862; died of wounds received at Antio- tam, Md. Frank S. Corbin, First Lieutenant, Sept. 17, 1862; killed, Antietam, Md. APPENDIX. 661 Elisha G. Buss, First Lieutenant; died of wounds received July 2, 1863, at Gettysburg, Dwight Newbury, First Lieutenant, Nov. 27, 1863; died of wounds received, Robertson's Tavern, Va. ' George B. Simonds, First Lieutenant, May 10, 1864; killed, Spottsylvania, Va. J. William Grout, Second Lieutenant, Oct. 21, 1861 ; killed, Ball's Bluff, Va. Caleb H. Arnold, Second Lieutenant, July 20, 1863; died of wounds received at Gettys burg, Perm. Sixteenth Regiment. Powell T. Wyman, Colonel, June 30, 1862; killed, Glendale, Va. Arthur B. Fuller, Chaplain, Dec. 12, 1862; killed, Fredericksburg, Va. Waldo Merriam, Lieutenant-Colonel, May 12, 1864; killed, Spottsylvania, Va. Leander G King, Captain, July 2, 1863 ; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Charles R. Johnson, Captain, July 17, 1863; died of wounds received at Gettysburg, Penn. Alexander J. Dallas, Captain, May 3, 1863; killed, Chancellorsville, Va. David W. Roche, Captain, July 3, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Joseph S. Hills, Captain, May 6, 1863; killed, Wilderness, Va. Janies Rowe, Captain; died of wounds received May 31, 1864. James R. Darracott, First Lieutenant, Aug. 29, 1862; killed, Bull Run, Va. Francis P. H. Rogers, First Lieutenant, June 18, 1862; killed, Fair Oaks, Va. George F. Brown, First Lieutenant, July 3, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. John H. Woodfin, First Lieutenant, May 6, 1864; killed, Wilderness, Va. James E. Sharp, Second Lieutenant, March 20, 1863; killed on railroad, at Kingston, R.I. Hiram B. Banks, Second Lieutenant, Aug. 29, 1862 ; killed, Rull Run, Va- George S. Evans, Second Lieutenant, Nov. 11, 1862; died of disease at Manassas, Va. Hiram Rowe, Second Lieutenant, May 10, 1862; died of wounds received May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Va. Samuel G. Savage, Second Lieutenant, May 11, 1862; died of wounds received May 3, 1863, at Chancellorsville, Va. Seventeenth Regiment. Thomas J. C. Amory, Colonel, Oct. 7, 1864; died of yellow-fever, at Newbern, N.C. Levi P. Thompson, Captain, Sept. 20, 1862; died of disease, at Newbern, N.C. Barnabas N. Mann, First Lieutenant, Oct. 8, 1864; died at Charleston, S.C, — rebel prison. George W. Tufts, First Lieutenant, Oct. 27, 1861 ; died of disease, at Baltimore, Md. Eighteenth Regiment. George C. Ruby, Captain, Dec. 13, 1862; killed, Fredericksburg, Va. Joseph W. Collingwood, Captain, Dec. 24, 1862; died of wounds received at Fredericks burg, Va. Charles W. Carroll, Captain, Aug. 30, 1862; killed, Bull Run, Va. William G. Hewins, Captain, May 3, 1863; killed, Chancellorsville, Va. Charles F. Pray, Captain, June 3, 1864; killed, Bethesda Church, Va. George F. Hodges, First Lieutenant, Adjutant, Jan. 31, 1862; died, Hall's Hill, Va. Warren D. Russell, First Lieutenant, Aug. 30, 1862; killed, Bull Run, Va. Pardon Almy,jun., Second Lieutenant, Aug. 30, 1862; killed, Bull Run, Va. John Dwight Issbell, Second Lieutenant, July 16,1862; died of disease, hospital, Harri son's Landing, Va. James B. Hancock, Second Lieutenant, Dec. 13, 1862; killed, Fredericksburg, Va. George F. Weston, Second Lieutenant, Jan. 5, 1864; died, Boston, of wounds received at . Rappahannock Station, Va. Nineteenth Regiment. Henry J. How, Major, June 30, 1862 ; killed, Fair Oaks, Va. Isaac H. Boyd, Major, April 7, 1865; died of wounds. John E. Hill, Assistant Surgeon, Sept. 11, 1862; died. George W. Batchelder, Captain, Sept. 17, 1862; killed, Antietam, Md. Dudley C. Mumford, Captain, May 31, 1864; killed, Prospect Hill, Va. David Lee, First Lieutenant, June" 30, 1862; killed. Edgar M. Newcomb, First Lieutenant, Dec. 19, 1862; died of wounds received at Freder icksburg, Va. Herman Donath, First Lieutenant, July 3, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. John J. Ferris, First Lieutenant, May 12, 1864; killed, Spottsylvania, Va. John B. Thompson, First Lieutenant, June 3, 1864; killed, Cold Harbor, Va. Charles B. Warner, Second Lieutenant, June 25, 1862; killed, Fair Oaks, Va. Thomas Claffev, Second Lieutenant, Dec. 13, 1862; killed, Fredericksburg, Va. Sherman S. Robinson, Second Lieutenant, July 3, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. William H. Tibbetf-s, Second Lieutenant, Feb. 5, 1865 ; killed. 662 APPENDIX. Twentieth Regiment. Paul J. Revere, Colonel, July 6, 1863 ; died of wounds received July 3, 1863, at Gettys burg, Penn. Ferdinand Dreher, Lieutenant-Colonel, May 1, 1863 ; died at Boston, of wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va. Henry L. Abbott, Major, May 6, 1864; killed, Wilderness, Va. Henry L. Patten, Major, Sept. 12, 1864; died of wounds, Turner's-lane Hospital, Phila delphia. Edward H. R. Revere, Assistant Surgeon, Sept. 17, 1862; killed, Antietam, Md. Alois Babo, Captain, Oct. 21, 1861; drowned at battle of Ball's Bluff, Va. Charles F. Cabot, Captain, Dec. 11, 1862; killed, Fredericksburg, Va. Thomas M. M:Kay, Captain, Oct. 6, 1863; murdered at Camp Culpeper, Va. James J. Lowell, First Lieutenant, July 6, 1862; killed before Richmond, Va. Henry Ropes, First Lieutenant, July 3, 1863; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Henry M. Bond, First Lieutenant, May 14, 1864; killed by guerillas, after being wounded Edward Sturgis, First Lieutenant, May 10, 1864 ; killed, Spottsylvania, Va. L. E. Hibbard, First Lieutenant, May 10, 1864; killed, Spottsylvania, Va. Reinhold Wesselhoeft, Second Lieutenant, Oct. 21, 1861; drowned at battle of Ball's Bluff, Va. William L. Putnam, Second Lieutenant, Oct. 22, 1861; died of wounds received at battle of Ball's Bluff, Va. Robert S. Beckwith, Second Lieutenant, Dec. 31, 1862; died of wounds received at Fred ericksburg, Va. Leander F. Alley, Second Lieutenant, Dec. 13, 1862 ; killed, Fredericksburg, Va. Sumner Paine, Second Lieutenant, July 3, 1863 ; killed, Gettysburg, Penn. Twenty-first Regiment, Joseph P. Rice, Lieutenant-Colonel, Sept. 1, 1862; killed, Chantilly, Va. John D. Frazer, Captain, Sept. 24, 1862; died of wounds received Sept. 1, 1862, at Chan tilly, Va. Ira J. Itelton, Captain, Sept. 24, 1862 ; died of wounds received Sept. 1, 1862, at Chan tilly, Va. William H. Clark, Captain, Aug 16, 1864; died of wounds received July 30, 1864, at Pe tersburg, Va. Orange S. Sampson, Captain, Sept. 30, 1864; killed at Petersburg, Va. Charles Goss, Captain, June 17, 1864; killed at Petersburg, Va. Charles K. Stoddard, First Lieutenant, Sept. 30, 1861 ; killed (shot by a sentinel). Frazer A. Stearns, First Lieutenant, March 14, 1862; killed at Newbern, N.C. Henry A. Beckwith, First Lieutenant, Sept. 6, 1862; died of wounds received Sept. 1, 1862, at Chantilly, Va. Frederick A. Bemis, First Lieutenant, Sept. 1, 1862; killed at Chantilly, Va. Charles Coolidge, Second Lieutenant, March 30, 1862; died. of disease. William B. Hill, Second Lieutenant, Sept. 1, 1862; killed at Chantilly, Va. Henry C. Holbrook, Second Lieutenant, Sept. 17, 1862; killed at Antietam, Md. Twenty-second Regiment. Jesse A. Gove, Colonel, June 27, 1862; killed before Richmond (Gaines's Mills, Va.). John F. Dunning, Captain, June 27, 1862; killed before Richmond (Gaines's Mills, Va.). Samuel I. Thompson, Captain, Aug. 4, 1862 ; died of wounds received at Malvern Hill, Va. Benjamin Davis, Captain, May 10, 1864; killed, Wilderness, Va. Joseph H. Baxter, Captain; died of wounds received June 3, 1864. Robert T. Bourne, Captain, Sept. 23, 1864 ; died of wounds at Officers' Hospital, Philadel phia, Penn. Thomas F. Salter, First Lieutenant, June 27, 1862; killed, Gaines's Mills, Va. Horace S. Dunn, Second Lieutenant, May 23, 1862; died at hospital, New York. Typhoid- fever. George W. Gordon, Second Lieutenant. June 27, 1862; killed Gaines's Mills, Va. Daniel J. Havnes, Second Lieutenant, Sept. 29, 1862; died at Fort Monroe, Va. Charles K. Knowles, Second Lieutenant, July 11, 1863 ; died of wounds received at Gettys burg, Penn. Twenty-third Regiment. Henry Merritt, Lieutenant-Colonel, March 14, 1862; killed, Newbern, N.C. John G. Chambers, Lieutenant- Colonel, July 13, 1864; died of wounds received May 16, 1864, at Fort Johnson, Va. Thomas Russell, Captain, Dec. 8, 1862; died at Newbern, N.C. Accidental poisoning. Kichard P. Wheeler, First Lieutenant, June 2, 1864; died of wounds received May 16, 1864, at Fort Johnson, Va. John Goodwin, jun., Second Lieutenant, Feb. 8, 1862; killed, Roanoke Island, N.C. Westover Greeiileaf, Second Lieutenant, Aug. 11, 1862; died of apoplexy at Newbern, N.C. APPENDIX. 663 Twenty-fourth Regiment. James A. Perkins, First Lieutenant, Aug. 26, 1863; killed before Charleston, S.C. Mason A. Rea, First Lieutenant, May 16, 1864; killed near Drury's Bluff, Va. Nathaniel S. Barstow, First Lieutenant, May 22, 1864; died at Newbern, N.C. Charles G. Ward, First Lieutenant, May 16, 1864; killed near Drury's Bluff, Va. Jesse S. Williams, First Lieutenant, Aug. 16, 1864; killed at Deep Run, Va. Edgar Clough, Second Lieutenant, May 16, 1864; killed near Drury's Bluff, Va. Oliver H. Walker, Second Lieutenant, Jan 3, 1864; died of wounds. William Thome, Second Lieutenant, Aug. 20, 1864 ; died of wounds received Aug. 16, 1864. Twenty-fifth Regiment. Thomas O'Neil, Captain, June 3, 1864; killed, Cold Harbor, Va. William Daly, First Lieutenant, June 23, 1864; died of wounds received June 3, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Va Henry M'Conville, First Lieutenant, Adjutant, June 12,1864; died of wounds received June 3, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Va. Henry Matthews, First Lieutenant, June 3, 1864; killed, Cold Harbor, Va. Charles E. Upton, First Lieutenant, May 9, 1864; killed, Arrowfield Church, Va. Charles H. Pelton, Second Lieutenant, June 3, 1864; killed, Cold Harbor, Va. f' James Graham, Second Lieutenant, June 3, 1864; killed, Cold Harbor, Va. Twenty-sixth Regiment. Eusebius S. Clarke, Major, Oct. 17, 1864; died of wounds received Sept. 19, 1864, at Win chester, Va. Enos W. Thayer, Captain, Oot. 10, 1864; died of wounds received Sept. 19, 1864, at Win chester, Va. James Monroe, First Lieutenant, Quartermaster, Nov. 18, 1862 ; died of disease. Albert Tilden, First Lieutenant, Oct. 21, 1864; died of wounds received Oct. 19, 1864, at Cedar Creek, Va. John H. P. White, First Lieutenant, July 10, 1863; died at New Orleans, La. Winfield H. Benham, First Lieutenant, May 18, 1863; died of typhoid-fever, at New Or leans, La. Twenty-seventh Regiment. William A. Walker, Major, June 3, 1864; killed, Cold Harbor, Va. Franklin L. Hunt, Assistant Surgeon, Nov. 18, 1864; killed. Henry A. Hubbard. Captain, Feb. 12, 1862; died of disease, Roanoke Island, N.C. Charles D- Sanford, Captain, May 16, 1864; killed, Fort Darling, Va. Edward D. Wilcox, Captain, June 3, 1864; killed, Cold Harbor, Va. Frederick C. Wright, First Lieutenant, June 27, 1864; died of wounds received June 6, 1864, at Cold Harbor, Va. Edward D. Lee, First Lieutenant, April 17, 1864; died. Cyrus W. Goodale, First Lieutenant, Oct. 30, 1862 ; died. Pliny Wood, First Lieutenant, May 31, 1864; died of wounds received at Arrowfield Church, Va. Joseph W. Lawton, Second Lieutenant, March 14, 1862; killed, Newbern, N.C. Samuel Morse, Second Lieutenant, June 3, 1864; killed, Cold Harbor, Va. Edgar H. Coombs, Second Lieutenant, June 4, 1864 ; killed, Cold Harbor, Va. Twenty-eighth Regiment. Richard Byrnes, Colonel, June 12, 1864; died of wounds received June 3, 1864. Andrew J. Lawler, Major, May 18, 1864; killed, Spottsylvania Va. James Magner, Captain, May 18. 1864; killed, Spottsylvania, Va. Charles P Smith Captain, Mav 21, 1864 ; died of wounds received May 6 at Wilderness, Va. James A. M-Intv'i-e, Captain, May 6, 1864; killed, Wilderness, Va. William F. Cochrane, Captain, May 30, 1864; died of wounds received May 18 at Spott- svlvania, Va. Patrick Nolan, Captain, Aug. 14, 1864; killed Deep Bottom, Va. James B. West, First Lieutenant, June 4, 1864; died of wounds received at Cold Har- bor Vs. Hu o pS . Ss .00 = z. •ai o a a, o 3i* S3 5£ ¦a a 1 IS . JrJo u a 55 tio a H.2 « A3 & J -3 s ii One Hundred Days . . 74,700 4,792 16,648 152 3,454 5,375 1,209 30,843 4,539 14,048 130 3,349 5,346 1,209 3,155 3 114 33 1,770 1 49 2 4,775 50 745 4 4 18 1,832 1 6 1 7,389 42 784 0 1 11,126 58 474 4 69 7,818 84 428 6 26 10 72 3,689 14 1,026 Grand Total .... 106,330 59,464 3,278 1,822 5,596 1,840 8,221 11,731 8,372 72 3,703 1,026 TOTAL OF OFFICERS AND ENLTSTED MEN. S h p • s-g 1 a o Bis O a, S3 si5S ¦ES <2 115£ 1 if = Si |1 -d fc1 •a s t ti El ¦d 13 •d 0, 433, 436, 444, 447 448,501,507,514,615. reeonnoissance towards, 428. Hudson, Port, surrender of, 338, 411. Imboden, Gen., 366, Indian Ridge, battle of, 443. Infantry. See Regiments. Ingraham, Col. T., 389, 390. Irish Bend, battle of, 406. Irishmen, Ninth Regiment composed almost wholly of, 192. Jackson, Gen., victory at New Orleans, 95. Jackson, Stonewall, wounded, 153, 154. attack on his forces, 164. Jackson, Miss., siege of, 328, 502. Jackson's Cross-roads, battle of, 444. Jamaica Plain, aid from, 669. James Island, expedition to, 451. battle of, 487. Jarrett's Station, expedition to, 399. Johnson, Fort, Twenty -eighth Regiment evacuates, 320. Johnson, Lieut. M. L., 556, 557. Jones, Col., statement in regard to the Sixth Regiment, 115. Jefferson, Thomas, extract from report on slavery, 12. " Joseph Whitney," steamer, Government troops on, 95. Jourdan, Col., commands the Third Regi ment, which becomes a part of his brigade, 173. Jourdan, Camp, 174. " Journal," the Boston, 621. Juvenile offer of military service, 104. Kay, Joseph, 584. Kearney, Gen., killed at the battle of Chan tilly, 277. Kearney Library, 586. Kelley's Ford, capture of the enemy's redoubts at, by First Massachusetts Regiment, 155, 487, 524. Kennison, Acting Master, 555. Kettle Run, engagement at, 151. Killed at the Ford, a poem, 617, 618. Kimball, A. B., 645. Kimball, Lieut.-Col., annals of the Fifteenth Regiment, 228, 229. Kingsburv, Acting Master C. ft, 556. Kinston, battle of, 173, 180, 297, 299, 306, 414, 416, 419. Knight, Mrs. R. J., 576. Knoxville, battle of, 280, 329. Laberdiersville, battle near, 514. Ladd, L. ft, sketch of, 135-137. Ladd and Whitney, dedication of the monu ment to, 645. Ladies' Industrial Aid Association, assist ance from, 570. Ladies' Soldiers' Relief Association of New buryport. See Newburyport. " Lafayette," whaleship, 583. Lafourche Crossing, battle at, 310, 412, 515. Laidley, Col. T. L. S., United-States Armo ry, Springfield, 544. Lander, Brig.-Gen. F. W., sketch of, 629, 630. " Yankee Pride," a poem, 619, 620. Laurel Hill, attack on, 5U4. Laus Deo, a poem, 612, 613. Lawrence, Col. S. ft, compliment to Gen. Butler, 129. Lee, Col. F. J., 415, 417, 418. Lee, Col. F. L., 591. Lee, Col. H. ft, address to the Fifth Regi ment, 182, 183. 676 INDEX. Lee, Gen. (rebel), 154, 155. pursuit of, 401, 475. surrender of, 342, 354, 355, 364. cntting-off of his army at Appomattox Court House, 496. Lee, Lieut.-Col. Henry, of Gov. Andrew's staff, 97. Lee, Col. W. R., wounded, 270. resigned, 271. Lee, Major-Gen. Custis, captured by the Thirty-seventh Regiment, 388. Legislature, Massachusetts, 97, 98, 587. Leonard, Col., remarks of, concerning the Thirteenth Regiment, 221. Lexington, skirmish at, 11. Light Batteries, 499-535. First Battery, 499, 500. officers, 499. joins the Army of the Potomac, 499. .battle of Fredericksburg, 499. " " Chancellorsville, 499, 500. " " Winchester, 500. " " Fisher's Hill, 500. " " Gettysburg, 500. " at Salem Church, 500. battles of the Wilderness, 500. engagement at Sander's House, 500. Gen. Sedgewick in his report, 500. protects the laying of pontoon-bridges, 500. Major-Gen. P. H. Sheridan honors this battery, 500. mustered out, 500. Second Battery, 500-503. Major Cobb and Capt. Nims, 500. list of officers, 501. expeditions, &c, 501. siege of Vicksburg, 501. battle of Baton Rouge, assault on Port Hudson, fight at Carrion Crow, 501 battle of Pleasant Hill, 502. " " Sabine Cross-roads, 602. guards ammunition-trains, 502. services in Southern Mississippi, 502. battle at Jackson, 502. skirmish near Fort Blakely, 502. last cavalry fight, 502. called also Nims's Battery, 503. mustered out, 503. Third Battery, 503-505. list of officers, 503. joins the Army of the Potomac, 503. siege of Yorktown, 503. takes part in all the principal battles of the Peninsular Campaign, 503. battle of the Wilderness, 504. • attack on Laurel Hill, fight at North Anna River, at Shady Grove, battles of Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, 504. mustered out, 505. Fourth Battery, 505-509. list of officers, 505. expedition and battle, 505, 506. battle of Baton Rouge, 506. sickness, 507. assault on Port Hudson, 507. skirmishing, &c, 507. skirmishing at Atchafalaya River, 608. siege of Spanish Fort, 608. mustered out, 609. Fifth Battery, 509-512. attached to the Army of the Potomac,509. Light Batteries, continued. Fifth Battery, continued. List of officers, 509. siege of Yorktown, 509. battle of Gaines's Mills, 510. " " Malvern Hill, 510. " " Fredericksburg, 510. " " Gettysburg, 511. " " Rappahannock Station, 611. " " Mine Run, 511. " " Petersburg, 511, 512. " " Weldon Railroad, 511. Sixth Battery, 512-516. list of-officers, 512. expeditions, 513. battle of Baton Rouge, 513. " near Laberdiersville, 514. takes possession of Brashear City, 514. battle of Camp Bisland, 514. assault on Port Hudson, 514, 515. marches, &c, 515. mustered out, 516. Seventh Battery, 517-519. called " The Richardson Light Guard," list of officers, 517. skirmishes, 518. engagement at Franklin, 518. engagement at Providence Church Road, 518. expeditions, &c, 519. battle of Spanish Fort, 519. mustered out, 519. Eighth Battery, 520, 521. list of officers, 620. accident on journey to Washington, 52ff. skirmish near Sulphur Springs, 520. battle of Bull Run, 521. " " Chantilly, 521. " " South Mountain, 521. " " Antietam, 521. captures members of Stuart's cavalry, 621. mustered out, 521. Ninth Battery, 521-523. list of officers, 522. battle of Gettysburg, 522. " " Petersburg, 522. " " Weldon Railroad, 522. disturbance at Galloupe's Island, 523. Tenth Battery, 523-526. list of officers, 523. Mosby's guerillas, 524. engagement near Auburn, 524. Major-Gen. Birney's praise of, 524. battle of Kelley's 'Ford, 524. " " Mme'Run, 524. " " Hatcher's Run, 525. tattles of the Wilderness, 625. mustered out, 526. Eleventh Battery, 526-528. list of officers, 526. battles of the Wilderness, 526, 528. battle of Weldon Railroad, &c, 527. " " Petersburg, 528. mustered out, 528. Twelfth Battery, 528-530. list of officers, 628. expeditions, &c, 528. deserters from, 629. bounties, 529. served in the Department of the Gult, &c, 530. INDEX. 677 Light Batteries, continued. Thirteenth Battery, 530, 631. list of officers, 530. Capt. Hamlin's account, 530. expeditions, &c, 530. skirmish at Carrion Crow, 530. Red-river Expedition, 630. sickness, 530. Fourteenth Battery, 531-533. list of officers, 631. battle of Fort Stedman, 532. " " North Anna, 631. battles of the Wilderness, 631-533. battles of Tolopotomy, Cold Harbor, and Petersburg, 532, 633. mustered out, 533. Fifteenth Battery, 533, 534. list of officers, 538. deserters, 633. expeditions, 533, 634. siege of Blakely, 534. mustered out, 534. Sixteenth Battery, 584, 535. list of officers, 534. garrisons forts, &c, 534. marches, &c, 535. return home, and mustered out, 535. Light Guard, Richardson's, 517. Lincoln, Abraham, issues a call for troops to serve three years, 144. expresses his gratification at the ap pearance of the First Regiment Mas sachusetts Volunteers, and at the promptness of the Massachusetts peo ple, 147. praise of Fifth Regiment, 178. remarks in a letter, 604. telegram in regard to battle of Five Forks, 491. his interest in reading furnished to the army, 573. contribution to Boston National Sailors' Fair, 584. events immediately succeeding his death, 565, 566. intimacy with Senator Sumner, 38. Uneoln, F. W., 582. sketch and generosity of, 568. Literature, general, 621, 622. Locke, Lieut.-Col., 434. Locust Grove, battle of, 155, 156, 239. London, C. F. Adams ambassador to the court of St.. James, 83. Longfellow, H. W., 580, 608. poems, 616-618. Longshaw, Assistant Surgeon William, killed, 556. Longstreet, Gen., 187, 402. Loring, Acting Master B. W., 656. Loring, Gen. C. G., 565. Lothrop, Rev. Dr., remarks upon a work of Edward Everett, 57. Louisiana, the Thirty-first Regiment in, 347. First Regiment of Engineers, 410. Lounsbury, Col., 591. Lowell, first to form an aid society, &c, 667, 568. measures for comfort, &c, of citizen- soldiers, 575. originated the first sanitary fair, 579, 580. Lowell, Brig.-Gen. C. R., sketch of, 632, 633. death of, 489, 490. I Lowell, James Jackson, 633. Lowell, James Russell, 608. Lowell, Mrs. C. R., 570. Loyalty, incident illustrative of Massachu setts, 87, 88. Lynn, aid from, 569. charities of, 578, 579. Lyons, Lord, 42. Macauley, Col., severely wounded, 393. Macy, Gen. George N., 565. Madison University, New York, 620, 621. Maggi, Col. A. ft, 358. letter of, concerning Adjutant Mudge, 361. Mahan, Major, narrative of, 201. Mahone, Fort, battle of, 375, 473. Maies, Acting Master W. H., gallantry of, 556. Maiden, aid from, 569. Malvern Hill, battle of, 199, 203, 238, 286, 326, 510. Manassas Gap, skirmish at, 155, 199, 352. Mann, Horace, 13. Manning, Rev. J. M., 682, 603. Mansfield, Gen., praises Fifth Regiment, 178. Marblehead, patriotic men of, 103. aid from, 569. March, Mrs. A. L., 578. Marshall, Lieut.-Col. G. E., 405. Martin, Capt. Knott, first Massachusetts man in the war, 101, 102. Martin's Battery. See Third Battery. Maryland, apprehended negro insurrection in, 131. Mason, Lieut. E. B., 594. Mason, R. M., 592. Mason, W. W., 645. Massachusetts, account of 'the early history of. See Account. Army and Navy Union, 591. Baptist Convention, resolves of, 602, 603. Bible Society, 570. companies, list of the first that left for the war, 103. conciliatory measures of, 99. contributions, &c, 581, 582. Legislature, first action of, in regard to the Rebellion, 97, 98. material support of the Union, 545. Medical Commission, members of the Board of Examiners, 593, note. Sabbath-school Society, 574. troops. See Troops. Universalist Convention, resolves of, 601, 602. M'Clellan, Gen., victorious legions of, 203. advance upon Frederick, 221. M'Kim, Capt. W. W., 592. M'Laughlin, Col., appointed to command of First Regiment Massachusetts Volun teers, 152. wounding of Stonewall Jackson, related by, 153, 154. M'Rae, Fort, taken by the Thirty-second Massachusetts Regiment, 353. M'Rory, the guerilla, 347. Meade, Gen. G. G., succeeds Gen. Hooker in command, 154. Meagher, Gen., remarks concerning the Twenty-ninth Massachusetts Regi ment, 327, 328. Twenty-ninth Regiment becomes a part of his Irish brigade, 326. 678 INDEX. Mechanicsville, battle of, 199, 286. Medical service, the, 588-595. list of staff medical officers who have been brevetted, 688, 589. list of deceased medical officers, 594, ¦note. medical commission, 593, note. Memorials of the dead, 645-650. Mercer, Dr., services of, 427. Merchants of Boston. See Boston. Merriam, Lieut.-Col., killed, 241. Merrick, L. L., 606. "Merrimack," engagement with, 554, 555. Merritt, Lieut.-Col. Henry, killed, 291. Messer, Col., 434. Methodist-Episcopal Church. See New-Eng land Conlerence of the Methodist- Episcopal Church. Mexico and United States, Sumner's argu ment against war between, 29, 30. Michie, Gen., extract from report of, 483. Miles, Major-Gen. N. A., sketch of, 561, 562. Military companies, several of them offer their services to the country, 98, 99. Military operations, resume of, 538", 549. Militia, number of, in 1861, 92, 93. Gov. Andrew's opinion on, 20, 23. Mine Run, battle of, 201, 239, 476, 511, 524. " Mississippi," frigate, blown up, 327. Monroe, Fortress, defended from attack, 130. Montieth, Col., arrested, 320. Morris, Lieut., sketch of, 554, 555. Morse, Lieut.-Col., 166, 168. wounded, 169. Morse, Chaplain, 603. Morton, Gov. O. P., letter to Col. A. D. Wass, 470, 471. Mosby, the guerilla, 488, 489, 524. Motley, John Lothrop, sketch of, 83-85. Moultrie, Fort, Major Anderson at, 92. Mount-Vernon Fund, 58. Muddy Run, battle at, 492. Mudge, Adjutant, First Regiment Massachu setts Voluuteers, disabled in battle of Gettysburg, 155. See Maggi, Col. A. C. Mudge, E. R., 587. Mudge, Lieut.-Col. C. R., 165. killed, 165, 166. sketch of, 636, 637. Naval heroes, 583. Naval service of the State, the, 550-558. Navy, number of enlisted men in the, 557. Neaie, Rev. A. R. See United-States Chris tian Commission. Nebraska Bill, 14. Needham, Sumner Henry, short sketch of, 135. burial of, 646. Negro insurrection in Maryland, 131. Nelson's Farm, battle of, 270, 326. New Bedford, City Guards, 577. contributions from Mr. T. P. Allen's school, 583. in regard to the Boston Riot, 543. its patriotism, 576. monument in, Mayor Howland sug gests the propriety of erecting, 648, 649. Soldiers' Aid Society, contributions of, 677. Newbern, attempt of the rebels to repossess, 422-424. battle of, 275, 276, 291, 292, 299, 315. losses in, repaired, 539. Newburyport, Ladies' Soldiers' Relief Asso ciation of, its charities, 578. New-England Conference of the Methodist- Episcopal Church, its statements, 597, 598. emigrants to Kansas, 14. Freedmen's Aid Society, its organiza tion, and contributions to, 582. Society of New-York City, 567, 578. Women's Auxiliary Association, 576. Soldiers' Relief Association, its special work, 578. Sons of, 577, 578. Newport, Fort Adams, 95. Newton, aid from, 569. Eliot-church Sabbath School, 583. New York, aid to Savannah, 584. New- York City, New-England Society of, its operations, 577, 578. riot in, 542. Second Massachusetts Regiment in, to quell riots, 167. New-York Agency for Relief, 590. army subscription, 582. Nichols, Lieut., gallantry of, 556. Nims's Batterv. See Second Battery. Noble, Isaac B., 472. North Anna, battle of, 241, 374, 461, 467, 479, 504, 631. " North-American Review," 622. remarks upon Western Sanitary Com mission, 584, 585. North (now Springfield) Street Discharged Soldiers' Home, 587. Northampton, Mass., charities, 579. North-eastern boundary, Sumner's defence of the American claim to, 29. O'Brien, Lieut.-Col., death of, 430. O'Connor, Ensign F. A., killed, 556. Officers, general, furnished by Massachusetts, who survived the war, 559-566. Officers and enlisted men, total of killed, 668. Olustee, battle of, 404, 452. Opequan, battle of, 393, 493. Ormsby, W. E., execution of, 489. Otis, Mrs. H. G., originates the donation committee, &c, 569, 570. " Our God is a Consuming Fire," 610, 611. Paine, C. J., 565. Palfrey, Lieut.-Col. F. W., severely wound ed, 270, 271. Pamunkey, battle of, 241. Parker, Col. 350. battle of Fredericksburg, 351. Parkman, Theodore, sketch of, 642. Parsons, Lieut.-Col., battle of the Wilderness, 205, 206. Patten, Major Henry L., sketch of, 643, 644. Patterson, Gen., joins Second Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, 160. Pawtucket, aid from, 669. Peach-tree-Creek battle, 168. Pemberton-square United-States Army Hos. pital, or Soldiers' Rest, 586, 592. Peninsula, campaign of the, 248-252, 503. Pennell, ft, 606. " Perley," 621. INDEX. 679 Petersburg, battle of, 217, 235, 241, 267, 273, 282, 283, 296, 307, 323, 325, 331-333, 353, 369, 370, 375, 381, 387, 388, 397, 404, 459, 462, 464, 467, 479, 504, 611, 512,522,628,532. Phalen, Capt., 170. Phelps, Gen., testimony of, 535. Philadelphia, aid to Savannah, 684. expressions of the leading papers of, in regard to Massachusetts, 15. Agency for Relief, 589, 590. Phillips Academy, Andover, 606. Phillips, W., 13. Piedmont, battle of, 367. Pierce, E. L., appeal for the freedmen, 582. Pierce, Major-Gen. E. W., succeeds Brig.- Gen. Butler after his promotion, 140. letter of, offering troops, 94, 95. Pierpont, Rev. John, 608. poems, 608, 609. Pierson, Col., seriously wounded, 398. Pilgrim*, the, 33. Pittsfield, Mass., charities, 579. Plains Store, battle of, 433. Pleasant Hill, battle of, 345, 502. Plunkett, Major C. T., in command of the Forty-ninth Regiment, 433. - Plymouth, aid from, 569. Pocatoglio, battle of, 487. Poets, &c, 607-621. Pomeroy, Mrs., 587. Poplar-grove Church, battle of, 381, 463. Poplar-spring Church, battle of, 466. Portrait (National) Gallery, 623. " Post," the Boston, 622. Potomac, Army of the, put in motion, 154. Pratt, Capt., ordered to join Sixth Regiment, 108. Preble's Farm, battle near, 480. Prescott, Col. George L., killed in the battle of Petersburg, 353. sketch of, 686. Press and general literature, 621, 622. Prince, Gen., commands the Third Regiment, 173. Prophecy, 609. Protestant-Episcopal Church, extracts from • addresses of the bishops, 598, 599. Providence-church Road, engagement at,518. Putnam, W., sketch of, 633. Quantrell's guerilla band, 492. Quincy, aid from, 569. Quincy, Col., 163, 164. brevetted brigadier, 164. Quint, Rev. A. H., 603, 649. his election-sermon, January, 1866, 25, 26. remark upon Adjutant-Gen. Schouler, 107. Massachusetts surgeons, 107. Baccoon Ford, rebels silenced at, 476. Railroad companies offer aid, 569. Randal], Acting Master W. P., 555. Rapidan, skirmishes along the, 195. Rapidan Station, battle of, 487. Rappahannock, skirmishes along the, 195. Rappahannock Railroad, bridge on the, First Regiment of Cavalry destroys, 487. Rappahannock Station, battle of, 200, 204, ¦250,264,288,352,385,511. Raymond, Col., remarks on the Twenty- third Regiment, 297, 298. Revere, Col. P. J., mortally wounded, 272. sketch of, 634-636. Read, Gen., 496. Reading, standard religious, 573, 574. Reading, commemoration of her heroic dead, 647, 648. monument to her heroic dead originated by Mr. A. Holden, 647, 648. Readville United-States Hospital, 686. Ream's Station, battle of, 274, 324. " Recorder," the Boston, 621. Red-river Expedition, 345, 391. Regiments, the three-months', 106-143. Adjutant-General's report on, 140, 141, residences of, 141, 142. commissioned, 142. See Light Batteries, Riflemen. Third Regiment, departure of, 116. list of officeis, 116. facts in regard to, 119. arrives at Fortress Monroe, 124. Fourth Reqiment, departure of, 116. list of officers, 116,117. facts in the early history of, 117, 118. farewell address of Gov. Andrew, 118. particulars in regard to, 118, 119. arrives at Fortress Monroe, 124. Fifth Regiment, filling up of the, and de parture, 122. list of officers, 123. participated in the battle of Manassas, 141. killed and wounded, 141. Sixth Regiment, account of the, 110-115. list of officers, 111. attack upon, at Baltimore, 113-115. killed, wounded, and missing in, 113- 115. enters Baltimore, May 13, 1861, 131. list and account of the killed, 133-137. Boston, sympathy with, 133. Massachusetts' reception of the slain. Seventh Regiment, companies taken from to add to the Fifth, 122. Company F disbanded, 122. Eighth Reqiment, preparing for departure, 119, 120. >. departure of, 121, 122. Capt. Briggs ordered to join, 116. farewell speech of Gov. Andrew, 120. " " " Gen. Butler, 120. list of officers, 121. excitement of, at Philadelphia, 122. Gen. Butler's plan for the march of, 125, 126. further events connected with, 126-132. frigate " Constitution," 127, 128. takes possession of Annapolis, 129-131. Regiments, the three-years' and nine- months', 144. First Regiment, 145-157. how composed, 145, 146. field and staff, 145. departure and destination of, 146, 147. Pres. Lincoln expresses his satisfaction with, 147. celebration of the 4th of July by, 147. advance towards South Carolina, 147. skirmish of Blackburn's Ford in the Bull-run battle, 148, 149. Col. Cowdin detached from, and Lieut.- Col. Wells appointed colonel, 149. 680 INDEX. Regiments, the three-years' and nine- months', continued. First Regiment, continued. Col. Cowdin again takes command of, 150. drives the rebels from Yorktown and Williamsburg, 150. ill health of the troops, 150. engagement at Fair Oaks, 150, 151. battles of Glendale, Malvern Hill, Kettle Run, second battle of Bull Run, Chantilly. Fredericksburg, 151, 152. Lieut.-Col. Baldwin takes command of, 152. Col. M'Laughlin takes command of, 152. battle of Chancellorsville, 153. " " Gettysburg, 154, 155. " " Manassas Gap, 155. captures the enemy's redoubts at Kel ly's Ford, 155. battle of Locust Grove, 155, 156. remarks upon, 156, 157. return home of, 157. speech of Gov. Andrew at reception of, 157. response of Col. McLaughlin, 157. Second Regiment, 157-171. origin oi', 157-159. raising of, 159. list of officers of, 159, 160. departure of, 160. joins Gen. Patterson, 160. in camp in winter of 1861-62, 160, 161. skirmishes, 160, 161. battle of Winchester, 161, 162. " " Cedar Mountain, 162, 163. " " Antietam, 163. commendation of, at Stafford Court House, 163. capture of rebels at Germania Ford by, 163, 164. attack on Jackson's forces, 164. engagement at Beverly Ford, 164. battle of Gettysburg, 165, 166. in city of New York, to keep down riots, 167. skirmishes, 167-169. Peach-tree-Creek battle, 168. battle of Atlanta, 168. battle of Averysborough, 169. return home, i70. remarks concerning, 170, 171. Third Regiment, 172-175. volunteers a second time, 172. list of officers, 172. departs to Newbern, 172. short expeditions, 173. fight near Elizabeth City, N.C, 173. battles of Kinston, Whitehall, and Golds borough, 173. Gen. Heckman's regret at parting with, 173. becomes a part of Col. Jourdan's bri gade, 173. commendations of Gens. Foster, Prince, and Col. Jourdan, 173. skirmishes, &c, 174. helps to drive the rebels from Wash ington, N.C, 174. picket-duty at Deep Gulley, 174. return home, 174 ; remarks, 174, 175. Fourth Regiment, 176-177. list of officers, 176. Regiments, the three-years' and nine months', continued. Fourth Regiment, continued. Account of the raising of, 175, 176. takes part in the first Port-Hudson Ex pedition, 176. arduous duties, 176, 177. freat loss of, 177. lajor-Gen. Emory's remarks concern ing, 177. Fifth Regiment, 178-183. Gen. Mansfield's praise of, 178. Pres. Lincoln's praise of, 178. Sees. Chase and Cameron's praise of, 178. Gov. Andrew's praise of, 178. battle of Bull Run, 178. enlists a second time, 178. list of officers, skirmishes, 179. Wilmington and Weldon Railroad de stroyed by, 179, 180. battles of Kinston, Whitehall, and Goldsborough, ISO, 181. skirmishes, 181. returns to Boston, 182. remarks concerning, 182. address of Col. H. C. Lee to, 182, 183. note of Gen. Foster regarding, 183. enlists a third time, 183. Sixth Regiment, 183-188. See Jones, Col. remarks concerning the three-months' service of, 183, 184. departure of, for the nine-months' ser vice, 184, 185. list of officers, 185. - skirmishes, 186 187. engagement at Blackwater, 187. attack of Gen. Longstreet, 187. last expedition towards Blackwater, 187. record of the Adjutant^General, 188. Seventh Regiment, 193-197. list of officers, 193. battle of Williamsburg, 194. skirmish at Bottom's Bridge, 194. battle of Fair Oaks, 194. engagement near Seven Pines, 194. battle and skirmishes along the Rappa hannock and Rapidan, 195. full account of subsequent operations, by Col. Johns, 196, 197. Eighth Regiment, 188-192. list of officers, 188. departure of, 189. various duties, 189, 190. engagement at Blount's Creek, 190. takes possession of Fort Duncan, 191. re-enforces the Army of the Potomac, and suffers much, 191, 192. returns home, 192. Ninth Regiment, 198-202. Col. Cass killed before Richmond, and succeeded by Patrick R. Guiney, 198. list of officers," 198. battle of Yorktown, 199. " " Hanover Court House, 199. " " Mechanicsville, 199. " " Gaines's Mills, 199. " " Chickahominy, 199. " " Malvern Hill, 199. engagements at Manassas, 199. battle of Antietam, 199. " " Botler's Mill, 199. " " Fredericksburg, 200. INDEX. 681 Regiments, the three-years' .and nine- months', continued. Ninth Regiment, continued. Battle of Chancellorsville, 200. battle of Gettysburg, 200. " " Wap'ping Heights, 200. " " Rappahannock Station, 200. " " Mine Run, 201. " " the Wilderness, 201. other battles, 201. Major Mahan' s narrative, 201. return home, 201, 202. Tenth Regiment, 202-207. list of officers, 202. battle of Yorktown, 202. " " Williamsburg, 202. " at Savage's Station, 202. " " Malvern Hill, 203. retreat from Harrison's Landing, 203. battle at Salem Heights, 204. " " Gettysburg, 204. " of Rappahannock Station, 204. battles of the Wilderness, 205, 206. skirmishing, &c, 206. return home, 198, 199. Eleventh Regiment, 208-212. formation of, 208. list of officers, 208. at Bull Run, and other movements, 208. resignation of Col. Clark, 208. Col. Blaisdell takes command, 208. Gov. Andrew presents a new State color for its bravery at Williamsburg, 209. picket-duty and marches, 209. gallantry at Chancellorsville; other movements, 210. battle of the Wilderness, 211. return home of a portion of the regi ment, 211. skirmishing and picket-duty, 211. Col. Blaisdell's death, 212. various movements and discharge, 212. Twelfth Regiment, 213-218. list of officers, 213. death of Col. Fletcher Webster, 213. Capt. James L. Bates, commissioned colonel, 213. heavy losses, 213 ; Fredericksburg, 214. an officer's account of the movements early in 1863, 215. battle of Gettysburg, 215, 216. pursues Lee's retreating columns, 216. battle of the Wilderness, 217. severe service, marching and counter marching, 217. extract from Col. Bates's report, 217, 218. battle of Petersburg, 217. mustered out, 218. resume of losses, 218. Thirteenth Regiment, 219-225. its origin, 219. list of officers, 219. marches, &c, 219, 220, 223, 224. second battle of Bull Run, 22Q, 221. battle of South Mountain, 221. " Antietam, 221. " Fredericksburg, 221. « Gettysburg, 222, 223. return home, 225. Fourteenth Regiment, 225. _ called the " Essex-county Regiment, 225 Regiments, the three-years' and nine- months', continued. Fourteenth Regiment, continued. Departure of, list of officers, garrisons Fort Albany and Fort Runyon, changed to the First Heavy Artillery, 225. See Heavy Artil lery, First Regiment. Fifteenth Regiment, 226-236. sketch of Col. C. Devens, 226-228. list of officers, 228. battle of Ball's Bluff, 228, 229. " " Fair Oaks, 230. " " Antietam, 231. " " Gettysburg, 233, 234. " " the Wilderness, 235. battle of Petersburg, 235. return home, 235. Sixteenth Regiment, 237-242. origin, and list of officers, 237. Col. Wyman, 237 ; his death, 238. Capt. Lombard's account of the regi ment, 237-241. first Union regiment to enter Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Suffolk, 237. Gen. Hooker compliments the regiment and Col. Wyman, 238. Capelle, J. F., distinguishes himself, 238. battle of Glendale, 2J8. " " Malvern Hill, 238. " " Fredericksburg, 238. " " Chancellorsville, 238. " " Gettysburg, 238, 239. " " Wapping Heights, 239. " " Locust Grove, 239. " " Mine Run, 239. " " Wilderness, 239, 240. " " Spottsylvania, 240. " " North Anna, 241. " " Pamunkey, Petersburg, 241. Lieut.-Col. Merriam killed, 241. mustered out, 241. battalion formed, and consolidated with the Eleventh, 241. Seventeenth Regiment, 242-246. origin, and list of officers, 242. expedition to Accomac County, 242. services at Newbern, 242 et seq. Lieut.-Col. J. F. Fellows's interesting letter, giving an account of the expe dition to Goldsborough, 242-244. goes to the relief of Washington, N.C, 244, 245. expedition against Weldon, 244. other movements, 245. mustered out, 245, 246. consolidation, and subsequent service, 246. Eighteenth Regiment, 247-252. list' of officers, 247. drilling of, &c, 247, 248. marches, &c, 248, 249. second battle of Bull Run, 249. battle of Fredericksburg, 249. " " Chancellorsville, 250. " " Rappahannock Station, 250. skirmishing, &c, 251, 252. consolidation, 252. Nineteenth Regiment, 255-268. list of officers, 265. battle of Ball's Bluff, 256. " " Yorktown, 257. " " Fair Oaks, 207. 682 INDEX. the three-years' and nine- months', continued. Nineteenth Regiment, continued. Battle of Glendale, 258-260. skirmishes, &c, 258. battle of Chantilly, 261. " " Antietam, 261, 262. " " at the Rappahannock, 264. " " Gettysburg, 265. " " the Wilderness, 266. '* " Bristow Station, 265. " " Robinson's Cross-roads, 265, 266. " " Petersburg, 267. furlough of, 266; returns home, 268. Twentieth Reqiment, 260-274. list of officers, 269. battle of Ball's Bluff, 269. marches, &c, 270. battle of West Point, 270. " " Fair Oaks, 270. " " Savage's Station, 270. " " White-oak Swamp, 270. " " Nelson's Farm, 270. " " Antietam, 271. " " Fredericksburg, 271. " " Gettysburg, 272. " " Catlett's Station, 272. " " Bristow Station, 272. " " the Wilderness, Petersburg, 273. " " Ream's Station, 274. return home, 274. Twenty-first Regiment, 275-284. list of officers, 275. battle of Roanoke Island, 275. " " Newbern, 275, 276. " " Bull Run, second, 277. " " Chantilly, 277. " " Antietam, 278. " " Fredericksburg, 278. " " Knoxville, 280. return home and reception, 280, 281. re-enlist, 2S0. battle of the Wilderness, 281. " " Spottsylvania, 282. " " Sandy-grove Road, 282. " " Cold Harbor, 282. " " Petersburg, 282, 283. officers and non-re-enlisted return home, 283, 284. re-enlisted organized with the Thirty- sixth Massachusetts, 284. Twenty-second Regiment, 285-289. list of officers, 285. Col. Wilson resigns his command, Col. Gove succeeds, 285. battle of Gaines's Mills, 286. " " Yorktown, 286. " " Mechanicsville, 286. " " Malvern Hill, 2S6. " " Antietam, 286. " " Fredericksburg, 287. " " Chancellorsville, 287. " " Gettysburg, 287, 288. " " Round Top; 288. " " Wapping Heights, 288. " " Rappahannock Station, 288. return home, 289. Brig.-Gen. Griffiu's commendatory let ter, 289. Twenty-third Regiment, 290-298. list of officer;-, 290. Regiments, the three-years' and nine- months', continued. Twenty-third Regiment, continued. Battle of Roanoke Island, 290, 291. battle of Newbern, 291, 292. Gen. Burnside's compliments, 291. battle of Goldsborough, 293, 294. destroys Wilmington Railroad, 294. engagement at Wilcox Bridge, 294, 295. attack on Richmond, 295. battle of Petersburg, Fort Darling, 296. " " Cold Harbor, Kinston, 297. return home, 297. remarks of Col. Raymond, 297, 298. Twenty-fourth Regiment, 298-303. list of officers, 298. part of the Burnside Expedition, 298. battle of Roanoke Island, 298. " " Newbern, 299. " near Washington, N.C, 299. " of Kinston, 299. " " Fort Wagner, 300. assault on Fort Sumter, 301. skirmishes and battles, 301, 302. return home, 302. extract from address of Gov. Bullock, 302, 303. Twenty-fifth Regiment, 304-309. list of officers, 804. battle of Roanoke Island, 305. " " Kinston, 306. " " Goldsborough, 306. " " Cold Harbor, 307. " " Petersburg, 307. " '• Wise's Forks, 308. return home, 308. Twenty-sixth Regiment, 309-313. list of officers, 309. duty in New Orleans, 310. battle at Lafourche Crossing, 310. three-fourths of, re-enlist as cavalry, 311. marches, &c, 311, 312. engagement at Fisher's Hill, 312. battle of Cedar Creek, 313. return home, 313. officering of the Old Sixth Regiment, 313. Twenty-seventh Regiment, 314-319. list of officers, 3i4. known as " The Second Western Regi ment," 314. battle of Roanoke Island, 315. " " Newbern, 315. expedition to Goldsborough, 316. attack at Batchelder's Creek, 317. successful expedition to Guin Swamp, 317. skirmishes, &c, 318, 319. battle of Cold Harbor, 319. Twenty-eighth Regiment, 320-325. list of officers, 320. Col. Montieth placed under arrest, 320. evacuates Fort Johnson, 320. second battle of Bull Run, 321. battle.of Chantillv, 321. " " South Mountain, 321. " " Antietam, 821. " " St. Mary's Heights, 321. " " Gettysburg, 322. marches. 322. skirmishes, &c, 322, 324. battle of the Wilderness, 322. " " Spottsylvania, 322, 323. INDEX. 683 Regiments, the three-years' and nine- months', continued. Twenty-eighth Regiment, continued. Battle of Cold Harbor, 323. battle of Petersburg, 323, 325. " " Deep Bottom, 324. _" " Ream's Station, 324. picket-guard and fatigue duties, 324. engagement at Hatcher's Run, 325. returns home, 325. twenty-ninth Regiment, 326-334. how partly formed, 144, 145. organization of, list of officers, 326. becomes part of Irish brigade of Gen. Meagher, 326. Gen. Meagher writes of, 327, 328. battles of Gaines's Mills, Savage's Sta tion, White-oak Swamp, Nelson's Farm, Malvern Hill, Antietam, 326. marches, &c, 326. battle of Fredericksburg, sieges of Vicksburg, Jackson, Miss., 328. battle of Blue Springs, 329. " " Campbell's Station, 329. " " Knoxville, 329. sufferings of, 330. battle of Petersburg, 331. " " Blick's Station, 331, 332. skirmishing, 332. battle of Petersburg, 332, 333. return home, 334. remarks about, 334. Thirtieth Regiment, 335-442. organization, &c, 335. list of officers, 335. expeditions, &c, 335, 336. pursuit of guerillas, 336. battle of Baton Rouge, 336, 337. disease of, 337. battle of Clinton Plains, 338. surrender of Port Hudson, 338. engagement at Rock's Plantation, 338. three-fourths of tlie regiment re-enlist, 339. battle of Winchester, 339, 340. " " Fisher's Hill, 340. " " Cedar Creek, 340, 341. news of the surrender of Lee's army, 342. Thirty-first Regiment, 342-350. designated " The Western Bay-State Regiment," 342. list of officers, 342. advance against Port Hudson, 343. battles, &c, 344. converted into cavalry, 344. battle of Pleasant Hill, 345. " " Sabine Cross-roads, 345. " " Cane River, 345. " " Hudnot's Plantation, 345, 346. furlough, 346. consolidated to a battalion of five com panies, 346. in Louisiana, 347. Brig.-Gen. Sherman acknowledges the services of, 347, 348. skirmishes, 348. formed into a brigade with three other cavalry regiments, 348. fall of Spanish Fort and Blakely, 348, 349. return home, 349 ; losses, 350. Thirty-second Regiment, 350-355. origin of, 350. Regiments, the three-years' and nine- months', continued. Thirty-second Reqiment, continued. Lieut.- Col. F. J. Parker, 350. battle of Antietam, 350. " " Snicker's Gap, 350. " " Fredericksburg, 351. " " Chancellorsville, 361. " " Gettysburg, 352. " " Manassas Gap, 352. retreat to Centreville, 352. Bristow Station, 352. battle of Rappahannock Station, 352. furlough, 352. battlefof the Wilderness, 352, 353. battle of Petersburg, 353. Fort M'Rae taken by, 353. sickness, 354. second battle of Hatcher's Run, 354. battle of Waverley Run, 354. skirmishing, 354. return home, 355. Thirty-third Regiment, 356-364. Gen. A. B. Underwood, 356, 357. Col. A. C. Maggi, 358. with the Army of the Potomac at Fal mouth, 358. battle of Chancellorsville, 358. " " Beverly Ford, 358, 359. " " Gettysburg, 359. " " Chattanooga, 360, 363. congratulatory letter of Gen. Howard, 361. letter of Col. Maggi, 362. battles and skirmishes, 363. evacuation of Savannah by enemy, 364. severe skirmishing and fighting, 364. return home, 364. Thirty-fourth Regiment, 365-370. list of officers, 365. takes possession of Harper's Ferry, 365. capture of rebels at Charlestown, 366. strategy of Col. Wells at Harrisonburg, 366. battle of Piedmont, 367. suffering of, 367. fight at Fisher's Hill, 367, 368. battle of Cedar Creek, 368, 369. skirmishes, marches, &c, 369. battle of Hatcher's Run, 369. " " Petersburg, 369, 370. return home, 370. Thirty-fifth Reqiment, 370-376. list of officer's, 370. poorly fitted out, 371. battle of South Mountain, 371, 372. " " Antietam, 371, 372. " " Fredericksburg, 372. skirmishing, 373. battle of Spottsylvania, 374. battles of North Anna, Shady Grove, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, 374. battle of Weldon Railroad, 374. " " Fort Stedman, 375. " " " Mahone, 375. Petersburg evacuated, 375. return home, 376. Thirty-sixth Regiment, 377-381. Col. Henry Bowman, 377. list of officers, 377. with the Army of the Potomac, 377. marching, siege of Vicksburg, 378. 684 INDEX. Regiments, the three-years' and nine- months', continued. Thirty-sixth Regiment, continued. Battle at Jackson, 378. Col. Bowman discharged, 378. deaths from fatiguing march, 378. battle at Blue Springs, 379. " " Campbell's Station, 379. extreme suffering from hunger, and want of clothing, 380. battle of the Wilderness, 380. " " Spottsylvania, 380. skirmishing, 380. battle of Petersburg, 381. " " Poplar-grove Churcli, 381. return home, 381. Thirty-seventh Regiment, 382-388. Col. 0. Edwards, 382. list of officers, 382. incident on the way to Washington, 382. severe sickness, 383. battle of Fredericksburg, 383, 384. " " Gettysburg, 384. " " Rappahannock Station, 385. battles of the Wilderness, 385, 386. battle of Cold Harbor, 386. " " Fort Stevens, 386. " " Winchester, 387. " " Petersburg, 387, 388. return home, 388. Thirty-eighth Reyiment, 389-394. Col. T. Ingraham, 389. list of officers, 389. expedition to Port Hudson, 390. battle at Bisland, &c, 390, 391. " of Cane River, 392. " " Opequan, 393. " " Winchester, 393. " " Fisher's Hill, 393. " Cedar Creek, 393. return home, 394. Thirty-ninth Regiment, 395-401. Col. P. S. Davis, 395. list of officers, 396. guards the Potomac, 395. marches, 396. battles of the Wilderness, 396, 397. " " Petersburg, 397. " " Weldon Railroad, 398, 399. expedition to Jarrett's Station, 399. battle, of Hatcher's Run, 399, 400. " " Gravelly Run, 400. " " Five Forks, 400, 401. pursuit of Gen. Lee, 401. return home, 401. Fortieth Regiment, 401-406. Major Burr Porter, 401. list of officers, 401. marches, &c, 402. battle of Baltimore Cross-roads, 403. siege of Fort Sumter, 403. on Folly Island, 403. battle of Ten-mile Run, 404. " " Olustee, Drury's Bluff, 404. " " Cold Harbor, Petersburg, 404. " " Williamsburg Road, 404. enters Richmond, 404. return home, 406. remarks concerning, 406, 406. Forty-first Regiment, 406, 407. list of officers, 406. expedition to Baton Rouge, 406. Regiments, the three-years' and nine months', continued. Forty-first Regiment, continued. Battle of Irish Bend, 406. attacked by Texas Cavalry, 407. organized as Third Massachusetts Caval ry, 407. See Cavalry, Third Regiment. Forty-second Regiment, 408-413. Col. I. S. Burrill, 408. list of officers, 408. with Gen. Banks's Expedition, 408. capture of" The Harriet Lane " by the rebels, 409. organization of the First Louisiana En gineers, 410. surrender of Port Hudson, 411. battle of Lafourche Crossing, 412. garrison at Brashear City captured by, 412; mustered out, 413. Forty-third Regiment, 413-415. known as " The Tiger Regiment," 413. origin of, 413. list of officers, 413. expedition to Goldsborough, 413, 414. battle of Kinston, 414. " " Whitehall, 414. retreat from Blount's Creek, 414. return home, 415. Forty-fourth Regiment, 415-418. Col. F. H. Lee, 415. list of officers, 415. expedition from Newbern to Tar borough, 416. Gen. Foster's remark, 416. fight near Williamston, 416. skirmishes, 416. fight at Whitehall, 416. " " Kinston, 416. " " Whitehall Bridge, 417. " " Washington, N.C, 417. death of Surgeon B. Ware, 417. return home, 417. Forty-fifth Regiment, 418-420. known as "The Cadet Regiment," 418. Col. C. R. Codman, 418. list of officers, 419. letter from Col. Codman, 419, 420. expedition to Goldsborough, 419. battle of Kinston, 419. " " Whitehall, 420. skirmishes, &c, 420. return home, 420. Forty-sixth Regiment, 421-425. Col. G. Bowler, 421. list of officers, 421. expedition to Goldsborough, 421, 422. skirmishes, 422. attempt of the rebels to repossess New bern, 422-424. mustered out, 425. Forty-seventh Regiment, 425-427. Col. L. B. Marsh, 425. list of officers, 425. engagements at Thibodeaux, 426. marches, &c, 426. the colonel recruits a company of colored men, which becomes the nucleus of the Second Regiment of Engineers, 427. in Louisiana, 427. services of Drs. Blackmer and Mercet and Rev. E. W. Clark, 427. return home, deaths, 427. INDEX. 685 Regiments, the three-years' and nine- months', continued. Forty-eighth Regiment, 427-431. origin of, 427. dissatisfaction, &c, 428. list of officers, 428. reeonnoissance towards Port Hudson, 428. Commodore Farragut, 428. battle at Port Hudson, 429, 430. death of Lieut.-Col. O'Brien, 430. engagement at Bayou Lafourche, 430. return home, 431. Forty-ninth Regiment, 432-434. Camp Briggs, 432. list of officers, 432. Col. W. F. Bartlett, 432. provost-guard duty in New York, 432. advance against Port Hudson, 433. battle of Plains Store, 433. Col. Bartlett wounded, 433. Lieut.-Col. Sumner wounded, 433. Major Plunkett in command of, 433. return home, 434. Fiftieth Regiment, 434-437. composed principally of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment, 434. Col. Messer and Lieut.-Col. Locke, 434. list of officers, 434. unsafety of journey to New Orleans, 435. small-pox, 435. expedition to and assault on Port Hud son, 436. return home, 437. Fifty-first Regiment, 437-441. Col. Sprague, 437. list of officers, 437. in North Carolina, 437, 438. disease and deaths in, 438. in Baltimore, 440. joins the Army of the Potomac to inter cept the retreat of Gen. Lee, 440. sickness from malaria, and lack of cloth ing, 440, 441. return home, 441. Fifty-second Regiment, 442-444. list of officers, 442. embarks for the Department of the Gulf, 442. march to Port Hudson, 443, 444. battle of Indian Ridge, 443. Col. T. E. Chickering, 443. marches, &c.,443. assault upon Port Hudson, 444. battle of Jackson's Cross-roads, 444. losses, and return home, 444. Fifty-third Regiment, 444-448. Col. Kimball, 444, 445. list of officers, 445. expedition to Port Hudson, 445. skirmishes, marches, &c, 446, 447. I battle at Fort Bisland, 446. assault at Port Hudson, 447-448. mustered out, 448. Fifty -fourth Regiment, 449-455. camp at Readville, 449. remarks about colored soldiers, 449, 450. list of officers, 460. expedition to James Island, 451. assault on Fort Wagner, 451. expedition to Florida, 452. battle of Olustee, 452. Regiments, tne three-years' and nine- months', continued. Fifty-fourth Regiment, continued. Wages of. 452, 453. battle of Honey Hill, 453. Morris Island, guarded by, 453. enters Charleston, 454. engagement at Boykin's Mills, 454. return home, 454. Fifty-fifth Regiment, 455-458. list of officers, in Newbern, 455. Col. Hallowell's account of the services of, 455, 456. marches, &c, 456. resignation of Col. Hallowell, 456. advance upon Charleston, 457. engagement at Honey Hill, 457. return home, 458. Fifty-sixth Regiment, 459, 460. Col. Charles Griswold, 459. list of officers, 459. battles of the Wilderness, 459. battle of Petersburg, 459, 460. " " Weldon Railroad, 460, skirmishes, 460. mustered out, 460. Fifty-seventh Regiment, 461-463. organization of. list of officers, 461. battles of the Wilderness, 461. battle of Spottsylvania, 461. " " North Anna River, 461. " " Petersburg, 461, 462. " " Weldon Railroad, 462. " " Poplar-grove Church, 463. " " Fort Stedman, 463. Major J. Doherty, 463. consolidated with the Fifty-ninth Regi ment, 463. mustered out, 463. Fifty-eighth Regiment, 464-467. list of officers, 464. crosses the Rapidan, 464. severe battle, 464. battle of Petersburg, 464-466. " " Poplar-Spring Church, 466. attack on Fort Hell, 466. mustered out, 466. Fifty-ninth Reqiment, 467-469. Col. Gould, 467. list of officers, 467. battle of the Wilderness, 467. " " Spottsylvania, 467. " " North Anna, 467. " " Cold Harbor, 467. " " Petersburg, 467. " " Weldon Railroad, 467. " " Fort Stedman, 468, 469. consolidated with the Fifty-seventh, 469. Sixtieth Regiment, 470, 471. Col. A. D. Wass, 470, 471. list of officers, 470. letter of Gov. O. P. Morton, indicating its honorable career, 470, 471. Sixty-first Regiment, 471-474. Col. C. F. Walcott, 471. officers, 471. picket-duty, &c, 472. strengthened by Gen. Benham's engi neer brigade, 472. battle at Fort Mahone, 473. promotions, &c, 473. mustered out, 474. 686 . INDEX. Regiments, the three-years' and nine- months', continued. Sixty-second Regiment, 474. under recruitment at surrender of Gen. Lee, and mustered out, 474. Jltegiments, reduction of the number of, 538, 539. Relief Agency, 76 Kingston Street, 592. Religious Reading. See Reading. Representatives in Congress. See Congress. Reno, Gen., mortally wounded, 277. " Return of the Standards," the, a poem by Brig.-Gen. Sargent, 657, 658. Rice, Capt. Edmund, report of operations at Glendale, 259, 260. Rice, Alexander H., 584, 587. sketch of, 75-77. extract from a speech, 76, 77. Richardson Light Guard, 517. Richardson's Brigade, advance against South Carolina, 147, 148. Richmond, attack on, 295. Riflemen, Third Battalion of, list of officers, 123, 124. Capt. A. Dodd's Boston company or dered to join, 132. ordered to Fort M'Henry, 138. Riots. See names of cities in which they occurred. Ritchie, Lieut.-Col. H., 97. Roanoke-colony Funds, 582. Rpanoke Island, battle of, 275, 290, 291, 298, 305, 315; losses in, 539. Robertson's Tavern, battle at, 476. Robinson, William, 589, 590. Robinson's Cross-roads, battle of, 265, 266. Rock, John S., 43, 44. Rock's Plantation, engagement at, 338. Rodman, Lieut.-Col., killed, 391. Rogers, Major William, 541. Rolfe, Major, killed, 479. Roper, Gen., opiniou of the battle of High Bridge, 496. Round-top Mountain, battle of, 288, 289. Roxbury, 649. Russell, Col. H. S., 193, 591. severely wounded, 497. Russell, Thomas, 5£4. Russell, Warren D., sketch of, 633. Sabbath-school Society. See Massachusetts Sabbath-school* Society. Sabine Cross-roads, battle of, 345, 492, 502. St. Mary's Heights, 321. Salem Church, battle at, 500. Salem Heights, battle at, 204. Sander's House, engagement at, 500. Sandy-grove Road, battle of, 282. Sanger, W. P. S., 550. Sanitary associations and aid societies, 575- 581. Sanitary Commission, contributions to, 676. helped by churches, 597. Sanitary fairs. See Boston, Chicago, Lowell. Sargent. Brig.-Gen. H. B., 97. " The Return of the Standards," a poem, 657, 658. Sargent, Lieut.-Col. L. M., sketch of, 637. Sargent, W. M., Treasurer of Massachusetts Sabbath-school Society, 574. Savage's Station, battle at, 202, 270, 326. Savannah, aid from Boston, 684. evacuation of, by the rebels, 364. Savannah Port Bill, 584. relief of, speech of Edward Everett, ii. Savannah Harbor, closing of, by the Stone Fleet, 557, 558. Saxton, Major-Gen. Rufus, sketch of, 564. Schools, public and private, offer money and services, 569, 570. Schouler, Adjutant-Gen. William, prophecy of, 91, 92. extract from speech of, 92. letter to the Secretary of War, 100. sketch of, 106-108. order, giving the destination of the Third, Fourth, and Sixth Regiments, 109, 110. by order of Gov. Andrew, Capt. A. Dodd's Boston company joins Major Devens's Rifles, 132. report on the three-months' men, 140, 141. work of, increased, 142. order for organization of six regiments of infantry, 144. record of the Sixth Massachusetts Regi ment, 188. extracts from his report upon the pre sentation of the battle-flags at the State House, 654-657. in regard to recruiting, &c, 540-542. visits to the camps of the troops, 535. Schwabe, Count L. B., sketch of, 585-587, 624. Scott, Gen. W., his opinion of Henry Wilson, 50. Seamen's Friend Society, its contributions, 574. Secession, sketch of the commencement of, 89, 90. Secessionists, leading, 90. Sedgewick, Gen., 500. letter to Gov. Andrew concerning' the battle of Antietam, 263, 264. Selfridge, Lieut. T. O., 555, 556. Seven Pines, engagement near, 194. Shady-grove Battle, 374, 504. Sharpshooters. First Company, 474-478. Capt. Saunders, 474. officers, 474. attached to command of Gen. Lander, then to the Fifteenth Massachusetts, 474. Capt. William Plumer, 474. protects the engineers in laying pontoon- bridges, 474, 475. attack on Fredericksburg, 474. protects pickets, &c, 475. battle of Gettysburg, 475. Lieut. Bicknell, 475. pursuit of Gen. Lee, 475. Lieut. Clement placed under arrest, 475. rebels silenced at Raccoon Ford by, 476. battle at Bristow Station, 476. " " Brandy Station, 476. " " Robertson's Tavern, 476. " " Mine Run, 476. attached to the Twentieth Massachu setts Regiment, 476. mustered out, 476. Second Company, 476. attached to the Twenty-second Regi ment, 476. INDEX. 687 Shaw, Col. R. G., sketch of, 638, 634. Sheldon, Dr. L. K., 587. Sheridan, Major-Gen. P. H., 393, 490, 500. sketch of, 559. battle of Cedar Creek, 340, 341. acknowledges the services of the Thirty- first Massachusetts Regiment, 347, 348. remarks about Brig.-Gen. C. R. Lowell, 633. Shipley, Capt. L. D., gallant services of, 341. Shurtleff, Capt. N. B,, jun., sketch of, 640, 641. Sims, Thomas, the fugitive slave, account of, 226, 227. Slavery, African, 11-16, 226, 227. abolition of, in District of Columbia, 15. Gov. Andrew on, 20, 21. See Boutwell, Eliot, Sumner, Wilson. Sleeper, Jacob, 572. Sleeper's (Capt.) Battery, 541. See also Tenth Light Battery. Slidell and Mason case, 42, 43. Smith, Albert N., 550. Smith, Admiral J.^ 550. Smith, Lieut., of "The Seneca," gallantry of, 556. Smith, Lieut. J. B., 555. Smith's (Israel) band, 358. Snicker's Gap, battle of, 350. Soldiers' Aid Society. See Eastham, New Bedford. Soldiers' Diary, &c, its circulation, 574. Soldiers, disabled, fund for the benefit of, 591. Soldiers' Memorial Society, the, 649. Soldiers' Messenger Corps, the, 592. Soldiers' Relief Fund, aid from, 570. Soldiers' Rest, the, 079, 586, 592. Sons of New England, 577, 578. South Anna River, capture of rebel fortifi cations ut, 488. South Carolina, secession of, 88-90. South Mountain, battle of, 213, 221, 371, 372 521 Spanish Fort, fall of, 348, 349, 508, 519. Spottsylvania, battle of, 240, 282, 374, 380, 461, 467. Sprague. Col. A. B. K., 437. Springfield, Soldiers' Rest, 579. Springfield, United-States Armory, sum mary of what it has done for the war, 544, 545. Springfield-street Home. See North Street. " Star of the West," steamer, fired upon, 95. " Stars and Stripes," the, a poem, 619. State House, the work at the, 538. btate Prison, Charlestown, inmates of, per form extra labor, 569. Statesmen in the Rebellion, 17, 63. " Stearns, Adjutant," memorial of, its circu lation, 574. Stearns, Dr. Joh.i 586. Stebbins, S. B.,'691. Stedman, Fort, battle of, 375, 463, 468, 469, 532. Stevens, E. L., sketch of, 644. Stevens, Fort, battle of, 386. Stevensburg, battle of, 487. Stevenson, Brig.-Gen. JT. G., sketch of, 630-632. Stickney, Lieut.-Col., 426. Stimson, A. L., 590. Stone, Rev. A. L., 603. Stone Fleet, account of the, 557, 558. Stoneman, First Regiment of Cavalry raids with, 487. Story, Joseph, 572, 687. Stowe, Rev. Phineas, 587. Strong, Brig.-Gen. G. ft, sketch of, 625, 626. Stuart, Gen. J. E. B., raids of rebel cavalry under, 152, 488. capture of, 621. Sturgis, Russell, jun., 572. Sturgiss, Brig.-Gen. L. D., letter to Col. W. S. Clark, 279. Sulphur Springs, skirmish near, 520. Sumner, Charles, 13, 14. on slavery, 12, 30, 44. attacked oy Brooks, 14. sketch of, 29, 44. extracts from his speeches, 30, 31, 33-41. annexation of Texas, 30. defence of the American claim to the north-eastern boundary, 29. argument against war upon Mexico, 29, 30. the Pilgrims, 33. intimacy with Abraham Lincoln, 38. Freedmen's Bureau Bill, 41. Slidell and Mason case, 42, 43. telegraphic despatch to Gov. Andrew, 132. Sumner, Lieut.-Col. S. B., wounded, 433. Sumter, Fort, assault on, 301, 403. Major Anderson's removal to, 92. surrender of, 99. Supplies, &c, 98. Surgeons, Massachusetts, number ofi and notice of a few, 592-595. See Quint. Swasey, Lieut. Charles H., sketch of, 555. Tannett, Col. T. R., 478. Tarborough, expedition to, 416. Taunton, Hospital Aid Society, 579. Taylor, Charles A., one of the Baltimore killed, 115, 135. Taylor, Dick, the rebel general, 349. Taylor, Col., 582. Ten-mile Run, battle of, 404. Texas, annexation of, 30. Texas cavalry attack the Forty-first Massa chusetts Regiment, 407. " The Harriet Lane," capture of, 409. Thibodeaux, engagements at, 426. "Tiger Regiment," the. See Forty-third Regiment. Tilton, Brig.-Gen. W. S., remarks upon Col. Gove, 289. Tobey, Edward S., 572, 587. Tolopotomy, battle of, 479, 532. Toombs, W. D., 645. Tower, Major-Gen. Q. B., 56-5. Townsend, Assistant Adju*ant-Gen., 559. Townsend, Dr. William,' 586, 592. Tract Society. See American Tract Society. "Transcript," the Boston, 621. "Traveller," the Boston, 621. Tremlett, Col. H. M., death of, 401. Troops, Massachusetts, first call for, 100-105. tabular view of the fate of, 668. Troops, Massachusetts, character of, 535-537. number of, furnished for the war, 544. Trumbull, 607. " Trumpet," the, 621. Tufts, Lieut.-Col. G., 589-591. Tufts College, 606. Twitched, Ginery, 587. Unattached Companies, 477. 688 INDEX. Unattached companies, continued. List of successive commanders, 477. the Second, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-first, Twenty- fourth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, and Twenty-seventh Companies, 477. Underwood, Gen. A. B., sketch of, 356-358, 361-363. Uniform, style of, 104. Unitarian Church, 599, 600. United-States Armory. See Springfield. United-States Christian-Commission Associ ation, 571. president, Rev. A. R. Neale, 571. Boston branch of, 572. results of, 571, 572. Universalist Convention. See Massachusetts Universal i st Convention. Vassell, I. S., 589. Vicksburg, siege of, 328, 378, 501. Volunteers, an act in aid of families of, 571. Wagner, Fort, battle at, 300, 451. Walcott, Col. C. F., 471, 473. Wales, Adjutant, 372. Walker, D. S., statement of, 592. Walker, Major William A., sketch of, 638, 639. Walfham, aid from, 569. Wapping Heights, battle of, 200, 239, 288. War, Massachusetts prepares for, 87, 105. Ward, Col., 229, 232. Ward, Gen., ordered to prepare for service, 116. Wardwell, Lieut.-Col. D. K., 389. Ware, John, 576, 595. Ware, Surgeon R., death of, 417. Warren, J. L., 572. Warren, Rev. I. P., on furnishing reading, 573. Washburn, Col. F., 496. Washburn, Ex-Gov., of Cambridge, sends clothing made by the ladies of Cam bridge, 571. Washburn, W. B., notice of, 79. Washington Agency for Relief, 589, 591. Washington hospitals, dinner to soldiers in the, 582. Washington, N.C, 174. battle near, 299, 417. Wass, Col. A. D., 470, 471. " Watchman and Reflector," the, 621. Waterbury, Sergeant, rebel scout, 472. Webster, Fletcher, proposes to raise a new regiment, 568, 569. sketch of, 628; death of, 213. Weldon Railroad, battle at, 398, 399, 460, 462, 467, 480, 504, 511, 522, 527. Wells, Brig.-Gen. G. D., 365, 368, 369. sketch of, 627. character of, 146. appointed to command of First Regi ment Massachusetts Volunteers, 149. becomes again lieutenant-colonel, 150. West Point, battle of, 270. Western Sanitary Commission, 681, 684, 585. Weston, Soldiers' Home, 587. Wetherell, Lieut.-Col. J. N, 97. Weymouth, aid from, 669. Whipple, Major-Gen. A. W., 565. Whitehall, fight of,173, 180, 414, 416, 417, 420. White-house Expedition, 488. White-oak Road, engagements on, 490, 491. White-oak Swamp, battle of, 270, 326. Whitney, Addison Otis, short sketch of, 135, 136. dedication of the monument to, 645. Whitney, J. M., Assistant Surgeon, 606. Whittier, John G., 608. on Edward Everett, 62. poems, 610-613. Wigglesworth, Miss Anne, 583. Wightman, Mayor, aids the State authori ties, 110. Wightman, W. J., 648. Wilcox Bridge, engagement at, 294, 295. Wild, Col. E. A., 370, 371, 373. Wilderness, battles of the, 201, 205, 206,211, 217, 239, 240, 266, 273, 281, 322, 352, 353, 380, 3S5, 386, 396, 397, 459, 461, 467, 500, 504, 525, 528, 531, 533. Williams, Hon. Mr., of Pennsylvania, extract from speech of, on the Massachusetts reception of the Baltimore slain, 137, 138. Williams, Mrs. J. M. S., 578. Williams College, 605, 606. monument to the memory of the sons of, 647. memories of the heroic dead at the com mencement of, 647. Williamsburg, battle of, 150, 194, 202, 209,404. Williamston, fight near, 416. Wilmington and Weldon Railroad destroyed, 179, 180. Wilmot Proviso, 46. Wilson, Henry B., 285. telegram from, asking for troops from Massachusetts, 100. sketch of, 35-56. Gen. Scott's opinion of, 50. attack on Sumner by Brooks, 48. slavery, 45-48, 54-56. Winchester, battle of, 161, 162, 339, 340, 387, 393, 479, 500. Winslow, Capt. John A., of" The Kearsage," 556. Winthrop, Major, account of the march of the Eighth Regiment to Washington, 129, 130. Winthrop, Robert ft, 75, 586. Wise's Forks, battle at, 308. Women's Auxiliary Association, 576. Women's Auxiliary Committee, New York, ministrations of, 578. Wool, Major-Gen., arms furnished by, 100. Worcester, 649. Dale United-States Hospital. 586, 587. Worden, Capt., 584. Wyman, Col. P. F., 237. ' complimented by Gen. Hooker, 238. death of, 238. " Yankee Pride," a poem, 619, 620. Yellow Bayou, battle near, 492. Yellow-fever, 481. Yorktown, siege of, 150, 199, 202, 257, 286, 503, 609. Young Ladies' Circle, 578. " Zion's Herald," 621. Printed by Gbo. C. Band & Avkky, No. 8, Cornhill, Boston. 3 9002 00490 0545