^''3!8Uiiiye[sitfLibf3P,' 39002004785979 it ).i '>^ '.( YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY HAZARD'S REIOISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. bEVOTEb TO THE l^RESilRTATIOJV OF FACTS AND DdCtmEiVTS^ AND &VKRT kiNP OF lIS¥llP15ii X^VOUiiATlOll Respecting The state oe* PennsylYania. SDITED Bt SAjnUEir BAStASDi Vol. viil— jultt issi to January ig32* i*RmTE!0 sr WM. r. geodes, ifo< 9 tiBBARr street^ ii^REi:.- Academy of Nat. Sciences of Bucks co. report 1 Address of Free Trade Convention ^247 Job E. Tyson before Historical Society 308 friends of Domestic Industry 337,355 Alchemist, The — Immortal Honors 28 Comparison of former and present times 43 National Celebrations S3 Eloquence '72 Qualificationsof an Orator 89 Odes of Akenside "105 American Criticism 142,157 Union, on 174 Education, on 205 V Perspicuous Method 254 Almanac, Health, published . 144 Alum found near Erie 271 American Philosophical Society, Letter from B. Franklin on the institu tion of— the early members 318 Silk imported into England 2 Flag, presented to House of Repre sentatives by P. S. Du Ponceau 3 Report of Committee on ib. Anthracite Coal used in steamboats 15,93 in burning' brick 192 trade of the U. S. for ten years 47 apparatus for using, in kitchens 197 cheap stoves for burning, approved by Fuel Saving Society, (Stein- hauer&K.) s 262 stoves for Cooking, premium award ed to Powel Stackhouse for 307 coal trade from 1820 to 1831 319 new discovered mines near E wen's Mills described 383 used in colouring hats 384 - biu-ned in an irpn cage ^ ib; calculation of the saving in using, over wood 416 Antis Hemy, proposes a new plan for chimneys 399 Apples, large 304 Appointments 96,t44,160,170,304 Arrivals and depaj'tures of vessels at Phil. 32,96,176,240 Auction duties, amount of, and commissions 401 Auditor General's Annual Report on Finances ib. B Bald Eagle Valley described 36 Baldwin, Judge's Charge in the case of Woodhull and D. vs. Wagner, insolvents release from arrest under a ca. sSi. 81 charge in case BankU. S. vs. Shelmire 321 Bank Dividends, amount of Tax on 401 of Penn. subscription of the state to 1794, 231 of United States, letter from James Madison on 58 Report of Committee of Stockhold ers on Triennial Report 163 triennial rep. of direct, to stockholders 185 istribution ofthe stock of ib exchange operations of the 189 Letter from James Monroe on 193 resolution of Legislature of Pennsyl vania in favour of 194 Judge Baldwin's charge respecting Branch drafts — case of Shelmire 321 nature; and cause of issuing. Branch di-afts explained 354 extractsfromrep.ofS^c'y otU.S. on 410 letter from Wm. H. Craw'ard on 431 Bartram's Botanic Garden, Diary kept ai, 1830 13. Bears killed at Lewistown 288 Beaver co. manufactories in , 208 severe weather and snow in 400 Bedford, manufactories in 1792 2Z- Beef, premium 98? Bees, remarkable production by 36 Beet, large 176 Bellefonte, heavy rains at 62 — early snow at 368' Berks co. number of furnaces, forges, &c. ,397"^ Bethlehem, medical statistics-of 112 notice of manners, &c. 47 Biddle, Maj. Thomas, Biographical notice of 208,221 Biographical Sketches, — Mrs. Esther Skinner, 25^ N. Herback 128 Jacob Huff 144 early poets of Pa. 152,161,177 Charles Thomson 169 Mrs. Fulton (longevity) 192 , John Key, (first bom) 207 Major Thos Biddle 208,221 John Reid 20ff Lance Campbell 263 George Denison 268 William Jones 28/ Bev. Dr. Jas. P. Wilson 379" Stephen Girard 431 Abraham Pike 430 Birth, three at a. 36,160 Births and deaths in Philadelphia, comparative ta bles of, 1 821 to 1830 71,72 Bishop of North CaroUna consecrated 238 Bituminous Coal, a new mine discovered in Dauplun 366 Towanda 41& Blacklead mines of Bucts co. described 164 Blairsville, flood at ' 94 Blast, a great, of rock 110 Blasting rocks, a new mode of 136 Bloomfield, freshet at 62 — early snow^ at 368 Blossburg, Tioga, a bed of Bituminous Coal at 176 Braddock, General's defeat, detailed account of 45 Bradford co. liability for costs, opinion on 122 remarks on taxes in 158' experiment on transportation of goods to, from Philadelphia, by canals in stead ofm wagons 304 early snow in 368 Bricks, biuTied with anthracite 192 Brownsville, medical challenge at 191 Bucks CO. Academy of Nat. Sciences at, report of 1 citizens assemble to repair roads 148 black lead mines ]S4 Escheat Coxirt, Reynold's case 197,209,225- trials for assault and battery 210' Auditor General's letter on Escheat costs 364 c Canal— Pennsylvania 9,32,38,109,287,?6S,384i389,4a5 boat launched at Huntingdon ,'»2 North Branch 3^329 Susquehanna and Lehigh Convention 75 Trenton Delaware FaQs co. S32 Schuylkill 272 Moms 288 comparative cost of transportation on, or hy land, between Bradford eo. and PhUad. 304 and turnpikes, first introduction mV. States, attributed to Pennsylvania Siy comparative cost of transportation by river or 330 Union, annual report 363 tolls collected on Penn. in 1830-31 365,404 boat, first complete trip between Fhikdel- plua and Wjlkesbarre on 36& INDEX. %;anaI,historical sketch ofthe internal improvements 389 boat first arrives at Wilkesbarre with loading 48 amount expended in 1830-31 405 commissioners annual report 417 CaMrol township, York co. erected 160 Catterpillar, the spotted appears and is destructive 16 Celebration ofthe opening of the little Schuylkill rail road 361 ¦Census of Philadelphia City and County 65 the pubhc institutions of Philadelphia 107 Bethlehem 112 United States, 1790 to 1830 271 [see also next vol.] 'Chambersburg, great freshet at 31,61,176 manufacture^of edge tools at , 6,302 of straw paper 367 Chartiers,interesting incident of 263 -Ckeat, in wheat, whence comes it? 91 Chester CO. a witness rejected fo)- disbelief in a God 112 grapes sent to the Phil, market &om 238,287 large bam in 367 lime ablmdant in ib. CUhmeys, neW plan of, cUscovered by H. Antis 399 Clearfield co. severe weather in 400 Coal— used in steamboats 15,92 stoves. Fuel Saving Society offer to encour- ' age the best 127 bituminous,a new mine discovered inTioga co. 176 discovered in Dauphin co. 366 anthracite, used inbm-ning bricks, 192 apparatus for kitchens, 197 coolung stoves recommended by Fuel Sa ving Society, ^ 262 Ubular view of the trade 1820 to 1831, "47, 319 comparative cost of transporting a. ton of, fi-om Wilkabaire to Harrisburg by river»or canal, 330 regions — ^newly discov^re,i^ described, 384 experiments with, ib comparative saving between, and Wood, 416 quantity of, shipped from Pottsville region, ib Coates Dr. B. H., address to temperance society, 409 Collateral Inheritances, amount received from , 404 Coloured people proposal to establish a college for, at N. Haven, 195 resolutions of town meeting at N. Haven opposing it. 196 Columbia, freshet at 62 — early snow at 368 Indian relics found at 48 Commerce and navigation ofthe U.S. and of Penn. — a general condensed view of 1829-30, 349 Consecration of Bishop of N. Carolina, - 238 C;Onstitution of West Pennsylvania Lycseum, 12 Costs, liability of a county for, opinion 121 Escheat, not paid by sbite, 364 Councils, select and common, proceedings of, 22, 56 79, 117, 150, 180, 202, 246, 269, 291, 327,359 Crawford, W. H., letter on Bank of United States 431 Crimes, statement o^ committed by prisoners in Jail, 1790 to 1815, 144 tables showing the statistics ofthe priiton and crime in city and co. 1830, 349 caused by Intemperance, 63, 234 Criminal System, sketch of the changes in the 312 Cucumber, a large ¦• 208 D Dallas, George M. elected Senator U. S, 399 DanviUe arid Pottsville rail road, report gf comipit- tee to managers, 278 report of Mon. Robjnson,279, 289 ofF. W, Kawie, 282 meeting at Phii'a, 330 Dauphin county, new bituminous coal mine, 366 Deer, unusually plenty at Lewistown, 288 Delaware county, freshet in 60 river — ^Trenton Falls Compaq/ prppose improvements in 232 complaint to Leg. of N.J. agaipst^amsin 366 Delaware, years in wliich the navigation has been obstructedinDecembep,1681 tol825, 384 Diary of anaturalist 1830, kept at^Barti-am's Garden, 13 Distilleries, number of ip different counties, 234 Dividends declared, ' 352 tax oh Bank received, 401 received by the state, 401 Downingstown, great blast of rocks at 110 Dundaff, glass factory at 367 DuPonceau,P,S. letter with a flag presented to leg're 3 letters to, on silk, 149, 168 letter to C. Miner on silk, 131 letters from France to,on silk 149,168 Du Quesne Fort, now a boat yard, 192 Grant's defeat at 141 M'Kinney's description of,inl756,318 Duties on dealers in foreign merchandize, 403 E Easton, frost at in June, 31 ¦ "tvaat, large quantities taken at 39 freshet at 272 cyphering slates made at 368 improvements at 48 Education, report of the Phii'a society in support of charity schools^ -• 20 of coloured people; proposal to estab lish a college for _ ' 195 essay on ' 215 sum expended for 407 Election, returns, , 239, 255, 270 Emigrants, arrived, 31 fourteen pairs of twins arrive, 192 200 families arrive at Franklin, 288' Emigration, thoughts on 27, 33, 54, 88, 108, 116 Erie, trade of Lake ^ " 55 - period of opening, 1803 to 1831, 55 new channel forJped, 62 severe weather and snow storm, 400 Escheat Court in Bucks co, Reynolds case 197,209,225 , costs, Auditor General refuses to pay in Rev-. noids' case,. " ¦ 364 Exchange, city meeting respecting 64 operations ofthe Bank of U, States, 189 Executive department, expenses of 406 F 44 Payetteville sufferers, report of collections for sums transmitted from dif ferent states alid cities, 365 Fecundity, instances of 36, 160, 192 Fire companies of Philadelphia, 1791 to 1831, • . 110 ¦' distribution of funds to 182 Fish, ta!ken with a snake in it, 87 Fishing,'fin^ at Easton, ,39 Franklin, Venango county described, 60 200 families arrived at , 2881 Franklin Institute, propose to ascertain extent, of manufactures, 304 awaivi premiums, 304 376 memoiulize councils for premi- miums on lamps, 359, S6ft Free trade meeting, 94 convention at Phila. proceedings, 239, 241, 261, 334, 34|3, 358! Address, .. . ., 247 Freshet,' Ireat at Cha^ibei'sburg.3J ,61,176 — Mauch Chunk, 31— on Jvwiata, 3 1,61— Sela^are, county, 60— Blairsville,, 95,— Pottsyille, 2?St Friends, meeting at Plywotlth, ac't of fi^st settlement 3Q friendly association, a&dreSs to assembly, tendering money to tieff'te with Iijfiian?, 97 miputes ofthe 273, 292, 323 ' ^ " (see next volume.) subscription paper for raising fl money. 32a Fuel Saving Societyi offer premiums for best coal- stoves for the poor, 128 rep.on Steinhauer'a&iK's stove,2,62 iv INDEX. G Geology, American Journal o^ published, 16 Germantowri, rail road meeting, 94, 105, 192, 286 early snow at 368 Gettysburg, railroad from, to Maryland Jine, 199 meeting and report, 269 Oibbons,Maj. Jas., givesa bust of B. West tohospital 462 . Gibson, C. J. charge in case of corporation, »», Wal lace — ^mortgage, 49, 75 Girard; Stephen, deatii of ' 431 Glass factory, at Duhdaff, 367 God, a witness rejeo^d for his disbeHef in a 112 Gold, said to be found at Pottstown, 106 Goslin, a; with four legs, 96 Ggyemment, Penn's remarks on . 315 expense's of the 405 Grant's defeat at Fort Du Quesne, account of 141 Grapes, bro't to Phil.. market from Chester co. 238, 287 Guinea Hens, feciindity of 128 H Hwl storm, grreat in Lancaster co, 1769, 124 HatTteburg,estimate of cost of introducing' water into 127 Temperance convention at 170 Metereological table at 100, 195, 247, 327 early snow at 368 severe, weather.at 400 Health, Board of, annual statement, 160 Historical Society, Penna. Tyson's address before, 308 Honors, immortal, on ' 28 Hopkinson, Jx)S., oration befoi-e Zelosophic Society, 137 Horticultural societies, benefits of 7 Huntingdon, canal boat launched at 32 heavy rains at 63 manufactures of, 1792, 223 Huntingdon, county, furnaces and forges of 273 early snow in 388 provisions, &c. consumed by manufactories in 3 02 severe weather at 400 Hydrophobia, Dr. J. C. Rousseau's essay on 4, 17 I&J Incident interesting, of Chartiers, " •' 263 Indian History, 84, 96, 113, 129, 145, 273, 323 Conferences, 84, 96, 113, 129 Indiaiiis, two arrive from Buffalo, iji. canoes at Milford,l 1 0 Journalof Charles'Thomson and F. Post, 3,145 minutes ofthe Friendly Association, 273,292,323 address ofthe Quakers to assembly, 274 message of Gov. to Indians on Susquehanna, 293 correspondence between Israel Pemberton and Gov. Johnson and Hardy, 294 answer of the Indians to Governor's message, ib subscription paper to raise a sum to defray expense of regaining and preserving their friendship, 323 jrehcs, found at Columbia, 48 Intemperance, cause of crime, 63 Internal Improvements, historical sketch of 389 amount expended for 405 Jndustrjr, Domestic, friends of, meeting, 216 delegates tp N.york convention, ib meeting in Blockley, 276 meeting in Delaware co. 277 address pf N. York conven tion, 337,355,370 429 36 59 12,8275 397 109145 296 406 Judicial history, sketch of Juniata co. tpwn, fixed at Miffiintow'n, river, described, CO. act erecting, from MifHin, appointments in- Jurors— not to be starved — Judge King's charge in case of Joanna Clue, K Keith, Sir Williams' administration, narrative of Key John, (first bom) sketch of King Judge's charge in case of Joanna Clue, 311 21 37 103171 381 264207 381 104 42 24 Internal improvement fund, report pn Iron— in Bald Eagle valley, works in Venango county, first in Lancaster co. manufa.etories, forges, &c. in Huntingdon co. dp, do. Berks co. Ubour- ers emplcyed, &c. Jefferson College, Lyceum of Nat Science, of Journal of C. Thomson, and F. Ppst, Judiciary, memorial to assembly, proposing altera tions in the system, department, expenses of Lancaster city, reminiscences of county,emigrantssettle,3l— reminiscen ces, 60— 'great hail storm in 1768, 124 first iron works in, 128 — singular mor tality, 171 — statistics of. Law Cases and intelligence — Commonwealth vs. Ayer, Setting fire to stote, charge of Judge Gibson, Corporation vs. Wallace, mortgages, *^' ''^ act-relative to Bens of mecha'nics, 63 WoodhuU and Davis, T insolventsTelease from vs. > arrest under a ca. sa. Wm. Wagner J •'"^ge Baldwin's charge,81 Stacy vs. Wetherill— damages for burning vessel by aqua fortis _ 92 a witness rejected for disbehef in a God, 112 liability of a county for costs — opimon, 121 opinion of Parsey Oakford on the light to tax the Navy Yard, 140 Qui tam action — City vs. Shinners, on occu pying stalls in the market, 141 Escheat Court — Reynolds' case in Bucks county, isn 209, 225, 365 CommonwealtIi,vs.Sundries,assault& battery, 210 testimonial of respect, of Philadelphia Bar tp Chief justice Marshall, _ 236 opinions of counsel on the law assessing a state tas on personal property, 298 charge of Judge Baldwin in case Bank U. S. vs. Shelmire — forged Branch draf^ - 321 •• Rees vs. Rudy— -breach of marriage promise, 336 Byers, &c. vs. Price — Judge Kings charge — pawn-brokers certificate ofpledge, 364 Escheat costs — Auditor General's decisdon ag$unst state paying, 365 decision in Venangfo co. — tiixes on unseated lands, 366 Commmonw.T 2d arraingment for the same vs. V. offence — »ckness of jurors Joann» Clue, J -^Juffge King's charge, 381 CommonwesdthjT vs. > murder — curious, 394 Pinchback, j City vs. Roseman — ^Butchers vs. Stunners, decision, respecting partnership at a public house, I/Cad mines in Bedford co. Lebanon, large copperhead snake killed, Le^slature — members of stancUng committees, See. votes for U. S. Senator, Legislative department — expenses of Lehigh river — ^fine pike taken. Company oner water power and lots for sale,308 Water Gap, described, 287 boats fcorp, pass Morris canal, 288 Letters, fj^om James Logan, 40 James Ma4>soi) on Bank U. S. 53 Wm. W. Hood, on crime caused l^ intem- perancte;, 64» J^unes Momve on Bank U. S. 193 Bi. Sranklin to C, Golden, on American Philpso. Society, 318 respecting donatioji of Gen. Ws^e'f Tel escope to Cabinet at West Chiester, 368 414415 36 118 374 399 ib 405 87 INDEX. Lewis, Ellis; opimon on Hability of a county for costs 123 Lewisburg, notice of 286 Lewistown and vicinity described, 8— freshet at, 31 deer unusually plenty, 288 — ^twp bears killed at, i88 — early snow at, 268 iLibiaiy— Philadelphia, first directors of ''317 of Foreign Literature and Science, report and constitution of ib Licenses — tavern, amount of 403-i-hawkers&pedlars,404 182 58 128 ib 223302 304 366 389 368 367 Lime— abundant in Chester co. " " 367 Limestone — disooveredin Luzerne co. 24 - quarry at, Wilksbatre, 48 Loans— obtained by the state, and premiums on 405 interest on 407 Logan, James.^letter from, on lightning, 40 Loganian Library — account of 414 Longevity— instances of , 25,192 Luzerne Co — ^singular adventure of a citizen of 151 Lycaum of West Penn'a— constitution of 12 of Nat. Science of Jefferson College, 109 M McAdaTfnizing Chesnut street, .resolution, Ma(Uson, Jarties, letter on Bank U. S. MaJl-^nKichine for conveying, invented. Manufactures ttf Philadelphia, of several towns, 1792, of edge, tools at Chambersburg, Franklin Institute propose to ascer- , tain eitent pf of glass at Dundaff, Susq. co. .of cotton cards near Pittsburg, -cyphering slates at Easton, straw paper at Chambersbui-g, Manufactories of Ii-on in Huntingdon co. — articles of provisions, &c. consumed by 304 address of friend^ of domestic indus try, 337, 353, 370 Marshall, C J. — respect to, by the Phila. Bar, 258 Mauch Chunk^ — freshet at 31,62 a Pottsville visit to 96, 111 a la^ge pike taken at 118 singular arrival at, from Luzerne, 1 5 1 opeiations at severe weather aLt " Mechanic's Liens — ^law respecting Mease, James, letter on the chff swallow, Me(Ucal Statistics ofBethlehem, Fight — a proposed Memorial to assembly on the Judiciary System, Message of Gov. Wolf, 1831, MerchancUze, Foreign — duties on dealers in ¦ Meteor, at Wellesborough, Meteorological tables, 100,195,246,327 Method, perspicuous, essay on ' 254 Mifflin, Governor, messages, 1793, 212—1794, town, the seat of Justice pf Juniata co. Mihtary Convention — meetaijg respecting in Phila Mihtia,,,expenses pf and exempt.fines, Milton, scarcity of wheat and flour at severe weather at Monroe James, letter on BankU. S- Moravians, funeral of, described, Morris canal, boats pass through from Lehigh, Mortality, singular, of trustees in Lan. co, Mortgages, Judge Gibson's charge on Mount Carbon,, fecundity at MuHCey, freshet at Navy Yaiidj-Philadelphia, opinion on, right of South wark to tax 140 Newtown, rail road meeting at 6 Jl^orristown, freshet at, 62 — river frozen at, 400 Partnership, decision respecting, 415 Partridges, meeting 15 Oxford to protect, 366 Pawn-brokers,charge of Judge,case Byers vs.Price, 364 Penn Wm., speech of 1700, 111 answer to Robert Quarry's two com plaints against the government, 220 remarks on government, 315 Penitentiary Western, list of prisoners in, 173 sums expended, 408 Eastern do. do. 407 Pennsylvania, The — three decker described, 184 Bald Eagle valley described, 36 Venango co. described, ' 59 North Western do. 60 speech of Wm. Penn at a council inl700,13 1 petition of the Assembly to the king 132 do. of do. to Parliament, 132 letter from committee of eorreS- - porfdenoe to agents in London, 134 early poets and poetry of, 152, 168, 177 160 400 63 8 112 191 296 386403288 228 21 398406 404288 400 193 47 288 171 49,75 36 272 212 Onions, large . o 208 Oraition, before Zelps. Society, by Judge Hopkinson, 137 Gov. Mifflin's message 1793, I Col. Robert Quarry's information against the government of, William Penn's answer toj Col. Quarry's second complaint to the iLoriis Comimissioners of trade and f6reign plantations, William Penn's answer, new counties proposed, . . Gov. Mifflin's message 1794, ^^ . narrative of Sir Wm. Keith's admi nistration, 264 minutes ofthe friendly association in regard to Indian affairs, 274, 292, 323 message of Governor to Indians on Susquehanna, Tyson's address before Historical Society — a survey of the history" and prospects of sketch of j udicial' history, changes in criminal system, penitentiary system, I 312,316 ofthe impiovements-in, 313 early proceedings respecting slavery, 316 western, sketches of, ¦ : 330,378 reasons ofthe Quaker's of, and N.J. for not enga^ng in the War of the revolution, finances of the state, summary of Auditor General's report, early snow storm throughout. Auditor General's report on finances, Pennsylvania Canal — described from Huntingdon to Hol- lidaysyarg '9 letting^ at Williamsburg 9 do. Wilkesbarre 10 rules adopted by apprais of damages 109 tolls collected on 109,365 Josiah White, appointed Engineer on Del. division 128 < first hoat from Nanticoke to Danville 287 rise progress and present state of 389 annual report of canal commissioner^ 417 form of agreement with contractors 428 Peimsyl'a Hospital, donation of a bust of B. West to Philadelphia, meeting relative to ,rail road to con nect, with the coal region ' Horticultural Society of, notice of Presbytery o^ History of 13, 22, 52, 76, 83, 104 Proceedings of Councils 23,56,79 88, 117, 150, 181, 200, 224 246, 269, 291, 327, 359 a claim set up to the marsh to the Schuyftill, by B. Chew, jr. 23 218 ib 220 22^228 292 309 311312 351 365 367 401 412 77 VI INDEX. Philadelphia, letter from the mayor, respecting dogs, 24 memorial of citizens, ( do ib old state house bell rUng on 4th July 24 collections fprFayetteviUe suflerers 44 arrivals and departures, 32, 96, 176, 290 alterations in rear of offices 56 McAdaraising Chesnut st. 56 Chesnut st. wharf on Sphuylkill to be iinproved 56,151 proposal to erect fountains 56 petition from victuallers St oyster cellars , ib farmers and shinners ib stand for drays in Front st. 58 resolutions respecting death of James Monroe 58 City Exchange meeting 64 engine and hose companies 64, 110 Inspections of flour and meal 64 victuallers refuse to supply market 64,117 jpppulation of CityandCo. comparative views and tables of - 65 , number of houses built in different years — and denseness of population ib removal of engfine house on Schuylkill proposed 79 alteration of side walks in Gaskill st. 79 report of committee on victuallers and shinners memorial 79 market in Lombard st. 88 poor tax 88 free trade meeting 94 cost of prisons and criminal courts 102 census of the principal public institu tions of 107 memorial from Moyamensing respect ing water courses 117 report of .watering committee, expen ses of laying iron pipes in southern section of 117 petition of Robert Morris' hose com pany 118, 183 lot purchased on Chesnut and Schuyl- killFront st. 118 new market between 11th and 13th ib revolutionary town meeting 1768, 119 instructions to Represents 121 society for poUtical inquiries 125 manufactures of 128 navy yard, opinion on right to tax 140 action against shinners for occupying stalls in'market 141 crimes committed by prisoners from 1790 to 1815 144 violent storm at 144 sewer in Dock st. repaired 151 committee to inquire respecting rate of steamboats 151 premium offered for plans of Wills' Hospital 151 alteration of width of foot pavements in Gaskill st. 151 annual statement of Board of Health 160 Hollingshead, Piatt and Co's proposal respecting a wharfand alley 181, 292 proposed ordinance 303, 234 memorial on the names of streets west of Broad 181 letter from N. Bunker on widening Lo cust street 182 report on 203 letter from Wm. Bush offering fpr sale a figure of Washington 182 resolutipn to McAdamize Chesnut st. ib distribution of funds to fire companies ib ordinance respecting dog collars 183 oyster cellars ib Fhiladelplua, three decker at navy yard, described 183 meeting in favour of tie Poles 199 brass letters recommended _ 200 articles of agreement with Spring Gai~ den for use of Schuylkill water 203 sketch of John Key, the first bora in 207 meeting of friends of Amer. Industry, proceeding's and resolutions .216 / sales of real estate 223, 366 and Beading rail-road proposed _ 224 remonstrance of Stephen Girard against HoUingshead, Piatt and Co'sapplica-J tion . '^ Gov. Mifflin's message on the equip ment of foreign privateers in 1794, 228 , grapes brought for sale from Chester, county _ 238 consecration of Bishop of N. Carolina 238 city elections 239, 256, 270 free trade convention at, proceedings 239 241,261,334,343,358 petition respecting culvert in Dock st. 247 report on W.Rush's plan for improving SchuylkiU property 248 statistical tables of prisons and crimes in 219 B.'W. Richards elected Mayor 272 proposal for engraving Declaration of Independence oii a brass plate, to be placed in the Hall of Independence 292, Ees.329 Drawbridge wharf recommended as a steamboat wharf _ 292 memorial of shoe dealers, relating to stands in market 360 city exjienditures report on 292 dinner to Counsellor Sampson 298 library, first Directors of 317 American Philosophical Society,Petter fromB. Franklin in 1744 - 318 memorial of citizens on lighting city with Gas 326 memorial against making drawbridge^ wharf a steamboat landing 327 claim for old balance by R. E. Griffith, ib T. . Caldwell's proposal for digging Schuylkill Second street ib loan authorized for $35,000 328 report i>i favour of Hollingshead, Piatt and Co's proposal 329 sketch of some of the western rivers 332 commerce and navigation of, showing vessels, built,lost,condemned or be longing to, and also seamen 347 memorial of Franklin Institute prem. forbestlamps,appropriation of $100 by Councils 359 petition of victuallers 360 respecting a fire beU 361 _ J. M. Truman curb stones ib proposal tp di^ out Willow st ib amount transmitted to Fayetteville suf ferers 365 first complete trip between Wilkes barre by Canal 366 snow storm, early 368 account of the weather for November 1829, 30, and 31 374 library of foreign literature and science established, report and constitution ^S weather of Dec. from 1681 tp 1825 384 scarcity and high price ofwood,severe weather in 384 military meeting in, on subject of a con vention 393 trial between butchers and shinners, Cityvs. Roseman 412 Loganian library. History of 414 INDEX. I%iladelphia CO, division of proposed, 32,126,180 207,222,260 election returns _ 270 opinion of counsel on law assessing tax on personal property 299 Physick, Dr. Philip S. appointed Ementus profes sor of surgery and anatomy in uiuver- sityofPenn. 288 Pike, a large taken in Lehigh co. 87, 118 Pittsburg, West Penn. Lycaum at, constitution of 12 sketch of 330, 96— river at 128 rail road from, to Ohio canal 135 in 1759 136 Grant's defeat at, account of 140 large beet at 176 Fort du .Quesne now a boat yard 192 manufactories, 1792 233 number of taverns Mcensedl829 to 1831 234 number of bills at different courts 234 manufacture of cotton cards ,' 367 navigation unobstructed for 9 months 368 Fort Du Quesne described in 1756 318 tfymouth meeting, first settiement of 30 Ppets and early pofetry of Penn. 152, 168, 177 Poles, meeting in favour of the at Philad. 199 appeal to the public in behalf of 200 Political inquiries, account of the Society for 125 Poor, amount expended for in different counties. 235 report of a Committee proposing a new So ciety (Union Benev't) in relation to the 285 . Port Carbon, Temperature at 416 Potatoes, sweet early 128 extraordinary 304 Pottstown, gold siud to have been found at 106 Pottsville and Mauch Chunk]visis to 94, 128 freshet at * 272 brewery at 346 parchment made at 367 early snow at ib quantity of coal sent from re^on of 416 Presbytery of Philad. History of 13, 22, 52, 76, 83, 104 Privateers, message of Gov. Mifflin, on equipment of foreign, in Philadelphia 228 Products, large 176, 208, 304 Promise, breach of marriage, trial for 336 a Quakers, address to Gov. Morris and the assembly to postpone declaration of war with In dians 273 minutes ofthe friendly association 273,292,322. justification ofthe, in relation to war, 309 opinion of J. P. Brissot, (Warville,) 315 of General Washingfton ib. two testimonies published by meetings of, in 1775 and 1776,- giving reasons for not uniting in the revolution 351 Quarry, Col. Roberts' information against the go vernment 218,220 William Penn's answers, to 220 Bail Road meeting at Newtown 6 in Montgomery and Berks 7 at Germantbwn 95, 105, 182, 286 Crimford and Park Forest, (Eng.) letter pving an account of 101 Susquehanna and Delaware 48 Germantown 95, 105, 192, 286 - Bridge at Peters, contracted for 128 from Pittsburg to Ohio canal, estimates of cost, &c. 135 from Gettysburg to Maryland line,meeting andreport 199 reports and survey 269 Philad. and Reading proposed 224 J. Edgar Thompson's report 224 Pennsylvaiuft and OMo 272 Rail- Read, Danville and Pottsville, reports and esti mates of M. Robinson andF*, W. Rawle 279, 282, 289 proposed from Hudson river to Lake Erie 304 Danville and.Pottsville meeting at Philad. proceedings of , 331 Little Schuylkill, celebration on opening of 361 Rawle,F.W. report on Danville & Pottsville rail road 382 Religious excitement at Warren 38 Reports of Bucks County Academy of Nat. Science 1 of Committee of^^ Legislature on silk flag 3 of Philadelphia Society for support of Cha rity Schools , 20 of collections for Fayetteville sufferers 44 of committee of Towanda Convention on Susquehanna and Lehigh canal 76 on victuallers petitions 79,94. of Pennsylvania Temperance Society 165 Triennial, of Bank United States 163, 185 report on rail road from Gettysburg to Maryland line 199 oi j; Edgar Thompson on Philad. & Read ing rail road . -- 224 of Benjamin Wright on Trenton and Dela ware Falls' CO. canal 232 of Fuel Saving Society on anthracite coal stoves for the poor 262 of committee on Gettysburg and Maryland rail road 269 of committee and managers of Danville and Pottsville rail road 278 of Moncure Robinson on ditto 379,289 of F. W. Rawle do 282 of committee in relation to a new Society to aid the poor 284 of city comm'rs on their expenditures 292 and constitution of the Library of Foreign Literature and Science 376 of Franklin Institute on premiums award ed , . 305,376 of Secretary ofthe Treasury XJ. States in favour of Bank of U. States 410 of Canal Commissioners, 417 on internal improvement fund 429 Revolutionary 119,121,131,132 Town meeting in 1768 119 Instructions to the Representatives in 1768 121 Petitions of Assembly to King .. 131 to ParHament 132 letter from Committee of Correspon dence to agents in London 134 reasons of Quakers for not uniting in the war, 1775, 1776 < 351 Roads, citizens of Bucks co. tui-n out to repair 148 Robinson, Moncure, report and estimate of Danville and Pottsville rail road 279 Rock, blasting, new mode invented 135 Rousseau, J, C. essay on hydrophobia 5 if Bush, Wm. proposes to councils to purchase statue of Washington jgj. !? Sales of public stocks at Philadelphia. 16 28 Wyoming Bank Stock '2I real estate in PhifcdeJpKa 223,366^ Sampson, Counsellor, speech at dinner to hiin in Philadelphia 298 Sanford, Rev. Joseph, death of 432 Saw miU, Strode's improved at West Chester 386 Schuylkill river; marsh in, claim set np tp 23 large rock fish taken in 173 CO. water not become scarce by clear ing land 367 Sena,tor, United States, votes given for, in Legisla ture, (Dallas elected) ^ ^ 399 Sharp, Abia, appointed Marshal of eastern district 144 Silk-worms, Pennsylvania described 16 40 VUl INDEX, 131 316 38 118 288 367 125 368138 37 93 Silk-wwms, letter from! P- S. Du Ponceau tP & Miner oiji ¦ *^*on ^ ^\ ^' °"^P°""=^*'^ fr«n France Slaveiy, early proceeditigs on the wbjectof ^^^'^^^ Snake, bite of, death byi large copperhead killed Snow, early at York ani Huntingdon throughout/ the state Society for political inquiries, minutes of Somerset, eariy snow ait Spicer, James; invents a machine forconvevine the mail with peat dispatch! I ^ Spriitg, sinking' of Bedford co, York, and warm, noticed .Spring Garden, agreement between city and, for Schuylkill water 203 Steamboats, antiiracite "used by 13 93 on the D^aware, inquiry as to their . rate proposed in councils 151 explosions in the United States, list of 1 59 Stocks, sales of public at Philadelphia 16,24 28 Sta»w paper, manufactured at: Chambersburg, 3*67 Strode, Miss E. a native artist 286 Strode's improved saw mill 287 Sun, singular appearance of 192 Susquehanna and Lehigh- Canal Conventionat To wanda and Delaware, remarks on proposed improvements^ 1768 voyage from, to MauCh Chunk trade fromN, York State, view of and Delaware rail road county, glass factory, soil and climate Sec. described! Swallow, fulvous or cliff, letter from Dr. Mease on T Tables — ¦• time of opening of the navigation of Lake Erie from 1803 to 1831 - Oflnspections of flour and meal census of Philadelphia city and county population of city and county, comparative views, &c. of — as to ages, sexes, colours, bbths, deaths, denseness, number of hous es, &c. &c. meteorolo^eal 100,195,247,326,416 showing the cost of prisons and criminal ¦ courts of Philadelphia county 103 - census ofthe principal public institutipns of Philadelphia ' -107 of crimes' of which prisoners in jail were convicted 1790 to 1815 144 of steamboat explosifltns in United States 189 ofthe prisoners' in the western~penitentiary 173 of United States officers from 1789 to J1831 184 showing the exchange operations of the Bank, United States 189 a statement of the criminal business of the several courts of the city and county of Philadelphia for 1830 249 showing the offences, ages and numbers re- maining in Walnut street prison, western penitentiary, also the- courts where sen tenced, and place of birtii and number of convictions . . . ^^^ showing the number of commitments in the Arch street prison 251 in each month of 1830, 4 preceding years ib. of anniwl sick report ofthe Philadelphia prison in 1830 ib. showing the diseases and deaths' ot each mondi in the hospital of tiafi Philadelphia Pri«"» . oeo the same of Arch street pnson 25J rfthe^palti-ade from 18^20 to 1831 320 of the exportaition of wheat from Canada from 1793 to 1831— and consumption 342 76 99 151 342 44 44 8 70 Tables, commerce and navigation of the' United States and Penn. from 1829 to 1830, 347 of .tonnage through the tfnion Canal 364 pf the furnaces, forges, labourers employed, &c. in Berks county ^ ¦ '; 396- of the finances ofthe state •400' Taverns licensed in different counties 234,235 licences, amount Received from 402 Tax on bank dividends, amount of 401 offices 401— writs 402 Taxation, remarks on equal 158 Tases, public debt, remarks on 206 on personal property, opinion of Cotinsel, 299 on unseated town lots — ^decision on, in Ve nango county 366 Temperance Society, Penn. address 79 W. M. Hood'^ reply to 63 cost of prisons and criminal courts of Philadelphia cp, 103 anniversary 165 convention at Harrisburg, minutes of 171 address of 232 abstract of the information ¦given ' 234 ad<£ess of Dr, Coates to 409 Tolls, Canal, amount collected 365,404 Transportation, comparative cost ofj on canals or land 304 Trenton, Dd^ Falls co. canal 232 Trout, larrge numbers taken at Easton 39 Twins, 14 pair arrive 192 Tyson, Job R, address before Hist Society, 309 U & V Umon, essay on v . . . . 176 Resolutioq^f Legislature, relative to the 194 Benevolent Association, address of 284 Canal Company, annual report 363r United States Bank. — See BankU. S. Chronolo^cal list of officers from 17J89 to 1831 184 Census of 1830 271 Vaux, Roberts, resigns as presidefit of controHeis of public schools 416 Venango Co. — described 59 91 Iron works in 59 decision respecting taxes on unseat ed town lots Vessels— iiuilt, lost, condemned and belonging to U. S* and Penna. 1829 and 1830 Victuallers — ^petitions refuse to supply market Wheat,, scarcity of floiir at Milton, 288 exportation and consumption o£in Canada. 1793 to 1831, *- » "'g^ White, Josiah, ippomted Engineer ofPenna. Canal 128 Wilkesbafte, limenbne quarry at 45 eost of transporting a ton of coal fronf, to Harrisbui^ by canal or „ '¦j^"V 330 first complete trip between, and Philadelphia by canals 48, 366 severe weather at 400 Wilson, Kev. Dr. J. p., reminiscences,- 379 Wolf, Govr's visit to Pittsburg, 10 do. at Beaver, n the first Executive magisti?ate who has cross- ed the Allegheny, jjj message of, to Legislature. 385 Wyoming Bank Stock, sale at 2I i vaBey, lunestone ^scovered, 24 obituairy of Esther Skinner, massacre at 25 Y York county, Carrol township erectei 160 early show at 288 Z ^ Zelosophic Society, Rpp^nson's Oration before, 13/ 366 34/ 57, 117, 360 64 HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PllESEHVATIOH or EVEUT KIND OP USEFUL, IHFOnMATIOlf RESPECTIITO THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL. VIIl.-NO. 1. PHILADELPHIA, JULY 2, 1831. NO. 183. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT ¦ Of the Bucks County Academy qf Natural Science, The Committee appointed lo make and publish the first Annual Report of tlie commencement, progress and present situation of the Academy, in obedience to a re solution adopted, and in conformity with a custom ob taining in similar institutions; submit the following sketch : — In January, 1829, pnbllc attention was first called to the formation of a society for promoting the study of na ture in this county by an Editorial paragraph in the In telligencer. In February following, a number of public spirited gentlemen from different parts of the county, met at poylestown, and resolved that it was expedient to form such a society, and in the same month the draft of a constitution was submitted and adopted. Onthe 29ih of April, follow,ing, officers pro tempore were ap pointed, and in accordance with the adopted draft of the constitution, the first stated meeting of the Aca demy was held on the 25th of May, 1829; at which the constitution was finally ratified and signed by twenty five members. The spirit which prompted a com mencement so promising, stimulated to active exertions for the purpose of surmounting the many difficulties which immediately presented themselves on the untried field we were about entering-. Very few of the mem bers had made themselves acquainted with even the ru diments of classification in any branch of natural history. An offer therefore, made by Jonathan C. Jones, one of the youngest, but most zealous admirers of nature, be longing to the Academy, tb deliver an introductory pub lic address on the study of Botany, was gladly accepted which was carried into execution onthe 6lhof June, and thus a new impulse given to the zeal of those who were disposed to foster "the knowledge of things." We cannot'refrain from- here mentioning the immense loss sustained by the Academy in particular, and by the friends 6f science generally, fn the premature decease of this enterprising and amiable young man. We know we shall again awaken the unavailing sigh of 'sorrow, with those who had the pleasure of his personal ac quaintance, and re-inflict the pang of disappointed hope on his bereaved relatives and friendsS-but we'know also that the memory of their sorrows brings also with it the consolatory recollection of inestimable worth and never dying virtue. Before -the next annual_ meeting, the Academy were called also to lament their loss by the death of John Moore, Esq. their first President. Thus deprived almost at the outset pf two of their most valu able and efficient members, it began to be feared that our strength would fail^ — biH fortunately the example of Jones had pointed to the true. path of successful pro gress, and at the annual meeting in May, 1830, a series of introductory addresses oh several departments of Natural Histoj-y, was determined on. The gentlemen, to whom this task was assigned, labored diligentjy to acquaint themselves in a way to be useful — and by tSlese means, a mass of information was obtained and spread abroad, jvhich cannot fill of being highly useful in all our future operations;'— and which tended immediately to keep alive the spirit of improvement that had actuated us at the first. A division of 'the members into classes cor responding with the objects uf inquiry soon followed, which when duly appreciated and acted on in the prop- voL. vni. 1 er spirit ofthe measure, we trust will be productive of the most beneficial results. Some of our members are now actively prosecutng thieir researches in accord ance with this division of labor, and it is. confidently be lieved that others will be influenced by their example, and by praise worthy ambition to contribute to the com mon stock of useful information, by judicous observa tion and the careful treasuring, of natural objects. Many specimens, particularly of minerals hsve already been obtained, and a taste for the study of the riches of the animal; vegetable and mineral kingdoms, has been wide ly diffused. Owing to the want of a place specifically Appropriated for the purposes of a Cabinet^or Museum, We have not been able to embrace in our collection, subjects ofthe animal and vegetable empires. It is'hoped that the liberality of our citizens and the increasing im portance of collections of objects in the study of nature, will ere long authorize the appropriation of a room in some of our public buildings to supply this-deficiency ^-or that the increasing public spirit of the citizens ,of Doylestown, will effect tbe same purpose in some other mode. Having thus traced the general view of our labors from the commencement to the present time— having .^fanced at the greatest difficulty we have yet to provide ior, and intimated the poss'vble means by which that pro vision may be made, we turn to the more particular de tails of the present situation of the Academy, which at present occupies in common with the Doylestown Li brary, a room in the Union Academy, wliich is also of. ten used forvarious other purposes. Two convenient cases are nearly filled with specimens, principally .as. above noticed of minerals. The Curators, have ju,st finished a scientific arrangement of the most valuable pf these specimens, and the study of mineralogy may now be methodically pursued with the advantage of having the distinctive properties of minerals elucidated by re ference to the Cabinet. Several valuable works have been procured; and as the room is open every Saturday afternoon, for the use ofthe Library, we would suggest the propriety of our members taking that opportunity for becoming acquainted with the characteristic differ ence of mineral substances. It is in contemplation also, to construct a Geological column as fast as the materials can be obtained, and many of them are already in the Cabinet, which will enable the itiident to embrace at one view the whole theory pf this important study. Two of our members are also prosecuting the study tjf Ento mology, particularly with reference to those insects. which are injurious, and those which may be made use ful to husbandry and domestic economy. One member hasiiindertaken to collect information relative to the natural history ofthe most valuable fishes that frequent the waters of the county, among which the shad and herring will receive, as they deserve, a large of atten tion. Several gentlemen commenced jn thelast sum mer, the collection and preservation of plants for the purpose of forming ft herbarium— they will probaWy during the present season Ije able to show a classified collection of plants, embracing all the. classes and.ordprs pf a complete system of Botany, and also to describe the habitudes and varieties of the most valuable natives.of thecounty. Should ^se ¦rea8ona.ble_ anticipations be realized — and nothing but ateptebensible remissness pn AMERICAN SILK. IJtTIT part of our members can prevent their being realized — we may look forward to our next stated meeting, as one of' peculiar interest; as forming anew era in our hitherto somewhat ob.scured prog'ress, ¦ Many of ouf members will have obtained considerable knowledge of "the particular subjects to wbich they have respectively devoted their chief attention. This knowledge they will be prepared to communicate, and explain by refer ence to well known objects, or to preserved specimens of those Which are more rare, or have been less subject to common observation. We ask in conclusion, to im press upon those of our members particularly, who have imposed on, themselves the honorable obligation, of starting forward.in the'race of science, that to them we look for the fulfilment of our flattering hopes—that dili gence and attention will ensure success, and that their ' reward is sure. To our distant friends, who have taken an interest in our establishment, we wooUl express our grateful thanks; Fronri several w^ have received libera! donatic^s and en couraging advice. Jacob Piferce and Peter A Browne, -Esq. "of Philadelphia — Joseph J. Lewis, Esq. of Wesl- . Chester; Jacob Wagner, of Easton, and James Worth, and Froman Mahson, of this county — are" particularly entitled to remembrance and notice ,in our catalogue of the patrons of science in Ihe best possible mode of pa tronizing — by active and liberal assistance in aid ofthe means of becoming acquaiiited with .nature's works, from the works themselves. Highly valuable presenta tions of specimens have been received from each of these gentlemen, and from Mr. Brown especially, we have derived much ofthe knowledge we have attained towards placing a pr9per value .on the articles in our possession. The desire to become acquainted with the natural productions of our country, which is manifested in various places, owes much of its force and intensity to the patriotio labors of this distinguished citizen — but we are aware that we should be doing injustice, to his deserts, were we to ascribe this impulse as the chief benefit of those meritorious efforts. A yet greater public service is done by giving that impulse the most favour able direction for the accomplishment of ita object, and we yet hope the day will arrive and that right speedily, when this direction will be generally pursued, and the ¦ study of the natural sciences, aided by ample jiollections of natural productions, will become the basis and the support of an enlightened system' of public education. When like the industrious bee, our children shall gath er treasures from every flowery valley, and like the la borious, find a mine of wealth ii\ every barren hill. And when their intellectual labors, like those of the provi dent insects,' shall each day produce an immediate re- ward in the sensible increase of their stores of knowledge, and a corresponding expansion of tbe mind in which those stores are received. H. MEREDITH.^ J. KELI.Y, C. Committee. E. WILLIAMS, 3 The officers of the Academy for the year 1831, are: President — Wm. H. Johnson'. Vice President — Soiomon Whight. Recording Secretary — Albeut Smiths Corresponding Secretary— Kn. Wiuiams. _ , CDr. j. S. Rich. Curators- ^j^^^^ g^^^^^_ Treasurer — Revr Samdei. Aahon. The spotted Catterpillar has committed great ravages in Pennsylvania; Whole forests have been strippe.d of their leaves. The same reptile has been mischievous in Massachussetts on fruit trees. Some Horticulturists have shaken them from trees, and then tarred the trunks to prevent their ascending. — Hundreds have been found shortly afterwards halted in the tar. They seem to take to plum trees first. Frornihe.(,London) Mechanics' Magazine of Jpril, 1831. AMERICAN SIEE. ¦. Sir Your readers will have probaljly observed the notice taken by Mr. Kwart, the ex-member for Liver- pool, (in the House of Commons, onthe 15th of ''ebrua- ry,) of the first importation of raw silk from the United States of America; and, likewise, a paragraph in the Times, ofthe 34th of February, on the same subject— a subject of sufficient importance to render a more de tailed account interesting, to the numerous readers of your widely circulating journal, i , Mr. DuponceaO, of Philadelphia, the President ofthe American Philosophical Society, with his usual fore sight atid patriotism, long* since thought of the advan tages that might arise to the United States, from ex tending the culture ofthe white mulberry tree, and the propagation ofthe silk worm, for which the great va riety, of soil and climate prevailing in these states 9ffer great facilities. But difficulties arose in preparing the silk for the market, which, for a long time, retarded the accomplishment of his views. The eailiest successful result was the manufacture in Connecticut, of sewing silk of superior fineness and strength. Mr. U'Homergue of Nisme.s, in France, paid a visit to Philadelphia, and afforded Mr. Duponceau an opportu nity of carrying his laudable designs into_ practice, by establishing a filature under bis direction; Mr. D'Ho- me.rgue having previously managed one in Nismes, and seen a good deal of the culture and preparation of silk in France, felt sanguine of its success in America. The result of the first trial has shown, that their labours are likely to be crowned with success. It was not to be expected that the American opera tive, first, employed in a new, and, to them, strange pro cess, should turn out of their hands an article as well prepared as that furnished by Italy or France, where it has been so lopg the Staple of the country. Yet the sample received has shown, that Mr. D'Homergue's les sons have been addressed to willing and apt scholars, who will, it is hoped, soon equal the reelers of France and Italy. It may now be stated, that an intelligent gentleman has tried a sample of this silk, in the different process of winding, throwing, and dying, and the result is highly satisfactory — so much so, that he thinks a fine field is open for the culture ofthe article in America. In quali ty, he considers it superior to India silk generally, and fillly equal to that of Friuli or Trent. He had some of it dyed black, (the colour which most tries the silk,) and this it takes very well. He concludes by suggest ing some improvements in the reeling, wbich a little more practice may soon effect. The present importation is a mere sample, being a very small package, and was produced (as the corres pondent ofthe Times states) in Pennsylvania, and reel ed from the coQ.oon8 in Mr. Duponceau's filature at Philadelphia, under the directions pf Mr. D'Homergue. It has been submitted to some of the best judges in this country, who think it a very fair beginning.- The tex ture is finer than the Italian silk, and il produces a larger return from the same quantity of cocoons. Some silk, from the same filature; haS been boiled, dyed, and woven into a very fine stuff in America, al though not thrown, as they have no throwing mills at present there. Should the production of silk increase as rapidly in America as cotton has done, in the last thirty years, it will become an article of great consequence in our trade With that country; the Americans sending. the raw ma- teCial, and taking hack the manufactured article in re turn, as is now the case with cotton. The white mulberry tree, and silk worm, are said to succeed in almost all the states of the union; and tbe latter can be brought forward at the time tbe former is in life, ' , This subject has been taken up by a committee of the Congress, and strongly recomm.ended by them to the 1831.] AMERICAN SILK. attention of the American government and country. And any object that will promote the intercourse, or strengthen the ties, between the. two countries, is well deserving the attention of both. Yours, &c. * *, London, 26th March, 1831. From the Harrisburg Reporter. AusBicAsr Silk. — A very beautiful flag, manufactur ed by Mr. D'Homesoue, of Philadelphia, from silk the growth and pi-oduce of this state, was [during the last session] presented to the legislature, by Peter S. Du- poHCEAu, Esq,, accompanied by a letter from that gen tleman. The letter vvas referred to a committee in the House of Representatives, consisting of Messrs. Inger- soll. Read of Susquehanna, and Craft; and Mr. Ingersoll, fi-om that committee, made a vei-y appropriate report, accompanied by a resolution, that the flag be displayed in the House, under the direction of the Speaker. Agreeably to the resolution, the flag has been very taste fully displayed over the Pennsylvania Arms in the rear of, and above, the Speaker' ^ chair, where it at once com mands the attention and admiration of every one enter ing the hall ofthe house. We think it a fine specimen of the useful perseverance of its worthy donor, and a strong earnest of what may be expected from the cul ture and manufacture of silk in Pennsylvania hereafter. The following is the letter and report ofthe committee. The report was unanimously adopted, PhieadbiThia, Jan .'3, 1831. Sir — I lake the liberty of presenting through you to the honourable house over which you- preside, and of offering to their acceptance, a Flag, bearing the colours of the United Slates, and made entirely of American silk, by Mr. John D'Homergue, of and ip the ciiy of PhiUdilphVa. ' Tbe texture of this flag is ligVit and^delibate; more so, perhaps, than it should have been, if my-objecl were not, by this specimen, to show that stuffs of this descrlp- tioij may be manufactured in this country, from our own native material. It is for similar stuffs,' tbaf we pay^an- nually to Europe a tribute of several millions of dollars, considerably exceeding the amount that we receive for all our bread stuffs. Hitherto, the silk that this Country prnduces, has been exclusively employed in making sewing silk,,and a ft-w stockings, gloves, and other like articles of domestic manufacture, in. which tbe best ma terial has been used, while elsewhere those articles are, made of imperfect cocoons, and of .waste and refuse silk. For more than twenty years, the inhabitants of a part of the state of Connecticut, have pursued this unprofitable system; and it is remarkable, that the silk districts, which ought to be the richest in that state, are in fact the poorest. There is no market there for their co coons or silk balls, those who raise them are obliged to manufacture them themselves, or they will perish on their hands. Nor can tlley find any cash price for the articles they make, so that they must use them in their families, or dispose of them by way of barter. This system' is fast extending itself, through the other states, and the only use that has hitherto been made of the co coons in Pennsylvania, has been converting them into sewing silk, or coarse articles of domestic fabric. It is not tbat manufacturers of fine silk are wanting in the United States, we have them in this city, of every description, seeking employment, which they cannot obtain for want of new silk properly prepared. The art of making this preparation, which is called reeling, is not known among us, though it is generally, but most erroneously, supposed to be very simple, while, on the contrary, it requires much instruction and long, practice and experience; and those who know, and would in struct us in it, cannot without the greatest^ difficulty be procured from other countries. Without the knowledge of this art, it is impossible to employ our silk in' a profit able manner, for unless the raw material is properly reeled, it cannot be exported abroad, nor manufactured ' at home into those fine stuffs for which we pay so large an annual amount to foreign countries. Having had the .good fortune in finding in Mr, D'Ho- mergue, a person well skilled in ttiat mode of preparing our native silk, either for exportation or home manufac ture, I established last summer, under his direction, an experimental filature of ten reels, in which twenty wo men were employed, in consequence of which, a mar ket for cocoons was immediately opened at Philadel phia, whither they were brought for sale from almost every part of the United States The farmers brought them from different parts of this 4ate, and received cash for them, which they had never done before. They were brought, it is true, in small- quantities, but there is no doubt that the culture of silk will be thereby promoi ted, and, that in the course of afew years, if this im portant object shall i-eceive the national encouragement, which a bill now before Congress gives reason to ex pect, silk worms will be raised in great plenty all over Pennsylvania. Tl^e climate being peculiarly w^ell adapt ed to the cultivation of the mulberry tree, which will thrive even in our poorest soil. The flag, which I have the honour to send to you, is offered as a visible proof of the facts I have just stated,' no silk stuff of the same kind has ever been made or ever attempted in this country, and none can be made with out a perfect knowledge ofthe art of preparing the raw material. I beg you will be so good as lo present this fiag most respectfully, in my name to your honourable house, as a sample of a new and- interesting branch of American manufacture; as a token of my high respect; and as a proof of my sincere devotion to the interests of the state of Pennsylvania, which.4ias been from early youth my cherished home, and where, I hope, with my latest breath, to offer my last fervent prayer for her happiness and prosperity. I have the honour to be, With the highest respect. Sir, your most ob't humble serv't, PF.TER S. DUPONCEAU. To the Hon. Fbedehick Smith, Speaker of the House of Representatives ofthe Commonwealth of Pennsylva nia. Report ofthe Committee. That this beautiful specimen of American agriculture and manufactures, carried through all its, process in Pennsylvania, is a practical result of thaifltinost impor- , tance to the wealth and prosperity of the state. Its agriculture haa.long.suffereii from restriction to certain staples, of which the production has increased, while the foreign demand is greatly diminished. By the valu able experiments of Mr, Duponceau and Mr. D'Ho mergue it is established that the climate, the soil, ^nd the waters ofPennsylvania, are eminently congenial with the culture of silk, which, it is believed, may be culti vated with advantage throughout the United States. - If so, this inestimable product must become agi-eat staple of the country. Adverting to the fact that, but forty- six years ago, an American vessel, with cotton on board, was seized at Liverpool, under the impression that cotton was not the growth of America; and to the fact, that last year more than six hundred and^ forty thousand bags pf American cotton were imported at that port, there is nothing unreasonable, in the anticipation, that a similar development may attend American silk. In every country producing silk, it has become the fruitful means of industry and wealtti. Every manufacturing country, incapable of producing, has spared no efforts to naturalize it. Added to the oth er products of this state, and Union, its benefits must be incalculable: It leaves all other employments unimpair ed, and affords domestic occupation to females and chil dren, who may rear tiie cocoons, and reel them into raw silk. Many millions, as Mr, Duponceau states, are the tribute money paid for it by the United States to foreign eountries. AN ESSAY ON HYDROPHOBIA. HJUl. From the increase of tfie coastingtrade ot Philadel phia, which has nearly trebled itself within the last eight years, encouraging and iinquestionable proof is afford ed, thit the agriculture, manufactures, and mineral wealth of the state, are in activeand increasing demand. If, as is understood to be the case, vessels loaded with the c6al of Pennsylvania, are destined to sail for France Jn the ensuing season,.the foreign trade ofthe state may derive great augmentation from that source. -Even the quantity of flour exported from Philadelphia to Europe has much increased of late; and wool bears better prices throughout the country. With these flattering prospeot.s, no aid, within the power of legislation, should be withheld from the endea vour to domesticate silk, and unite so important a staple to- the others. In France, Italy, Flanders, Spain, and England, no wealth or honours were spared by govern ment, when the object was to cherish and reward the culture of this superior article, which, in all ages and nations, from the earliest era to the present, has been in universal request and of the highest Value. The fiag presented by Mr. Duponceau is a proof of the natural and artificial resources we possess^ and that in the practical Skill of Mr. D'Homergue, the country •njoy; the fortunate means of obtaining all the instruc tion and demonstration necessary, for the complete at tainment and indefinite extension of the difficult art of reeling silk, witbout which raw silk for manufacturing, or ofthe merchantable quality, saleable in foi-eign mar kets, cannot be produced. The patriotic, disinterested, and most praiseworthy exertions of Mr. Duponceau to establish this art among us, entitle him to the gratitude of the state. They con stitute another 6f tbe public services of a citizen whose career, beginning in the army of the revolution, and continued in the department of foreign affairs, after wards distinguished by eminent accomplishments in ju risprudence and other sciences, has exalted him to be come the successor of Je#erson, as presiden;t of tliat philosophical society which was founded by Franklin. To the duties and distinctions of such a career, Mr. flu- ponceau, in the decline of life, superadds a noble effort to confer upon his country the inestimable advantages ofthe introduction of silk, and to join that to the many honours of which his venerable years are full. The committee friist, that it will not be deemed in appropriate to display this flag in the Hall ofthe Repre sentatives of Pennsylvania, near the Speaker's chair— the same tbat was once filled by the president o£ that immortal congress, whicb, in the city of Philadelphia, declared the independence of these United States. T-hey, therefore, respectfully submit the following re solutions: ¦. -u r; Resolved, That the Representatives of the Common wealth of Pennsylvania accept, with great sensibility and satisfaction, the silk flag of the United States, pre sented to them by Peter S. Duponceau, as an auspicious nromise of national wealth and prosperity, and a proof of the patriotism of the distinguished donor. fktolved That the flag be displayed in a conspicuous nart of this Hotise, under the direction of the Speaker; and that the Clerk be directed to communicate to Mr. Duponceau copies of these resolutions and report. AN ESSAY ON HYDROPHOBIA. Jin Esiav on the JSffeetions supposed to remit from the mtes ofMmak, and known by the "ppdhtim ofHy- drc^hobia. By S. C. Rousseau, M. D., inember ofse- vera! learned societies. ' .,.,_..,. . [Read befare the Philadelphia Medical Soc.ety,March l4i 1829 1 ' ..,i tfai peur de rion plui.que de la peur.»-Jf=S.:<»i*. It is unquestionably a most gratifying circumstance, at i^hich every philanthropic mind cannot but rejoice, to trcelve."n tL present er. of science, the sway of er- roneous opinions and prejudices fast yielding to the in fluence of strict, fair, and impartial investigation. But the romantic and wonderful, particularly when swelled with fabulous incidents, terrific relations, and descrip tions of awful scenes, impart such a stimulus to the hu man mind, tbat truth, in i(s simplicity under natural colours, can scarcely promise to create an adequate ex citement, for it is a well known truth, that it is much easier. to awe than to persuade; and experience teaches us, that fear holds the sceptre over all nature. Instead of endeavouring tpdiminisli the catalogue or human miseries, which has been and is daily swelling to an alarming degree, every one elbows forward through the crowd of innumerable writers, to throw in his mite, not only to enlarge tne collection, but to render it more appsflling. These reflections, I feel convinced, cannot be better applied than to the subject of the present essay ,_ and i propose to give to it that serious attention which its im portance merit^. i?ut if I am led to deviate from that gravity, wbich fi-om the predisposition of every one's mind in matters so unquestionably revered, I presume is anticipated, I hope my disquisition may be taken in its true sense and light, and from the whole, a judgment formed upon the whole. •¦' Than hydrophobia, no other disease, if, perhaps, we except the venereal, ha's favoured the origin of more fabulous reports, and created more terror in the mind, not only ofthe Vulgar, but of the best informed classes of society, from which I cannbt even exclude the facul ty; and, yet, without any solid foundation; for I may confidently assert, that there is not one in a thousand that has ever taken the trouble to think seriously upon this subject, and, not unlikely, even a smaller propor tion that'ever had the opportunity of witnessing the ef fects resulting from the bites of animals. The whole of this matter rests, either upon vague re ports, preconceived opinions, mistaken notions, or a blind deference to authority. But after an impartial and unprejudiced inquiry, and a judicious examination of the accounts we have on re cord, it will be found that they are not only inconsistent, incorrect, and perplexing, but, not unfrequently, shame- ^fully ex!tgp;erated; and, in many instances, so visionary, that no reliance can be placed on them. We are, in deed, induced to believe that few of the writers have witnessed with a placid^ eye the scenes they de scribe. Moreover, their sanative methods are so versa tile and incoherent, their remedies so terrific at times, so insignificant at others, that we might well question if many of them had seen a single case of canine madness. Nevertheless an inconceivable bigotry of opinion, equal to party spirit obstinacy, pervades all classes, and presents insurmountable obstacles to the admission of the most evident facts, if they appear to militate against long established prejudices, and sanctioned medical creeds. All impartial inquiry is not only hazardous but scarce ly attainable. Regardless of communicating useful in formation, or affording the balm of consolation, every report, is calculated to perpetuate the prolific seed of terror; and it js a lamentable truth, that we are, at this day, as much in the daik as our predecessors respecting the cause and true nature of hydrophobia. Why this name should have been exclusively selected to qualify a specific disease, supposed to result from the bite of a mad dog, is not very obvious; the dread of liquids being a symptom occurring in many diseases, where a morbid excitement of the nervous system is predominant, and attended with constriction ofthe fauces. But it is not an easy matter to divest the human mind of prejudices once inculcated and rooted in by time, and afforded an inexhaustible source of romancing. In this, however, we can aee nothing more surprising tban in the popular frenzy to run, not unfrequently, at the peril of life and limb, to see a fellow mortal-launched into eternityi 1831, J AN ESSAY ON HYDROPHOBIA. .5 Having, however, seen cases, not resulting fVom a bite, in which hydrophobia was one of the predominant symptoms; which observation is sufficiently confirmed by the testimony of others; it may not appear presump tuous in me; unbiassed by popular prejudices, which, although sanctioned by men of respectable authority, are not- of a nature calculated to carry conviction — to unfurl the standard of scepticism that others hsive hoisted before me. Truth cannot be elicited by conjectures; facts are not to be established, still less supported, by vague reports; nor reason and judgment satisfied with good Br bad names, contradictory declarations, and incredible stories. Admitting without discrimination,and propagating withi- out examination, have been the sources of all the er rors that have brought thousands to a premature end. \ Disease is invariably a derangement in the constitu tion; but various .agents being the cause of apparently the same disturbance, and the same cause being pro ductive of different aberrations, the utmost circumspec tion ought'to be used in pronouncing upon the origin pf diseases. Sex,- temperament, constitution, habits^ situation, occupation, seasons, former diseases, pertur bation of mind, &c. &c. must, necessarily, vary the symp toms of the same disease, and become the cause of the diversity or identity of the morbid appearance^, that have not unfiequently drawn the faculty into error. That bites, more commonly-of dogs, becauseof their greater number,their particular habits ^nd their dwelling among men, have in numerpus instances proved fatal, cannot be denied, but that those accidents have result- 'ed from a, disease, inoculated by a specific virus gene rated in the mouth of the animal, under a particular morbid excitement, is merely a supposition, rather dis proved than supported by facts, as we hope to be able to prove as we advance in our inquiry. Dogs being, in general, possessed of an uncommonly irascible temper, and naturally prone to bite, and some species being extremely ferocious, it is not at all sur prising that a general dread of them should be imbibed in infancy, and retained in' mature years; and this cir cumstance must incalculably aggravate the conse quences of a bite, and may be productive of those very accidents that have been attributed to a specific viris. The fact is daily confirmed by experience, that lace rated wounds are oftener than any other attended with danger; and if we pay particular attention to those re sulting from bites, we shall find that, of all the injuries of that kind, they are the worst, from the compound sction, producing not only laceration, but contusion. Moreover, if with these peculiarities we take into ac count the state of perturbation created in weak and pre judiced minds, by unexpected attacks of infuriated dDg.s, we cannot but hesitate to sanction the idea of a rabid , poison secreted in the mouth of the animal, under a par ticular state of disease. Besides, it cannot be questioned, that the saliva and teeth of a dog in perfect health may, from the putrid and filthy substances on which the ani mal not unfrequently feeds, acquire and harbour a de cided virulence, and become the source ofthe accidents, that have for so long a time disturbed the peace of man kind. All the well substantiated facts, indeed all the anoma lies characterising the maladies supervening on the bites of animals supposed to be in a rabid condition, concur to prove, that the same symptoms have resulted from the bites of animals labouring under no kind of disease, as well as from varmus injuries, not admitting the pos sibility of any introduction of virus, being the conse quence of the mere mechanical agency of inanimate bodies. I am fiiWy convinced, and many spund observers will 1 think jpin me in the belief, that the terror propagated, from generation to generation, by the popular tales of hydrophobia, has' been the cause of more mischief than tha pretended rabid poison itself, Bhd that more than a few have become mad from the simple fear of turning mad. I perfectly well recollect the son of a gentleman with whom I was intimate, who, to the age of twelve and upwards, could fiot see the approach of a dog without being thrown into a fit; and it was not without much trouble, that, by keeping a, dog in the house, his antipa thy was at last conquered. " Will it bite?" is a common question with children, when a little dog or any other pet animal is given tO' them; not that they have been bitten,, but because they have been scared with it by their nurses, parents, play mates, &e. Of all the scare-crows resorted to, to in timidate children, and force them to obedience, the dog is the most common, and the stories of canine madness always comes very apropos. Yet dogs are not sufiicient to frighten all childreH: Some are very mischievous, ajid like^ to plague cats; "The cat will'scratch you," is then the cry. Still this will not do — children are not afraid of scratches. With a little more trouble, and out of necessity, the disease of madness has been stamped upon cats^ and all the old; and many new, wonderful stories have been heaped to gether to swell the collection'. But cats will not gneral- ly bite, then " madness can be, and must be, and has' been communicated by scratches." This is hard to be-' lieve, and, therefore, must be proven. ¦ "Cats lick their paws," as enevy person knows; and as it is the saliva of dogs that transmits the rabid poison, it must proceed' from the like source in cats. Accordingly, "bylicfcing their paws -the saliva is deposited on them;" ergo, "scratches can innoculate madness!" The above reasoning may answer tolerably well for children; but we cannot help blushing to find such stuff recorded by men in their proper .senses. Yet, as such reasoning may be specious for some, who, like the bonwt Homerus, aliguando dormiiant, we hope to be excused if we take some notice of it. Animals in general, and particularly cats, that are re markable for an uncommon degree of cleanliness, are not very attentive to this characteristic quality, while suffering from disease. On the coptrary, their filthinesi is the first apparent symptom of their diseased state, and* this arises from the circumstance, that they do not lick their paws. For it is-not to be supposed, that these ani mals adopt this employment as a mere pastime; on the contrary, it is for the sole purpose of removing the dirt that they have, tm^ their paws, brushed from their heads. Since I have been led to speak ol^ fhe ridicule that ought to be cast on the popular tales, related at random, concerning canine madness, (and I am fully persuaded, that too much cannot be done to doom them to a state of oblivion,) I beg to be indulged in prosecuting this ' task a little further, not for the sole pleasure of exposing error, but with the hope of fostering the spirit pf inves tigation, which I imbibed at an early period of my medi cal career. . , Paliharius, an ancient writer, seriously informs us, that the straw, on which some mad swine lay, commu. nicated the same disease; and, risum leneafis, that a man who had become mad from the bite of a rabid dog, when- on the point of death, kissed his children, who, in a few days, were all seized with rabies, and died of it ! ! So much for plain truth-^then comes the romanti6; sucb as men tearing and^eating their own flesh, biting like dogs; or scratching like cats, when the disease pro ceeded from the last. Others, quite composed, warn their friends not to come near, for fear they should bite them, and view, composedly, their appalling situation!? 'We shall now cite from writers liow long a time will be requisite to establish this incongruity of symptoms. From LoKi^ius we learn, that seven years may elapse before tbe invasion of the disease. MoRGAsiri relates a case, in which twenty years elapsed between the bite and the appearance of thei disease. 6 RAIL HOAU MEETINGS. 1.JUI.I BoERHAAVE mentions a case of the same description. I have read of a case spun out to forty years. i - Other writers, however, fix the invasion ofthe disease at a very short period after the bile. Dr. Grat records a case in the West Indies, in which death happened on .>he same day as the bite. We might go further, but, for the sake, of common sense, must refrain. After all the uproai- created by this terrific inalady, it might be supposed that no doU|bt could be entertained as to its existence; but, alas, of all the symptoms that have been recorded, not a single one .can be called pathognomonic. Neither does any identity of symptoms characterize the disease in men and dogs. We have al ready repeated the idle stories transmitted to us by an cient writers upon canine madness, as communicated to the human constitution; for this disease has never been supposed to be spontaneously generated in man. We shall now narrate the general symptoms observ ed in dogs: They look dull and stupid. - They pant, keep their mouths open, hang out their tongue, and discharge abundance of saliva. They re fuse food. They are thirsty, and do not drink. They look dirty. Their ears and tails hang down. Some say they move slowly, othersv that they run faster than ordinary, and in ail irregular manner. It is nevertheless an accredited popular opinion, in some places, that they go' straight forward; and if you move out of their way they will not hurt you; yet vari ous writers assert that they snap at and bite every thing they meet with. We find nothing but contradictions at every step pf our inquiry, as often as the authors have not copied from one another. . The tail between the legs, seems, however, to be the most prdminentsymptom, and the most noticed in gene ral. It is that, also, which spreads terror and dismay throughout all classes of people; although it be quite in significant, and nothing moi-e than an indication of fear and timidity, observable in all dogs passing through a strange neighborhood. It is, indeed, surprising, that we should have, to this day, been satisfied with sucfi contemptible, data; and still more astonishing, that no inquiry has been proposed pr encouraged, by premiums or otherwise, to ascertain something respecting such a direful malady; the exist ence of which must rapidly come to be considered as ex tremely doubtful, if not entirely imaginary. What is rabies in animals? What is it in men? Is it the result of a specific virus of canine origin? Can it be productive of a particular disease in other ani mals and in men',' by the simple application of the saliva to some living part? Does the poison exclusively reside in the saliva?* Is , inoculation by means of a wounded part absolutely in dispensable ?f What is the nature of the 'wound produced by the bite' Does it secrete a poison ofthe same nature as 'that secreted by the salivary glands, during the disease? Is it a compound effect of the laceration of the teeth and, the particular quality of the sahva? , May not the saliva of dogs, under some peculiar cir cumstances, become poisonous without the animal being ' in a state of disease? , Why are the effects of the bite of a mad dog more promptly shown on animals than on men, as the reports assert them to be? Why is not the dread of water a characteristic symp tom of rabies in dugs as well as in men?^: Until these queries have been satisfactorily answered, we cannot belieye that hydrophobia is the result of a • * Pliny recommends the saliva of a mad dog for the cure and prevention of hydrophobia, *Dr. 'Vaugman tried to inoculate it without success. t A number of writers on this disease, are of the opin ion tbat it ia not. specific virus. And if we were to support this opinion, how cotild we reconcile our belief with a number of *ell attested facts, proving that this symptom scarcely happens once in thirty cases, whereas tbe bite has been inflicted by the same dog. Hydrophobia, 1 am pursuaded, is an extremely rare disease; and when its occurrence has not been preceded by the bite of a dog, it is met with very little apprehen sion i I have experienced it myself, after my recovery froni a long illness, that had thrown me into such a state of morbid sensibility, that, not only water, but any thing else that could produce a tremulous motion on my-eyes, or a shrill sudden sound on my ears, excited the most horrible sensations. I have witnessed it in many cases of cy nanche, and in diseases of infants of various kinds. The disease was strongly marked in a case of destruc tion of the epiglottis that fell under my care some years ago; until I contrived to introduce liquids into the sto mach, by means of a piece of intestine df a chicken, swallowed at one end, while the other was kept fastened tp one of the teeth of the patient, who was delighted to receive, as often as he was desirous, by means of the canula of an injection pipe, the liquids that were forced through it. It is not, I am now convinced a terror resulting from the sight of water or of other liquids that harrasses the sufferers. It is. as many have confessed, tjie dread of having the liquids forced upon them, when they feel certain pains from former trials of their inability to swal- low,and call to mind the sufferings|l hey have undergone their exertions to accomplish an act that they were by rather desirous tban reluctant to perform. This inability-to swallow hquids generally prpceeds from a constriction of the fauces; or from a too exalted state of irritability in the organs of deglutition; or from a rigidity of the epiglottia preventing Ibe shutting of the ti-actiea, in consequence of which the passage of liquids into that tube, on their way to the oesophagus occurs. I have ascertained these facts by introducing my fore finger into the fauces ofthe patient; and Dr. Wiiuam Shaw, an experienced and respectable physician of this city, has informed me of a case that fell under his care,in which the rigidity of the epiglottis was so great, that he could not press It down with his finger. The patients, who died with all the terror that the presence ofliquids could excite in the mind in hydrophobia, re peatedly assured him, that his fear was excited solely by the recollection ofthe agonizing fits of coughing, he had been thrown into by his first attempt to swallow some water; and that he would rather give up his life, than run the risk of being again thrown into the same predicament. [Tb be continaed.] RAII, ROAD MEETING. At a large and respectable meeting ofthe citizens of Newtown and its vicinity, held pursuant to public no tice, at the house of Joseph Archambault on Saturday the 4th day of June— Dr. Phineas Jenks, was called to the chair, and I'eter Gwinner, appointed Secretary. The ohject of the meeting having been stated by the Chairman, it was on motion, Resolved, That Peter Gwi- her, Samuel Snyder and Alex. 'Vanhom, draft resolu tions expressive of the sense of this meeting who after having retired a short time, reported the following preamble and resolutions, which were unanimously adopted: — Whereas, recent experience in England, has conclu sively shown the superior advantage of rail-roads over all other kinds of improvement, in affording a more pleasant and expeditious mode of travelling, and offering grea'ier facilities for the rapid transportation of the pro duce of the soil to market. Every agricultural and manufacturing district have a deep interest in the con- 1831.] HORTICULTlJRA,L SOCIETY. struction of rail roads. They may be opnstructed where it is not possible to command a supply of water for canals, and when constructed, the travelling upon them is not hable to be interrupted by the frost of winter, nor freshets in the summer. Rail-roads, branching in differ ent directions through the country, will add much to the convenience and prosperity of the citizens. It is the opinion of this meeting, that there is no section of the country,through which a rail-road could be located. (more advantageously to the stockholders; or beneficial ly to the citizens,) tlian from Philadelphia through New town crossing the Delaware at Taylorsville, thence, to New York. This is. the most direct and shortest route between the two cities. This' road "would pass through a delightful and fertile country affording at a moderate price all the materials for its construction — by this route there will be no interruption by water, and no transfer of passengers or mer chandize from cars to boats, Until they arrive at the Hudson, opposite New York. There fore, Resolved, That the citizens of Bucks County and New Jersey, friendly to a rail-road on the route, meet at Taylorsville, on Saturday the 25th of June inst. for the purpose uf taking into consideration the propriety of a survey and scientific examination of the route, and such other measures as may be deemed expedient to promote the object in contemplation. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be signed.by the Chairman and Secretary, and published in the papers of the county-^The U. S. Gazettee, and the Hunterdon Gazette, published in Flemingtpn, N. J. and such other papers as are friendly to the S!>i<3 object, PHINEAS JENKS, Chairman. Peter Gwii!rirEH,^Sls<»-e/aj;y. , Newtown, June 4th, 1831. ' IRAIL ROAD niEXrriNG. Pursantto public notice, a respectable number of the citizens ofthe counties of Montgomery and Berks, met^ at the house of Samuel Thomas, at Swamp Churches, Montgomery county.on the llthday of June, ult. when George Richards, Esq. was appointed Chairman, and Major David Schalland John Jackson, Esqrs. Secrets^- ~-ies; after the object of the meeting 'had been stated, on motion the following preainbles and resolutions were read and unanimously agreed to: Whereas. There are now authorized the constructing of two Rail-roads, the one beginning at Philadelphia and terminating atNorristown,in the cjjunty of Montgomery, and the other of them at Beaver Meadow Coal Region, in Northampton County, and terminating at some point onthe Lehigh river, wherever thought most convenient. and whereas, other companies and authorities have ex istence, to continue the route by Rail roads at the u'p,- per end of the Beaver Meadow Rail-road to the north branch ofthe Susquehanna; and whereas, the said Rail road Companies leave wanting a Hnk to connect the city of Philadelphia with the coal region and the north branch trade of the Susquehanna; and whereas, the most direct and best ground for laying the remaining link, to have an uninterrupted Rail road to the city of Philadelphia is beginning at Norristowri, via Trapp, Swamp Churches, vi/est branch ofthe Perkiomen, thence to some point or place on the Beaver Meadow Rail-road Company at Allentown; this will form the first en tire, and afford the shortest distance, best ground, and straightest communication of Rail road from the coal re gion, direfct to the city of Philadelphia, passing through a level, well cultivated country, and several extensive limestone and iron ore ridges, furnaces, forges.mills, &c and possessing all the requisite qualiflcations for suc cessful Rail road operations. Therefore. ' Resolved, That this meeting take such measures to ensure the remaining link to be finished,'by collecting tbe best information as early as possible, in examining tbe above route in order to make an early application td the State Legislature for incorporating a company for the construction of said remaining link of Rail road com munication, frgm the Susquehania and , coal region to the city of Philadelphia. Resolved. That in the opinion of this meeting, a dis-' tance of about 40 miles Rail road will aefiomplish the object, via Trapp, Swamp Churches. West Branch of Ferkibm&n to the LiUle Lehigh.and thence to Allen> town. . Resolved. That George Richarijls, Adam Mensh .Dan iel V. R. Hunter, John Wagonhourst, David Schall, John Jackson. John Stauffer, Reuben Trexler, Thomas M. Jolly, Thomas J. Gro.ss, Joseph Roger, Henry Gil bert, George Miller.'George Christman and Peter New-; hard, be a committee tu take such measures as they may deem necessary to further the views of this meeting, and hpld communication with other companies and in dividuals, whose ideas and views may become necesary for mutual and reciprocal advantages.and to .call a meet- ings at any time whenever said committee see proper, a;nd that said committee be authorized to collect sub scriptions for defraying the expenses for locating said route, if by them thought necessary. , ' Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be signed by the chairman and secretaries, and published in the papers of the counties of Montgomeryj Berks, Northamptbn and Lehigh, and in the city of Philadel phia, and in such other papers as are friendly to the ob ject contemplated by this meeting. GEORGE RICHARDS, Chairman. David ScHAEi,?g^^^gj^^;^^ John jACKSoif, i HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The main object ofthe Editor's visit to Philadelphia recently, was to obtain information relative to the nature and practical operation ofthe Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania, with a view to recommending the estab lishment of one in Maryland. If he beheved in the ex pediency of one before, he has now. become convinced of its necessity. The beneficial tendency of such asso ciations must have been apparent to every one who vis ited the exhibition in Philadelphia. Their benefits are nut confined to any particular class of citizens; but the whole community are directly interested in them. The dissemination of horticultural knowledge; the improve ment of vegetables, fruits, and flowei-s and the introduc tion of new and valuable varieties, are the ohjects to be attained by horticultui-al societies. And are these ob jects matter ofindifference to any citizen? Surely not,' Every new vegetable or fruit, and every improvement of either, ministers directly to the comfort and .well be ing of mankind; for although we mayhave had enough before, (which is not the case,) it at least increases our variety and diminishe.s our liability to deprivation. But on tbis point argument is deemed unnecessary; the utili- . ty of such improvements, we believe has never been doubted; and the only., question at present is, will the formation of a Horticultural .Society effect these objects' For ourselves we have no doubt of it. And in this'we are not left to conjecture, nor to the deductions of theory for our conclusions — we have the results of Eu- ropeansocieties,andseveranB the United Statesbefore us all. .There is scarcely a table, or an orchard, or a garden in the Union, 'but daily bears testimony to the good effects of horticultural societies, either American ,or foreign. We taste them in our improved vegetables and 'fruits; we see them in our beautiful flawei-s and shrubbery; they give a zest to our viands, decorate our walks, and einit sweet perfume in our evening arbors. _ Another object to be attained by a hortil;ultural so ciety, is the cultivation and diffusion of a taste for flow ers; nor is this a matter of trifling consideration. .Were we required to tame the ferocious spirit of a Gibbs, we would confine the monster amid the luxuriant fruits and beautiful flowers, and compel kim to inhale tbe odours 8 TME SWAtLOTrt^— LEWISTOWN. £jtJi* of a fine 'garden — nothing distrustful of curability to ac complish the task. It may have happened, but we have never yet heard of any of the numerous personal con flicts that have given such a character of ferocity to human nature, having originated ina garden, and when we consider the great number of public gardens in Eu rope and America, and the multitudes that resort to them,) we may be allowed to attribute this absence of the evil spirit to the peculiar influence ofthe place. It is by no means uncommon for us to hear of duels and other personal conflicts originating in almost all other places of resort; but in a garden never. -The cultivation then of a love of flowers andof gardening generally, seems to be one of the best, if not the most efficient ,means of mollifying the human mind, and it should be. encouraged by every philanthropist and everj patriot. The best means by which we can do so,we repeat, is the establishment of horticultural societies for the encourage ment of improvements in gardening, and the diffusion of a taste for flowers and shrubbery by public exhibitions. Hundreds of persons became admirers of flowers at the exhibition in Philadelphia, who,we are persuaded,never before scarcely gave them a thought. They hadno idea that there were such things in the world,' This was plainly appat-ent from the numerous questions' asked as to the names ofthe mdst common plantsand what they would cost; and we have no doubt that that exhibition caused the sale of hundreds of dollars worth of plants that would not have been sold under other circumstan ces. But even if there were no such good effects to fol low, we would urge the propriety of such exhibitions in every city and town in the Union as a most delightful and wholesome recreation to .the inbabitants.from which the possibility of immoral tendency is excluded. — Bait. ' American Farmer. THE SWAlIiOW. A few weeks since, Charles Miner, Esq. (who is now on a visit to this place) favoured us with a communica tion on a species of Swallow, that has recently migrated to Wyoming "Valley.* We have received from Doctor Mease, of Philadelphia, a very interesting letter upon this subject, which we take the liberty to publish. The bird of which it speaks has excited the curiosity of many of our citizens, who, no doubt, will be highly gratified by a perusal of the letter. — Wyoming Democrat. Philadelphia. 14th June, 1831. ) Gentiemen — I am so much gratified by the notice ta ken by "A Lover of Nature," in a late number of your paper, ofthe appearance of the "Fulvous, or Cliff Swal low," in your vicinity, that 1 cheerfully comply with the general request made by your correspondent, by send- ^ ing some facts respecting these interesting strangers. These birds were first described, but imperfectly, by a French naturalist, M. 'Veillot. in his work on the birds of North America; published in Paris, in 1807. He first saw them in a small flack in St. Domingo, and again in the possession of another naturalist, who had brought specimens from Porto Rico. The best description of them is in the account of Col. Long's expedition tp the Rocky Mountains. Charles Bonaparte describes and figures both birds and nests, in the first volume of his American Ornithology. De Witt Clinton, and Mr. Au dubon, also notice them in the first volume of the An nals ofthe L,yceum of New York. Mr. Clinton's paper was read beibre that association in the year 1824, and he states that they first made their appearance [in New York] af Winchell's tavern, between White flail and l^ake ChampJain, in the year 1817. The nests increased from one; in that year, to seventy in the year 1822. Since that timetheyliave continued to increase, and the birds have extended themselves to J'ort Miller, Dela ware county, and Balaton, in New York. He mentions that they are alsofound in Newport, in Kentucky, and See Register, vol, vii. page 3m. Red Bank, Ohio; and it was yesterday noted in one of our city papers (Poulson's), that they have fixed them selves in Hampshire county, Massachusetts, " within a few years." I may mention, by the way, how useful it is to publish accounts connected with natural history in the country^papers, and how much the science is thus pi-omoled. The Hampshire editorsays, he was induced to notice the d-omestication, or appearance of the Cliff Swallow, in consequence of seeing the account you pub lished "of a lover of nature," inserted in Mr. Poulson's paper. As the Cliff Swallow, in common with its con geners, fives bn insects, 1 presume I need not advert to the peculiar claims it has to the protection of the farmer, and hope they will be permitted "to increase and mul tiply." I am, respectfully, JAMES MEASE. LEWISTOWN. Lewistown at present contains a population of seven teen hundred and fifty-two inhabitants,being an increase since 1820, of one thousand- It is situated West of Philadelphia 153 miles, of Harrisburg 55; and East of Pittsburg 154 miles; and its natural advantages are sup posed [to be superior to any other place on the canal, between Philadelphia and Pittsburg. The town stanHs ' on a beautiful and elevated spot, on thi: northern side ofthe Juniata and Kishacoquillas' creek, immediately at the confluence of the latter, the mouth of which, forms one of the "finest and safest harbors for boats, that can be conceived of — and on which, there are a nuinber of spacious store houses erected. The Kisha coquillas has its source within a few miles ofLewistown, and rises^^from springs in Kishacoquillas valley; and being free of ice in the severest winters, it affords a most advantageous water power fur manufacturing pur poses. At present there are a number of excellent merchant mills on this stream which do a large business, and there are numerous sites wiiliin five miles ofLew istown for water works of every description. Lewis- town derives many advantages from its location on the Juniata river and Pennsylvania canal, which render it a place of very considerable deposit for a large northern district of country. It unites all the trade of the large and fertile valleys of Kishacoquillas and Penns-valley Ferguson's and Dry valley's, and a great portion of Kit- tany and Stone valley's. Also a considerable trade is carried on between Bellefonte — theimportantiron man- factories of Centre county and this place. Merchandize from Philadelphia,bas been, and will be consigned to this place by the canal, which will be transported by 'wagons to Erie and all the intermediate places in the northern [part of the state, at a great saving in the ex pense of transportation, compared with what it was by wagons the whole distance. Although a mountainous country around Lewistown, which affords the finest and most lively scenery in the world; our valleys are most fertile and productive, par ticularly in the important staple of wheat. Some idea of the present trade of Lewistown, may be arrived at from the fact, that upwards of fifty arks have descend ed the river from this place this spring, containing flour, wheat, whiskey, iron, blooms, pig metal, &c. each ark averaging about 400 barrels of flour or forty tons, and it is estimated, that a much larger amount has gone down the river, and through the canal by boats. Our iron manufactories consist of a forge and furnace owned by the Messrs. Norris' within twoand a half miles ofLewis town, which are in active operation; a furnace owned by Messrs. Reid and Thompson, nine miles from Lewis- town, in full blast; and David W. HuUings, Esq. havinjf purchased Elizabeth Furnace, six miles fron^ Lewistown is resuscitating that estiblishtnent and. giving it a radicU repair; and we learn that it will soon "be "in blast. 'We have a large bason on the canal, on which are beins built new and spacious warehouses. The bn»ine,a done oh the canal tbe present season, and before the 1831.] t HE LETTINGS. 9 canal can be expected to be pe/manent in,its banks, is a sure presage of the lai-ge amount of business which will be done upon it the next year. Owing to the great ice flood in the Juniata this spring, which did considerable injury to the canal in the narrows, it was not in operation till about the 11th of April; yet there were taken at the Collectors office at tt^is place .^348 94 in the month of April ; i590O 20 in the month of May, and the month of June promises handsome receipts. We might go on and enumerate the numerous ad vantages which Lewistown combines independently of those we have mentioned-^— the improvements — the number of stores — the daily andtri-weekly mails which arrive and depart in different directions. See. &c. , but enough has been said for the present; we may at some future time, when we have more leisure, advert to the subject. But many reasons might be assigned to induce stran gers to make Lewistown, not only a healthy, but a pleas ant and fashionable place of resort. We have stated that the scenery around is the finest in the world, a fact that will not be controverted by any who have seen it. We here breathe the pure mountain air; our streams abound with fish of the choicest kind, particularly the trout, which are to be found in spring streams, and which afftird the angler so much amusement in taking them; our forests are filled with game of every descrip tion; and Milliken's spring,* which is ascertained to pos sess all.the medicinal qualities of the Bedford water, operates as a balm in the cure of many maladies; par ticularly bilious complaints, kc-r-Eagle, THE CANAL. We have been favoured with the following statement, in relation to the division of canal from Huntingdon to HoUidaysbarg^ — the letting, &c. "As an account of this line may prove interesting to your readers, I will give you a short and hasty account of it. The new location commences at the termination ofthe Huntingdon division, immediately above the town of Huntingdon, and continues parallel to the river (or nearly so) for the whole extent — which is forty miles, divided into seventy-three sections of unequal lengths, according to their respective locatidns. The descent from Hoilidaysburg to Huntingdon is three hundred and thirty feet; this ascent or descent, as the case may be, is overcome by forty-three lift-locks, and eight guard locks. The lift locks, in their construction, are similar to the wood and stone locks of the lower division. When practicable, the locks are made to answer the double purpose of lift and guard locks. Those who are con sidered capable of forming the most correct judgment, estimate the cost of lockage on this division, at the rate contracts have been taken, at not exceeding #100,000., " There will be fourteen dams — the plan represents them of crib woi-k, filled with stone. The highest of these will be twenty-seven feet; and the cost of the dams contemplated will, in amount, nearly equal that of the locks. The canal crosses the Juniata eight times — twice by aqueducts, and six times by tow path bridges. The small bridges upon this line are numerous; and, what is rarely to be met with in the annals of canaling, in the division of forty miles there will be but one cul vert. There will be about fifteen miles and a half of slack water — the towing path will be ten feet above bottom, cut off from the bluff; the excavation of which is thrown over, to protect the face ofthe work and save the expense of a wall. "No damage is done to either ofthe four iron works. near which the canal passes, and I understand there is .but oie solitary complaint of damage by the canal; and even in this case, in the end, it will prove an advantage instead ofan injury. The location justly reflects great credit upon the engineer; and as I trudged along the line, with many of my disappointed contractors, it was evident that the interest of the state was paramount; still he had an eye to the protection of the property of private individuals. "It is thought, by all who can at all estimate such works, that the whole division will not exceed in cost #600,000. — THE LETTINGS At Williamsburg, ffunlingdon county, June Isl. DAMS. , No. To whom allotted. 2 Smith, Furbush & Co. 3 Finingei-, Hell & Co. 4 George Tomb 5 Long, Brown & Law, ' 6 Fininger, Bell & Co. 7Kilean. Epiey & Co. ' 8 Shannon, Bucher&Porter LOCKS No.- To whom allotted. 9 B-.'own,Chamberlain&Co 10 Boyerand Steedman U William Morrison & Co. 12 Casper Dull 13 Leshe. Snodgrass & Co. 14 Arnold, Jack & Co. No. T9 whom allotted 1 Samuel Kelly 2 Timothy Grady 3 Do. 4 Brown and Chamberlain 6 Do. . do. , 7 Barney O'Friel & Sons 8 Thompson Landis 9 Barney Li'Friel & Sons 11 Smith.Patterson &Dicky 12 Richard Workison 13 Do. 14 Do._ 15 Barney O'Friel & Sons 16 Long. Brown & Law 17 Davis and Brown 18 Hrale and Curtis 19 Furman Biicher 20 Culbertson and-Peacock 21 Hopkinson and White 22 Do. do. 23 Pearce and Galbraith No. To whom allotted. 24 Pearce and Galbraith 25 Arts and Dobbins 26 Thompson Landis 27 Brown and Chamberlain 28 M'Ginley and Co. 29 R, and H. Sutton 30 Sfcillinger Hawkenburg 31 Do. 32 T. Bucher 33 Do. 34 Reed and M'Crea 35 Do. 36 Jones and Wilson ' 37 H. F. Tammany 38 Do, 39 Do. 40 Do. 41 Arnold, Orr, and Jaok 42 S. and Vt. Kelly 43 H. F, Tammany No. To whom allotted..,, 1 Brown, Chamberlain & Law 2 Smith, Furbush & Poor 4 Law,'Bevan3 & Co. GUARD LOCKS. .fo, ro whom allotted. 5 Smith and Patterson 6 Sutton, White&Andi-ews 7 Sutton. White, M'Crea 8e '¦ Heed FARM BRIDGES. Neligh. Lots & Andi-cws. Nos. 17. 18, 2p, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39. George Young, No. 37. CANAL. *See Register, vol, vi. page 140. Vol. VIII. 2 ' Sect. To whom allotted. 1 (Including the Basin at Hoilidaysburg) William Bradley 3 Collins and Barnes 3 William B. Sullivan 4 T, Grid ley 5 Gridley and Roberts 6 Do. 7 H. Charles 8 Jones. Hemperly & Co. 9 Book and Fergeson 10 Uo. - 11 Pat. Brannon 12 M'Namara and O'Conner 13 Habawant and Best 14 Mullin and Brotherton 15Roldy M'Laughlin 16 Mills.Kephart & Sullivan 17 Killing.Donning&Tomb 18 O'Neal and Henzy 19 Pat. Kearney 30 Harvey, Stecies k. Co. 21 J.andO. Waldron Sect. To whom allotted. 22 Christian Appleton 23 Do. ,24 Patton and Cronel 25 G, W. Trout 26 James Sheridan 27 Hammond and Leighten- thaler 28 Thurlow and Robinson 29 Johii Atkinson 30 Do. 31 Shetland M'llvaine 32 James Burkey 33 William Kirk 34 M'Clellsind and Snyder 35 Polly and Draper 36 Ruswell and Donning 37 J. and E. Ferrell 38 Vanhorn and O'Conner 39 Henry Hirst 40 J. and J. Nowland 41 Polly and Draper 42 Laughlin and M'Clain 43 bo. 10 GOVERNOR WOLF'S VISIT. Sect. To whom allotted. 44 E. Burk 45 Entriken and.Sipes 46 Kelly and Quinn 47 Peacock and Richardson 48 Lene.?an, Priestley and O'Niel 49 John Thompson SO Ball and Elliott 51 Graham, Garber & Co 52 t>o. 53 Jones,Hemperley&Hoyt 54 Mick M'Co'rmick 55 L. Bancraft 56 Neligh, Ruts & Co. 57 M'Farlandand Whittlery 58 J. andE.Ferril Sect. To whom allotted. 59 Daniel Bui-k 60 Wendrem and Shields 61 William Mailott , 62 Wendrem and Shields 63 Do 64 Gen. John Thompson 65 M'Connell and Burkey 66 Richardson,Swoop & Co. 67 Uo. 68' Kennedy, Stewart & Co. 69 Do. 70 Lappen and Smith 71 B. O'Friel & Sons 72 Arnold, Jack & Orr 73 W. J. and J. M'Coy. ' Allotments of Work oin the Wyoming Canal. No. To whom allotted. 1 Richey, Ackley, Sinton & Shaffer 2 Do. 3 James S. Wilson 4 Do. 5 Dilly and Deeriiart 6 Jfimes D. Gallup 7 Sills and Hammond 8 George Behe & Co. '• 9 R. J. and I. Inman 10 John M'Cormick 11 Do. 12 Oliver Helme & Co. 13 Rudolph and Tracy 14 Azariah Davis 15 Finch and Dana 16 Alfred Bishop 17 Hodge, Hicks & Dows 18'Butler,Bennet}& Sexton No. To whom allotted. 19 C. Cortright,3d,& Frink 20 Stark and Apple 21 James Stark , 22 Sterling, Chahoon 8c La- ning ' 23 Ebenezer Brown 24 J. Blancbard, Lathrop & Blancbard 25 Scott and Goodenough 26 Do. 27 28 Smith.Patterson, Dickey &.C0. 29 Stei'ling, Chahoon, La- ning'& Co. 3b R.Dillman 31 Solomon Brown 32 Stephens, Mallary & Goff 33 Lewis W. Hubbard. LOCKS. No. 1 Sterling, Chah»on, Laning & Co. 2 Dp. do. do. do. 3 Hodge and Daring. 4 Do. do. 5 Bancroft and M'Curdy. GOVERNOR WOLF'S VISIT. Pittsburg,^ June 14.. His Excellency Governor Wolf, Gen. Spangler, Jesse Miller, Esq. senator from Cumberland and Perry coun ties, Henry Welsh editor of the Harris'burgh Reporter, and parts of their respective families, accompanied by Samuel Jones, Esq Mr. Klingensmith of Armstrong- county, and several other gentlemen arrived in this city in a canal packet boat from Blairsville, on Tuesday last. The Governor and suite were provided with apartments in the Pittsburg Hotel, kept by Mr. Griffith; and he was waited on by the citizens, with every demonstration of respect and attachment. The Governor availed him self of a portion of his time to see the manufactories and improvements of our city; and expressed the utmost satisfaction at the evident prosperity of the Western Emporium. .The Governor's expectations with regard to Pittsbui-g, have been more than realized. He was happy to see the vigour and effect with which the ani mated efforts ofthe citizens of the "Western Work shop" were presented — and he cbntemplated with pleasure the brilliant prospect which is before us. He visited the U. S. Arsenal— the country seat ofthe Hon. William Wilkins, and the houses of several of our fel low citizens. _ His urbanity of manners and the intelli gence and variety with which he entered into'promiscu- ous conversation attached him still more closely to his old friends and procured him new ones. We can safely assert that the Governor will be the most respected where he it the best known. On Saturday night last the Governor accepted ofan in vitation to pass a few hours with his fellow citizens at the house of General Stewart — where a large number ofladiesahdRentlemen attended. The evening went off in the most agreeable manner. ¦flie Governor and his company left herein a Steam boat yesterday, about ten o'clock, for Economy and Beaver.accompanied by several ladies and gentlemen of this city. He proposes to return this evening, and to leave this to-morrow lor Erie. The following correspondence took place between a number of citizens friendly tp the Governor, and bis Excellency, in relation to a public dinnej- proposed to be given to him. PiTTSBDBG, June 10. To his Excellency, George Wolf, Esq. The undersigned, your friends and fellow citizens of the city of Pittsburg, desirous to embrace the opportu nity afforded by your visit to the Western Emporium of our Commonwealth of evincing their high sense of your. individual merits and public services, respectfully in vite you to partake of a public dinner, at the Pittsburg, Hotel, on Saturday the 12th instant, at three o'clock, P. M. We seize the occasion to testify our sincere and lively pleasure at beholding in your person the first Chief Ma gistrate of this extended and flourishing state, who has during his official term, surmounted the barrier ofthe Allegheny mountain, to satisfy himself by his own per sonal observation of our progress in commerce, arts and manufactures, and to understand more fully and practi cally the connection, extent and utility ofthe great sys tem of public improvement so successfully prosecuted under your administration. We further bail this visit as evidence of the increasing interest manifested in the East for the growth of the West, and tender to your Excellency our respectful acknovvledgments for having furnished an example worthy the imitation of your suc cessors. Such visits we feel assured will tend to draw mtiie closely tbgether the ties of social intercourse and secure the prosperity ofthe great interests ofPennsyl vania. With sentiments of respect your ob't serv'ts. William Wilkins, James S. Craft, Geo. Miltenberger, K. T. Stewart, N. P, Fetterman, John Fowler, John Gallagher, p. Mulvany, Anthony Beelen, P. Doran, Ross Wilkins, George Ogden, John Arthurs, Samuel Keller, . Francis Bailey, George Darsie, S, Jones, James C. Cummins, Benjamin Bakewell. Leonard S. Johns. REPLY. Pittsburg Hotel, 7 C% of PUtsburg, June 10. 5 Gehtlemeh :— Your note of this date inviting me to partake of a public dinner at the Pittsburg Hotel on Monday the 13th inst. at three o'clock, P. M. has been received.and I will avail myselfofthe earliest opportuni ty lo say to you in reply, that however gratifying this flattering mark of kindness and respect, coming as it does from so respectable a portion of my friends and fellow citizens of Pittsburg, may be to my feelings as an individual, I am nevertheless constrained, as well by the considerations which have heretofore governed me on similar occasions,as by the circumstances which prompt ed my present visit to the great and flourishing section ofPennsylvania, lying west ofthe Allegheny Mountains, to decline your very polite invitation. 1 have long entertained an earnest desire to visit the in terior of my native state, and more especially that inter esting portion of it which I have just passed on my way to your flourishing and highly prosperous icity, to witness, for myself, its general improvement and grow- 18310 GOVERNOR WOLF'S VISIT. "11 ing prosperity; to mark its progress in Commerce, Arts, and. Manufactures, and to_ understand more fully and practically from personal observation the connection, extent, and probable utility of the great system of pub lic improvement now in progress within the common wealth. That desire has been in part realized, and t"he result has been of the most cheering and gi-atifyinii; char acter. The representations which have been made.and the descriptions I have seen in reference both to the im provement ofthe face of the country generally, and to the public works, in my estimation, fall far short ofthe reality. For my visit to this section ofthe state I can claiin no met-it. It was a duly, growing out ot the i-ela- tion in which 1 stand with the public improvements of the state, the performance of which could not be omit- edirt justice to myself or the public; and I am free to confess that if there has been an obligation imposed any where, the kind reception 1 have liiet with — the hospi tality and friendship 1 have received, and the many flat- terin.g civilities and attentions which have been extend ed to me by the citizens of Pittsburg during my stay at this place, have placed it entirely on my side. If evidence of the increasing interest felt in the east forthe growth and prosperity ofthe w-est had' been wanting.it might have been found in the spirit of liberali ty and patriotism with which the system of Internal im provement was met and sustained by the people of the east, with a view to secure that niutual intercourse, com merce and reciprocity of interests, between the east and west, which would ensure the prosperity of both, and which the line of communication hy means of canals and railways will not fail, when completed, most effectually to accomplish. My visit to this western portion of the state had no other object I assure you,, than that of acquiring infor mation in relation to the state and its improvements, by personal observation, STlould it, however, be the means of producing to the commonwealth and its citizens the good consequences you mention, it,, would afford me unspeakable satisfaction and delight. ' Be pleased, gentlemen, to accept assurances of uur feigned ft-iendship and respect. GEO. WOLF. Messrs. William Wilkins, James S. Craft, Geo. Mil tenberger, R. R. Stewart, N. P. Fetterman, John Fow ler, John Gallagher, P. Mulvany, Anthony Beelen, P. Doran, Ross Wilkins, George Ogden, John Arthurs, Samuel Keller, Francis Bailey, Geo. Darsie, S. Jones James C. Cummins, Benjamin Bakewell and Leonard S. Johns. Beaveb, Jfine 33d, 1831. In our last we promised to furnish our readers with the letter of invitation to his fexcellency the Governor of the commonwealth, to partake of a public dinner, with a number ofthe citizens of Beaver county, at the house of Col. Vera, in Beaver, on fuesday the 14th ult. But his excellency declined the invitation, for reasons given in his answer to the invitatipn.-jBea»cr Rfpublican. To his Excellency George Wolf, Esq. Governor of ihe Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, The undersigned, citizens of the towns of Beaver, Fallstown and vicinity, in behalf of themselves and a number of their fellow.citizen3, are happy in express ing tbeir gratification in beholding for the first time a Governor of this great and powerful commonwealth arriving amongst them, for the purpose of examining the present state of improvement in the county, and character of the contemplated public works about to be commenced within our borders. A personal inspection of the western section of the commonwealth, can only realize a just conception and true estimate of its importance and advantages. The county in which we reside, possesses great nat ural advantfiges; among whieh are those uf a fertile soil — a steam boat navigation of the Ohio, -opening to the immense west, and a natural water power which may be commanded for 'manufacturing purposes to an extent, unsurpasse.d by any in the state. There would seem to be nothing wanting to complete her prosperity and the. full development of her 'resources; but the completion, of the public wui-ks,now authorized amongst us. We esteem it laudable and praise-worthy in the chief magistrate of a great state to visit its important sections, — to examine the country — to inspect, the improve ments and mingle freely and equally with her free and happy citizens. There is a description of pra.ctical knowledge to be obtained in this mode, tbat can be- acquired in no 01 her. As a testimony of our respect we would be pleased to have your Excellency partake of a dinner with us, and with a number of your friends and fellow citizens, at the house of Col, "Vera, to-morrow at two o'clock, P.M.John R, Shannon, John Dickey, Benjamin Adams', James M'Elroy,. John S. Darragh, M. F. Champlin, E.K. Chamberiin, D. S. Stone, John Pugh, ^ Andrew Logan, John Vera, "" Thomas Thornily, John C. Doyle, John Baker. Wm. Taylor, Archibald Robinson, Charies Lukins, J. Patterson, Bri'ton. Joseph Hemphill, Daniel Large, do. J. P. Johnston, Thomas M'Creary. ~ Beaver, June 14, 1831. Gentlemen: — ^Your f olite invitation to partake of a public dinner, at the house of Col. Vera, this day at two o'clock, has this moment been handed me, and I hasten to thank you for this testimonial of your respect, and the acceptable manner in which it has been tendered. I agree with you, that it is only by a personal inspec tion ofthe western section (or indeed of any section) of the commonwealth, that a just estimate of its impor tance and its advantages can be fully had. And it is with a view to enable myself to form such an estimate, - and by a personal examination ofthe pubhc works, so far as practicable, to satisfy myselfofthe extent, the im portance and utility of the public improvements that have been finished, are in progress towards comple tion, or which have been authorized to be commenced and prosecuted, that I have ventured to leave the seat of government; for a season; "my great regret is, that I cannot devote more of my time to an object in which we all have so deep a stake, and I am sure you will ap prove of my determination, when I assure you, that owing to that circumstance I cannot accept ydur kind invitation. I have seen enough of your country to satisfy myself of the great natural advantages it possesses; and the artificial improvements which have been authorized to be made, will not fail, when completed, to ensure the full development of her resources, and the entire con- sunnmation ofthe prosperity itis destined to experience. To examine the country and inspect its improvements, is a duty which 1 have felt myself bound to perforif. — To mingle freely and upon equal terms with my free anS happy .fellow citizens, affords me the purest grati fication and delight. For the very flattering terms in which you have been pleased to express yourselves, with regaH to this visit,I pray you to accept my sincere thanks; and permit me to assure you that my appear ance among my felloiy eitizens of Beaver county can not be more acceptable to them, than the opportunity of seeing and shaking them by the hand is to myself. Accept, gentlemen, for yourselves, and those you represent, assurances of friendship and respect. George Wolf. Joseph Vera, James McElroy and others. 12 WEST PENNSYLVANIA LYCEUM— THE SWEDES. [lUL* CONSTITDTIOlf OP THE WEST PENNSYLVAJilA LYCEUM. I. The Association shallbe comprised of citizens of the Commonwealthof Pennsylvania, and shall be known by the name, style, and title, ofthe West Pennsylvania In/ceumj whose object shall be to establish, in the west ern part of Pennsylvania, a school or schools, in which manual labour shall be connected with the ^tudy ofthe elements of a liberal education. II. Every pupil shall be required to employ in agri culture, horticulture, care of stock, or mechanic arts, not less than thrte, nor more than jive hours each day, on an average. The avails of this labour shall be applied to the payment of his board, and tbe other expenses of the school. III. No youth shall be admitted or continued a mem ber of this school, whose talents and moral character shall not appear to be good. The truths of divine ueve- lation and practical religion, as well as the rudiments of the arts and sciepces, shall be diligently and prudently inculcated* IV. The stock of the Association shall be divided into shares of one hundred dollars each, one-fourth payable at the time of subscribing, and the other three parts in three equal instalments, to be paid b.efore the first day of April of each succeeding year. V. Each share shall entitle the holder to a vote in all the transactions ofthe Association. VI. SlockholiJers may transfer their shares, with the consent of two-thirds of the Board of Trustees. Plaoh transfer to be recorded in a book to be kept by the Se cretary for that purpose. VII. On the first Tuesday of February, of every year, the Association shall meet,— public notice of the time and place of meeting, to be given by the Trustees, two weeks previous, — for the purpose of electing, by ballot, fifteen Trustees; at least twenty-five stockholders beinp; pfesent. And should it happen, that an election should not be held on the above-mentiotied day, then an elec tion shall 'be held for the purpose aforesaid, within one month after, public notice having been given as above stated: Provided, the Trustees,' already in'.office shall conlinue to serve until such election shall take place. Vacancies occurring in the Board of Truvtees. by deatli or otherwise, may be filled by the Board itsell^ until the annual election. A''in. The Truslees'shall take measures to procure the necessary funds, and dispose of them as they shall judge expedient, in the purchase of lands.- buildings, utensils, stock, and other things which may be required. And they shall have power to make contracts in behalf of the Association, and to mortgage their property; to appoint or remove officers; tb determine theircompen- sation; and to exercise a general controul over the ope rations ofthe Institution. IX. The Trustees shall meet within a fortnight after the annual election, and shall choose, by ballot, from among themselves, a Pi-esident Secretary, and from the members ofthe Association, one, who is not a Trustee, to the office of Treasurer, who is to receive and account for all moneys coming into his hands belonging to the Association, and'shall report to the annual meeting of the subscribers all receipts and disbui-semenls during the year; his accounts to be previously audited by two siockholdei-s, not Trustees, to be appointed by the Board. The Trustees shall have power to remove all, or any, of, . the aforesaid officet-s, when they may think expedient; and shall present a detailed account of their proceed ings to the annual meeting. X. Any-five trustees shall form a quorum for business. The 1 rustees shall have power to convene the Associa- .tion when they think needful; and they shall do it when requested by any ten members of the Association. XI. No amendment shall be made to this Constitution, unless by Ihe a/ipiobation of two-thirds of the stock holders present at the stated annual meeting. Trustees present-L. Halsfey, S. C' Jennings, Job F. Halsev. L. Loomis, H. Denny, A. L. Saunders,, P- L. Passav'^^ntG-. H. Miller, S. Chuich C. Avety S.Thomp son, M. Leech, John M'Kee. F. Heri-on, and B. N. Ha- vens. At a meeting ofthe West Pennsylvania Lyceum, the folfowinTgentTemen were elected officers for the ensu- ing year: _ . , . Hon. Harmar DEwifT, President. K. N. Havens. Secretary. Samuel Church, Treasurer. _ And Samuel Findlay was elected a Trustee, vice Sami el Church, appointed Treasurer, and the following gentle men were appointed on the Executive Committee, to whom application forthe admisssion of schola;-s must be made. Samuel Thompson. Luke Loomis, Rev. Charles Avery, Rev. L. Halsey, R. N. Havens, A .L. Saunders. Zelienople IXj" Applicants for admission to the school, must be fifteen years of age, and of good moral character. The terms for the present will be— Tuition $30 per annum. The labour of the students to pay for their board. l^Piltsburg Gazette. THE SWEDES. The following few facts concerning the Swedes, the earliest cultivators of our soil, may be worthy of some brief notices, to wit : Penn's letter says the Swedes and Fins came soon after the Dutch; while the latter pur sued traffic the others turned to husbandry, settiing chiefly about the freshes of the river Delaware. Such asPenn saw them, they were a plain, industrious people, but had made nw great improvements. Their houses were full of fine children. Numbers of Swedes lived about Kensington and on Gunner's creek, before the arrival of Penn. They had grants of land from Alexander Henoyon, the Governor of New York, as early as 1664 — that is the date ofthe deed to old Peter Cock for Shackamaxon. On that creek, three fourths of a mile from its mouth, now si> diminished, they once built large sloops, and afterwards a brig at its mouth. The Swedes dwelt in numbers on Tinicum, calling the place New Gottenbui-g.' At their church there, the first corpse ever buried was Catharine, daughter of Andrew Hanson, October 24, 1646. To the church upon Tinicum Island all the Swedes, settled along the Delaware, used to go in their canoes fi-om long distances. They did the same in visiting the primitive log church at Wiccaco, — almost all their con veyances were preferred by water. There was a store upon Darby to which they always went by water, even when the land routte was often nearest. The old Swedish inhabitants were said to be very successful in raising chick turkies; as soon as hatched they plunged them into cold water, and forced them to swallow a whole pepper corn, — they then returned it to the mother, and it became as hardy as a hen's chick. When they found them drooping, their prac tice was to examine the rump feathers, and such two or three as were found filled with blood were to be drawn, and the chick would revive and thrive, Kalm, the Swedish traveller, who" was here among his countrymen in 1748, has left us such notices as fol lows concerning them, to wit: The ancient Swedes used the sassafras for tea, and for a dye. From the persimon tree they made- beer and brandy. They called the mullein plant the Indian tobacco; they tied it round their arms and feet, as a cure wben they had the ague. They made their can dles generally from the bayberry bushes; the root they used to cure the tooth ache with; from the bush they also made an agreeable smelling soap. The magnoUa tree they made use of for various medicinal purposes. 1831.] THE DIARY OF A NATURALIST. 13 The houses ofthe first Swedish settlers were very in different; Ihey consisted of but one room; the door was so low as to require you to stoop. Instead of window panes of glass they had little holes, before which a slid ing board was put, or, on other occasions they had isin glass; the cracks between logs were filled with, clay; the chimnies, in a corner, were generally of grey sand stone, or for want of it, sometimes of mere clay; the ovens were in the same room. They had at first sep arate stables for the cattle; but after the English came and set the example, they left their cattle to suffer in the open air. The Swedes wore vests and breeches of skins; hats were not used, but little caps with flaps be fore them. They made their own leather and shoes, with sole (hke moccasins) of the same materials as the tops. The women too, wore jackets and petticoats of skins; their beds, excepting the sheets, were of skins, of bears, wolves. &c. Hemp they had none, but they used flax for ropes and fishing tackle. This rude state of living was, however, in the country'places principal ly, and before the English came, who, rough as'they must have also lived for a time, taught a comparative state of luxury. The Swedes seem, however, to have retained an he reditary attachment to skin garments, for within the memory ofthe aged Mrs. ,S. she had seen old Mauntz Stille, down the Passyunk road, in his calfskin vest and jacket, and buckskin breeches. — Watson's Annals. From the Presbyterian. I history oe THE PRESBYTERY OF PHILADELPHIA, NO. L From its origin, A. D. 1706, to A. D. 1831. IKTRODUCTIOlf. A history pf the Presbyterian Church in the United States, IS yet a desideratum. The importance of the object has not been overlooked, for as early as the year 1792, a special committee were appointed by the Gene ral Assembly to collect materials and proceed with the execiition ofthe work. Thedifficulties which they en countered in obtaining the necessary documents, in con nection with circumstances arising from professional en- gagements, have hitherto retarded the accomplishment of this interesting design. It is extremely desirable, however, that the project should not be abandoned. A church which has its ramifications in alnrtost every state and territory in the Union; which in numerical force may be considered as occupying 'a. place in the front rank; whose moral and religious influence is command ing and widely diffused, and which, in regard to wealth and talent, would not suffer by comparison with any oth er religious denomination in our coiintry, deserves, and demands a historian. And circumstances appear to in dicate the propriety and necessity of an early accom plishment of the object; as the older records are expo sed to many casualties which may prove destructive tp their existence, whilst much information which may be termed traditionary, is in the lapse of every year be coming less exact and authentic. It has occurred to the author of this sketch that if an individual from each ofthe Presbyteries, and especially of those of the earUest date, should be charged with the duty of cpUecting and publishing the most interest ing facts relating to the history of his own particular Presbytery, the general historian of the Church would be furnished in the most effectual manner, with ample and authentic annals, and thus be enabled to discharge his duty with comparative ease. The present essay has been undertaken in the hope that the example may prove stimulative, and that the inferior judicatories of the church, may perceive the propriety ofVespectively contributing their quota of ma terials, OENRRIL VIEWS. Tbe Presbyterian Church assumed its, ecclesiastical form in the United States, at a date posterior to the es tablishment of the Puritans. Roman Catholics, Quakers, and Episcopalians. It is to be presumed that indiviilu- als of this denomination, had in the spit-it of personal en terprise, etnigrated at an early date ofthe settlement of the country, and were scattereilthroughout the colonies; but these were destitute of any bond of union, and were, in consequence, in no place sufficiently numerous to as- asociate|in congregational,much less ira Presbyteri^l ca pacity .The Puritans of New England, the Roman Catho lics of Maryland,' and' the Quakers of Pennsylvania, Delaware.-and West Jersey.had emigrated from religious .motives, and as they principally desired to preserve their distiiictive religious character, in a land far re moved from the vexatious evils, to which persecution had subjected them in the place of their birth, they came in large numbers, and selected their residence with a a view to peaceful religious association in the observ ance of their respective rites. The cause which influ enced them, had, as yet, exerted no pojver over the Presbyterians in Scotland. In the enjoyment of a reli gion established by law and comprehending the larger portion ofthe talent, wea!lth, and population of the na tion, they had no inducement, or rather were compell ed by no necessity to flee in large numbers to the un cultivated wilds of America, Soon after the restoration of Charles the 2d, howe\jep, the Presbyterians of Scotland and Ireland were sub jected to a prosecution, which, in consequence of the resistance it aroused, became perhaps, more severe than that experienced by their predecessors to this country. The subversion ofthe established religion of a nation, and the substitution of another, which, from many con siderations, was particularly obnoxious, could not be accomplished by the British monarch without resorting to the most inhuman executions, proscriptions and ban ishment. These measures, relentlessly pursued until the accession of William the 3d. in 1668, rendered the provinces of America a desirable refiige, in which the Presbyterians, particularly of Scotland, might retain their strong religious attachments with entire exemption from the perils which threatened thenI^ at home.* THE DIARY OF A NATURALIST. Or Memoranda of the weather; arrival of birds; flower- ¦ ing of plants, &c. for the spring of the year 1830. Kept at the "Bartram Botanic Garden," on;the right bank ofthe river Schuylkill, below the city of Phila delphia. By John B. Carr. March 1. Wind, a strong north-east, with snow and rain. Large flights of robihs, (turdu^ migratorius,') feeding on the red-cedar berries, (juhipehus virgini- ana,') in the vicinity of the garden. A small flock of cow-birds, (emberiza pecom,) were observed feeding in the woods, with many blue-birds,i(MOTACiLLA«Q/w,) which have been deceived by' the mild weather ofthe last week of February. Spring, or winter aconite, (ehakthis hyemaUs, vel aET,%iiOB.vs 'hyemalis,) snow- drop,(GALANTHUS m«aA'«,),hearts'-ease, (viola tricolor,') and skunk cabbage, (pothos fcetida,) in flower. In the hot-house we have a fine Amaryllis in flower, from Rio de Janeiro. This afternoon two vessels sailed up the Schuylkill, the fit-st this Season. 2. Snow has fallen all night, and this morning is three inches deep — continuing to snow all day. and at sunset is eight or ten inches deep — wind NE. moderate — at 8. P. M7 clear and freezing. 3. "Fine sleighing in the morning, but commencing to thaw in the middle of the day — in the evening the sleighs Were going through the mud — wind NE.^-at sunset clear and cold, wind SW. 4. A fine March morning; the winter wren, (uota- *See Christian Advocate, No. for January 1825, where this subject is more fully discussed. 14 DIARY OF A NATUKAna i . ciLLA &.c. in flower. The night-hawk (capbimulgus ameri canus) was noticed. 30. Clear — pleasant SW. wind". The whole garden appears animated with birds — orioles, sparrows, fly catchers, warblers, thrushes, humming birds (trochilus colubris), &c. are seen in every direction. May \. Clear and fine — windSW. The shad fishing re-commenced this mouning, having been suppressed since Monday. April 36, gn account of the freshet. Birds as plenty as yesterday—garden overrun with visiters. 3. Fine weather continues — wind SW. 3. Morning warm. With showers — afternoon steady rain — wind SB. and NE, 4. Clear and warm — wind SW. — seeds of the white maple (xcsB.dasycarpum) ripe aiid shedding. 5. Clear and warm — -reed birds (ehberiza oiyzevora, now icterus agripemtis,) have made their appearance^ night-hawks are observed flying about, and the whip- poor-will (capbimulgus vodferua) was heard during the; evening. 6. Fine and warm — removed the plants from the green-house to-day — btellaria pubera, spireas, and VIBUBSUMS in bloom. 7. Morning cool— slight frost — wind NW. 8. Clear and^warm — wind SW. 9. Weather pleasant — wind NE. and SW. 10. Pine weather conlinues-^yellow breasted chat .(gahbulus australis) singing. 11. Warm and di-y — wind SW. — night-hawkssetting. , 12. Morning cool — afew humming birds were shot to-day. These birds^are not so plenty this year, as they were last season. 13. Morning drizzling— wind NE. .light-— afternoon cloudy but no rain. 14. Light rain in the morning — afternoon Clear. 15. Clear and warm^^wind S'W. 16. Clear ind warm^rode up to the gulf mills, about .17 miles N W. of Philadelphia, and observed some plants ofginseng, (pawax guihquefolia,) aM Gebardia guerci- foUa growing near the road. 'Caught a rare species of scarabtEUS. 17. Morning foggy — remainder of the day clear and warm. 18 — 21. Warm and clear — southerly winds prevail, 22. Warm and clear — evening cloudy, with every ap pearance of rain— wind SE. 23. Cloudy — commeircedraining at 2 P. M, and con- ¦tinuid_until evening. - 24. Clear and warm — occupied' in preparing plants, rare flowers, fruits, &c. forthe .£for/zcu/— the humming birds have commenced incubation. 2 and 3. Clear and warm — wind SW. 4. Rain — windNE. 5. Clear and pleasant — a few .of the periodical or 17 years locust (cicada) singing. 8. Rain — windNE. ' ,7. Clear and warm. — Summer has commenced. ANTHRACITE, A FUEL FOR STEAMBOATS. We are much gratified to find by an extract of a let ter from a friend in Philadelphia, which we take plea sure to insert in our columns of this week, that this truly great branch of economy and comfort is destined to be aided by the gre^utest staple of Pennsylvania, An thracite coal — and we respectfully refer our readers to the extract. It may not be aimiSs to inform the public how easily this experiment has been made. The steamboat Pennsylvania was originally ;built for a leading passage boat to ply between Philadelphia and Bordentown, &c. ; for which purpose she succeeded pretty well until more powerful engines were introdu ced into passage boats, to give a swifter motion, when she went out ot the service and was laid up for several years. The boat and engine were finally sold to, the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, for the small sum off 1800. It was the Company's intention to use her for towing their coal in tide to Philadelpliia, and to fit her up so as to use the Lehigh coal under her -boilers. They made an application to one of the first rate en gine makers in Philadelphia for an estimate ofthe cost to fit her up, and the estimate being about ^3000, was deemed too discouraging to make the change. The Board on a further examination of the engine by their committee, came to the conclusion that no radical change was wanting and that two alterations only were necessary to consummate their wishes. Thefirst-was to make a new set of grating of the length of the old ones with spaces between each Ij inch in the clear, and raise them about 6 inches. The 2d, or other alteration, was to throw aside the wood, and use coal only; retaining, however, sufficient ,wood.to completely kindle the fire. The whole expense of the alteration very little ex ceeded jJlOO; and thus the mountainof difficulties whitth had suspended the operations of their steamboat more than a year, ended in the trifling alteration ofthe grate bars, when complete success-attended the experiment. — Mauch Chunk Courier. ' Anthracite Coal succeeding in Steamboats. The folluwing extract of a letter from a friend in Phi ladelphia, completely removes all doubt as to the fitness of aniltracite.coal as a fuel for.raising steam, and proves its vast superiority over wood for that. purpose. "You request to be informed lof the operation and performance of the Steamboat Penniyhania, which boat is now regularly. plying between PtiiUdelphia and Coal Haven, (near Trenton.) .about -33 miles, in-towing the arks. otcoal. for .theLehigh. Coal -and.Navigation Company from, Coal Haven to > Philadelphia. We use under, the steam -boilers Lehigh (anthracite).coal exclu sively, excepting in lighting up the fire which is done with wood. It takes 50fflinutes, from the tim« the fire is lighted 16 MISCELLANEOUS. [JUlfX 'o get the steam from cold water up to 16 inches of pressure, when it maintains that pressure during the - voyage to Coal Haven; the engine making 20 a 25 re- ^volutions per minute, and on returning she tows three full setts* of Delaware arks, carrying nearly fuur hun dred tons ofcoul, making 10 to 15 revolutions per minute. She consumes in the trip about 3 tons of coal; egg coal is preferi-ed hy the engineer, which coal it is believed at the present prices does not cost half as much as wood. to produce equal effects on this engine. Our engineer on board the Pennsylvania (who was a sub-engineer on the same boat formerly when she used wood fuel) de clares that in the best period of the boat when using the best wood they could procure, she never did so well as She now does," — lb. Sales of Public Stocks in ihis ciiy during the week end- $4,4,20 2,flOO 2,000 1.000 1709 54 725 46 600 2,350 4,200 4 shs 7 " 100 " 10 " 37 " 58 " 200 " 15 " 25 " 3 " 90 « ing 2Sth inst, U. S. 4Jpercts. of 1828 and 1829,at par and in terest, Pennsylvania fives re deemable in Do do do Do do 1854 Do do do Do do do Lehigh sixes redeemable in Do do Do do 1850, at 1083 109 109J109 109j 1834, at 1024 1836, at 103| 1839, at 104| Ba,nk of North America, at 463 Farmer's & Mech's Bank, - at 69 j Do do ¦- at 69| jCommercial Bank, at 64 {Mechanic's Bank, at 49J Par. price 100 100 100 100100100 100100 100 400 5050 50 353510 50 25 200 25 5 2550 Ex- Do do North American Insurance, 11 80 Pennsylvania Fire Insurance, at 59 American Insurance, at 26^ Chesapeake and Del. Canal, at 156 New Ckstle and Frenchtowu RaU Hoad, at 35^ .40 " Philadelphia, Germantown and Nor- I - ristown Rail Road, at7i 10 " North American Coal Company, at 13 7 " Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland Steam Navigation Company, at 15| .Furnished by Sylvanus Lehmaw, Slock and change Broker, No. 4J south Third street. Ca-terpillars. — These insects are making havoc in our orchards and gardens, and we see it stated, that in some parts of the state, they strip the forest of its ver dure. In this town and neighbourhood, a taste for the best kinds of fruit trees prevails, and those who have been at the expense and trouble of obtaining choice varieties, very naturally try all prescriptions found in books and newspapers, to prevent the depredations of caterpillars upon fruit trees,' Boring and introducing sulphur has been tried, but without the desired effect, as have been all other remedies ofthe preventive kind, go far as we can learn. The only effective means of ar- resting the ravages of this insect, are to cut off the bough or leaves on which tl\e egffs, from which it is producedi are deposited, and to cast them into the fire. This last precaution is necessary, because if the caterpillars are trodden under foot, there is danger some of the larvse m-ay remain to be warmed into life. But unless ALL who have fruit trees, destroy these de stroyers, the effects of those who do proceed in it will *It may not be inapplicable to remark that the fleet of arks is composed q{ twenty seven distinct sections, with square bows, which doubtlessly retards the speed in a great degree, and renders the velocity much less than if it was one boat with keel and rudder and a sharp bow. be ineffectual, for the increase ofthe insect tribe is P'°'^ digious, and if- they are permitted to remain undisturbed on one tree; enough will arrive at maturity to pollute a whole neighbourhood. — Harrisburg Chronicle.' Native Silkworms.— We are informed that a lady, near Georgetown, D. C. ,has a couple of cocoons ofthe native silkworm of so extraordinary a size, that a de scription of them, and the fly that has come out of them, is deemed worthy of publication,. The cocoon is fully as large as a turkey's egg, and resembles that ofthe com mon silkworm in other respects, except in the fibre, which looks like flax. The fly is very beautiful, and very large, the size of a wren. Its antennae are black, legs and back red, body striped. It measures between the extremities of its wings six inches. We should be glad to obtain the flies for preservation; and if they shall have produced eggs, a few would be very accept able. — American Farmer, The worm referred to, in the above article, is fre quently found in this region. A cocoon was handedto us. in the summer of 1829, by our neighbour, Major Philips, taken from the twig of an apple tree in his gar den, and the fly it produced was one of the roost splen did insects we' ever beheld. The worm is large, its colour beautifully variegated with red and yellow, ieeds upon various garden vegetables, but seems to prefer the fennel and loveage plants, more than any other. We have been politely favoured by Major philips with a nuinber of the eggs, produced a few days since, which we have transmitted in a letter, per mail, to the post master. Baltimore, for the editor of the "American Farmer.?' — Crawford Messenger. THE REGISTER. JULY 2, 1831. q3" More completely to designate our Register from all other works ofthe same kind, we bave made a slight alteration in the tille. Wc have received the first number of the "Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science;" and are gratified with the appearance, in this city, of a work, which promises, so far as we can form an opinion from a cursoi-y view of its contents, to impart useful in formation in that department of knowledge, and to in spire a love for the, study of nature. It is to appear monthly — is published by Henry H, Porter.at the mode rate price of $3 50 per annuni; and is edited by G. W. Featherstonhaugh, Esq.. whose lectures on geology were lately so numerously attended by our citizens. Besides the "Diary of a Naturalist," which we have taken the liberty of inserting in to-days Register, tbe present num ber of the Journal contains several interesting articles; among which, we notice the introduction tu a "continu ous Essay on Geology," an account ofthe "Rhinoce- roides AUeghaniensis" found in this state, and also an essay " on the ancient drainage of North Ameri ca, and the origin of the cataract of Niagara;" all from the pen of the editor. Tbe present number also contains two lithographic plates; of which, there are to be at least twelve in the year. We are happy to notice, that the sale of the valuable " Catechism of Health," has been so rapid as to encour age the publication of a second edition. Printed by Wm. F. Gkddib, Np. 9, Library »t. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PRESEHTATION OP EVERT KIND OP USEFUL INPORMATION BESPECTIITG THE STATB. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOli. VHT.-NO. 2. PHIL.ADEL.PHIA, JUILY 9, 1831. WO. 184. AN ESSAY ON HYDROPHOBIA. An Essay en the Affections supposed to result from the Bites df Animals, dnd known by the appellation of Hy drophobia. By 3. C. Rousseau, M. U., member of se veral learned societies. [Concluded fi-om p. 4.] If -the popular terror, generally enterta^ined concern- ing hjrdrophnjfeia, could only be once mitigated,r and all the cases observed with coolness and an unprepos.- sessed mind; we cannot doubt that they" could all be traced to natural - accidents and ordinary causes. But those are extremely few who are so zealou^ .as to be willing to eftibrace the few opporttinities which are offered, to forwardf this end! ' , Pursuaded, for, my own part, that the seed of truth is as easily sown as that of error. I have" not neglect ed tlie undertaking; though, consQious from experience, that in such a work, much pf the labour is generally lost. Nevertheless, it is consoling to reflect that Ihe value ofthe harvest may conipensate for its scarcity. I shall relate a few cases of thtise tliat I have closely observed, neglecting nothing, and sparing no pains, necessat-)' -to tbe complete history of them. They will I expect, corroborate the opinion that l have supppi-ted in this inquiry. -^ The following must be fresh in the memoiy of several cf our members; and the noise it ma^e in the news papers »f this cotintiy, is hardly entirely subsided. 1. Abouttl)e latter end of Juni? 1819", three respecta ble physicians'of this city were attending a lady of South wark, anti, after-lier death, tj^ported her case as hydro phobia.- . , . • On the 3d of July foUowing, I was called Vo visit a young lady, eldest daughter of Joseph Barry, captain of the packet ship Telegraph, of this port, also residing in Southwark- She had been severely bitten, on the leg, by the same dog that had caused the death of Miss F. above alluded tp. One of the three physicians who atterijed Miss F. during her illness, had, 1 W"as irtfoi-Died by Mrs. Barry, been consulted oh the case of her daugh^r, aAd jidvis- -ed the' excision of the wounfled part. But as I had been the physician ofthe family for a number of years, she thought proper to pcstpone the operation, until she could have my opinion. . TheJpopular excitement was high and general.-par- ticularly in the neighbourhood; and "the reports were so varieu's that one could not be too cautious in accredit ing them. I thought it advisable, having alre.ady learned from the reports of a number of persqns I met on my way," not to act with too much precipitancy, and went out to collect more information, I discovered that a little boy residing in the ¦ same family with Miss F. who had also been bitten by the same dog^ was exhibiting no sign of illness, and that his wound was healing kindly. I learned from him, as well as from the many idle stories of others, that the culprit was a littie slut be- longing to Mr. Kane, a tobaeconist, residing at theN. Ei corner of Second and Christian streets. I weiit im mediately to see him, and was informed, that he and his daughter had likewise been bitten by the little crea- VoL. VIII. 3 ture, of which bites they did not entertain the least ap prehension; remarking, with a smile, that' she was ex cusable; for, a^ded he, "she was in a situation that too frequently turns men and women raving mad, and, therefore. I wished her no harm. But tiie panic was so great among the neighbom-s, as she had bitten many more men and dogs, that to please them, my daughter (neither of Us having the heart to kill thepoor animal) carried her. in her apron, to some man, who took her ivith one hand, and chopped off her head with the oth er." ,'. ,'' ' After this, I thought all safe enough in sparing the flesh ofthe young giri; and for the purpose of calming the public, I immediately published a fair exposition of the fact in Relf's Gazette. Ten years neariy have elapsed since thisalarmmg occurrence;. but neither men nor animals that had been bitten by that pretended mad dog, have y^t shown any sign of derangement. ,. ¦_ . ' It is, however, not amiss to show, that obstinacy can al ways-find sume rampart against the attacks of truth. It will, I feaf, hardly be believed that on my relating the above and other facts, I was told that by killing the dog. the disease is prevented in thpse that have , been hiiten! For the same reason. I presume, that,^' formerly, to cure a wound, tlje sword, that had inflict-s ed it, was anointed, dressed arid nursed! -3. -A tnale child, about tive years of age, was«eized~ with melancholy, attended wiflia drooping countenance, loss pf appetite, glaring eyes, and lieriior ofthe limbs. Early in the morning ol the next day he became very restiess, and iu a short time so much, agitated, that he could not be kept in bed. He refused medicines and drinks, and slabbered considerably, talking incoherent ly and wildly about cats. ' The cat of tlic house was looked for; but could not, be found. . Informatian was received from the children of thejFamily, th-atthe anlnial had run away in a fit. Madness was immediately the cry. Two of the most accredited physicians were sent for, who pronounced the disease an evident case of hydrophobia. I was a friend ofthe family, and, happening to pay a visit at that time, was asked to examine the child. He was in a state of extreme agitation, with all the symp toms 1 have already relateti. A sweat was rurtrrir,g from his face and breast; a violent spasm was, remarka-^ ble iu the muscles of his neck and throat. He protrud ed his tongue as it craved something, and exhibited all the symptoms of the greatest agony. 1 had not yet re-^ tii-ed, when the attending physicians returned. They tried to make him swallow some drops; but he i-aised his hand ."against the cup, with a roaring noise in his throat, and, apparently, with'great anger and terror. Unable to find any marks of a bite or scratdh on the child.I took the liberty to observe, that in the absence of any lesion, the infection froma'rabid virus appeared j at least, doubtful. But the physicians were both of a contrary opinion, alleging that rabies could be contract ed in various ways; that numerous cases were on re- cprd,. by which il was satisfactorily proved, _that the mere .breath pf a rabid ahimal could communicate the disease. As they were both senior to myself by many years, Ibowed respectfully; but beforel left tiie room I asked the liberty of putting my finger into the mouili 18 AN i;SSAY ON HYDKOPHOBIA. ¦::**ie JULY ofthe child to ascertain the state of the fauces, which I found extremely contracted. This was assented to , by the gentlemen, who, I dare say, viewed this as an indication of rashness. Death to'ok place the folloiving day, or soon after, for 1 now relate frcim memory. I was informed of if, and proposed an examination ofthe body, which was assented to. A quantity of flowers pf the belladonna were found in. the stomach, which as well as-the oesophogus and fauces, was in a state of great turgescence and inflam mation. So much for rabies in this case. 3. In the year 1805. a seafaring man, appareritly in great distress, called on me for relief. He had, some years previously beeri bitten -by a dog, and exhibited the mark ofthe wound on his leg. His sensations were, 'he said, such as he never felt befUre. Every thing made himjpeevish and ill natured; he could not con tent hjmself any where, nor could he rest, eat, or drink. His ship mates were constantly teasing him about his turning mad; telling him that he would be smothered between two mattresses or shot, and plaguing him with the' usual stories cotiiiected with such cases. It was not Iting before he was really taken sick, and Iwasreque'sted to visit -him. , I found him labouring under a most violent attack of tetanus; hiS looks were so Avild that no one dared to come near, him. No information could 1 obtain from him and no one could be persuaded to tak.e,care of him; so great was the panic created by the superstitious sto ries related with reference to his case. Havingafter much trouble convinced some ofthe by standers that he could not bite on account of liijs teeth being Violently clenched together, the/ assisted me in applying large blisters upon all the parts we could get access to. - Then, taking advantage of a vacancy be tween his teeth, I endeavoured tor throw in some liquids; but he returned them with violence and anger. ,Ene- mas were not resorted to. No doubt was entertained by those who visited, him,, that his case was hydrophobia from the bite^he had re ceived some years before. On the third' of my attendance, the large doses of opium suspended in water, which he had taken by in jection, had already relaxed the system. I was then infbrmed by one of bis attendants that a large swelling attended with great redness, was observable on his right wrist, and that they had learned from one of his visijers that, six months before, he had-a very sore hand. I examined the part and found that some foreign body could be felt in the wrist, between the tendons. The former wound being completely cicatrized, 1 laid it open, and found a splinter of wood more than two inch es in length, and three-eighths of an inch thick. The tetanic symptoms contiiiued however, for some time; but the continuance of large doses of opium, amount ing soinetimes to: the quantity of thirty -six grains in 34 hours, produced at last a relaxation. Mad death in this instance, taken place without the discovery of the cause ofthe disease, it would have been considered as an indubitable case ot rabies. Such vVas the dread left on the mind of this patient that on my meeting him some years after in the street' ,and, speaking of his past iflness, he was seized with a general tremor, and angrily declared that he believed that if I spoke again of liis disease, he would be th-own again into a fit ot lock jaw! 4.' William Wildey. upwards of eight years of affe had been bitten on the middle finger of the left hantl by a dog that, after having bitten several does in the country about Bristol, had been pursued and killed as a - mad dog. All his friends advised him to have bis fine-er amputat:ed, and he applied to me to perform the on- a-ation,^ All my representations to the contrary ni-p- ducmg very little effect to make him alter his deter mination. Having, however, ascertained that be was not willing to trust any one else to perform the opera tion, I persuaded him to wait. Pear had already ere ated symptoms ofan impending hydrophobia.' He felt, a constriction ofthe fauces, and exprenenced sotne dit- ficulty in swallowing his saliva. I persuaded ;h.m at least, that his indisposition was owing to fatigue and unelsinessof mind, dressed his fi"gf ' ."^""^ »"PP^'^^ /him with some opiates, and thus saved him from mad ness and the loss of his life. It is not to be doubted that the cure would have been more ostentatious and more admired, if I had un feelingly lopped off the finger of the poor fellow. Cases are not wanting to prove that an excited im- aKinatien without any olher cause, has. m instances, de veloped all the symptoms of hydrophobia. One of this kind may be found in the Journal de Medecine of Paris, 1814. Kindness, attention, and proper consolation re stored the patient, a yoang, student of medicine, to his- reason and to health. Another case is to be found in the Annales Li«eraires Med- Etr. 1811. The patient died with all the symptoms of canine madness, from tbe bite of a cat that was even suspect ed of being rabid. Pisel relates a case of death, with all the symptoms of the most , evideirt hydrophobia, from the bite of a horse* that, neither at that time nor at any subsequent period, sho)vedany sign of.disease. - Hydrophobia, is not uncommon in hysteria. The abuse of mercury has, not unfi-equjently, been the cause of it. I have not, I hope, led any one to suppose that liy- driiphobia cannot result from the bite of dogs. My ar guments are simply intended .to combat the erroneous idea' of a rabid virus, and to ajlay the terror generally entertained of mad dogs. For, if I ^0 not believe the accidents that have been witnessed to be the result of a specific venom, I have powerful reasons to acknowl edge, that the bite of dog.s, either sick or well, is not unfrequently attended with extreme danger, ajid ought to be avoided with tbs utriiosit caution. ^ What I have occasion to wonder at, is that hum&n genius, as if it were not satisfied with all the evils and calamities thrown in pur way, and daily threatening our existence, should have fancied and contrived additional 'imaginary ones. Partiality for mysterious causes and effects, is one of the most prominent characteristics of the human mind. ~ % The rabid poison is not Ihe sole imaginary bane of human invention; and no great effort of mind is requi site to. understand why it, and syphilis, and witches, and' vampires, and loup garons, and syrens, and ghosts, &c.' &c. have, so long, been reverently accredited. Every une has some business to do. Tot mala, tot anti- dota. I have known people, and I have given it as my opi nion, to entertain no apprehension from eating the flesh of a pig or a cow that had been bitten by a soi-disant mad 'dog. Experience ^as repeatedly confirmed, the correctness of this opinion. Dogs are undoubtedly liable to disease: and maladies are sometimes epidemical among them, as well as among cats. But, have their diseases been studied; and do we possess sufiicient data to pronounce upon their paiticu- lar character.' As scion as » dog shows some signs of indisposition, with a morose and dejected countenance, instead of looking for the cause of his disease, he is kick ed and turned out. Does he wander out of his habitual places, and, thrpugh fear or timidity, walk with a droop- inj^ tail, he is taken for a mad dbg; and, if he happen to be attacked by other dogs, and attempt to bite in his own defence, ten chances to one if he is not put to death without mercy or further inquiry. What I have seen of dogs under a state of disease, inclines me to think, that they, then, rather lose their natural temper fpr watchfulness and ferocity. They lie down anil secrete themselves if they can, and, unless it be*n tbeir own defence, seldom bite; aniif they i-esert to that cjttremity, their bites do not appear to be, then more dangerous than at any ol(her tipic. * 1831.] AN ESSAY ON HYDROPHOBIA. 19 During the panic excited in this city, by the report of the death of Miss F — : , of Southwark, 1 had, in my family, a sick dog that exhibited more ""of the symp toms of madness, than any I had seen killed for this supposed malady. He was a favourite with all my children — they nursed him. and through the care and attention paid to the animal, he recovered, and is still alive.* That a sick dog or any other animal, shotild show an aversion for fsod and drink, is a circumstance consonant with the laws of the animal economy, and cannot be <;liaracteristic of any particular disease. It is not without extreme pleasure we observe, that the reports of cases of hydrophobia^ from the bites of animals, are neither so numerous nor so fabulous as for merly. This ciinnot, we may reasonably suppose, be attributable to any other cause than to a more extensive dissemination of knowledge; creating, in our populi tion, a greater degree of fortitude, and enabling every one to compare and judge 'ivlth less prejudice. We confidently anticipate tbe time, when, by the ex ertions and investigation of unprejudiced men, all the fabtilous stories respecting canine madness will either be entirely foi-g^ten, or treated, with derision and con tempt, and the diseases res'ulting from bites, viewec^and treated like all the tetanic, affections from gisneral cau ses; attributing the variety and intensity of their symp toms, to the diversity'in, Constitution and habits of body, the higher degree of irritability of the subject, the great er degree of sensibility of the wounded parts', fhe extent of the iojUiy; in a few words, to the multiplicity of in- cidents resulting from circumstances, aitd the influence of uncountable and unknown causes, to which organized bodies are unavoidably exposed. Having endeavoured to place hydrophobia in its pro per light, I shall now deyote some time to, the examinar tion of the various modes of prevention and cure, pro posed and put in practice at different periods, and those - now recommended by prudence. . Whether hydrophobia be the result of a specffio virus or not, it is, under every shape, one ofthe most formi dable diseases that we have to exicounter; and the dfSad of it being one of the most prominent-features, our at tention Should 'be directed not only to'the disease, but to every thing else that may, from prejudice or other- wise, have ajjdeleterious tende.icy. This is, certainly, not the easiest part of the task. . As the belief has been, and is yet unshaken, that this disease is of canine origin, quackery, favoured by popii- lar opinion, has spared no pains, to circulate avast num- ber of nostrums for preventing dogsfrom being affected-^ by this disease, under the persuasion, that, if dogs were safe, men had nothing fiJ fear. The application to the forehead of a red hot iron, of different forms, according tp the superstitious notions of different countries, has been, and is yet, thought pf in dubitable efficacy; chiefly amongthe peasantry and the lower classes. Cutting the tip end ofthe tail, and pull ing something out of it, some have great faith in, as well as in amulets tied round the neck. FiiHY recommends hen's dung; James, turhith mine ral; others, antimony. Indeed, any thin.g may be re commended; for, as I have i-emarked,-the uncertainty ofthe existence of this disease, may stipport the .credit of the most insignificant nostrums, on account of the impossibility of detecting the imposition.' The worming of dogs, or extracting something from under their tongue, nobody knows what, although re commended at the time of Pliny, is supposed by some to be a modern discovery. The rationale of this ope ration has never been given, nor does it appear to be very evident. . Muzzling the dogs appears, in our city, as a dernier • Dr. William Shaw, spoken of before, iias seen ma ny cases of the kind, and the bites have never proved more dangerous tban under other circuinstances. resort for insuring the safety, or calming the apprehen sions ofthe communTty, A great deal is thought of if, particularly by those, who, from various motives, justly deprecated the barbarous law.for killing our dogs. Against this expedient, at least as good for the people, and better forthe animals. I should be reluctant to raise any objection, as long as oiir dogs are not better muz zled than we see them at present. The principal object being to quiet unfounded fears, it does not matter hpw this is obtained; if the means are humane, and not shock ing to our feelings. '- But if the muzzle were put on tight enough to pi-e-^ vent dogs from biting, it would likewise prevent them from drinking, and obstruct the passage nf the saliva, whichg'when the creatures are heated, runs abundantly from their mouths. ' In times of' epidemics, pruijence requires that'dogs. should be confined. Their food and drink ought to be carefully regulated and changed; and when they ai-e kept in kenliels, the utmost degree of cleanliiiess is fo^ be observed; fumigation being used, as well as white washing, and scrubbing with lime-water. Thdr litter should be made with dry, and, if possible, nearly scorch ed straw; for vegetable, putrefaction is. more than any other, the soiirce of malignant diseases. They pught to be often led through running water, and kept in it as long as possible. Superstition has gone so far as to make some believe, that they may be secured against the bite of mad dogs, by wearing certain amulets. Finger rings are publicly sold in the streets of the cities of Europe, urider the name of Bague de S(,. Hubert; with the assurance that, as long as they are worn, no danger is to be apprehend ed from them. It may be as good a talisman as the horseshoe, the snake stones, quarantines, &o. &c.; they all keep the hitman mind in a state of placidity, do no barm, and give employment to many. 1 cannot take leave of this subject, without taking a cursory view of the therapeutic means now in our pos session. We have advanced but little further in our curative than in our preventive means. From our predecessors, except: the expi^on and cauterization of the wounded parts, we derive but little knowledge for the cure of hydrophobia. - Their remedial means were, as we have already said, either insignificant or terrific. The practice of plunging, and keeping the patient under water, until he was exhausted and nearly di-own- "ed, was followed for a long time; but few, if any, i-e- ceived real benefit from it. Opinions are verymuch divided concerning the course to be pursued in the cure of tetanic diseases, of which we may consider hydrophobia as merely one of the symptoms, marking an excited state ofthe affection. It is extremely difficult to trace a general route; for, in some cases, and indeed not very unfrequently, the phases of disease' succeetf one another' so rapidly; that the remedy indicated at one period, can .scarcely be ap plied at a more advanced stage. Hence the repeated failures of the various remedies boasted of. If it were possible to see the patient oh the invasion ofthe disease,and practicable to be constantly at his bed side, our success woiild undoubtedly be greater. The remedies now held as the most energetic, and . which ai:e highly recommended as having been most successful, are mercury and antispasmodics. I have al ways found opium extremely beneficial, particularly when the administration of, it can -be safely pushed to- large doses.* The promptitude of its action upon the animal system, entitles it to the highest degree of confi dence. Mercury presents resources not to be found in other * I have given it, with success, to the extent of thirty- six grains a day; and Dr. W. Shaw assures me, that he has gone as far as fprty-eight grains, daily, for several days. Monstrous doses are on record. 20 SUPPORT OF CH.\R1TY SCHOOLS. [Jox» remedies, from the variety of forms, and the diversity of ways in which it can be administered. Its introduc tion has-been owing chiefly, 1 pi-esurae,to the gratuitous supposition ofa rabid poison introduced into the sys tem; under the expectation that, since it had provetj an antidote against the venereal, poison, it might, by its' power of acting upon the salivary glands, be still more efficacious in hydrbplvobia, (whose cause was supposed to have originated in' iHe' mouth of the dog,) and by a profuseil salivation expel the morbid poison. Thus was one suppositibn supported by another, and reasoning founded-on an analogy that does not exist. i Yet,, as it is riot absolutely necessa'ty that a remedy should possess a specific power to prove beneficial, no objection can be found to combining mercury ¦with opium; especially when we know,, that they have been repeatedly administefed together, to the great relief of ti.ie patient. TRhe asthenic practice has never been crowned with great success, nor does it seem calculated to promise much good. If it were possible to foresee the intensity of the symptoms before they are estabhshed, depletion might, perhaps, guard against them; but too,many cir cumstances forbid such an exp'ectatiori, and when we are called tp see a patient, it is mostly too late to resort to it. Besides, is it possible to reduce the irritabiUty , the ' sine qua non of life, without Happing the very foundation . of its existence, and running the risk of destroying the patient, when our object is to get rid of the disease? Even admitting the disease to be caused by' the pre sence of a rabid poison, the asthenic method would be found no less hopeless. When poisons have once be gun to disorganize the animal frame, the poisonous mat- ter is not the .sole object calling for our attention: the means-of enabhng the organization either to. eliminate, or to resist the shock jproiluced by the venotti, have, I presume, a much stronger claim to attention. It is so difficult, and the instances are ao rare, in which we may be enabled to expel or neutralize the poison,' that the only resoui-ce left tous, is to support and assist the' natural powers lo combat. the enemy. This. I am confident, is the desirable object tp be ob tained, rather by increasing than by reducing the vis. naiufse. Yet as this cannot be effected Jiy abrupt mea sures, our assistance ought, in all cases, to be judiciously regulated, in consonance with the natural energy ofthe ' in^vidual, and the urgency ofthe case. Hie lubor,'hod opus. -Hence, good or bad management, in every un dertaking, may acquire fame for; or sink into insignifi cance and oblivion, the same means. ' Injections into the veins have lately been the subject of experiments, with no better result th-at I know of, Ihan the exchanging of one disturbance for another. But few medicaments can, with safet^, be introduced into, the blood vessels, and the salutary efiects of such a practice are at least doubtful. If it be intended to throw in the medicine and to have them carried, un- changed, into the general circulation, this route is but lit. tie better than the natural one; for if the drugs, introduc. ed into the stom&ch, undergo some change, before they are offet-ed to the acceptance ofthe lacteals, they, like wise, must suffer a considerable alteration in the lungs. to procure their admittance into' the getieral circulation. If tho in'ciition be to reach at once, and annihilate tht2 morbid poison, the shorter route is undoubtedly through the arteries, where the sp"ecific could, more likely, be conveyed without alteration. Such an idea might please and satisfy many, wTip do not extend their views any further, hut, to say the least of it. its practicability is extremely doubtful-, and the benefits tp' be expected from the operation still more questionable. The fnoduB operandi of vast numbers of venomous sub stances remains yet in the dark; as seldom any vestige df them can be discovered, except by their ravages. Until we have advanced further in this knowledge, we are left to experiment with great uncertainty. It if not, however, pretisnded, that judgment and ob-v servation cannot dispel the darkness in which we are often left, to move. Reriiedies known to conceal no deleterious influence, may always he tried with safety- Much of the success expected from the application ot remedies, depends upon their timely administration the knowledge and marfagement of the proper quantities,, that can be borne by different individuals; and the con tinuance requisite to obt.ain the proper effect. For, it is evidently known, that when the nervous system has been once thrown into a state of disturbance, it becomes extremely difiicult to recal itiiack to its healthy stand- ard, even after the removal of the exciting cause. Such are my views of this important subject. They are not the result of a few hours' thoughts, but have been suggested by many years of reflection, andcon- firmed by repeated, close, and faithful observation. In this investigation, I have not been influenced by any other motive than that of promoting useful inquiry; to efface, if possible, erroneous impressions, and quiet the unfounded fears respecting canine'^madness, on the appearance ofthe slightest symptoms of hydrophobia. By bringing the human mind to reflect more cooly upon the diseases that have been stamped with terrific names, it will soon be found-that they, like others, pro ceed from the innumerable causes that bring diseases upon the whole creation. Free from terror, our patients will view their situation with more firmness; and, con fident in our cares, will expect with resignation the benefit of those means, which experience has taught us to rely on with most confidence. 1 may not, in all respects, agree with every one; but I rejoice to fi nd myself supported by a number of rnedi- cal men, enfitied.'fi-om their talents and unbiassed minds, lo the greatest respect and confidence. — N. A. Medical Journal. REFURT 01 THE PHILADELPHIA SOCIETY TOR THE ESTABLISB3IENT AND SUPPORT OF CHARITY SCHOOLS. The managers, who were elected at the annual meet ing, on the 5th January. 1830, assembled and organized th e board immediately after the election, by the appoint ment, of tiie usual officers, and standirig and visiting committees. The Schools are. visited by a committee, every week; the hours of teaching continue from nine until three o'clock ; and such regulations have been adopted, as were thought would most conduce to the general wel fare. The subject that has in years past claimed the atten tion of the members, was again brought into consider ation, at the commencement of the last year; that of furnishing to the. boys who had most advanced, some instruction in the higher branches ofan English educa tion. It was proposed to divide the boys' school into two rooms; in one of which, the present exercises should bfe continued under the superintendence of a princi pal monitor, subject to the direction of the teacher; and that the other room should be principally occupied by the teacher, as the higher school, with a class of scholars sufficiently sensible of the advantages of education, and ofthe privilege granted them, in being admitted to this i-pom, as to induce a close attention to their studies. The proposed plan was not executed; for although it vvas considered, that many benefits would' result to those pupils, who might thus obtain a knowledge of the high er branches of learning; yet the maintenance of the primary school, in the high reputation it has sustained for many years, which,"it was feared, would be injured, if deprived of the constant care of the principal, was deemed of greater consequence to the general class of scholars. The importance of the primary school, is in creased by the large number of boys in attendance, whose parents rely on the pledged faith of the Society, for a faithful altenjiion to their education. It is, therefore 1831.] SUPPORT Ot CHARITY SCHOOLS. 21 claimed in justic^ la those under our care, especially on account of the short period they are pel-mitted to attend school, arising from the necessity which general ly exists, of thfir being placed, in early life, to some trade or business, that they should derive every advan tage in obtaining learning, during the short time they are allowed to d'eyote to that object. It was, therefore, the conclusion of the board, that until the funds of the So ciety would permit the opening of a school under the cai-e of an additional teacher, that it was an imperatiik^ duty, so to conduct the present school, as to "educatci gratis in reading, writing, arithmetic, and other useful learning, the^hildren ofthe poor of all denominations,'' in the £est possible manner. This we believe can only be attained by the exclusive devotion of the time of our teacher, because the 'System of governing by mOnitors|' without the constant attention of a principal to direct the whole, would be found very defective in the pro motion of the general advantage of the pupils. With these views, the board regret that the state ofthe funds will' not warrant the Society in opening and supporting another school, iirider the care ofan experienced teach er, for the instruction of a limited number of boys in the higher attainments of useful learning. The atten tion that was thus given to this sirbjcct, has, however, led to the enlargement of a class in geography, and" thirty-seven boys have been'engaged in that stucly, who have progressed extremely well, and are already fa miliar with the geography of the p. States and of Europe. The whole number of boys belonging tO the school is 250; qf whom, 110 write on pkper, and 120'cypher — they all«pell-^suid, with the exception of 15, they all read. The average attendance of boys, in favourable weather, is 185; the number admitted during the last year is 330, The literary department of the girls' scboQ^has been conducted by Sarah Morton ; "and the sewing departr ment b^- Margaret Bonsall. There have been admitted, during the year, 2(16 girls; and the number now belong ing is 190. The average attendance of the school is about 140i The daily attendance in the cutting put and sewing room is 40; an4 the instruction thus furnish ed to the girls, continues to give satisfaction to the managers. Since the commencement of the Society, about 9000 pupils have been admitted and partaken of the benefits of the institution. ' Sarah Mpi-ton having given notice to the board, that at the close of the pastyear, she wished to resign the interesting charge, which had been, for many years, committed to her superintendence, the board felt the importance of supplying the vacancy with a teacher, possessin]|;the valuable qualifications ^vhich are requi site for the instruction and care sf yoiith. After much inquiry, it resulted in the selection of Margaret Bonsall to the literary department, and of Hannah Smith to the sewing school; whose duties commenced with, the new year. - • The board have been pbliged to eject the tenant. Who had possession of the estate in Kensington; and it is now satisfactorily rented at 50 dollars per annum , The lot adjoining, ori' Palmer street, has been purchased, by the instructions o^ the Society, for 190 dollars. The title papers were gratuitously drawn by F. Beates. The managers nd*- surrender the powers granted them, into the hands of their constituents, with the per suasion, that tbe same kind Providence, who has, here. tpfore, vratched aver their usefulness, will continue his ^uardiariship, atid bless the the labours of the Society. By order of the board, WILLIAM ABBOTT, Chaifn. Jno.B. EiHsoN, Secretary. Philadelphia, January 4th, 1831. Annual Report or the Treasurer. To the Philadelphia Society for the Establishment and Support of Ckdrity Schools. The Treasurerirespestfully reports his *nhe«d an nual account current, as settled by the committee ap pointed for that purpose. - , Balance in the treasury at last report, and re ceived from Richard Price, late treasurer, $343 15 Received since from members and sales, 239 56 " ijUerest during 1830, 1297,34 " rents, less taxes and repairs, 489 97 ¦Paid teachers and expenses, $1680 07 Capital sto(:k, additional investment, 193 75 Now in the treasury. $2270 02 1872 82 $397 30 The capital stock now stands as follows: $7,000 6(Db*dlye8r'sint.duellthmo,19.i83i;$43p 00 4,000 00 do. 3,000 00 do. 1,500 00 do. 1,500 00 do. 1,500 00 do. 1.100 00 do. 1,000 OO do. 153 00 do. 150 00 do. 8th mo. 16, 9th mo. 30, 8th mo. 36. 11th mo. 29, 12th m«. 8, 1st mo. 15, 9th mo. 31, 9th mo. 26, 1st mo. 2; 240 00 ISO GO 90 00 90 Ob' 90 00' 66 00 60 06 9 18 9 00 2,500 OObouSely'rrentduelOthriio. 24,nett,l60 00 2.155 02 offices do. 12th mo.' 15, 400 00 10,460 14 school-h.cel'rrentllth mo. 1, 100,00 «- 600 OOJ.Evans'leg'yly'rlOthmo. 1, 36 00 40 00 library share, nett, 3i 00 759 75 Kensington property, 200 00 Union canal stock. $35^,617 91 ... - Add uncollected for 1830, Anticipated-receijits from members. $1,953 18 356 00 ' 150 00 2,459 18 The ex^enses'will probablybe $2000. All-of which is respectfully submitted, i GE@RGE PETERSEN, Treasurer. Philadelphia, 1st mo. 3d, 1831. At a stated meeting of 'The Philadelphia Society for the Establishment and Support of Cfiarity Schools," held at the School-house in Walnut street, January 4th, 1831, the following named persons were electe«l officers of the Society forthe ensuing year, viz: . Presiden1>-^PHiLip Garrett. ¦Vice-President — Paul Beck, Jr. Treasurer — Georox Peterson. Secretary — Edwin Walter. Managers — Philip Garrett, John Claxt8n,John G.Sim mons, William Abbott, Samuel Sellers, Samuel J. Bob bins, James Cresson, Richard bakford, Pearson Serril; John H. Cresson, Cornelius Stevenson, Timothy Abbott; George Peterson, James Mott; John B. Ellison, Thomas Graham, William B. Davidson, Hartt Grandom. Electing Committee— Ritjhard George, Joseph Cres son, Frederick V. Krug.Adam Seckel, Stevenson Smith; Joseph Warner, Joseph, M. Truman, Adam Dialogue, John U. Fraley, John Keriworthey, Mahlon Gilling^m, Frederick Fraley. MipifiiNTOwN. — Gen, Philip JSenrie'r, of Centre, liaj. Joel Bailey, of Dauphin, and Chauncey Frisby, 'Ehq. of Bradfoi?d, coriimissioners appointed by ike governbrf or the purpose, have fixed the seat of justice for the new county of Juniata at Mifflintown. WiToMlNo Bank,— -A number of shares of the stock of this institution, were sold, on Saturday last, (June 11,) at the rate of $1 30 ^nd $1 33, for $1 00 paid in.— Wilkesbarre JOemoerat. 22 HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERY, OP PHILADELPHIA. From the Presbyterian. HISTORY or* THE PRESBYTERY OF PHILADELPHIA, . ' NO. IL From its origin, A. D. 1706, to A. B. 1831. - The first churches established under Presbyterian or ganization in this country, were located in Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Jersey, The reason pf this fact is to be found in the free toleratien of re ligious peculiarities, granted by the originalproprietprs of these provinces". The following may be considered as an agreeable specimen of the temper which charac terized the laws of these provinces onthe subject of re ligion. It is an enactment in relation ta Pennsylvania, and is in these words; "That all persons living in this Province, who confess and acknoyvledge one almighty and eternal God to be the creator, upholder, and ruler ofthe world, and that hold themselves obliged in con science to live peaceably and justly in civil stjciety, shall ' in no ways be mpleSted or prejudiced for their reli,gious persuasion or practice, in matters of faith and worship, nor shall they be compelled at any time to frequent or maintain any religious worship, place, or ministry what ever." The mildness of this provision is strongly contrasted with an ordinance passed in Yirginia (which was prin cipally settled by Episcopalians) by which every per son was required to "go to church on Sundays and Holy days, or lye neck and heels that night and be a slave to the Colony the following week.-" (Stith's His tory.) The recognition -of religious liberty, by the governments of the provinces before enuMerated, must have been peculiarly attractive lo thosevvho had recent ly experienced the horrors of intolerance, and strongly inclined them to select these provinces for their perma nent residence. In tracing the histoi'y -of the first sp-- cieties which were established for religious worship by these emigrants, in a new country, and at a period so remote, there is, as might have been expected, much difficulty in ascertaining the precise dates of their or ganization, and the exact circuinstances under which they were founded. In the more ancient churches, with one or two exceptions, Sessional Records were not kept, or have perished in the lapse of time; and the de ficiency, occasionjed by this circumstance, cannot be •supplied, by pi resort to the records of Presbytery, which, in additien to chasms produced 'by the toss of minutes, seldom furnish a full and intelligible history of events. Few ofthe earUest churches, which were sub sequently under control of Presbytery, were strictly Presbyterian in their origin. In most instances the sparseness of population, or the poverty of the people, induced persons'of different persuasions to unite their. strength and congregate without any reference to par ticular organization; and as they were singly unable to support the ministry to wbich they were respectively attached, their worship was conducted either by lay readers, or itinerant clergymen, on their. occasional vis its. ' Their organization and formal union with any ec clesiastical denomination, were subsequent measures, Philadelphia claims the honor of receiving into her bo som the first regularly constituted Presbyterian Church in the United States. This claim has been subject to some 5Uspicion,but no direct proof hasyet beeri adduced to invalidate it. In the year 1698, certain persons of the Presbyterian, Congregational and Baptist pursua- sions united for the purpose of religious worship, and occupied a large frame warehouse which had been erect ed by the "Barbadoes Trading Company," -and was situated on the North West corner of Chesnut and Se cond streets. The clergymen who officiated for them from the commencement, was the Bev. John Watts of tlie Baptist denomination. Soon after the Presbyteri- ans and Congregationalists finding themselves sufficient ly numerous, invited the services ofthe Rev. Jedediah Andrews, a graduate of Harvard College, wbo accepted the appointment. This circumstance soon engendered strife betweent the Presbyterians and Baptists which is- , sued in the expulsion of the latter frqm the .house ot worship. Morgan Edwards in his history of, the Bap tists, atmbutes blame to the Presbyterians in this pro ceeding, and perhaps with justice. In a letter attr.but- ed to Mr. Andrews about this date, he savs, "though we have got the Anabaptists out ofthe house, yet our con tinuance there is uncertain, wherefore we must think ot building.notwilhstanding our poverty and the smallness pf our number." Accordingly in the year 1704, the congregation procured a lot on the south side of Market street, between Second and Third streets and erected a wooden building, which was the first and fpr many years the only Presbyterian church in the city. This church was for many years familiarly distinguished as the •Old Buttonwood'from trees of that name growingnear it. When the number of ministers , who harmonized in their views of doctrine and government, had sufficiently increased.they constituted themselves into a Presbytery, for the purpose of mutual counsel in the government of the church, and the diffusion of the gospel. This event, as it appears from the old records, took place m the year 1706; and the number pf ministers constituting the Presbytery, at the period of „its organization, amounted in all only to seven. It was entitled the Pres bytery of Philadelphia, and. may be conadered the nu cleus of Presbyterianism in this country — the first judi catory of that church which is now so widely extended. Asit may interest the curious, we will insert entire the minutes ofthe first sessions of this original judicatory. These are written in a hand more resem^ly Greek than English, and were not decyphered without difficulty. Tbeabruptnessof the commencement arises from the unfortunate lOss of the first leaf of the records, which probably contained some particulars of tbe formation of this Presbytery". . . s - ¦ "de regimine Eeelesise, which being heard was approved of aii~d sustained. He gave in also bis Thesis to be con sidered of against next sederunt. Sederunt 2d, 10 brts. 37. Post process sederunt, Mr. Francis Mc Kemie, Mo derator, Messrs. Jedediah Andrews, and Jshn Hampton, ministers, Mr. John Boyd peffomed the other parts of his tryals, viz: preached a popular sermon on John i. 12— -defend ed his Thesis; gave satisfaction as to his skill in the lan guages, and answered to extemporary questions; all which were approved of and sustained. Appointed his ordinaition to he on ye next Lord's day, ye 29th inst, wbich was accordingly performed in the public meeting house of this place, before a numerous assembly; and tfie next day he had ye certificate of his ordinaticm at a meeting of -the Presbytery held at Phila delphia, March 22d, 1707. Post process sederunt, Messrs. John Wilson, Jedediah Andrews, Nathaniel Taylor. George McNish, ministers. Joseph "Yard, William Smith, John Gardener, James Stoddard, elders. ' Master Johii Wilson, by plurality of votes was chosen Moderator; Mr. George McNish was chosen Clerk to the Presbytery. This day a letter sent by Mr. Samuel Davies to the Presbytery, was presented to them; it being moved by one ofthe members that the letters might be read, it was accordingly read considered, and Mr. Davies his reasons for excusing his absence from this and the pre- • ceding meeting ofthe Presbytery; were not sustained by the Presbytery. Ordered that the next dyet ofthe Presbytery be held upon Tuesday at four o'clock in the afternoon. Mr. Francis McKemie and Mr, John Wilson are ap. pointed to preach upon Tuesday upon ye subjects ap. pointed them at the last Presbytery from Heb. 1. 1, 2 v. by way of the exercise and addition, • ,' •The following minutes show that the rule pf Prea^ 1831,] PROCEEDINGS OF- COUNCILS: 23 Martii 25. Post preces sedei-unt, John Wilson, &c. - This day Mr. Francis McKemie and Mr. John Wilson delivered their ^courses according to appointment and wereapproven By the Presbytery. Ordered that a letter be writ and sent to Mr. Samuel Davies in the name of the Presbytery by Master John Wilson, reqiiiring him to be present at our neyt meet ing in this, place. ' Appointed that the letters sent from the people of Snow Hill in Somerset, be read before the Presbytery.- The letters were accordingly read and their contents were duly considered by the Presbytery. And where as the aforesaid people do by their representatives and letters earnestly addressed the Presbytery fpr their joynt concurrence and assistance in prosecuting their call to Mr. John Hampton that he may undertake the work of the ministry among them, as their Settled and proper minister and pastor. Ordered by the Presbytery that the call be sent to Mr. Hampton by the aforesaid people and also the other paper containing their subscriptions for his encourage ment to undertake tha work of the ministry among them, be given to Mr. Hampton to peruse and con sider, which accorxlingly were given him. Ordered, that whereas' Mr.' Hampton .after his i-eceiv- ing the call tohira from the people at SnoW Hill, gave several satisfactory reasons, why he could not at this time comply jvithit, that the said Mr. Hampton, have the call and the paper of subscription -retaiijed in his hands for his further perUsal, till the next Presbytety. Ordered-fui-ther in this affair, that a letter be sdiit in the name ofthe Presbytery to the peeple of Snow Hill to encourage their ' endeavours for a settled minister among them and^that Mr. Nathaniel Taylor write the let ter expressing thcmind Of the Presbytery which was accordingly done. Appointed that the Presbytery meet — - at ten o'clock, and that - Mk Andrevifs and Mr. John' Boyd" prepare some overtures td be considered by the Pres- bytery,fbr propagating religion in the respective congre gations. , _ . Martii 26. PostJ preces sederunt, the moderator ' &c. Ordered by the Presbytery tbat Mr. Francis McKemie write tp Scotland to Mr. Alexander Coldin minister of Oxnara of thePresby^^of ;- and tb give an acount ofthe state and circumstances ofthe dissenting Pres byterian interest among the people in and ahout,L'ewis- town and to signfy the earnest desyre of that people for the said Mr. Coldin's coming over to be their minister; and that Mr.- McKenije make report of his diligence herein against the next Presbytery. ' The Presbytery appoints-Mr. John Wilson to write to the Presbytery of — ^ to'the effect aforesaid and makereport of hjs case herein against to the next Pres bytery. Overtures pmposed to the Presbytery and agreed upon for propagating the interest of religion. First,. that every minister in their respective cangre- gations reade and (Comment upon a chapter ofthe Bible every Lord's, day as discretion and, circumstances of tyme, place, &Ci willadmit.. Second over: That it be recommended to every min ister of the Presbytery to set on foot and encourage private christian societies. - , Third over: That every "minister of the Presbytery supply neighbouring desolate places where a minister is wanting and opportunity of doing good offers. bytery in relation to this exercise was not neglected with impunity. "1713 Mr. George McNish not having his Presbyterial exprcise ready, and excusing himself on account of sickness^r a 'month past, was blamed for not preparing of it sooner, and ordered to prepare and deliv er 'the same, the next Presbytery. , Robert Wortherspoon for a, similar deficiency was "admonished by the Moderator to be more careful for time coming," The Presbytery do appoint Mr., Jedediah Andrews and Mr. Nathaniel Tayloi', tp prepare a Presbyterial sermon each of them to be delivered against the next Presbytery. Mr. Andrews to discourse , from Heb. 1 chap. 3v. thefirst, and Mr. Taylor from lattef part of the verse. . , Appointed that the Presbytery meet upon the first Tuesday of Aprile, 1708, at Philadelphia;and this meet ing was concluded. "May the 18th, at a meeting of Presbytery at Philadel- - phia, 1708, post preces sederunt, ministers, Messrs. Samuel Davies, John Wilson, Jedediah Andrews, Nath. Taylor, John Hampton, . John Boyd. Elders, Joseph Yard, .^—— Bell, Jehn Gray. ; Mr. Samuel Davies war chosen moderator. Ordered by the Presbytery that Mr. Jedediah An drews deliver his Presbyterial exercise to-morrow at tenrifthe clock in the meeting house, and that Mr. Nath. Taylor deliver his on Friday next at ten of the clock in the morning. This day were read before the Presbytery a letter. sent by the people of, and about Whiteclay creek, in .Newcastle county, importing their dpsire and petitipn to the Presbytery to have the ordinances of the Gospel administered with more Convenience and nearness ' to the place of their abode for the greater advantage and ease to their several family's, promising.withall due en couragement to the minister that shall be appointed thus to supply them. Ordered by the Presbytery that this letter be read at thevnext session to-morrow. afternoon and that another letter from some persons about Apoqninim be consider- - ed against the next dyet of the Presbytery at the tyme aforesajd. This day was also read a letter from several persons in the town of New Castle wherein they crave that thf ~ people of Whitecliy creek may not be suffered to set up a meeting house in the country, that their meeting house and congregation in New Castle may not be da maged by this rupture of theirfellow members of Whit. creek. . . Ordered that_this letter be considered at the next ses sion of the Presbytery. PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. T^DRSDAT Eveninc!, June 30. Select Council. — A communication from the young men, relative to the Ringing of the Old State Houss Bell, on the Fourth of July was received. Mr. Fox, as chairrnan of the commhtee pn Logan Square, reported, an ordinance which was passed by the'Select, Council, but was laid on the table in the Common Council. Common Council, — The fpllowiog communication was received from' Mr. Benjamin Chew, Jr.'and referred to the committee appointed on the 24tli of February last. A warrant has been granted for a piece of marsh, be tween the Eastern line of the city property, west of Schuylkill, and north of Ihe Permanent bridge, and be tween the marsh belonging to the city and the mai-sti recently taken up by M. Freytag. A survey has been made and returned underthe said warrant, and a patent issued thereon. The patentee understantls that this marsh is claimed . by the city, al though pbtained by him after strict investigation and advice of council — but he is far ' from desiring to give the city any trouble if it has title to the lot in question and if the city will exhibit a sufficient title to his counsel, he will immediately relinquish the lot, and if the city will raeethim on these terms, his counsel will explain the Brief of Titie pn which he founds the Opinion that the said lot was vacant when the warrant was obtained. It is proposed therefore that the city. soUcitor be di rected to ascertain whether the city has title to the lot of.marsh land between the acknow^dged city property 24 LIME— LAW CASE. [Jul* «nd low water mark, or such line as wharves may law-! fully be extended to, on the west of Schuylkill and north of the bridge at Market street, which lot has lately been patented to B. Chew, Jr. and to make report there on to Councils-, referring to papers and documents. The following communication was received from the Mayor with the accompanying petition, which were referred to the committee on the revised ordinances. , Mayair's Office, ? Philadelphia, June 30th,'1831. S To the Presidents of ihe Select and Comnum Councils. Gentlemen :-^A communication from a|thighly re- ' ispectable portion of our citizens, has been handed me for transmission to' you, manifesting much anxiety in re ference to the number of dogs at large in the city, and the means authorised and employed to remove them. A number of colored men, the best that can be procured for thepUrpbse, have been actively employed since an early period in May, If a more suitable class of persons can be had, for the compensation allowed them by law, I have not been able to obtain them. Should it be deemed proper by Councils to make further provision in the case, I cannot omit to suggest that thepermission to muzzledogs, is inadequate to the object of the law, and that the eflectnal removal of dogs ' from the city, is not likely to occur unless the co-opera tion of the authorities of the adjoining districts of the Liberties, Penn Township and Southwark," obtained. I am, very resp'y yours, B. W. RICHARDS. To the Sehctand Commoh£ouncils of the city of Phila delphia. The memorial of the undersigned citizens i-espeCtfuIly sheweth: That they noticed with deep concern the great num ber of dogs running at large at this season ofthe year, when canine- madness is most prevalent, and when a re- cisnt occurrence in a neighboring city has increased our alarm and apprehension for 'the safety of ourselves and famiUes. We feel that we are every day_ exposed eithirin per son or friends to the agonies- of the most dreaded and dreadful disorder to which human nature is subjeet in consequences of our continual exposure to a race of ani mals peculiarly subject to its attack; and what renders the evil more aggravating is the notorious fact that most of these creatures are not pnly entirely useless but are absolutely nuisa'nces to the citizens. i Your memorialists therefore respectfully suggest to your honorable bodies as the constituted guardians of the welfare of the city, that the provisions of the exist ing ordinance are inadequate to the ends conterinplated by our fellow citizens for the- prevention of dogs run ning at large, and therefore pray that the same may be repealed, and in place thereof that provision be made which shall authorize any citizen -to destroy any animal of this species which may be found at large in the streets of the city of Philadelphia, during the months of May, June, July, August and September, and upon oath or af firmation being made before the Mayor, or any Alder man by any of hishaving destroyed any dogs, the ap- plicant^shall be entitled to a reward of two dollars. Your memorialists believe that short of this mode an effectual stop rcannot be put to the great mischiefs of which they complain and the evils which they dread. It has been found to be the only availing remedy in the city of New York, where dogs are seldom or ever seen abroad during the period which forbids their exposure in the streets of that city. Mr. Johni^on as Chairman of the Paving Committee, reported an ordinance, for making a culvert in Schuyl kill S,eventh street, which was passed. Mr. Johnson also offered an ordinance relative to fix ing the curb stones in Walnut street between Ninth and Tenth streets, which was passed. Mr. Wetheril as Chairman of the Committee on the revised ordinances, reported an ordinance relative to wood, cordage and wharfage, which was ordered to be ^"jlr. Israel offered the following resqjution, which was ^^Resolved, That the Committee of Arrangement of the young men ofthe city and county ef Philadelphia, have tiie privilege of ringing, on the Fourth of July en suing, the Old State Bouse Bell for such period of time as they may deem neceasary.— Phil. Gaz. Wilkesbarre, June 15, 1831. LIME.— -l/re understand i stratum or vein of stone has been discovered in Newport township,- which is sup posed to be the real blue lime stone. The discovery was made by a citi-zen of Columbia county, who has had much experience in burning lime in that county. We learn tjiat he put a small quantity ofthe stone in a lime kiln near Bloomsburg, and when burnt, it proved to be lime of a better quality than that jif which the kiln was composed. So certain is the person who made the discovery, that it is lime of good quality, that he has erected a lime kiln, and intends immediately to burn a quantity of the stone. We expect he soon will be able to determine whether he has found a new treasure -in the bovirels of the mountains of this County, or not. If his opinion^be correct, no doubt the quanti ty oflime in this County is very great. We understand the sarine stratum of stone, from vhich he is quarrying, has alrea^. been traced five or six miles. The vein runs through Newport and Hanover, and is from' 6 to 8 feetXhick.—fDemoa-at. June 22(?,— We mentionetTlast week, that a stone, supposed to be fime, had recently been discovered in this County. A stranger" has since called on us, -who says he--has been engaged for some time iri quarrying the stpne, and preparing a kiln. He hasburnt, he in forms us, a qpantity of.the stone, which has yielded about 800 bushels of Ii trie. While the, lime is under going ihe.process.ef sUcking, he says about 3 pints of an inferior substance will separate from a bushel.of the lime. . The Ume, he says, is. of a good equality, though not white. "" The person being an entire stranger to us, we are not prepared to speak positively of the result of his ex. periri(ient. Should it prove, as he has represented, the discovery will be of incalculable value to Wyoming Valley.— /6. . - ~ r's Court, city of Philadelphia, June Session, 1831. LAW CASE. From the United States Gazette. Commonwealth -^jjayoi-'i John V. Aysr. j This novel and interesting case was tried on Tuesday last, 28th. The investigation of the testimony, and the arguments of counsel, occupied the attention of tbe court, and of a crowded auditory, until nearly 11 o'clock at night. After a highly impartial and eloquent charge from the Recorder, it was submitted to the jury, who, after a few minutes consultation, sealed their verdict of acquittal, which was read on Wednesday morning, and the defendant was forthwith discharged, on motion, to the obvious gratification of his "troops of friends." The defendant was indicted for setting fire to his own house, or store, with a design to defraud the American Fire Insurance Company; and in two other counts, for setting fire to his own house, the same being contiguous to other dwfeUing-houses, to the great danger, terror, and afli-ightment of the citizens, &c. The only witness, to sustain the charge, was a lad about 17 years old, who deposed that he had been in defendant's store in Market street, above Ninth street as clerk, for three weeks prior to the fire, which occur- 8831.] RELICT OF WYOMING. 2B red on the evening of Satui-day, the 19th April last; that he had not known the defendant before^ that several days before the fire, the defendant t(»ld hjm he must not be .surprised if they should be smoked out some day; told him if he wanted any small articles out ofthe store he might have them; and when the witness, after ta king some, asked for cei-tain other articles he said,"they had better burn — it would look better." On the even ing of the fire, about '8 o'clock, after shutting the win- -dows, witness was leaving the store with an umbrella, when defendant told him "to leave it in the stpi-e, it would look better that it should burn." He gave wit; ness bis cane, and told him to wait outside; one candle was tiien lighting in the store. In about five, minutes the defendant came out, locked the front door, gave witness the keys, and they walked together to S. W. eorner of Market and Ninth streets, when w,itness turn ed round, and said, "there is a fire or a light in the store." The defendant said, "let us run;" and they accordingly ran down Lodge alley to Seventh and Ches- nut streets, where witness lived. After washing him self, defendant engaged in conversation with the family, and some minutes afterwards, the fact of the fire in de- Pendant's store was announced by witness's brother,, Tbey then ran up to the s^ore, from which many of the .^oods had been already tak en, and many consumed or injured. Defendant fainted next door during the fire. On his cross-examination, he admitted that he had ta ken several articles, linen, silks, hose, belt ribbons,gloves, .&C. from the store; but said he had received permission to take all the articles of any consequence; that he had buried some of them after tbe fire; had concealed some m his trunk; and the ribbons (taken without leave) in the lining of his vest, and had given others to his bro ther for safe keeping. He alleged, that until the mo- ment when the defendant gave him his cane, he had no suspicion that the store was to be burnt; although he hacl heard the declarations of defendant, and had. in conse- querice, taken away various articles which he thought it a pity should be burnt. He cut off several yards from both ends of a. piece of green silk on the day ofthe fire; but alleged that although defendant did not authorise him to do so, he subsequently gave him'leave to keep them. '- On Sunday he became alarmed, and mentioned the circumstances to his father and brother, and on Mon day to the officers of the Insurance Company. Defend- -ant's business was regularly conducted; he had a good stock of good's, and no removals of any amount, had been maide before the fire; he had no notes immediately pressing upon hiin, and his credit appeared good. The goods removed were, he supposed, sold in the usual course of business. On the part of the defendant, several witnesses stated narratives made by the lad to them, which differed ma. terially from his present account, in which he admitted that he had taken the green silk without permission, but solicited the witness not to divulge that, or another fact, connected with the articles taken, which had also come to light. He denied all participation by defend ant in the fire, and could not then account for its occur. rence. 'This was previous to the prosecution. In addition to the objections'urged by the defendant's counsel -to the witness, that he was an avowed accom plice; that he was deeply interested to screen himself frorii liability for the property of his employer thus clan destinely removed, and thai his story was ,incredible, unconnected, and contradictory, the defendent gave evidence to show the absence of all apparent motive for the commission of the offence, by proof that |ie actually possessed goods enough to justify the effecting a poli cy for $3000; that_he continued to keep up his stock to time ofthefire; paid various bills very shortly before,a"nd refused to sell certain goods below his price^on the very day ofthe fire; which, it was contended, he would not have done, had he meditated a fraud; His innocence was rendered the more clear, by the fact of his remain- {¦ag in the city, and exhibiting bimself tO the pfosecutor Vol. VIII, 4 and others.o/'ifer the reports had been propagated by the former.and after he hsd been fully warned ofthe designs against him. In addition, letters from gentlemen ofthe highest respectability near Boston, and elsewhere cor roborated by numerous witnesses, (some of them from New York and Boston,) were adduced, inpi-oof of his unblemished moral character and credit up to the peri od ofthefire. In his charge to the jury, the Recorder limited their inquiry to the single question, whetherthe testimony of the only witness for the commonwealth, was to be credited under all the circumstances ofthe case. If they should think it insufficient, the prosecution, he said, must fail. If otherwise, then the charge was sufficient ly laid in the indictment, to justify a conviction upon it; and the objections taken to it by the defendant's coun sel, might be reconsidered after verdict. Counsel for the commonwealth, A. H. Richards. ISsq. Forthe defendant, Wm. H. Haly, andD. P. Bi-own,Esqs. From the Connecticut Observer. RELICT OF WYOMING. Died at Torringford on the 9th of May last, Mrs. Esther Skinner, in the lOOth year of her age. If the following extract from the sermon preach ed on the occasion of her funeral can find a plac^ in the Observer, it will gratify her surviving friends and acquaintance: — Mrs. Skinner was born at Bolton, in this State, February.26, 1732, In travelling back to the com mencement of her existence, we find ourselves car ried througli almost half the period of New Eng land's history — the landing of the pilgrims being, but little more than a century antecedent to her birth. To hold converse with her while living, was calculated to call vividly to mind events of former generations, of great religious and political interest to our country. She was of sufficient age tp notice and remember the. great revival of religion which overspread New England in 1740 and 41, and to have a personal share in the alarms and distresses and perpetual anxiety of the protracted French and Indian wars that harrassed these colonies. There are some incidents of -her past life of so remarkable a character, as to deserve particular notice on this occasion. These are connected with the war of the revolution. Our national indepen dence with its attendant blessings, which the pre sent generation are enjoying in quiet repose, was purchased by our fathers, at the expense pf great sacrifices and severe struggles. The amount of contribution which our departed friend thus paid for the benefit of posterity, was no less than a brp- ther,who died of a wound received in the eairly part; of the war — a husband who fell a victim to one ofi those contagious diseases, which war propagates— >¦ aud two sons who were butchered at the famous slaughter and conflagration which took place at Wyoming, besides her whole property plundered and destroyed. The name of Wyoming, associated with events of thrilling interest to the bosom of every American, ¦Vliii long be remeinberetj by the friends of tl«e de ceased. It was a Connecticut colony on the East branch of the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania, com prising eight townships. To this place our fr.iend with her husband and eight childj-en, had removed in the year 1777 — just in time to be overwhelmed in the catastrophe which befel.this settlement the following year. A coalition of tories and savages, who seemed on this occasion to vie with'each other in deeds of cruelty, had sworn vengeance on these unhappy settlers. Their commander is represent ed to have been " the most ferocious being ever 26 RELICT OF WYOMING. [JUL* produced by human nature, often too prodigal of similar monsters,"' and the cruelties he practised on this occasion; " without an example in the his tory of inhuman men." The whole of this fertile anrl thriving settlement, he speedily converted into a field of slaughter and devastation. Every victo ry, as the fortifications of the place fell successively into his hands, was signalized by selecting the men among his prisoners for more conspicuous slaugh ter, and burning alive the women and children in the tonfl^ration of their houses and villages. — When asked by the commander of a fort what terms of'capitulation would be granted on condition of their surrender, his reply was. The hatchet. Such was the character of the foe that fell upon the settlement where the deceased with her family resided. It was in the month of July, 1778. Re mote from all military succours which government could afford, they had no other means of defence than what their own population could furnish, al ready drained of much of its sinew and strength to replenish the continental army. Their remaining ;force, comprising every man capable of bearing arms among them, was mustered for their defence. The main body ot this little army, consisting of about four hundred men, among whom were the tvvo eldest sons of Mrs. Skinner, just emerging from youth to manhood, were allured from their en- trenchmentsby the artifice and perfidy of the ene my, and drawn into ambush. A desperate conflict ensued, in which the firmness of the Americans had well nigh repulsed their enemies; when a false cry of retreat, from either a treacherous or coward ly-soldier, was the means of breaking their ranks and exposing them to all the fury of an exasperated foe. A Scene of carnage and horror followed which beggars description. "The fugitives fall by mis siles, the resisting by clubs and tomahawks. The dead and dying are heaped together promiscuously. Happy those who expire the soonest ! The savages reserve the living for tortures! and the infuriate tories, if other arms fail them, mangle the, priso- rers with their nails! Never was rout so deplora ble ; never was massacre accompanied with so many horrors." About twenty only of these four hundred are said to have escaped alive. Our departed friend who had buried her husband but a short time be fore, saw her sons no more, A particular incident of this scene of distress :nay serve to give us a nearer view of the picture. A ynung man who afterwards married a daughter of the deceased was among the survivors. Driven to the brink of the river, he plunged, into the water for safety, and swam to a small island. Here im mersed in water.-protected by the bushes at the water's edge, and screened by the darkness of night, he happily eluded the search of the pursuing foe, thirsting for blood; while about twenty of his com panions, who bad retreated likewise to the same spot, were all massacred within a few yards of him. He heard the dismal strokes ofthe tomahawk and the groans of the sufferers, expecting every mo ment himsfelf to become the next victim. One sav age foot trod upon the very bush to which he clung. A solitary mdividual besides himself was left at the departure of the savages, to weep with him over the mangled bodies of their friends. In the mean time the news of this day's disaster was conveyed in the night to the village where the women and children were left; who were warned at the same time that their only possible escape fro m the fury ofthe advancing savages, was im-^" mediate.- flight. The confusion and distress into whi ch these bereaved and unprotected females were thrown by this intelligence, can be more^asily con ceived than expressed ; " flying," as they are re presented, "without money, clothes, or food." — Mrs. Skinner with her six surviving children, the youngest five years old was in this company. Her son: who is now among the mourners, can well re collect that he came off without hat, shoes, or jacket ; such was the haste and confusion of their departure. The little children of our departed friend, as they hastened to the water side, where boats were prepared for their conveyance down the river, were ready to cry with the anguish of their bruised and lacerated feet: but the chidings of the wary mother, and the dread of being heard by the suspected savage in ambush, repressed their weeping, and made them tread with breathless si lence their painful way. O when will the inhabi tants of the earth learn war no more! ¦» 'With what feelings she must have left, this place— her little property pl-Jindered, her dwelling laid in ashes, her husband in his grave, and her two sons lying mangled and unburied on the field of battle, can be more easily conceived than describ ed-. To the land of her nativity her thoughts and her course were now bent, — a formidable journey, we should think for a feeble mother with six ten der children to make on foot.without money .clothes, or provisions. Much of her way lay through liutch settlements, to whom she coiild neither tell the story of her sufferings, nor make known her present necessities, except by signs. Fame, how ever, which went before her, had already related her tale of woe, and secured for her many kind nesses from this people of a strange language. After a journey of one hundred miles by wafer, and near three hundred by land, she arrived in safety at the place of her former residence, whence she removed some years after to this place. All her children she outlived by many years, except the son with ,whom she resided; whom providence appears to have spared, for the grateful service of si;staining and comforting her in her decrepitude. The cha,racter of Mrs. Skinner is deserving of particular notice on this occasion, as affording an example worthy of imitation. To great natural equanimity of temper, was added an uniform spirit of piety and devotedness to God. Her natural tem perament imparted a cheerful and amiable cast to her piety, which rendered both her religion and her society particularly inviting. Uniformly placid under all circumstances, she appeared to have learned practically the lesson of the apostle — in whatsoever situation she was therewith to be con tent. The relation that she would sometimes give when solicited, of the scenes of suffering through which she passed, never betrayed a repining or complaining spirit. The mercies of God and the kindness of her fellow men, were the most promi nent events of her narration. "The Dutch peo ple," she used to say, "were very kind to her, though she could not understand their language." Their' refusing in some instances to admit her into their houses in her suffering flight, she would inci dentally notice without the least apparent resent ment. "They had nice barns,"she said, "with clean straw, where her children lodged very com fortably." Under the infirmities of age, she was equally an example ot patience. Though decrepid and helpeless for many years before her death, she appeared not to live in vain ; for she was a bright illustration, as long as she remained with us, of the, excellence and the consolatory power of the reli gion of Christ. Such a serene old age, I can truly say, without any intended disparagement to others. 1831.] THOUGHTS ON EMIGRATION. 27 I never witnessed. The path of her^decliuing life appeared to be eminently that of the just, which like the shining light, shineth more and more unto the perfect day. And though with her to live was Christ, to die she esteemed gain. To the inquiry put to her a few hours before her death, if she would like to recover, she replied after a short pause, "I think not-rif it is the Lord's will, I had rather go now." From the United States Gazette. THOUGHTS ON EMIGRATION PROM EUROPE TO THB UNITED STATES IfO. 1. The flow of emigration to the U. States will, no doubt, be of considerable magnitude during the present year. The disturbed situation of England and Ire land—the wars in Poland— the troubles on the conti nent of Europe, and other circumstances combined. will force thousands pf the unfortunate victims of des potism and distress, to seek an asylum in this country ; where liberty in the pure and unrestrained channel of republican virtue, dwells ; where lands are abundant and cheap; where taxes are light ; where the soil is good, and the variety of climate sufficient to compensate the husbandman for his labor. The throng of emie-ra- tion during the last 10 or 12 years, has been directed principally to the state pf New York, and to the states ^ west of Pennsylvania; because the great Erie i:anal, passing through the state of New York, and the noble rivers ot the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri, giving fa cilities in the west to convey the productions of their inaustry and labour, expeditiously and profitably lotwo important markeis, New Orieans and New York, have produced decided advantages over the other states.— Ihese are the reasons why the state cf New York and some of the western states have acquired a population, during the last few years, infinitely greater than the states deprived of these advantages. But Pennsylvania no longer remains in the back ground — the stumbling block which so long stood in her way is removed! She can now boast of improvements, in her roads and canals, "" '~^ ~ ¦ ¦' " state in the in the neighborhood of canals and railj-oads, for sale at fi-om two to eight dollars per acre, with unexception able tities, in fee simple. Schuylkill, Northumberland, Susquehanna, Luzerne, Bradford. Lycoming. Clearfield, Centre, Huntinefdon, Cambria, Westmoreland, Indiana, Armstrong, Butler. Allegheny. Crawford. Erie, Beaver, Jefferson and 'Venango, are the counties in which theso lands are situated ; though there are other counties, no doubt, in which lands, equally gpbd apd cheap may -bo purchased. The owners of many of these lands reside in Philadelphia. They may be found-;without difficulty, and will on application, be ready and willing to give every information respecting them that may be required by those Vvishing to purchase. AU I ask or require in my present remarks is that the stranger who is seeking for a settlement in this country, may give himself tima to pause and reflect, before he" suffers himself to be led away by the syren tales of a western paradise, and be fore it is too late, to ascertain for himself where he can be best accommodated. If he makes a careful exarni- natiOn, I have no hesitation in believing his choice will be. not in the garden ofthe west, but in the forests and fields of Pennsylvania. CIVIS. as splendid and extensive as those of any Union! She can boast of a canal and railroad between Pittsburg and Philadelphii, which in another year, will unite the eastern and western extremities of her great commonwealth and their intermediate districts, in one bond of mutual intercourse and prosperity. She can boast of a canal from Pliiladelphia to Reading and Potts ville, on the Schuylkill ; to Middletown and Harrisburg. on the Susquehanna; to Wilkesbarre on the north branch of the Susquehanna, and to Williamsport on the west branch of the same river. She can boast of a canal on the Delaware, from Bristol to Easton ; and on the Le high from Easton to Mauch Chunk. She can boast of a variety of railroads, now progressing, from the commer- cial metropolis, diverging from the north to the south, and from the east to the west, connecting almost every county in her own state, in one' hnk of improvement, leading to the lakes in the north, and the rivers in the west. Arid these improvements will soon place her on the summit of prosperity!!! ' Pennsylvania, sinoe the Ist of April, 1826, (only five Xff nL^^^^PP™?"*'^'' P"''''^ '¦""ds to the amount of ¥13,000,000 ; and by private subscriptions (including Ihe works now conducting) as much more has been ap- propriated within a very few years, forming together, the magnificent sum of #26,000,000, applied exclusive ly to the construction of railroads and canals, passing thrpugh an extent of territory equal to twelve hundred miles, more than half of which is now entirely complet ed, and the remainder is in a very progressive state! ! ! _ Do not these valuable works offer encouragement and inducement to the emigrant who is in search ofa perma nent home, to stop and settle among us? Pennsylvania has 12,000,000 acres of good arable land, well timbered. No. II. Twelve years ago,.when the flood of emigration rush ed on to the west, without control. New York did not" know the value of the canal she was then making. De Witt Clinton and a few other patriotio individuals, had to contend against a strong current of opposition, which did not effectually subside until that period when the works began' to manifest themselves, and in five .years more the great Erie canal was completed. The -that 30 PLYMOUTH MEETING. [.JUJ- the path to the temple should be otherwise than circu itous and untoward. He who winds the intricacies of this path, who threads this labyrinth, finds him, alas, a prisorier for life! Is it not then tbe dictate of prudence to be indifferent to the hollow whispers of a world so vigilant for censure and so prone to fickleness? If we would listen to philosophy it will tell us to pursue sci ence for her own sake, regardless of the success or the applause of the- multitude. She is attractive enough" to induce a lively devotion to her cause; and if after etnploying a life in her investigation, uninfluenced by hope or fear, the voice of approbation should be heaf-d, it may be listened to with that tempered gratification which shows tha i a pruriency after fame did not excite the exertion. If however neglect or displacency should appear, it is enough- that we have not sighed for a pre carious reward — it is enough that our pursuits have im parted sufficient ele vation of character and sufficient self-respect to view as an empty bubble that which would put to the torture a less philosophical temperament. While therefore the votary of fame is driven to the di lemma either of trimming between opposite errors or of renouncing his hard-earned reputation; the man who cultivates truth and knowledge for their own sakes stands independent of the popular hurricane, can oppose himself to its unreasonable phrenzy, or can give to it a salutary direction. H. From the Friend. PLYMOUTH MEETING. FaiBifD Smith: In the notices publishing in " The Friend," of the first settlement of Friends' meetings, I observe the, wri- ter appears conscious of possessing but an imperfect knowledge ofthe first settlement of Plymouth meeting;* and having access to a record which will no doubt T)fe deemed authentic on the subject, I thought I would furnish thee with a copy of it. The following minute was made at the first opening of Gwynedd monthly meeting, on the 22d of 12th mo., iri4;15. ' " There was read in this meeting a sbort account of the first settlement of this place, and of the rise and progress of truth, until the establishment of this meet ing, which account this meeting orders to be entered in the beginning of this meeting book; likewise, when Plymouth Friends bring in tbeir account of the like nature, this meeting may do as they see convenient, and make a minute thereof." At the next monthly meeting, which was held 29th of 1st mo,, 1715, the following minute was made, y'ti. "Plymouth Friends having brought to this meeting an account of the first settlement of that township, and some hints of the progress of truth among them to the establisment of this meeting, the which was read, and ordered to be affixed in the beginning of this book as Gwynedd Friends' account was brought in last meeting." The account thus sanctioned and recorded is as follows: "About the year 1685, the township of Plymouth was originally purchased and settled by James Fox, Diehard Gove, Francis Rawle, John Chelson, and some other Friends that came from Plymouth, in Old .Eng land, who dwelt here for spme space of time, and kept meetings for worship at 1he house of the said James Fox, but, being most of them tradesmen and citizens, and not used to country life, removed to Philadelphia, by which means the place became vacant for a time; See Register, vol. vii. p. ,100, 116, 132. ' but being again purchased, chieflyby Friends, vi7. Da vid Meredith, Edmond Cartledge, Thomas Owen. Isaac Price, Ellis Pugh. Hugh Jones, and divers others, as several adjacent settlers, in Whitemarsh, viz, John Roads, Abraham Dawes, and David Williams, and sev eral more Friends. These, in the year 1703, by the approbation of Haverford monthly meetin|f, unto which they then joined themselves, kept their meetings for worship at the house aforesaid, being then in the pos session Of Hugh Jones, where it continued for some years, and then, bx consent, was removed to John Cart- ledge's house, where it also continued for some years. But settlements increasing, andfyoung people coming up, it was agreed to build a meeting house for the bet ter accommodation of Friends belonging thereto, as also the conveniency of a public place of worship, near the burying' place which was prefixed some time be fore, in Plymouth aforesaid, and several deceased Friends being there interred before the meeting house was built. And in the year '¦ — ,the meeting house was erected, and on the thirteenth day of tbe month the first meeting was kept therein. And our number increasing, and not having the conveniency of a monthly meeting among ourselves, we joined with Gwynedd Friends to apply to Haverford monthly meet ing, for their approbation to hold a monthly meeting, of business, the which, together with the consent of the quarterly meeting at Philadelphia, was obtained." The blanks above, respecting dates, (I regret to say,} are in the original, and I know not how ts account for it, especially as they have stated the day of the month, when the first meeting was held in the meeting house, though not the month. Extracts from the ancient minutes, of Gwyftedd^ monthly meeting, relative to ihe establishment of eertain meet ings subordinate thereto, Minute of 25th of 5th mo.. 1721. " John Rumforii produced a certificate from Haver ford monthly meeting, and George Boone one from Abinglon, in order to join themselves to this meeting, both which were read and received. The said Friends also requested the concurrence of this meeting, to fix a convenient place for a burial, and liberty to build a meeting house thereon, to accommodate the few Friends residing in these parts. It is agreed to propose the same to the next quarterly meeting for their concur rence." The quarterly meeting concurred therewith, and di rected the monthly meeting to take necessary care to have the meeting house built in a proper place. The meeting thus commenced was called " Oley," and I suppose it to be that now known as Exeter, or at least that Exeter monthly meeting has grown from this begin ning," 25th of 12th mo., 1723, 1 find the following minute. "This meeting being concerned that care be taken in keeping true accounts of births and burials, a book being provided for that purpose, Hugh Foulke and John Jones are appointed for Gwynedd meeting, John Rees for Plymouth, George Boone for Oley, Andres Cramer for Perquioraen; none from the Swamp being present." Minutes of 29th day of 4th mo., 1725. "George Boone proposed on behalf of Oley Friends, for a preparative meeting, which, after some discourse, was referred to next meeting. "A proposal from the Swamp Friends for a prepara tive meeting has been considered awhile, and is granted, leaving the appointment of the time to themselves, ac quainting the next meeting thereof." Minutes of 27th of 5th mo,, 1725. v "The proposal of Oley Friends for a preparative meeting is granted: the time to be appointed by them selves, and account given at next meeting. " The Swamp Friends report they have agreed to keep their preparative meeting the fifth day next pre- 1831.] MISCELLANEOUS. 31 ceding our monthly meeting, which is agreed to by this meeting." Oley Friends reported soon after that they concluded to hold their preparative meeting the 6th day preceding monthly meeting, which was approved. Minute of 29th of 11th mo., 1733. "Friends at Maiden Creek proposed for liberty to build a meeting house, which is agreed to be proposed to the quarterly meeting for advice." Minute of 28lh of 8lh mo., 1735. "Our Friends at ^aiden Creek proposed for liberty- to hold a preparative meeting, which is granted, and that it be held the next 4th day preceding this monthly meeting." 29th'of 1st mo., 1737. " The Friends of Oley and Maiden Creek signify an inclination to have a monthly meeting amongst them. It is referred for further consideration." 26th of 2nd mo., 1737. " The proposal of Oley Friends for a monthly meet ing was renewed, considered and debated a considera ble time, and fhe result of this meeting is, that it be carried to the quarterly meeting for advice and instruc- tion." 31st of 3d mo., 1737. " The proposal of Oley Friends for a monthly meet. ing was carried to the qtiarerly meeting, which was granted, but not yet having got .the minute, Samuel Morris is desired to obtain it by next meeting." 28thof4thmo., 1737. . " The quarterly meeting minute respecting the es tablishment ofthe monthly meeting-at Oley was obtain ed, and brought to this meeting; but no Friends from thence being present, the affair is referred till then." 26th of5th mo., 1737. ' This meeting unanimously agrees that the monthly part of Guilford and Washington townships, by the rain on Thursday. In the latter township, several mill dams have been swept away. — Franklin Repository, Mauch CnrNK. July 4, 1831. ^ Freshet. — The rains of Thursday and Friday, last, produced on Friday night a tremendous freshet in the Mauch Chunk creek. It overflowed the banks, and the water made its way in every direction through the road9_ and streets into houses and cellars. Broadway was a complete cataract, filled the whole width^with the flood. The scene was quite unique — the roaring of the water, hallooing of the people, dodging about in the darkness with lamps and lanterns; gave a good specimen of the ludicrous and alarming. We heard of one man, whc-se house was flooded, being awakened from his sleep by a cry of alarm from a neighbor, who, springing from his bed in affright, measured his length on the floor in about seven inches of water. We have not he^rd of any serious damage, as yet.— The Lehigh is not at a great height, the showers which gave such a sudden impulse to the waters of the creek having been localr Broadway is impassable for carriages, the waters having literally rendered it a gully, — Pioneer. Lewistoww, June 30, 1831. For the last few days we have had heavy rains which have caused a considerable rise in the Juniata — six or eight arks were loaded at this town yesterday, destined, for the Baltimore and Philadelphia markets. Much hay and grass will be destroyed by the rain. York, June 7. Emisrants. —Between seventy and eighty emigrants, from the neighbourhood of Weissenberg, department of the Lower Rhine, in France, passed through thia Monthly Meeting," and held the last 5th day in every . month." J. S. meeting for Oley and Maiden Creek be called "Oley place on Saturday week. This part of France is inhabit- "¦""¦¦¦ ' -• - ed by Germans. TheSe emigrants are of the religious^ sect called, Dunker's, signifying that their baptismal rites' are performed by immersion. It is -said, they are in good circumstances, so that it was not poverty that im pelled them to leave their " Vaterland." in search of ' happiness and home in this western hemisphere, but probably were induced by, the present state of Europe, which portending war, to seek a retreat where they may escap'e either direct -or indirect participation in scenes of blood and carnage, which are so incompatible with the pacific tenets of their sect. They have gone to Lancaster county, where they intend to settle among their family relatives and religious friends. About twenty-five or thirty arrived here since, from the same department of France,; but'they are not ofthe same persuasion, and whether it is owing to this that they are^not in the same ctfmfortable circumstances, we will not undertake to decide. But so it is, "while the ^ Dunkers have money plenty, the others are poor and destitute. They are. however, in a country-r-if they brought no property, if they only brought with them ithe frugal and.industrious habits of their "'Vaterland" — where the mlsfoi^tunes of povertycan be repaired. Bediord, June 17. Emigration. -rDuring the present week, more than two hundred foreign emigrants, of all ages and sexes, from the sucking babe to the -man of grey hairs, passed through this place on tlieir way to the west. Though the greater part of them we're stout, healthy looking fellows, yet they asked charity from almost every family in our borough. In one wagon we counted twenty-fivQ men, women and children. EastoR, June 30. On Friday morning last, so heavy was the frost on the Pocono Mountain, that Mr. Sox, We are informed by s person who put up .at his tavern, made a large ball of some he gathered before his door, and discharged it at tbe fabe of the stage driver to wake him up. CHAMBERSBtTRQ. JulV 5. A Freshet. — On Thursday evening last, a rain fell, in the course of five or six hours, in this neighborhood, which raised the Conococheaugue and Falling Spring, that pass through our borough, to a frightful and de- structive extent, About the middle of the night, the lat ter stream overflowed its bed, and the water formed currents through the tanneries and gardens situated along it. carrying off the contents of the yards, garden fences, &c. ; and iniindating the cellars and lower stories of a number of houses. Females and children were car ried out of houses which were so inundated as a precau tionary measure; and there can be no doubt that some of the tenements would have been swept away, with their inhabitants, had it not been for the flat grounds on each side of the stream. It was truly an awful scene to our citizens, and especially to those who vvere suddenly aroused from their beds amid the tolling of bells and the roar of the waters. We are happy to slate that no lives bave been lost. On Friday morning hides of leather were seen lodged against the trees. &c.. and the whole course ot the spring stream presented a scene of wreck and destruc tion. The principal sufferers are Mr. Alexander Fleck. in the loss of hides. Sec, from his tannery, and Mr. John "V. Kelly, in damage done to his fulling and oil mills. — The paper mill dam. and all the foot bridges in our bo rough are swept away. The dam of Messrs. Berlin & Heyser, on the Conococheague above, and that of Mr. Overcash below the town, and the bridge over the Fall ing Spring on the turnpike at Mr. Slouffer's mill, are carried off. The loss to; Messrs. B. & H. is peculiarly hard; as it is the second time their dam has given way this season. From the quantity of hay and lumber that have floated down, the damage above on both streams must have been great. (X!/' We learn tbat great damage has been done in 32 MISCELLANEOUS. [JOLt PORT OF PHILADELPHIA. Inward— For June, 1831. (ft IS a (» CO H p s o o „ Where from. T3 CO s nCD cp BI 2 S ¦d 3 England, 3056 Ireland, 1 1 632 Hanse Towns, 2 409 France, 1 246 Spain, 1 242 South America, 4 765 Cuba, ~ 3 1 579 Hayli, 2 172 Brazils, 1 200 Bi-itish W. Indies, 1 2 267 Danish West Indies. 2 228 Other Spa, W. Indies.- 5 517 Brit. Amer. Colonies, 2 2 420 7 1 17 12 8659 Inward Coastwis e— 62 vessels — Tonnag 'C, 58 35. Outwa rd—I ^r June, 1831. . m ta a CO £. CO o ^ Where to. 01 ,3 c 0? Cfl 4 P o ¦o ca England, 4 2052 Africa, 1 100 Holland, 1 197 France, 1 378 Gibraltar. 1 181 South .America, 5 796 Cuba, 1 3 895 Hayti, 2 2 232 Brazils, 1 1 110 British West Indies. 3 2 567 Danish West Indies, 2 3 2 649 Other Spa. W.Indies 2 113 Brit. Amer, Colonies, 2 3 479 - J .8 '25. 13 7626 Outward Coastwiie- -104 vessels — Tonnag e,934 ts. t \_Pen ns^fo Mlia J '«jaj> er. t'hiladelphia, as may be disposed to give them an inser tion. ' T John De PrefontAIite, Chairman. Geo. M'CaiiMokT, WiLtlAM jACKSOlf. Secretaries. Division or the Cocstt. — At a highly respectable: and numerous meeting ofthe inhabitants of Bristol town ship; in the county of Philadelphia, held pursuant to public notice, at the house of John Felton, Esq., on Thursday the 23d of Jurie, 1831— John De Prefontaine, Esq. was called to the chair, and George F. M'Callmont, and William JacIcson, were appointed secretaries. Theobject of the meeting being stated frorii the chair, tt was after due deliberation, on motion Resolved, Thut this meeting go into an election for three Pelei>ates to meet other Delegates that may be apijointed by other townships, or districts, or parts ad- jacent, to riieet in General Conference, at such time and place as may hereafter be agreed upon, to take into con- sideratipn the propriety of a division of the county ^ whereupon, Jacob Medary, Algernon S. Logan, and Jcihn L. Williams, were appointed said Delegates. Resolved, That the Delegates herein riariied, be alsO appointed a Committee of Correspondence, to confer with the citizens of other townships and districts, giving- them a cordial invitation to join in the proposed mea sure — to call meetirigs and choose Delegates. ' fesolved. That the Delegates appointed have authority II any vacancy that may occur in their body. Aesolved, That the proceedings of this meeting, sign- ed by Ihe Chairman and ¦Secretaries, be published in the Germantown Telegraph, and such papers in the city of Huntingdon. June IS. On last Saturday, hundreds of our citizens witnessed the launching of the "James Clarke," a new and very handsome Canal Boat, into the basin, at the west end of the borough; owned by Messrs. Williams and Miller.— 'V^hen safely launched into the basin, she was greeted by the hearty acclamations of those who witnessed the pleasing and interesting sight. What! a canal boat launched in the vicinity of Huntingdon! Had any one predicted an event of this kind,^ some years back, he, in all probability, would have been 'yclept a wizard. or set down as beside himself. When the mail stage commenced running once a week, from Philadelphia to this place, our older citizens considered it a marvel lous affair — what will they say now.' Huntingdon, June 22. On Thursday last the citizens of this place weie much delighted with an acquatic excursion down the canal, in the boat "James Clarke," owned by Messrs. Wil liams and Miller. About 10 o'clock in the morning, upwards of eighty ladies ahd gentlemen went on board of the boat, at the basin, accempanied by the "Hun tingdon Band?' — whose performance on various instru ments of music, is not excelled for taste and talent be tween here and Philadelphia. The boat proceeded down the canal, to Clintonville, a distance of 13 miles, and returned at an early hour in the evening; without any accident or detention, to mar the pleasures of the day. Among those on board, we observed James Clark, Esq.' and lady. The canal banks, at every lock and bridge, were crowded with anxious spectators, who evinced their delight at the approach of the boat, by hearty cheers and huzzas. The re-echo of the soul- stirring drum, shrill fife, melodious flute, &c., added double zest to the excursion. The sublime and romari- tic scenery, particulariy at Drake's ferry, is not excelled in any part of Pennsylvania, The imagination cannot paint any thing so beautifully striking— old nature sits there, in fearful grandeur, unmolested by the hand of time, or art of man. The time occupied in passing through the locks was was from IJ to 2, and in ascending from 5 to 8 minutes. — Gaz. THE REGISTER. JULY 9, I83I. We are glad to hear, from many respectable quarters, the high estimation in which the papers of "The Alche mist" are held, and that public sentiment justifies the encomiastic terms, with which we at first introduced him to notice. We have no doubt, that the reputation he has acquired will be fully sustained, by the good sense and literary merit of his future essays. The inter ruptions in his appearance having arisen from accidental causes, will be guarded against hereaftfer. His twentieth nurbber will be found in to-days paper. During the past week, an unusual qtiantityofrainhas fallen in different direotions-^nd we fear that much damage has been sustained, in the destruction of crops and the reriioval of bridges, &o. The Fourth of July, was celebrated in this city by military parades, public dinners, orations, speeches, &c. HAZARD'S REOISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THB PRESERVATION OF EVERT KIND OF USEFUL INFORMATION RESPECTING THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZABD. VOL,. VIII.-NO. 3. PHILiADEIiPHIA, JULY 16, 1831. XO. 185< From the United States Gazette. THOUGHTS ON EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE TO THE UNITED STATES. No. III. The emigrant in pursuit- of a farm, though possessed x)f but slender means, in cash, to make tITe purchase, can obtain an accommodation on time, from the Penn sylvania land-holders, in annual instalments to suit his convenience, until the savings of his labour, may enable him to perfect his title. A farm of 200 acres, at $4 per a«re, would cost $800; one-fourth of which in cash, be ing 8200, would entitle him to a credit on the balance, of three, four, and five years, which an industrious man. after encountering the difficulties of the two first yeat-s, could accomplish, without much difficulty. .^ It is a fact, as strange as it is true, that lands, in many parts ofPennsylvania,* can now be purchased at prices as low as lands in their vicinity, or those adjoining them, of equal quality, were sold for 25 or 30 years ago; which, taking interest and taxes into consideration, ought to command three times the price they ^would have brought. How is this to be accounted for? The rage for lands in the west, and the absence of improvements in Pennsylvania, until within a year or two, shutting out the farmer from the chance of a profitable market, for the sale of his surplus produce, may be assigned as a principal cause, why a preference has been given to set- tlements in the neighbourhood of the Ohio, Mississippi,. Missouri, and other navigable rivers in tbe west, Iri addition to which, the apathy and inactivity of the Penn. sylvania land-holders,, and their agents, to promote sales; and the large bodies of lind held by a few wealthy indi viduals in Philadelphia, wlio would not incur the trouble and expense of dividing them, have also greatly contri buted to discotirage settlements. A LAND OFFICE IN PHILADELPHIA, for the purchase and sale of unseated lands, with a suitable agent to super intend it, would, I have no doubt, if properly supported and conducted, accelerate sales, and be productive of great benefit. There are several offices in Philadelphia, established for the purchase and sale of real estate, the proprietors of which, occasionally advertise lands in the interior, but there are none whose business is particularly directed to that object. 1 hope the subject will com mand the attention of those immediately interested. The rage of emigration to the west must soon receive a check! It is only necessary to convince the-emigrant of the many advantages we possess — to show him the improvements we have made — to explain to him the fa cilities he would enjoy, in going to and from market, with his produce; and to give him the opportunity of examining for himself, the situation and quality of our lahcls. If editors would promulgate information on this subject, more frequently and more freely, through the public pressj it would also tend to promote this desirable ohject. Every man disposed to become the proprietor of a tract of land, must be convinced, that in an agricultural point of view, the benefits of an easy and cheap access to market, placing the interior upon almost an equaP * These observation are not intended to include coal lands, or lands in the neighbourhood of canals and rail roads. Vol. VIII, 5 footing with the sea-board, is of the first importance. A barrel of flour can be carried from Lewistown, Wilkes barre. Williamsport, Huntingdon, Johnstown. Ulaii-sville, and Pittsburg, to Philadelphia, when theline of commu-^ nication is finished (next yeat-) at from seventy-five cents to a dollar per barrel, which has heretofore cost from two to three dollars! Ought not this fact, alone, tend to the appreciation of back lands, and induce settlements? The increase of trade, and the improvements making in Philadelphia and Pittsburg, and along the whole line of our canals and rail-roads, is an assurance of the pros perity of the commonwealth, and an evidence Of the great- value of our public works. These observations, although particularly directed to the stranger, maybe applied with equal force to the emigrant of the eastern section"of our country, where the high price of land, and the hope of improving theii:' condition, tempt many of them to emigrate, every year,- to the west. Some, it is true, have stopped agd settled in Pennsylvania, but the great bulk of them have pro ceeded on to Ohio, Alabama, Louisiana, and Illinois, more distant from market, and paying higher for their lands, than they could have bought them, of as good quality, in Pennsylvania. CIVIS. Philadelphia, June 7th, 1831. No. IV. It is but a century and a half since Pennsylvania was in a rude state of nature — uncultivated by civilization '¦ uninhabited by social man! The aboriginal savages, prior to that time, were the sole proprietors of her soil.* It cannot, therefore, be expected that we should, at this early period^ of our national existence, be as rich in capital as England or France, or some ofthe other coun tries in Europe, much older than. ourselves; but it is a fact, that we are advancing in the acquisition of wealth, with greater rapidity than either of them 1 The most decisive mark of the prosperity of a country like ours, is the regular increase of its inhabitants; and as long as there is a sufficiency of productive soil, there is no dan ger of a scarcity of provisions, and the distresses conse quent thereon; but when the number of inhabitants is greater than the soil is capable of furnishing with food, (as is now the case in Ireland,) a diminution of their num bers, by emigration to other countries, is not only desi rable, but indispensable. The annals ofthe world do not show an increase of population so great as this coun try has experienced, since the declaration of her inde- * The grant of Charles the Second to William Penui is dated -March 4th, 1681, and in that year,- as we are informed by R. Proud's History of Pennsylvanin, two ships sailed from London, and one from Bristol, with passengers, bountl for the river^ Delaware; they being the first settlers in PennsylvaniaYrom England. It is a remarkable fai:t, that one of tte'stipulations in the deed of payment, between William Pfepp and his adventurers was, that in clearing the land,' care should be, taken to have one acre of trees left standing for every five acres cut down; anti, especially, to reserve li\6 mulberry and the oak, for silk and shipping; having an eye, at that early period of time, to'ship-biiilding and silk manufaci tures; both of which, it is now ascertained, are admi rably adapted to the climate of Pennsylvania, and th^ genius of her people. 34 METEOROLOGICAL. [JCLT pendence, and we have plenty of room for a hundred. millions more! . In 1776, the population of the United Slates did not exceed 2;500,000. In 1790, when the first census was taken, the number WE,3 3,930,000. In 1820, when the fourth census was taken, it was 9,637,299. In 1830, according to the last census, the population was 12,976.649. ' The census of 1790, gave Pennsylvania' a population of 434,373. And the census of 1'830. 1.372,812. Therefore, the United States has gained, in the last forty years. 9,046.649. And Pennsylvania, within the same period, has gain ed 938,449. The increase has been acquired in two ways. One _ by the natural multiplication of the species, the olher by importations from abroad. The natural increase is 5. much the greatest, perhaps as five or six to one. The increase in New York and Ohio is still greater than in Pennsylvania. In 1790, the state of New York contained only 3i0.120., In 1830. according to the last census, its population was 1,934,376 The state of Ohio was admitted into the union in 1802, when its population was about 60,000. In 1830. it was found to contain 937.679. The surplus 'produce ofthe country constitutes the principal subsistence of the towns, and the increase of the trade and population of the tovi^ns, denotes the in crease and prosperity ofthe country. The inhabitants of the towns and those of the country, are, therefore, mainly connected with, and serviceable to each other. The cities and towns afford a market, to which the people in the country resort,in order to enable them to exchange their produce for. cash, merchandise, or other commodi ties, they may require for their comfort and convenience. It is this commerce which supplies^the towns with the materials for b(isiness and work, and the requisite means for the support of human life; and the demand augments in proportion to the increase of population,- and the ex. tension of improvements and cultivation. The encouragement afforded to the farmer, to settle in Pennsylvania, applies with equal force to the labourer. riianufacturer.and mechanic, of every description. With. out the aid of artificers, the cultivation of the land, and the improvement of the country, cannot take place. Smiths, carpenters, masons, wheelwrights, coopers, tan ners, shoemakers, tailtjrs, weavers and millers, are as \iseful in the country, and their services as essential, as they are in the towns. Every branch of trade will find liberal encouragement and protection in Pennsylvania. both in tlie- towns and the country. No man need be idle, if he is able and willing to work. The number of buildings erecting in every direction; the vast opera tions on the roads-and canals; and the daily activity of - the workshops, give constant employment to every class of mechanics, frtim the common labourer to the master workman! There are not less than from twelve to fif teen hundred substantial brick dwellings and stores now building, and contracted to be built in Piiiladelphia. during the present year (1831), and from three to four hundred miles of rail-roads and canals, eonstructing throughout the commonwealth ! What an extensive field for labour! What an encouraging prospect for the emi grant landing on our shores! It must be obvious to every one. that the improve ment of a country, by new and cheap facilities of con veyance, not only gives a more extensive market to every sort of industry, but accelerates the settlement of back lands, and appreciates their value. That this will be the case in Pennsylvania, to a very. great extent, when our improvements are completed, I have no doubt. My object in writing these essays, i» to promulgate that truth, and let the world know, as far as 1 am capable of' doing so, the improved condition and vast resources of this great and thriving republic. CIVIS. METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER. Extract from the Meteorological Register, taken at the State Capitol— Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, BT William Musqrave, Librarian. - JUNE, 1831. j= 's» ^ (U t-, §1 . ^^ - 'S Z 5 s -a ,'£ o ^(U H-o M o J^ ^ g ' O- o > "s .^ ^ ' abe S0/ 53 c.£ e IS .s Pi 1^ c 1iS "5 « enfiiz; • '£ o § i i --a •& -a a a g !? Z s a S X g ^ ' Thermometer. Barometer. ] Wednesd 1 70 84 82 78 29.73 76 70 29,73 W Thursday 2 70 85 82 79 70 70 65 68 s W Friday 3 70 84 78 77 60 53 50 54 s w Saturday 4 70 80 70 73 45 42 40 42 s w Sunday 5 66 72 68 68 30 40 £0 40 s w Monday 6 54 74 68 65 60 64 68 64 N Tuesday 7 58 78 72 69 70 68 66 68 E Wednesd 8 59 77 76 70 69 70[70 69 E Thursday 9 60 76 75 70 70 78 70 72 E Friday 10 69 79 78 75 73 77 72 'J^ s Saturday U 71 82 sa 77 70 68 60 '66 s W Sunday 12 68 83 80 77 60 55 50 55 s w Monday 13 ?0 78 76 74 60 58 55 57 s E Tuesday 14 71 72 68 70 60 60 60 •60 E Wednesd 15 65 75 72 70 65 68 65 66 E Thursday 16 66 78 74 72 65 60 60 61 E Friday 17 69 79 78 75 58 55 53 55 s W Saturday 18 68 81 77 75 53 56 57 55 s W Sunday 19 69 ^2 80 77 57 60 63 60 s AV Monday 20 70 82 77 76 70 64 62 65 W Tuesday 21 70 78 73 74 50 50 50 50 s W Wednesd 22 68 76 76 73 60 63 63 62 W Thursday 23 66 61 56 61 63 65 80 69 N E Friday 24 49 65 59 57 85 88 85 86 N fii Saturday 25 49 ^8 68,61 80 72 80 77 N ' Sunday 26 60 70 68 66 73 80 80 77 s W Monday 27 66 69 70 68 78 70 60 69 s Tuesday 28 70 74 73 72 55 50 50 51 s E Wednesd 29':66 74 68 69 45 46 54 48 W Tuesday 30l66 74 71 70 58i62 67 62 W Thermometer. Ba romtleh Maximum 2d, 79° Maximuti n 24th. 29.86 Minimum 24th, ,57° Miiiimun 1 5th, 29.40 Difference, 22° Differeni ;e, 00.46 Mean, 68° Mean, 29 63 Bay^ efthe month. Winds. 6, 25 2dysN 23,24 2 NE 7. 8, 9, 14, 15, 16 6 E 28 1 S E 10,27 2 S 2,3.4,5,11,12,15,17,18.19, 21, 26 12 s w 1. 20, 22, 29, 30 . 5 w Hays ofthe month. 1.2,3,6,7,8,9,10,15,19,24 4.275.23 ATMOSrRKRICAL CHANGES. 11,17.29 ' 12.-13.18,30 14 16.26 21 ,22 28 [25 2234 1 2 1 A.M. 12 days Clear, Cloudy. hcav.rain Cloudy, Clear, light rain Cloudy, light rain Clear, P.M. Clear, Steady rain. Cloudy,Clear,showery,Thun. gust light rain. Clear, Cloudy, light rain|cioudy. 18?1,] HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERY OF PHILADELPHIA, 33 On the 2d at noon, thermometer at 85° the highest. On the 24th in the morning, thermometer at 49° the lowest. Range in the month 36, By the above, the 2d was the warmest day, and the 24th theeoldest On the 24th at noon, barometer at 29.88 the highest On the 5th in the morning, barom. at 29.42 the lowest. The wind has been 9 days east of the Meridian,'17 davs west of it. 2 days north, and 2 days soutll. There.was rain on -the 4th 5 12 13 14 16 18 21 23 26 27 28 30th, tlie heaviest were on the 4th 5 13 14 23 27 30th. Thunder gusts on the 14th and 30th. There were 12 days of this month clear, 5 days part- clear, part cloudy, and 13 days on which it rained. By turning back to June 1830. we will find there were 14 days on which it rained, and but lO'^d-ays clear. So tbat of the two seasons, this so far, has been the most favourable; whether the depth of rain in both seasons,has been alike, I have had no method or instrument to know. The mean temperature of this month and of June 1830 is exactly alike, 68° each. During a heavy shower that fell in the afternoon ofthe 30th, I observed, that from half the roof of the house I live in, which would make a square of 480 feet, a rain cask containing 130 gallons was fiUed in 15 minutes; from this we may form some conjecture of the quantity of water that falls. From the Presbyterian, HISTORY or THE PRESBYTERY OF PHILADELPHIA, From its origin, A. D. 1706, ia A. D. 1831. NO. III. At this early period, when the settlers were experi- ' entiing the privation and inconveniences necessarily re sulting from a residence in a new country, the support ofthe gospel was to them a matter of serious difficiilty. Although the ministers w-ere few in number, they could scarcely subsist without foreign aid; and notwithstanding their stipend was exceedingly small, their want of punc tuality in its payment, was not unfrequently a subject of complaint.* Some idea may be formed of the necessities ofthe times, from the circumstance that a private benefaction of £30 from the Rev. Thomas Reynolds, of London, was gratefully acknowledged as a truly seasonable supply. A committee of Presbytery who were appointed to se lect the most necessitous eongregations, whose pastors should participate in this bounty divided the sum into three equal portions, and decided that the church in Philadelphia, and the church in New Castle were each entitled to a share . The following letters written by the direction of Pres bytery, to awaken the sympathies and solicit the aid of their transatlantic brethren", will afford the best view of the History ofthe Chu;ch at this period. May 1709. To Sir Edmund Harrison. "Honourable Sir — The distressed condition of these provinces with "respect to religion, in which the provi dence of God has cast our lot, has moved us to apply to the reverend ministers of Boston in New England, to join with us in addressing yourself and other charitable gentlemen in London, to consider the state pf these countries and to implore your help and assistance for promoting the interest of our glorious Lord. To our •As money in those early times was a scarce article, the clergy accepted the prodiice pf the soil, as an equivalent for a pecuniary stipend. The following minutes of Presbytery in 1708. refers to this fact: "Or dered by the Presbytery, that there be a letter sent to the people of Snowhill, requiring their faithfulness and care in collecting the tahacco promised by subscription to Mr, Hampton. great satisfaction they have readily complied with our desire, and have drawn up and signed a letter particular ly directed to yourself. And that we for our parts may not be wanting, being informed of that public ex cellent spirit in you, famed both for piety and prudence, do likewise address ourselves unto your honor, upon the same accoiint. The neg6ci'atiori begun and encouraged by a fund in the time when our woriby friend Mr. M'- Ivemie (now deceased) was with you, for evangelizing these colonies, was a business exceedingly acceptable to a multitude of people, and was likely to have been of~ great service Ifcontinned. which makes us much grieved, that so valuable a design, was so soon after its beginning laid aside. "The necessity of carrying on the same affair being as great, if not greater now, than it was then, we hope that the patriots in London will revive so good and im- ptirtant a work, and not let it lie bui-ied under the ash es, but that some suitable method be taken, that it may be set on foot again. Unto whom can we apply our selves more fitly than unto our fathers who have been extolled in the Reformed Churches for their large boun- fy and benevolence in their necessities. We doubt not but if the sum of about two hundred pounds per annum were raised for the encouragement of ministers in these parts, it would enable ministers and people to erect dight congregations, and ourselves puljn belter circum stances than hitherto we bave been. We are, present, seven ministers, most of whose outward affairs are so straitened as to ci-ave relief, unto which, if two or three more were added, it would greatly strengthen our in terest, whiqh does miserably suffer as things at present are among us. Sir. if we shall be supplied with minis ters from yOu, which we earnestly desire,' witlj your be nevolence to the value above said. yoM may be assured of our fidelity and christian care, in distributing it to the best ends and purposes we can; so as we hope we shall be" able to give a just and fair account for every part of it, to yourself and others, by our letters to you. It's well known what advantages the missionaries from England have of us, from the settled , fund of -their Church,* which not only litserally supports them here, but encourages too many insolencies, both against our persons and interests, which sorrowfully looking on we cannot but lament and crave your remedy. "That our evangelical affairs may be the better managed, we bave formed ourselves into a Presbytery annually to be con- . vened at this city, (Philadelphia) at which times it is a sore distress and trouble unto us, that we are notable to comply with the desires of sundry places crying unto us for ministei-s'to deal forth the word of life unto them; therefore, we mpst earnestly beseech you in the bowels of our Lord, to intercede wiih the ministers of London, and other well-affected gentlemen, to extend their charity and pity to us, to carry on so necessary and glo rious a work; otherwise many people will remain ina perishing condition as to spiritual things. In so doing yaur humble supplicants shall ever pray, that the bless ing of God's throne and footstool may be conferred upon you and them. "P. S. The death of that worthy and honourable per son, the Lord Lovelace, we are afraid will prove detri mental to eur interest, and we could wish that his place were filled again with a person of such a spirit and tem'- per as he appeared to be of. We desire that what you shall please to transmit to us, as to letters or otherwise, may be directed unto Mr. An drews, or, in his absence, , to Mr. David Giffing and Mr. William Allen in Philadelphia, "The,pr'esoy tery met at Philadelphia, to the Reverend Presbytery of Dubhn, wisheth grace, mercy, peace, (the bond of fellowship and prosperity in the Gospel of the Lord Jesus. •The society formed in London "for propagating the Gospel in foreign parts," was connected with the estab lishment, and commenced its operations in 1701. 36 A DESCRIPTION OF BALD EAGLE VALLEY. tJtirf September, 1710. "Reverend and dear Brethren in the Lord, "By a letter from the Rev. Mr. Alexander Sinclare, a member ofyour society^ dated November, 1709. and di rected to Mr. John Henry, one of our number, we find you desire a correspondence may be settled and contin ued from time to time; than the which nothing can be more acceptable to us poor, scattered and far dispersed labourers in our Lord's vineyard. As also you desire an account of our ecclesiastical affairs, and promise all the assistance yourselves can afford, or procure by in' terest from others, the former we are ready to give, and ' for the latter we are grateful. "As to the state of the Church in these parts, our in. -terest truly is very weak, and we cannot relate this mat ter without sorrow of heart, since it is too much owing to the neglect of ministers at home. Our late Rev. brother, Mr. Francis M'Keroie, prevailed with the min isters of London to undertake the support of two itiner ants for the space of two yeat-s, and after that time, to send two more upon the same condition, allowing the former after that time to settle, which, if accomplished had proved of more than credible advantage to these parts, considering how far scattered most of the inhabit- ants,be. But alas! they drew back their hand, and we have reason to lament their deficiency. Hadourfriends at home been equally watchftil and diligent as the' Epis- copalSociety at London, our interest in most foreign plantations, probably might have carried the balance. In all Virginia there is but one small congregation at Elizabeth River, and some few families favoring our way in Rappahannock and York. In Maryland oniyfow; in Pennsylvania_/5j'e,- and in the Jersies two; whicli bounds ¦ with some places of New York, makeup all the bounds we have any members from, and at present some of these b^ vacant. Not long ago there was a probability of doing more |;ood in Maryland, before Episcopacy was establishetlby law; and at present there is in Penn. sylvania, the East and West Jersies, and some places in New York, if the Occasion also be not slipt. "As forecclesiastical affairs in other places we shall not here trouble you with, being not perfectly acquaint. ed therewith ourselves. That then, reverend and dear brethren, which at present we would humbly, for the sake of Christ's interest, maketl^e subjectof our address unto you. is. that of your zealous, christian.and religious charity, to the mystical body of the blessed Jesus, you would raise one sixty pound to support an able, well approved df young man, from your Presbytery as an itinerant in these parts; among the dispersed children of G,oJ, for a year; after which time we doubt not but he may be settled comfortably. This we have used our interest in London for, in the hands of the Rev. Mr. Cal-amy,. which we expect according to promise from the Rev. Mr. Sinclare; you will use yours also to for. ward, andin the mean time not to be wanting to answer our former request. Thus not making the least doubt but this our letter shall have the desired answer, we sub scribe ourselves by our representatives your well wish ers in the Lord." A letter dated in the same year and of similar import was trunsriiitted to the Synod of Glasgow. - We last week mentioned something which we thought remarkable in relation to the industry of the bee; the gentleman who then gave us information, call- cd'on us yesterday, and stated that the same swarm made during the seven days following the period be fore given, 17 pounds of honey. — Columbia Spy. Childbirth. — A female ip Mount Carbon, presented her husband last week, with three children, within a short period; one of which, however, subsequently died. The surviving pair, are "doing well," and, our worthy obstetrical friend may be said to have u/ec/arerf a "handsome dividend." — Miners' Journal. EARLY SKETCHES. The two following articles are from the "Columbia Magazine," of 1788, and gives an interesting descrip tion of Bald Eagle T^alley. and the Juniata river, forty- _three years ago. We sjiould be glad to receive, ftom that quarter, a description of that same portion of country now— as it would be useful in showing the pro gress of improvement, and the development of resour ces, probably, not thought of by the writer at that period. Where are the " numerous lead mines" spoken of, and the « many signs of copper?" Or has pyntous iron been mistaken for copper— as is frequently the case at the present day, notwithstanding the advancement of knowledge. "Elegant engravings" accompany the destH-iptions. A DESCRIPTION OF BALD EAGLE VALLEY S Its natural curiosities, mines, springs, &c. Bald Eagle Valley, (on the frontiers of Bedford coun ty, state of Pennsylvania.) or as it is commonly called. Sinking Spring Valley, is situated about 200 miles froni Philadelphia. It is bounded on the east by a chain of high rugged mountains, called the Canoe Ridge, and on the west by another called the Bald Eagle, or Warrior Mountains, and forms a fine, pleasant vale of limestone bottom, extending about five miles in the widest part This valley contained, in the year 1779, about sixty or seventy families, living in log houses, who formed within a space of seven or eight years, several valuable planta- tions, some of which are extremely agreeable on account of their situation; but possess, notwithstanding, very few inducements to an inhabitant of the more settled parts, to sojourn long among them, on account of the proximity of the Indians. So little provision is maile, indeed, against the attacks of hostile tribes, that in stead Of forming societies, whereby defence might easily be obtained, the settlers dwell, in general, re mole from each other, few plantations being within less than two or three miles distance of its near est neighbour; so that when any disagreement takes place, the greater number are left exposed to the enemy before it is practicable to spread the alarm of their ap proach. This place, during the contest with Britain, was made remarkable on account of the numerous lead mines said to be there; and as the want of that article daily in creased, and supplies grew more and more uncertain, it was deemed of so much moment as to induce a company, under the promises of the state, lo settle in the valley,. with a vie w to establish a regular set of works. In pur suance of this scheme, a large fort of logs was erected, and some miners employed, by whom regular trials were made of such places as were thoug-ht the most promis ing, and a considerable quantity of ore was produced, from which, lead enough was made to give a competent idea of the real value of the mines in general. On ac count, however, of the danger of remaining in this situa tion, while an Indian war continued; added to this con sideration, that the miners were all old countrymen, utterly unused to this mode of life, reasons were sug gested for quitting the service, and the whole under taking fell to the ground. The lead ore from samples repeatedly produced, was of many kinds; some in broad shining flakes, and others of the steely texture. Several regular shafts were sunk to a considerable depth; one of which was in the hill, upon which the fort was erected, and from which many large masses of ore were procured; but because it did not form a regular vein, this was discontinued, and another opened, about one mile from the fort, nearer to Franks- town. Here the miners continued, until they finally relinquished the business; When they first began, they found in the upper surfacf, or vegetable earth, several hundred weight of cubic lead ore, clean and unmixed 1831.] A DESCRIPTION OP BALD EAGLB TALLEY. at without any substance whatever, whjch continued as a clue, leading them down through the difTerent stratum of earth, maVI, &c. until they came to the rock, which is here in general of limestone. The shaft first opened. was carrieo down about twenty feet; from, which, a level was driven about twenty or thirty yards in length, to wards the Bald Eagle mountains; but as strong signs of ore were observed behind the first shaft, it gave occa sion to sink another, which fully answered every ex pectation; and when they had arrived to the depth of the first level, they began to drive it into the first shaft, intending as-soon as they had formed that opening, and cleared it of ore, to begin a shaft lower down; the vein of ore showing itself strongly ^upon the bottom of the old level. This intention, however, was likewise de serted. ^Another place was begtm on the road towards Huntingdon, about one hundred yards from the fort, upon the top of a small hill. The people of the valley had made the first attempt, but the excessive hardness the use of Ardent Spirits. Respected Friend : — It is true, as you suggest, "that in the discharge of my official duties much opportunity is afforded for observation and inquiry into the causes which produce the premature termination of human life." and the experience of years long ago led me to the conclusion that "intemperance from the indulgence in the use of intoxicating liquors, is the fruitful parent of most ofthe evils thus produced.'} In a very great proportion of the cases which have officially come under my notice, and in which ) have had sufficient evidentie to trace a. cause, the use of spirit uous liquors has mediately or more remotely led to the termination of life in such a way as to call for my inves tigation; and, itis highly probable, that many, of whose habits I have bad no means of information, were hasten ed to their end by this scourge of our country.. I havfe no hesitation whatever in avowing it as rtiy firm belief, that the use of intoxicating liquors is the prolific cause of a great proportion ofthe deaths which conic under my view as Coroner, and now while writing these few lines, I am awaiting the examination by physicians ofthe body of a citizen who has been killed by a man who was in a state of intoxication, With desires' for the success of the cause in whiclv you are engaged, I am, dear sir. Yours, very respectfully, , . JOHN DENNIS- Coroner ofthe City and County of Philadelphia. _ „ Easton, June 9, 1831. Great Sport.— On Saturday last, a company of our Easton epicures retiirned from their fishing excursion to the mountain streams, and brought back.tvith them up wards of 2000 fine trout, salted down to keep. SpOie of them were upwards of 13 inchesin length. They re present the sport as having been remarkably fine— and to taste in reality the hunter's life, tiiey slept out in the woods one night. Those of the party -^ho were blest with thin skins were very much annoyed by the musqui- toes, and brought home sensible iharfcs of their kind ness. 40 tETTERS FROM jfAMES LOfiAN-^AMERieAH Blil.H. WO)i««a. From the " Pennsylvania Chronicle" for 1768 . LETTERS FROM JAMES LOGAN. Solution of the phcenominon of the horizontal moon, and of the crooked appearoince of lightning. Part ofa letter from the late James Lo.gan, of Philadel phia, to the late Sir Hans Sloane. . From an original MS; communicated by Peter Collirison, Esq. "It may perhaps be needless to add any thing in con firmation ofDf. Wallis' solution ofthe sun and moon appearing so much larger at rising and setting, than in A greater altitude; though some have gone on very absurdly, and still go on to account for it from vapours; which r remember was given me in my youth for the true cause of it. ' "It is true, mdeed, that it is these vapours in the atmosphere alone, that makes these bodies, when very near to the liorizon,appear in a spheriodical form, by re- - trading, and thereby raising (to sight) the lower limb more than the upper, yet these can be no cause ofthe . other.. Sun or moon, each subtending about half a de gree, appear in the meridian of the breadth of eight or ten inches, to sopie eyes more and to others less, and in the horizon to be two or three feet, more or less, according to the extent of ground they are seen over. "But if ond has an opportunity, as I have here frequent ly had, of seeing the sun rise or set over a small emi nence at the distance of a mile or two, with tall trees standing on it pretty close, as is usual in woods without underwood, his body will then appear to be ten or twelve feet in breadth, according to the distance and circumstances of the trees he is seen through; and where there has been some Ihin underwood, or a few sapplings, I have observed that the sun setting red has appeared through tbem like a large extensive fiame, as if some house was on fire beyond them. "Now the reason of this is obvious, viz. that being well acquainted with trees, the ideas of the space they take up are, in a manner, fixed, and as one.of those trees subtends an angle at the eye perhaps not exceed- ing two or three seconds, and would scarce be distin guishable were it not for the strong light behind them, the sun's diameter of about thirty inches takes'in several of them, and therefore will naturally be judged vastly ¦ larger. Hence it is evident, that those bodies appear greaier or less, according to the objects interposed, or taken in by the eye on viewing them, and to this oVIy is the phoenomerion to be imputed. J. LOGAN." i'art ofa second letter from James Logan, io Sir Hans Shan, "I observed the ingenious gentleman Stephen Hales, in-his Vegetable Statioks, to mention that phisnomenon jofthp streaks or darts in lightnin|f, in thunder-storms appearing crooked and angular; (I do nOt remember bis words) as a thing unaccounted for, and therefore guessed at a solution of it; but. if 1 mistake not. I some time since discovered the true one, which was thus — having a sash windo\y glazed with bad. or waved glass, and sitting about twelve feet distance from it, one of my people was carrying by that window, at some distance from it, a long lath on his sboulder.whichj through that glass, appeared to my view exactly in the form that those streaks of lightening are seen, and as thunder is _ generally pictured in the hand of Jupiter. And any one with such wavy glass may very easily make the like experiment. "Now it is evident^ that the clouds are generally distinct collections of vapours like fleeces, and therefore, that'the rays ot light thi-ough them must pass through very different densities, and accordingly suffer very great refractions, as gteat at least as could be caused by one thin plateof glass, which, notwithstanding, will very fully -produce the same phocnomenon. From thence, therefore, undoubtedly that appearance must arise; for it is moat highly absurd to imagine, that fire, darted with such a rapidity, can from any assignable cause, deviate in fact from a right line m the manner it appears to us; and this, if duly considered, may proba bly be found a plenary solution. ^ LOGAN." PENNSYLVANIA SILK WORMS. Ohsenvatiansan the native silk worm of NoHh America, by Mbses Bartram, member of the American Society, helO, at Philadelphia, for promoting useful knowledge. READ BEFORE TfiE SOCIETT, MARCH H, 1768. I had for a long time, a desire to knovv, if some of the wild silk worms of North America could.with proper care, be propagated to advantage; accordingly, in March 1766, I made an excursion along the banks ot Schuvlkill, in search of some pods or cocoons, in whicli the worms spin themselves up and lie concealed all the winter, in the nymph state, preparing for a change in the spring, namely, from an atirelia to a fly. I was so lucky, as to find five cocoons that had live sound nymphze in them. These five I placed m my garret opposite to a window, that fronted the sun rising. I did this that'the warmth of the sun might forward then? coming out. May 10. One ofthe flies came out; but the Window happening to be left open it made its escape. May 13., One of my pods produced a large brown fly^ beautifully spotted, next day two more of them pro duced, each a fly. May 18. One ofthe flies, which came out of a large loose pod, began to lay eggs. On the 22d, the other- two, which were males, grew verv weak and feeble and unable to fly. Next day one of them died, and the day following the other'died; the female fly all this time continuing to-lay eggs; on the 24lh at night she also d'red, having laid near three hundre* eggs. May 31,, My last pod produced a large female fly, ofthe brown kind like the rest. But there being no male I could expect no increase from it. June 3d, She began to lay eggs and continued some days. On the 8th she died, having laid upwards of two hundred eggs. 3"hese which rriy last fly laid looked at first large and full, but in a Tew days they began to shrivel and be indented in the middle, as did all the rest, however, I folded them all up in separate papers and laid them by» to see if any would hatch the spring following. The male fly is less than the female, but his colours are brighter and more beautiful. In the spring of the year 1767. 1 examined the eggs, and found them all dry. and not like to produce worms; from whence I concluded they had not been impregnat ed by the males. This was a disappointment to me.^^ But being still of opinion, that they might be propagat ed. I determined to make another trial with more caution and circumspection. Accordingly I set out in search of cocoons, and gathered several of them both from the swamps and upland. Those from the swamps I got chiefly off the alder; those from the upland, off the wild crab-tree; and the viburnum or black haw bushes. These pods I placed as I had the others, before my garret window, whgre the sun might shine on them, as soon as it arose, and a great part of the forenoon. — when I expected the flies were near coming oiit, I tack ed coarse cloths up against the windows on the inside, not only to darken the room, but also for the flies to settle on, and to prevent them, in attempting to make their escape, from beating their legs and wings to piec es against the glass, which I found to be the case last year, and which it is probable, prevented their copulat ing- . May 16. Three of my cocoons produced each a fine large fly ofthe brown kiivd, the same as those of last year. The two following days two more flies made their appearance, and one ofthe eldest began to lay eggs, which not being impregnated«,dried up and yield-' ed no increase. C 1831,1 PENNSYLVANIA SILK WORMS. 41 May 19. One ofthe males that came out on the 16th copulated with 'the female that was produced on the 18th. They continued together about twenty-four hours; a common case with most of the insect tribe, which lay a great number of eggs at once. And some thing similar may be observed in some other animals. May 22d, This female began to lay eggs which look ed plump and fine. Though I had now several flies, yet this was the only one from which I had any in crease. June 2. The last of my flies died, all expiring regu larly as they came out. The period of their existence is short, seldom exceeding nine or ten days, though soriie ofthe femaltWived to the age of fourteen or fif teen, as I found by one I had last year. June 3. The eggs that were impregnated began to hatch and produce worms, to which I presented for food the leaves of our common mulberry; but they did not seem fond of them- I laid before them several oth er kinds of vegetables, and observed that they seemed best pleased with the alder. June 4th, 5th and 6th. The eggs continued hatching and producing young worms. , June 9. Those first hatched left off feeding, shrunk up short and seemed motionless. I imagined they were sick and changed their food, trying almost every kind of vegetable, in hopes of finding something that would agi-ee with them better; but all to no purpose. Having killed several in shifting them from one kind of food to another, while the rest continued -in the same torpid st4te. notwithstanding all I could do, I thought all my hopes of raising them were frustrated and concluded they would perish, June 9. T was agreeably surprized to see the little animals, that I had given over as dead, creeping out of their old skins, and appearing much larger and more beautiful than before. Fimling themselves disengaged,, in a little time, they turned about and fell to devour ing their old coat, which seemed a delicious repast to thein; after whicb they rested about twelve hours, and then liegan to fe<;d on leaves as formerly with great eagerness. June 15. The eldest worms again left off feeding, slirunfc up very, short, and appeared fixed on the leaves almost motionless. In this situation they continued un til the 17th, on which day, after appearing to be vei-y violentiy convulsed for near half an hour, they threw off another skin, which they eat as before, and then resting about twelve hours, fell to their usual food. June 20. One of my worms, that had just disengag-' ed itself from its old covering, whilst it yet remained weak,wasdestroyedby a kind of bug armed with along bill, with which it pierced the side ofthe worm, and sucked out its vitals. ' This bug which, I fancy, I must have brought in with the leaves, I take to be a common enemy to the silk worm in its tender slate. Its bill is so long, that it- can stand at some distance from the worm, and with- its weapon wpund it, notwithstanding the bunches of hair or bristles, in form of a pencil, with which the worm is covered, and which are its principal defence. ^ June 28. My oldest worms left off feeding, shrunk up, and on the 25th, thterw off Iheir third covering, which they devoured, and, after resting the usual time, returned to feed as before. July 2. They left oflf feeding the fourth time, and on the 5lh parted with their fourth covering, after eating which, and resting as usual, they continued to feed on - the leaves. It is remarkable every change they undergo adds fresh beauty to the worms, and, in every new dress, they appear with more gaudy colours and lively streaks. ¦ July 22. Tjvo of my oldest worms left off feeding and began to wander about in search ofa proper place to spin. Thereupon I got sticks, in which I fixed a number of pegs for the greater conveniency of the worms; though they can spin in any place, wbere they V^L. VIII. 6 have or can form an angle for their webs. After wan* dei-ing about some time, they fixed at last and began to spin in a- curious manner. July 23. Two worms left ofj feeding; these I placed on the racks I had made, which I fixed fn glass bottles to prevent the worms from getting off; for I found they were apt to ramble greatly before they could fix on k place to their liking, if they- were' not suffered to spin among the leaves they feed ori; in which case they be gin to spin soon after they leave off feeding. Bull did not like to suffer this, as they seemed fond of drawing bits of twigs and leaves into their nesLs, which must ob struct the unwinding the silk. One of them spun on the rack, the. other got to the window and spUn in the angle of that. ^ July 24. Five left off feeding; and having wandered about all night began, early next morning, to spin. In like manner, the rest of my worms, as fast as they ar rived at a state of maturity, daily,appHed themselves lo spinning or wrapping themselves up in cocoons. August 10. The last worm left off feeding,and like the rest wrapped itselfup, in which slate 1 expect they. will all remain, until May next, when each ^f them, I hope, will produce a beautiful fly. It seems strange there shouM be an interval of no less than nineteen days between the time the first and last worm began lo spin, though they were all hatched wilh-- in three or four days of each other, which was neariy the space of time the parent fly was laying the egg. — Whether this was owing to the weakness or strength of the vital principle in some, more than in others, or whether lo the shifting ^heir food, or to their being frightened, and thereby prevented fi-om feeding, I can-i not tell. Farther experiments may possibly explain the matter. The method I took to raise these worms, with thei least trouble to myself, as I live in town, and conse quently had to bring feod outofthe country, was as follows: I filled several bottles with water; in these bot-i ties I placed branches of such vegetables as the worms fed on. I placed the bottles so riear each other, that when any of their food withered, the worms might crawl to what was fresh. By this means I kept their food fresh for near a week. 1 always kept the bottles full of water, whereby the worms were supplied with drink, which seems necessary for them. Without it they will not feed kindly. They commonly craw|ed jlown two or three times a day, drank heartily, and then returned to feeding. The leaves of the apple tree seemed as agreeable to the worms as any I tried; and they answered best as they kept fresh in the water longer than any other. From sundry experiments, I found the worms averse to changing their food. On whatever they first begin - to feed, they keep to-it. If any should incline to propagate these worms, I would propose the following method. Let long narrow troughs be made, with a number of notehes along the edges. In the bottom of the troughs, on the inside, let pieces of straight wood be fixed, so that the branches; on which the worms are to feed, may lie in the notches, and their ends be fixed under the piece of wood at the bottom. This would keep them steady, and lying thus inclined, they would more freely imbibe the water forthe refreshment ofthe leaves. The dung ofthe worms would fall clear of the troughs, and the water thereby be clean for drink. The troughs should be always kept full of water, and placed in a shade, secure from the violence ofthe wind, which might shake down the_worms;-butnot too much confined, btcause a littie air is agreeable to. them. Through a hole in the botttim ofthe trough, the water might be let out every two or three days, and the troughs filled again with fresh wa ter. which by this means would continue sweet and clean. By this method, I am persuaded, they might be raised to advantage, and perhaps, ia^mt become no eon- 42 THE ALCHEMIST. [Jul* temptible branch of commerce. They appear lo me much easier raised than the Italian or foreign silk worm?. I did not lose one by sickness. They hatch so late in the spring that they are not subject to be hurt by the frost. Neither lightnings nor thunder disturb them, as they are said to do foreign worms. And as they lie so long in their chrysalis state, the cocoons may be unwin^ed at leisure hours in the ensuing winter. — One thing more in their favour is, that one of their co- -coons will weigh more than four ofthe foreign worms; and. of consequence, it may be presumed, will yield a proportionable greater quantity of silk. These proper ties, not to mention their being-natives, and therefore accustomed to sur climate, and fhe vegetables, on which they feed, must render them much more promising than the eastern or foreign worms, and it is to be hoped, willinduce some whp have leisure to make further tri als of them. Any time before the middle of May will do to collect them. Now is the time to collect the co coons, and with a little pains a sufficient number of them maybe found in almost any swamp or level piece of land, to 'make a begining,, I would advise them lo prepare boxes, in the follow ing manner. — They may be of any convenient length, -about six inches deep, and four or five wide; without a bottom, and instead of a close cover for the top, let tiiere be strips of wood nailed on, so close to each other as not to admit the worms through — let there also, be several holes in one or both sides, big enough for the worms to be put in at, as they want to spin, and then Stopped up— jthe inside should be washed with a solu tion of gum arable, or cherry tree gum — the box may stand on any flat place to prevent the worms getting out; and when the silk is to be unwound, by immersing the boxes in warm water, the cocoons riiay be taken out without breaking the threads of silk, [Extracted from the minutes, and published by order of the Society, in order to encourage further experi ments, and to assist any who shall be inclined to make them.] CHARLES THOmOK, Secretary. LANCASTER COUNTY STATISTICS. The following statement has been_ compiled from the Assessor's returns in the Coinmissioner's office. As many of them may 'be defective, we will be obliged to any person who may supply us with a correct list, that we may be enabled to lay it before our readers. Lancaster city contains seventeen distilleries, one snuff mill, four tanyard.s, five breweries, and two pot teries-. / Lancaster township, four distilleries, one fulling mill, four grist-mills, and one factory. Conestoga. one forge, nine distilleries, one tanyard. eight grist-mills, and three saw-mills. Lampeter, eleven distilleries, three tanyards, and twelve grist-mills. Sadsbury, three forges, one distillery, three tanyards, two ftJIing.inills. five grist-mills, and two saw-mills. Salisbury, one forge,thirteen distilleries, one tanyard, one fulling-mill, nine grist-mills, and ten saw-fnills, Columbia,, two tanyards, one grist-mill, and one brew ery. Caernarvon, three forges, four distilleries, three tan yards, three grist-mills, one saw-mill, and two hemp- mills. Leacock, seven distilleries, one fulling-mill, and five grist-mills. Strasburg, nine distilleries, one tanyard, one fulling- mill, twelve grist-mills, twelve saw-mills, one oil-mill, and one pottery. Little Britain, two, forges, five tanyards, two fulling- mills, six grist-mills, seven saw-mills, three clover-mills, , and one factory. East Donegal, thirteen distilleries, two tanyards, four grist-mills, one saw mill, and two breweriesi , West Donegal, eight distilleries, one fulling-mill, and four gi-ist-mills. Raplio, four furnaces, nineteen distilleries, three tan yards, three fulling-mills.eleven grist-mills, six saw-mills and one hemp-mill. Manheim, nine distilleries, one tanyard, four grist mills, three saw-tnills, one hemp-mill, and one oil-mill. Elizabeth, one furnace, one forge, three distilleries, one lanyard, two fulling.mills, ten grist-mills, seven saw-mills, one hem-pmill,and^ne oil-mill. Cocalico, two carding machines. East Hempfield, fourteen distilleries, one tanyard, three grist-mills, one saw-mill, one hemp-mill, and one oil-mill. " Coleraine, two forges, two grist-mills, and nine saw mills. Warwick, fourteen jlistilleries, three tanyards, one fulling-mill, thirteen grist-mills, seven saw-mills, one brewery, two hemp-mills, one oil-mill, one carding-ma- chine, and one snuff-mill. Dromore, one furnace, one distillery, one tanyard, one fullirtg-mill, three g^ist-mills, five saw-mills, two oil-mills, one carding machine, two tilt hammers, and one rolling mill. Martick, one furnace, one forge, two distilleries, four tanyards, one fulling-mill, six grist-mills, and six saw mills. . - Mountjoy, seven distilleries, one tan-yard, six grist mills, and one saw-mill. Manor, thirty distilleries, fifteen g^ist-mills, four saw mills, and pne factory. Earl, eight distilleries, one fulling-mill, and four grist mills. • As far as our means of calculation extend, Lancaster county contains seven furnaces, fourteen forges, one hundred and eighty-three distilleries, forty-five tanyards, twenty-two . fulling-mills, one hundred and sixty.four grist-mills, eighty.seven saw-mills, nine breweries, eight hemp-mills, five oil-mills, five clover-mills, three facto ries, three potteries, six carding machiries, three paper- mills, two snuff-millsjSeven tilt-hammers, and six rolling- mills. The Assessor's returns from Bart, Brecknock, Coca lico, and West Hempfield being defective, no informa tion could be derived from them — we therefore will be obliged to any person, who will furnish us with a list of distilleries, tanyards, &c. of any of the above townships. — Lancaster Miscellany. For the Register of Pennsj Ivania. TIIE ALCHEMIST. No. XXI. *'Theae degenerate day," — Popc^t Homer. It seems to be a generally received opinion that an cient times were better than our own. A reverence for antiquity is taught us in our earliest schools, it is strengthened at our colleges, and confirmed by the his torian, the moralist, and the divine, in our riper years. Jt is not left to our own judgments or feelings, but is dic tated so early and so constantly, that we can scarcely remember a time when it was not spoken of as a point of duty. It is worked into our very constitutions, and the question whether has mankind degenerated, is at first, almost as startling to settled prejudices, as the question whether is the christian religion authentic, would be to a well regulated conscience. Our educa tion, our classics and our prejudices are all alarmed,and our feelings answer the question, without consulting our understanding^.' Homer asserted that the world had degenerated, and whether succeeding times have adopted his opinion as authority, or have thought their 1831.] THE ALCHEMIST. 43 own experience coincided with that of the father of poetry, the same sentiment has been repeated in every age, down to the present times. With a long train of authorities in its favour it is not to be wondered at, if it is believed. In the age of which /Homer speaks, they sacrificed to Idols, sought for the secrets of futurity by applications to augurs and oracles, by watching the flight of birds, and by inspecting the entrails of slain beasts; they knew no distinction between war and ex termination, or slavery, and with a barbarity that the humanity of the present , degenerate day s shudders to contemplate, they inflicted upon their prisoners every indignity,outrage,cruelty,torture,and death,and di^gged the corpses of their defeated foes,at their chariot wheels. If we have been degenerating from that time ta the present, great indeed, though not reported, and un known must have been the virtues and the happiness which redeemed the past from the vices which we now think disgraced it, or we must be under some strange hallucination by which we are blinded to the fact of our great present depra\;ity. Old people are very apt to complain of the growing evils ofthe times, and the years of their youth seem to their retrospection, to be periods of greater virtue in every signification of the term, than those of their de clining age. They see fashions, habits and manners changing, and in all the. changes they find something to condemn. They see and feel that there is much less respect paid to the gray hairs and stooping form of old age, and without considering the difference between paying and receiving attention, they repine at the de generation ofthe present times and teachthe superiori ty ofthe past. With so many impulses united, and Urging all one way, we are naturally forced without enquiry into an opinion that those who preeeded us were' much our su periors, and into an unjudging approbation of all the performances of the ancients. In poetry, eloquence, and wit, the Greeks and Romans, are placed above all wbo have since written or spoken, and so far has this preference been carried that pains have been taken to find out the reasons for the superiority, and ultimately we have been taught to seek for it in the greater strength and beauty of the ancient languages. When we reflect that God created man ignorant, and that he has increased in knowledge from generation to genera tion, and that the nations of the present age are as su perior ill the useful arts, in policy and in wisdom to the men of ancienrtimes, as a steam-boat or a seventy-four is to a Grecian galley with seven benches of oars, and when we also consider that the Deity certainly intended for mankind a progressive improvement; and that he is not likely to bs disappointed jn his intentions, we are led strongly to doubt whether the ancient languages are superiorto our own. If they are,in what does their supe riority consist'In precision? In ancient languages the con text is frequently necessary to the correct interpretation of a sentence and it often happes that neither rule, cri ticism, nor context, will insure a correct translation. There are sentences which defy the skill of the most critical, and tbey will continue to be subjects ef dispute •moBg th« learn«^, «s long as the-ancient classics are made part of a liberal education. Others at-e not even the subject of contest, but are given up in despair. The translation ofthe scriptures of truth, the m^ans of Our salvation is filled with passages alleged by some to ' be misinterpreted, by others to be correct. The Catho-' lie copy differs from that of the Protestant, and each party insists upon its own accuracy. All this difficulty arises ftom want of precision in the ancient languages arid not because the learned do not understand their construction. Languages that are deficient in preci sion can scarcely be remarkable for strength of exprei- • sion. It seems to be impossible to convey a strong im pression of any object or idea if there beany want.of precision, which is obscurity, connected with-it.- Per haps for poetry, br for high flights of eloquence, some obscurity may be occasionally ofser\ice, for very gi-eat authority has said that obscurity assists sublimity. In this respect then, the ancient languages may be more habitually sublime, or much more readily than the modern be brought into that kind of service. From their facility of being obscure, however they haVP but the advantage of faciUty. for if any writer wants assist ance in that way toward accomplishing sublimity of style in the modern languages, he need only turn over the pages of his cotemporaries and he will find ample competition with the ancients, in the obfuscation of ideas. The ancient languages afe supposed to have a great advantage over the modern, from the ease with which the words may be shifted from place to place, and thus increase the euphony ofthe diction, without alter ing the sense. On this account these languages may be preferred by the poet, not from the greater harmony ofthe production, but because they are'more pliable to his hands, and are moulded with greater ease. When the line is completed he must bave an itliosyncracy of hearing, who can prefer even the smoothest sounds of the ancient, to the sweet music of our modern tongues. To cure his peculiarity, he ought to read the standard poets in the English and Italian languages, and surren dering himself to the guidance of his own judgment he will soon get rid ofthe prejudices imbibed at the schools. For strength of expression and sublimity of thought, let him read the speeches, sermons and works of the En- gUsh and French orators, preachers, and writers. Let him contemplate the pictures drawn by Shakspeare, that master in his art, ""d catch the thrilling sensations In spired by the extraordinary force of his genips, and the vigour of his style, and then find if he can, anything that is Greek or Roman, at all to compare with them. Let him go from this to the British Parliament, and list en to Chatham, Burk,' Fox, Sheridan, and some otbers, turning thence, let him visit the French pulpit, and there hear the eloquence of Massillon, Bossuet, Fenelon, Saurin, and after having been satisfied with these, let him contemplate the figure ofan orator, thundering out such a speech as Cicero's against Cseoflins; if his preju dices have not strengthened into superstition, he will smile at the last exhibition, and pity the speaker's weak ness and presumption. Let it not be supposed that this is written to depreciate the value of classical learn ing; by no means; it is merely designed to encourage a just estimate both of tbe ancients and ourselves, and 44 FAYETTEVILLE SUFFERERS. [jwir to place lis upon the footing of superiority to which we are entitied. S. From the Bucks county Intelligencer. - SUSQLEHANNA COUNTY. \ Friend Kellt:— I forward for the InteHigencer,some observations made duri-hg a short excursion to this place, about the beginning ofthe 6th mo. ofthe present year. And am the more induced to the task from a belief that some very strong prejudices still prevail concerning this section of our state; for while the tide of em'igration continues to flow towards the western country, a very geneial ignorancej^bounds in relation to the natural ad vantages of one ofthe most fertilo counties of our state. One of the first inquiries made by those desirous of settling in a new country is concerning the climate. The spring in this place is considerably more retarded in its progress than in the southern counties. Winter weather continues pretty much through the month of April; and snow prevails through until about this period. Vegetation makes no effectual start before the first of May. when it advances with singular rapidity. From tables kept in the higher parts of the county, the Mer cury ranges about 10 degrees of Farenh'eit, low-er than in the country around Philadelphia; this is supposed to arise from the altitude of the country which in many in stances is from 1500 to 2000 feet' above the tide — and this circumstance perhaps contributes to the remarkable Ijealthiness of the inhabitants; — no epidemics being known here; and hectic and autumnal chills and fevers being generally eradicated by a summer residence. The characteristics of the soil may be seen from its general features. A few years since professor Keating analyzed a portion ofthe soil taken from the farm of Dr. Rose, in the neighborhood of Friendsville. The fol- lowijig is the result: Vegetable Mould. Hard Pan. Silica 67,8 73,6 Alummnia 7,8 12,2 Carbonate of Lime 1,0 2,0 Oxide of iron 7,0 7,4 Vegetable and animal mattter test by calculation 8,9 4,2 Magnesia 6,3- 0.0 Loss 1,3 0,6 100 100 The vegetable mould was a soil taken in a state of na ture one foot below the surface. The hard-pan of course lies deeper — say 18 inches on an average. The general features of the soil-in the neighbourhood of Friend8ville,-(and it is believed that the remark will ap ply to most of the land in the country.) are, 1st — such as would be termed of )i loamy nature, possessing con siderable tenacity or power of retaining moisture, 2d — Being remarkably well watered by an abundance of springs. The agricultural productions are the ordinary kinds of grain found^in the Southern Counties. There is. how ever, a great variety in the adaptation to the soil. Wheat. rye, and barley have been cultivated with suc cess, although it does not appear that the soil and cli mate are very congenial with either — oats is well adapt ed lo the place, weighing frequently from 35 to 40 lbs; per bushel, — buckwheat gi-ows uncommonly well. The season is too late and too cold for the culture of corn with the best success. And it is an obvious remark that the greatest obstacle to the culture of all grain as well as Olher vegetable productions, is the - luxuriance with which'the natural grasses shoot forth. The redtop, (or our herd grass,) is natural to the soil of this place, and springs up spontaneously, \\\ie spear grass, 'm the richest lan4 in this county. While clover grows abundantly in the same manner. I hiive seen many acres together.for ground which had never been plough ed, that would yield a large swarth of these grasses, The wild luxuriance with which they flourish in this place, clearly indicates that it is destined at no very distant period, to become a great grazing country The fa?m'ers sow their winter grain about t", ^'.-^^X \y^^ us-their oats about the Istof May.and 'h^''^ ^a^'^y f <>•» the middle of that month to the first of June They plant their corn about the first of the '»«" J'"" »; Their mowing is generally done m the ";.°f »• f. -""'y- their wheat harvest comes about the 1st ot August; oats a month later, barley about the same time. I may pro bably at some future time, make some addition tojthe above remarks. FAYETTEVILLE SUFFERERS. Fellow Citizens-Oo closing the duty you con signed us. of transmitting to our ^ffl'^t^f ^°""7'"^". '" North Carolina, the contribution of |11.619,34 which your sympathy dictated and bestowed for the alleviation of therr distress, we assure you of the grateful sense which the sufferers at Fayetteville entertain and have ex pressed, for your prompt, and generous assistance. We moreover take pleasure in leaving testimony to the kindness and activity wbich distinguished the eftorts of those gentlemen, who made the collections in the wards and districts of the city and county.of Philadel- ^ This is a service which is undertaken only from the conviction of its humane obligation, and we are syre, that in common with all other unostentatious labors of beneficence, it will be the means of conferring upon tbose who have performed it on the recent occasion.the most durable and precious rewards. John Thompson, Richard Renshaw, Joseph S. Riley, Joseph M'llvaine, j^dam Woelper. Ja.-nes Ronaldson, Robert Earp. Committee of Superintendence. DR. The Committee of Superintendence, in account with "contributors, for the relief of sufferers by fire at Fay etteville. William White, B. W. Richards, Alexander ^pnry, Roberts Vaux, Joseph R. Chandler, Mathew Carey, Josiah Randall, Upper Delaware Ward Lower Delaware do High street do Chesnut do Walnut do Dock do Pine do New Market do Cedar do Locust do South do Middle do North do South Mulberry do North Mulberry _ do Northern Liberties Southwark Kensington Spring Garden Moyamensing - Byberry, Oxford and Moreland Amity Lodge Ives's Concert Association of Teachers 263,84 411,25 916,50 1259,00 799,12 808,50 272,99 270,50 100,00 472,00 626,75 615,00869,25 291,00 278.23802.80 349,85 90,60, 466,93 61,50 - 77.50 20,00 - 66,00 17,00 West's Picture,(Christ Rejected) exhib'n for 1 day 50,87 Milton. Penn. perB. W. Richards Southampton Baptist Church, Reading, Penn. per Roberts Vaux Pittsburg Hose Company, per Mathew Carey Lebanon Penn. - - - do do Youngitown,P,enn. do ,. do 75,00 18,05 309,00 79,0097,12 25,00 1831.] BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT. 45 Donations sent to the under named members in the Committee of Superintendence, viz. ' Bishop While .... 30,00 Roberts Vaux - - - - . 203,00 Alexander Henry 101.00 B. W. Richards 10,00 Paul Beck, Jr. - - - - - 15,00 M. Carey - - - . - . 116,00 K. Earp, - - ... 67,00 Eec'd. by the Com. of Superintendence from the following persons, collected by tbem, R, Miles 169,75 D, Clark & J^ Bowers • • • 47,44i CR. ^11,619,34 Transmitted to the Commissioners of Fayetteville, by William M'llvaine, Esq, Cashier ofthe Bank of.the United Stales, drafts on the Branch Bank of the United States, at that place, #11,523,92 Printing and Postage, com. of Superintendence 95,42 $11,619,34 In addition to the contributions of cash above ex hibited, a donation of 44 cotton shirts was made by Al exander Henry, Esq. a bundle of assorted clothing, and through the Southern Dorcas Society.- sundry garments from the female house of industry, (Ranstead's Court,) and two crates of sundry utensils for house keepers. from Abraham Miller, Esq. all which have been shipped to Wilmington^ N. C. the nearest port to Fayetteville. DR. Committee of Superintendence of Fayatteville donations in account with William M'llvaine, cashier, treasurer. 1831, July 12, to amount of drafts transmitted to Fayetteville }!11,523,92 Expensesof the Committee 95,42 CR. »11,619,34 1831, July IS, by amount of contributions collected $11,619,34 $11,619,34 WM. M'lLVAINE, Cashier, Treasurer. Bank United States, July 12th, 1831. BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT. A friend has kindly lent us some volumes ofthe Gen- tleman's Magazine, published in London about the peri- od of the Old French War, as the war which comriienced at tbis-point on the 17th April, 1754, is commonly call- -ed. From the number for August, 1755,.vie have se lected the account ofthe defeat of the English army in our neighbourhood, on the 9th July, 1755. This article, we trust, will not prove uninteresting to our readers, al though it is the record of an event long since passed. In this unfortunate and sangtiinary affair, our Washing. ton, just seventy .six years ago from to-morrow, gave evidence of that cool, deliberate courage, and eminent military talent, which distinguished his subsequent ca. reer. A historian, in noticing this action and Washing. ton'S'Conduct iri it, states tbat "he bad two horses killed under him, and four balls through' his coat ; but, to the astonishment of all escaped unhurt, while every other officer on horse-back vi3s either killed or wounded." — Our readers will scarcely fail to observe, that although credit is given to the Virginia lroops,Washington's name is not mentioned in thj^ account. , It is probatily unnecessary fOr us to state, that the- number of French and Indians engaged in this action is greatly overrated in the following account. The whole united force did not exceed four or five hundred men, who were commaiided by a subaltern, the commandant having proved himself unequal to the emergency. — This officer 'afterwards claimed the credit of theaffair, and sent bome the gallant subaltern under arrest, vho was subsequently tried and cashiered for some alleged misconduct. He then secluded himself in Switzerland where he remained in obscurity until after our revolu tion. He was recalled after Lafayette's i-eltirn to France, who, while in America, had ^eard the true history pf Braddock's defeat. We have never heard the name of this subaltern, and would be pleased if some corres pondent of Lafayette would make the inquiry. As the present is the vei-yage of coincidence, it perhaps is not unworthy of remark, that the same Dr. Craik who was an eye witness and gave an account ofWash- ington's conduct in this his first important battle field, was one of his attendants on his death bed. — Pittsburg Gazette. Ofthe expeditions set on foot against the French in America, mentioned in our last, the issue of one only was then known, the capture effort Beausejour, by Gen. Monkton, who commanded the expedition to Fujidy. — We have received the following accounts of Gen. Brad- dock, Who was destined to the Ohio. It was said by letters from Virginia, dated June 22, that on the 12th. Gen. BraSdock, with ' 2,000 regular troops, had passed the Allegheny mountains, and was within 5 days march of Du Quesne, a French fort on the Monongahela river, which runs into the Ohio. Sir John St. Clair having advanced near enough to view it, and consider the sfdjacent ground, remarked a small emi nence that was within cannon shot ; and the fort bdng built of wood, and garrisoned with 1,000 men, it was proposed to erect a battery on this eminence, and set fire to the place, by throwing into it a great number of red hot balls. Letters from Philadelphia, dated June 25, gave an ac count, that the General had.been long detained at Will's Creek, and greatly distressed for the lyant of forage and provisions. Landing- the troops at Virginia is said to have been a most unfortunate error, as neither forage, provisions, nor carriages were there lo be had, and that if they had landed in Pennsylvania it would have saved £40,000 sterling, and shortened the march six weeks. He was, however, promised 150 wagons, and 300 horses-, with a large quantity of forage andprovisions, to be fur nished from the back settlements of Pennsylvania ; but after tedious and anxious expectation of these' succours, be received instead of 150 wagons, only 15 ; and instead of 300 horses only 100. This disappointment, bowever great, was much aggravated when the wagons were un loaded, for tbe provisions stunk so intolerably, that he must have suffered very greatly from hunger, who could eat it. While he was in this distress, he received an unexpected supply of £500, in provisions and wine, from Philadelphia, wbich was sent him by the hands of Mr. Franklin, The General accepted this present, with great joy. and urged Mr Franklin to use^is interest to procure farther assistance, Mr. Franklin observed that General St. Clair's dress was of the Hussar kind, and this gave him a hintwhich be immediately improved. He caused a report to be propagated among the Germans, that except 150 wagons could be got ready, and sent to the general within a certain time, St. Clair, who was a Hussar, would come among them, and take away what he fbund by force: — The Germans having formerly liv ed under despotic power, knew the Hussars too well to doubt their serving themselves, and believing that Gen. St. Clair was indeed a Hussar, they provided instead of 150, 200 wagons, and sent them within the lime that Mr. Franklin had limited, The Pennsylvanians also advanced a farther sum above the king's bounty, and-sent him 190 wagons more, laden each with a ton of corn and oats, four wagons with pro visions and wine for the officers, and 60 head of fine cattle for the army. The general, as soon as he had received these sup plies, pursued his march, having received from time to time various aiid contradictory accounts of,the strength and motions of the enemy: Fort Du Quesne wm some- 46 GENERAL BKADUO. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTBn TO THB PRESERVATION OF EVERT KINS OF USEFUL INFORMATION RESFEpTINO THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL. VIll.-NO. 4. PHILADELPHIA, JULY 23, 1831. NO. 186. From the Journal of Law. OPINION OF CHIEF JUSTICE GIBSON. We take pleasure in placing before our readers the able opjnion of Chief Justice Gibson, in the case of The Corporation V. Wallace, which is interesting, not only on account of its general importance, but as pronounc ing the law on a qiie.stion about which great diversity of opinion, if not a decided inclination the other way, , had prevailed in this part of the state, not only in the profession^ but among the community. On the 21st pf March, the Chief Justice and Judge Huston delivered the opinion of the court on the main point, from which Judge Ross dissented; and Judge Huston the opinion of all the judges but the Chief Justice, onthe residue ofthe case. We have omitted to publish that part of the opinion ofthe chief justice which relates exclusively to the particular cause. Corporation v. Wallace. No prudent jiidge will disregard an opinion ofthe bar. During an experience of fifteen years in this court, I have seldom found one of its decisions re ceived with disapprnbatian at the bar, which did nt,t ¦/Contain something which called for revisjon. But pro fessional opinion, though valuable as a test of judicial decision, is not^ infallible. T'le principal recognition in tVillai-d v. Norris,* was view-'ed in a particular part of the state, as a portentous niiyelly: yet a fiule-eonsi'ler- ation would have shown it to be a familiar part ofthe jurisprudence of every civilized people, whether an cient or modern. Of this, as, regards the civil law, which with local modifications, is the code of continen- till Kurope, fhcre is not a doubt'. "The principal ef fect," says Ferriere, " of an adjudic^ion by decree, (judicial sale) is a transfer of all'thefrights of^ property to the highe t bidder, .solhat he cannot bO liisturbed by lien creditors, or mortgagees, who have not made resistance to the decree; nor after sale and confirma tion, by any claimant of title to any part ofthe estate levied, because the decree extinguishes (purge) all rights of property, mortgage.-!, incumbrances, quit rents, (charges reelles'effoncieres) in default of opposition (Did de droit verba Saisie reelle.") In the language of the law, says Denisai-t, who says the same thing, "the word opposition signifies an act by which the execution of a judgment by default is resisted, having for its object the prevention pf a sale, till the interests ofthe oppos ing party are secured." (Collect, dejurisp. verba oppo sition.) " The resistance being in sub!>tance the defence of a terre tenant to a scire facias, is to be of course be fore the decree of confirmation. The sale is strictly judicial, being pursuant to an ailjudication, and the pro- iceeds distributed by tlie court among the creditors ac cording to the priority ofthe liens or classes. (Diet de droit verba ordre.) Thus we have distinctly announced to us a principle of the civil law, by., which not only are liens extinguished, but even an estiite paramount to the lien of the sei.zing creditor is divested. Such also is the rule ofthe maritimelaw, which distributes among lipn-creditprs the proceeds of a ship sold by order of tbe Court^ of Admiralty on a younger lien; an, instance of :|vhich.is found in the case pf the Madonna, (6 Rob- I * See Register 'Vol. 5, page tf3. Vol. Vtll. 7 inson, 207.) I certainly do not pretend that the prac tice of the civil law is to have the force of precedent in the coiirls here: but, in a case like the present, it seems fair lo say that it goes far tp efface the impressionof juridical novelty. At the common law there is no ju- dicial s-ale of lands, and of course we have no English authorities directly in point. In chancery the practice is to pay off incumbrances out ofthe purchase money, whiph appear on the master's report, and no other is paid, only because as it is sa'td there is nothing to show the court that there is such an incumbrance. (Vide a Stretton, 1 Ves. Jr. 266.) But this exception helps to establish the rule, and demonstrates not only the ability ofthe court to extinguish incumbrances, but its readiness to do so when judicially informed of their existence. When, however, an incumbrance cannot, for any cause whatever, be satisfied-out ofthe purchase money, it of course remains there, as it does hei-ej a charge on the land. But in chancery the process of sale is such, as to admit of exceptions that have no place in a sale on execution which requires prompt payment by the purchaser,, and deprives him of an opportunity to see to the application of the purchase money, and by reason of which the rule is applicable in all its farce, to judicial sales of chatties at the common law. As to these, liens created by llie act ofthe parties, require transmutation of the possession, and as goods taken in- execu'i»n must be actually seized," the reversionary in terest ofthe owner (so to speak) cannot be levied, and for this reason perhaps it is, that goods pawned cannot be taken in execution before they are redeemed. But conflicting liens are created by delivering conflicting executions to the sheriff; and it is perfectly settled that a .-^ale on a younger execution divests the lien of the older one, which lakes, not the goods in the hands of the purchaser, but their price in the hands ofthe sheriff. Would it not then have been strange, if our p\-ogenitors had not applied the rule /if the common law to Und when they subjected it to sale on a common law execution as a chattel. They carried the conse quences ofthe principle further than is demanded here, and held that a judicial sale divests, without compensa tion out of the purchase money, the wife's inchoate estate of dowei- — an interest in the land certainly as sacred as that ofa mortgagee. At the end ofa century, in which the most curiouS legal antiquarian might be challenged to produce an instance ofa sale on afi older . judgment, after there had been a sale on a younger one, the practice of satisfying the older judgments out of the purchase money, received the sanction of a direct judicial recognition; and as far as I have ever heard, with the most perfect acquiescence of the legislature, the bar, and the people. The rule, therefore, having been incontestably established, as regards incumbran ces generally, it will require decisive arguments to prove a mortgage to be an exception. This has been attempted on two grinds; the first, that the mortgagee is not' an incumbrance, mrtTfut OWNER or an estate IN THF lOND. has been aban^ doned by one of the eminent counsel, who have argued for tiie plaintiff. He has thought proper lo oCcu'pjy'ihe second ground, that the lien ofa mortgage is created EXPBE^LT BT TBE ACT OF THB FAftTIES, while the lien of a judginent'is but incidental. Of these in tbeir order. 50 JUDGE GIBSON'S OPINION. LJoi^ In form, a mortgage is certainly a conveyance; but.il is II nqueslionfibly treated at law here, in the way it is tt'eateclin equity elsewhere, as a bare incumbrance, and tiie a'-cessoi-y uf a debt; as between the parties it is a ctinveyance. so far as is nkcrssaiiy to enforce it js, A sECOBiTT. As regards their persons, the murtgigui' is-ihe owner, even of the le^ul estate. This distinction. whit-h. if atteniled tn, will be found to reconcile the ap- po-ently j-u-ring dicta o\' the jiidtfes, is as firmly estab- li-ihed by the practice and decisions of the courts in Pennsylvania, as any other in the law. If Ihe mortirasee had tbe title for any other purpose than to afford him a remedy, it would not be easy to account for the absence -of all the incidents of his supposed ownership: yet his estate if such it be, certainly cannot be set up as out- stanilin^ lo bar an ejectment by the mortgagor, or an action of trespass, or a proceeding to obtain compensa tion fiv a privilege under a statutory license; nor is it subject to taxation, or lien by judgment, or sale on ex. ecution,or courtesy, or dower. It poes not break the de scent ofthe e.4laie,or require a a reconveyance 10 revest tlietitle, or prevent it from vesting in a purchaser, or af- ect the validity ofa second mortgage. Iniinswerto the last remark it has been said, that a second mortgage is always ofthe equity of redemption, which I admit may be the subject of hypothecation. But what w'll he said ofa third mortgage after tlie equity of redemption also has been convcjeil.' Contrary to the pi-6fessional sen timent here, it would be simply void, unless there be equity of redempiiun springin.tf from equity of redemp tion in an infinite series, like certain mathematical quantities, which, though perpetually vanishing, are pi-rpetually in view. Such a mortj;age would be in capable of confirmation, even by payment ofthe pre. ceiling ones, unless the vesting of the es'ate in the last mortgagee were supposed lo have awaited the event: a process not at all in unison with our notions of conveyancing. But this qualification ofthe mortg-Hgee's lei^ul estate, seems to be recognized, in some degree, even in England. "A mortg-a^,,r in possession," says Mr. Powel, -'gains a settlemem, because the m'oi-Tgasfce, notwithstandiiii; the form, has hut a chattel, the mort. gai;e beii g only a pledge lo him for security of his money; and the original ownership of the land still re. siding in the mortg-asior, isubject only to the legal title of he mortgagee, so far as such title is requisite to the end of his security." (Law of Mortgages, 221 ) That the It gal eft'ect of the instrument should have been modified by-time and circumstances, will not appear incre-lible to tho.se who are familiar with the change produced by u-iage in the legal effect of a policy of insurance, which has been fixed, not by the letter, but the course of trade, which, with frequfrit discussion, repeated decisions, and length of lime, has reduced the meaning of a very incoherent instrument, to a reasonable degree of certainty. (Mai-sh on Ins. 304.) Again, by the Stat. 7 and 8. W. 3. C. 25. a mortgagor ill possession is treated as a freeholder so far as to en itle hiin lo vote for members of parliament. This, being a matter of arbitrary enactment, may be said to prove nothin.i;: it discloses, however, the dawn of sen timent which has been carried much further by the coiii-ls. Even in the state of New York, where the distinction betw-een equity and law is as scrupulously cbservetl as in any part of the world, it has been ex- plic tly declared in Hitchcock v. Ilari-inglon, (6 Johns, 290 ) to be the settled doctrines of their courts of law.< IhMt the morlgagnr is seized as to all persons but the mortgagee; And the principle thus broadly announced, has been carried out in subsequent cases. "Not only the original severity ofthe common law," says the dis- tingiilshtd cornmeiilatur on American law, "treating the mortgagoi-'s intertbt an restiuK- on the exact perfor- m'-ince of a condition, and holding the forfeiture or bi'e-ach of the condition to be absolute by nun-payment and tender at the day. is entirely relaxed; but the nar row and precarious character of the mortgagor at law is changed under the more enlarged jurisdiction ot the coiiris-of equity. Their iNrtuEscE has rkached the copRTS OF LAW. anil the case of mortifage is one ot Ihe most splendid instance-sin the history ofoiir juris prudence, of the triumph of eqiiitabre principles over tccnnical rules, ami ofthe homage which those pnnci- nles have in thkib adoption in the courts of law. (4 Kent. 151-2. )„ If sucli. then, be the pi-ogi-e.is of equitable principles, in courts purely of common law jitrisdictiun, what might we not expect it ti) be in courts jwhich are a forum for the joint adminis tration of law and equity? The principle thai the mortgagor is seized as lo every one but the mortgagee, was a.sserted by this court in fhe Schuylkill Navig.lion Company V. Thoburn. (7 Sergt. and R. 411.) andin Kicket V. Madeira, (1 Rawle, 321.) it was applied to the interest ofa mortgagee, which was held to be ex empt from execution because he had not an estate in the land. In Scott v. Croasdale, (1 Yeates, 75.) it was determined that dower is barred by sale on a mortgage executed bv the husband without the concurrence of his wife; from which it is clear, that the mortgage was not viewed as the conveyance ofan estate, (for the es tate ofthe wife passes only by the joint act pf herself and her husband) -but as a legal incumberance; like a judgement on which dower may be divested on the principle that the land is sold as a chattel. These cases, with Wcntz v. Dehaven. (1 Serg. and R. 312.) and M'Uall v. Lenox, (9 Serg. and R. 302.) in wliich a mortgage was in all essential respects put on a footing with a judgment, very satisfactorily disclose the judi cial sentiment ofPennsylvania; to which may be added Blancbard v. Colburn, (16 Mass. 346.) as showing a similar sentiment in .Massachusetts. It is supposed, however, that Simpson's lessee v. Ammons, (1 Bmncy, 175.) in which it was held on the authority of York v. Stone, (1 Salk, 158.) that a mortgage by a joint tenant is an act of severance, looks the other way, inasmuch as it is thought lo be incapable of producing that effect without operating as a conveyance. We know how eagerly a pretext is sought to elude the odious incident of survivorship, ns for instance tbe execution of an elegit on the joint estate ot one of the tenants, which is held to work a severance, (Gilb. on Execution, 41.) yet tenant by elegit has but a chattel. <2 Inst. 396.) An inference has been attempted also from Lancaster V. Dolan, (1 Rawle, 321.) which, it seems to me, it does not warrant. It was held there that a mortgagee is a purchaser Within the 27 Eliz. and entitled to all the advantage which the character can give him in a con- . flict whh a volunteer. But that proves nothing which has not already been conceded. Tbe title doubtless passed as far as was Uiicessary to the protection of his security, and so far the mortgagee was a purchaser in the strictest sense of the word. At one time it wa» doubled whether a judgment creditor is not a purchaser within the ti-ue intent uf nprrecording acts, and ii has been barely held that he is not; yet no one ever suspect ed him of being the owner of an estate in the land. As to the other ground ofthe inference from the position there taken, that a mortgage is a conditional sale, every tme the least conversant with the doctrine of powers,. knows that in the executi r were sometimes designated as the Brunswick party, ^a they principally pertained to the New Brunswick Presbytery. Under the "Old Light" standard were enlisted the most of ihose who might be termed the rigid Presbyterian; who were tenacious of all the prejudiced which characterized the Scotch and Irish schools, and regarded wiih alarm and jealousy the slight deviation from the precise customs of their fore fathers. The "New Light" party, on the contrary, whilst they adopted the Westminster Confession, were less punctilious in the admission of novelties, and were not disposed to admit, that all was sacred which could lay claim to ancient usage. The former required un blemished character, and respectable literary attain ments as indispensable qualifications in candidates for the ministry, whilst they appeared remiss in scrutiniz- ing tiieir decided personal piety; the latter in their zeal to secure the qualifications of piety, seemed to re gard with too much leniency, if not indifference, the literary deficiency of their candidates. Mutual opno- sition strengthened the erroneous prejudices, of each party, and for a season threatened to divorce, what should ever be found united in those who minisUr for God, the sincere devotion ofthe heart and the cultiva tion of the mind. It is painfiil to revert to the em- . bittered spiril with which the controversy was conduct- fed, and the terms of reproach with wbich the parties '• In aletter of Synod. A. D. 1718, the following st«. tistics are presented. ° " That there are now in number twenty three ordain ed ministers and three probationers, who ail, have agreed to unite their endeavours annually at Philadel phia for spreading and propagating the Gospel of Christ ... these dark parts of the world, viz. In the provi^ of New York the Jersies, Pennsylvania, andVerri^ hes, Marylandand Virginia, in all which, exceptin»X last, some ofthe aforesaid ministers do reside °^ 1831.] THE ALCHEMIST. 53 mutually assailed each other. The "New Lights,"who were most highly excited, were perhaps chargeable with the greatest excesses. Tliose ministers who did not coincide with them in opinion, were accused of un faithfulness, and stigmatized as carnal and unconverted. Into the congregations of such, itinerant preachers, with a much larger share of zeal than knowledge, were encouraged to rntrude, and as a consequence, parties were arrayed; the affections of the people were alienat ed from their pastors, and congregations were divided, and formed separate worshipping assemblies in the im mediate vicinity of each other.* For the Register of Fenns) Ivania. THt; ALCHEMIST. No. XXII. NATIONAL CELEBRATIONS. The object of national celebrations of great events is, or ought lo be, to keep alivea memory ofthe occurren ces they are intended to commemorate, and to renew the feelings and tbe spirit ofthe times which produced them. Under this view of the subject, nothing appears to me more appropriate in a land of liberty like our own, than to. continue in a proper spirit the commemoration of those incidents in our career as a nation, which have given birth to our free institutions, or subseqiiently in fused into them new life and vigor. A celebration of the kind to which i refer, seems'necessary to fan a flame which otherwise, for fhe want of some exciting cause, might ultimately expire. National rejoicing.?, some times, connected with religious ritesiand sometimes not,. have obtained among every people, and would appear from their frequency to owe their origin to an inherent principle of ou(^ nature, or to have arisen from analogy to the periodical return of that day whibh by divine com mand has been appointed as a day of rest from labor. Having mentioned the Sabbath, I may be permitted to refer to it as an illustration of the advantages of staled periods of celebration; religious or otherwise: What ever doubts may be entertained in regard to its origin, continuance, or the proper mode of its observance; I be lieve none differ with respect to its great utility as a mean of promoting the general morality of mankind and its beneficial effects upon what It was undoubtedly instituted to promote — religion. The cares of life, tfie all-ab!-,orbing pursuits of business and ambition, would soon leave no time or thought for higher.tbough more re mote interests, if they were not forced upon the alien. tion of men by tbe stated recurrence of the season ap propriated especially for their cultivation. So with re. gard to the anniversaries of our Independence, tbe birth day ofthe father of bis country, and the annual re. turn of tbat day wben our happy constitution was adopt ed, it is to be feared, that a neglect of the feelings, they are so naturally calculated to inspire, might in the end, be pro'ductive of very great injury to our free institu tions themselves. . With respect to the laElt of the periods I referred to; I mean the anniversary of the adoption of our Constitu tion; it appears an unfortunate neglect or oversight, that • The Chuches of Norrilon and Providence, and those ofthe Great Valley, and Charieston, are examples. At Neshamony the sepanlte fioases werein view.of each other. it has never been set apart for public rejoicing. This omission arose, not from any disregard of the eminent importance ofthe event, or from any want ofa perfect conviction of its intimate union with the independence and happiness of our country— fir from it; the patriots, who perfected that great work.cpnsidered il the consum- matwn oftheir glorious effbrts for the freedom of Ameri ca; andjightly judged that then alone that indepen dence was secured, when the union of the states was finished. 1 hey probably Ihdught that the time would never arrive, when any doubts or cavils could arise upon such a question—but that the constantly increas ing benefits, which they clearly saw, would flow from it. would knit still closer the bands which they were the first firmly to tie. I say the the omission has been un fortunate, because unhappily the fathers of our liberty, have been deceived in their expectations— whether from this or other causes, the question of union is no longer one, which it is considered almost profanity to discuss: but on the contrary, it is made the theme of speeches and remarks, in and out of congress, at pub lic dinners; and even on the anniversary of our national Independence. It would seem then lo be peculiarly proper that at this time, those who entertain ideas which I may be permitted to nillions unoccupied. Divide the latter into tracts of one hundred acres each, and allow ten persons to eacH tract, to which add, a corresponding increase in the towns, say half as much more, and then double the presentpopulation of the improved parts, which there is ample room for; ihe entire population of the slate would then be about^tie millions, which Penn.sylvania is capable of supporting comfortably and bountifully, leaving an ample-surplus of the produce of the soil for foreign exportation. A pamphlet published in Philadelphia, in 1826, on the subject of of emigration from Europe, by Mathew Carey, Esq. one nf our most patriotic citizens, was pre sented to me by that gentleman a few days ago. I have read it with attention, and being pleased with its con tents, have made a few extracts therefrom, with whicb I shall close this number. _ "It must be a source of consolation to those descrip tions of persons who are more pai ticularly wanted in Ihe United States, that there is probably no country where the same degree of comfort and enjoyment can be pro cured, by the working classes, with the some degree of exertion. For two day's labor, at twelve hours per day ajuiirneyman at most ofthe trades carried on in Phila delphia or New York, can procure wholesome, sub stantial food in sufficient abundance, flesh meat of Pood quality included, for one week. Is ihere any other country under the canopy of heaven, of which ihe same statement can be made to the same extent, and with eqtialtruth?" Again— 'There is scarcely any limit to the number of laborers, who are now and probably will be for twentv years lo come, wanted in this country. The spirit of in ternal improvement, m canals, rail-roads, and turnpikes IS wide awake in every part ofthe union, and creates a great demand for that class, of which the number of na- *" live citizens, bears no proportion to the demand The Irish laborers are found uncommonly hardy and active and for years have done a large portion ofthe work on canals and turnpikes. Their wages are about seventv- hye cents per day, or four dollars and a half per week Their board which includes meat every day, and often twice a day, costs about two dollars, leavine a bal-.nc,v of about two dollars and a half, or IK 3d sleilino- .yhichisfar more than the whole oftheir ekn.iii,fain their own country.' ° Again— 'Journeymen's wages in Philadelphia varv from one dollar to a dollar and a half per day; probably 1831.] PENNSYLVANIA CANAL— LAKE ERIE. 55 one dollar and an eighth, or 5s. sterling, is about the average. It may be laid down as a general rule, with few exceptions, that frugal industrious journeymen, un encumbered with families, may save so much of their wages, as in a few years, to be enabled to commence business oil their own account on a moderate sci^le,— Let me add, that there is probably nut a person in Phi ladelphia or New York, beyond the condition of a mere pauper, who jcannot affiird to eat flesh meat at least once a ilay; and that a wood sawyer, or common porter, steadily employed, might, by fvugahty. save from fifty to a hundred dollars-per annum.' CIVIS, TRADE WITH LAKE ERIE. In the laboured attempts made by some of the New York editors, to prove that our stale would derive no material advantage ftom the completion of her canal to the lake, they but evince the intense anxiety with which the ciiizens of New York view the progress made in our great work,. and the high value which they place upon the trade of the west. That they believe the Pennsyl vania canal would, if completed, draw a heavy portion of this trade to Philadelphia, is evident from the earnest panegyrics upon their commercial capital, while the other great marts of our country, and especially Phila- delphia, are placed in the back ground. It is admitted on all hands-, that the.cily of New York has some supe rior local ailva.ilages; that more revenue is paid there, and more business transacted, than in any other city in the United States: but doubt whether commercial men will, fur these reasons, continue to struggle, both spring and fall, against natural obstacles, attended with vexa tious delays, and expensive consequences, in order tn get to New York, after a communication, exempt from sucb serious objections, is once opened with Philadel phia. We feel additional confidence, in giving our opinion, that the north-western trade will be secured to the em porium of Pennsylvania, by our canal when finished, from the -feircunistance, that, the western mei-ehants are not altogether so clear and positive in their belief, that ¦"Philadelphia, when all our contemplated schemes are complete, could not" furnish goods as early, as low, and pay a price fur produce, correspondent with ihe New York market." Indeed, we know many merchants in this quarter, who are so little capable of appreciating the boasted advantages of New York, that they make their purchases in Philadelphia, ship their goods fc(r Lake Erie, via this same "store-house of America," and the New York canal; incurring thereby an additional ex pense fur transportation. We take the following article from the Rochester Republican, in relation to the subject before us, that our readers may see the best arguments that can be brought against our canal, by a source well informed, and ex tremely interested in its f^'lure. The vaunted pre eminence given to the city of New York by the »- titer, cannot escape notice. Were his paragraph to fall into the hands of foreigners, unacquainted with the statistics of this country, they would be induced lo believe, that there was no other place of business in America.' "Tradeof the Region of the Upper Lakes. — In the spe culations of editors respecting what market may here after obtain the trade of the uppsr lakes, there seems to be a good deal of misconception, if not of misrepre sentation. The "region," about the trading with which, so much rivalship .md contention now brewing, is the pirts of Pennsylvania and Oliio bordering on Lake Erie, Michigan and 'Huron territories, and parts of Indiana and Illinois. The vents to the Ocean, thj-ough wbich the surplus agricultural products, furs, peltries, nuts,.and the produce of Hie mines, &c. arejihe Erie canal and the Mississippi; and (when finished) -thfe Pennsylvania canal, and the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road. . J' The ice remained in the east end of take Ei-ie this year until the 8th of May. Much stress is laid on tbis circumstance. The average departure of the ice, as stated by an inhabitant of Buffalo, is from the 15th April to the isl May. The Erie canal is generally opened from the 15th to the 20th of April. The Penn.sylvania canal (when completed) will not open earlier than Ihe Ki-ie, for several years to come at least, on account of the repairs which a new canal requires, un the i-eturu of every spring, until the work becomes pei-maneiit. Sup pose a merchant, living at Detroit, (and this case will be similar to all otliei's,) to what market would he direct his course ? " Why not to New York? "The reasons why the Detroit merchant should se lect New York would be, simply, because New Yoak is the great mart of the union. The manufacturers pf cot tons anil woolens; the dealers in furs, and the manufac turers of that article, and the planters uf the soutli, all have their factors or agents at New York, for there they sell or barter a greater part of their gooils or produce. The highest grain market of the union is New York; Why do the millers of Kichmond. Baliimoie, Alexandria, Philadelphia and Petersburg, send their flour to New York? It is because New York is the best market. The gi-eat manufactttrei-s in Enghnd, France, and Holland, have all their agents in New York. Tlie packet ships (besides numerous private vessels) engaged in the Liv erpool, London and Havre trade, bring uew goods, new stvles, and new fashions, every week, to the city of New York. \ " Admit the ice remains at Buffalo until Ihe last of April; by that time the enterprising Uetruil merchant has purchased his goods and tranfiported them to Buf falo, where his vessel meets him laden with prtiduce— his vessel returns with his goods — and the boats return lo Albany with his produce. He opens his goods soon after the first of May. Could Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Cincinnati, when ^\l their contemplated schemes are complete, furnish European goods us early, as low, and pay a price for produce correspondent with the New York market? " New York is earlier than other cities in the fashions, which controul much ofthe intelligence ofthe age. It pays three-fourths of the cash, which government re ceives from the importation of goods. It is Ihe store house of America, for the produce of the solicit is the depository of her manufactures — it is the emporium of her trade and commerce." The story of the Detroit merchant goingtoNew York, before the Buffalo harbour is clear -of ice, puichasing his goods, transporting them to Buffalo just in time to meet his vessel loaded with prpduce, involves too many fortunate coincidences to come within the calculation of a prudent man. Besides, the editor of the lieputilican ought to know, what no man of business can be igno rant of, that the merchants in the "region ofthe upper , lakes," make their remitlances principally in the pro- ' duce pf the counti-y; that thpy invariably superintend the collecting, preparing, and shipping of the various articles for which they b-arter thei" goods, and that they generally prefer making a disposition of the avails in person. It is very rare that a merchant goes lo market, who deals in produce, without sending it before, or tak ing it with him. - ' As many different statements are afloat as to the ave rage time ofthe opening of Buffalo b-arbuur.the en ranee to the New York canal, we have, in order lo settle that question, procured.the following table, showing the ex act lime when the navigation commenced between Buf falo and this place, during the last twenty-nine years. It was made out by the collector of this port, from ofl^< cial records, kept by himself during the whole period; 1802, May 2, 1803, May 11, 1804. May 17, 1805. April 29, 1806, April 24, 1807. June 12, 1808, May 9, 1809. June 5, 1810, May 3, > 1811, April 14, 56 PBOCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. 1812, June 6, . i'^'^'^War.1814.5 '*"• 1823, May 16, 1823, May 4, 1824, May 6, 1825, Marc.ir, 1826, May 4, 1827, May 2, 1828, April 9, 1829, May 3, 1830, April 16, 1831, Mav 9, 1815, May 13, 1816, May 11, 1817, May 17, 1818, May 13, 1819, Miy 15, 1820, May 14, 1821, May 14, It is plain from the above, that merchants west of Buffalo,, would, not be safe tn calculating upon setting .off with their produce before the 15th of May; which is, indeed, the time usually fixed upon by them, in order to prevent disappointment in their operations, they make all their arrangements so as to be prepared fur late navigation ;an(l in this way make uncertainly sure. From this cause, when we have an early spring, and the ice is out of Buffalo harbour by the first i»f April, the western merchants are unprepared for il, and have to wait until plans can be perfected, that were formed to do away the possibility nf disappointment. We cannot dismiss Ihis subject without recurring to the fact, that a canal, from this place to Philadelphia, would always be open by the first, of April, and ofteii- Jtimes earlier; and lljat the navigation between, this and tbe ports above, is never obstructed by ice after tbat 'tim?. — Mrie Obseryfr, PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. Thdrsdat Evenino, July 14. Sblbct Cooncil.— .\ commu'iinication from Mr. Cornelius Stevenson, the city 'I'reasurer with his ac counts for the last quarter were received and were re ferred lo the committee i>f accounts. A communication from the commissioners of Kensington District relative to the introduction ofthe Schuylkill water was received and referred to the watering com mittee. The following communicatiim from the county com- nissioiiei's was received. County Commissioner's Office. To the presidents and members uf ibc Select and Com mon Councils ofthe city of Philadelphia. Gentlemen: — The exposed situation uf the public buildings on liidependc-nce .-iquare, and the highly of fensive state ofthe privies on the south side are such as to call for the attention ofthe proper authorities, to re move the complaint. If councils should deem it prop er, theGounty Commissioners will unite with them in such measures, as may be necessary to promote tbis desirable object. With great respect, your ob't serv'ts, JOHN THOMPSON, DANIEL THOMAS. THOMAS MAGUIKB. , City Commissioners, Philadelphia. t»hil9delphia. luly 14, 1831. Mr. Kittera offered the following resolution which Wastadopted. Resolved hy the Select and Common Councils, that the County Commissioners be authorised to have erect ed an iron palisade along the rear of the- county offices, i at such place, and so many gates as shall be considered | proper by the committee on State House and Indepen- !dence square— wind that the said commissioners shall Jiave power to cause privies to be built below tbe sur-l fftce of the ground and arched over^ at sucb place as diallbe designated by said committee. It being un-' ^erstood, however, that the privilege hereby allowed may at any time be withdrawn, and the alterations here by authorisedlbc removed, Jkt the pleasure of CpuncQs. A rdmonstranoeagaioai-the passage of an ordinance allovring persons to kill the dogs in the streets of >the city was receive^ and .was referred tp the committee on tbe revised ordinances. Mr. Massey presented the . following petition which was laid on the table. To tbe Select and Common Councils Of the city of Phi-- ladelphia. The undersigned most respectfully represent that the measure now in contemplation, of .M'Adamismg Clies- niit street from Fifth to Sixth streets, will greatly con- tribute aud probably remedy completely the greatin- convenience occasioned by the passing of carriages in the vieinity ofthe courts of Justice and public meetings to the serious interruption and delay of business. They therhfore unite with othprs of their fellow citizens in expressing their decided approbation of the proposed experiment, and moreover beg leave to suggesj the ad ditional advantage of extending Ihe same improvement to Sixth street, between Chesnut and George streets, a quiirter still more incommoded with noise, if possible, than the front ofthe Stale House. Mr. Worrell as Chairman of the committee on the Schuylkill wharves, made the following report, accom panied by the estimate of Mr. Thomas D. Grover.. To the Select and Common Councils ofthe City of Phi ladelphia. The committee to whom was referred a communication from the city commissioners relative to the improve ment of Chesnut street wharf at Schuylkill and the city properly adjacent thereto, with several petitions and applications for renting the said wharf; beg leave to state, thai several plans and views have been suggested to them, but the result of their deliberations has been lo pass over at present any alteration as to Ihe Basin so called, but to report, in part, in favour of the immediate improvement ofthe resi lue of the front on Schuylkill, containing about 265 feet, the plan of which improvement they herewith submit, together with an estimate of Ihe cost by rhomas U. Grover, amounting to 4,0:30 dollars tor completing the same (exclusive of filling in) and also a proposal for executing the same by measurement. This [woperty is »t present unproductive, and may be rendered a valuable improve ment, and fur which there are several applica- DES, No. 9 Library Street. Philadelphia; where, and at the PUB LICATION OFFICE, IN FRANKLIN PLACE, second door back of the PoBt Office, (back room) subsei-iptioni will be thankfully re- oeived. Price FIVE DOLLARS per annun, payable annuaUT by •ubscribers residing in or near the city, or where there is as agent. Other lobscribers pay in advance. HAZARD^S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF EVERT KIND OF USEFtlL INFORMATION RESPECTIN& THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL.. VIII.-NO. 5. PHriiA.DEIiPHIA, JULY 30, 1831. XO. 187. COMpARATIVBi VIE-WS OF THE POPULATION OF THE CITY AND COUIVTY OF PHILADELPHIA. Various methods have been adopted by different nai tions, to ascertain Ihe number of inhabitants, but none ap pears to be so cei-tain,as that of actual enumeration — this mode was, therefore, adopted at the organization of our government, and a census has been since regularly tak en at each successive periodof ten years. Had these been uniformly made, they would have served, not only their primary purpose---that of^ forming a representative ra tio — but also as a basis on which to erect numerous other interesting, and important calculations. But, un fortunately, this not having been attended to, there is scarcely any point of comparison between any two of the four, which have as yet been made — in each one a different classification of ages being adopted. Although the division of the last census is, upon the whole, Ihe best, still, owing to the coloured population being ar ranged under ages differing from those of the whites, many comparative views cannot be taken, which would be interesting in regard to those two classes. Owing to the time allotted for taking the census — the incompetence of some of the persons employed — the low price paid for the time and services devoted to it — it is highly probable, there may be material er rors; yet, as they may be as favourable as otherwise. and as we have no other means of approximating to the truth,. vVe have made them the foundation of the calculations which are this day presi-nted to our readers, in reference lo the population ofthe city and county of Philadelphia. Few subjects are of more interest to a state, than its population. The number of inhabitants indicating al ways a flourishing condition ofthe means of support, as well as of those necessary lo carry on its agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, and to defend itself agjiinst any hostile force. It is therefore useful, when a census is taken, to make com pai-ati ve vie ws of the past and pre sent condition of the population, in order to ascertain, whether it be in a progressive or languishing condition, and to trace the causes of the one or the other. In this country, facts upon this subject are deficient; and it is enly by collecting, and arranging them, fur a series of years, that any fixed theory can be confidently derived from them. The rules adopted in foreign, and older countries, where the population has become permanent, will not suit the meridian of a new country, which is receiving into its bosom the inhabitants of every otber portion of the globe. We must, therefore, form new Vol. VIII. 9 rules for ourselves, derived from the facts within our own reach. The following calculations and statements have re quired much time and labour; and. after all. some errors may be discovered in them — though we have endeavour ed to guard against them — and, perhaps, some, of our deductions may be erroneous. In all such cases, we shall be happy to receive coi-rections. We have given the facts pretty much in detail, believing that ihey will be moi-e generally serviceable to those who may wish, to make olher uses of the information; and. to such as have any fondness for similar investigations, we know. they will be the more acceptable on that account. Oth ers of our readers, will find them perhaps tedious; but we will endeavour to compensate them at another time. Our present view is confined to the city and county of Philadelphia. We may, hereafter, make some com parisons ofthe other portions ofthe state. But we would be happy, if some of oiir friends would furnish us with statements, of Ihis kind, relative to towns, or particular districts, throughout the state. COMPARATIVE CENSUS TABLE. North'n Liberties Spring Garden. Penn Township, Kensington, Total N. suburbs, Southwark East, Do. West Moyamensing,PassyUnk, Total S. suburbs. Total Suburbs, 1790. 18.0.Q. 1810 City. Total city & sub Blockley, Bristol, Byberr}-, Frankford,Germantown, Kinsessing,Lower Dublin, Moreland, Oxford, Roxborough, - 13998 28522 16970 16970 488; 4738 1592 884 12097 29067 41220 21558 3798 25356 7264 6443 2887 992 17586 42520 70287 Total rest of co. Total oily&coun. 11871 54391 4294; 53722 1820. 21488 349831057118 35209 14713 3963 1638 20314 55523 1830. 31376 11141 2507 13326 58350 1036110379 682% ¦ 14^1 29003 96664 10722 81009 1618 565 765 1233 4243 903 2194 400 973 1352 63802 14546 111210 119325 2655 1257 876 1405 4311 1188 2640 443 1315 1682 87353 80458 167811 17772 137097 34011425 lOlg 1637 4642 10682705 418 1502 3334 21155 188961 66 COMPARATIVE YltW OF POP0LATION. [jOLf 188,961137,097 GENERAL VIEW. Ac-jnrding to the census of 1830, there were in the city and county ot Puiladelphia, persons of every desciipliiin, According to the census of 1820, there were Making an increase in' ten 5'ears of Being at the rate of 37.83 per cent; or. 3.25 pei: cent. perannum — doubling in evei-y 21.61 years. The number of inhabitants in the Citt in 1830, 80 45,8 Do. oo. do.' 1820. 63,802 51,864 Increase in ten years, 16,656 Or, at the rate of 26.10 per cent.^per annum 2.34 — doubling in 29.89 years. Number of inhabitants in the Districts in 1830, 87,353 Do. do. 1820, 55,523 Increase in ten years. 31,830 Or, at the rate of 57.32 per cent. — 4.62 per annum — doublini; in 15 30 years. In the rest of the Cocntt, there were in 1830, 21,150 Do. 1820, 17,772 Increase in ten years. 3,378 Or, at the rate of 19.96 per cent. — per annum 1.76 — doubling in 39.86 years. The increase in the Citt From 1790 to 1800 was 12,668, or 44.37 per cent. 1800 1810 12,502, 30.33 1810 1820 10,080, 18.76 1820 1830 16,656, 26.10 City Increase in 40 years, 51,906. orl81.80 per cent. Or. 2.62 per annum— doubling in 26.77 years. The WHITE inhabitants in the City and Cotjntt In 1830 were - ¦ - 173,345 18-20* . - - - 123.746 Increase in ten years. 49,599 Or, 40-.08 per centum — 3.42 per annum — doubling in ^56 years. The FREE COLOURED inhabitants in the Citt and Counti In 1830 were - - - 15,616 18'20 - - - 11,884 Totalincrease, '3,732 Or. 31.41 per centum — 2.76 per annum<7-duubling in 25,38 years. In the Citt and Coontt tiiere were In 1820 - - 22 10 ALIENS not naturalized. 1830 - - 4179 do. Increase, - - 1969, or 89.09 per centum! Doubling in 10.88 years!! 6.58 per annum. • In this year, 1203 persons not taxed, and 3 slaves, are noticed in the census, which we exclude from our calculation, bcreatter, as their sex and colour are un known, -, In 1820 there wel-e engaged in ,\gricultui-e 3435 persons j)(,^ Commerce 3733, Do! Manutac. 11832 Denseness of Population in the Citi. We do not know, that any attempt has ever before been made to show the denseness of population ofthe city; or, in other words, the number of inhabitants to a .given number of square feet. For this purpose, we have constructed the following table ; which will enable the reader lo form some idea upon the subject. IfVvill be evident to every one who reflects, that perfect accuracy respecting it cannot be expected — asjin order tq it, eve ry foot of ground that is occupied by a dwelling and in habitants must be known. In the formation of this table, we have taken the dimensions, of the different squares, from the table published in our fifth volume, page 320. The space occupied by the principal streets is excluded; but that devoted to Ihe smaller streets and alleys — as well as that.which is occupied by churches and other public buildings, and also public squares and other open grounds — are all embraced in the calculation. In 1800, the city was divided into fourteen wards — containing in the plot from Vine lo South, and from river to river, 50,141,410 square feet. From ea--t to west, the city was divided into two parts; of which Fourth street was the dividing fine — at which, the east ern wards terminated, and the western wards commen ced. In 182.5, this. dividing line was removed to Seventh street. The first column ofthe table, therefore, contains the number of square feet in each ward, from 1800 lo 1825i and the apportionments made in Ihe second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and ei.nhlh columns, are agreeably lo that division ofthe wards. The ninth column shows the number cf square feet in each ward, as existing since 1825 — according to whicb, the subsequent apportionment is made. The twelfth column shows-the value assessed in each ward, at the last triennial period; and the thirteenth gives the assessedvalue of each square foot. Without further expfanation we submit the table» which, at one view, gives some idea of the different changes which the city has undergone, by the removal of its population from some parts to others, and the oc cupation of vacant ground from time lo time. As the census of 1790, was taken, previously to the division ofthe wards, we have, for that year, only given the total populatiop, and the number of square feet lo each inhabitant, viz. 1755. Tt may be proper here to observe, that when the city and suburbs are spoken of, the limits embraced in the bills of mortality, as nearly as they can be as certained, are intended. When the increase per annum is given, or the duplication mentioned, il is accord-- ing to the geometrical ratio at w hich populat'ion aug> ments. 1831.] COMPAKATIVE VIEW OF POPULATION. 67 TABLE exhibiting the number iff square feet in each Word — the population at each c'ensui from the number if iquare feet to each vihubilant in the City. 1790 to 1830— and WARDS. WO^ - 00 tn .= rH Ii g-c !5dJ- o z. oo i, ,1 U 4865 3377 3067 269o 2169 2792 2235 'it il CO 378 295 352307 37U i75 589 o= ° coo o 5512 35263644 2732 23U62764 2170 .iJ ,1 5 - 3.34 279297 303349 379607 3 ="dC CO 01 r-1 O' 5R89 32373396 2931 2H17 2529 2415 23213 6020 6298 7463 .5096 3475 33338904 .V ^ a '^ - c o*- J3 312304318282 285 414 545 340930 836 943 11331272 1288 J105 14 ^^-3: . CO ^ " 0 2 d IS U 744'368635540 6763 4115 342844275378 3 d ?£ 236243248 318 341 398 402 416 cr-= = "u c « _: c tb y ;S2 1. ^ ^^ :- 1 51 .Cfiil. 729591 e9 2 21 1 64 1 6585 New .Market.. L. Delaware.. Pine... 1,842,905 985,392 1,081,194 828,003 804,052 1.048,6891,317,704 crt 15 M O - OJ 51? >- tH -lU '^'t 1,754,1671.672,848],374,4;>6 1,8.>5,486 1,405,657 1,364,997 1,780,305 2,236.998 4Sl, 264.4*9 . 1,593,733 1,257,165 1,261,635 -3,106,572 2,240,299 2.949,362 1,921,924 U. Delaware.. (Jheslnut Walnut High 1) ck Tutal Kastern 7,907.939 21198 .'^73 22654 53636169 4155 3606 2681 , 2430 6664 31068 53722 349 1044 853 1694 1601'16491767 1477 1359 933 13,424,894 42957 313 15,595,159 1 16 North S. Mulbery . . Locust N. Mulberry.. Middle South Cedar 5,600,674 5,262,624 7.037,389 5.774,268 4.,422,066 4.294.1559.842.295 4126 4596 2355 2285 18501232 3578 20022 1357 1145 2988 25272390348527502109 4.869,0594,575,168 6,118,095 5,019,976 , 3,844,412 3,733,210 8,556,596 . 5796 i. 5364 .7117 5804 3632 3467 6321 37501 840853859 865 1059 1077 1354 979 1,711,745 1,069,5341,655,472 716,918 1,357,545 1,467,345 6a9,068 35 23 ¦ 2714 3539 7 Total Western 4.2.233,471 10589 1038 36,716,516 8,6D7,627| 23 T.ot-,il ci'y..-. 50,141,410 28552 41220 1216' 63.802 786 50,141,410^0458 '6231 24,202,786 48 From this table il appears, that In 1790 there was 1 person to every 1755 square feet. 1800 ' 1 ¦ 1216 1810 1 933 1820 1 786 1830 , 1 623 So Ihat, in the forty years, the number of square feet to each individual has been reduced 1132 thi-oughout the City plot. The Eastern Wards In 1800 contained 21198 inl^b'ts, and 373 sq.ft. to each, 1810 22654 349 1820 23213 340 1830 42957 313 The Western Wards In 1800 contained 20022 inhab., and 2109 sq.ft, to each. lijlO ' 31068 1359 1820 40589 1038 1830 .37501 979 ' , By taking from Dock ward Washington square, 291,600 square feet, it will leave 361 square feet to each inhabitant, instead of 416. Take the same dimensions, for Riltenhouse square, from Upper Delaware ward, it will give 216, instead of 319 feet for each inhabitant. If 186.825 square feet, the dimensions of Independence square, be deducted from Walnut ward, it will leave 545, instead of 398. , Take the vacant Hospital lot 187,407, and the same for the vacant lot between the Hospital and Alms-house, from Cedar ward, it will leave 1294,' instead of 1354 feet. By a late list ofthe Churches, it appears, Ihey occupy 3 10.1811 square feel. an4 the numerous burying grounds much more space. In the western wards, there remains much unoccupied grounil ; and in some of the eastern wards, there are a number of vacant lots, but as we do not pretend to be exact to a foot in our calcuUtiqns, it is unnecessary to point tbem out. Number of Inhabitants to each House, As the number of houses has not been taken very re cently, we have no certain method of arriving at the number of inhabitants to each house. In 1793, there was an enumeration, made by a committee of citizens, during the yelldv/ fever, which gave the following re sult: . . North of Market street, 2244 houses, 13649 inhabitants. South of do. 1978 12497 Total, 4222 26146 The former averaged 6.09 inhabitants to each; and the latter 6.07 — the whole city and suburbs, averaged 6.348, and houses 6327. In 1810, accordingto Paxton'a Directory, there were 8874 dwelling-houses, and 53,722 ' inhabitants, being an average of 6.07 to each. In the city iind suburbs there were 15,814 dwellings and 96,664 inhabitants, which gives 6.11 inhabilants. Dividinglhe present number of inhabitants, in the city and suburbs, 167,811, by 6, it will give 27,968 dwelling-houses. The following statement will show the increase of buildings: In 1793 there were 6327 houses. 1802 11200 Increase in 9 years, 4873 Being an average of new dwellings, yearly erected, 541. In 1805 there were 13461, being an increase of 2261, erected in the three years from 1802, or a yearly average of 251. In 1802 there were 464 houses erected. 1803 385 In 1810 tbere were 15814' houses. 1805 13461 Increase in 5 years, 3353, or snnaally 471. 6S COMPARATIVE VIEW OF POPULATst According to the estimate above, there were In 1830 ^- 27985 dwelling-houses. 1'810" - 15814 ^ Increa-e in 20 years, 12171. oran average of 608 ann. In the 37 years from 1793 to 1830. the buildings have incresCsed 21662; or, an average of 585 new buildings each year ofthe whole series. INCREASE AND RELATIVE PROPORTIONS THE SEXES> White Population. In the City and County there were OF Years. Males. Females In 1790 25382 26520 180O 37056 37073 1810 49632 51056 1820 58866 64880 1830 . 83536 89809 Increase from Males:' 1790 to 1800 11674 1800 1810 12576 1810 1820 9234 1820 1830 24670 Excess. Males. Females. 1138. or 100 to 104.48. 100 100.04. 100 102.87. 100 110.21. 100 107,50. Females. Percent. 10553 39 79- 13983 ' 37.71. 138-24 27.07. 24929 '38.42 17, 1424, 6014, 6273, Per cent, 45.99 33.93 18.6041.91 The whole increase of whiles, in the 40 years, was 121,443— viz, males 58,154, females 63,289, or 233.98 per cent., or per annum 3.06^-doubling in 22.99 years. The males increased, during the same time, 229.11 per cent., or 3.02 per annum ; and the females 238.64 per cent,, or 3.09 per annum. In tbe City there were Excess. Proportion. Males. Females. Fem. Males Males Females. 1300918624 232402578533031 In 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 Increase from 1790 to 1800 1800 1810 1810 1820 1820 1830 13883 874 — 100 to 106.78. 18331 — 293 100 98.42. 24128 888 — 100 10.3.82. 29232 3447 — ^100 113.37. 37619 4588 — 100 113.89. Miles. Percent. Feniales. Percent.. 5615 43.19 4448 32.03. 4616 24.78 5797 31.62. 2545 10.95 ,5104 21.15. 7246 28.10 8387 28.69. Total increase in the City from 1790 to 1830, 40 years, was 20022 males; or 154.00 per cent., or 2.40 per an- jmm — 23736 females; or 170.97 per cent, or 2.52 per an. In the SUBURBS there were Mules. Females.. Excess. Males. Females, In 1790 1800" 1810 1820 1830 6595 13122 17604 24826 405U7 6955 13786 18217 27061 41991 360, or IIJO to 105 46. 100 105 06. 100 103.47. 100 109.00. 100 103.66. Females. Percent 6831 98 21. 4431 32.14. 8844 48.54. 14930 55.17. 664. §13, 2235, 1484, Jncreasefrom Males. Percent. 1790 lo 1800 6527 98.97 1800 1810 4482 ' 34 15 1810 1820 7222 41 02 1820 1830 15681 63.16 Total increase within the suburbs in 40 years, from 1790 to 1830, was 33912 males; or 514.20 per cent., or 4.63 per annum — 35036 females; or 503.74 per cent., or 4.59 per annum. In the CouN-rx there were Excess. Proportion. Males. Females. Males.Fem. Males. Females. In 1790 5778 5682 96 —, or 100 to 98,.33. 18U0 5310 4956 354 — , 100 93.33, 1810 8788 8711 77 —, 100 99.12. 1820 8255 8587 — 332, 100 104.02, 1830 9998 10199 - 201, 100 102.31, From 1790 to 1800, tiiere was a decrease of 468 males, or 8.10 per cent. — 726 females, or 12.77 percent. From 1800 to 1810,there was an increase of 3478 males, or 65.49 per cent.— 3755 females, or 75 .74 per cent From 1810 lo 1820, there was a decrease of 533 males, or 6.06 per cent.— 124 females, or 1.42 per cent. From 1820 to 1830,there was an increase of 1743 males, or 21.11 per cent.— 1612 females, or 18.77 per cent. ^ Total increase in Ihe County 4220 males; or 73.03 per cent., or 1.38 per annum — 4517 females; or 79.40 per cent., or 1.47 per annum. Coloured Population. The census of 1790, 1800, and 1810, do not designate this portion ofthe population; except under the general heads of "other persons not taxed" and "slaves;" we are, therefore, compelled to pass over it with merely observing, that tbere were in the City and County, In 1790 2102 not taxed and 387 slaves. ,1800 6795 85 , 1810 10514 8 1820 1450 7 - In the Citt and Countt there were free col'd persons Males. Females. Excess. Males. Femater.i In 1820 5217 6667 1450. or 100 to 127.80. 1830 6792 8803 2011, 100 129.60. Increase in 10 years 1575 males; or 30. 19 per cent, or 2.62 per annum — 2136 females; or 32.03 per cent, or 2.84 per annum. Total increase of both sexes 3711, or 31.22 per cent. In the Citt there were Male; Females. Excess, Males, Females. In 1820 3156 4423 1267. or 100 to 140.11. 1830 4025 5771 1746, 100 143.37. Increase from 1820 to 1830, 869 males; or 27.50 per cent, or 2.41 per annum — 1348 females; or 30.56 per cent, or 2.66 per annum. In the SUBURBS there were Males. Females. Excess. Males. Females In 1820 1706 1925 219, or 100 to 112 84 ' 1830 2282 2564 282, 100 112.35'. Increase in 10 years 576 males; or 33.76 per cent, or " 2.95 per annum— 639 females; or 33.19 per cent dr 2,91 per annum. In the Countt there were Males. Females, Excess. Males. Fem In 1820 355 .319 36. or 100 to 89 86. 1830 485 468 ir, iqo 95:49. Increase in 10 years 130 males; or 36.62 per cent, or 3.16 per annum— 149 females; or 46.70 per cent, or -3.91 per annum. In the Citt and Coontt there were In 1820 for every 100 free col'd males 127.80 females 1830 100 129.60 In 1820 for every 100 white males 110.21 females 1830 100 107.50 PROPORTIONS AS TO AGES. White Population. The census of 1790,specifies"nnly two periods respect- ing the males, viz. those under 16, and those above it; it does not designate the ages ofthe females at all. In the Ci-rr and suburbs There were 8244 white males under 16, and 11360 above 16, 19604 white males, and 20838 females. COMPARATIVE VIEW OF POPULATION. 69 Those males under 16, amounted to 42.05 per cent. «jf the whole number of males; and those above 16, amounted to 57.91 per cent, ofthe whole. The males bore the proportion to the females of 100 to 106.29. In the rest of the Countt There were 2652 males under 16, and 3126 above 16. 5778 males, and 5682 fem. ages not (given. Or 100 males to 98 33 females. Those males under 16. were 45.89 per cent, of the whole number; and those above 16, 54.11-per cent. Under 10 years— in the City and County. In 1800 ther^were 10400 males and 10613 females. 18101820 1830 Increase from 14575 14396 18176 . 17692 23745 23011 Males, Percent. Females. Percent. 1800 to 1810 was 4175 -40.14 3783 35.64. 1810 1820 3601 24.70 3296 22.89. 1820 1830 5569 30.64 5319 30.06. Increase Of males in the 30 years 13345; or 128.31 per cent, or 2.74 per annum — and 12398 females; or 116. 82 per cent, or 2.65 per annum. In ISOOexcessof females213,orl00malestol02 fem. 1810 males 179, 100 98.77 1820 484. 100 97.33 1830 ?'34, 100 96.91 From 10 /ol6 years — in the City and County. In 1800 there were 4736 males. 4863 females. 127 excess 1810 6644 6987 . 343 1820 8099 9191 1092 1:830» 9271 9793 52^ [• In 1830, the ages are from 10 to 15 years.] Increase from Males. Percent. Females. Percent. 1800 to 1810 was 1908 40.29 2124 43.68. 1810 1820 1455 21.90 2204 30,11. 1820 1830 -1172 14.47 602 6.55. Increase of males in 30, years 4535; or 95.75 per cent. or 2.27 per anniim— 4930 females; or 101.38 per cent. or 2.32 perannum. In 1800 excess of females 127 or 100 males tol02.68 fem. ,810 343 100 105.16 1820 1092 100 113.48 1830 522 100 105.63 The whole 'White population under 16 years of age. Excess. Males. Females. Mali In 1790 1800 1810 1820 1-630 Increase from 1790 to 1800 18U0 1810 1810 1820 1820 1830 Increase for 40 years 22120 males; or 203 01 per cent. or 2.81 per annum — 17328 females (30 years increase)-; or 111.96 per cent, or 2.53 per annum. Females. Males. Females. In 1800 excess under 16 340 or 100 to 102,24. 1810 16 164 100 100.77. 1820 16 608 100 102.31. 1830 r6mal.212 100 99.36. Between 16 and 26 years of age. In 1800 7722 males 8339 females 617 excess. 1810 1C798 11835 1037 1820 11829 14358 2529 1830* 27893 • 30640 2747 [•Between 15 and 30 years.] Increase from Males. Per cent. Females. Per rent 1800 to 1810 3076 39.83 3496 41.91." 1810 1820 1031 9.54 2523 21.32. 1820 'ISSO 16064 135.80 16i82 113.40. [• Betwefen 15 and 30 years] The increase fcfr 30 years was 20171 males; or 261.22 percent. or4.37 perannum— 22301 females; or 267.43 per cent, or 4.43 per anhitm. In 1800 excess of 617 females or 100 males to 108 fem. 1810 , 1037 100 109.64 1820 2529 100 121.37 1830 2747 100 109.86 Between 26 arid 45 years. In 1800 9445 males 8347fem. 1098 males -^ — fem 1810 11787 11396 391 1820 14051 15367 ]3l6 1830 17195 18627 1432 Increase from Males. Percent Females. Per cent. 1800 to 1810 2342 24.79 3049 36.52. 1810 1820 2264 19.20 3971 34.84. 1820 1830 3144 22.37 3260 21.21. Increase of males in ihe 30 years 7750 males; or 82.05 per cent, or 2.02 per annum— 10280 females; or 123.16 per cent, or 2.69 per annum. In 1800 excess of 1098 males or 100 males to 88.37 fem. 1810 1820 1830 391 100 1316 fem. or 100 1432 100 96.78 109.36 108.32 Males. I >males. Males. Females. 10896 15136 15476 ¦ 340 21219 21383 164 26275 26883 €08 . 33016 32804 212 Males. Percent. Females. Per cent 4240 38.91 6083 40.18 5907 38.16. 5056 25.71 5500 25.72. 6741 25.73 5921 22.02. Upwards of 45 years. In 1800 4753 males 491 females 158 excess fem. 1810 5828 6442 614 1820 6711 8272 . 1561 1830* 5432 7738 2306 [* Upwards of 50 years.] Increase from Males. Percent. Females. Percent. 1800 lo 1810 1075 22.62 1531 31.17. 1810 1820 883 15.15 1830 28.40. From 1820 lo 1830, there appears to have been a > decrease of 1279 males; or 19.05 per centum— 534 fe males; or 6.45 per cent. (Upwards of 50 years of age.) Increase in the 20 years, from 1800 to 1820, 1958 males; or 41.19 per cent, or 1.86 per annum — 3361 females; or 68.43 percent, or 2.65 perannum. Increase in the 30 yeai-s.from 1800'to.l830. 679 malesj or 14.28 per cent, or 0.446 per annum— 2827 femalesj , or 57^56 per cent. Or 1.53 , per annum. In 1 800 excess of 1 58 feMales OrlOO males to 103.32 fem. 1810 614 100 110.52 1820 1561 100 123.26 1830 2306 100 142.45 From the preceding statements it appears tbat in I790,jtht male white inhabitants in the city and sub urbs, under 16. were in proportion to the whole white population, as 1 to 2.37, and that in the rest of the coun ty it was 1 to 2 18 — those above 16 in city and suburbs, were as 1 to 1.71. county 1 to 1.85 — that the males of all ages were to the females of all ages, in city and su burbs, as loo lo 106 29 females, county 100 to 98.33 that under 10 years of age in 1800, tbere was an excess of female8,andthat at every other census tbe males at that 70 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF POPULATluiy. age were- considerably in excess, — that the males in creased in the 30 years from 1800 to 1830. 128.31 op 2.74, per cent, pei- annum, and the females, 116,82 or 2.65 annually— that fi-om 1800 to 1810, there wasa more rapid increase of both sexes, than at the subse quent period — and that from 1810 to 1820, there wasa considerable decrease in tbe ratio— and in the next pe riod the ratio advanced about 5 per cent on the males, and about 7 per cent.on thefemales.In 1800,the propor tion ot the sexes under 10, was 100 males to 102 fe- rnali s, and in 1830, 100 males lo 96.91 females, . Between the ages of 10 and 16. — the males increased from 1800 lo 1830, 95.75; or 2.27 per annuin-^while the females increased 10128, ol .2.32— in 1800, the males wei;e as 100 lo 102.68, females, and in 1820, they were as 100 to 113.48, and in 1830-100 to 105.63 — the males having increased from 1800 to ISIO, at the rate of 40 .29 per cent.,and the females,43.68.wliile from 1820 t^ 1830, the former increased only 14.47 per cent, and the latter only 6.55. Ofthe whole white population under 16 years, the excess was constantly in favour of the females, from 1800 to 1820, or 100 males tq 102 females^- from 1820 to 1830, there were males 100 to 99 females. f Between the ages of 15 and 26, sA all the periods the excess is in favour ofthe females, being in 1800 as 100 males to 108 females, and in 1830 as 100 to 109.86— at this period of life the census of 1830 shows a remark able increase ofthe population — from 1800 to 1810, the increase of males was39.83 percent, and'females 41.91; - in 1810 to 1820, only 9.54 for.the males and 21.32 tor the females — while in th-e next ten years, >iz. from 1820 to 1830. Ihe males inpi-eascd 135.80, and the females, 113.40. probably caused by -the addition of em. grants between these ages; the increase uf the' whole 30 years was 261.22 percent, for the males, or 4.37 annually, and 267,43 per cent, or 4 43 annually for the females. Between 26 and 45 — the census of 1800 aiid of 1810 show art excessinfavour of the males, in the other iwo periods it was in favour of the females — being in 1800, 100 miles to 88 37 females, in 1810, 100 to 96.78, in 1820, 100 lo 109.36, and in 1830, 108 32, ihe whole in- crease in 30 years 82.05 for males, or annually 2.02, fe males, 123. 16 or annually 2.69 From 45 years andupward, the excess is always on the side ofthe females; in 1800 it was only 158, in IbSO it is 2306, or in 1800, 100 males to 103,32 females— and in 1830, 100 males to 142.45 females. The following table exhibits several views of the white population ofthe city and county according lo the census of 1830. The first column shows the numbers and sexes at the different ages, and the second gives the proportion of the sexes to each olher; the 3d column exhibits the pro portion of each sex at the different ages, to the whole number of each sex; the4th column furnishes the relative proportion of ihe whole white population at each age. AGES. Under 5 years of age. From 5 to 10 10 to 15 15 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40.... .... 40 to 50 .... 50 lo 60 60 to 70 70 to 80 80 to 90 90tpl00 100 and upwards. Population of whites in the city and coun ty according lo 'cen sus of 1830, at the different periods of life. Males. Fem. Total 12941 10804 9271 10346 1754711063 6132 ' 31121573 551 167 26 12414 10597 979,; 11306 19334 11897 6730 4068 2394 961 268 40 7 25355 21401 19064 21632 36881 2296012862 7180 39671512 435 66 10 83,536 89,>S09|173,345 Proportion of each sex, at each age. Males. Females. 100 95.9 98.08 105.63 109.28 110.12 107,53 109.75 130 72 152.19 174.41160.48153^84 233.33 107,50 Proportion of each sex, at the respective a.^e.<, to the whole numbei of that sex. I'ropor. of the whole ai each age, to the wh'e pop. ol city and county Males. 1 to 6.45 7.7. 9.01 8.07 4.75 7.53 13.62 26.84 53.10 151.60500.21 3212.92 27845.00 Females. 1 lo 7.24 8.479.17 7.94 4,64 7^54 13..34 22.07 37.5193.45 335.10 2245.22 12829.85 1 to 6.838.09 909 8 00 4.70 7.54 13.47 24.14 43 69 14.64 398.54 2626.43 17334.50 From this table it appears that the proportion of the males to the females, was an average of 100 uf the for mer to 107.50 ofthe latter — that at the first two period.-^, there was an excess of males — -that from 10 to 30 there is a regularly Increasing excess of females, which again diminishes between the ages of 30 and 40, and then again rises between 40 and 50 — from 50 to 60 the ex cess of females becomes very considerable and rapidly increases tillbetween 70 and 80 — from this period until 90 and 100, there is a gradual decrease, but beyond 100 years, tbe population becomes as 100 males to 233,33 females, thus showing that from the period of 50 years longevity is very much in favour of the females — espe cially, in the latter periods of life. The whole number ofthe males beyond 50, is 5432 or 1 to 15.37 ofthe whole number of males; 7738 females, or 1 to 1160 pf Ihe whole number of females — Ihe two together being 7.59 per cent, of the whole while population upwards of 50 years of age. Beyond the age of 70, there are only 747 males ori to 111.83, of the 83.536 males, and only 1276 females or 1 to 70.37,Of tbe 89.809 females, or 2023 of botb sexes beyond the age of 70 years, being 1831.] COMPARATIVE VIEW OF POPULATION. 71 only about 1.16 per cent, of the whole white popula tion. Aces or Coloured Population op Citt and County. Previous to the census of 1820, the ages of this class are not given. The census of 1790, 1800 and 1810, did not distinguish the coloured from other persons not tax ed. We have, therefore, no points of con.parison be yond 1820. In 1820, there were Under 14 years 1813 males 1814 fem. 1 excess. From 14 to 26 1030 1844 814 26 45 1746 2181 435 45aftd u-pwards 628 828 200 Total, 5217 6667 At the age of 14, the males and females were equal — while that of whites at 16 (the nearest analagous age), was in favour of the females from 5 to 13 per centum. The number, under 14, of males to the whole number of males, was as 1 to 2.82, and females as 1 to 3.67, and to the whole coloured population as 1 to 3 30. Between 14 and 26,-the males were 100 to 179.03 fe males — the proportion ofthe whites, y'rom 16 td 2o, was 100 lo 109.86, excepting in 1820, when it was 100 tb 121.37. The pt^oportion of those, between 14 and 26, to the whole uf each sex,, was as 1 to 5.16for males — and 1 to 6.47 for females — and to the whole coloured population, as 1 to 4 17. From 26 to 45, there were males 100 to. 124.91 fe males — proportion of whites at those ages 100 to 109.36. ] The proportion to the whole of each sex 1 lo 3.45 for- males — 1 to 3.05 for females — and to the whole popu- ation as 1 to 3.05. At 45 and upwardsf there were 100 males lo 131 85 females — the whites, at same ages. 100 to 123.26. The proportions- to the whole sex as 1 to 8 46 fur males — I lo 8 05 for females — and to the whole population as 1 to 8.23. In 1830. thfe number of males above 55, 408, and fe males 535, or 100 males to. 131. 12 females. The males above that age being, to the whole number of males, as 1. to 16i40; and, the females, to the whole number of that sex, as 1 to 16.45; and both, to the whole coloured population, as 1 to 16.53. The number of persons above 100 is 27, viz. 14 males and 13 females; or, in pi-opoition to the whole coloured population, as 1 to 577.59. Comparison -with the Whites. Under the age of 10, the whites were, to the whole population as 1 to 3.70 — coloured were as 1 to 4. 58. Above the age ot 50, the whites were as 1 to 13.16.—. above the age of 55, the coloured wei-e as 1 to 16.53. Above the age of 100, the whites were as 1 to 17,334. 100, coloured 1 577.59. Showing an extraordinary difference in longevity, on the side of the coloui-ed pojiulation; and that, while in the case of the whites, it is in favour of the females as 2.33 lo 1; in the coloured it is as .92 lo 1 — or; in the former, 100 males to 233.33 females, and, in ihe^atler, as 100 males to 92.08 females. The following table jiresents a .view of the coloured population, in 1830. similar to that of the whites: — AGES. Colored papulation ol the City and County, accoriltiig tothe cen sus of 1830, at the different periods of life. 1 Proportion of males to fe- . males at each age. Proportion of each sex, iitihe respective -nges, to the whole number ot that sex Pniport. of the whole at each age, lo the col'd pop. of city and county. Males. Fem. Total. Males Females. Males. Females. 16581772 1792 1162 ¦ 394 14 1747 27642405 1352 522 ' 13 3405 4536 4197 2514 916 27 100100100 100100 100 105.36155.98 134.20116.35 132.48 92.85 1 to 4.09 1 3.82 1 3.79 1 6 00 1 17 21 1 485.14 1 to 5.03 1 3.19 1 3.66 1 6.58 1 16.86 1 677.15 1 lo 4.58 1 3.43 1 3.71 1 6.20 1 17.02 1 577.58 Between 10-and 24 ....;. '24 36 36 55 55 100.. ¦ 6792 8803 15595 100 129.46 ' .Decrease by deaths, and increase by births. In 1810, the population of the districts included with in the bills of mortaliiy, (viz: the City, Northern Liber ties, Penn Township, Kensington, Southwark, Moya mensing, Passyunk and Blockley. was 982j82, aud the deaths, deducting still born, were 1897 or 1 in 51.80. In 1820, the population was 121980, deaths 3189 or 1 in 38.25, and in 1830 the population (less Blockley) 167.811, deaths 3943 ori in 42.50. -' The whole number of deaths in the 10 years from 1820 to 1830 was 40506, viz: 34044 whites, and 6462 colored, males 22360,females 18146,or 100 males to 81.15 females. The whole number of 6jWA» in the 10 years from 1820 to 1830 was 64.637, viz: males 33569. females 31068 or 100 male* to 93,54 females — color not deiignated. The deaths were to the births in those 10 years as 100 of the former to 159.56, of the latter or as 1 lo 1.59. In both cases,still-born are included. For several) ears a small portion ia designated "sex unknown" — in. the above calculation, we have apportioned them in each year by those of the same year of which the sexes were as certained. The difference between the births and deaths in the 10 years is 24,131, which if they are correctly reported, shows thatio be the wotorormcrease, which taken from the total increase viz:47044,will leave 22913 to havebeen supplied from abroad, from the country or ftom other cities. The natural increase therefore, and that from migration was nearly equal, or 100 from the former source for every 94. 95, from the latter. 72 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF POPULATION. [Jtri» The increase, in the ten years, of those districts was - Males 22,854 Females 24,190 Increase by birlhs, 11,209 12,922 Showing the increase from the . ^— ^— other sources was composed of il645 11268 Or only a small difference of males more than females. The following table shews a comparative view of the births and deaths in the 10 years fro.m 1820 to 1830. OOOCOO>»000000000000 ,. o^to^o^^t^oco^o^o^OiO S pooo^o. Ut^^coto^-* g ^ on i03 UtC7i O3O303O3O0 03 03tsD03W tOCJiOlUtOt.fi'OUDOCTi«D 03 to CO to 4* Ol ¦N.ND 03 Ch004a>i-tOi4i-tO-vJt-to 1 CO.re s 03 . I-t 00 03OtOU»i-'00^03O'— to -s Ol to *^ to H* Ol •-' "^ 3 OlNT ^Ol-^'^OlOlUtOtOtUt oi«3too^ioioooe-MO fcO«00 0.,^tOOii-ttO^ 00UtO03O0^0303C0"^ ,1 toOl CO 03tO03, (003t0fc0fr0l0-t0 O^OtOOOO-^p-^foUt — tOU)l-tOlO^, WOiOO-^i-- Still born. 5' to l-a ^^to^ofco^oto^o^o^o^o0^*'tOtf>.lO*>-*<»UttOrfa. Propter, of still born to births. s oooooooooo ooooocoooo 1 n n y 1? ^ 6 -a ss m 0' to intOO'OtOtOtOtOOO'O-O to ^ pi ^ Js3 0,rf^ JO 7-- OoisOt003H-Oii^£ft*^tO.{oO»-*«3Ut«3-»O^OOOi 3 -to. a* lOiotoioMiotototo^ £o3-s^-^o^oi«3y3to r^coQO^tXJOt tOM4^ COas 0 t? ,^ ECw t-t 00 t-.i-si-.i-twi-itoNDk-'jr;00 tc'^o --I »o "^ P t; fe Sc^ 0»^tOMC:'0*kC»'*^00 ^ 3 in Ji.*.JS*0jrf»-O3»t»-rf^C/3 03 S^to'^ Ot - yDO ^c-O^p0VI !S2S*..OMK0tn^C0 ts IO WMM031OtOI-»l-«t01-'03--1100CrtC»*.lO.-.00 MOOQOOO — cowca^ Excess of births over deaths. o 0 Proportion of deaths to birlbs. Within the last 10 years following ^ges. Under 1 year deducting. Still-born. Between 1 and 2 Between 2 and 5 Between 5 and 10 Between 10 and 15, Between 15 and 20 Between 20 and 30 Between 30 and 40 Between 40 and 50 Between 50 and 60 Between 60 and 70 Between 70 and 80 Between 80 and 90 Kjetween 90 and 100 Between 100 and 110 Between 110 and 120 there have died 40506 at the 8,570 3,291 2,793 1,479 712 1,144 4,543 4,738 -3,733 2,630 , 1,9321,352 746214 32 5 Propor. of 1000. 226.03 86.80. 73.66 39.0118.77 30.17 119 85 124.97 98.46 6936 5U.9635.66 1968 5.64 .85 . .13 37,914 1000.00 Or more than one-fifth under the age of one year. Or nearly one-half under twenty years. Nearly a fourth between twenty and forty. More than a fifth between forty and seventy. At the census of 1830 there were 44,402 persons within the limits ofthe bills of mortality, underthe age of 10. of both sexes and colors^ and there died 1821 (excluding stillborn) which was at the rate of 4.10 per cent on the population within that age." As the ages of the colored population are not given after 10 years, precisely in the same manner as the jwhites, we are compelled, in order lo pursue the cal culation, lo take' the nearest ages for that portion — it can be, therefore, merely an approximation lo correct ness. Between 10 and 20, there were S5,573 whites, and between 10 and 24, there were 4,550 colored, together 40,123; and there were between the ages of 10 and 20 175 deaths or .43 per cent, on the population. Between 20 and 30, there were 32,990 whites; and between 24 and 36, 3.978 colored — total 36,968ilhere were 488 deaths between the ages of 20 and 30,or 1.32 per cent, on population.. Betw-een 30' and 50, there were 31,844 whites; and between 36 and 55, 2.377 colored — total 34,221j there were between the ages of 30 and 50, 810 deaths, or 2.37 per cent, on the population. Between 50 and 100, tnere were 11,216 whites; and betwefen 55 and 100, 845 colored— total 12,061; there were 652 deaths, between the ages uf50 and 104, or 5.40 per cent, on population. Above the age of 100, there were 37, w^tes and colored.and there were 2 death s at that age, or 5.40 per cent, on population. Under 10 4. 10 on population. Between 10 and 20 Between 20 and 30 Between 30 and 50 Between 50 and 100 Above 100 In volume I. page 116 of the "American Journal of Medical Sciences" will be found a very interestme essay, and numerous tables, on the medical statistic* of Philadelphia, in 1827, by Governeur Emerson, M.I> .43 do 1.32 do 2.37 do 5.40 do 5.40 do 1831.] THE ALCHEMIST. 73 For the Regist^ of Pennsylvania. THE ALCHEMIST. No. XXIII. Omnibus disciplinis et artibiii dtfbct esse instriictiis orator. Quin- tilian.. Scrlbendi recte, sapere tst et prinpipium et Tana.—Horace. In the wide cii-cle of human talent, and human effort. nothing more splendidly rewards success, than the at tainment of a ready and superior eloquence. Other arts may confer distinction, but the powerful orator who moulds the feelings and sympathies of his audience to his wishes, and cat-i-ies them along with him at his bidding, acquires a potency of influence lo which poe try, painting, and all the fine arts together, has no pretensions. It is that secret moral ascendancy which intertwining itself with the fancy, impresses the image of the speaker indelibly upon the mind ofthe listener, and invests him there with the most romantic superiority. The tribute of admiration must ever be acceptable to him who inspires it, but what can be compared with that, which, not waiting for the approbation ofcritics, at once and spontaneously, springs from the heart, and is read in the eye.' The ingenious and well informed writer, seen only through his pages, receives his meed of praise from the cold and guarded dispensations of rea son, while the orator glowing with, his subject, reads in the expressive glances of his hearers an enthusiasm, corresponding with that by which he feels himself ani mated. When we consider the union of rare qualities— 'the superior endowments and extraordinary exertions — ne cessary to constitute an orator, we shall perceive the justice of Pi-ovidence in so forming our moral nature as to recompense him by the most enviable and gratifying distinction. A luxuriant fancy and the utmost reach of practical and philosophical truth are as ipdispensable to liis formation as skill in logic and exactness in leariiing. His arena is before multitudes of different characters »nd perhaps conflicting passions — he must allay one while he stimulates and excites another. It is not suf ficient that he present Truth as she is,plain and uninviting but hg must dress her with attractions to secure her from revulsion. Great occasions sometimes require that a clearness and simplicity suited to the transactions of business should be united to the accuracyof the historian and the comprehension of the philosopher to the ge nius ofthe poet. The higher order of poetry, it is true, requires the highest conceptions of our nature for its developement; but the poet has his own time, and can choose his own topics for the excitement of his feelings and the concentration of his energies. In oratory every resource uf genius, every effort of reason, every accu, mulation of knowledge are simultaneouslyput to the lest, and brought together into vigorous and engrossing ac tion. At the very same moment the speaker may be called ,upon to diversify the ^eenness and pungency of wit.with the gravity of elaborate and profound '^reasoning— the exactness of knowledge with the flights of impassion ed eloquence. A character so various and lofty, is hardly susceptible of analysis. But it may not be entirely useless to exam- VoL. VIII. 16 'ne the elements which compose it, for the double pur pose of ascertaining its distinctive merits, and to enable us more clearly to perceive the dffficulties in the way to so great an attainment. Notwithstanding the trite maxim, 'poeta nascitur, ora tor fit,' and without meaning to undervalue the virtue of industry, Tmay be permitted to observe that an oi-ato cannot be formed by stUtly alone. Nature must im. plant the requisite feelings and powers, without which, the exertions of art would be as fruitless as the labours ofthe plough in the barren deserts of Sahara. His mind must be at once brilliant and solid, it must be capable , of encountering hardships and makingplayful excursions.. It must have a strength superior to the external acci dents ofthe moment, and must never be thrown f omits equipoise. *In shprt, judgment, fancy, wit, and the faculty of expression, must be its distingiiishing proper ties. The gifts of art must be superadded to the endow ments of nature. Let the aspirant be sedulous in the discipline of his' mental powers, in the accumulation of knowledge, and the cuUivatio'n of his taste. If the ar cana of nature, the minute subdivisions of the mineral and vegetable kingdoms be desirable to the poe^, they are doubly necessary to. the orator. The instructive lesson to which the ar/lent Prince of Abyssinia listened, must be learned by the votary of eloquence.' Nor is this all. He must fill his mind with the treasures of his tory, and be acquainted with man under every aspect and in every country. Poetry and elegant literature, must refine his taste and deepen his sensibility, while deep thought and .abstract speculation must render his mind rugged and adhesive. He must by the contem plation of elevated subjects be lifted above the multi tude whom he is destihed to instruct. He must ac quire that mental tenacity which will not release its sub- ject until it be exhausted. He must have all his powers so under the dominion of his reason as to be able to exert them upon instant notice,and that discipline which will enable him to transfer thefti with equal ease from the frivolous and pleasing.to the great and repulsive. He must, in short, become a purely intellectual being, with all bis sensual tendencies, not only in restraint, but in absolute subjection. Can the man of licentious pursuits or criminal desires, divest himself of the weaknesses which 'flesh is heir to.?' „ This devotion to the cultivation of the intellectual pov^rs by extinguishing the animal propensities; this mai(||^resistance to the temptations of pleasure and the allurements of folly; iihplies a mind sufficiently strong lo justify sanguine hopes. But let me not be understood lo mean that he who aspires to the possession of those su perior powers, essential to superior eloquen.ce, should be phlegmatic and austere, inimical to joy, and the foe to refinement of sentfment. No; let him give the ut most play to the pure affections — let him cultivate those which reside in the mind and the heart — let friendship and love attune his feelings to tbe appreciation of allthe endearments of social and domestic life. So nearly al lied are true greatness and supreme felicity! But to attain this flexibility of mental power, this comprehensive reach of knowledge, this exaltation of 74 JUDGE GIBSON'S OPlNIOm. character, it is not enough thai the candidate for elo quence retire lo Academic groves and classic bowers, that he 'trim his midnight lamp' in close communion with the mighty spirits of former ages. He mUst know his coiitempoi-aries and have active intercourse with his species; he must dive into theinazes of business and see mankind in its various conformations and opposing di versities. Let him not stop here. Let him mingle in the society of the elegant and accomplished oftheothers?x, whose airy pleasantry, brilliancy of fancy, and sharp- ness'af wit, will suggest ideas as useful for actual con flict in the field of debate, as the deeper lessons he may imbibe in the solitude of his study. The proud as, pirant for the laurels of intellectual glo'T, holding this too mucfi in contempt, becomes rigid and ungainly, without versatility and suppleness. Such qontact with out detracting from the intrinsic worth of his misshapen bullion, will give it form, and polish it into elegance. After being filled with profound knowledge and im bued with Ihe beauties of approved authors, after ac- quif-ing an entire controul over his intellectual nature, and brushing from him the dust or mauvaise honte of the closet, let him observe with attention the best mo dels for improving upon their merits, and avoiding their defects. Let him engage in the frequent exercise of •peaking after due preparation; but in these let fiim be select in his words while bold in his style; chaste while animated in his illustrations and ornament. Let him in- dulgein written composition, which, allowing- less ar dour, vehemence, and freedom, may aid the acquisition of closeness in thought and purity and propriety in lan guage. Let him by all the means in his power acquire copioiicrSorum, that richness of style so necessary for the easy enunciation of his sentiments and the pleasur able gratification of his listen.ers. The eradication of ihe lower passions of our nature and the cultivation ot every good affection and pure emotion, are greatly beneficial as they tend to exalt intellect over sense and prepare the mind by its consequent invigBration,for mas- ' culine achievements. They do more. They Impart to the character a charm,and to the sentiments a power and a glow, which wUl overawe the debased and worthless. The man whp to great natural and acquired talents for oratory, adds a contempt for meanness, a purity of mor al", a love of country, and a reverence for religion, pos sesses an armament not only invincible in itself, but proudly setting opposition at defiance I H. Increase ofthe manufacture of iron in Pittsburgh. At a meeting ofthe citizens of Pittsburg, held at4he court house, on the 28lh of December, 1816, Mr, Forward, in behalf of the committee appointed at a previous meet ing, made a repoi-t,fi-om which the following is extracted; " In Pittsburg and its immediate vicinity there is an annual consumption of pig iron to the amount of one thousand eight hundred tons, which gives employment to about 150 hands. The value produced is estimated at 223,000 dollars per annum. Of wrOtight iron, there is -annually worked_^up above two thousand tons, furnish ing, according to the best estimate in the power of the commiltee, a produce of one million three hundred thousand dollars," ' We are assured that the consiumption of iron in and about Pittsburg, now exceeds eight thousand tons, and still rapidly increases, — Pittsburg Gaz. From ihe Journal of Law. OPINION OF CHIEF JUSTICE GIBSON. Corporation v. Waliace. [Coneludtd fi-om p. 52.] i It seems to me. that the preceding remarks dispose ofthe principal grounds of the argument; but wf have ample evidence, that no distinction between mortgages and judgments was ever made in practice. The doubt in the case ofan older judgment was. whether any thing but the clear resulting interest of the debtor could be sold? and, on the theory of those by whom it was enter tained, it is singular that it should have arisen. It was a postulate of that theory, that the interest of the older judgment creditor did not pass by the sheriff^s deed, and, in that view, it is clear that he would not be entitled to satisfaction, out of what was paid, not a^ a price of his interest, but of that which had become the fund ofthe younger judgment creditor by virtue of his lien. To Suppose that he might resort to the purchase money oi- the land, at his pleasure, was an evident inconsistency; and an admission of his right to take the purchase^ mo ney, vvhich seems never lo have been doubted, ought at- once to have settled the question. The purchase mo ney could be substituted tor the land, and distributed among the lien creditors, only on the supposition that tlje sale had divested their right lo evei-y thing else. At present, however, our business is with the evidence. which we have, ofthe earlier practice; and this appears by the manuscript of Mr. Justice Shippen, to have been fully developed in Febiger's lessee v. Craighead, which was tried at Cirlisle in 1793. David Htoge, who had been the sheriff of Cumberland county from 1769 to 1772, testified "that the -usage had been, for thirty years, that when the sheriff knew of a mortgage, he sold subject to it; but that where he had no such know ledge, and Ihe mortgage was not recorded, he sold ADSOLUTEiT, and paid off judgments and mortgages, according to their priority. That it was considered, that when the land was sold absolutely, it dischargeti AI.E former incumbrances as lo the purcbaser, and that the sheriff looked to the payment of judgments accord ing to their order." Samuel Postlewaile, who had been the sheriff of the same county.from 1783 lo 1786, testi fied " that he had sold lahd subject lo a mortgage, in which case the mortgage money was to be paid first." This short note of h'rs evidence is evidently imperfect-^ the meaning being, that the mortgage was to be paid first, vvhen a clear title was sold; and, in this aspect, his evidence is consistent with that of sheriff Hogs. Now it is vain to question the sheriff's right to prescribe the conditions df the sale; if a practice which, accord- ing to the account of it there given, has prevailed for seventy years, may not confer it, we have no foundation for many of our most important laws of domestic origin. Mr. Hoge's representation of the practice was. at the same lime, corroborated by the testimony of Colonel Hartiey. Mr. Bowie, and Mr. Chailes Smith, all profes sional gentlemen, of great experience, in one or more ofthe counties of Lancaster. Berks. Cumberland, York Franklin, Bedford, Mifllin, Huntingdon, and Northum berland, which then comprised that part of the stale which is east ofthe Allegheny mountains, and west ofa line midway between the Susquehanna and Delaware. Ill addition, when the cause came up in bank, the prac tice was assei-teii by Mr. Lewis to be general; and this, without contradiction from Mr. Ingersoll, retained on the other side, or from the judges, who, undoubtedly, had ample opportunity to become acquainted with it on their circuits, in every part of the_state. No man was belter acquainted with the earlier practice and tradi tions of the law, than Mr. Justice Yeates; and it is easy to discover from Keener. Swaine (3 Yeates, 561) what he supposed it lo have 'been in the matter befpre'us. In the counties west of the Allegheny mountains, I am informed by my brother Kennedy, whose experience there reaches thirty years back, that a different impres- I831,J JUDGE GIBSON'S OPINION. 75 sion had been made on the professional mind by the late president Addison, whose opinions were held in deserv ed respect; yet no one, in that part of the state, sup posed there was a diff'ei-ence between mortgages and judgments; the supposition being, that the sheriff could not. in any case, sell more than the resulting interest of the debtor. This impression was. however, gradually effaced, by the influence of ihe judges of this court", on the western circuit, and the matter came to be viewed there as it was elsewhere. 'That it was the practice, in the eastern counties, to sell clear of mortgages, appears satisfactorily from Pelry v. Beativetlet (1 Binney, 97), in which the sheriff of Bucks was allowed poundage for paying judgments and mortgages. To say that the point was not presented to the court, the matter having passed Jui silentio, is to say nothing. What.we want is the fact, that an instance of the practice passed in this city, un challenged by .the debtsr, or Ihe younger lien cretlitoi-s, who are usually a,s sharp isighted, and true to their inte rests, as any other parties litigant in our courts. Cer tainly it would not have passed as a thing of course, had it been considered as great a phenomenon then," as it has been since: nor will it dp to say. the payment may have been with the assent ofthe mortgagee — he had no right to assent to an arrangement, that would enable him to pocket the money of the younger lien creditors. A pretence of right, on his part, to take satisfaction out ofthe land or purchase money, at his pleasure, and thus throw the burthen on the purchaser, or younger lien creditors, as his interest or caprice may dictate, would be monstrous^— such a right would put him in a situation to make terms that would give him more lhan his debt. JIow this pretence, which involves the same inconsis tency of opinion that I have alreaily noticed iu the case ,of a prior judgment, came to i-eMive countenance. 1 know not. The difficnity might have been solved, by a simple inquii-y into the extent of the interest \yhich passed by a sheriff's 'deed. The whole drift ofthe ar gument here, has been to prove that a sale on a younger jtidgment passes, not the estate of the older mortgagee, for Ihat is supposed to be reversed, but the ec^uitt of REDEMPTION; 10 Other words, the clear interest of the mortgagor, which the judgment bound, and which the rhortgage did not bind. It is not easy to see then, how the mortgagee could make pretence of right to what did not pass by his deed; and which being the subject of subsequent hypothecation by the debtor, constituted no part of his, security. To give him the benefit of Ihat, would be a gratuity at the expense of the mortgagor and the younger lien creditorsj As well niight the general creditors ofa partner-^hip, demand the proceeds of a separata execution of the interest of one of the partners, which consist of what may remain after pay ment of the joint debts, but, however inconsistent with the scope of the argument such aright of election would be, it is not more so than the modern practice which is said to prevail here. According to this, the sheriff sells, ,neither subject to. nor altogether free from, prior mort gages, but subject, where less than the amount of the mortgage is bid. to affirmance or disaffirmance ofthe sale by the mortgagee; according'to which, the premises are returned sold, or unsold, for want of bidders. The un certainty of result, consequent on this, must necessarily have an unfavourable influence in preventing the at tendance of purchasers; but the practice admits the ¦whole converse of the plaintiff's argument. It admits, that when a sale is effected, the iohole estaie, and not the equity of redemption merely, is sold, and that this mort gagee is bound to lake satisfaction out of the purchase money. It may be reasonable, that a younger lien credit or should not be at hberty lo disturb an older incum brance, where there is no surplus to be got atj and at one time an idea prevailed- in the country, on what au thority 1 know not, that the sale might be set aside, if no part ofthe prpceeds were found to reach the execu tion of the seizing creditor. We give no opinion about that, but it is evident -that the same idea has given rise to the practice here, else the mortgagee would b^con- sulted in all cases, whether the proceeds were moi-a lhan adequate to satisfy his debtor not. But if the land wet-e sold subject to his mortgage, the matter would not depend on his volition, more than it would on that of a 'stranger: he would be bound to look to the Ian exclusively, and not lake satisfaction in a way to dis appoint those who have no fund, but the equity of re demption; and that he may look to the price proves that his estate has been sold, for undoubtedly he can be compensated for nothing else out of the purchase mo ney. A practice then, which has prevailed in every part of the stale for_moi-e than seventy yeat-s, probably from the foundation ofthe province, ought, one would think, to be received as conclusive evidence ofthe law. Il is said that practice, to be available, ought to be pre ceded hy judicial decision: it seems to me, however, that thls'would be an inversion of thff usual process of formation, judicial decision not being in any case a nu cleus for the increment ofthe law. but, as in the case of the tenant's right to the way-going crop, the recog nition of it as a thing already establisbed by the custom ofthe country. The argument ab inconvenienti, did the matter rest in discretion, would be inconceivably .strong. I have heard, with surpi-ise, an expression of regret, that the law had not been so settled originally, as to subject the land, in the* hands of the purchaser, even to prior judgments. This must surely have been said without consideration. If each lien creditor were separately permitted to carve for himself, by selling just what might, be sufficient to get his rrioney out ofthe land, a great part ofthe estate would go' among th? retainers of the law. Full costs and poundage on fevei-y sale, would be just so much taken out ofthe pockets of the younger lien creditors, who would have come in for a share, had the land bee.n turned iilto money, by one Operation for the benefit of all. Beside, no one would be found willing to purchase, except at a prodigious undervalue, with the certainty of being annoyed by a series of executions to enforce the prior liens; and thus the younger lien creditors would be kept at bsy; and the same consequence, or one as bad. would result from the sale on the oldest lien. The principle insisted on is,Jhat a creditor can sell no more than he holds by his lien; on no other hypothesis, than that all beyond what is necessary to satisfaction belongs to the debtor, could there be a resulting inlerest in him lo answer subsequent incumbrances. What right then vvould an older incumbrancer have which ayounger one has not, to divest the security of any one else„far(her than may be necessary lo produce satisfaction' of his debt.' The abstract principle, fairly carried out, would require Kim to sell an undii'ided interest, to the value of his incumbrance, and tb strike it down as soon as enough were obtained to satisfy the debt and costs.' This prepo.sterotis but necessary consequence of the principle, has been put out of view by the legislature, who foreseeing the inconvenience and confusion that would ensue from selling the estate piecemeal, have in vested the purchaser with title to il, asit was held by the debtor. But a most oppressive consequence ofthe doubt generated by the principle ofthe argument, and communicated to the public mind by the imperfect re port of Febiger's lessee v. Craighead, in the 4th voUime of Mr. Dallas' reports, has been a sacrifice of property to an incredible amount.. It is not too much to compute this at ten per cent, on every judicial sale of land that has since been made. Instances" are within my know ledge of thirty per cent, ort the purchase having been offered in confidence of the purchaser's skill, by those who, at the sale, refused lo hazard a dollar on tlieir own. Is it not equally the interest of lien creditors, whether by mortgage or jud.ijment. as well as of the debtor himself, and. indeed, of all but those whcspecu- late in bargains, that the land should go for its va'ue.' The public interest at stake is ichipense; and even if a temporary hardship, from the principle of Willard v. 76 SUSQUEHANNA AND LEHIGH CANAL CONVEN'riON. IJui.' Norris. were experiened in a partictila'r quarter, it would be greatly more than counterbalanced by /the perma nent benefit that would result to the community at large. Public convenience, however, is supposed to requirie that this species of property be set apart, and consecra ted to investment, by those who may be prevented by ab sence, or other causes, from attending to their pi-operty. If this consideration were imperative, its requirements niight be satisfied by the public stocks, whicli afford all proper facilities; but, even if they did not, there is no species of investment, that ought to be so sacred as to controul the maxim, that the public good is the supreme law. _ But the inconvenience that would have resulted to mortgage creditors, from the decision in Willard v. Norris, would have been neither permanent nor great. They would have ceased to invest in lands at a distance; and as lo defrauding them hy a sham sale, at an under value, that would have become impracticable the mo ment it was ascertained that Ihe purchaser was tq have an unincumbered title. But they would have suffered no more in this respect, or by reason ofthe apprehend ed insecurity of the purchase money in the sheriff's hands, than judgment creditors do at present; and I have heard no complaints by these, of losses from collu sive or surreptitious sales by younger judgment credit ors. Even if there were just ground of apprehension on thisscnre, further precaution might be taken by the courts. Mortgage creditors have certainly not been treated as having pecuhar claims to protection in other matters ; as in cases of injury to the premises, under the road law, for which the mortgagor receives compensa tion, without notice to the mortgagee; and I am unable to see why his interest should be^ preferred lo that of every one else in the matter ofa judifcial sale. It will be seen that the preceding remarks are intend ed for a mortgage not due. As between the mortgagee and purchaser, who, as owner of the equity of redemp tion, stands in the place ofthe mortgagor, it is impossi ble to conceive of an objection to payment which con sists with the letter of the Contract; amd whatever might be the right of the mortgagor oi- the intermediate lien ¦ creditor to demur to performance of the condition out, of the money in the sherifi's hands, it is certain that the mortgagee himself could not; but standing in evei-y respect as a judgment creditor, he cannot object to pay ment even before his debt is due; as has already been determined in Ihe Commonwealth v. Alexander (16 Ser geant and R. 257), and uitimated in Barnet v. Washa- baugh (id, 410), and this disposes of the general ques tion, which a respect for the opinion of counsel, who bave doubled the soundness of the princple of Willard V. Norris, bas induced to have re-argUed on its original^ ground. , It is unnecessary to say, that the lassult is a firm conviction of its solidity. It remains to inquire, how far it affects the plaintiff's lien on the whole, or •any part, of the mortgaged premises. As to this, my opinion happens not to coincide with that pf the ma jority; and the judgment ofthe court, on this part ofthe case, will be pronounced by my brother Huston. From the Bradford Settler. CANAL CONVENTION. At a meeting ofthe delegates from counties on the borders ofthe North Branch of the Susquehanna and the Lehigh and Delaware rivers, at the court house in Towanda, Bradford county, on the 4th day of July A.D. 1831 — Hon. Edv^ard Herrick. of Bradford, was chosen President. Col. Jacob Uriimheller, of Luzerne, and Simon Kinney, Esq. of Bradford, Vice Presidents, — James A. Gordon, of Columbia, and W illi a. -n Patton. of Bradford, Secretaries. The following named gentlemen appeared as Dele gates. Northampton— Ovien Rice. Erskine Hazard, Alexan der E. Brown and Josiah White, Esqri. 'Luzerne — Col. Jacob Drunheller. Cblumbia—Boct, Samuel Headly. George Mack, John T. Davis, and James A. Gordon, Esqvs. Bradford— Hon. Edward Herrick. Dr. John N. West on, Col. James P. Bull, John Laporte, Edward Overton, William Patton, Elisha S. Goodrich, David Cash, Ellis Lewis, Eliphalet Mason, and Simon Kinney, Esqrs. Mr. Bi-own presented a copy of the proceedings ofa meeting of citizerts of Northampton county. Mr. Rice 6ne ofthe cili-/ens of Lehigh county, and Mr. Hazard one ofa resolution ofthe Board of Mana gers of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation company, which were severally read, as follows: At a meeting of.the citizens of thecounty of North ampton, held at" the court-house in the borough of Easton, on the24th day of June, 1831, in pursuance ef public notice, lo take into consideration the propriety of appointing Delegates to tbe proposed Convention lo be held at Towanda on the 4th day of July next, for the purpose of adopting measures to procure ihe con slruclion of a Canal from the Lehigh to the Susquehan na, and for the extension of the North Branch Canal to the State line, to connect with Ihe Chemung Canal, Christian J. Hutter, Esq. was called to the Chair, and James M. Porter, Esq. -appointed Secretary. Alexander E. Brown, Esquire, submitted to the con sideration ot the meeting the following Resolutions, which were read. and. the blank left for Ihe names of the Delegates having been filled, were unanimously adopted. Resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting, it is of great importance to this section ofthe Commonwealth lhatmeasUres3hould be speedily adopted for filling the stock of the Susquehanna and Lehigh Canal Company, in order to eff'ecfuate a water communication between the Susquehanna and Delaware rivers, by the route of the Nescopeck and Lehigh. Resolved, That we believe not only the people, of Ihis section of the Slate, but the city of Philadelphia and the whole country bordering on the west and North Branches of the Susquehanna, have a deep interest in the prosecution and completion of Ihe proposed work, as one calculated to enable Ihe people to transport to the Philadelphia market.by meansof a continuous water communication, the agricultural and mineral products ofthe country bordering on the West and North Branch es of the Susquehanna, and in return, enabling the Philadelphians to supply those regions with her manu factures and merchandize. Resolved, That in furtherance of these advantages, it is proper and right that the canal or improvement ofthe stream on the North Bi-anch, be prosecuted by the State until it shall reach the line of the state of New York, and thus, by a connection with the Chemung Canal, make an uninterrupted navigation from the New York State Canal through the Seneca Lake to the,^city of Philadelphia. Resolved, That this meeting approve ofthe Conven tion proposed to be held at Towanda on the 4th of July next, for fucthering the objects herein before stated,and that Owen Rice. Josiah White, and Alexander E. Brown, Esquires, be Delegates to represent this county in the said Convention, with power to supply any vacancies that many occur in their number. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be published in the papei-s of this county, and that the Se cretary be directed to transmit a copy of these proceed ings to Henry King, Christian Pi-etz, and Mathew Self-' redge. Esquires, of Allentown, with a request that they call a meeting of the citizens of Lehigh county, forthe purpose of taking into consideration the propriety of sending Delegates from that county to the saiti Conven tion. J. M. PORTER, Secretary, At a meeting ofthe citizens of Lehigh, held at the house of Charles Seagrave, in the borough of Northamp ton, on the 27th day of June 1831, 1n pursuance of pub lic notice; on motion Solomon Gangwer, Esquire, wu 1831.] SUSQUEHANNA AND LEHIGH CANAL CONVENTION. 77 appointed chairman, and Jphn Rice, Secretary, upon which the following preamble and resolutions were of fered and unanimou.sfy adopted: "Whei-eas, it is understood Ihat a Convention is to be held at "Towanda. in Ihe county of Bradford, on the 4th day of July next, for the purpose of adopting measure_s to prucufe the construction ofa canal from the river Lthigh to the North Branch of the river Susquehanna, and for the extension ofthe works upon the last men tioned stream. Therefore, , Resolved, That in the opinion of this meeting, the construction of a canal from the Lehigh lo the North Branch ofthe Susquehanna, would greatly promole the prosperity of the country upon both these rivers, par- ticularl}', as it would at no distant day, form an important part of an unbroken water communication from Ihe eity of Philadelphia to Lake Et-ie, and that the people of the counly of Lehigh ought to act in conceit with their fellow citizens of Northampton, and upon the Susque hanna, in adopting all pi-oper measures within their power for the accomplishment of so desirable an object. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be published in the papers of this county," and that the Se cretary be directed lo transmit a copy to the members of the convention at Towanda. Signed, SOLOMON GANGWER,CAaj>man'. John Rice, Secretary, At a meeting of the Board of Managers ofthe Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, Philadelphia, June 14th 1831. Resolved, That Josiah White, and Erskine Hazard.be appointed Delegates lo represent this company in the Convention lo be held at "Towanda, on the 4th of luly next, fur the purpose of adopting measures to promote the construction of a canal from the Susquehanna to the Lehigh, by way of the Nescopeck. EDWIN WALTER, Secretary, On motion, Messrs. Overton, Headley and Herrick were appointed a commiltee to confer with the repre sentatives of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Com pany. On motion, Messrs. Bull, Laporte, Gordon, Rice and Brown, were appointed a committee on the subject of tbe canal from the Susquehanna river to the Lehigh, by the route of the Nescopeck creek. The Convention then adjourned to meet at 6 o'clock, P. M. Agreeably -to adjournment the Covention met, the chairmen ofthe respective committees reported pro gress, and had leave lo sit again — and the convention adjoui-iied lo meet to-morrow, at 7 o'clock, A. M. Tuesday 5th July, the Convention again met. Mr. Overton, from the committee appointed to confer with the deputation from the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, made report, as follows: — The committee appointed to confer with the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company. Report, That having conferred with Erskine Hazard and Josiah White, Esqrs., agents for the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, and fully interchanged their, re spective views and sentiments, iHey feel assured that the tehigh Coal and Navigation Company take a lively in terest in the great public work, of making a water com munication between the waters of the North Branch of the Susquehanna and ihnse of .the Lehigh, and that they heartily concur with, this commiltee on its great utility, and the necessity of its speedy commence ment. That they express the greatest willingness to yield to tbe_Susquehanna and Lehigh Canal Campany all the privileges in their power necessary to encourage and facilitate the successful operations of that company. That they concur in opinion with this commiltee,- that the vast interests of the western part of thp State «f New York, and of the northern part of Pennsylvania, call loudly upon the commissioners of the Susquehanna and Lehigh Canal Company, to take" immediate mea sures forthe commencement and speedy completion of this most important section of internal impi-oiement. by which the city of Philadelphia and of the Common wealth generally, will be as much benefitted as by that of any other work, ofthe same magnitude, in ihe state. SAMUEL HEADLEY, E. HEKRICK, EDWARD OVERTON. Committee, On motion said report was unanimously adopted. Mr. Bull, from the Commiltee to whom was referred the subject ofthe canal from the Susquehanna river to Ihe Lehigh river, by the route oJ the Nescopeck Creek, made report as follows: The committee to whom was referred the subject of the ciintemplated canal from the Susquehanna river U) the Lehigh by the route of the Nescopeck, creek, beg leave respectfully to REPORT: That the shortness of the time allotted to them for the purpose, precludes tliemf'i-om doing that justice lo Ihe subject which their inclinations and judgment would dictate; they are compelled to confine themselves to a mere reference to its prominentfeatures. The town of Havanna, which is situated near the head ofthe Seneca lake, in the interior of New York is 418 miles distant from the city of New York, by the route of the Gland Canal of that state; but by the way ofthe North Branch of the Susquehanna, the Nesco peck and Lehigh canal to Philadelphia, our own com mercial meiropolis it is only 351 miles; 67 miles less lhan from that place to New York. With the completion of the projected improvements fi-om the Lehigh to the Susquehanna and the extension - of the North Branch Canal lo Newto«rn, will we not have a reasonable prospect of gathering a rich harvest from Ihe prodHCts of our sister state, which now pass through her own canals to the city of New York? To Ihe advantage which we possess over her in point of- distance, must be added another important one v'tz- that our canals are situated in a more southern latiliide' and are navigable from two to four weeks later in the fall and that much earlier in the spring. A boat and cargo leaving Havanna for Philadelphia at the opening of our canals inlhe spring would generally be able to. perform the trip by the North Branch and Nescopeck' route and return with a cargo of merchandize before the New York canals were opened for public use. This solitary fact demonstrates the great utility of the pro- jected'improvements on the North Branch and on the Nescopeck. In order lo have a proper understanding ofthe merits of^the Nescopeck route, your commiltee have thought proper to institute a comparison between it and the oth er connexions ofthe Susquehanna and Delaware, wliich have been made, are in progress or contemplated. This isdone without a view of disparaging other routes, for there will be ample business for all Ihe canals and' rail roads connecting the great and flourishing valley of the Susquehanna with the Delaware. ThefoUowing table of distances, lockage," &c. upon the several routes connecting the Susquehanna and- Delawafe, has been obtained from official reports of pro. fessional men, and other authentic sources. BI THE UNION CANAL. Disi.in m'llps. It.of lockage, No.of locks. From Berwick to Middletown 99 From Middletown by the Union canal to the point of its intersection with the Schuylkill canal. 80 From thence to Fairmount, near Philadelphia, 60 186 Aggregate, ,239 860 24 92 30 146 78 SUSQUEHANNA AND LEHIGH CANAL CONVENTION. [JUIT BT THB NESCOPECK ROUTE. Miles. Lock'age. Locka. From Berwick to Maucli Chunk 63 1455 From Mauch Chunk lo Easton, 46 From Easton to'Philadelphia, 78 187 V BT THE COLUHIBIA RAII, ROAD. Miles. From Berwick to Middletown 101 From Middletown to Columbia 19 From Columbia to Philadelphia by rail road. 82 Aggregate, 202 BT THE SUNBURT RAIL ROAD, miles. From Berwick to Sunbury, 38 - From Sunbury to Pottsville 46 From Pottsville to Philadelphia by railroad, 108 Aggregate, 191 By comparing these statements it will be perceived that the Nescopeck route possesses the decided advan tage over all the otheis of being the shortest route from the Northei-n country to the Delaware markets. The only continuous water communication besides this is that obtained by the Union Canal. For, the want of a sufficient supply of water, this has not heretofore been navigable during the dry season of July and August. If this supply should hereafter be obtained, the canal is so eonstructed as lo admit boats'of only 25 tons burthen; hence the Nescopeck, having an abundant supply of water, will always possess an advantage over the Union Canal by admitting boats of larger dimensions, and in point of distance is entirely beyond all competition, or even comparison with Ihat route, the difference being 53 miles in favour of Nescopeck route, or more than one fourth of its whole length. From Northumberland to PhiUdelphia by the Union canal, the distance is 203 miles; and by the way of the Nescopeck canal the distance is 223 miles — a difference ' in distance in favor ofthe IJnion Canal of 20 miles; but it is believed that this is more than neutralized by Ihe difference in the capacity ofthe two canals and unfailing supply of water which will render it navigable at -.all times, when not obstructed by frost. It is fair therefore to -jresume that the trade of the West Branch would pass through this canal to Philadelphia, . The quantity and value of Ihe produce of the Sus quehanna valley has been variously estimated. Its ton nage in 1825 was estimated at 100,000 tons, and its value at four and a half, millions of dollai's. This esti mate was made with care, and founded upon actual ob- sei vation and information obtained from pilots of ctaftsSc floatsas they passed downtheiiver.Fifteen hundred arks were said to have arrived at Port Deposit, and it is cer- lain that many found a market for their cargoes above that place. Admitting that one half of this tonnage. which is a low estimate, will pass through this canal.and it presents an inducement for the investment of capital in the stock ofthe company, wort-hy of great attention. The opening of a continuous water communication between the New York lakes and the city of Philadel- ad^lphia, would enable that city to supply a vast ex- tent of country, rich., populous and fertile, with foreign merchandize and herown manufactures, thereby greal- ly.adding to the commercial prosperity of our own me tropolis. In the valley of the Nescopeck lat-ge quanti ties of iron ot-e are found, with faciliiies for manufactur ing it. Mr. Trezuyliny in his i-eport,to the governor,of the exploration of the Susquehanna, made in 1827, tlius speaks of the mineral productions ofthe valley. " Ihe mineral productions of Ihe Susquehanna are found to be very abundant and of incalculable value; consisting chiefly of anthracite and bituminous coal.and Iron ors; the red and black Puzzallano [Boman cimenl] also are met with in the vicinity of Danville and other 'places, in large bodies; and also at several other places another valuable water cement termed Terras, which is used as a substitute forthe Puzzallano, when that ar ticle cannot be had. Talc and soap stones, suitable to be used in blast furnaces of every description, fire places and for ornamental purposes are also to be had in great plenty along the river.""In addition to these a va riety of elegant marble, slate suitable for roofing, and lastly a fine granite are found in abundance; and in the vicinity of Berwick, Bloomsbui-g and Danville and other places on the west side ofthe river, Indications of iron oi-e and bituminous coal are also met with. An exten sive bed of bituminous coal of excellent quality has been opened on the hills bordering on Towanda creek." In addition lo Ihe advantages which will be derived from the construction of this canal, by the citizens of the district through which it may pass, the Common wealth will derive an additional revenue from the in crease of lolls upon the Delaware Division ofthe Penn sylvania canal.. " The committee believe they have adverted to the principal facts which demonstrate the utility of the ca nal, and the great inducement it presents lo capitalists for an investment of their funds. It may now be prop er to advert to the practicability of its construction. The routelwas surveyed in 1828,by Moncure Robinson,* who states that the summit ofthe canal is 759.284 feet above ihe level of the Susquehanna, and 139.217 feet above the level of the Lehigh. The length of ihe line is 37 miles. The lockage may be very much reduced by the introduction of inclined planes. This is a principle which bas already been used with success in Europe, and it has been adopted in the con struction of the Morris canal in New Jersey. According to the report of Mr. Robinson, the supply of water will be abundant without resorting to the Lehigh; Fine run, Wright's and Bear creeks, furnishing 2034 cubic feet per minute, which may be easily increased, if there be any occasion for it by constructing reservoirs on Bear creek. On Ihe subject of inclined planes, we deem it necessary only to give the following remark from the American Quarterly Review of December, 1830, a work of sufficient character lo entitle its statements to full cred'rt: . "We have seen that by a judicious application of me chanical principles, the expenditure of water upon in clined planes need not be more lhan one and a half times the weight of the boat and cargo. Hence canals, in which this may be employed as the means of changing level, may not only, be executed in countries of such a character as to forbid lock navigation, but may be made available even when water is too scanty to admit of the use ofthe lock." With these inclined planes it is believed that the amount of lockage on this canal will not be more formid able lhan that of the Union canal; hence the apparent amount of lockage is no objection to the route. So that in every point of view, whether we consider the comparative length of the several routes, the a'- mount of lockage, Ihe dimensions of the work, ca pacitated as it may be to pass boats of twice the burthen of the Union canal, or the central position it occupies, Ihe conclusion is forced upon us that it will be an im provement of greater utility lhan any which has yet been made or contemplated having the same object in view. When a boat and cargo may arrive at Easton, if the Philadelphia market should not suit the o.wner.he will be able to lake Ihe Morris canal and pass over to New York, the distance being 18 miles farther; or with a trifling additional expense he may pass down the Delaware and through the Delaware and Chesapeake canal to BiiUimore, thus carrying him to a central point between all the best markets in the Union. The causes which have heretofore prevented Ihe commencement of this work, viz: the control which the * See Register, vol. iii, pages 54 and 68. 1831.1 PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCII^S. ^0 Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company possessed over it. inasmuch as that company have had the exclusive right to use the water ofthe Lehighiand the power under its charter, by the imposition of extraordinaiy tolls, to con trol the opei-ationsof tiie Susquehanna and Lehigh com pany, are now removed; and mere c;xists no impediment in the way of ils construction, or the operations of the company when completed. Itis ihet-efore a favorable moment to present it to the enterprising and wealthy citizens of the country — who cannot fail to perceive the superior advantages it possesses over any similar work. All which is respectfully submitted for the considera tion ofthe convention. J. P. BULL, JOHN LAPORTE, J. A. GORDON, OWEN RICE, E. S.BROWN. On motion, said report was unanimously adopted. On motion, Messrs. Lewis, Brown, Mack. Bull and Davis, were appointed a committee to draft a memorial tothe I.eg'tslatiii-e upon the subject ofthe improvements contemplated in the report of the committees. On motion. Josiah White. Esq. of Mauch Chunk, Alexander E. Brown. Esq. Easton, Owen Rice, Esq. Bethlehem, Doct. Samuel Headley, James A. Gordon, and George Mack. Esqs. of Berwick. Col. Jacob Drtim- heller. of Cunningham, John Laporte, Esq. Asylum, and Col. James P. Bull, of Towanda, were appointed a committee of correspondence. . , On motion, Resolved, That the proceedings oftWs convention be published in all the' newspapers friendly to the object of the convention. EDWARD HERRICK, President. Jacob Drcmheller. ? Simon Kinney. $ James A. Gordon, > Secretaries. William Patton. 3 , Vice Presidents. PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. Thursday Evening. July 21, SELECT COUNCIL. — Mr. Neff presented the fol lowing remonstrance against a stand for drays in Front street. To the honorable, the Select and Common Councils of the city of Philadelphia. YOur memoriahsts residing in From near Market street.have heard with regret that a resolution has passed your honorable bodies fixing a stand for drays from the south side of Market to the north side of Walnut in Delaware Front street; 100 feetfrom the south side of Market, is as they understand already appropriated as a stand for wheelbarrows; which during the shad season is not only crowded with them, but with waggons and carts, wailing a supply of fish. They would also urge as reasons to your honorable bodies against the alotted stand, the vicinity ofthe market, and at limes of a plen- Vilful market the crowded stale ^f Front street, as well as the great injury to those with families residing in the neighborhood. ' _' _ Mr. Duane offered the subjoined resolution which was agreed to. Resolved, That the commiltee appointed in relation to the public lots oir Schuylkill, south ofthe Permanent bridge, be and they are hereby instructed to consider and report upoh the propriety of removing the old en gine house on the south western end of the sai#proper- ty, at the expiration of the existihg lease, and if tbey shall report in favor of the removal and improvement, that they, report a plan of such improvement as in their opinion ought lobe made. Mr. Toland offered the annexed resolution which was agreed to, and Messrs. Toland, Duane Johnson, and Leiper, were appointed the Committee. Resolved, that a joint committee pf the Select and Common Councils, be appointed to carry into effect the resolutipn relating to plaping Ihe chambers of the Coun cils in mourningi lor the late James Monroe, Esq. Ex- President of the United States, and chaige Itie expense thereof to appropriation No. 21. The resolutionrelativf to McAdamising Chesnut street, betvveen 5lh arid 6th streets, which had passed the Com- ' mon Council, was not concurred in by the Select Coun cil. COMMON COUNCIL. — Mr. Johnson presented the following petition which" was referred to the Paving Commiltee. io the Select and Common Counrils ofthe ciiy of Phila delphia. Gentlemen, — The undersigned neighbours, citizens living in, and owning property in Gaskill street between Second and Third, represent that they are vey much inconvenienced by the narrowness of the side-walki n said street. Tjiey beg leave to state that Gaskill street is laid out twenty feet wide, about 4 feet of which on each side, is reserved as a walk, leaving twelve feet for a cartway, which latter space is not of sufficient dimen sions for two carts to pass and unnecessarily large for one. They therefore respectfully ask of Councils to enact an ordinance for repavingsaid street, establishing at the same time Ihe side walks six feet each and the cart-way eight feet; by so doing they will add much to the comfort and convenience of the residents in said street and of a large portion of the population (if the .. city and vicinity, make a certain public improvement, and in fact lessen the expense of the city hereafter, by having a smaller street to keep in order, which by hav ing the gutter placed in the centfe canbe easier clean ed and kept clean. At present the said walks are so contracted, that notwithstanding the constructed steps to the houses, passengers are almost every minute du ring the day forced into the gutters, and children are particularly placed in imminent danger. Mr. Leiper as Chairthan cf the Special Commiltee, to whom was referred the petition of the victuallers, made the ensuing report and resolution, which were usahi- MousiY agreed lo by both Councils. The committee, to whom were referred on Thursday last the memorial, then presented, of Henry H. Miller,. and others, victuallers, — and the counter memorials of Henry Troth, andlilhei-s, ciiizens of Philadelphia, — and the other counter memorials of Ezekiel Norman, and olbers.farmei-s of Chester and Delawarecounties.report, That the victuallers by their memorial ask of councils, to pass an ordinance "prohibiting the sale of any butch ers' meat, in less quantities than the quarter (of the ani mal) at any other public places within the maiket limits, than at such stalls as are appropriated tor victuallers; and that any farmer, shinner, or other person whalever, who shall offer or expose for sale any butchers' meat, in less quanl'tties, or in any other plabe or places, lhan are specified and allowed hy law, shall forfeit the same, together with such penalty as the wisdom of Council^ may suggest." That the citizens., by their count^-r memorial, repre sent "tiiat such an ordinance would place the house keepers pf Philadelphia at the mercy ofthe victuallers, and would enable them to demand almost any prices they thought proper to place on their meats; that there is scarce any family, especially in the warm season, who would, wish to buy a whole quarter of meat; and the prohibition of selling by a less quantity, would be equal to a total refusal to allow the article lo be sold atall." And that the farmers represent. that such an ordinaSice " would, _as they believe, be prejudicial to the interests, and inconvenient, to both the citizen and farmer, in con sequence, of the most opulent not wishing, and a great portion of the people not being able to purchase that quantity at a time." It is well known to Councils, that by tbe act of Assem bly, autho'rising the construction of additional market- houiei, the western moiety of each new market-house 80 REPORT ON THE VICTUALLERS PETITION. [JtriT was appropriated exclusively to the accommodation of "such persons as send or carry the produce oftheir fai-nis to market." Over this law ofthe state, the Coun- ' cils of.Pliiladelphij have no controul; and they would probably exceed their legal powers, were they to deny to the owner of a farm flie right of selling in market the veah million, and beef, which were the produce of it. To say, tiuit such a farmer should not sell by less par cels than Ihe quarter, would be nearly the same as to deny his right of sale altogether; for no one buys meat in so large quantities during half the year, and few at any lime. Besides, there is no law which authorises the City Councils to determine for the owner of a farm, in what manner he shall cut up his meat for market, or in what form he shall expose it for sale.. His interest will teach him to expose it in the form which is most ac ceptable to purchasers; and the legislature, aware of this, may have thought it unnecessary that any legal re gulation should be made on the subject. These considerations go -to prove that the Councils have no power to grant th.e prayer ofthe victualers' me morial. But if they had the power, it is plain to the committee, that it would be unwise to exercise it. The victuallers of the city and county of Philadelphia, form a very respectable andwealthy body of men;.whose rights the commillee would be anxious to respect and secure. It may however be affirmed, with confidence, I that the farmers of the adjacent countie.i, who attend the Philade-lphia markets, are not less entitied to ihe respectful consideratioii of Councils. Equally just in their dealings, equally respectable as Ip general ghai-ac- ter, anti more numerous, Ihey contribute-even more largely to the public accommodation and comfort.. _ 'The fact that they come from different and compara tively distant parts ofthe country, and aannot. therefore, easily combine together to raise the prices of provisions, or to withhold a supply of them from the market — and the additional fact that they never have attempted such a combination — forms an argument against the passage of any law, which should pj)stpone their interests to thoie of any olher persons who attend the markets. But il is the general good which should be first cared for. If Ihe wishes of any portion ofthe commuriity are .inconsistent with the interests of the rest, it would be unjustand unwise lo gratify the wishes of the few, at the expense ofthe rights ofthe manj'. Monopolies are always odious and seldom politic.; To grant the request of the memorial, would be to prevent farmers from selling meats, and thus to give this important business to the victuallers alone, it would be to grant la monopoly of articles-of the first and daily recurring necessity, to a single class'of men. It would enable the victuallers to exact most exorbitant prices, or, at their pleasure, totally to deprive the community of the most indispensable articles of provisions. The hardships which a combination for such a purpose, so fprtifieii, would inflict upon the poor, need scarcely be alluded to. The rich man might suffer a partial incon venience, but by substituting at his table some other more expensive article of diet, he would be enabled to disregard the combination. But the cheaper meats, which are, supplied by the butcher, must necessarily be the principal reliance of the men in middling circum stances, and almost the ohly resort of the labouring part of the community. No law can be wise, which would make these large and important portions ofthe commu nity, dependent on the policy, br the caprice, of any sin gle class of men for their daily supply of necessary food. Nor would it be safe, as the experience ofthe last few days has proved, to confide a power so easily abused, lo the hands-of any individuals, however elevated by abun dance of [lecuniary means, or acknowledged liberality of disposition. The people of Philadelphia have seen with surprise and regret, that it is possible for tjie high ly respectable victuallers.who have heretofore furnished theif markets, to combine togethei-i — not to raise the price oftheir meats, for such things bave occurred else- where-^bul absolutely to withhold from the inhabitants of the city and liberties their customary supplies of ani mal food. Had the law. for which the memorialists asked, been heretofore in force.thiscombination must have been ^entirely successful; and the public would have been compelled to accede lo any terms which Ihe victuallers thought proper to dictate, as the condition on whicb they might b« permitted to return to their ordinary diet. It is the absence of the very law, which the victuallers call on Councils now to enact, which alone has saved the city from the disgrace of such a capitulation. It is true, that the persons who have sold in the mar ket-houses, have found, since the first establishment of the markets, that their profits were interfered with by those who sold in the streets. The farmer, who paid twenty dollars a year for a stall, wliich he generally oc cupies two days iti the week, has found that olher farm ers, who Were willing to dispense with protection from the weather, could sell produce from their carts with nearly equal facility. And the butchers, who paid thirty dollars a year for the advantages of a market stall, du ring six days of the week, have complained that their brethren in the street paid nothing. To meet these tomplaints of the victuallers (for the farmers have not complained) laws have, from lime to time, been passed by Councils; but the difficulty of distinguishing between a butcher, and a farmer selling the produce of his farm, has, in many instances, undoubtedly made them inef fectual. At the very moment when the memorial of the vict uallers, iiow. under examination, Vi-as presented, a law on this subject, carefully and laboriously digested, had been for several weeks under the consideration of Coun cils. Recent occurrences may justify a reasonable doubt, whether the provisions which it contains, on Ihis sub ject, are not more ample and imperative than sound policy would now dictate. This, however, is not a question for the consideration of the Committee, inasmuch as the memorial referred lb them, prays for the exclusion of all farmers and other persons whatever, except victuallers, from the right of selling meats in the customary manner, and in conve nient places. ,The Committee believe.that such an ordinance would be of doubtful legality, obviously unjust, and impolitic in a high degree. They, therefore, submit the follow ing resolution: Resolved, That the Commiltee he discharged from the further consideration ofthe subject. All of which is respectfully submitted. W'm. j. Leiper, William Lkhman, J. Moss, Joseph Worrell, Henry Toland, Charles Massey, Jr. July 21, 1831. (C?" Correction.— Notwithstanding all the pains we havetaken in the correction ofthe tables, in the present number, we have, since the first form went to press,^ discovered an error, which our readers are desired to notice. It is in the average "proportion ofthe deatba of whites and blacks," (table on p. 72)— for 100 white* 27.99 blacks, read 100 whites 18.99 blacks. HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA. A stated meeting of the Historical Society of Penn sylvania, will be held at the Society's chamber in the Philosophical Hall, over the Athenaum, on Monday next, August 1st, at 8 o'clock in the evening. General attendance in requested. July 30, 1831. J. R, TYSON, Sec'y. HAZARD'S REOISTER OF PEl^NSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION OP EVERY KIND OF USEFDL INFORMATION RESPECTINCr THE STATE. ' EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL,. VIII.-NO. 6. PHILiADELiPHIA, AUGUST 6, 1831. XO. 1S8. JUDGE BALDWIN'S OPINION. '*^°°"7mt^ °^"9 Circuit Court ofthe \j. States, William Waoner. 5 *P"^ ^''''°"' ^^^^Z [Present Judges Baldwin and Hopkinson,] This was an application to discharge the defendant from custody, under a Ca..«a., and was submitted to the Court, upon a statement ofthe facts, as follows: — William Wagner, residing in Philadelphia, drew a bill of exchange upon Woodhull and Davis, resiling in' New York. It was accepted, and paid at maturity by the acceptors. The late firm of Snowden and Wagner had consigned to Woodhull and Davis a cargo of tur- ^ pentine, which, was not disposed of at the time of ac cepting the bill, at which time, the firm was dissolved. and the defendant was carrying on business alone. Af- - ter winding up the sales and crediting the nett proceeds, a balance remained, excluding Wagner's bill against the New York house. Siiit was brought against William Wagner for not indemnifying Woodhull and Davis for the acceptance on his account, and the sum claimed.- ,, and for which judgment was recovered, was the amount of the bill of exchange, less the balance of Snowden and Wagner's account. The defendant, being in" custody on a ca. sa., applied for his release on the ground of his discharge hy the insolvent law of Pennsylvania. This was opposed on the allegation, that the debt was con tracted in New York, and therefore not affected by the discharge here. The Opinion of the Court was delivered by Bald win, J. " - The staferaent of the case, agreed on by the parties, presents only one question for the eohsideratipn of the Court, which is — Whether the defendant's discharge under the insolvent law ofPennsylvania entitles him to be discharged from the arrest made under a ca. sa. issued from this Court in execution of a judgment obtained against him eleven months,befoi-e his discharge.' The'power of the states of this Union to pass bank rupt, or, insolvent laws, and the effect ofthe exemption of the person of the debtor, or property acquired after tbe discharge, have been the subject of much discussion and difference of opinion. In the Supreme Court they bave been so fully examined by counsel, and the judges, as to make it necessary ohly to state the result of such cases as bear upon the present application. In Sturgess v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122, 91, it was decided — First, That a state had a right to pass a bankrupt law. provided there was no act of Congress in force, establishing a uniform system of bankruptcy, con flicting with such slate law; and provided it did not impair the obligation of a contract, within the tenth sec tion ofthe first article of the constitution. Second, That such state law. liberating the person of the debtor, and discharging him from liability on contracts made pre- -viously to the 'aw, was unconstitutional and void, sd far as- it ' discharged the conti-act or attempted to do so. But third. That it was valid., so far as it discharged the person of the debtor from confinement; as imprison ment was merely a remedy to enforce the obligation of . the contract, but n,o part ofthe contract itself, a release ' from it did not impair the obligation, p. 200-1. Though the Court, in the latter part of their opinion,, p. 207, ' Vol. VIII. 11 confine it to the second point, yet the first and third having been considered, and their jtidgment exercised on theni, il has always been understood (and so we feel it our duty to view it) that the law is settled on th^se points, according to the reasoning of the Court, if not their direct decision. The same principle, on the third point, was affirmeid in Mason «. Haile, -12 Wheat. 370.*- Th'ra case was decided independenlly of any considera-, tions arising from the Ipcality of the contract of the par ties. •- . In M'Millan v. Neil, 4 Wheat. 209, the Court are said to have declared that the circumstance ofthe state law, under which the debt was ate^mpted to be discharged, having been passed before the debt was contracted, made no difference in the application of the principle. And in the Farmers' Bank v. Smith, 6 Wheat. 131. that the fact of both parties being citizens of Pennsylyania when the contract was made, and the defendant was discharged, made no difference between that and the former cases. From the opinions of the judges, in Saunders v, Og den, 12 Wheat. 213, &c.it seems that the point decided in M'Millan ». M'Neill waS^not correctly stated by the report, and that it was not intended to settle the ques tion of the law upon contra.cts macle subsequert to its passage. This question remained open till the case of Sanders'*. Ogden. in which, four, of the judges gave their opinions, that the contract could be discharged by a state law passed before the contract was made; put ting the case on the distinction between bankrupt or insolvent laws which were retrospective, and those which were prospective in their operation. But these opinions led tp no final judgment on this point, which in strictness may therefore be ponsidered asnot Jiaving been adjudicated, though it was the deliberate opinion ofa majority of the court; but this point does not arise here, and it is therefore npt necesSary tp the decision of this motion to notice it fuclher. Another point of more immediate application arose in that case. The suit was brought on a bill drawn by ^ Jordon in Kentucky, on Ogden, a citizen of New York, i resident there, and accepted by him in fiivour of Saun ders, a citizen of Kentucky. One of the judges who doniposed the majority on the first question being of opinion, that a discharge under the law of New York was void as to a citizen of Kentucky, four judges con curred, in- giving judgment for the plaintiff, on the ground of the invalidity of the law, page 369. Judge Johnson was the only judge, who gave an opinion on the second point— the three who concurred with him on. the first, dissented on this — ^the three who dissentfed on the first, assented to the judgment whicli-was enter ed for the (Jefenaant in error; but without assigning any reasoris beyond those^given in their dissenting opinion on the first.,questipn, p. 332. ' ¦ If the Cftse of Ogden v, Saunders had turned upon the mere point of the citizenship of the plaintiff, it would be difficult, to say what was the direct judgment ofthe Court. Three judges thought the lavv of New York was • The Court declared that a state law abolishing im prisonment for debt, would be as valid as a measure regulat'^JibyTJie state legislature, acting on the remedy and that in-part only; and repeat .the doctrine asserted in the former, 378. 82 INSOLVENT LAWS-^JUDGE BALDWIN'S OPINION. [AC6U9T valid. hUvingbeen passed before the debt was contract ed, and that it operated on the case, the contract hav ing been made, and to be executed there, ~ aiiree gave- no opinion on the point of,1ocality. It was not neces sary to do so, as they thought the plaintiff entitled to judgment on the first. Thus considered, this case. standing by ilselfi directly adjudicates no definite ques tion involved in the one now under hearing; as we are not informed whether the three judges, who concurred with Judge JohnsPn in rendering judgme the plaintiff was a citizen of Kentucky, the defendant of Louisiana, w.ho was discharged, "as well his person as his future effects, from all claims of his creditors," by a law of that slate, passed in 1811. The debt .sued for was incurred in 1808. The plaintiff made himself a party to the pro ceedings under the law. and was thereby held to have abandoned, his extra-territorial immtinity from the ope ration of the bankrupt law of Louisiana, which released Ihe defendant from all demands on his person or sub sequently acquired property. . , . < The result then of what we must consider in this court as .the decision in the foregoing case is, that a slate law, disijhai-ging the person of a debtor from arrest for (iebts coiitiacted in the state between its own citizens, it effecting only file remedy to enforce not the obliga tion Pf the contract, is valid and not within the pro hibition of the constulion, whethsi- the debt was coji- Iracted before or after the law. Sturges o. Crownin shield. Ogden II. Saunders, Mason v. Haile. So is a law discharging both the person apd future acqui sitions of the debtor from contracts posterior to the law, or from anterior ones, if -the creditor makes him self a party to the proceedings which lead to the dis- cbaitge in the state court. Ogden v. Saunders, Clay e. Smith. ¦ But such laws have no operation out of the state, over contracts not made artd lo be carried into effect within it, or over the citizens of other states. Harrison «.'Story, M'Millan v, M'Neill, Ogden v. Saun ders, Shaw Vi Robbins, Robertson's administrators- v. Bank of Georgetown. That it makes no difference, whether the suit is brought in a state court or the courts of the United States — the rule is the same, as to render ing a judgment,.or issuing a process. Farmers and Me- - chanics'Bunk of Pemisylvania v. Smilli, Shaw v. Robbins, Ogden V. Saunders. ,-A state law not repugnant lo the constilt»tion, laws,' or treaties, of the United Stales, is, by the thirty-fourth section of the judiciary act, a rule for the decision of all cases to which it applies in the Federal Courts, and we must decide on this, precisely as the state courts ought to do. 2d Peters, 656, 413-14. With these settled principles to controul our decision, it only remains tp npply them to the contract, on w-hich the plaintifhi have obtained their judgment, and ii.sued their execution. The defendant, residing in Philadelphia, consigned to the plaintiff's, residing in New York, a quantity of turpentine, to be sold on his account. In anticipation of the sale, he drew a bill on the plaintiff's, which Vvas accepted and paid. The sales did not remburse themr- they brought their suit to recover the balance, and ob tained the judgment on which the ca. sa. issued. By the nature of this contract, the defendant undertook in law to pay this balance to the plaintiffs, and was bound to reimburse them at the place where the money was advanced. The plaiiitiffs had a right ttv draw for the difference between the ainount of the bill so accepted and paitl, and. the proceeds ofthe sales; we can perceive the decision of that case, in p. 368-9. He declares it I no difference between this right in the plaintiffs to draw I8.'?J.] HISTORY OP THE PRESBYTERY OF PHILADELPHIA. 83 forthis bala'hce, and the obligation of the defendant to p'ay, which arise from the nature ofthe contract; and a- lelter expressly authorising the drafts for reimburse ment. The case comes within the principle settled in Lanusse v. Barker. 3 Wheat. 101. where Lanusse having advanced money in New Orleans, on the faith of letters written by Barker in New York, it was held that the money was to be replaced at New Orleans, and Barker was adjudged to pay the balance at the Orleans interest of ten per cent. ' The undertaking then being to replace the money in New York, that was the place where tne debt was pay able-, and the plaintiffs being citizens of that state, the dischai'ge ofthe defendant.by the insolvent laws ofPenn sylvania, can have no operation" on the contract or the remedies to enforce performantie. . As the decisions of the Supreme Couit are authoritative, we have not -thought it necessary to go into a detailed examination of those ih the Circuit Court. They will be found in accordance with the principles settled by the Supreme Court, on all the points arising in the case — 1 Peters, 404, 484; 1 Wash. 340, 41; 3 Wash. 424, 443, 476; 1 Gall. 169, 375, 441; 3 Mason, 88. Defendant remanded to custody. From the Presbyterian. HISTOnt OP THE PRESBYTERY OF PHILADELPHIA. From its origin, A. D. l'706, to A. D. 1831. No. V. These divisions were not confined to congregations, but extended to Presbyteries, and eventually to the Sy nod. Those' who considered themselves aggrieved by the new measures, and who perhaps were alarmed at the accession of strength and reputation which- the "new lights" were receiving from the warm co-opera tion of Whitefield, (on his second jisit to Airlerica in 1739.) entered a formal protest before the Synod, ac companied by a declaration of tjieir intention to with draw from their connexion, unless they should afford them effectual redress. The avowed object of this "Protestatitm" was to ex clude t'le new lights from the Synod, and the reasons up on Whichit was grounded, were in substance as follows: 1. Their heterodox and anarchial principles, in deny ing that Presbyteries have authority to oblige tl^e dis senting members, and in niaintainingthat Synods should go no farther in judging of Appeals and References, than to give their best advice. 2. TJieir protesting against the Synod's act in relation to the examination of candidates, together with their proceeding to licence and ordain in opposition to the act, * 3. Their entering congregations without permission; sowing the seeds of dissenlion and alienting Ihe minds - of the people from their pastors. " *This act, passed'in 1738, directed "that young men be firsj examined, respecting their literature, by a commission of Synod, and obtain a testimony of their approbation, before they can betaken on trial by any Presbytery." In opposition lo this direction, the Pres-. bytery of New Brunswick licensed Mr, John Rowland, and. notwithstanding the resolution of Synod that he should not be recognized as a regular candidate, Mr. William Tennent of Neshamoney invited him to preach in his pulpit. Some of the congregation complained of this' proceeding, and the Pi-esbyfery of Philadelphia were convened to enquire into it. Mr. .Tennent "ac knowledged that he did ipvite Mr. Rowland as before mentioned ant^ withal justified the action; and after dis claiming the authority of Presbyteoy to take cognizance ofthe m*''^""! ^^ contemptuously withdrew. After which the. Presbytery had discourse with the people, who had joined with Mr. Tenpent in the foremention- ed action, admonishing them of the irregularity of the '' said conduct and exhorting Ihem not to encourage or consent to any like conduct for the future. They came 4. Their rash judging and condemning all who do not fall ill' with their measures, both ministers and peo ple, as carnal, graceless, and enemies 'of the work of God; as may be seen in Gilbert Tennent's sermon against unconverted ministers." 5. In periiuading people that a call tn the ministry does'not consist in being set apart by ordination, but in some invisible workings of the Spirit. '-•6. "Their preaching the terrors of the law in such a manner and dialect as has no precedent in the Word of God, but rather appears to be borrowed from a worse dialect; and so industriously working on the passions and affections of weak minds, as lo cause them '" <^''y out in^a hideous manner and fall down in convulsive- like fits, to the marring of the profiting both of them- sfflvesand others, who are so taken up in seeing and . hearing these odd symptoms, that they cannot attend to, or hear what the preacher says; and then after all, boasting of these things as tiie work of God, which we are perSuaded do proceed from an inferior or worse cause." 7. Because they affirm that true converts are always persuaded ot their conversion, — can give a narrative of their conversion as to lime, place and circumstance, can judge of the conversion of. others, otherwise lhan by their firofession and life, ai d that people are under no particular tie to their Pastors, but may leave them for others, from, whom they may receive more benefit. This famous Protestation was signed by the following ministers; Robert Cross. JohnThompson, Francis Alii-' son, Robert Cathcart, Richard Sankey, John Elder, John Craig. Samuel Cavan. Samuel Thompson. Adam Boyd. James Martin, Robei-t Jamieson; together wilb a number of laymen. This protest was adopted by the Synod as their own act, and the "Brunswick party" were required to make suitable acknowledgments to the Synod, or to withdraw from their Connexion. They accepted the latter alternative, complaining that they had been virtually excluded by the adoption- of the protest. Tbe member^pf the New York Presbyterynot coinciding in this act of exclusion, proposed conciliator ry measures; but as the parties disagreed in the premi ses, they requested permission to erect themselves into a separate Synod, to be styled the Synod of New York. This jiermission was granted in 1745, with an apparent interchange of amicable feeings.* A Valuable Improvemerit. — A 'steam feny boat has re cently commenced running from the end of Penn street, on the Monongahela river, to Steel's landing, on the Ohio, about three hpndred yards below the-glass-works. The boat and engine, we believe", are entirely new, and well calculated for the purposes for which thfey are de- signe-d — the engine seems to work admirably. There is sufficient' room in the 'boat for four wagons, and as many foot passepgers as can ever be expected to cross • the river at one timp, , On Friday last (July Ist^, we took passage down to. the lower landing and back— the whole time occupied in making the trip, including the delay at the lower landing, did not exceed twenty or twenty-two minutes; about nine minutes going down, six returning, and six - or eight minutes below. In a pleasant morning or eve ning; the jaunt is quite refreshing, and the enterprize of our fellow-citizen, Joseph Irwin,"deserves encourage- xnent.-~Pittsburg Gazette. then^to consider, what to do with regard to Mr. T^en- nentin this affair, and concluded that they could do no less than condemn said conduct-of Mr. Tennent in rhvi- tihg Mr.Rowland to preach as aforesaid.as irregular and disOrderiy. and especially when aggravated by justify- ing of said action and indecently withdrawing from the Presbytery," - < ¦ ^ • These Synods were again amalgamated in 1758, with the resolution that all past differences should from that time, cease to disturb their ecclesiastical harmony. 84 EARLY HISTORY. [August INDIAN HISTORY. ¦¦ '_ I^FROM THE PEMBERTON MANUSCRIPTS, j Minutes of Conference between the Government of Pen- silvania and Teedyuscung, King of ihe Delaware In dians, Sic. ^ (Takeiv by Charles ThomsoD, Secretary- for Teedyuscung;.) . On Saturday, March llth, 1758, Teedyuscung with eight Indians came to town — the next day he rested; and on Monday, March 13th, he sent to let the Governor know< that a Messenger was arrived from the Ohio, with News of Importance; he, therefore, (iesired lo know when the Governor would be ready to hear him. Twelve o'cl.ock was appointed; whereupon, Teedy uscung sent for Charles Thomson, who hail before acted as Secretary for him, and desired he would go with him to the Governor,- to take down the Minutes of what woulii be Said. As C. Thomson did not care to intrude hitiiself upon the Governor, without previous notice, es pecially as the Conference was lo be at the Governor's house. Teedyuscung at eleven o'clock dispatched his two Interpreters to Mr. Peters, Ihe Governor's Secre.- tary, to inform him that as the matters he had to delire'r were of great importance, he intended to bring his Se cretary with him to take down the Minutes ofthe Con ference. The Messengers, after two hours, returned with this answer from the Governor: That he was ready to receive Teedyuscung in the same manner our fore- falhers always had done. This hot being satisfactory to the Chief, he immediately sent back one of the Messen gers to acquaint the Governor, that he and his people were now gone to dinner, but if the Governor was ready tp receive him with his Secretary, he would leave that and come directly; but that he was determined not to go wi/hout his Secretarj', nor enter upon business with out his taking Minutes. To this, answer was returned, that as the day was far spent, it would be best to defer the meeting till to-morrovv, and that in the mean time the Governor would consider what the King had^aid. OnTuesday, March 14th,i7S8. The GovernorTabout ten o'clock, sent to desire Teedyuscung might come to him ^bout twelve. Hereupon Teedyuscung, who per sisted in his resolution of not entering upon business without his Secretary, sent lo the Governor to know what he. had determined upon, relating to his bringing with him his Secretary; and to let him know that he would not go till he hj an answer pn that head. ¦ Soon after the Messenger i-eturned, and informed that - the Governor had desired him to let Teedyuscung know. that it had always been customary for the Indians, when they pame lo town, to wait on the Governor, aiid'inform him of the subst*ice of what they had to say; that he only vvanted to see Teedyuscung. and to shake hands with him, and that afterwards a tinie could be fixed for a, public hearing. Hereupon Teedyuscung went, am! after some hours conversation it was agreed, that the Governor should appoint a time and place for a public c^.ife.-eiice, and that Teedynscung then might bring hie Seci-eiai-y with him, to tafre dojra tiie minutes ofthe conference. ^ Al a Conferenisjheld imth the Indians at PhiladeMi'j, March ISth, 1758. Present— The Hon. William Denny, Esq. Lieutenant Governor; Benjamin Shoemaker, Joseph Turner, Wih liam Logan and Richard Peters, Esquire; The Speaker and several Members of Assembly; a number of the Inhabitants of the City. Indians— Teedyuscung, King of the Delawares; Tepi- scakting, Welamekighink (alias James, a Messenger from the Western Indians). Moholiking. Galanamen. Caplam Harrison, pnd other Delaware Indians Isaac Still.lnterpreter; Moses Tetany, Assistant. ' Chas Thomson, Secretary for Teedyuscung. Teedyusoono, addressing the Governor, said; Broth er I hope your wise men, the Council and Assembly are now present to hear what we have to say. The Governor answered they were; and told him he wasnow ready to bear whateverTeedyuscung had to say. Then Teedyuscung taking out a large Calumet Pipe,fill- ed it with tobacco, and rising said: Brother the Governor, and all you wise men who are present, hearken to what 1 am going to say! At the Treaty at Easton, you desired me to hear you, and to . publish what passed there to' all Nation's.' I did, heap you, and all the Nations far ahd near have heard. 1 told you I would give a halloo. I have hallooed — and all Nations in this part of Ihe.World have heard me; and as they were pleased with what I said. they have sent me this Pipe, and desired both you and me. as we were about a good Work, to smoke out of it. It was. said they.such a Pipe as this our ancestors used to smoke out of on such occasions; and we assure you, should any Cloud arise, if you will only smoke' two or three Whiffs,'the Cloud will immediately vanish.* Teedyuscung then lighted the C'alumetPlpe.that was sent lo him from the Indian Nations — first smoked out of it himself, then gave it to the Governor, who, with the Gouncil and Members of Assembly ami all the In dians present, smoked out of it. Then taking out a Belt, Teedyuscung proceeded and said: Brother, I desire you wotild hear me, and I hope all who are present will attend to what I am going to say to the Governor. ' ' I told you. Brother, when we consulted together, I would not do, as had been done heretpfore, conceal or hide any part of it in my Bosom, but would hold it up and publish it, that all might hear and see it, and this I shall ever continue to do. Brother, you may remember I promised I would give a hajloo. 1 have dohe it, and all the Nations, you see represented by this Belt which I now hold in my hand, have heard what you and 1 have talked together, when we were promoting the |;ood work. I have made all these Nations as one man — all the Indian Nations, from the Sun Rise-j- lo those beyond Ihe Lakes, as far as the. Sun Set, have heard what hath passed between you and me; and are^pleased with it, and have said lo me: Now, Brother Teedyuscung, we see that you and your Broth ers, the English, have been talking about what is good. We, therefore, send you this Belt, lo let you know that we who live, some at the Sun Rising and some at the Sun Set, have taken hold of the two ends of this Belt; and we desire you and your Brothers, the English, to take hold ofthe middle; and. when you are consult ing together about what is good, to hold it fast, as our lives and safety do entirely depend upon it. As he was delivering the Belt, he said: Now, Broth er the Governor, as ten Nations joined before, and now eight i: more have .taken hold ofthe Covenant Chain, we make in all eighteen Nations who have hold of this Belt. Gave a Belt often rows, with the figures of two men wrought in the middle of it; which, Teedyuscung said, represented himself and Ihe English taking hold of one- • That is, should any difference, or misunderstanding arise, by entering into a friendly conversation, and open ing your minds to each other, every thing may be ad justed to satisfaction. f That is from the Eastern parts Of New England, to ' the West side ofthe Great Lakes. • i Th6 Eight Nations are:— 1. The Nalachewonna.who live back of New England, on the South side of the river St. Lawrence. 2. The Cagnawagas, who live, some up on the river Sorrel, and some near the East end of the Lake Ontario. 3. The Tawaas and Outawaas, who hve -about Lake Erie, 4. The Mahooas, wlio inhabit an Island in one of the Lakes. 5. Tweghl wees, who live between the Ohio and Aubash, 6. The Chippawasj who live west of the Tweghlwees, 7. The ShawaneSe) who live, some on Susquehannah, and some about Fort Du Quesne. 8, The Pooteotamas.who live to the West and North West of Fort Detroit, between Lake Erie and Lake Huron. 1831.] EARLY HISTORY. 85 another by the hand.' ' At each end of the Belt were fig ures, representing the Sun-rise and Sun-setiand between them eight figures in white Wampum, representing the Nations whp had taken" hold of it. , Brother, Continued .Tpedyuscung, hear me, and all that are present take notice. You kiiow I told you at 'Easton, that all the power was in my hand; and as .I_ held what was good in my hand, I told you I would hold it up, and if I saw any willing to live peaceably and quietly, I would deliver it into their hands, and all the World should see to whom I did deliver it. Now Brother, I am heard by the In dians, and they are pleased, and have said to me: Broth er Teedyuscung, you are now promoting what is good. We have looked to see who has been the Cause Of the Darkness. There are only threq men concerned — Eng lish, French and Indians. Now we have found one of the three has been the cause, and he shall die. After a pause, Teedyuscung said, that man is the French man. Brother, there is a good deal of News ^oiiig back ward and forward; but, though it be so, I have so stop' ped his Ears and blinded his Eyes, that though the- Newsruns right before his Breast, yet he shall hear no-" thing of it. Thatris, though the Indians joined with me live beyond the French, and must pass by them to come to me, yet the French shall know nothing of-what pass es between us. Now Brother, I have blinded the Eyes of the French, and stopped his Ears— 1 hope you will do the same. [A, Belt of twelve rows.] IfeBrother, and all present, attend to what I am go^ng to say. Youmay remember you told me, I was not so capable a man as you were. I see you tell me true, you are a stronger man than I,Tihd these words encouraged me. I have also reteived encouragement from the In dian Nations. Now Brother, preSs on with all your might, in promoting the good Work we are engaged in; and let us beg the God that made us to bless our en deavours; and I am sure, if yoii exert yourselves and join heartily all, God will grant a blessing— we shall live. [A Belt of eight rows.] Brother the Governor, and alf present.- The Indians who live back encourage you and me. They have seen u? hold Councils' together, and they press us on to execute what we have begun. They have said to me: Do you, Teedyuscung, and your Brother press on, and don't be discouraged. It is^a work of great moment wbich you have undertaken — when you begin a greit work, you can't, expect to finish it all at once. Therefore, do you and your Brother press On. Let nothing discourage ¦you, till you have finished what you have btgun. , Now Brother, as for me, I assure you I will press on, and though contrary winds may blow strong in my face. yefl will never turn back; but will cohVinue to press V forward till 1 have finished, I would have you do the same. One word more. I earnestly desire you to press on — let us proceed in the good road, and finish tbe work we have undertaken. I desire you would open and clear your Eyes, and look on our Wives and Chil dren with pity and compassion, and finish the work as soon as yPu can. And though you may hear Birds sing- -'Ing on this side and that, you must not take notice of them; but when'I speak, then hear me and lay it to Heart — for you may depend upon it, that what I say shall be true. And as for the chirping of Birds, don't mind them. ^{A Belt of seven rows.] Then he arose; and taking the Governor by the hand" said, at present 1 have no more to say. But when I hear any news you also shall bear it, for your Ear, and mine is all one- " >, The Governor replied: Brother Teedyuscung,! thank you for what you have now said; and as it is a matter of great consequence. 1 will take time to consider it, and will let you know when I am ready to return an a'nswer. A copy ofthe Conference being next day laid before the Assembly, they drew up the following Message to. -the Governor, and sent it to bim on the 17th of March: ¦ A Message to the Governor from the Assembly, May it please your honour---We find by the Minutes of your Conference with Teedyuscung, Oh the 15th in-, slant, which you were pleased to lay before us yesterday afternoon, that far distant and numerous tribes of Indians have freely entered into our alliance; and wait for no thing but the faithful performance of the articles of peace, stipulated on our part at the Treaty held at Easton, to join heartily in the British interest. On this important occasion, when the peace of this and the neighbouring Colonies, and the success of his Majesty's arms in the ensuing cainpaign. Seems deeply interested in yoiir deliberations, we do assure yoii, that to effectuate these good purposes, and strengthen your hands, we will cheerfully contribute every thing which can be reasonably expected from us., to confirm the Indians in their good dispositions towards us ; and we think it our indispensable duty, to put you in mind of your promises lo them; tliat vire may heartily join in demonstrating Pur good faith by our actions, and making it their true intepst to preserve a perpetual intercourse aud peace with us, and all others— his Majesty's sub jects in^ North America. Signed by order ofthe House, , THOMAS LEECH, Speaker. March 17th, 1758. * , - . At a Conference held with the Indians af Philade^^a, in the Council tharnber, an ffednesday ih^ 22d of March, 1758. ' - PfiESENT — The Hon. William Denny, Esq. Lieutenant Governor i Robert Slrettell, genjamin Shoemaker, Joseph Turner, William Logan, Jlichard Peters, Lyn- ford Lardner, Thomas Cadwalader, Esquires; the Speakgrwith several Members of the Assembly; se veral inhabitants Of the city; the same Indians as be fore; Conrad Weiser,,Esq,; Isaac Still, Interprelor. -The Goveraor, addressing himself to Teedyuscung, said: BrothefreedyuscuBg — I have, with great atten tion. Considered what you said, to me on Wednesday last; and, as it was an affair of such great importance, I consulted my Opuhc'il, and alsp laid it before the As sembly. I desire you, and the rest of your Brethren, the Indians, wotiltl carefully attend to what I am going to say. [A String.] Brother Teedyustjung, all your Counsellors that are with you, and also the Messenger froni the Ohio, hear me: "The other day you put me in mind of what pass* ed at Easton, at the last Treaty; and I find, tbat you - remembered your promise very well. I find klso, by what you have said, that you have published the Treaty of Peace far and wide, intp every part of the Indian country; and that to your own, and our great satisfac-, tion, those Indian Nations have accepted the Peace Belt, and have sent to you the Calumet Pipe, that, frpm old timesj has been madeuse of on such good Occasions, and desired you to fill it with good tobacco, and smoke it; with yotir Brother at Philadelphia; and always to smoke it with nie, whenever any dark Clouds should at any time arise." Brother-^This News gives me,and all of us, the great est pleasure, and we receive it from your bunds as a to ken, that you are a faithful agent and friend of Penn sylvania," and have done the utmost in the 'discharge of - your trust. Brother — I smoked with a great deal of pieasui;e out- of the Pipe, that the far Indians, formerly our good friends,^sent you on this joyful occasioji, and found the tobacco exceeding good; and 1 must now desire you-for them, as you represent them, to smoke out of my Pipe, in which I have also put some very good tobacco; sucb as our ancestors used' to smoke together; and was first' planted here,when the country was settled by Oiias. 'We have found by experience, that whatever Nations smoked ojit of it, two or three hearty whiffs,the Clouds that were^ "between us always dispersed; and so they/will again, as S6 EARLY HISTORY. [AUOUSTi often as they ^rise, if these Indians will smoke heartily out of it. - ' • [Here the Governor smoked, and gave the Calumet ^ipe to Teedyuscung.] Brother Teedytiscung, "You refresh my memory as to what was said at the last Treaty, that things should be done no more in. private as had been done hereto-, fore, and that you would not conceal any ^art of it, but publish it before all thei world.?' "You also put me in mind of your promise of giving a Halloo, that thight be heard by the most distant na tions, and that you have done' it accordingly, and that all the nations, represented by this Belt, I now hold in my hand, have heard you, and know, and approve of every thing that has been done by us, and that you have made aU those nations as one man. Brother, you also put me in mind,.-by it, that those feir Indians have sent messages lo you, heartily congrat ulating you on the good work yo.U have begun with the English, and fencouraging you to perfect it, saying that their and our lives depended upon it. _ Brother, — His Majesty King George, embraces these eight Nations and receives them with open arms into the Union established between you and us. I now -look upon the Union to consist of eighteen Indian Na tions. Apd'by this Belt, of Wampiim. I in behalf ofthe Government aijd people ofPennsylvania. thank you for the gflod and kind part you have taken, and confirm aU^hat you have doi^e and shall look upon those In dians all as the hearty friends and Allies of the English, I think with them that our lives asd safety depends.up- on our mutual sincerity and care, and assure you tbat I shall hold it fast with all my might, and so long as the sun endures. [Gave- the Peace Belt,] Brother Teedyuscung, " You put me in mind of whit passed at Easton, when you acquainted me that full power was in your hands. and that you had mai^e the tfest use of it and. thereupon the Indians bave sent you messages expressing their high satisfaction, and desiring you to p#JS3s on. They .tell .you further that they have enquired who has been the cause of tbe darkness, and said there were lliree concerned in it, English, French and Indians, and have found that one of these' three had been the cause qf it. and added, that it was tbe French, and agreed that he should die. and haVe thereupon- stopped all correspon dence with him. have blinded' his eyes and stopped his ears, tbat tho' the.messengers go thro' his coiintry to and from you Teedyuscung and the English,, yet he shall know nothing ofthe matter." Brother. 1 am glad you have found out among your selves that the'Fi-ench were the cause of the darkness that overspread this country. The King of England found It out long ago, and therefore made war against them, This step, that our Brethren the Indians made, is a wise and pradent step; I am convinced by if, that the same good sense that has been amongyoiir ancestors is not extinguished but remains with you still. I em brace this good article of News. It shall be recorded in our Records,, ai^d 1 thank them and you very kindly in behalf of his Majesty's subjects. I assure you by this Belt, that we on our side, will also blind his eyes and stop his ears, that he shall never know what passes between us even though our messengers should be obliged to cross his own Country. In confirmation whereof I give you this Belt. [Here gave the Belt. ] / Brother Teedyuscung. " You desired that all that were then present might hear: and you put me in mind tbat I told you I was stronger than you. and that you agree to it stnd that my words gave you encouragement and you desire me to press on the good work we were engaged in and exert myself to tbe utmost, saying' that nothing should discourage you and tbat if we join ed heartily together and the God that made us would ^wp it his blessing we might promise ourselves success. Brother, I acknowledge what yon said is true; I have not forgot what I said of our abilities; I shall re new what 1 said then, and say now again, that we are well able, I am pleased that you offer to join with us in prayer to the Most High, for success on our endea^v. ours. To you continue to do your part and nothing shall be, wanting on mine. I have the pleasure to ac- . quaint you that. the Represenlalives who are now pre sent, have assured me that towards bringing tb perfec tion the great and good work of peace, which we are now engaged in and to confirm his Majesty's Indian Allies in their good dispositions towards us they will cheerfully strengthen my hands and do every thing which can be reasonably expected from them. And having received these great encouragements yoii may depend upon it that the Goveinment will not fail to perform all their engagements and lo consult and pro mote the good ofthe Indians in every respect. [A Belt.] Brother Teedyuscung. "You acquainted me that the Indians who live far back, have sent messengers to you to encourage you and me in the good work we have be^un and said that they had seen us silting in Council together, and though it should be a work that would require some time before it might be perfected, they intreated we might not be tired." , You further, assured me on your part, that you could press on and go through with it, though contrary winds might blow, strong in your face, and earnestly persuaded me to do the same. You added one word more and earnestly desired me to proceed in the good road and finish the work we had undertaken. You begged of me to open and clear my eyes and look upon our wives and children with pity and compassion, and for their sakes finish as soon as possible. Brother, I am very glad that our good understand ing reached to such distant Indians. It was always my thoughts that they would one day repent that they lent their ears to the French K'ng who poisoned them; I am i very glad that by the Divine favour, this happy day is' come so soon; and that those remote Indians are so iearripst for us to proceed, that it seems they would look upon it as a misfbrtune if the work should not be soon finished. I assure you brethren by this Belt, that I look upon this to be a most important work, the most so that men canbe engaged in. that nothing shallbe : wanting on my part, though contrary winds should throw iiail. snow and rain in my face, it shall not stop me. My eyes are ever looking upon our poor 'wives and children and for their sakes nothing shall be left un done that is in my power. I pray the great God that made us to bless our mutual endeavours and crown the good work with success. In cchfirmation ^f what 1 say, 1 give you this Belt of Wampum. Brother, I agree with you, that there are bad birds in almost every bush, and that their chirping ought not to be minded; though there should be a thousand birds on both sides ofthe road, yet the traveller who is in tent on getting to the end of his journey will not heark en to them. I shall therefore disregard every thing bat what will promote the main point, peace and the good correspondence that is between us. This chirping of birds must not discourage messengers sent to and fro, only let us take care that we send men who are faithful and love to speak truth; for, as you say, yoji hear with ottjtears so we hear with yours.and a great deal depends on the chairacters of the messengers and their regular proceedings. I desire you. by this String of Wampum to remember this. [A String,], Brother, You have made use ofa great many messen gers and they have gone to different countries and dif ferent Tribes of Indians, I desire to know the names of your messengers, and of the , Indian Nations they have sent to, that Ihey may be put upon our Records and the messengers reward for their trouble. [A String.] The Governor concluded with saying 1 have noiy fully answered what you said to me, and I desire to know if you have any thing_further to propose. Whereupon Teedyuscung arose and spoke as follows. -1831.] EARLY HISTORY. 8-7 Brother, hearken lo me. What you have told me broth er, I have really felt at my heai-t. It is nothing but good and right and I will accept it. Brotfher. and all you my brethren take notice what I am going lo say to you. I am not going to say any thing new, but pnly to put you in rtiind afresh of what we pro posed and what passed at Easton. 'Brother, v/hen I look and consider whs^t we did dis course about at F.aston; and when I look on our wives and children I can find no belter way than this and what must be done if you will now act according as we proposed. This matter affects my heart and lies deeply there, -and I hope it will affect yPur's likewise. Brother, now you must consider I have a soul as well as another, and I think it properyou should let me have two Ministers to teach me, that my soul may be instruct ed and saved at last. Brother and 1 desire, moreover, two Schoolmasters; for there are a great many Indian children, who want school-masters. One, therefore, is not sufficient to teach them all, so that they may be sufficiently instructed in the Christian way. Brother, 1 h-ave a body as well as a 5041, 1 want two men to instruct me, and show me the ways of living, and how to conduct temporal affairs, who may teach me in every thing, lo do as you do yourselves; that I may live asyou do, and likewise who' may watch over me and take care of my tlyngs that nobody may cheat me. Brother, I hope you will heartily join in this which I have now said — 1 desire you a.nd I may now lay the foundation of this good work upon a rock, and not upon the sand; for if we don't build it on such a good founda tion, it will tumble ta pieces. I have not lold you all fully— 4 have only mentioned some shortheads of what 1 intended to say — 1 have here but few Counsellors; but we have consulted together.and have put down at large in writing our whole mind, and this paper will show it. Here he delivered a paper, which was read in these words; Brothers — We formet-ly told you, that we desired to ,be instructed in the principles ofthe Christian religion. and requested that we might have Ministers and School masters supported amongst us for that purpose. We now renew our i-equesl; and as many of our Brethren ate reatiy to lay hold on the Chain of Peace. we think it necessary to inform you. that less.,than two Ministers, besides School-masters, will be insuflSoient for that purpose; and though we expect our Brethren, the Ejighsh, will support them, yet as they are designed for the benefit of us, and.our Children, we- judge it both reasonable and necessary, that we should have liberty. lo chuse them ourselves; after hav'uig 'made the best enquiries we are able into the chai-acters of those who are to watch for our Souls and to whpse care our eter nal interests are, under God, to be committed. This, Brothers, is an affair that dese/ves your most serious altenlion,.aiid we hope it will be seriously considered by our Brethren the English. Brothers — you are wise men. You tell us the Christian religion is good.andwe believe it to be so; partly upon the credit of your words, and partly because we see that some of our Brother Indians, who were wicked before they became Christians, live better lives now than they formerly did. But Brothers, we have g*t3odies as well as Souls, and though our time in this world is short, it is nevertheless necessary to provide for ourselves and families while- we are in it. This is what our own rea son and experience teaches-us, and we are confirihed in our sentiments by the universal practice of Christians as well as Indians; and since we see our Brethren, the English, manage the affairs wnlch concern their worldly estates anti interests with more wisdom lhan the Indians do. Our next request is, that our Bi-ethren will support two honest men amongst us, to be our Counsellors and Instructors in temporal affairs, and at the same time to be the Guardians of our interests. And that we may be the more certain, that we are not deceived by our Coun sellors, we think it necessary to have the choice of them out-selves. We desii-e to have two, that if one shuuld prove a dishonest man, the other may prevent his im posing on us. And we hope our Brethren, the English, will put the support of our Counsellers on such a foun dation as will leave them under no temptation to betray our interest, for the sake of their own temporal gain. And, as an additional security for their acting honestly, we shall judge it iiecessary before admitting them into our service, that they solemnly swear, after IheEnglish manner, that they will conscientiously perform the trust reposed in them, according to the be.st of their skill and understanding. Brothers — I'hese are things that appear to us so just and reasonable, that we hope our^firethren, the English, who profess to have a sincere regard both for our tem poral and eternal interest, will readily agree lo them. A friendship that is founded on Justice and Equity, where a proper regard is had to the inlerest of both Parlies, may reasonably be expected to prove durable, and such we desire may' be the friendship between us and our Brethren, the English. But a Peace th'atis founded ort Injustice and Deceit, must end whenever the fraud is discovered. Brothers — These are things that lay heavy on our Hearts; let Ihem sink deep into the Hearts of ourBroth- 'ers. And if they act conformably tp these serif iments, bothjthey and their Children, as well as we ahd our Children, will feel the good effects of them, till the Sun ceases to shine, and the Rivers to run. bis TEEIlY-fUSCUNG. " mark. After the paper was read he' added: Brother — Here is a Messenger who came from a great distance. He will wait for your answer, that he, may have good News to cany to the Indians. And, as he has a great way to go, I desire he may be dispatched as soon as possible. To which the Governor replied: Brother — I shall lake your request into consideration, and giveyou an answer witb all possible dispatch; and, al the same time, 1 shall have some other things lo say to you. On the 23d of the month, the Governor ordered a copy of the ftiregoihg Minutes to be laid before the Assembly, with the following Message: A Message from the Governor to i^e Assembly. Gentlemen— ^1 lay before you the Minutes of'yester- day's Conference with Teedjuscung. You will find.at the close, he reminded me ofthe promises made luhim at Easton, of an allowance for Ministers and School masters, for the use .of the Indians, when Ihey should be settled at Wiomink; and has now made a further re quest that two.perspns might be all , wed them for the. mariagement of -their affairs in general. -As Ihey only stay in Town to ceceive'-my answer, 1 deSii-e you will enable me, as soon as may be; to give them. a Satisfic- tpry pne ; that our friendly Indians may see tiie Govern ment does not refuse them any reasonable rvquest. March 23d, 1758. WILLIAM DENNY. ITu be concluded.'] This morning (July 8th), Mr. James Riddle caught from the river Lehigh, a httle above this village, a chub fish between two and "three pounds weight. When cleaning it, a snake, ofthe water species, twenty inches long, and partly digested, was found in its stomach, — Mauch Chunk Courier. A Large Pike. — On the 4th instant, Mr. George But- lear, caught a pike, opposite the Black Rock, in the Lehigh, about four miles below this place, measuring twenty-two and a half inches long, and weighing two pounds and twelve ounces Ib, 88 EMIGRATIONS-PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. LAui»us'i; EMIGRATION TO THE WEST, Notwithstanding the vast tide of emigration to the west, it is rather matter of wonder, when all the cir cumstances are taken into view, that it is not eVen much. greater. In many pf the old counties in this state (with out carrying our views farther), we see families cut up what had been a large farm, of a thrifty artcesler, some hundred or hundred and fifty years since, into small patches of 'ten,-fifteen or twenty act-es. to serve all the increasing descendants. On a small lot of this kind, we often find a, man thus seated and circumscribed, with a large family of young men. just ready as it were to en ter on the stage of active life. Too often, for want ofa suitable object to engage their attention, they pass the season of youth without acquiring any stock of either science or property, and linger out the remainder of their lives in listless idleness.. Neither their mind nor exertions have room.to expand-^they live in a contract ed circle, pursuing the same monotonous and uninter- resting round. To one thus circumstanced, and pos sessed of sufficient spring and energy of mind, what a field does the westernpart ofPennsylvania open? We need not go further than the county of Venango, for suitable o'bjects upon w'hich such an one could exert his energies. Factories of various kinds could'be es tablished,- much tothe advantage ofthe individual him self and to fhe public. There are large tracls'of land of an excellent quality offered for sale, at from one to four dollars an acre, , -The most profitable stock farms could be purchased,,in eligible situations, for a small sum of money, upon which a handsome advance could be reali zed. A farm of good land, of four, or five, or eight hundred acres, could be procured in some of our best neighbourhoods, forthe price of ten or twenty in the crowded parts of the state, which would afford the pur chaser an otitlet for enterprize and eXertiop'^an object to engage his attention, and on which a very large ad vance qould be very shortly realized on his capital; and in a few years, he would be able to give to each of Jiis children, instead of a mere patch, which could never furnish the least inducement to inipi-ove, a handsome farm well stocked, in a rapidly growing country, where there is every inducement that beallh. wealth, and hap piness can hold out to industry. Our county town, the point where the great Erie canal meets the steamboat navigation ofthe Allegheny river, will always afford to the farmer a ready market, an^ to the mechanic con stant business, as well as market for the produce of his labour. How many are there in our eastern counties," living on rented farms, who could settle themselves to much advantage for themselves and children here, if they were aware of the true state of the country. In many instances, land could be purchased at such credits. that the price could be paid out of the land itself, and very little, if any thing, exceed the rents paid, in many cases in the east., , Many of our best citizens have paid for their land, by their own personal labours on the land itself, in a few years, and are now independent free holders, instead of mere renters, as they must have re mained in an old settled neighbourhood, where land had raised lo a high price. Besides, there is a peculiar pleasure inseparably connected with the idea of open ing a new country, and the wide pruspects it is continu ally opening to its inhabitants. We would be highly gratified in seeing still, more of our eastern citizens coming among us. We believe, a great many farmers and mechanics, who are moving along either as renters upon farms or journeymen in mechanics' shops, who oould seal themselves here, and very shortly set up in dependently for themselves. We invite them to come ana examine tiie advantages held out no\v by the coun try. One objection.which has Iteretofore operated with many.'is now removed; that isj the difficulties in the .titles, As indisputlable tities to land can be given here, as any where in the state, or any place else. If the true state of our (lountry were fully understood, we are satisfied that emigration here, would be evbn pipch greater than it is. Itwould be diverted here, in stead of to Ohio, Indiana, Michigan. &c. — Ve.nango Dem. PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. Thursday Evening, July 21. COMMON COUNCIL. — Mr. Johnson, as chairman of the' paving committee.! made the annexed report and resolution, which were agreed to: The paving committee, to whom was referred the petition of Elizabeth Lane, praying payment fof certain curbstone delivered for the use ofthe Hebrew CbngrOr gallon and others, in the year 1818. report — That from the best information the committee CQ.uld obtain, the corporation have not at any time become re sponsible for the payment of said curbstone. Tbe committee, therefore, ask leave lo be discharged from any further consideration on the subject. Mr. Baker, as chairman ofthe committee on markets. made the following report and resolution; which were passed by the Common Council, but were non-concur red injDy the Select Council: The committee on markets, to'whom was referred the pet'rtion of a number of persons, requesting a market- house to be built in Lombard street, between Tenth and Eleventh streets, report — That they are of opinion a market in thai section ofthe city is much wanted, in consequence ofthe great distance that persons residing in that part have to go to market, in wet or stormy weather; and .the lot owned by the city, being only seventy-eight feet deep, if rent ed, w-ould produce but one thousand dollars per annum. Should Councils conclude to erect a market on said lot, il would produce a much larger revenue to the city, and a number of persons Jie accommodated — they offer the following resolution: Resolved, That when the shops and materials can be removed off said lot. Councils take the same under con] sideration.. Mr. Baker, from the same committee, also made the annexed report and resolution, which were agreed lo: J"lie commiltee on markets, to whom was referred the petition of a number of persons to rebuild the Se cond street market, report — That the stalls in said market are all let until the first of January, 1832; it would, therefore, be impossible for Councils to make the change, and offer the following relsolution: Resolved, That the committee be discharged from the- furlher consideiation ofthe subject. Mr. Lehman, as chairman of the directors ofthe poor tax.- made the annexed statement for the benefit of Councils: The directors of the poor tax, repoi-t^That on the second Monday in January last, the guardians of the poor for the city and county of Philadelphia, submitted to them an estimate, showing that "the probable amount of money required forthe relief, support, and employ ment of the poor, for thecurrent year," would be abqiit $92,000; - The rate of assessment was. therefore, fixed at twenty-three cents on every hundred dollars, agree ably to the counly assessment, and the same rale of per sonal fax as established by the county, which together with' the lax on dogs, will produce the gross sum of $91,828 54,cenls— levied as follows: On East Kensington $1,900 96 West Kensington 1.850 62 Unincorporated Northern Liberties. 2.181 29 Incorporated Northern Liberties,.. 11.100 05 Penn Township 2.329 57 Spring Garden..... 4.874 OS East Southwark,.. V 3,449 76 West Southwark.......... 2,808 40 Making together. $30,494 68 And on the city of Phil..the bjilapce of 61,333 86 Total, $91,828 54 1831.] THE ALCHEMIST. 89 Mr. Johnson offered the annexed resolution, which was passed by both Cburcilsj Resolved, by the Select and Common Councils, That the city commissioners be, and they are hereby direct ed, to cause Exchange street, from Chestnut street to Carter's alley, lo be paved, and charge the expense to appropriation No. 1. , i A communication from the city commissioners, with accounts for the kst quarter was received j and'also one from the city clerk, whicli w-ere referred to the com mittee of accounts, — Philadelphia Gazette. Foi« the Register of Pennsj Ivaiiia. THE ALCHEMIST. No. XXIV. Oi-ator viy btmiia, dicendi peritus,— Cafo. / St vis ilia dictndi malitiam iiisti-uxei-it, nihil sit publicic prlva- tisque rebus pui-niciosius t\o^iiQiil'i&.—Quiptilian. In my paper of last- week. J took (jocasion to point out some particulars in that rare combination pf natural en dowments, and acquired accomplishments, which enter into the character of an orator. At the close, a reference ¦was made to the advantages ofa high and pure moral sensibility, in securing success in that most dignified and honourable career of human exertion. Using the privilege of age and gray hairs, I often un ceremoniously drop in, on a Saturday evening, upon the charming family, of my friend Liberalis, On calling last week, it happened that the "Register" had just found its way into the parlour; and hjs son Modestus, who has recently finished his colLegiate course with disting'uisbed success, ^hs cutting the leaves and.passing over, with that degree of interest which a youth of nineteen is apt lo exhibit in a bill of mcrtaliiy, the v^iluable statistical tables and calculations of our Worthy editor. His Bye at length found a resting place; and I was not displeased, r to observe, by a furtive glance, that 'it had been arrested , by two Latin quoiations. He had not, it seems, been so far disgusted by bis academical studies, as to turn in contempt from every thing in the garb of classical learn ing. This was oiw source of my .gratification. Another will probably be found by the reader, in that interest whicb an old man is apt to feel in the welfare of his youngest offspring. A third was derived from thk hope, that the lucubration-on which he was apparently dwell ing with such deep meditation, might be, in some hum ble measure instrumental in forming aiid strengthening good resolutions, respecting the career for which, I knew, he was destined. The incident just related, will account for a recurrence to the subject of tiiat paper; and a desire to impress on my numerous young friends, who, at this season, are coming forth from their various academic retreats, full of ardour and devotion to fame, to claim their places in the ranks of busy manhood, a due sense of their future responsibilities, will furnish to tbe general reader a suf ficient apology for enlarging on some of Ifhe topics al ready presented, and for varying the aspects under which the oratorical character may be regarded. For the acquisition of excellencein every department of human exertion, a just estimate must be formed of the qualities and talents demanded for the ful.filment uf those duties,- whicb the station we would occupy, neces- VoL, VIII, 12 sai-ily imposes. But, it is important lo do much more, than form a high opinion of the office to Vvhich we aspire, and of the character of him who should fill it; otherwise, self-love would readily convince the most ordinary man, that he had qualifications for the highest duties in social life. It must be seen, that personal la bours and sacrifices will accompany all the honours which we maybe so happy as to acqiiire ; that the rank we would attain is -beset with difficulties, often beyond., all proportion to the pleasure, the honour, or the profit of success. We must be made lo realize, that, on the one harid, good intentions, without high endowments, cannot fit one for the responsibilities of elevated and difficult positions in life; and that, on the other, the greatest intellectual powers caniiot avail, unless accom panied by those stern moral attributes, which give con sistency and permanent influence to the efforts pf mind. Losing sight of either of these truths, the youth who aspires to eminence and fame will learn, probably too late, that to hope for the revvard of high endowments, without being at the pains lo cultivate them, must as suredly end in mortification, if not iri disgrace. In contemplating the nature of the duties, which an oralor, in our country, may bfe called upon to perform, we shall find the urgent necessity of joining to the most ardent feelings in favour of virtue and patriotism^ tbe ^ strongest sense of jtistice, arid the most inflexible recti tude of purpose., - ^^ The peculiar nature' of our institutions demands, as did those of ancient Greece and kome,th*t the functions of the politician should be united with the labours df the public speaker. Hence theterm orator is gradually becoming synonymous with statesman; and hence, what ever qualifications are necessary for the latter, maybe regarded as almost equally indispensable to the former. This fact shows what estimation the orator of bur times ought to place- upon the moral attributes of his charac ter. It will likewise suggest some of the abuses to which) his profession is subjected, and convey an inti- - niation respecting the range of studies, which ought to command attention, at the very commencement of his career, ' , In the prosecution of his civil and political duties, the orator must not unfrequently be called upon, by reason and conscience, to urge the adoption of measures un satisfactory to many of his conteinporaries, arid adverse to the ivishes of his' p'ersonal and political friends. He must- expose the crafty and sinister pplicy of cunning demagogues, and strip their illusions of Iheir^ artfully woven disguises. He must meet, with calmness and equanimity, the occasional fi owns of the misguided mul titude, while be combats some ruinous popular delusion. He must stand forth the advocate of truth and justice, though the wrathful looks of the oppressor, orthe mur- murs'and reproaches of the thoughtless crowd, would drive him from his magnanimous resolyes. Here he will bave occasion for all tbat moral cdurage, wbich the greatest of mankiud bave ever exhibited. He must verify that honoui^able testimony of Flaccus: Justum et tenacem propositi virum, Kcin civium ardop, prava jubentium. 90 THE ^itLCHEMIST. [Au'Gos-ir Non vultus instantis tyrdnni, Mente quatit solidsi. But his opposition,.lo what he deems destructive error, must not be the- offspring of mere obstinacy, nor even seem to result from a'conceited wish tp appear superior to the common feelings, and prejudices, of his fellowr men. It has, with truth, been said, that " the popular ^harangues of Demosthenes, an8_of Cicero, present liv ing pictures ofthe government, the interesls, the man ners, and the genius, oftheir respective nations," That th6,modern orator may resemble them in this important point, he must, in addition to the accomplish ments before enumerated, gain a thorough acquaintance with all the motives which actuate and determine the conduct of his fellow-beings; otherwise, the most splen did efforts of his genius may be either wholly ineffect ual, or absolutely prejudicial to his cause. But here a broad distinction is to be made, between him -who understands and guides the opinibris, and him who only knows how to wat-p the prejudices of mankind. That mere tact in managing the latter.may, for a time, give a degree of a.scendency to its possessor, there is but too much reason to acknowledge and lament; but that such-power can bestow, lasting honour, on him who condescends to employ it, can by no means be admitted. The reason is obvious. The managing of prejudices, requires only a certain portion of low cunning, while the direction of deliberate opinions, demands the high est efforts of honesty and discretion. 'I he teniporary dupes of the former, cannot long be made to respect their deceivers, and will often visit their delinquency with a tenfold recompense of contumely and re]jroach. Still, while the exciting, nature of those deliberations, in which high and grave questions of public policy are discussed, will ever prove a strong inducement, iu popu lar systems of government, for the cultivation of elo quence — it will, likewise; offer an allurement, of no lit tle strength, lo the efforts of inferior, or pf unprincipled minds, impelling them to seek cheap and easy substi tutes for true eloquence, to bring before the World fac titious displays of passion, stiains of frothy declamation, and the swelling but empty, harangues of the mere rhetorician. These wares and merchandizes of his craft, the wordy mimic of an orator_ will accompany with a reasonable i^ortion of the most artificial gestures, and a full display of that modest assurance, which men of worth generally characterize by the name of consum mate impudence. Whatever 'be the subject of discus sion, he vvill lose no opportunity of making digressions from the straight path of his discourse, to exhibit lo the. admiring gaze of his audience, the striking traits of merit, by which that important personage, himself, stands distinguished from every other specimen of the genus homo. ^ In the absorbing interest of political controversy, there is too much to rouse the enthusiasm, and too little to chasten the imagination; too much te elicit the keen rebuke and the tart repartee, and too little to refine the diction and quiek'en the. moral aensibiriti,es of antagonists. The votary of this species of oratory must, Iheiefore, guard the torrents from his heart, with a restrainlng- jealousy, rather than seek, as some appear to do, an ar tificial excitement -to (jiiicken its pulsations. But let him, above all things, eschew that atrocious spirit of- political immoralily. too rife among half-formed candi dates for popular favour, which places as the foundation of its throne, the abominable doctrine, that what is foul and disreputable in morals, may nevertheless' be "all fair" and honourable in politics. A doctrine fraught with more lamentable' consequences to the private worth, and public usefulness of political persoriages,- can'scarcely be imagined. To take away the distinc tions of right and wrong, iji regard to the highest inte rests of htiman society — to reduce all the motives of patriotic action, -down to a level witb the sordid calcu lations of individual or party inlerest: what is it, but to strike from our laws iheir sanction — from our manners, their republican purity— from our recollections of.the past every proud association, and from our anticipations of tbe future every magnanimous hope? Who would now refer, with complacency, to the undaunted mora) courage of that generation of sages, .whose legacy of freedom and independence lo their country, is already passing in bright reversion to the whole civilized world, did he believe them to have been actuated .only by such mean and grovelHng notions as those, which some mod ern politicians have not bluifbed to avow' Such a rule of action, is fit only to regulate the conduct of banditti^ and can never be generally received, except wbere po litical jiarties appi-pacli that character. Nothing will contribute more to secure op from the influence of so abominable a principle, than the liberat course of study which should be made the basis of his oratorical character. I'o become an orator.then, in the ancient and true sense ofthe word — i-that is. a civilian let the treasures of history be made the foundation of < your political. learning. Draw from the wisdom of all ages, and all nations, the results of an extended expe rience. Explore next, the wide, field of natural and national law. Supposing my young frierids to be already fully conversant with the precepts of Valtel and of Bur- lamaqui, let me advise them not to be frightened at the names of Grotius, Pufendorf, Rulbenforth, and Bynker- shock; but lo look these venerable men full, thougb respectfully, in the face — listen with inquisitive ardour to all their citations of ancient authority; and hear the deductions from their profound researches, with that mncere desire of -improvement which must form the groundwork of all efforts to establish, and.perpetuate^a happy form of civil institutions. _ Let the learning of Domat be superadded to the precedents of Blackslone, and the disquisitions of De Lolme made the companion of Tully's reflections on a republic. They will then be in a situation to comprehend that constitution, witb the language and general character of whicb, they have doubtless long ago become familiar. Tbey will be ready to study, with intelligence and success, the works of our own masters of constitutional law. They will, in short, have entitled themselves to lay some claim to the re spect, the consideration, and the suffrages of American citizens. s L. 1831.] VEN.\NGO COUNTY.— CHEAT. 91 From the Venango Bemocrat. VENANGO COUNTY. Messrs Editors: — Having been at an early period in tbe history of your county, one of its residents, some fifteen or twenty years since, and having lately visited the same neighborhood, and spent a few days with the citizens, I was forcibly struck with its advance in im provement within that lime, in many respects; and sup posed the few scattering bints below would not be en tirely uninteresting to your readers, if you should think proper to give them aplace in your useful paper. At the time 1 left this county, an improvement ex ceeding ten or fifteen acres ot cleared land was very scarcely to be met with, and in reaching a spot bearing any marks of improvement, the traveller would pass tbrough a large space of v/ilderness-^a house or barn with a shingled roof could notbe found In all that por tion ofthe county with which 1 was acquainted; a small cabin house with a clapboard roof and a single room being the best habitation the country could then afford. There was but one single road thrpugh the whole county, on which more travelli'ng could be done than on horseback, and tbebridle paths were extremely dif«- ficult to be found.. There was even then scarcely a gristmill to be found.-r^pruvisions were generally brought on horseback /rom Westmoreland or Alleghe ny counties. There were no schools — boys of ten, fifteen or twenty years of .ige could be /ound who could scarcely read, and who had never perhaps seen a newspaper, there being none printed within sixty miles. and no mails by which they could be conveyed. The implements of husbandry were very few indeed — scarcely a sheep could be found in the wbole country. How different now I Large improvements spread be fore the eye of the ti-av'eller further than his view can 'extend-^well fenced fields extend in every direction, filled with a rich and luxuriant harvest, to which are attached comfortable dwellings "and other buildings — mills are erected in every neigburhood ofa few miles in extent-:— there is none who m^y not enjoy the advan tage Of schools sufficiently convenient^^hardly a child of six or eight years of age is to be met with, wbd'can- not read distinctly, and many can pars well in the Eng- glisb Grammar. There are fe-w cliiiming the name of respectable inhabilants, who are not .subscribers to the newspaper printed in their own county, which contains,' besides a large portion of useful local information, and moral sele<:tions, all that is mteresling in distant parts'of the union, and in foreign countries, taken from the eastern cily'papers. brought in five or six days by the mailsj from the time they leave the city presses. Gen eral information is thus spread among the people, and with it a taste for-reading and literature. A tpriipike road runs through your county — good wagon roads in various directions affoi-d a comfortable means of travel ing. . Large flocks of sheep may be seen on almost every farm, from which the industrious inhabitants manufacture their own clothing, and send a consider able quantity lo market. I have the pleasure of seeing among my old acquain tance, respectable old men, who now own large farms, with all the conveniences of life about ibem-^numerous and happy families, raised by thejr own personal exer tions — fine houses and barns; mills and other improve ments, tlie works Of their own hands, patents for one, two or three, four hundred acre tracts of land, paid for by their industry, wbo settled in the woods, without a cents worth of the world'^ goods^-carried their flour and meat, many of them on a single horse, .a distance' of ' more than fifty miles, struggled against indescribable- difficulties, hardships and dangers and who could not find a neighbor .within eight or ten miles to converse with, or to wbom they could disclose " the story tif their toils." These are cheering reflections, and highly creditable to a'portion of yourinhabitants; and which I could wish ~ I had time anti ability to pursue further. If I remain longer among you, and yt)U should Ihink 'these worthy of notice, I may give some further hints more in detail hereafter. Yours, &c. A TrAveiier. From theUnion Times. .AGRICULTURAL. Mr. Printer; — Several circumstances relating to our farming affairs, seem to make inquiry necessary. The wheat is more infested with cheat, than usual. — Whence comes cheat' 1 have made inquiry of many of my neighbor farmers, and I have received different answers. Some say the cheat grows from its ow-n seed, like any other vegetable. "This by others is de- n'lcd, and cheat is said to be incapable of vegetation. — How is the fact? Will cheat grow.' 1 should be glad lo have the evidence of those -who have tried it. Others say that wji^eat turns into cheat; why, or why a part, and .not lhe"whole, does not seein to admit of explanation. Que says the small grains of wheat turn to cheat, and if the seed was cleaned by a proper sieve to let the small grains through, there would be no cheat. Is this true? How are ibe facts.' » 1 have made a few observations, and will give the., facts, for I have no theory to support, not having made up my mind on the subject. On a lot uf four acres about half of which was in corn and half in clover, last year, there is some cheat through the whole of it; I can't see' that tbere is less or more on the corn .ground, - lhan on the clover sod. But there are a few places, where the water stands after a heavy rain. On one of,, these perhaps three rods square, there is more cheat than on an acre of the rest ofthe field. To the best of my knowledge there was not a grain of cheat among the seed. How do' those facts stand with any of the theories' A neighbor has a lot, a part of w(hich was in potatoes and a part in clover last year. The part which was in potatoes, has the strongest wheat, and has also by far the'mpst cheat, ^ Another potatoe lot in town was sown with the same seed, and has a great portion of cheat. Another neigh bor got of the same seed, and sowed a piece of newly cleared land, and there is no cheat to be seen. Another lot of about five acres, had corn; then, wheat and rye last year, and is now in clover. There was no cheat among Ihe wheat, and last year among the rye, none that attracted notice. Now among the clover is a proportion of cheat fully equal* to what I see in any of our fields. If wheat turns to cheat, does it lie still a year, and grow the yeai- following. Will rye turn to cheat? I have a lot of rye, which was two years in clover, and 'in rye before that It has not been in wheat for seven years or more. It bas as much cheat, as is to be found in wheat. A neighbor.has a lot of wheat on ground last year in clover, and ploughed once late in the season, and the wheat sowed on _the same or the next day, and this some time in October. It has scarcely a single head of cheat. Had the mode of cultivation, or rather as gen-: erally supposed, the want of cultivation, any thing to do with the absence ofthe cheat' • <, I wish your readers would give their observations. It is'importanf to know, whether cheat grows from its own seed, whther it grows from_wheat, and under what circumstances. Whether it is owing lo the quality- or mode of tillage of the soil; or to the climate and seasons? And inore than all. it is importaht to know, whether we can do any thing to keep our crops free from it. Or whether as for rain and sunshine,- we are in that matter, entirely dependent upon the arrange ment of a wise and bountiful providence. - Those are things worthy ofthe attention of farmers and I hope they will not be entirely neglected. If we can do any thing, we ought tu know what; .and if not, we must take what is-sent witbout repining. A Farjiir. 92 LAW CASE.— THE SPRINGS, [Arous-r LAW CASE. Stacy, Jr. vs. Wethebile & Co. , In the District Coui-t for the city and counly of Phil adelphia, tried on the 18th of October, 1830, before the president of the court, and a special jijry. This was an action on the -case, and the 'plaintiffs claimed to recover the amount of damage suffered by them, as owners of the brig Heroine, in consequence of ' the defendants having caused to pe laden on board of said brig, a box containfng aquafortis, without com municating to the plaintiffs the contents of the bos. — The circumstances ofthe case, as they appeared on the trial, were tis follows. In May, 1826, the Heroine was in the'port of Phila delphia, and was receiving freight for New Orieans. — The defendants shipped by her three boxes and eight barrels, marked F. M. Jr. also marked glass. But, no communication other than that, was made of the con tents. The boxes were received by the mate, and carefully stowed by the stevadore. The brig sailed for New Orleans, and when abreast of Bombay Hook, at about noon, it was discovered that there was something on fire. After cutting away the larboard side of the quarter deck, and poring in water, it was discovered that one of the boxes,- which had been shipped by the .defendants was on fii-e. It was got on deck, and thrown overboard; the other two boxes shipped by the defendants were brought on depk, opened, and found to contain bpttles of aquafortis. The vessel was detained off Bombay Hook for some hours; proceeded on her voyage,; and arrived at New Orleans. The cargo was landed under tbe inspection of the wardens ofthe port; a part of it was found to- be damaged, ahd the damage was paid for by the" owners ofthe vessel; and at considerable, expense to the own ers, the brig was repaired, after some detention. To recover datnages for the injury thus suffered, this ac tion was brought. ' ' A number of witnesses were examined on the part of -the defendants, for the purpose of proving that- the goods were skilfully and perfectly packed — that when in the very act of stowing them, the stevadore Was de. sired to be careful in hiindling Ihem — that it had not been the practice of fhe defendants, or of others, send ing this article aboard, lo mark the contents on the box, or to communicate to the owner or master of the ves sel, "the nature of the contents. - i ; Evidence was given on the part of the plaintiffs, to show that it was the practice of several individual drug gists, to mark on the box the nature of the contents, or have itinserted in the bill of lading, or communicate iri some other way to the owner or master, the charac'- tei- of the Jirticle. and also, that when the article is known to be shipped, it is Usually carried on deck. The court charged the jury, that the rule of law is, that when an article of a dangerous nature is shipped, the person who ships it, is bound to give notice of what the article is; and ifhe does not, and it is receiv ed in ignorance of its character, the shipper is respon sible for whatever damage may ensue from it. The sole question for the jury was, whether the mate who received the box had notice, expressly or constructive ly, ofthe nature or character ofthe contents. The jury founda verdict for the plaintiffs for the^um of $357 09 damages, and six cents costs. (Jhaunoey for the plaintiffs, A. A. Browne and Ran dall for defendants. — K S. Gazitte. The York Springs' -Undoubtedly possess sanative properties, arid are situated at a-spot so elevated that every breeze must have " healing On its wings." The buildings are extensive, and comfortable, and the crea ture Comforts provided by the obliging Mr. McCosh are unexceptionable, unless cause of exception there _ be in provocation to excess which a well supplied table and good cheer presents. The York Springs are _ on the turnpike between Baltimore and Carlisle, 16 miles from the latter, place, and are a favorite resort of the fashionable Baltimpreans. Boarding $8 a week. ' The Warm Springs. ofPerry county, have long been celebrated for their healing virtues, and accordingly .the infirm ofthe neighborhood have resorted to them time out of mind. But it is only of late years that the celeb rity pf the waters has been generally established, and their efficacy in the core of scrofulous affections and cutaneous diseases is not now doubted. These Springs are on the farm pf Mi;. Jas. Kennedy, whose house at some distance from tliem.i until lately offered the only accommodation to visitors, and the approach to either was difficult and-i-ugged enough. Mr. Hippie,, howev er, has erected a spacious and every way comfortable boarding house at the Springs, and furnishes as. good cheer at the table and the bar as is to be found at any other watering establishment that has come under our inspection. The Warm Springs form a clever stream which supplies'a large bathing house, witb a number of plunging baths, a few yards distant from the head of the Springs; so that if there is any efficacy in the waters, a full opportunity of using them internally, and externally, as they issue from the mountain, is afforded. The amusement of fishing andgunh'ing may be enjoyed here to perfection; But the chief advantage of those Springs, To those who are not sick, but retire frpm town in order^o enjoy the country, are. the luxury of the bath and the absolute coitnfr^ that surrounds you. Mount Pisgab jiods in front, and the mountain whence the Springs issue is in the rear, while -the walei-g of Shear man's creek flow between, and you have nothing in view to put you in mind of to.wn. Visitors from the south or east, in their approach to. the springs, will be amply-repiiid fpr encountering a rugged road, when they "reach Mr. Bower's excellent establishtnent, at Sterrett's Gap, on the North Mountain, where they can enjoy a clear view of the fertile and highly cultivated valley of Cumberland, the towns df Carlisle and Harris- burgh, and beyond as far as the eye can reach. Board ing at Ihe Warm Springs $5 a week. — Har, Chronicle.. THE SPRINGS. ' There are several watering places within an evening's ride , of Harrisburg, but we can only speak with know ledge of the merits of two of them, to wit, the York Springs about twenty miles south of us. and the Warm "Springs of Perry county, twenty-two miles west. Each ' of these places has its advantages a!nd peculiarities, arid is adapted to different tastes. \ From th» Amei-ican Journal of Geology and Natural Science. ANTHRACITE COAL APPLIED TO GENERATE STEAM POWER. , ' The editor had the satisfaction, a short time ago, to direct the public attention, to t'lie "simple means adopted by Mr. John Price Wetherill of this city, to remedy the defect inherent in this coal, viz: the want of hydrogen. The editor is informed, by that gentieman, that a great many persons were induced, in consequence, lo visit his White Lead Works, and to adopt this improvement. The non-bituminous coals of this state, which are now universally called anthracite, vary somewhat in their qualities. Some are more easily ignited than others, have a portion of sulphur in them, and leave a greater residuum; but they may be generally designated as hydrates of carbon, the purest containing upwards of ninety parts of carbon, water, and a siliceous earthy re siduum, which we understand from some of the master masons here, sets mortar better than any siliceous matter they have hitherto used. The small quantity of hydro gen given out by this coal, is insufficient, or has been hitherto thought so, to produce the proper degree of flame wanted to generate steam. Hence, its application Jto generate steam-power, has been almost despaiired of, and hence, also, the" insignificance of its value for this purpose, when compared with bituminous coal. There 1831] VICTUALLERS.— FLOOD. 93 have been attempts in many quarters to remedy this great defect, and whicWhave been attended with more or less success. We have materials on hand for show ing with" how much energy, persons at a great distance from eacb other, have been exerting their ingenuity in this direction. The details of a conflict of this kind. between art and nature, would not be uninteresting; indeed, what concerns us more nearly than the history of the gradual ascendancy of mind over matter, and the steady progress of man's dominion over nature. Upon the present occasion, we shall confine cursives, with one exception, to a brief relat'ion of the manner in which, from tbe simplest beginnings, Mr. W etherill's discovery grew into importance. In January, 1825, Messrs. Jonah and George Thomp son, of this city, completed, for their Phoenix Nail Works, on French creek, a steam engine for anthracite coal. We understand this was the first successful ap plication of this fuel lo the generation of steam. This was accomplished by a sub-division of the , furnaces, and other mechanical arrangements.' The necessity of in creasing the flame, induced them to try many experi ments. The introduction of steam was resorted to, and succeeded to a great extent. "These experiments were made in July, 1829. The history of Mr. Wetherill's improvement is re markable for its si'tnplicity. In the early part df 1829, to obviate the inconvenience arising from the dust,'when the cinders were riddled, water was throi^n on tbem, and the cinders being very hot, the water' was decom posed, and tbe effete residuum ofthe coal gave out more flame than the anthracite when first ignited.. Mr. Weth erill, who is. a good practical chemist, arid who,; like every body else, had often witnessed the effect resulting from water thrown upon fire, witho'tit attending"^ much to it, saw now what a useful application.could be made of it. Accordingly, when the flame is low in his bed of coal, he, by means of a small pipe connected with his boiler, which ,is led under the grate of his furnace, pass. es a stream of steam into the hot coals, which is decom- Dosed, and- the hydrogen, when it reaches the top, be comes a powerful fiame, that can be regulated by the quantity of steam admitted. When the cock of the pipe is stopped, the flame dies, away, when it is turned, it revives. Considering it probable., that this method of produc ing the inflammable principle, will effectually cpre the inherent deficiency ofnon-bituminous coals for the gene ration of^steam power, we regard it as leading to ulte rior consequences of primary importance to the coal interest, and tlie useful' arts.- IVe especially look to steam navigation, as hkely to derive immediate profit from it. There is no known fuel of which vessels can carry so great a burden, as of anthracite coal. One.of the great objections to marine steam navigation will,be tbus overcome. We encourage the hope, therefore, ths^t marine steam navigation, which from various causes is slow in establishing itself, will, ere long, be univer-: sally successful, and that the steady velocities of rail road communication, may bejransferred, in a great ex- , tent, to navigation. Ere this takes place, we think it probable, a revolution will be effected in the forms of vessels, and that tbe perpendicular sides of ships, ne cessary to give room to the machiriery of masts and sails, will be abandoned for i^mproved contractions, consist ent with perfect safety, and peculiarly fitted for steam navigation. Vessels, as they are now constructed, pre sent perpendicular sides td the assaults ofthe waves, or a definite resistance, to an indefinite power of attack. We had an opportunity, three years ago, of inspecting the break-water, at PJymoulh, in England. Its massive perpendicular walls, promised to defy the violence of storms, but they soon gave Way; nor was it until out- ward,slopes, or inclined planes were constructed, that the power of the waves was defied. We can con9eive of vessels of vast.burden, fitted for oceanic navigation, ivith abundance of room for freight and fuel, where the decks shall be covered in with a perfect water-shed, like the roof of a house, and the machinery be placed below. Such vessels might be made perfectly, tight against stormy weather, and admit of every comfbrt in fine, weather. We have ventured upon these reflections, merely to ' draw the public attention still more to tbe great value of the non-bituminous coals of the slate of Pennsylva- rnia. , VICTUALLERS. Iig)ort on the Victualler's Petition. To the fioard of Commissioners of the Incorporated Dis trict of the Northern Liberties. The committee tp whonl was referred the petition of the victuallers, praying the passage of an ordinance prohibiting farmers and others from exposing meat fot sale in the markets of this District, in less quantities than a quarter of any ariimal, Report; — The first question that suggested Its^elf to , the consideration of the- committee, was,'wheth'er this board have the authority lo pass an ordinance such as is asked by the petitioners? To determine satisfactorily this question, they we're induced to recur to the act in corporating this District, and to examine the several acts of assembly upon the subject of markets ; by one of which passed April 6j 1802, it is enacted as follows: "From and after the passing of Ihisact, it shall and maybe lawful, for any person or persons, to sell or ex pose to sale, provisions, vegetables or fruit, in the mar kets of any city, borough or corporate town, within this commonwealth : Provided always, that such provis ions, vegetables or fruit, shall not have been previous,- ly purchased, within ]imils of such city, borough or cor porate town ; any law to the contrary riotw^thstand- .The committee, therefore, having as they believe, examined all the laws of this state, in any way re,. lating to the matters submitted to their consiileration,- are unanimously of opinion, that the passing of such ordinance would not only transcend the- authority with which this District is clothed, but would, in its effects, be directly contrary to the spirit of the above recited act of assemllly. Having corine to this conclusion, as to the illegality of such an ordinance, they deem .it un necessary to say any thingabotit.its expediency. -They, however, beg .leave to stole, that they consider the com-; plaints of the petitionen by no' means as groundless; and would respectfully recommend them to make ap- pfication to the legislature of this commonwealth for a remedy. They therefore offer the following resolution. Resolved, Tbat the committee be discharged from further consideration of the subject, John E. Keen, Daniel K. Miller, Ben. E. Carpenter, Michael Andress, Peter Gabbi,. Prosper Martin, Jao. Kenderdine. Northern Liberties. July 25th. 1831. FLOOD, — On Wednesday (July 6) of last week, the streams in this vicinity rose tp an unusual height, in con. sequence of the continued rains of several previous days, in the destruction of lives and property, it has " far exceeded every other freshet within the memory of our oldest settlers. Neariy all the'dams, bridges, saw mills, &e. on the Southern tributaries of tbe Cone. maugh, have been, swept away, and. in their, descent into the river caused considerable damage to the Slate improvements. A saw-mill was carried down Tubmill creek, which enters into the river at Bolivar, 7 miles above this place, to the aqueduct at that pl»ce, against 94 FREE TRADE MEETING.— MAUCH CHUNK AND POTTSVILLE. [AoaoiT which it lodged and so completely stopped the passage forthe water,, that the whole town' was inpndated, and dreadful to relate, four persons, a Mr. Mills, his wife and two children, lost their lives. They were in a Stone house near the bank of the creek and canal, which was swept off from the very foundation. Mr. M. awoke in 'the morning about 2'o'clock, got up and sent off' two meri who were sleeping in the house to raise a waste weir to let the water out df the canal, he being a sub- supervisor, fearing it might burst out the embankment. The men advised him to leave the bouse, as the water was then fast raising; he replied that he would "go up stairs; there was no danger there;" and we are inform ed that in less than fifteen minutes after there was not a particle of the bnilding to be seen. Fortunately the men who left the house look with them one of Mr. M.'s children, by which it was saved. The body of one of the drowned children was found next day a short dis tance below— the others have not yet been discovered. We have alsb been informed that a young man who was descending the river above Johnstown, on a raft, was drowned. We have neither the name or particulars of this disaster. The Turnpike bridge across Stony Creek a mile west of this place; together with Mr. Singley's saw-mill and Mr. Barnes's dam, were all carried away. On McGee's run Mr. Dixon's saw mill and dam were swept off and the dam and, race of Mr. Wallace's Grist mill very much injured. The most serious damage to the canal is at Leechburg, where about one hundred feet of the dam is carried_off and tbe tciw-path for a considerable distance destroyed. The repairs necessary from that place to Johnstown, we are informed, will be complete about the first of Au gust, The time that will be required to repair the dam it is impossible to tell, as it will depend pretty much on the state of the water. This disaster is sincerely regretted and'wiUbe heavily felt by the community^ as the importance of canal navigation (was just beginning to be reahzed, — Blairsville Record. FREE TRADE MEETING. Philadelphia, 21st July, 1831.' Agreeably to public notice, a meeting was this day held at- the' Merchants' Coffee House, of ciiizens of Philadelphia connected with its trade and navigation, ancl others opposed to the presint legislative restrictions and prohibitions on ourCommn-ce, when JOSEPH R. EVANS was appointed Chairman, and E. Littbel. Secretary. ' Theobject of the -meeting haying been stated, the following preamble arid resolutions were offered and unanimously adopted. Whereas, great dissatisfaction, prevails in many parts of the United States, and especially iii the Southern arid Soutb western portions of our country, against the existing high duties upon foreign commodities, which give an undue advantage to one branch of industry at the expense of all others; and whereas, a Cotivenlion is proposed to be held at Philadelphia on the 30th of September next, "for the purpose of securirig the effi cient co-operj»tion of the Friends of Free Trade through out the United States in procuring the repeal of the Re strictive System," for which Delegates have already- been itshosen in Charleston, S.C. and ^fV^illiamsburg, Va. be it therefore Resolved, That this meeting impressed with the belief tbat such a measure may be highly instrumental in pro moting the national tranquility, and in advancing the' interests of all classes of our citizens, whether engaged in agriculture, commerce, or manufactures, and in the earnest hope that all our sister cities of the North, may imitate the example, deem it expedient to appoint Del egates to tbe said Convention, Besolved, Tbat tbe number of Delegates to be ap pointed be sixteen, and that they be authorized to- fill up any vacancy which may occur, owing td the absence or refusal to serve of any of their number, and that they be empowered to adt as a Committee for the purpose of making the necessary preparations for the opening of the Convention, and of corresponding with our feU low citizens in tbis and other States with the view of inviting them to send Delegates to the same. _ Resohed, That a Committeelje appointed to withdraw, and report to the meeting for its approbation a list of delegates. The said Committee reported the following na\nes, which were severally approved by the meeting: Tbomas.P, Cope, E., Littell, Joseph R. Evans, Samuel Smith, George Emlen, J. W. Norris, C. C. Biddle, Richard Price, Thomas, A. Morgan, Samuel Archer. Edward Ingraham, , Henry R. Watson. J. M. Barclay, Samuel. Spackman, R. M. Whitney, John Sarphett. Resolved, That the proceedings of this meeting be published in all the City papers without distinction of party. JOS. R. EVANS, Chairman. E. Littell, Secretary. Fromnhe Bucks County Intelligencer. VISIT TO MAUCHCHUNK AND POTTSVILLE. , In my letter dated Easlon,July llth, I intimated that we expected much gratification upon beholding the Delaware Water Gap. I believe our expectations were fully realized, and bave no doubt the lover of wild and romantic scenery would be amply repaid by a visit to this spot. Being near the close of day when'we pas sed through, there was not so fine an opportunity for viewing the beauties of the scene, as I was informed is presented at sunrise. A little to our left as we approach ed the base of the mountain, the extensive slate quar ries, belonging to J. M. Porter^ Esq. of Easton, were po'mted out to us. There has already been a large quantity of slate floated down tbe river to Philadelphia, wbere it meets a ready demand in the shape of writing slates, and in its rougher state, for roofing houses. I was told there appeared to be an inexhaustible supply where the quarries had been opened, and it is not im probable to suppose, that in a few years those quarries will supply most of our Academies and Schools, and as the materials for shingling houses become more' scarce, the demand will be increased for this more safe and durable article. Tbe mountain on the South West side presented a more rugged and precipitous appearance than in any other part being estimated about 1600 feet high. The steep perpendicular and overhanging cliffs ^the rugged and craggy appearance of the lower part, where the faUing rocks are constantly accumulating, with here and there a few scrubby trees clinging to them, constantly arrested our notice,' The distance through the gap Js from one to two miles — the river being con fined in a narrow bed, running perfectly smooth, and interspersed with numerous small Islands. It pursues a very serpentine course, alternately winding round the points of high steep bilk, which jut out on each side, so that the view is confined up and down within a few hundred yards. Fortunately for navigation the current of the river here is very slow, notwithstanding all its meanderings, and the chanriel is quite deep, affording a safe and secure resting place for the Arks and Rafts, which descend in the spring of the year. — There are two or three taverns at different pointsinlhe gap,which are ftequently filled to overflowing during the rafting season. There is a pretty good road cut along each bank of the rfrer, and the^lage to Milford passes along on the Pennsylyania side. Three miles above the gap 19 Stroudsburg, a pleasant, improving and business do ing town, it is situated near tbe junction of several large streams with the.,Pokono Creek, affording.numer- ous, extensive and valuable mill seats. Tbe town con- 1831.] RAIL ROAD MEETING— LETTERS FROM THE WEST. 95 tains 6 stores, an academy, 3 or 4 meeting bouses of different denominTalions, and sonie handsome' private -dwellings. For some miles on each side of the gap, the country presents a very uneven surface, which makes it difficult for agriculfure. Soriie fields we saw appeared to be entirely filled with knolls and-hollows, of various heights and depths, chiefly composed of pebbles and ,gravel, Frpm Stroudsburg we bent our coiirse west ward, with the Pokono hills to our i^il, and the blue mountain ori our left.— With the exception of the land laying along the borders of the streams, there is but little good farming land on the whole route, from near Stroudsburg " to the Lehigh Water Gap. Although the break in the Mountain where the Lehigh passes through, is not so great an object of curiosity as that on the Delaware, we did not find it devoid of inter est — The river takes a pretty straight course through it, and the space between the base of the hills is -much wider than on the Delaware. Here the labors of the Mauch-Chunk Compariy, and the enterprise of private individuals has contributed much towards rendering a view of this place desirable. Therie is a fine bridge , over the Lehighj-at the lower part of the Gap, and one or two excellent Hotels. From this place we proceed ed along the River to Mauch.Chunk, affording a fine opportunity for vie«»ing, the Canal and Slack Water Navigation on the Lehigh. We could not help remark ing with what neatness and solidity the works on this canal are executed; and the highest praise which can be bestowed upon the superintendent, is'the fact, that since its compfetion.there has been littleor no interrup tion to. the navigation from breaches. There is an am ple supply of water at all seasons for navigation, and measures are in train to extend the canal on from Lau sanne above Mauch-Chunk, to the Susquehanna, at or near Berwick. [to be continued.] - GERMANTOWN RAIL ROAD MEETING. At an adjourned meeting of the inhabitants of Ger mantown. convened at Bowen's Inn.-on Thursday the 28lh inst. for the purpose of deliberating on the route of the Rail Road near that village.— of which JOHN F. WATSON was Chairman, and P. R. Freas Secre tary, it' was . - Resolved, That the Report of their Committee then made and'adopted, should' be furnished to the gentle men, constitutinir the Delegation, acting in behalf of "the' Philadelphia, Germantown; and Norristown "Rail Boad Company." The gentlemen representing the Rail Road Company, consisted of its President, Col. Watmough, the Chief Engineer, Col. Douglass, ahd Messrs, McCreedy and Uassinger, Managers. These had with them, their corps,^ of Engineers with their implements, who were direct ed to give any levels which might be deemed essential tp satisfy the Committee acting in behalf of the former Town Meelirig. The- Committee, after introducing their report, by some necessary preamble, thus enter into detail, to wit ; — The chief Engineer informed us. that the grade of the road from the city to. Clapier's hill, was desired to be 32 feet in the mile.whicb brought the grade to the foot of Clapier's hill on Roberts' place. Your committee desired of the Engineer a level to be taken to a more westerly point of the hill, to see if the road might not take a course through Messrs. Blight's, Goddards, and Coulter's grounds, and thence on the southwestwardly side of Germantown, accord- • ingly, one was taken near the ravine on Mr. Clapier's place, another on the southwestwardly point of land on Mr. Blight's place, near to Falls run; thence we pro ceeded up the Falls run to the township line, taking several levels; by which it clearly appeared that with a gradation of forty feet per mile from th^ location about Bhiner's pla .< As the Public Treasury -.vas exhausted, that the In dians might be furnished by the Public with what they Wanted, the following Address was presented to the Assembly : , To the Representatives of the Freemen of the Province of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met. The Atidress of the Trustees and Treasurer of Ihe Friendly Association.for regaining and preserving Peace with the Indians, by pacific measures — Respectfully sheweth: That as we have, with the ap probation of tbis Government, at several Treaties held wilb the Indians, at Easton and Lancaster, contributed freely towards the Presents made to the Indians, and defraying the expenses of th^e Messengers sent fay the King's Deputy Agent, to invite the Indians on the Ohio - lo renew their alliance wilb the Crown, of Great Britain ; and as. ,by the blessing of Divine Providence, pacific ' measures h^ve so far succeeded.that from the Messages 98 EARLY lilSTORY. now received from- eight Tribes of those-WeStern and Giber distant Indians, it appears there are just grounds to hope for the establishment of Peace with them; and the' engaging a considerable number, with whom this Government hath not been acquaintecl, to enter into the alliance. We are heartily disposed to promote so desirable a service, and thereby to give a renewed tes timony of our Ipyalfy to our gracious King, and our sin cere concern to advance the cause and interest of the Christian religion, and the Peace and prosperity of our Country;' and being informed that the Public jreasury is exhausted— least these salutary measures should there by be delayed, and the promises made by the Governor in behalf of this Province remain unperformed-^we think it our duty to acquaint you, that, out of the fund of bur Association, we are willing to gupply you with such sums of money a? may be immediaiely necessary, for carrying on these negotiations ' towards establishing Peace with the Indians, and to wait for the repayment ofthe money, out ofthe Public Treasury, till it can be conveniently done. ' ¦¦ ylfour proposal appears to you to be conducive to.the public advantage, and meets with, your approbation, we shall irnmediately direct our Treasurer lo pay the Provincial Commissioners, or such other Committee as you may be pleased to appoint, such sum or sums as on consideration you may judge these exigencies may require.. - Signed by order, and on behalf, of the said Trustees and Treasurer, ABEL JAMES, Clerk.. The foregoing Address being read and considered by the Assembly, the following resolves were passed: Resolved, That the thanks of this House be given to the said Society, for their friendly and generous offer. Resolved, That this House do recommentl it to the Provincial Commissioners, to borrovy of the said friendly Society, such sum or sums of money as maybe sufficient to answer the present Indian demands; and that the Representatives will use their care and endeavours, to seture the repayment thereof, when further supplies shall be raised for the public service. At a Conference with the Indians at the Governor's House, 25th March, 1758. Present — The Hon. William Denny, Esq. Lieutenant ,^ . Governor; William Logan, Richard Peters, Lyuford Lardner, Esquires; the same Indians as before; Con rad Weiser, Esq.; Isaac Still, Interpreter. The Governor, addressing himself to Teedyuscung, and the Indians, spoke as follows: ' Brothel Teedyuscung — I fully expected I should have been able to have given you an answer to the request you made, respecting the assistance you' wanted from this Government, in being supplied with proper Minis ters, School-masters and Council, al your Indian Towns. I laid your request immediately before the Assembly. and they sent me word, that as it was an affair of such importance, they would take time to consider it well,- anJgive me an answer. This they have not as yet done; and as you have acquainted me, that your Messengers are very uneasy lo return to inform the Indians of what has passed here. I must, for the present, defer giving you an answer to what you then desired; but you may depend on it, that every thing this Government engaged to do at Easton, they will faithfully perform — what they are now considering, is only the method of doing it. This is my answer to what you mentioned the other day. Brother — You may remember I told you, on Wednes day last, tbat although I had then fully answered the Messages you had brought me from the Indian Country, yet I had something more to say to you. Brother— I think proper that our Peace Belt, that I gave you the olher day, should be sent with the great est dispatch, and in the safest manner you can, to the Indian Towns on the Ohio, and ibe other Towns who have now entered into our .illiance, that they may be fully informed of what has passed here between tis. and the good work we have done. Take this, my Calumet Pipe with you, tor our friendly Indians to smoke out of. It is the I'ipe our old-Proprietor. William Penn, smoked in, on his first arrival into this Country, with alUhe In-. dians that entered into a Covenant Chain with htm, and has been preserved by his order to this day fpr that good purpose. 1 recomrinend it particularly to the Dela- , wares, Our Brethren, arid to their Grknd-cbildren; the Shawanese, to smoke out ofit hcarlily,as il has now been filled with the same good tobacco. They, the Dela wares and Shawanese, will .then remember their Mother Country; for the Ground in Pennsylvania, is the Ground - they came out of. - „ , ,. t ., Brother— You know when they,first left us, they went only a hunting, though -at too great, a distauce from us. to a place where an evil Spirit reigned, where they lost themselves by the instigation of that evil Spirit, whose cunning and power they could not I esist. Brother— I cannot help thinking, that their Thoughts must be often bent towards their Mother Country; as it is most natural for all sorts of People, to love that Ground best from which they first sprung. Brother— We remember very well how kindly you' received our forefathers, when they first arrived in this Country. You secured their ships to the bushes, and kindled up a fire for them.and you entertained them with the best you had; and you must remember the mutual friendship that subsisted between us since that time; and I hope those' black Clouds, that came from the North, will be now entirely dispelled, as the greater part of them already are. We shall then see one an other with a great deal of pleasure, and the sooner it is done the better; and 1 assure you, nothing shall be wanting on my part, towards perfecting this good work. In confirmation of which, I give you this Bglt. [Gave a Belt.] Brother — 1 must put you in mind, at this opportunity, of our Children that yet remain among the Indians. I shpuld be extremely glad to see as many of Ihem as you can possibly bring; and as you are a wise man, you know that will give great satisfaction to me, my Coun cil. Assembly, and all the good People of the Province. [A String.] Brother — You may remember that at first, when the Clouds were beginning to be dispelled, a little Foot Path was opened, by Fort Allan to Wyoming, for our Messengers lo pass through with Messages; but as now the Clouds are entirely dispelled between us and the Indians on Susquehannah, I think it necessary to open a Great Road; that is, from Diahogo, and the heads of the Susquehannah,. down to Fori Au.ihuse necessaries, conveniencies, or luxuries must be a perpetual fund of employment and wealth to. the sea-ports with which they communicate. And as many-of the wide extend ed branches of Susquehannah, a)-e or iriay be made nav igable, a communication may be thereby opened from this city, of greater extent and consequence than can be easily conceived. But were our attention only eS- tended,'at present, to that part of the province situated on this side that river, the country along Schuylkill arid above Reading is naturally very valuable, and would be more so, did not their excessive distance from markets reduce the value of their produce, and discourage the improvements which industry, constant ly attentive to these objects alone, would certainly and soon produce. The taking our farmers from their habitations to come long journies to market, has besides .the loss of time and expense, many inconveniencsj it often de bauches their morals, lessens their industry when at home, tempts tlieii' servants to commit disorders, and takes off that decorum which the eye ofa wise man al ways produces among his dependants; so that every at tempt to facilitate carriage may be considered as a moral as well as political advantage. Our great and wise founder was a man of views s'uF- ficiently extensive to be convinced of the possibility and utility of this scheme. His atltempts to settle Ihe city on the banks of that river are well known, and tho' the short dale of his life, and incumbered situation of his affairs, rendered his design abortive; yet flie judg ment of so great a man, may, I hope, be a means of pro curing those proposals a fair and impartial considera tion. The navigation ofthe Schuylkill has already at tracted the attention of th'e legislature; btit,-their at tempt having consisted chieflyin clearing Ihepassage through the rocks at the falls, the river is thei-eby ren dered Shallower above those obstructions, and the nav igation rather less practicable than before, the depth of water being insuflSicient for vessels of any burden, ex cept in great freshes, and then the natural rapidity of the current renders the passage downwards very dan gerous, and the return almost impracticable; besides as these freshen seldom happen but in spring and fall, and not always then, so precarious a navigation is of very little consequence. Some Have thought that contract ing ofthe stream might be a means of improvement; but arlhat could only be done by deepening the chan nel, in the best o'fthe current; and as the bottom of the river is hard, and in some places rocky, and the distance great, such an attempt appears to me impracticable, and not likely to answerthe intended design; for Ih^velociiy of the current would be thereby vastly increased, and the content of tbe water propprtionably lessened, and rendered too shoal and rapid to admit vessels of any burden going down, much less refprning: And as such a channel would be very small, compared with the body ofthe river, when raised by large freshes, the crooked ness pf the stream would, at such times, occasion its being filled up in many places, and the work be lo do over again every year. The only possible method ef fectually lo cpmpass this desirable event, is that which is so frequentiy practised in England and elsewhere, viz. the moderating the current, and deepening the water.by a number of dams across the river, accommo dated with sluices or locks, to give passage up and down to flats or rafts, as often as occasion requires. | It has been delivered as the opinion of good judges, that the surface of the water at Reading is not more than sixty feet perpendicular above the head ofthe tide; but admitting it should prove one hundred feet, yet, sixteen dams, eacb six feet high, would reduce the water to a sufficient depth and stagnation,! as only six feel descent, in near one hundred miles, must make the current very moderate and passible up or down with the greatest ease. I am not much acquainted with the charge of making dams, but should thilik six thousand pounds abundant ly sufficient to erect one over tbe Schuylkill, with "proper sluices for the purpose of navigation; at which computation the cost of sixteen dams.ampunts to ninety six thousand pounds. " And considering the fertility of the land along that river, and the very great extent of . country above Reading, the trade of which would cer tainly and soon centre there; the quantity of goods transported downwards annually, may be computed at fifteen thousand ton, and five thousand ton returned: Allowing therefore a dollar per ton for toll to the pro prietors of the navigation, it would amount to seven thousand five hundred pbunds per annum; from which deduct five hundred pounds for the charge of collec ting; the remaining seven thousand pounds amounts to seven per cent, interest uppn fhe computed charges of erecting the works: And as tbe damvwould^ produce very valusible seats for mills, the profits arising from 'liat 100 METEOROLOGIGAI, TABLE. ,[Arflr»* consideration would probably exceeil the expenseof repairs. - I suppose the present rate of carriage from Reading, may amount lo about fifty shillings a ton. or more; whereas if a good hauling road was cleared along the banks of the 'river, and the current moderated by the means abpve mentioned, and kept up to'the depth of three feet or upwards, the cai-ria.e;e by water might be afforded for fifteen shillings per ton; for a flat of 100 tons burden, might be navigated up and down the river, by four men and two horses, in a week or ten days; the charge of which would not amount to ten pounds a week, whereas allowing a ,dollar per tonfor toll, the remaining dollar on "100 tons downwards and 25 tons upwards," amount to 461. l7s. 6d. each voyage; a profit much more'than sufficient. But the advantages derived to the country by this means, would be far more considerable; for admitting the advance on the value of wheat at Reading, to be only nine-pence a bushel, and that only an extent of fifty miles square could receive Ihe benefit of this un dertaking, it ariiounts to one million six hundred thou sand acres, of which supposing only a twentieth part in grain, and to produce 20 bushels per acre, half of which to be expended in the country, the advance up on the half exported, ut the rate above mentioned, amounts to thirty thousand pound; to which if the profits arising from moderating the carriage ofiron, timber, masts and boards (which three last should pay but half toll) and also from the goods returned, beadd- ^d. the amount may be fairly doubled, amounting to sixty thousand pounds per annum, — a sum probaby equal lo more than half the expence of erectipg the navigation. To this it will be objected, that the freshes which arise al the breaking up ofthe winter, are commonly so great, the current so rapid, and the bodies of ice so forcible (accompanied with logs and other incum brances), that no dams could possibly resist their force but ine.vitably be torn down, and the whole pfoject be thereby renderedabortive. I shall answer this by observing, that the rivers in En.gland, in many places, are more rapid and furious than Schuylkill; and though the moderation of their winters, in the south of that ^kingdom, and near the sea, may prevent their rivers freezing, yet, in the moun tainous parts ofthe north, this is by no means thte case- they are frequently frozen over to a great IhicknessJ and as those frosts mostly break up with heavy rains' -and the country has a great declivity, their i-iyers swell to a hei.ght, and pour down with a rapidity vastly supe rior to S'chuylkill. bringing ice anjl logs along with Ihem; and yet many of those rivers are made navigable by Ihe means here proposed, and those which are not. bave dants across them for the benefit of mills, as well as bridges, many of which conlinue for ages: And if the trifling profits ofa grist-mill (seldom amounting to -fifty pounds perannum) can stipport the expen,se of a dam, how inconsiderable must it be, compared with the value of so important a navigation as here presents itself. 'Tis true, few of those rivers are as wide as Schuylkill; but as water acts not in proportion to its width but toils weight and rapidity, there cari be no doubt but that if dams were erected with equal care and judgment, they would continue as well as those in England; especially considering that the present ve locity ofthe stream, would, by these means, be much mOderated.and its impression upon thedain proportion ably lessened — Admitting, therefore, the pt-operty in this navigation (computed at one hundred thousand pounds) to be divided into one thousand shares, and vested by law in the subscribers; together with an act of incorporation, and the nec-essary powers for puttine the project in execution; each subscriber to be repu^ ed a member ot the corporation, and enjoy as many votes in the choice of managers, &o. as he subscribes •hares, the payment to be made annually, aJ five per Cent. The first payment by way of trial: Afffer which, if the design is approved (the subscriber giving the company proper security for their -payments) notes of credit' might be issued, under proper limitations, where by the navigation might be expeditiously brought to perfection; atid-the profits arising therefrom being adds ed tothe annual payments, the money would probably be Repaid in a few years, and fhe subscribers become possessed of a very valuable property, al a .trifling ex pense. Si quid novisti, rectius istis Candidus; imperii si non, his ulere mecum. PHILADELPHUS. METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER. Extract from the Mefearohgical Register, taken at the State Capitol — Harrisburg, Pennsyhania, BY William Mosgbave, Librarian. JULY. 1831. ¦ / .M o 2 0. 6 i-3 o o yen. ofBa- hday =5 .a o Ebe s IUc.B 4/ c. £ 01 o. E '.S 'tn 01 z, 31 XV Oi Vi CA CO c o 1 OJ •a x: 60 a a s a z % 'w s X g ~ Thermometer. ^ Barometer- [ Friday -1 70 75 71 72 29.70 75 81 29.75 SE Saturday 2 67 74 73 71 §0 93 95 92 SE Sunday 3 70 76 74 73 96 90 87 91 SE Monday 4 72 77 76 75 87 80 76 81 SE Tuesday 5 74 79 71 74 72 64 71 - 69 S Wednesd 6 68 74 72 71 60 55 50 ' 55 SW Thurstiay 7 70 77 75 74 50 55 60 55 SW Friday 8 71 76 71 72 60 55 55 56j S 1 Saturday 9 70 76 67 71 48 42 55 48 StoN' Sunday 10 54 68 63 61 65 73 76 71 N Monday 11 5p 72 60 60 85 88 90 87 N Tuesday 12 SO 64 67 60 90 88 83 ¦87 NtoSE Wednesd 13 U 70 60 61 77 67 68 70 S Thursday 14 54 74 70 66 55 50 48 51 NE , Friday 15 65 74 66 68 48 46 57 50 NW Saturday 16 57 70 68 65 57 55 57 56 N Sunday 17 59 75 74 6? 60 58 57 58 W Monday 18 62 75 76 71 50 45 44 46 w Tuesday 19 68 81 79 76 44 50 52 48 w Wedmesd 20 72 83 74 76 50 40 43 ¦ 44 w Thursday 21 68 86 74 76 50 48 45 47 w Friday 22 68 88 80 78 50 48 48 48 w Saturday 23 72 76 78 75 38 38 37 37 w Sunday 24 68 79 70 72 50 54 57 S3 w Monday 25 65 78 72 71 60 57 50 55 SW I'uesday 26 68 76 76 73 35 45 50 43 E Wednesd 27 ro 81 74 75 60 64 63 62 E Thursday 28 72 79 78 76 ' 60 56 60 : 58 W Friday 29 66 75 71 70 70 70 70 70 N Saturday 30 64 80 72 72 70 70 65 68 W Sunday 31 69182 77 76 64 66 70 66 s Thermometer. Barometer. Maximum on 22d, 78° Maximum on 2d, 29.92 in Minimum on 12th, 60 Minimum on 23d, 29.37 Difference, 18° Difference, 00.55 in Mean. 69° Mean, 29.64^ in. nds. Days ofthe month. W 10 11 16 3 days North. 14 1 day North-east. 26 1 2 3 4 12 1 Ea^t. 5 days South-east. 5 8 9 13 31 5 South. 6 7 25 3 South-west. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 11 West, 15 29 2 North-west 1831.] EEMINISCENSES OF LANCASTER.— RAIL ROADS. 101 ATMOSPnERICAL VARIATION. Days of month. ' M. ' 128 2 days ^owery 2478 4 Cloudy 3 18 2 Rain 56 2 Showers , 9 Iday Fair 10-15 25 27 29 5 days Fair 11 13 21 3 Clear 12 16 17 19 4 Fair 14 22 24 31 4 Fair 30 Iday Fair 23 1 ¦ Light rain 26 1 Th. gust in morn 30 1 Overcast A. Showery. Showery.Fair.Thunder gusts. Mod.steady rain. Cloudy No clouds seen. |!ew light clouds Thunder, gusts. Set. heavy rains. Thunder gusls. Fair.Th., heavy. rain. On the 20lh. at noon, Thermometer al 90°; the highest. On the 12th, morning, do. at 50°; the lowest. Range in the month, 40°. On the 2d. evening. Barometer, at 29.95; the highest. On the 23d. evening, do. at 29,37; the lowest. Range in the month, 00.58 inches. The difference of temperature between the mornings and noons, or mid-days, from 5 lo 20°. The wind has been 7 days East* of the meridian, 16 days West ofit, 3 days North ofit, and 5 days South. There was rain on 19 days of this month, viz. 1st, 2d, 3d,4th, 5ith, 6th, 7lb, 8th, 9th,14th,18th, 20th, 22d,23d, 24lh, 26tb, 28th,,30th and 31st. The heaviest the 1st, 5th. 6th, 23d, 24th, 26th and 30lh. Thunder gusts on the 5lh, 6th, 14th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 26th; 30th and 31st. On the 26th and 30th^ the streets in Harrisburg were, in many places,-covered with water. There were but three days in the whole month perfectly clear.o'f clouds; nine days fair, that is, partly clear and partly cloudy at the same time. On the other nineteen days it rained more or less each day. The rains generally fell in show ers, with short intervals of sunshine between them. The mean temperature" of this month was 1 degree warmer than last June, and 8J degrees colder than July 1830. I think so wet a summer, in the middle. part of the United States, has not been for half a century. of this "swampi" one on the lot occupied by Judge Hays, and three others. The passage that was cut lo Roaring brook, appears to have been from the spring at Judge Hays's, as some' vestige still remains. An early letter thus says: "The riin is called bylhe Germans (but as I cannot write it. shall give you the English) " noisy water," " roaring brook." ' "Gibson's pasture," afterwards "Sanderson's pasture," was leased at an early period by Mr. Hamilton to Adam Reigart, Esq., and continues at the present day in the occupancy of his son Emapuel Reigart, Esq. The land of Mr. Montgomery lies nearly contiguous, but includes no part of that known formerly as " Sanderson's pas ture." , An old letter mentions " the log cabin of the widow Buchanan." We cannot f^nd her name among the pur chasers of lots; therefore, suppose she was -merely a tenant. Some of the early deeds include botb an in-lot and an out-lot, but, it does not appear that every purchaser of an in-lot was entitled tO an out-lot. The swamp to the north of Gibson's must have extended from the centre of the square (bounded by Duke, Queen, Chesnut, and Orange streets,) to the swamp (along the run) now Wa ter street. We have been informed, as we mentioned in a former notice, that this swamp, was drained by a ' ditch cut into the brook. The inaccuracies in.the former aecnunt of tbe location of Lancaster, will be fully ex plained by what we have now stated, derived from re spectable adthorities. When Sanderson gave up the occupancy ofthe "pas ture," consisting of about twenty acres, it was leased to Adam Reigart, Esq. This was the land on which Mr. Hamiltun originally intended for the town. It has a fine spring on it, is high arid commanding, and would have been ,a beautiful. and judicious sc\te.-^Laruaster Miscellany. REMINISCENSES OF CITY OF LANCASTER. RAIL ROADS. To refer to the early settlement ofa town, and rescue from oblivion some of the transactions and original fea tures, must be always attended with difficulty when a long period has elapsed. We have examined docu ments, and conversed with many of our aged and intel ligent citizens; from these sources we have derived the following information: The first deeds for lots in the town of Lancaster, bear the date of one thousand seven, hundred and thirty -five. We remark the names of " Jacob Funk," " Frederick Stroble," and "John Powell;" date of their deeds is May twentieth, one thousand seven hundred and thirty- five. John Powell's lot was situate at the corner of Orange and Duke .streets. Dr. De Fresne resides on and owns the lot of "Frederick Stroble." George Gibson's date of deed is fourteenth of January, one thousand seven hundred and forty, for lot number two hundred and twenty- One, Governor Pownall thus writes: " The house in wbich Gibson resides, is opposite a spring, and was included in the original plot ofthe town;" again, "a swamp lay in front, another of some extant lay to the north." Tbe question arises, where lay the swamp, to the north of Gibsons? We were informed, that it was situa ted back of Dr. Pe Fresife's. but upon further inquiry, we learn that it was back of tbe yellow frame house in whicb the Doctor formeriy resided, situated on Duke street, between Orange and Chestnut; the remains of which were filled up by direction of Dr. De Fresne. Several fine springs are still in existence in the vicinity We are indebted to a gentleman of this city, who has spent time and money, and exercised talents, on the sub ject of internal improvement, for the following letter from a congenial spirit. Our readers have once or twice been indebted tothe same source, and through the same channel, for important information on the subject of rail-roads. — United States Gazette. Conversation with Mr. Woodhouse, Engineer of the Cromford and Park Forest Rail-Way, when I visited that work, June 17, 1831. This rail-way is 32J miles long, and has been in pro- gress six years, and will be completed on the Ist of July, 1831, at an expense of £140,000. Ofthe whtjle length, only 11 j miles are a double line of rail-way — the re maining 21 miles are a single line, but so constructed, that an additional tract can be laid at the moderate ex pense of £20,000, The rails are of cast iron, and are in lengths of 4 feet, eacb weighing 84 lbs., and they cost about 20 per cent, less .than wj-ought iron rails. They are edge rails. The difficulties overcome are great. In the first place, there are 9 inclined planes, of which 5 overcome an ascent of ,1000 feet from Cromford, and 4 a descent of 800 feet to Whaley Bridge. In the second place, there is much deep cutting, several tunnels (one of 590 yiirds long through a coal measure), and several expensive embankments. At the inclined planes, the steam engines (18 in number) are ih pairs; of which, 7 pairs are of 20 horse power each, and 2 pairs Of 10 horse power each. The longest plane is 850 yaVds, The greatest rise on the planes, is at the rate of 4^ inches to the yard — the least is 2i inches to the yard. The ve locity in ascending the planes is 4 miles per hour. The cost of transporting coal and lime, i* IJd'per ton per mile — for merchandise, the cost is 3d per ton per mile. Horse-power is used on the.levels, and is not intended to carr)- passengers. It is supposed this rail-way will 102 TEMPERANCE. not, for soriie years; be productive property, the stock is now seUing for £50 to £100 paid, but when united with the Manchester and Liverpool rail-way, it is sup posed it will become valuable. This union will be ef fected in a few years by the Manchester and Sheffield Rail-way Company; of whose road 19 miles will be so much towards the accomplishment ofthe union, and the remaining 1 mile will be made by the Cromford and Park Forest Rail-way Company. From this you will understand, that the western termination of this rail-way at Whaley Bridge, is 20 miles distant from Manchester. The object in constructing this rail-way is to effect a union between the " Cromford and Derby Canal" and the " Manchester and Whaley Canal," which it may be said is now accomplished. This rail-way is altogelher in Derbyshire, and goes over th^ Peak. The celebra ted engineer, Mr. Jessup, planned and laid out this rail- .way. The reason for having two steam engines at each plane, is, in case of accident to one of them, the other may be used„so that there will be no interruption to the traffic. - Liverpool, June 23, 1831." My Dear Sir — Knowing how deep an interest you feel in all works for the promotion of the prosperity of our country, I send you a memorandum of the heads of a conversation 1 had with Mr. Woodhouse, of fhe Derby shire rail-way, as I think the circumstances of this enter- ; prise are-so similar to those of the contemplated rail-way over the Allegheny Mountain, to join the Eastern and Western grand Canal of Pennsylvania, that its success ful accomplishment may stimulate our state to renewed exertion to finish the portage railway in the shortest possible time. You may inquire, why it is thought this rail-way will not be productive property.' The reason is, that it is on no great thoroUghfare,and its route is over the highest bills in England, where there is little or no population, and the lead mines, for the conveyance of whose produce, this work was principally introduced, < are now almost deserted. As soon as the junction of the Manchester rail-way is, accomplished, there will be a complete-rail-road communication from Liverpool to the Valley of the Derwent. when this work will be a thoroughfare for the traffic between Liverpool and'Man- chester on the west, and Derby and Nottingham and other rich and populous places on the east. This rail way will then be a productive work. Our portage rail way is on the great thoroughfare between ^the Atlantic coastand tbe immense and fertile region of the west, ^nd cannot fail to be productive of revenue to the state as soon as completed. Pray exert your influence to have our rail-way over the Allegheny completed sooii. Without it, our great Eastern and Western Canals will be comparatively of little value. I am sure you will be much gratified with the Liver pool and Manchester Raif-way. 1 have travelled on it some twelve or fourteen times, and each time 1 am more pleased with it. The usual number of passengers daily. Is about 1,200, who are about one hour and a half on the journey — on a particular occasion, a locomotive went from town lo town in fifty-eight minutes. I have been one of 300 passengers in a train; but on the late occa sion of the Newton races, there was a train consisting of three locomotives and thirty-five carriages, which contained 900 passengers. It was an exceedingly im posing sight to view this immense line of carriages fly- ing along at the rate of (in some places) one mile per minute. Nothing can exceed the magnificence and comfort of this means of conveyance. Every day the importance of this gi-e.it work is becoming more and more properly appreoiated. Guerney's locomotive has been running on the common turnpike-road, from Chel tenham to Gloucester for the last four months, full of passengers, without a single accident. The cause ofthe accident, the other day to his locomotive at Glasgow, was. that when Jie left that town to return to Cornwall, he took from it several important parts of the machinery, to prevent it from being used during his absence, but contrary to bis ordei-s. the missing parts were supplied, by a person ignorant of the principles of tbe machine, and when put in motion, the accident occurred, which you will see mentioned in the newspapers; Mr. Guer- ney has been most unfairly treated. The distance be tween Cheltenham and Gloucester is upwards of nine miles, and the journey is accomplished within the hour. When will our abominable turnpikesbe made sufficient ly good to enable locomotives to travel on them? TEMPERANCE. The following answers to inquiries made by "the Pennsylvania Society for Discouraging the Use of .Ardent Spirits," further illustrating the evils and cost of Intem perance to the community. Nearly all the business which engages the attention of our magistrates, and criminal courts, originates in tbe indulgence of tbat pernicious habit. CouNTr Commissioners Office, ? July 25. 1831. 5 Dear Sir — In compliance with. the request contained in your communication ofthe 22d instant, we now send you a statement of the costs , paid during the last four years, by the Counly, for Prisons and Criminal Courts, together with the cost of the Debtor's Apartment. Knowing the very laudable and praiseworthy object you have in view, it affords great pleasure to the Board to serve you now, and at any time hereafter, witb such in formation as may be in our power lo furnish. Years. Mayor's Court. Qr. Sessions. Oyer & Ter. 1827, $8,648 46 $7,932 86 $1,234 07 1828, 7,186 36 6,210 25 1.091 46 1829, 6.566 62 6,674 20 1.501 74 183,0, 7,439 60 $29,841 04 House of Correc 6,614 65 $27,431 96 Criminal Apart 1,373 61 $5,200 88 tion. Arch street ment, Walnut Debtors' Prison. street Prison. Apartment. 1827, $13,278 71 $5,095 17 $1,108 11 1828, 13,221 69 4,056 80 1,441 61 1829, 12.246 16 256 22 1,541 76 1830, 14.002 20 71 81 1,336 50 $52,748 76 $9,480 00 $5,417 98 RECAPITULATION. Mayor's Court, $29,841 04 Quarter Sesisions, 27,431 96 Oyer and Terminer, 5,200 88 iiouse of Correction -. .,. 52,748 76 Criminal Apartment, 9,480 00 Debtor's Apartment 5,417 98 Amount for four years,, .. . . .$130,120 62 ' With great respect, we are. Your obedient servants, John Thompson, Daniel Thomas, Thomas Magdihe, Comm'rs ofthe County of Phil. To RoHEBTS Vaux, President of the PennsylvLnia So ciety for Discouraging the Use of Ardent-Spirits. Philadelphia, July 28, 1831. ' Dear Sii- — I will with great pleasure give you all the information which you required by jour note of 27th instant. There is no situation whicb exhibits more clearly the evil effects of the too frequent-use of Ardent Spirits, than that which I now hold. The whole number of persons brought before the Mayor, on the charge of in toxication, since the 2Sth of October last, is 628. Theie 1831.J l,AW OF PENNSYLVANIA. i03 has been before him for breaches of the peace, which can be clearly traced to the use of strong drink, 277; and ot those committed as vagrants, brought to that con dition by intemperance, 289; making in all 1194. There are besides many cases of assaults and batteries, which may be ti»ced to the same source. I am, Sir, with respect, your obed't serv't, John's. Cash, Clerk to the Mayor, To Roberts Vadx, Esq. President of tbe^Pennsylvania Society for Discouraging the Use of Ardent Spirits. JUNIATA COUNTY. An Act erecting all that pari of Mifflin county South and East of the Black Log and Shade Mountains into a separate county to be called Juniata. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representative of the Commonwealth of Pennsylva nia in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same. That all that part of Mifflin county laying south and east ofa line beginning on the summit of Black Log mountain where the Hun tingdon county line crosses the same, and running thence along the Juniata river, thence crosses the same to a marked Black oak standing py the road on tfie nortb of said river about the'middle of the Long Narrows, known as aline tree between Derry and Fer- manaugh townships in said county, ihencb along the summit of Shade mountain to the line of Union counly, and thence along said fine down Manhantango creek to the Susquehanna river, shall be, and the same is here by declared to be erected into a separate pounty to be called Juniata. Sect. 2. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That Ihe inhabitants ofthe said county of Ju niata from a.nd after the first day of September next. shall be entitled id, and all times thereafter have, all and singular the courts, jurisdictions. 'offices, rights and privileges to which the inhabitants of other counties of this state are entitled by the constitution and laws of this commonwealth.. Sect. 3. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the several courts, in and for the said county of Juniata shall be opened and held -at such houses as may be designated by the commissioners of said county to be elected at tbe next general election, until a court house shall be erected in and for the said county, as is hereinafter ' directed, an^ shall be then held at said court baiise. Sect. 4. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That all suits and cases which shallbe pen ding and undetermined in Ihe court of common pleas of Mifflin county on the first day of September next, where both parties in such suit or suits sball at that time be resident in the county of Juniata, shall be trans ferred to the respective courts of Juniata county, and shall be considered as pending in said court, and shall be proceeded on in like manner as if the same had been originally, commenced in said court, except that the fees 6n the same due to the officers of Mifilin county sball be paid lo them when recovered by Ihe prolhono- tary or sheriff of Juniata county, and the prothonotary of Mifflin county, shall, on or before the first day of June next, purchase dockets &nd copy therein all the docket entries respecting the said suits and cases to be transferred as aforesaid, and shall on or before the first day of August next have the said dockets together with the records, declarations, and other papers respecting said suits and cases, ready lobe delivered to the pro thonotary of Juniata county, Ihe expenses of said dgck- et and copying lobe paid by the county of Juniata, on warrants to be drawn by the commissioners of Juniata county on the treasurer thereof. Sect. 5. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That all taxes or arrears' of taxes laid, er which bave become du^, within the said county of Ju niata, before the passing of this act, and all sums of money due to this commonwealth for militia fines in said county of Juniata shall b^ collected and received as if this act had not been passed; Provided always. That the money arising from' the county taxes assessed ' or to be assessed within the lirtiits of the county of Ju niata, subsequently to the first day of November last, shall from time to time as the same may be collected, be'paid into the treasury of the county of Mifflin for the use and benefit of said county of Juniata, and if a treas urer shall be appointed in the county of Juniata, and the treasurer of the county of MifHin shall -keep sepa rate accounts thereof and pay the same to the treasur er of the county of Juniata as soon as he shall have been appointed, and .whatever part of said taxes that have been assessed since the first day of November last may remain uncollected, in the county of Juniata at tbe time of the appointment ofthe treasurer thereof, the same shall be collected in the usual manner aiid paid into the treasury of the counly of Juniata. Sect. 6. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the sheriff, treasurer, prothonotary, and all such oflicers as are by law requireil to give sure ty for the faithful discharge pf the duties of their re spective offices, who shall hereafter be.appuinted or elected in the said county of Juniata, before tbey or any of them shall enter on the execution thereof, shall give sufficient security in the same manner and form and for the same uses, trusts, and purposes as such officers for the time being are obliged by law to g'l-ve in thecounty of Mifilin. Sect. 7. And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, That the sheriff, coroner, and other Officers of the county of Mifflin shall conlinue to exercise the dutiesof their respective officers within the counly of Juniata as heretofore until similar officers shall be ap pointed agreeably to law within said county, and the persons who shall be appointed associate judges for the county of Juniata^-shall take and subscribe the re quisite oaths or affirmations of office before the pro thonotary ofthe court of common pleas of Mifflin coun ty, who shall file a record ofthe same in the office of the prothonotary of the court .of common pleas of the cpunty of Juniata, who may be appointed at any time after the passing of this act. Sect. 8. And be it further enacted by the authority , aforesaid. That the inhabilants of Mifflin courity and of the county of Juniata shall jointly elect two represen tatives, and in conjunction with Ilunlingdon and Cam bria connties, one senator to serve in the legislature of this commonwealth in the same mode, under the same regulations, and make returns in the same manner as is or shall be directed by ih^ laws of this commonwealth for conducting and making returns of the election of Ihe county of Mifflin any thing in this act, to the contra ry notwithstanding. Sect. 9. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the governor be, and he isihereby au thorized and required, on or before the first day of May next, ensuing, lo appoint three discreet and disinterest ed persons not resident in the counties of Mifflin or Ju niata, whose duly it shall be to fix on a proper and con- venieht scite for a court house, prison, and county of fices within the aforesaid county oFJuniata, as near the; centre thereof as circuri:istances will admit, havingre- gard to the convenience of roads, territory, population, and the accommodation ofthe people of the said coun ty,- generally; and said persons or a majority of them, having viewed the .relative advantages of the several situations cuntemplaled by the people, shall on or be-. fore the first day of July next, by a written report un der their hands or under the hands of a majority of them, certify, describe, and limit the site Orlol of land which they shall have chosen for the purpose aforesaid,, and shall transmit the said report to the governor of this commonwealth, and the persons sb as aforesaid ap pointed shall .each receive three dollars per diem for 104 HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERY OF PHILADELPHIA. [Aoodst their services 'out of the monies to be raised in pursu ance of this act; Provid^ed always. That before the commissioners shall proceed to perform the duties en joined on them by this act, they shall take an oath or affirmation before some judge or justice of the peace well and truly to perform with fidelity said duties, with out favor of any person according to the trueintent and meaning of this act. I Sect. 10. And be it further enacted by thfe authori ty aforesaid, -That it Shall and may be lawful for the commissioners of the county of Juniata, who shafl be elected at the next annual election, to take assurance to tbem and their successors in office of ?uch lot or lots or piece of ground as shall have been approved of by the persons appointed as aforesaid, or a majority of the"m. for the purpose of erecting thereon a court house, jail, and offices for the safe keeping ofthe records, and . the county commissioners are hereby authorized to as sess, levy, and collect in the manner directed by the act for raising counly rates and levies a sum sufficient to defray the expenses thereof, and also are hereby au thorized to assess, levy and collect for the purpose of building a court house and prison, which Ihey are here by authorized to erect, a. sufficient sum to pay the ex penses thereof. Sect. 11. And be it further enacted |)y the authori ty aforesaid. That the said county of Juniata shall form a part of-lhe district composed of the counties of Hun tingdon, Centre, Mifflin and Clearfield, for the election of members of Congress. Sect. 12. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the judges of the, supreme court shall have like powers, jurisd'ictions, and authorities »-ithin the said county of Jiunisffa, as by law they are vested with and entitled lo have and exercise in other counties of this state, and the said county is hereby annexed to the middle district of tiie supreme court. Sect. 13. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That the county of Juniata shall be annexed lo and compose pari of the twelfth judicial district of this commonwealth, and the courts in said county of Juniata shall be held on the first Mondays of February, May, September, and December, in each and every yearand to continue one week at each term if necessary. , Sect. 14. And be itfurther enacted by tbe authority aforesaid. That certioraries directed to, and appeals from the judgment of any justice of the peace ofthe said county of Juniata,' s,nd all criminal prosecutions which may originate in the said county before the test day htreinafler menlioned.sball be proceeded in as here tofore in the courts of common pleas and quarter ses sion of the county of Mifflin, -and all process lo issue from the courts ofthe said county of Juniata, returnable to the first terms in said county, shall bear leste on the third Monday of October next. Sect, 15. And be itfurther enacted by the authority aforesaid, rhat the judges ofthe district elections with in each ofthe said counties of .Mifflin and Juniata, after having' formed the returns of the whole election for senators and representatives, as the case may be within each counly, in such manner as is or may be directetl by law, shall on the third Tuesday in October, in each year, setid the same by one or more of their number to the court house in the borough' of Lewistown, in the county of Mifflin, when and where the judges so met shall case up the several county relurns,and execute un. der their respective hands arid seals as many returns for tbe whole district as may be requisite, and also transmit the same as is by law required to the return judges in other districts. Sect, 16. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That in all cases when it would be lawful for the sheriff, jailor, or prison keeper, of the county of Juniata, to hold in close custody the body of any person in Ihe common jail ofthe said counly, if such jail were al this lime erected in and for the said county, such person shall be delivered to and kept in close custody Mifflin; who upon delivery of such prisoners to him or them, at the common jail of tbe said county of Mifflin, shall safely keep him, or her, or thefn, until they be discharged by due course of law, and shall also be an- swerable in like manner, and liable ^ the sanie pains and penalties, as if the person so delivered were liable - to confinement in the common jail of Mifflin county, andthe parties aggrieved shall be entitled to the same remedies against them or any of them, as if such prison er had been committed to his or their custody by virtue of legal process issued by proper authority Of the said counly of Mifflin: Provided always. That the sheriff of .Juniata county be allowed out of the county stock of said counly, ten cents per mile as a full compensation, for every person charged with a.criminal offence which he may deliver to the jail of Mifflin county, by virtue of this act, in orders drawn by the commissioners of Juniata county on the treasurer thereof. . . Sect. 17. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the sheriff, jailor, and prison keeper, of the county of Mifflin, shall receive all prisoners as afore said, and shall provide for them according to law, and shall be entitled to tbe lees for keeping tbem, and also to such allowance as is by law directed for the mainte nance of prisoners in similar cases, which allowance shall be defrayed and paid by the commissioners ofthe coun ty of Juniata out ofthe county stock. Sect. 18. And be it further enacted bylhe autiionty afovesaid, That the sixteenth and seventeenth sections of this act shall be and conlinue iri force for the term of three years, or until Ihe comriiissioners of Juniatacounty shallhave certified to the court, that a jail is erected and ready for the reception of prisoners, and approved' by the court and grand jury, who shall enter their appro bation, signed by them on the records of said court, and from thenceforth it shall be lawful for the sheriff of Ju niata county to receive all and everv person or persons who may then be confined in the jail of Mifflin county, in pursuance of this act, and convey them to the jail of Juniata county, and keep them in close custody, until they be discharged by due course of law. Approved, March 2, 1831. F.om the Presbyterian. bistort op THE PRESBYTERY OF PHILADELPHIA. From its origin, A. D. 1706, to A. D. 1831. No. VI. The stale ofthe Church at this period, was truly un • happy, and appearances augured unfav'brably for its sta bility and extension. Presbyteries were formed upon the pi-inciple of the Old and New Light controversy, without regard lo geographical boundaries; and minis ters and churches, in the immediate neighborhood of each other, frequently pertained to different judicato ries, and studiously avoided that friendly inteicuurse and fellowship which should ever unite the children of a common Lord. By an act of the Synod of New York in 1751, those ministers and churches which favored Ibe new mea sures, and who were within the natural bounds of the Presbytery of Philadelphia, were erected into a distinct judicatory under the name of the Abington Presbytery. This form was retained until the amalgamation of the two Synods In 1758, at which lime the Presbyteries were re-modeled, and those of Abington and Philadel phia were again united. At that time the animosity of party had ina great measui-e subsided; each side seem ed conscious that the heal of controversy had betrayed them into error; mutual concessions were made and a friendly union happily effected. After every abate ment has been made for the extravagancies into whicb human infirmity had hurried the promoters of this ex citement, it should be thankfully acknowledged, that through their instrumentality, the Church was revived by tbe sheriff, jailor, or prison keeper, of the county of and many souls were converted to God. A reviral, the 1S31,} THE ALCHEiitST. IDS I genuineness of which is shown by fruits of holiness, is no less a work of the Holy Ghost, because the fallible instruments employed to promote it, throw into it a lurge admixture of human error. Tp return: this harmony continued until 1761, when an event occurred which seemed to indicate that the leaven of this long protracted controversy had not been -iitirely removed. Mr. Samuel Ma.e;aw, a candidate for le ministry, was examined by the Presbytery of Phila delphia on his experimental acquaintance with religion; and his replies not proving satisfactory to some, the question was formally proposed, "whether the Presby tery were satisfifcd from Mr, Magaw's declaration of his experience, whether he was converted or not; stnd four ministers voted that they were, and se»e» voted that they were not." Notwithstahding this decision, the minority of ministers, through the vote ofthe Elders present, determined to proceed with his trials, and he was accordingly licensed. The seven ministers enter ed their dissent, and in the same year an overture was introduced to the Synod to this effect;— whether a can didate for the gospel ministry should be required to give a narrative of his religious experience.which should become a basis of judgjnent upon which he should be accepted or rejected? The Synod decided the ques tion in the affirmative; but as considerable ferment was produced in the minority, the Synod, apparently afraid of arousing the sleeping lion, explained the vote as merely expressing an opinion, and not imposing any ob ligation or restraint upon particular Presbyteries. The minority of the Philadelphia Presbytery, antici pating a recurrence of former evils, and judging that separation would conduce most lo the preservation of harmony, solicited the Synod to erect tliem into a dis- t'mct Presbytery, to be styled the Second Presbytery of Philadelphia. This request was complied with, and' the distiivction conUn'ued until 1786, %vhen the First and Second Presbyteries were blended. From this period the Presbytery continued to in crease, and to perform their duty to the Church with no material interruption of their harmony, until the occui-r rence of a recent event, which it is apptehendedi has incurably marred their fellowship. The particulars of this event are already before the public in various publications, and Ihey will, no doubt, be referred to wi/h interest by some future historian of the Church. The repetition of them here, would be a task not only ungrateful but unnecessary. The iixter- ruption to the amicable and fraternal feeling wbich had fpr so many years characterised this original judicatory is much to be deplored. TheRailRoad -^We believe the excitement in regard to this matter, is now almost entirely allayed, and the public mind li-anquilized,so far as' it relates to the S.W. side — and we hope that every gpod citizen will calmly .submit to the decision which has been made. The first five miles ofthe Road, we are -informed, which terminates near the bridge, on the Church Lane, within a few hundred yards of the main street of this town — is given out. under favorable contract, to a Mr. ^ M'CoRD, of Easton, in this slate, to be executed -and completed,in the_first style,by the 1st of December next, at the rate of $27,000. per mile. We know nothing of the estimate of the engineer. The route will cross the turnpike first,below Naglee'e th^ought ofthe theology ofthe five last lines, il will not be denied that they are a in strain of vigorous and elevated poetry. In book second. Ode fifth, we find the subject resumed, in a set argument; by which it is urged, that the love of praise forms the most powerful of all sublunary incitements lo virtuous actions, and those .which are beneficial to the commu nity; and the writer proceeds to infer, that, the real value rf praise depending on the judgmeri't of the prais- er, a sense of religious ,dHty itself, may be defined to ' consist in seeking the approbation of the Supreme Be- ing; and that a true and honourable praise, to wit, that granted by the wise and good, derives a real value from the analogy. I cannot resist the temptation lo introduce two ofthe stanzas, as possessing peculiar beauty. '•Nor any partial, private end. Such rev'rence to the public bears; Nor any passion. Virtue 's friend. So hke to Virtue's self appears.' / For who in gfory can delight Without delight in glorious deeds' , What man a charming voice can slight, Who courts the echo that succeeds'" In various places throughout the volume, we find the . conferring and perpetuating of just praise, appropriated as the legitimate end and office of poetry; and particu larly in Ode seventh, book first. In book second. Ode eleventh, he acknowledges him self in love in the abstract; not having fixed upon any particular lady. Now, wben we reflect upon the entire antique turn wbich his poetry, and the whole reach of his mind as sume, the learning of his allusions, which -frequently renders his verses hard to be understood by the ordinary reader, and the perpetual reference to abstract princi ples, with which the Odes are siJ strongly characterized, we shall, I think, be led to view our highly gifted but unfortunate author, as a man entirely wrapped up in bis meditations, and very unhkely, indeed, to fall in ad vantageously with the every day business of life. He lends himself to all the enthusiasm pf ancient lore; and seems to wish to devote his whole mind lo poetry and philosophy. He is ardently attached to England, as the land of Liberty and liberal cultivation of the mind; and appears to despise the natives of Holland,(book first,' Ode eighth), where be acquired his own learning, for their prudential habits and love of money — two. points of character, indeed, the possession of'which would have made him much happier. Yet, witb considerable pow ers of intellect, and no mean genius, he d,oesnot appear to have been able sufficiently to hit the- popular taste. His Odes have had no widely diffused or enduring popu larity;, and the^ length of their sentences, and the fre- qttency of Iheir classical and historical allusions, form, perhaps, a serious impediment to their ever attaining what he so ardently wished — a general reputation. In the search of abstract merit, he appears lo haye over looked the study of that adaptation either to the indp; lence ofthe reader, or the caprice of tbe age, the want of which is, in general, sufficient to defeat any I'lteiary undertaking. The result was the cpmmon doom of poetical genius — poverty, mortification, and depend ence during life, and a permanent niche for one of his productions, among the standard literature of his coun try. To a mind thus given to intellectual enjoyments, and suffering in all externa^ things, it was surely a valuable comfort to be well persuaded of the dignity of his call ing; and with a quotation which expresses, in unusually happy verse, the author's success in attaining this grati fication, I shall close my essaj-. " Not far beneath the hfero's feet, Norfrom the legislator 's seat. Stands far remote the bard — Lycurgus fashion'd Sparta 's fame. And Poriipey to the Roman name Gave univ6rsal sway. Where are they? — Homer 's rev'rend page Holds empire to the thirtieth age. And tongues and climesobej'. And thus, when William 's acts d'rvine No longer shall from Bourbon 's line Draw one vindictive vow; When Sidney shall with Cato rest. And Russell move the patriot's breast No more lhan Brutus now; Yet, then shall Shakspear's pow'rful art O'er ev'ry passion, ev'ry heart Confirm his awful throne; I'yrants shall bow before his laws. And freedom 's. glory 's. virtue 's cause, Their dread asserter own." P. Pottstown, July 9. Gold Mine. — A gentleman has left in our possession a specimen of ore found in the mine on the premises of Mr. Bredlinger, in New Hanover township, Montgom ery county; whiob will be shown to persons anxious to examine il by calling at this office. They are now busi ly engaged in takjng the water, old pump slocks, tools and other nuisance out which have been found exactly as was slated by a person on his death bed, several years ago, wbo formerly worked in the mine. 1831.] CENSUS TABLE. 107 Census of some ofthe principal Public Institutions ofthe City, JUNE I 1830 ( ABSTRACTED FROM THE RETURNS TO THE MARSHAL.) White Males. Under 5 yeat-s 3JU ^ c I'l IS c Prune street ^ Prison. Eastern ^ Peniientiary. Arch street kn Prison. 0 0 •Is c Si -0 « 1^ Moyamensing Alms-house. Penn's Hospi tal. 5" < "3. 0 St. Joseph-'s Orphan Asy. Sisters' Chari ty, Prune st. i 0 .^ ChristChurch Hospital. Deaf & Dumb Asyli^m. Totals. 3; 2I : - 0 ol ol 5 00c 41 From' 5 to 10 t 0 C C 5 14 70|. 2I 1 , 0 40 : .1 0,0 4 144 10 to 1^ t 0 C i 33 IS A 0 , 61 £ ' 01 C ( c 9 fiq 15 to 20 - t 10 z 12 47 1: C 0 ' ( f f 0 ( r -14 109 20 to 30 - 4ii 12! 17 26 5 64 1 3 Si I f f n (1 r l.'i 259 30 to 40 - 7;= 1 4 ,44 3 7£ f 2 37 1 c r 0 (1 fl 9 246 40 to 50 - 7y 1 3 21 1 7£ ( 2 le 3 f r 0 0 0 0 195 50 to 60 - 39 1 0 C e 56 f - 2 26 3 (] r 0 0 0 0 121 60 to 70 - - 5 C 0 0 0 64 0 C 14 3 0 n 0 0 0 0 88 70 to 80 0 (J 0 ,0 0 2.' f <• ¦3 n 0 n 0 f) 0 0 27 80 to 90 - 0 0 0 0 0 4 f n fl 0 0 0 0 n 0 '0 4 90 lolOO - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1 a 0 n ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 lOOandupwai-d.- 0 ' 0 25 0 28 0 107 0 94 0 407 0 110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total White Males 235 17! 161 1? 4,3 3 7 44 1293 White Females. Under 5 years 1 0 0 0 0 2 22 7 0' 2 0 0 14 1 0 0 0 48 From 5 to 10 0 0 0 2 7 6 5 2 : 0 0 50 5 2 0 0 7 86 10 lo 15 - 0 0 0 - a 8 6 2 0' 2 0 10 6 4 1 0 10 .52 15 to 20 - 2 0 0 1 25 14 0 0, .6 0 0 1 0 4 0 10 63 20 to 30 - 10 0 4 20 3 82 0 -0, 25 :^ 2 2 • 4 fl 0 9 164 30 to 40 - 8 0 1 12 3 93 4 ¦ oi 31 2 0 0 0 0 10 1 165 40 to 50 - 2 0 0 5 0 75 1 0 22 3 0 1 0 1 10 0 120 50 to 60 1 0 0 0 0 82 0 ,2 11 3 1 0 0 0 5 1 106 60 to 70 - 1 0 0 1 0 58 0 1 10 4 0 0 0 43 5 0 123 70 to 80 - 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 •0 2 n n 0 0 0 3 0 41 SO to 90 - -0 0 0 0 •0 16 0 0 0 0 f) 0 0 s 2 0 21 90 tolOO - 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 n 0 0 -0 0 0 8 100 andup wards 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 2 Total White Females 24 5 44 48 500 19 5 111 15 63 29 11 52 35 38 999 CoLODRED Males. Under 10 years - 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 From 10 to 24" - -. 8 42 0 11 0 10 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 24 to 36 . 64 0 3 30 0 14 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 112 36 to 55 50 0 2 28 0 12 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 93 55 tolOO - 6 0 1 6 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 100 and upwards 0 128 0 42 0 6 0 76 0 0 51 0 e 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 Total Col'd Males r 1 6 310 Under 10 years - 0 0 0 2 • 0 6 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 From 10 lo 24 - 6 0 0 15 0 13 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 24 to 36 - 12 0 0 35 ' 0 8 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 59 36 to 55 - 25 0 0 6 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 55 tolOO - 1 0 0 . 3 0 14 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 100 and upwards 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 907 0 02 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 165 Total Col'd Females 44 61 Total Whites 259 25 33 151 142 129 22 272 27 106 32 18 52 35 82 2292 Total Coloured - 172 431 4267 6 137 0 103 0 -, 3 10 1 0 0 0 -0 0 1 475 2767 General Total 39 2881 I42II 1010 129 25 282 28 106 32 is! 52 35 83 CRIMINALS — (in the first rona ihstitotions). Whites .468, or 0.27 per cent, on white population of City and County of Philadelphia. Blacks 357, or2.29 coloured do, do. do. do. Total 825 ALMSHOUSES. Whites.. 929, or 0.54 percent, on. white population of City and County of Philadelphia. Blacks .....106, or 0.68 coloured do. do. do. do.. Total 1035 — in the City and Moyamensing Alms-houses. CC/* I'be census inclutles the Superintendantsand their .families; and most of the Institutions.eontain persons from otber parts of the state, as well as from the city and county. lOS THOUGHTS ON EMIGRATION. [AtTBtrs* From the United States Gazette. THOUGHTS ON EMIGRATIONS FROM EUROPE TO THE UNITED STATES, No. VI. Taxes are so light in Pennsylvania, as scarcely to be felt by any one. A farmer who owns a farm ot two hun dred' acres, with a comfortable dwelling house, barn. and olher improvements, actually wflHh two thousand dollars, but assessed at only ope thousand, wouldhave to pay seven dollars per annum, and no more, viz: Counly tax, J per cent, on §100.0, the assessed vaiu^, - - - - - - - - vS State tax, 1-lOth per cent, (to pay interests on roads andfanals) - - . . - 1 Person* tax, .-'.-- 1 $7. y Can any man complain of these taxes, and say they are oppressive and unjust, or that the objects for which they are imposed do not fully justify them? If there are&uch men among us, let them for a moment cast but a glance at tbe agriculturists in England. Ireland. Scot land and Wales. Let Ihem comp'are their situation. with the same class of people in this oountry; and then, if they have a particle "of candour about them, let them acknowledge ihe truth! A farmer in many parts of Eng land has to pay annually as much rent for bis farm, and the owner nearly half as much for his taxes, as a good tract of land, of equal size, in many parts ofPennsylva nia would cost in fee simple. Pennsylvania stands fore most in agriculture and manufactures a-nong her sister states, and has the advantage of both inland.and foreign trade. Nature has done much in regard to her naviga ble rivers, and art is now performing what nature did not complete. Philadelphia, her commercial emporium, whitA contains 180,000 inhabitants, is celebrated for building the handsomest and best ships in the world; and the capital and integrity of her merchants, give an assurance of accommodali'on and.safety, to all who trade with her. Pennsylvailia has no dispute with the Indians, about titles or boundary lines; all her lands.were pur chased by William Penn, ina fair and open manner: — the Indians were satisfied and have never since uttered a complaint. , i The vast quantities of coal and wood, the copioiis supplies of wholesome water, and the inexhaustible mines of iron ore in Pennsylvania, add greatly to her importance and wealth. Her inhabitants are Renerally the descendants of the English, Irish, and Germans, wiih, a mixture of the Welsh, Scotch, Swedes, and Dutch; and in the cities and towns, there are many re sidents and strangers from France, Spain, Italyj-Portu- gal, and the West Indies. The people are in general temperate, industrioiis; and independent in their cir cumstances; intelligent in their minds; and moral in their conduct. It is a rare circumstance, to meetwith any man who cannot read cither the English or German lan guage, and very-few are to be found who cannot write. The people of Pennsylvania enjoy liberty unpolluted by the breath of slavery, which is not suffered to exist in this commonwealth of freemen? Fifty-one years ago it received its death blow! The legislature ofPenn sylvania, passed a law in 1780, for the gradual abolition of slavery; declaring, that no person born within the slate-after the passing of the act, should be considered as a slave or servant for lifei and Ihat no person should be admitted into the state and held as a slave thereaf ter. So that there cannot now be a slave in Pennsylva nia under 51 years of age, and of those that were in the state, when tbe law passed, most, if not ^11 of them, have been liberated by death or manumission, or been removed to other states, Pennsylvania is divided into fift5--three separate dis tricts, or counlies, allowing the city of Philadelphia to be one. Its length is 288 miles frum east to west; its breadth 156 miles from north to south. The most moun tainous parts ,of the state, are in the counties of Bed- - ford. Cumberland.Franklin, Cambria, Cpntre, Clearfield, Schuylkill, Dauphin, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Lehigh, through which pass the ridges and spurs which. form what are called the Allegheny and Blue Mountains f- but even in these counties, there aKe many very rich and extensive valleys, and a lai-ge portion of fine upland. Some ofthe mountains admit of cultivation to their very tops, and yield grass and grain plentifully. The mea dows are rich and luxurianti and the hills are covered with abundance of pasture for cattle, sheep, hogs, deer, and goats. The best lands produce walnut and chesnut; the next best maple, beech, oak and hickory; the third quality, pine, spruce, and hemlock; and the poorest lands are encumbered with shrubs, brambles, and bush- es Tbe oak, white pine, hemlock, and chesnut, are very fine and abundant in almost every county in_ the: interior of the state, and on the tops of some of the highest mountains, the greatest quantities of bituminous and anthracite coal are to be found; rendering a portion of the lands in those situations, of very great addition al value. „ , i^ . 1. No difficulty lies in the way of tbe foreigner, who ishes to become a citizen. It requires the residence wishe.. .- ,7. , J- of only five years. On th; day of his landing on our shores, he may buy a farm, a house, or merchandize; he may open a coimting-house, a workshop, or an office, and pursue his business as though, he were a native ot the country. The right of suffrage he may obtain, as , soon as he'becomes a citizen; and he is then eligible to a seat in the legislature, agreeably to the 3d article of the constitution of Pennsylvania, which declares, that " no person shall be a representative wbo shall not havjs attained the age of twenty-one years, and haye , been a citizen and inhabitant of the slate three years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof an inhabitant of the city or counly in w.hich he shall have been chosen." l^he free exercise and enjoyment of religion, prevails in every section of this great and growing common wealth, as pure as it is in any part of the world. The various religious denominations consist of Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Baptists, Roman Catholics,QHakers,Methp- dists, Gernian Lutherans, Moravians, Menonists, Dunk ers, Universalists, Unitarians, and Jews; all, and each of whom, may worship their God according to their re spective tenets, forms, and beliefs, without interference, resti-aint, or molestation from any t;iuarter. CIVIS. No. Vll. It is of the^first consequence to nations, to be able to ' supply themselves with subsistence from tbeir own soil, and as far as circumstances will allow, to manufacture for themselves such articles as would cond-ace to their comfort and independehce. The raw materials, viz: iron, lead, coal, flax, hemp, cotton, silk, and wool, may be raised and obtained in.the United States to any ex tent; ^nd improved machinery h&s so much reduced the application of manual labor, as tn enable us, -in a mate rial degree, to stand in competition with many of the European estabhshments and in some instances, greatly to surpass them. Manufactures of various kinds are conducted with great success, and to a considerable ex tent, in Philadelphia and its vicinity. It was ascertain ed, about a year ago, and published in many of our pub lic journals, that we possessed 104 warping mills. 4500 weavers, 3000 spoolers. 2000 bobbin winders, and 200 dyers, whose w-ages amounted to $1,470,000 perannum, and that the consumption of indigo was 121,000 lbs, a year, A variety of cotton goods,such as sheetings, shirt ings, checks, chambrays, and calicoes,are not only man ufactured cbeaper in many parts of the United Slates lhan they can be imported from abroad; but we can, and do, expot-t large quantities to the West Indies. South America, and olher foreign m.arkels. If we have a de ficiency of labor, that deficiency is, in a great measure, supplied by the superabundance of the raw material, 1851.] PENNSYLVANIA CANAL.— TOLLS'. 109 and the reduced rates of provisions and living, which must operate as powerful inducements to many of the unemployed operatives in Europe, to join our establish ments; and as an increase of foreign labour would pro. duce an increased consumption of provisions, the far mer would undoubtedly receive an important benefit therefrom. If the effect of manufacturing for ourselves, was to divert a portion of thcilands which would other wise be engaged in tillage, to its use, it might diminish their cultivation, but the tendency to procure an increas ed demand for the productions of the soil, would natu rally create a more extensive cultivation, and render our lands much more productive. Manufactures are cal culated npt only to increase the benefits derived from useful and productive labor, but to improve the state of agriculture, and advance the interests of tbose who are engaged in it. It is therefore evident, if the premises I have assumed are correct, that Pennsylvania offers greater encouragement to foreign emigrants, lo settle on her unoccupied lands, to work in her manufactories, and to reside in her towns, than they can find in any , country on earth! And if a land office, such as I have suggested in a previous number, for the purpose of giv ing information tothe stranger, and enabling him to make an advantageous selection of a farm for himself, were established in Philadelphia, with two or three branches properly located in the country, I have no hes itation in saying, that it would eminently tend to promote the interest of the landholder, and at the same time be very useful to the emigrant in search of a settlement.* It is now ascertained by Mr. Duponceau, that Penn- sylvan'ia is well calculated fnr the manufacture of silk. The soil and climate are both adapted to the most ex tensive culture of tho white mulberry, furnishing the best food for the worms, wbich have produced large samples of cocoons, of tbe very first quality. Pennsyl vania can raise sheep on her mountains and hills, where the grass and pasturage grow spontaneously, cheaper and to a greater extent lhan any country in Europe, Her iron is very.goOd and -very abundant; her coal is inex haustible; and.ber timber unsurpassed both in quantity and quality, by any other state in the union! Do not these, and many other advantages which she possesses, place her on a most desirable eminence, and give en couragement to the stranger who is in purstiit of a set tled home? CIVIS, PENNSYLVANIA CANAL. The Board of Appraisers of damages on the Pennsyl vania canal and rail road was in session at this plaee a few days this week. The following communication, containing information which may be useful to persons who intend to lay in their claims, bas been handed us for publication:— The Board of Appraisers for determining on claims for damages by reason ofthe construction of canals, rail roads, &c. give public notice that they will meet at Lewistown. onthe Juniata division, on the first day of JSeptember next, and thence proceed immediately to view the premises and hear the parlies to the mouth of the Juniata. In order to give claimants proper facilities, and to oc casion as little delay as possible in the discussion of ca ses, the board request attention to the following mat ters: , To entitle tbis board to take cognizance of claims for damages, it is necessary 1st. That the matter should have been passed on by the canal commissioners and their offer rejected. 2. That an appeal in writing be entere4 from tbe de.- •An office, something like this, lam informed is estab lished in the city of New York; but I am not prepared to give particulars ofthe plan, though I have understood it has been attended with success. cisipn from the board of canal commissioners lo the board of appraisei-s, and lodged with the secretary of the board of canal commissioners, or, with one of the board of appraisers. 3. No particular form of appeal is required, but the following is recommended as a form which will be deemed sufficient: The undersigned, residing in Township,; county, being a person claiming damages by reason ofthe .coristruetion ofthe Division ofthe Pennsylvania canal having declined the offer of dollars, made to' him by the Canal Commissioners, has appealed-therefrom and desire ihe appraisers appointed for ^ihat purpose, to view and assess his darjnages, " * (Signed) ' A. B. 1831. Having disposed ofthe cases on that part ofthe Juni ata, the Board will proceed to view the cases on the Delaware division, and on the Susquehanna division, so as to bave passed on all those cases befora the expira tion of the month of October. The Board have not been able to proceed forthwith as they intended, in consequence' of it being necessary to have the requisite documents and information from the Canal Comm-ission- ers' office, and lo enable the canal commissioners to make the offers yet remaining to be made to claimants, and to give claimants an opportunity of determining on their acceptance or rejection ofthe offers thus made: as the Board of Appraisers are anxious to pass but once along the respective lines lo view; &c. . JOSIAH ANKRIM, "VT. RAMSEY, J. M. PORTER. - Harrisburg, July 27. 1831. TOLLS ON THE CANAL. The following statement of the amount of Tolls re ceived on the Pennsylvania, canal was copied from the returns of the Auditor General's office. Amount of Tolls collected on the whole line of the Pennsylvania canal hy the several collectors, for the -quarter commencing 1st April, and ending 30th June, 1831, as follows, viz. T. C. Reed, Collector at Harrisburg, $6,908 25 E. N. Doane, .Northumberland, 1,118 07 L. Reynolds, Lewistown, 2,290 51 T. Johnston, Blairsville, 4,106 62^ Wm. B. Foster, Pitlsbtirg, 1,543 10 .. D. Brenniman, Leechburg, 1,376 51 Wm. Swift, Bristol, 533 58 Robert Scott, Jr. Bridge D. Island, 1,348 23 John Nevin, Outiet L. Middletown, 597 26 Jacob Fritz, Aqueduct at Duncan's Island, 13 23 Total, gl-9,835 39i An institution has been established in the college at Canpnsburg, Pa. under the name of the "Lyceum of Natural Science of Jefferson College." The design of this association is to collect ahd preserve the various .objects of Natural History." and the Indian Antiquities in which o^r western stales so richly abound. A, con siderable collection has already been made, and suitable cases for their arrangement and exhibition will be pla ced in a spacious apartment in the new college edifice, which is now nearly completed. The alumni of the college, and the friends of natural science generally, are earnestly requested to aid the association in their en deavors to illustrate the natural history and antiquities of our country. Any donation left with Prof. Halsey, Pittsbui-g, or with the Rev. C. C. Beatty, Steubenville, or with the Curators ofthe Lyceum, at Canonsbiirg, will be thankfully received and acknowledged. — Pitts burg Gazette, ' . no FIRE COMPANIES IN PHILADELPHIA. [Arsos-r FIRE COMPANIES IN PHILADELPHIA. In a late number we inserted from the daily papers a list ofthe Fire Companies in the City, which it appears from the following note from , a correspondent was in correct. His request to insert it again with the correc tions, is therefore complied with. A table of the Fire Companies in .1791, IS also added, extracted from Ho- gan's Directory for 1795, To the Editor of t lie Register of Pennsylvania. Sia — The list of Fire Companies inserted in your number for last Saturday, containing five errors, and the omission of two companies, viz, the America and Ro bert Morris Hose Companies, May 1 ask of you the favour of inserting the following corrected list.' Yours, &c, A hver of correctness, July 25, 1831. ¦ ' ENGINE COMfANIES. 1. Assistance— Race, between Fifth and Sixth streets. 2. Columbia — Eighth, between Race and Vine streets. 3., Delaware — Hartung's alley. 4. Diligent — Filberl,between Tenth and Eleventh sts. 5. Fairmount — Ridge road, between Vine and Callow hill streets. 6, Federal — Third,-between Tammany and Green sts. 7. Fra-nklin — Catherine, between Third and Fourth. 8. Friendship — Brown, corner of St. John street-. 9., Good Intent — Public Square, Kensington; 10. Good Will — Race, corner of Juniper street. 11. Globe — Near Globe Mill, Kensington. 12. Hand in Hand — Cheri'y,,between Third and Fourth. 13. Harmony — Seventh, between Cherry and Race. 14. Hibernia — Dock, above Second street. 15. Hope-^Corner of Second and Pine. 16. Humane— Callowbill, between Second and St. John. 17. N. Liberty — Front,' above Noble. 18. Pennsylvania — Fiflh,betweenChestnutand Library. 19. Philadelphia — Crown, between Race and Vine. 20. Reliance — New, between Second and Third. 21. Relief— Twelfth, between Market and Chestnut. 22. Resolution- Do. do. do. do. 23, Southwark— Second.between Queen and Christian.. 24. Washington — Lombard, between Ninth and Tenth, 25. Weccacoe — Second, between Queen and Christian. 26. U, States— Fourth, between Wood and Callowbill. 27. Vigilant — Race, between Front and Second. HOSE COMPANIES. 1. America — Corner of Walnut and Sixth streets. 2. Columbia — Seventh, between Cherry and Race. 3. Diligent— Ridge road.between Vine and Callowhill. 4. Fame — Fifth, between Chestnut and Library. 5. Good Intent-^Fourth, betvveen Chestnut Ss, Walnut. 6. Hope — Corner of Second and Pine. ' 7. Humane— Ann, betvveen Wood and Callowhill. 8. Neptune — Vine, between Fourth and Fifth. 9. N. Liberty-— Budd, between Green and Coates. 10. Niagara— Third, between Catherine and Queen. 11. Philadelphia — Seventh, between Market and Arch. 12. Perseverance — Race, between Fifth and Sixth. 13. Phoenix — Zane, near Seventh. 14. Resolution — Fifth, between Market and Arch. 15. Robert Morris — Corner of Lombard and. Ninth. 16. Southwark — Corner of South and Second. 17. Washington — Tenth, between Filbert and Arch. 18, William Penn — Public Square, Kensington. 19, United States— Old York road, between Tammany and Green. In all forty -six Fire Companies in the City and Liber- . ties of Philadelphia. RETURN OF THE SEVERAL FIRE COMPANIES IN THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, 1791. Names, Union Fellowship. ... Hand in Hand. Heait in Hand, Friendship. ... Hibernia ¦Vigilant , Delaware Fame New Market . . Amicable Neptune Sun Harmony Endeavour Reliance Alarm Dihgence Assistance December 7, January 1, March. February July February When Established. 1, 22, 30, 22,22. 22, 12; 1. r, 17. May July MarchAugustJanuary September 24,24, February 24, -24, May 1, July 11, 11, 1736. 1738. 1742, 1743. 1747. 1752. 1760.1761.1764.1769. 1769. 1774. 1778. 1784. 1785. 1786, 1787. 1791. 1791. <4-i cn ° Si s « -°-2 J3.t: 6 60 M u l« a ,a 30 1 240 13 35 1 175 9 40 1 160 , 0 40 1 80 ' 0 40 2 240 11 40 1 160 2 35 1 70 2 45 1 - 90 6 40 1 80 2 40 1 80 3 45 1 90 5 60 1 , 100 0 40 1 160 0 40 1 80 4 40 0 80 0 SO 1 100 4 40 0 80 0 SO 0 100 0 44 487 1 17 88 0 61 2253 -60 70 40 0 404035 4540 40 0 504040 00 40 00 00 40 0 40 40 35 454040 0 5040 00 0 40 0 0 a 120 1 80 f I 0 0 0 1 000^ 0 000 000 0000 3 2 200 The Milford Eagle of Friday last, says: — "For a few days past there has been located or encamped within a half mile of our village, on the bank 'of the Delaware river, two Tuscarora Indians, with their Sijuaws and Pappooses. They arrived at this place by water, in bark canoes, in which they travelled from Buffaloe by way of the Erie canal, to the North river, and from that into the -Hudson and Delaware canSi, and so into the Delaware, a short distance above Carpenter's Point. They are shortly to leave this place for Pottsville, in this state. They paddle a canoe with astonishing dex terity, and shoot with remarkable skill with the bow and arrow. Great Blast. — The Chester County Democrat says, a sand blast^was made at Mr. Wilton's quarry on Friday last, by whToli/betweeii 2 and 300 perches of stone were loosed from the earth, and considerably shattered. Tbis beats any blast ever made in the neighbourhood of Downington. We understand that nearly three kegs of powder were used for the purpose. •i SPEEUm OF WILLIAM PENN.-TTyiSlT 'fo MAUCH CHUNK. in A SPEECH OF WILLIAM PENN. Copied from the Original Minutes of the Cowndl, in the writing of Patrifk Robinson, By J. F, F. Att a provincial councill held at Philadelphia, die Lunse ye Ipt of ye 2d mo. April 1700. Present Wm. Penn, Proprietor and Governor. .[."I'he Sheriff's returns of the elections of represen tatives in council for the counties of Bucks, Philadei- phia, Chester, Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex were pre sented and read, and the declaration of allegiance was subscribed, when the said members of council being declared duly qualified.] The Proprietor and Governor said: "Friends, Altho' this be a Colonie of 19 years standing, and not inferior to any of its age and establishing, yet wee have mUch to do to make a free Constitution, and ye Courts of Justice therein. There are in it some laws which may be accounted obsolete, others hurtfull. others im perfect, that will need improvement; and it will be re- quisit to make some new ones. Wee cannot go too slowly to make them, nor tbo fast to execute them when made, and that with diligence^ and discretion. A few well made and duly executed, will, better answer the ends of'Government than a great bulk unexecuted. You, Friends, are the people's choice and my Council: You will see what laws are fitt to be left out, and what are fitt to be made, and you with me are to prepare and propose them. I say this the rather, because of a false notion some have got, that because you are my Council, therefore, you are not the people's representatives. The ablest men have always been chosen to be ofthe Coun cil to prepare Laws, and the assembly are to consent to them, Tho' two bodies, yet are we but one power,: the one prepares, the other conse'nts. Friends — If in the Constitution by Charter there be any thing that jarrs — alter it. If you want a law' for. this or that, prepat-e it; I advise you not lo trifle with Government; 1 wish there were no need of any, but since crimes preyail.-govei-nment is made necessary by man's degeneracie. - Government is not an end but a means; he who thinks it lo be an end. uims at profits to make a trade of it — but he who thinks it to be a means, understands the true end of Government. Friends — Away with all parties.and look on yourseh es and on what is good for all, as a bodie politick; first as under the King and Crown of England, and next as un der mee by Letters patent from.that Crown. At the late Election in Philadelphia, I was grieved^to hear some make it a matter of religion. It is merely a humane and moral thing relating to society, trade, traf- fique, and public good, consisting in virtue and justice; , where these are maintained, there is government indeed. Studie peace and be at unity. Provide for the good of ' all; and 1 desire to see mine no otherwise than in the . publick's prosperity. ^ The last Assembly made two laws against piracy and forbidden trade. I heare they have not salt easie on the books of some, but I hope wee havingtherein been care- ftd wee shall have thanks for makeing them before wee had orders so lo do; and after so many calumnies and ,¦ complaints wee have been loaded with, I hope those two laws will in some degree wash us clean. What con cerns' myself I also leave it with you to consider.. I have been now nineteen years your Proprietor, and Go vernor, and have att my charge maintained my Deputy, whereby I have much worsted myself and estate. I hope it will be no wonder to any here, to hear mee make this mention of it. Some say I come It^gett mou'y and begone, but per haps they that say so wish it so; 1 hope I or mine shall be with you while I or they live. The disasters of my absence have been mine as well as yours; and as I am used shall make suitable returns. 1 have lately two packetts from Whitehall, an original and a d^iplicate; also one for my cosin Markbam, and two from Secretarie Vernon: and am commanded bylhe Lords Justices to make laws against pii-acie and unlaw ful trade. I am glad we have prevented theircommands in doing it before they came," Thereafter, a motion being, made by a member of Oouncil that we should begin on a good foundation, and. therefore desired that they might have a new charter. The Proprietor and Governor ^Iesired each member to speak his mind freely, which each member present did., Then the Proprietor and Governor asked "wheiherthey thought the charter was'living, ;3ead, or asleep.' Is it vacated by the act of settlement, or in what estate is it?" ' ' _ ' ' A member made answer. It is clear we never looked on it to be" void or dead; because at Governor Fletcher's coming, we made a salvo of it in our Assembly' books, and another salvo pf it in the frame of Government as Jo its fundamentals, but the circumstantials of il, as to "time, place, number, and rotation, we could not re-as sume. Our business now is to do good., the Governor being here to confirm it: and the Governor having in the char ter power to call us in what manner he pleases is but circumstance; the meeting is ' essential. Let us take what is fitt and good both in the Charter and frame of Government, and let us make a Consl'itption that may be firm and lasting to us and ours. This makes no breach in the old laws, but will cdnfiim what is re-assumable in them, the Charter and the Frame of Government. Then the Governor said — "the Act of Settlement served till I came, now I am come it cannot bind me against my own act, the Charter- il being my grant, and the people my witnesses by accepting of it; and tho' some violence cannot be j-esisted, yet when the violence is taken off, the Charier revives." Thereafter the Governor and Proprietor "resolved the whole Council intp a Grand Committee, lo meet at the third hour in the afternoon, to read, the Charter and Frame of Government, and to adopt what is good in ei ther, toi lay aside what is inconvenient and burthensome, aud to acid to both what may best suit Ihe common good of all: And if you be under any doubt or scruple, I will endeavour to solve il. And present tome what you you doe therein by to-morrow morning fur my pe rusal." — Memoirs of Pennsylvania Historical Society. VISIT TO MAUCH CHUNK, [Continued A-oni p'. 94. j Crossing the river at Lchighton, a plejisant little vil lage, about four miles below Mauch Chunkj the road pursues the west or left bank of Ihe Lehigh. About two miles from Mauch Chunk, we came upon the lower boundary of the Company's lands, where the hills, on each side of the river, acquire a greater elevation, and • have a much bolder appearance. The river is confined in a narrow bed, and the road on one side, and the canal and tow-path on the other, are cut along the base of the hills, as far from the river as the nature of thfe ground would admit. The irregular course ofthe river, and the hills mounting up several hundred feet, rendered the view up and down the river rather wild and dreary, until we approached near enough tp see the neat white buildings of Mauch Chunk, which presented a beautiful 'contrast to the hills covered with deep verdure above, ancfthe, swift flowing a'fid dashing current of water be low. Upori enteringihe village, the first objects which presented to the eye. were the extensive buildings oc- cupied by Mr. Kimball, as a hotel; and which is kept in a style not inferior to mahy ofthe fashionable hotels of our Atianlic cities. Higher up the bank of the .river, are several extensive saw mills and a large grist mill, the store, boat house, rail road shoot, &c, with here anil there a dwelling. About the cemi-e of these improve ments, there is a break in the hill, and a considerable ravine, down which flows a stream sufficient foi- turning various kinds of machinery. Along this stream, wher- 112 MEDICAL STATlSTICg.-^LAW INT ever the ground will admit of ,it, most of the dwelling houses and workshops of the work people are, erected. Having satisfied our curiosity in examining the works at the Lehigh, which consisted of ai-k building, where we saw all the various operations progressing at once, from sawing of the timber lo the launching ofthe boat; dressing and drilling stone blocks for the new rajl-road by water power, wagon building, furnace. Scc.we mount ed our horses to proceed to tha coal mines. Pursuing the turnpike up the ravine above named, we soon came to where the rail-road occupies the bed ofthe turnpike, (It will be recollected that for many years the coal was, brought from the mines lo the landing, nine miles, by common wagins on a turnpike road.) On the summit level there is a good tavern, one mile from the mines. We should suppose the quarry, as at present opened| occupies about five acres of ground. The mipers, to tbe number of perhaps forty, live in small houses im mediately adjoining the mine. The coal lays at various depths from the surface; but in manyjjlaces, where it is uncovered, there does not appear to have been over six feet of earth. At some places, the quarry is thirty or forty feel deep from the top of tbe coal. There is alternately a layer of slate, of a few inches thick, and then a vein of coal of perhaps six or eight feet deep, and so on as fiu- down as they have progressed. The mine is on the north side of the bill, and rails are run out a considerable distance, where the slate and earth are thrown down. The coal is put in wagons, holding upwards of two tons each, and are drawn upon the rail road, by mules, to the sutnmit level. Here a train of twelve or fourteen wagons are attached together, and one man takes them in charge. They are then started from the summit to the south side of the hill, and he - regulates their speed down the inclined plane to the shoot at Mauch Chunk, which is eight miles distant, by the checks operating upon all the wheels upon one side, to'suit the declivity of the road. Four or five of these trains travel in company,, and last of all goes the mule cars, carrying- down a sufficient number of mUles to draw the empty wagons up. About half way down there is alurn-out place, where the ascending and de scending cars pass each oilier. The loaded wagons pass down in about forty minutes, although if they were allowed lo have their full speed, they would go in half the time. The mules are attached, four on each side, to the train of empty wagons, and walk outside of the rail-road track. It takes eight or ten mules to draw up a train of them, and they make five trips a day, up and down, equal to eighty miles tra-velling each. At the head of the shoot, the cars are all weighed; two at a time, which is the work of only a few seconds; they are then passed on a few feel further to the head ofthe shoot. Here a strong rope is attached to the loaded car, which revolves round a large cylinder,stationed at the top of the shoot, and as the loaded car runs down the shoot, the other end of the rope draws an empty car up from the bottom. When the full car comes to a particular point at the bottom, it runs against a piece cf limber, and striking the bar which secures the lower part ofthe tail-board ofthe car, the upper part hangin|f upon hin ges, the weight of the coal forces the back part of Ihe car outward, and ils contents drop down into the ark in the river below. By the time the co.^l is emptied out. another loaded car takes the place of the empty one at the top, and gradually descends the inclined plane to the shoot, drawing the empty one up. Upwards of ,400 tons are passed down the shoot daily into the arks be low; The length of the shoot is about 750 feet, over coming an elevation ofa little over 200 feet. The plea sure cars are drawn up by horses to the summit in about one hour, and have been known to pass down in less than twenty minutes. The rail-road at Mauch Chunk is made in a cheap and simple manner; but not as dura ble as the one making along the ncrth side of the same hill, to a netv-mine which has just been opened. The ground is graded to a proper level, trenches are dug transversely across the road near two feet deep, and filled up with small stone. On this, timbers are laid about five feet in length. " A notch is cut near the end of these timbers for the rails to rest in. which are pro- periy secured by a small wedge. Tbe rails are of white oak. or any other suitable timber, sawed lo about four by six inches. On the iniier edge of this, is a small plate of iron.perhaps oneand a half inches broad, upon which-^ the wheels run. The wheels are of cast iron, and haye a shoulder on the inner side of the rim, which keeps thefn on the track. We found the rail-roads at Potts- ville made after the same plan, and we were informed the cost does not. exceed 10,000 dollars per mile — Bucks County Intelligencer. - MEDICAL STATISTICS or MORAVIAN SOCIETT, ESTABLISHED AT BE-TBLEHEM, PA. , 'V(e are indebted for the following highly interesting statement, derived from the church records of the Mo ravian Society, established at Bethlehem, Penn., to our learned and valued friend, Lewis D. de Schweinitz'. From the first of January,1801, lo the first of January, 1831 , a period of thirty years, 386 deaths have occurred in this congregation, forming a population wbicb increa sed during the period from 501 persons to 722 persons. Of the above-mentioned 386 persons, none obtained the age of 100 years: — 6 died above 90 years. 55 died between 80 and 90ys.,above 80ys. 61 83 70 80 70 144 under 242 68 60 ^ 70 60 212 174 38 50 60 50 250 136 18 40 50 40 268 118 14 30 40 30 282 104 19 20 30 20 301 85 9 10 20 10 310 76 76 0 10 It appears, therefore, that the decenium ofhuman life, in Which the greatest number of deaths occurred, was between 70 and 80 years, viz. 83 deaths out of 386, .while the deaths under 10 years were only 76 opt of 386. A considerable majority of deaths were of personsabove 60 years of age, and more than double as many over 40 lhan under. In the same period 350 births took place. Of the inhabitants of Bethlehem, alive on the first of January, 1831, there were 14 above 80 years, 48 above 70 years of age, 226 Tinder 12 years. In the above statement ofthe population, the boarding school for young ladies is not included. This has been, established since the year 1785, and between 1900'anJ 2000 scholars have lived in it, successively, during this period of 46 years. Twelve deaths have taken place among this number, which are not included in the above slateraent. — Amer. Jour.of Medical Sciences for May,183l- [Conimuiiicate,d.] LAW INTELLIGENCE. Miches OB v, Tagisakt," (Common Pleas of Chester county.) On the trial of this cause, a witness was called to the stand, who avowed his disbelief in the existence of a God, and a future state of rewards and punishments. He was objected to as incompetent^ In support of bis admissibility, a case was cited from the Massachusetts Reports, where it was decided "that disbelief in a future state," was not sufficient cause to render a witness in competent, and only went to his credibility. The Court rejected the witness — his honour, the Pre sident Judge, remarking, that he was not before aware that there was a man living, who did not beheve in the existence of a God;'- that this belief constituted the sanc tion of all testimony in a Court of Justice; and, that he knew uf no case, in a Christian country,' where a witness had been permitted to testify without such belief. West Chester, August 8th, 1831. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PEJ^NSYLVAWIA. DEVOTED TO THB PKESERVATION OF EVEBT KIND OF USEFUL INPOBMATION KESrECTING THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUJIL HAZARD. VOL. VIII.-JTO. 8. PHILADELPHIA, AUGUST 20, 1831. NO. 190. INDIAN HISTORY. [from the pemberton MANUS,CRIPTS.J -Taken by Charles Thomson, Secretary" for Teedyuscung. [Continued from page 98,2 [On Monday, April 10th, 1758. Teedyuscung came to town with a .Uessenger. de^patphed from tbe General Council ofthe United Nations, held at Seekaughkooiita. As the Governor was gone to meet the As'sembly ofthe three lower Counties, he had empowered the .Council to meet the Indians. &c.1 At a Conference with the Indians in the Council Chamber^ Philadelphia, April r2lh, 1758, Pbbsent^— Robert Strettel, Esquire, President; William Logan, Benjamin Shoemaker, Joseph Turner, Lynd- ford Lardner, Lawrence GroiSden, Benjamin Chevir, Thomas Cadwalader, Esquires; several inhabitants of the city. Indians — Teedyuscung, King of the DeU- wares; Essoxi-eyowalund, alias-Daniel, a Me.ssenger of the Wanami Nation; Teepisoahung, and one other Indian. Isaac Still.lnterpreter; Mr. William Peters, Secretary for the Province; Charles Tbomson.Secre- tary for "Teedyuscung. The President, addressing Teedyuscung, siid; Brother Teedyuscung — The day before yesterday, I received a letter from Timothy Horsefield of Bethlehem, informing me yoii were coming down, here With some other Indians, on business Of importance with this Government; and hav ing he,-ird yesterday you were in town, as the Governor is gone to New Castle, I immediately called these gen tlemen together, who are now present, and who are of his Qouncl, to acquaint them'of it. On which we'de- sired William Logan to see if be could find you, and know On what business tliese Indians were come. He told us he could not meet with you, but that the Indian Messenger^ Daniel, had informed him he was come from the Indian country on public business, and desired to be dispatched. I must, therefore, let you know, that as the Governor is absent, he, has left us to act in his pl^ce, and we are now ready to hear what you have to say to us. [A String.] . Then Teedyuscung arising said: - Brother— i desire you, and all my Brethren present, would hear. You may remember. Brother, when we held a Coun cil at Easton, you desired me to hear. I did hearyou, and therefore I gave a halloo. And after I had given one halloo, all the Indians heard it and turned about and «aw me, Teedyuscung, and my brethren, the.English, holding our Heads together in Council, Brother, now these Indians back desire us botb,viz,English and Indians, to press on heartily; and they said, we vvi',1 clear your Eyes that you may sae clearly. , There are many sorts of Wind come, and blow Dust in the Eyes. We wipe the Eyes, both of Teedyuscung and the English, that you may- see our Wives and Children. We clean your Ears, that you may hear us who live back; and we have made one Messenger to do our business. Now here he is. " The reason of this- second Messenger's coming, is because the other staid a long time. [A String.] Brother, and ill you my Brethren, bear me^You may remember at Easton, wben Governor Morris was there, voL.'vm. 15 you said lo me: Brother, I am able, you are weak. I "would have you, though you are weak, to do all in ^our power;, and as I told you I am strong, 1 will ilw^ys help you in promoting this good work. Now. Brother, 1 have done the utmost in my power, afid have helped youj ' arid, all the Indians far back have heard me. "I there fore desire you, as you are strong, to press on in pro moting this good work, so that we may build this Peace on a firm foundation, asit has been formerly; and let us look up lo God for a Blessing, so that this Peace may always stand firm. [A String.]' Brother, and all you my Brethren, hearken to what I am going lo say — I desire you, Brother, to press on in this good work we have undertaken. You know I ani weak. This business is very heavy-r-wilhout you help me I cannot do it. But if we both lay our hands to it, and joiii heartily, we Can easily perform it. All the In dians round about, from Sun-rise to Sun-set, look to us, and are ready to join in the good work and help us. You see all these Nations of -Indians have heard me when I gave the halloo, and have turned their Eyes; and are now ready lo join hands with us, and help in the good work.- [A String.] Hear me Brother, and all you my Brothers-^Brother, I tell you, you aud 1 are about a very good work. Now Brother, all the Indians a great w.iy off haye seen us about that good work. , But yet I see you-loofc towards i the Westw-ai-d, and keep your Eyes to the- Westward., i desire you. Brother, you would leave'that piece ofmeat for me — you see I have it between my arms and betwixt my legs — leave it fpr me 'to eat it. and I shall take it bit by bit;, and I hope 1 shall.- in a httle time, eat it all. It is "not only 1 tell you this — all the Nations I mentioned before say the same. Being asked what he meant by the piece of meat. ' "Peedyuscung rephed — I desire you, and the rest of the English, not to trouble yourselves, lo go against the Ohio', I'will do it myself. They are all vvithin my dish-rr leave them for me. I will give tbem one blow, and if any escape that. 1 will drive tbem to the Sea for you." [A Belt of seven rows.] Brother, and all you my Brethren, hearken-r-I have loolced above me, and then all over the World. _.What makes me look, is to see from whence so much mischief comes. Now I have found out where tbis mischief sprung from, and 1 will take notice of all that pi^etend to join us; and if 1 find they do hot do right, I will run my hand down their throat and bring up their Heart, and lay it before you.- For may be it was they that did this roisciiief. I don't tell you so myself, but all the Nations I mentioned before tell you the same. [A String.] Brother^I have told you all that I intended at pre.. .sent to say to you. I would have you consider~it; and if you fiiidany part of it wrong, I hope, as weare Broth ers, you will speak out and tellmewhat does not please you.that I may also consider it. And I desire you would dispatch us as soon as pos/ible. I hopS, Brother, yoii will take notice of this Messen ger, and I beg you would dispatch him as soon as possi ble, that he may return quickly. The other Messenger was detained too long. The President said: . J Brother Teedyuscung— What.yo'u h{ive said is very- agreeable to us,' and gives us pleasure. The Council 114 INDIAN HISTORY. lACODi-r will immediately take it into consideration, and give you an answer as soon as we have considered it; and dis patch you as soon as possible. Then Teedyuscung said: Brother— The next time We meet. I shall talk freely about our private affairs; namely.about our building and settling at Wyoming. At a Conference with the Indian^s in the Council Chamber, Philadelphia, April 13th, 1?58. FassENT — Robert Stretiel, Esquire. President; William Logan, Benj'n Shoemaker. Lynford Lardner. Thomas Cadwalader, Esquires; a number of fhe inhabitants of the City. Indians — 'Teedyuscung, King ofthe Dela wares; Essoweyowallind, alias Daniel; Teepiscahung; "I'eedyuscung's two sons and nephew. Isaac Still, In terpreter; Secretaries as before. The President, addressing Teedyuscung, s&id: Brother — ^You desired us yesterday to consider what you then said to us. and if we thought any thing wrong, as we »-ere Brothers, to speak out-freely and tell you BO. Your advice is very good. This is tbe way one Brother ought to treat another. Our Hearts should be laid open to each other, that no doubts or suspicions may lurk there to disturb our friendship. We willon thjs, and every other occasion, act with openness and linceiiiy towards you and a|l ouf Brethren the- Indians. Brother — Agreeably to your advice, we now freely tell you that we do not well understand your meaning, in desiring us not to turn our Eyes to the Westward., nor trouble ourselves to go against the Ohio; but leave it for you to do. and that you will strike one blow ahd 4rive.them into the Sea. We must inform you. that we ^hall be obliged lo follow the orders of our great King in carrying on tbe affair, and as we are his servants, we 4are not disobey his commands. Besides, Brethren., we ^o not desire you, who are one flesh and blood with us, to engage in any dangers in which we do not share With ypu. The work can be more ea^ly and safely accom- 'plished by |joth of os. than by one without ihe other. Our enemies are now mu'rdering our Brethren on our bbrJersj and while we ar^ men we cannot sit still, with our hands tied, ahd let them cut our throats. We, therefore, desire you will fuUy e:tplain yourself on that head, before we give you an answer to wh^t you said lo us yeitei-day. [A String.] To which Teedyuscung replied; Well Brother. I hope you will hear me. and you my Brothers take notice of what I am going to say: Brother- You may remember at Easton I told you. I put oilt my Hand and took hold of you* by one Hand, and lliat the Mohock took hold of you by the other, and that you were in the middle between us. Now I am very ioi-ry to hear Ihat mischief bas been done back. lean neither see nor hear who has done it. I have still hold of your Hand all this time. Now I tell you. Bleth er, as I have taken hold of yyiU do all tbey can to -keep our Eyes clear, that we may ^ee their Wives and Children ; and our Ears open; that we may bear what they who live back have tii say to us— that they had appointed one Messenger to do our business, and that it is our friend Daniel who is now come down-=,that the reason of his being sent was on aecount.bf the otiier Messenger stay. ing so long. Brother— i-It gives me, and the rest of my Brethren, great pleasure to hear that you had pertbrmed what you undertook at Easton, and that what passed there was agreeable to the Indians, and that they approved uf our procerdings. You may assure all the Indians, nothing shall be vvanting on my part lo accomplish the good work begun, and hope you will continue yoor good re solution to give me your assistance. I look^ on your Wives and Children with compassion and pity, as I well know they must live very uneasy, until the great and good work we are now engaged in be fully completed. It therefoi-e highly concerns us bolh to leave no stone unturned until it be so. I am sorry the Messenger was detained so long on his journey. You know he met witb many difficulties in coming down, by the deep snows and bad weather, that he could scarce travel. Their sending thia second Messenger, on the~same ac count, is a proof pf their good disposition; and I desire you. by this String of Wampum, to thank tbem for their care. [A String.] Brotber-^By this String ynu put me in min^ tbat you were told in Governor Morris's time, that you were weak and that 1 was strong; that" although you were weak, yet I would have you do all that was in your power, and that as I was strung, I would always help you in pro moting this-good work, Ifou told me also, that you had used your utmost endeavours to assist me, and that all the Indians back had heard you. and now desire tbat I would press on and build this Peace on a firm founda tion as it had been formerly, and look up to Gad for a Blessing that the Peace may stand forever. Brother — I remember well what was told you by Go vernor Morris, respectijig my ability and the promises that were made you, of doing all that was in my power Brpthfr-Now I have to^ you I will die with you, I towards pf^moting this good work, and T now 'assure o 1 lioi,;,, ,,e ihaiT „.\ n nt. .Iinlllu- also. ' um I coMimi.- in Ihe num.- resolution and urn dotermiiifd 1631.] INDIAN HISTORY. 115 to assist you to the utmost of my abilities, and shall al ways depend upon the assistance of my Brethren, the Indians, in. joining.me in fixing the foundation of this Peace, we are now so happily engaged in, on so secute a Rock that it will last as long as the Sun continues to give its Light; and in order lo do this more effectually, as you have lold me that you are poor, i shall take an opportunity seriously lo consider in what particular 1 Can be of most service to you. [A String.] Brolher-r— You repeat your .desire that I would press on this good work; and inform me that you are weak, that the work is heavy, and that unless I help you, you cannot lift it. You tell me I can do it, and that if you join me in it, it can easily be done — that all the Indians, from the Sun-rise to the Sun-set, have heard your Hal- Ido, and have their Eyes uppn us, and are ready to join us to lift it up. • ^ Brother — I am very sensible the good work we are engaged ih is a very weighty one. and of the greatest importance to you and us, and that it requires us to join our utmunt strength to carry it on and accomplish it in the happy manner wo both -desire. It gives mi great satisfaction to hear you say. the most distant Indians are ready and willing to join.us in it. -This account gives me fresh encouragement to continue mv resolutions of acting to the utmost of my abilities, and you may be as sured I shall do every thing in my power to bring this good work to a happy issue. 1 desire yoa will join me in Ih-ayers to the Almighty God, to give a Blessing to our endeavours. Let us in all our proceedings have our Eyes fixedupon Him. Let us act honestly and sin cerely witb each other, that we may have some ground lo hope for His assistance,- for without it all we can do will be vain. [A String.] Brother — By this Belt you tolil me yesterday, that the work we are engaged inls good — that all tbe Indians .afar off hare seen us about it. but that you yet perceive we keep our Eyes looking to the Westward on the ex pedition formed against the Ohio, and desired not to triiuble ourselves about that afl'air, but to leave it to you and that you wou]d do it for us — that you bad it in your power to do it, and that you would give them one Blow. «nd that whoever sliall escape you would drive them into the Sea. And by this Belt, you told me to-dajr) tbat wben you came from home, you thought you should be able to have performed what you yesterday propo sed, but that you have since you came to town heard there were enemies doing us mischief at tbis time on our frontiers, and that you judged it not prudent for you to undertake it yourself, but that you would join the Eng lish heartily in it,.and would die with,us in the under taking, and wherever our Bones lay yours should also lie with them. ,And that, you would immediaiely send word back by Daniel, to let all the Indians knovir this was your resolution. Brother — I acknowledge the work we are engaged in to be good, and am pleasecl, the distant Indians bave seen us consulting on it and are pleased with it. What you have observed of our tinning our Eyes to the West ward, and that we are concerned to prosecute tiie ex pedition is true. , Wu look pn the generous offer you made yesterday, of doing that business for lis, as a great mark of your sincere dispositions to bis Majesty, and your hearty attachment to the English Nation. We know it is a great iinderlakinR. and think you have act ed very prudently in reconsidering that matter, and now heartily thank you for your kind offer to assist us in it. Our great enemy, the French, have for a long time been mak'ing encroachments on tbese lands, and are deter mined to keep possession of them if tliey pan. "And as our greirt and wise King bas found t,hal they will not hearken to any thing he said to them on this hea-', be has now at a very great expense sent over to Ibis couni- try a great number of officers and soldiers to drive them " off. When they will set about it is uncertain, but as you bave been so kind as tu offer to join us in such an expedition.when the commanding officeris ready to un dertake it, we will acquaint him of yourgi^od intentions, and he will .send notice to you. It will therefore be absolutely necessary, you immediately send word to, all the Indians who have now joined with us, and makO them fully acquainted with the engagements you have entered into on their accounts, and that you and wo expect they'will fulfil them, [A Belt,] ¦Brother— Tou tell me you have looked above and all over the. World, to find out from whence the mischief , that has been amongstMs arose,tfiat you have newfound it out, and shall take notice of all' such as have pretend ed to be our friends— that if you fiiid any of them de ceitful, you will run your hand down their throats and pull tbeir Jiearts out, and lay them before us; and that' in this.all the Indian Nations, who have joined you and us. have agreed. ^ Brother — I am glad you bave taken so much pains lo find out the Cause of this mischief, and that you are determined still to search it out to the bottom, and see if any such who pretend to be our fi lends have any hand IA it. This is a very prudent resolution, and I de sire you would pursue it; for if there be any among you who carry two Faces and act deceitfully, they are much more dangerous to both of us than our open enemies, and if not found out will ever be throwing Logs in the great Rba^,-fhat has now been opened between us, to wards perfecting Ibis great and good work of Peace. 1 assure you I shall use the same care on my part, to find out such enemies among us if there be any. Brotber-^I have now answered every part of what you have flaid to me yesterday. I do not observe you said any thing, that was wrong — if I had I should have endeavoured to set you right, as Brethren ought to do with one another. I am sensible ofthe nefcessity of dis-~ patching tliis Messenger — I shall do every thing I can to forward it. And I now desire, if you find Ihave omit ted giving you a full answer on every head, that you would, like a Brother, open your mind freely to me and tell me so, for you mtist be sensible that the greater freedom we use with one another, on affairs of siTch im portance as the great work we are at present engaged in, the greater probability there is of finishing it, speedi ly and lo tbe satisfaction of both of us, [A String. ]~ , Teedyuscung making no answer, the President pi;o- ceeded and said: Brother — As I have now answered what you said to me yesterday, if you have nothing further to say to me on tbis head, I have some other business to lay before you. To which Teedyuscung replied: I bave nothing to object to what yOu have said. It is a full answer to what I said yesterday; and all quite agreeable. Then the President, resuming his discburse, said.- Brother Teedyuscung — I am sorry to inform you that I hear there are now some Indians on our frontiers, and in Lancaster county,on Swahtawro ci'eek,muitdering our people and carl-ying off some scattering, families. This, Brother, will 1 am afraid be attended with very iircOn- sequences, unless we can find out who tbey are. It highly concerns you to join me in endeavouring to know of what Nation' these people are, and lo bring some of them in, that I may be able to know who sent them there. These may perhap's be some ofthe people who have pretended to be ourfriends; but whether they be or not, we must find them out ; and as you have now taken hold of our Peace Belt, and haye engaged for the In dians on the Susquehannah, that they will not suffer any enemy Indians to hurt me. I desire that you will imme- diaately go to Bethlehem yourself, where I understand you bave some young men, and send a party of them out to scour our frontiers,. and take some of tbem pris oners. Or, if you are not able to' take tbem, that you will endeavour to bring back our people th^y have car ried off; and I will immediately give orders for, a party of our soldiers thp re to join you. This conduct will con vince me and my people, that you are in earnest in 116 -THOUGHTS ON eSiIGRATION^ [AlTOOST this great and goo'd work we are how engaged in. [A Belt.] • ' ~ JBrother-^The accounts.you have m'Sntioned to ,me, from time to time, of the several Tribes oi Indians join ing us in the good-work we are eng'aged in, has given me great pleasure. You told me, by your last Messen ger, that you were now become eighteenTribes or-Na-, ,tions,-and are -now, grown very strong. I desire you will acquaint sucb, of these Tribes who have joined you, .^^that I with great pleasure take them by the Hand, and that I shall be very glad to see some of the Chiefs of ealh Nation in this City, that I may see and hear them and take them in my Arms. They will then have an opportunity of confirming by tiieir own Mouth what you have said to me^ which will afford me great satisfafction. I desire you will make them acquainted with the en- gagements you entered into with me at Easton, in their behalf, of returning all our Pris,oners the.y had in the InJian Country. And as our people are strangers to the woods, %rid will not be able to find the roacls to the inhabitants, this will be a very good opportunity of hav ing them conducted safely; and I shall depend on their bringing with Ihem all our people tbey can collect. [A Belt.] Teetlyuscung, having received the Belt, arosa and said: Brothet-— Hearken, I shall only speak a few words, and all you present take notice. , Brother — Since I have taken hold of the Covenant Chain, as I consider myself as one with you, I can do no other than as you have said. Were my W'ife and Chil dren among you. I should be very uneasy and want to see them; I will therefore use my utmost endeavours to collect as many of your people, that are Prisoners in the Indian Country, as I can, and will bring them down to you. " Brother — Now I think we have really finished our agreements, and we are one. But though we are one. 1 will not give myself up entirely to you. I will not enlist under your Captains or Officers, but I will have Captains of my own.. Here, my Son is one of my Cap tains. We will join with you. but we will have Captains of our own. And as you know I am but weak and poor. 'I hope, you will pay my people who shall go out along with you. It being late, the Conference ended, and as Teedyu scung was ill haste to dispatch the Messenger, and send out some of his young men to scour the frontiers, he set out next morning for Bethlehem, without saying any thing of bis private affairs and settlement at Wyoming. as he intended. > , ' Extract of Letter, dated Tuesday, April 18, 1758. Teedyuscung dispatched his son, John Jacob, as cap tain, and four more Indians, viz. his son Amos. Paul ahd his brother John, also Isaac, all Delawares, to the three Indian Nations overTVllegheny, viz. Delawares. Shawa nese. and Q,ua-hanaquesie, of which last Castaruga is Chief. 1, Delivered four Strings lo acquaint said Nations, that he bad twice received good News from Ihem; anti lately heard t-hey inclined to be at Peace with.the Eng lish, but now he hears of fresh murders being commit ted, which Iwo contraries he cannot reconcile or see through, and therefore desires to know the reason. 2. A large black Belt with five strokes across, made. of white Wampum, at which Tredyuscung said: Hark, Men of Allegheny — You send me Word you had laid hold bf Ihe two ends of the Peace Belt, and I and the English should lay hold of the middle, which we have done; and lield and do hold it still fast. There fore I must desire all your Captains to sit quiet at home. and not partake of these evils, or murder English any more. For indeed, we are many Indians that live here amongst them. By such doings you may hurt the Chain of Peace. 3. A white, Belt with black strokes across, set with black Wampum, at which he said: My Friends and Brelhren,Shawanese and Delawares — You live near the others; and if any of you live too n'gh the French, move a little further from tbem; and lake each other by the Hand; and let all your Chiefs come,, and I will take them by the Harid, and go with them to the Governor, where- they shall hear Words with their own Ears for themselves. ' 4. A white Belt set with black Wampum across, and said: ¦ i. j Hereby I require and charge all the Indians here and there, not to acquaint the French anything of transac- t'onshere; but to stop' their Ears and Eyes, that they may neither hear nor see what passes amongst us. From the United States Gazette. THOUGHTS ON EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE TO THE UNITED STAl-ES. No. VIH. In enumerating some of the advantages, which Penn sylvania offers to the emigrant. 1 have Jio doubt omitted many equally important. Nature had been so bounti ful and kind, in distributing lier favours, as fo render it impossible to recount them all. The rivers, the forests, the soil, and the very bosom of the earth, are full of blessings! A countryman may go into the woods, at any tinie. without the fear of ^ame laws, or the dread of man traps, and with a fowling piece.or rifle.in his hand, procure for himself, in an hour or lwo,a fine buck, a wild turkey, ^a brace ofpheasants, or a bag full of part ridges,' wood cock, rabbits, or squirrels, with no other expense than a few loads of powder and shot. ^ The rivers and smaller streams are plentifully suppli ed with fish: shad, rock, bass,' pike, perch, or trout, may be had in their proper seasons, in every county in the state; and, in many places, the sugar maple is so abundant, as to afford- an adequate supply of sugfar to the neighbouring population. But, I forbear, it would be as tedious as itis unnecessary; to attemt^t a further descriplioa of the many blessings allotted to this highly favoured portion of the globe. The want ofthe means of subsistence, is tbe most ob vious cause Of emigration. When a man, surrounded by a family of chiltiren, cannot by the sweat of his brow procure them a sufficiency of wholesome food, his situ ation is truly deplorable. Can he suffer them to linger on a bed of sickness, deprived ofthe necessaries of life, and unable lo afford them the requisite relief,- without casting in his mind, the thought of emigration to a country, where he may be able to supply his. wants, without hazarding a recurrence of similar tlistress? It is a natural resource — Self-preservation, is the first principle of human nature, and the protecTTOn of our own offspring, the dearest tie of man. This country . has b'^en, and will long continue to be, the asylum of the unfortunate, and a saferefuge for the afilicted, and distressed emigrant who may be compelled to. leave his j native land. The want of the essential meansof subsis tence, the ravages of war, and the arm of despotism, drive many from the land oftheir nativity, and compel them to explore tbe world, for a more desirable abode. They fly to us for relief, we receive them with open arms; they settle upon our lands, or in our towns, and as long as they conduct themselves with propriety, we associate with them as brethren ofthe same family, and extend to. them the band of friendship. It is not- the love of novelty, or change, which prompts them to wan der into foreign countries; but the pressure of an over crowded population, and the cravings of nature, or the natural desire-to take care of themselves and their off spring. Could I but light them in their path, it would be a source of high gratification, and doubly compen sate me for the time occupied, and the labour bestow ed, in this humble, attempt, to render them sssistincet 1831.] PBOCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. 117 and no w, in the language of one whose pen was elo quently employed to tlefend the system of internal im provement, in an adjoining state, a dozen years ago, I shall close this number without intending to pursue the subject any further. "If the diffusion of temperate liberty, and the melio ration of the human race, be objects worthy of ambition, what spectacle can be exhibited to the gaze of nations, so august and imposing, as that of a nation of freemen, whose empire enfolds almost every .plimate- that can cherish the frame, and- whose soil, is prolific in almost every fruit that can delight the taste of man; wielding its combined energies, not to aggrandize ils power, by devastation and carnage, but to enhance the measure of human enjoyment, by making two-blades of grass grow where only one grew-lfefore, to elaborate not the chains .which manacle the spirit, and bind down the heart of, man, in ignorance animisery; but those bonds which his heart'owns, and his understanding- ratifies, as most congenial to his dearest interests, and most_ conducive to the perpetuation of his noblest rights." CI'VIS. . PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. Thubsdat Evening, Aug. 11. SELECT COUNCIL.— Mr. Wohre.ii presented a petition fpr repaying Spruce street, between Thirteenth and Broad streets, which was referred to the Paving Committee. The following communication from the Commission ers of Moyamensing, was received and referred to the siime Commiltee. - Tq the Select and Common Councils ofthe City of Philadelphia. Tbe undersigprd, representing the inhabitants of the township of Moyamensing, as Commissioners of said township, respectfully stale Tbat agreeably to a plan and survey, made 'and exe cuted by the late Readi^pg Howel and adopted by Coun cils—the intersecTion of Cedar and Thirteenth streets has been made the lowest point, to which a great "body of water is_drawn, from the east as far as-Delaware Eighth street, from the north so far as Spruce street, and from the. west so far as Schuylkill Eighth street, alF emptying into said township, at the intersection ot Ge- dar and Thirteenth streets. . ' Tbat the City Councils some years back having con sidered it expedient to reconsider the regulation of as cents and descents in the. vicinity of Cedar and Thir teenth streets, have agreeably to a plan and survey by Samuel Haines, City Surveyor, adopted and confirmed a survey made by him, by which tbe said intersection is lowered, or put down about two feet lower than that of Beading Howel. The great body of water now discharging itself into this point- will; (as improvements take place) be gradu ally increased and the undersigned are of opinionth&t a much greater quantity has been directed into it than the natural fall ofthe city plot originallyintended. The depression of two feet at that point by the last regulation has renderedit in the opinion ofthe under- s'lgned, impossible for them to ' construct a culvert-to carry off the city water, and should it be found-^practi- cable, they believe that as the city authorities have thrown more water at that point into their d'jstrict than was originally intended, and being fully of tbe opinion tbat the representatives of the great city of PhUadel- phia have not been, and are not at this time actuatedby motives of accommodating their constituents at the ex pense of their neab (but less fortunate) neighbors, is , that they will take the 'representat'ion above set forth ' into consideration, and join tbe undersigned in bearing ., « proportionable part ofthe expense in carrying off the water poured into said township, by the act ofthe city ~«utli.oritiea. The undersigned will fieel a pleasure in vaiting on a committee of Councils to confer with them on-this sub ject. JAMES RONALfasON, JAMES MAXWELL, ¦WILLIAM MOORE, Committee ofthe Commissioners of Moyamensing. Mr. Duane as Chairman ofthe Watering Committee, made the annexed report and resolution, which wei^ agreed to. ' '_ Tbe Watering Committee to whom was referred the resolution of Councils, ofthe 23d of June last, directing the committee "to inquire into the expediency of ma king preparation for laying ii-on pipes in the southern section ofthe city, namely -south of Spruce to Cedar street," respectfully report — that it is expedient to make the preparation contemplated .by the resolution referred to them; that iron pipes ought to be laid ih Cedar street from Eighth to Eleventh street: — in Elev enth street from Spruce street lo Cedar street — in Tenth street from Spruce to Cedar street — and in Lombard street from Eighth street to Eleventh street. The Commitl.ee estiriiate, that the cost of the necessary- pipes, for the work thus "contemplated, will be ^12,- 749 80— namely: 1338 feet of 16 in<:h main in Cedar street, i from Eighth street to Eleventh st, at %5 6i690 00 1202 feet of 10 inch main in Eleventh St., -from Spruce street lo Cedar street, at *2 40 2284 80 1202 feet of 6 inch Pipe in Tenth, frolfnt Spruce to Cedar St. — 1338 feet of 6 inch pipe iri Lojnbard, fl-om Eighth to Elev enth street, at $125 3175 00 12.749 80 The Committee therefore offer the following resolu tion : Resolved. That the Watering Committee be and they^ are hereby authorised to contract for 1338 feet of 16 inch main, or 1202 feet of 10 inch main, and for 2540 feet, of 6 inch pipes, for the work described in the foregoing report^ - Mr. DcANB offered the following resolution wbich was agreed to — and the following gentlemen were ap pointed the committee, — Messrs. Diiane, Cuthbert,^ Hood and Ryan. , Resolved, That a committee be appointed to co-ope rate, at Iheexpense efthe city, with the wardens ofthe port of Philadelphia, in causing to be raised a ship, loaded with stone, which was, on the first day of the present . month sunk in the river Delaware north of South street wharf — and that the Mayor of the city be and he is hereby authorised lodraw his warrant on the city treasury for tbe expenses incurred in carrying the said object into effect. Mr. Duane offered the .annexed resolution, which was also agreed to. Resolved, That, forthe purpose of finishing the new wall erected onthe bank of the Schuylkill near the Fair Mount Water Works, the Watering Committee be and they are hereby authorised fo remove and use so much of the coping stone of the old reservoir, at the western end of Chesnut street on Schuylkill, as may be necessary. Mr.LippiNCOTT moved to take up for consideration Ihe resolution attached to the report of the commiltee 'on Will's Legacy, which was passed by tbe Select Couric'rl, but was.unanimousIy rejected by the Common Council. COMMON COUNCIL — Mr. Johnson was called to the chair as the President was absent. ' - Mr, Baker presented the following petition from sun dry victuallers, which was referred to the committee on marketsTa the Honorable the Common Council of the city of Philadelphia. - Gentlemen, We have again (though so frequently and unsuccessfully) availed ourselves of the privilege of petitioning your honourable body,- We conceive it tbe 118 PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. [AOOCST only means, by which we can so folly and satisfactorily explain our peculiar and grievous circumstances — and the only alternative left lis, to solicit that redress so long and so assiduously sought — We regret^ exceedingly that all our fprmer petitions and memorials have been so "phrased" as to induce you to believe, that our ef forts and exertions were directed towards and against the "Farmer" exclusively. It may not be deviating from a correct andjuslc6ur.se to inform your honoura- » ble body, that in consequence of having adduced some of these "Shinners" (whom we know-should have been embraced within the power and meaning of the law) before the proper authorities; to-adjudicate in such ca ses — and finding the ^aid law npt sufficiently ample to inflict such penaltips as,iT has decreed — and moreover discovering from experienoe and practical knowledge that we -could not possibly avail ourselves of the bear ing and nw^aning of the law as aforesaid. We thought it both practicable and expedient lo include the "Far mer" with the "Shinner"'in order that your body might draw a more palpable line of distinction^or require something more pf these'^'Shinners" whereby the pen alties of the law, incurred by its violation, might be vis ited upon tbem — thus far, failing in our applications to you — we now solicit the passage of a law more severe in its bearing upon these individuals — and who, wben brought to condign punishiijient — may receive the in fliction cf such penalty as is justly due to his offencp, or Bial-practice. That there are such men as are styled "SHTnners" none will doubt-^tbat tbey daily violate the law with impunity all must grant — that they deserve punishment — must be just — and these are all the priv ileges that we ask, of solicit from your honourable body- .— and weisincerely hope tbat you will pass a law, exact ing from these individuals for the first offence 50 dol lars, and for the second 100 dollars fine — and also, that the informant may or shall be entitled lo one-half the forfeiture or pecuniary sacrifice. The practice of these men, is not alone, injurious to the revenue arising from therents of stalls — but is destrUctive"of tbe beauty and character of Ihe market— in enforcing many young Victuallers, from straitened circumstances, ,to leave their stalls in the shambles untenanted — and resort to such place^-^and among Such persons, where and whereby ihey can dispose of their meats at a greater advantage, and at a far less expense. Your honourable bodies must be aware that tbe stalls are yearly becoming less occupied — and vacant stalls are becoming more nu merous — ^and the evil asit must be, .jf a reriiedy be not speedily applied — will and must increase. . All that we ask from yoii is, the protection of us, in the legal, pur suit of our profession — and the passage of a law which cannot fail lo convict such men, as are dkily violating ber sacred decrees— and who cannot be deterred from the commission of stich illegal acts — or otherwise enact sucb a~ law as will grant us the same privileges that these "Shinners" now rt-aEze and enjoy, and from which we are, and have been totally excluded and pro hibited from participating. And.sbould you grant, your petitioners will ever pray, &c. - A communication was received from the Robert Mor ris Hose Company, wbich was referred to the eooimil*- tee on Hose and Engine Companies. To the Select and iCominon Councils of the pity of Phi- ladplpjiia. The memorial of the subscribers respectfully repre sent tfaat being sensible ofthe necess'ity of establishing the citizens of Bradford County: Appended lo the annual report of Receipts and'Ex- dendituresof the coiinty, made in February last, - were a few remarks of ours respecting the liability ofthe county to pay costs in commonwealth suits: — We were not able al that time to form an opinion satisfactory to ourselves as to the liibihty of t_he county in all cases; and beheving it a subject of importance to every-citizen of-the county, both in his individual capacity and as a member of community, which ought lo be generally understood: we have taken jnuch pains to satisfy our- selves upon tbe subject. In addition lo our own research, we have.consulted .If g.^l fiO^WMSf.!, whQse opinion coincides with our own. si bs-iabab aJ-iuoo 3(ll ,a-j.oniiloi.i am^ 122 LIABILITY OF A COUNTY FOB COSTS. [AnousT and is given below as a standard which will govern us in future. HEZEKIAH DUNHAM. ELIP'T. MASON, J. L. WKBB, ¦ Commissioner^ of Bradford County. August 3, 1831, OPINION OF ELLIS LEWIS, ESQ.. ON QUES TIONS OF COSTS. To the Commissioners of Bradford County.- Gentiemen — The subjoined opinion is given in answer to your inquiries relative to the liability of the county for the Costs of prosecution in criminal cases. By the common law the King, and since the revolu tion the Commonwealth, neither received nor paid costs in criminal prosecutions.but in such cases the defendant whether acquitted or convicted was obliged to pay the costs before he was discharged from his recognizances or letout of prison; 1 Chit.Crim.Law, 671-5. 1 S.&R.5U9. This was a series hardship upon the defendant in case of acquittal, for which his remedy was an action against the prosecutor for the malicious prosecution. The county is to be regarded as standing in the place of the commonwealth in this particular, and. is not lialjle, at common lawj for the costs of prosecution in any case, al though claims resting upon courtesy, discretion, ahd the practice of particular counties have -frequently (been allowed; 1 S. &, R. 505, 6 Smith 229-30; When-. ever; therefore, the counly is sought to be charged , vvith the costs, the claim must be sustained by sonie act of assembly, otherwise the county is not liable. By the act of,23d Sept. 1791. (3 Smith 40 to 44) an important alteration was made in the common law in this particular. The cpunty, by this acti was subjected tothe p-aymept of costs of prosecution in proceedings to outlaiory; on bills rrturned ignorahus hy the grand ju ry: incases where persons were.brought before a co.ui-t or magistrate haying jurisdiction of the-case on chaiges of being runaway servants, or slaves, or of having com- m'ltted crimes, and such charges on examination appear to be unfounded; and. if the defendant hath not prop erty sufficient, in all cases where any person shall be | convicted of any offence which shall be punishable capi tally, or by imprisonment at hard Ifibour. It will be perceived that ttie "examination" here spoken of re fers to those preliminary inquiries necessary for the re moval of runaway servants or slaves, and for bringing those accused of crimes to trial, and which are termed in legal phraseology, "examinations." It is alsp to be noticed that the provision in this act for payment of costs on tonviction of capital cases, and where Ihe pun ishment 'is imprisonmeiit at hard /ntour, is only opera- , tive on the counly where the defendant hath not proper ty sufficient. , As the act of 1791 did not extend to acquitjals by tbe traverse jury, the act of 20th March, 1797i(Purdon '3S7) subjected the counly to payment of costs in such cases. But experience having proved that the act of 1797 had a tendency to promote litigation, inasmuch as it enabled restless and turbulent people to harass the peaceable part of community with trifling, unfounded or malicious prosecutions at the expense ofthe public, the act of 7th December, 1804, (Purdon 357) after re citing these mischiefs of the former law, declared that oW prosecutions, cases of felony; only, excepted, if the ,, bill pr bills, of indictment shall be returned ''^ignora mus," the grand jury who return the same shall decide and certify whether the county or the prosecutor shall pay the costs of prosecution; and in alt cases of acquit tal bv the petit jury, on indictments /or the offence's aforesaid, the jury trying the same, shall determine by their verdict, whether the county or the prosecutor, or the defendant or defendants shall pay the, costs of pros ecution; and the jury, in case they direct the prosecu tor to pay the costs shall name him or Ihem in their re turn or verdict. Tbis act met with opposition-fromithe Governor, and, in some instances, tho courts declared it invalid. But the Legislature on the'28,lh March, 1805, and on the 29th March, 1809, (Purdon 358) declared it in force and made it perpetukl. After three .i.olemn - declarations of Legislalive will, it would be indecorous to disregard the provisions of the act of 1804. As the law stands, under this act, all parties concerned, in ca ses underthe degree of felony, have a right to require a decision of the jury upon the liability to costs, before ¦any liability accrues. It is the decision of the jury which creates the liability, and without it there is noth ing upon which 10 found a claim for costs. . The law ith a most dreadful noise, something like the sounds of cannon, drums and bells mingled together. Tbe hail stones w.ere of various dimensions, shapes and forms. Some measured nine inches in circumference, some seven, whilst others were no larger than peas. As to'their forms, some were globular, some spheroidical, surrounded witb small excresences or knobs; some elliptical, and some irregular and smooth, like pieces of broken ice. Such as were globular, were endued with so much elasticity, that they rebounded from the ground like a tennis ball. This storm divided into several branches or veiri's. (if I may use such terms) all which kept the same course, but bent their fury most towards the mountains, hills and highlands. At Susquehannah the hail was as large as pigeon's eggs. At Lancaster about the size of peas; at Dunk^rtown, and in the Val ley, between the Welch and Reading Hills, they were as large as turkey's eggs; in some olher places still larger; and at Reading no bail appeared. TITe damage done by this storm is very, great; the county of Lancas ter alone, it' is thought, has suffered several thousand pounds. In riiany places there ia 'hot a felngle ear of wheat, rye, barley, &c. but what is cut off; and nothing left but the green straw, bruised and beat to pieces. It is melancholy to see fine plantations, and extensive fields, which, a few days ago. waved with luxuriant crops, now lying waste. Many able farmers, who ex pected to. carry several hundred bushels of grain to market, will be obliged to buybread for their families; and many of the poorer kipd will be ruined, and re duced to beggary. All these people are now mowing tbeir late promising and rich crops, as fodder for their cattle. Their distress is truly movi,ng and alarming. At Dunkertown, it is said (with what truth I cann'ot say) that cattle were kijled by the hail; but certain '* is, that about Muddy Creek, in this county, callves. pigs, fowls, &c. vvere killed in that settlement; the ground in' the woods, is as thick covered with green foliage, beat en from the trees, as it is with the fallen leaves in tbe month -of' October;, and in many places the birds are found dead in woods and orchards. The N. W. side of the fruit trees aire barked, and all the glass windows on that side, that were not secured by shutters, are demo lished; and even the rslils of fences vis'ibly show the im pressions of the hail upon them. ' In short, this storm threw every person, who saw it, into the most dreadful consternation; for the oldest man here never saiv, or , heard any thing like it." SOCIETY FOR POLITICAL INQUIRIES. From the Memoirs of the Historical Society. Report of the Committee appointed to examine the Miritite Book of the Society for, Political Inquirips. Read at a Meeting of the Council, March 18, 1829. To the Council ofthe Historical Society of Penrisi/lVania,. The commiltee appointed to examine the Minute Book of the " Society for Political Inquiries," have the pleasure of presenting the result of the attention they have given to the duty assigned them in tbe following report. The history of any endeavour to increase the stock of useful knowledge, and to promote the welfare ofthe human race, is interesting, as it displays the action of the nobler principles of tbe nature of man. The im portance of the particular enterprise, the character of those engaged in it, the time ancl tjircunistances, may all conspire to excite additional interest. In reviewirig the history of our own country, it is grateful to contemplate, not only the public acts of men whom we have been accustomed to revere, but also the schemes upon which their minds have been employed!, during the intervals of official and professional occupations': to perceive hffw patriotism and the love of knowledge animated their friendly intercourse, and prompted them Inform associations for the advancement of spience and the be nefit of llieii^ fellow citizens. The society, whose records have been committed to 'us for examination, was instituted bpt a few years after the efforts of our fathers to maintain the independence they had asserted, had been Crowned with success. The storm of war bad passed, and had left all serene and pure. The American people looked around upon the fair scene of political happiness presented to their view, delighting in the possession of its enjoyment, and indulging brilliant anticipations of the future. But some ofthe more reflecting, not satisfied with a moment of j()y, nor with imaginations that might lead to disapi- pointment, felt anxious to secure the permanence of the blessings they had obtained, and by progressive im provement to render the happiness of the nation more. perfect. _ , . s Such were those who originated this association. They felt the importanpe of understanding fully their new condition, and of acquiring such information as would enable them to guard against unseen dangers. It was not enough, in their opinion, that the rule of a/o- reign power had been cast off. The.following extracts from the preamble oftheir ctinstitution will express their sentiments and motives. "Accustomed," say they, "to look up td those na-< tions from whom we have derived our origin, for our laws, our opinions, and our mariners"; we have retained, with undistinguishing reverence, their errors with their improvements; have" blended with our public institu tions thp policy of dissifliilar countries; and have grafted "on an infant comirionwe'alth, the manners of ancient and corrupted monarchies," ' , / " Ip having effected a separate governmeht, we have yct accomplished but a partial independence. The re volution can only be said to bp complete, when we shall have freed ourselves, no less from the influence of fo reign prejudices than from the fetters of foreign power; when, breaking through the bounds in which a depend ent people have been accustomed to think and act, we shall jjroperly comprehend tbe character we have as sumed, and- adopt those maxims of policy which a,Te suited to pur new situation," With these vievvs they associated for the purpose of "mutual improvement in the knowledge of govern ment and the advancement of political science." The objects of the association were proposed to be attained by r'eceivijig and causing to be read at the meetings, essays, statements of facts, and observations relating to subjects of government and political economy; and by discussing in conversation political queries suggested by the members. As an inducement to men of talent and information to ' bestow attention upon subjects of this kind, it was pro vided by an article of the Constitution, that " medals should be adjudged, at the discretion of the society, to the authors (whether members or not) ofthe best essays, upon suc'h^subjects aS the society may propose for that purpose. ''The votes in these cases to be taken by bal lot." A successful competitor for a medal, if not a member, was also to be admitted of course to honorary, membership. The first meeting was held at the City tavern, on the 9th February, 1787,- when "laws and regulations for their government" were adopted and subscribed by fhe gentlemen present. Several of those whose signatures appear in tbe minute book, were not original member," but were elected after the organization of the socir ' In the list are included the names of forty-two ggL*' men, geriCrally men of great respectability, aj5.g ^^^ of them distinguished citizens of Philadelphia.ig jg , l now living but five of the number, among • venerable president ofthe Historical Socjening when The first officers, elected on the sannjamin Frank the constitution was adopted, were Dnliam Bingham' lin, president;- George Clymer an'^ " ' 126 DIVISION OF THB COUNTY OP PH._. vice presidents; Robert Hare, treasurer; William Brad ford and George. Fox., secretaries. The committee of papers chosen at the same time consisted of Benjamin Rush, John Armstrong, William Bradford, Francis hop kinson, W. T. Franklin, and William Rawle. After the first meeting, the society, at the president's request, met at his residence, and their sessions were held every Friday fortnight from September to June, Between the time of the sotiiety's organfzation and fhe close of its first session, a number of papers, upon subjects of great interest, were presented. We notice On the minutes the titles which follow. March 9th. "An Enquiry into the influence of Pub lic Punishments, upon criminals and .society." By Dr. Rifsh. April 20th. " An Enquiry into the best means of en couraging Immigration, consistently,wilh the happiness ; rand safely ofthe original citizens." By Mr. Rawle. " An essay on the Balance of Trad6." By Mr. John Williams. "An Essay on the Incorporations of Towns." By Mr. Paine, ' May 11. "An Enquiry into the Principles on which a Commercial System for the United States of America shpuld be founded.?' By Mr. T. Coxe. - May'25lh. "An Essay upon the Advantages result ing to a nation frpm the cheerlul temper of its Inhabit ants." By Rev. N. Collin. . , On one evening during this period, it appears, a dis cussion of queries proposed by the president took place; but what these queries were, we are not informed, lie-, sides the reading of essays and oliscussioh of questions, conversation occupied a portion pf the tim'e at' the meet ings. ' '" ,,.-.- Tbe first meeting in the fall, at which any business of moment was transacted, was ori the 9th Nov. when there was proposed for discussion a question which might be made a subject of serious consideration at the present time, viz. , - " what is the extent of the liberty of the press con sistent with public utility? If it should have limits, what are they' Isthe liberty of attacking private cbaracter in the newspapers of any utility to society ??J This was thesubject of conversation at the next meetmg. On the 14th E|ec. 1787, the society resolved to select questions for prize essays', and to offer as a premium to each successful competitor, a plate of gold of the value of ten guineas, with a suitable device and inscription. One question was immediately agreed on: "What is' the best system of taxation for constituting a revenue, in a commercial, agricultural and manufacturing country?" A second was proposed and at first approved, but the form in which it should be expressed became the sub ject of debate al several subsequent meetings; and was not finally determined until the 9th May, when it \Vas passed as follows; "How far may the interposition of government be advantageously directed to the regula tion of agriculture, manufactures and commerce?" Whilst the prize questions attracted the principal at tention of the society, other subjects were occasionally introduced. A conversation was held on the question, " whet^ier the study of the Latin and Greek languages is proper in the degree in which it is now pursued?" The minutes do not state who was the proposer, but he was probably Dr. Rush. The only essay noticed during this session, was one by Dr. Collin on " the Means of -promoting Industry." V A committee appointed to prepare an advertisement ifcnouncing the questions for premiums and tbe terms . or^ranpetition, reported the 9tli May,- arid the secretary was'l^ected to have their report insejted in two public newsptoers. in the "Magazine" and in the "Museum." The cteditions were to this effect. ' 1. The essays lo be written'^ English, French, or German. 2., To be transmitted otij^or before the 1st Jan. 1789, to the presi dent, with a seskd letter containing the author's name and residence— Ite essay and letter to be distinguished by a motto, &c. -3. All communications fropi candidates lo be referred lo a committee, who shall select those they, may deem the most proper to be laid before tbe ' society at large. 4. The society, at an appointed time, to adjudge the prergiums after determining by vote whether any of the essays then under consideration are deserving; 5. No member who may .be a competitor, or who shall not have previously considered the compa rative merits ofthe several essays, shall vote in awarding the premiums. 6. Letters accomjjanying rejected es says to be returned unopened. 7. Premiums to be oval plates of standard gold of ten guineas value, having on one side a device and motto, on the other an inscription of a suitable kind, with the date,_&c. The third session commenced in Oct. 1788,- but the' members were remiss in attendance, and seem to have lost much of their zeal, or to have had their attention drawn to other matters: this was evinced by a proposal tp make the meeting less frequent. Two essays, one in German, the other in English, by competitors for the premiums, were laid before the so ciety on the 13th Feb. 1789. The latter had been pub- , fished before the society's advertisement had issued, and for that cause its consideration was postponed. The former was referred to a committee forthe purpose of being translated, and upon ihe gentlemen appointed declining lo undertake the task, the secretary was au thorised to employ a translator. Dr. Gollin was re quested to revise the translation when completed, and a special meeting was ordered to "take place when the essay should' be ready for tbe consideration ofthe socie ty. Under date 9th May, we find the minute following: •' The translation of the German essays was produced, and the first read through. Mr. Weiss's bill was then taken under consideration; the charge declared exorbi tant; ahd the secretary desired to inform him, that the society look upon it as such, and cannot think of giving more than eight dollars. " "Adjourned to" Thus abruptly terminate the minutes. We haye no further account of -the fate of either the German or English essay. The society had been for some lime languishing, and expired in the burst of indignation against the exorbitance of Mr. Weiss, But though the circumstances -of the times caused the dissolution of tbe association, mapy of its members individually con tinued to prosecute inquiries in political economy^ and have, through the medium of the press, and in legisla tive debates, contributed to enlighten and to benefit their fellow citizens, whose welfare bad been Ihe ob ject of their union. Geobge W. Smith, WiiLiAM B. Davidson, March 18tb, 1829". . Committee. jieeting roB dividing the COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA. At a numerous and respectable meeting of the inha bitants of Germantown Township, convened by a pre vious public call, at the Inn of Daniel Hein, in German- town, on Thursday the llth inst., — Dr.. WILLIAM RUNKEL, Jun. was called to the Chair, and John F. Watson, appointed Secretary , The business of the meeting being stated from the Chair, a Preamble and Resolutions were moved, and af ter some discussion, adopted, to the following effect, to wit: - " Whereas, the present county of Philadelphia, con tains apopulation so extensive, that it renders the ad ministration of justice tedious and uncertain: the courts are so numerous, and hold such long terms; some of them in seasons of the year inconvenient for agricultural pursuits; the financial concerns require a rate of taxation higher than, any other county in the state,— -It is there fore confidentiy expected, that if the townships of Blockley, Bbxborough, Germantown, Bristol, Oxford, 1831.] WATER POWER.— FUEL SAVINGS SOCIETY. 127 Lower Dublin, Moreland, Byberry, and part of North ern Liberties, and Penn, were erected. into a county, the inconvenieri^ces now complained of, would be greatly lessened, and in a few years, jthe rate of taxatipn would be reduced. Whereupon, Resolved,that itis expedient to adopt measures to obtain this object— Resolved, That three delegates be appointed to confer with such other delegates as may be appointed in the other townships for this purpose — whereupon. Samuel Samuel Harvey. Joseph Uersheimer, Esq. and Dr. Wm. Runkel. Jun'. were nohiinated and appointed, with pow er to supply any vacancy in their number. Resolved, That a corresponding committee of five persons be appointed to correspond on thCiSubje-ct. with suitable persons in the other townships named, or other adjacent townships, either in personal interviews or by letters wltb-power to call' a township meeting when they may deem.it expedient; also to transmit the proceedings of this meeting to such persons in thd town ships named, as they may deem ^proper — whereupon, John F, Watson, Joseph Bockius, Edward Bonsall, Esqs, Joseph Dickinson and Israel Gilbert^ were nomi nated and appointed, s.- , Resolved, That a committee of twelve perspns be ap pointed to collect from the inhabitants ofthe township, such sums of money as they may be disposed to contri bute, to meet such expenses as may accrue, and deposit the same in the h^nds-bf John F. Watson, cashier of the Bank of Getjmantown, to be drawn for as a subsequent meeting may direct. ' Whereupon, Jedediah Strong.Esq.-^ Jacob S. Wurider, A. II. Amerman, Esq. John M. Bock ius, Jacob Clemens. Charles Bockius, Benjamin Sharp- nack, Jacob Hortter, sr. Col. Rourafort. Jacob F. Derr, Isaiah Bell and Jacob P, Jones, were appointed' to tbe said service. ": On motion it was Resolved,' That the proceedings of this meeting, sign ed by the officers, be published in the " German-town Telegrapti." and in such city papers as may be disposed to give them puSlicity. WILLIAM RUNKEL, Jr. Chair'n, John E. Watson, Secretary. [Germ. Tel, Add 10 per cent, for contingencies and super- intence. 2,040 93 WATEa POWER. A few days since. John Davies. Esq. at the instance of a number of gentlemen of Harrisburg. levelled the route ofa canal or race, for supplying the borough of Har risburg with water, and creating a water power. The route pursued.commenced at Brushy Kockiimmedialely below M'Allister's, thence along the shpie to the lock above Updegralf','!, thence along the law ground near the state canal, as far as the farm of John Fox, thence -towards the liver to tlie low ground, on the south side orthe ridge, extending through the lands of Messrs. Cox, Elder, M'Eee.and Hummel, to the farm of Messrs Orth and Reily. thence either crossing the turnpike, and continuing along the bank to the. upper end of Potis- town, and there again cross'mg'The turnpike till after passing the works of the Messrs. Wiestlings— there re- crossing the road and continuing rdong the river to Ma- claysburg or Maclay's rpck — or else.pi-eceeding through the land of Messrs. Orth and Reily direct to North or State street, Maolaysburg, and thence to the river. The following is the estimate of Mr. Davies. by whom a diagram will be prepared, in a few days, for the in spection of the citizens generally: 89,762 cubic yards of excavation (common) at 8 cents per yard, ^7,180 96 20,354 do, (rock and bard pan) at 20 cts. do. 4,070 80 33,226 do, towing path'and embankment at' 10 cents do. , , 13 Farm Bridges, at ^5 each, 1 Guai-d Lock, 1 Out-let Lock (wood). 7.626 perches of dry wall 40 at cents, ¥22,450 29 [Exclusive 1,600 perches of post and rail fence.-] The race intended by Mr. Davies, was lo be 17 feet wide at bottom, and the fall from M'Allister's lo^Harris- bui-g is 16 feet. Judge Geddes, the distinguished engineer, formerly of this neighbourhood, now residing in tbe state'of New York. has kindly examined the principal points of the projected canal.and has expressed a very favourable- opinion of it. He recommends a race of lar.i»-er dimen sions Ihan.the one above staled — viz , one of 25 feet wide at bottom, 40 at the surface, and 5 feet in depth, on ac count of its li-ability to freeze, arid a fall of 4 inches in the mile. A race of these dimensions, Mr. Gedde^ cal culates, would furnish 14.064 cubic, feet of water per minute, or 234 cubic feet per second; also, that agree ably to the table stated in Evans' Mill-wright Guide. 8 cubic feet and six-tenths per second, acting upon a pair of stones of 5 feet in diameter, making 97, revolutions per minute, with a fall of 14 feet and two-tenths, will grind five bushels of wheat per hour. 234,466 divided by 8.6,,giyes 27.48. Thtisa race ofthe latter capacity, with a head of 14 feet and two-tenths, will produce a power sufficient to turn about 27pair of stones, capable of grinding five bushels of wheat per hour. But if, with the aid ofa low dam on the falls at M'Alli>ter'sitlie head be increased to 15.47 feet, it will require scarce eight cubic feet of water per second to turn the same stones, and 234 cubic feet of water per second will then turn more lhan 30 pair of Stones, As the channel, outside of Brushy rock, is used only when the water is too low lo suff'er craft to pass the charinehne.-ct the shore, it is evident that a dam of two, three, or four feet high, will improve the iiiner.channeT, and thus benefit rather than injure Ihe descending navi gation. For the ascending navigation the canal has al most wholly superseded thp river, but a windlass placed at the head of the channel would enable boats to pass it. If our citizens should be generally favourable to this project, (and there should be but one opinion on the subject,) the passage of the necessary law can, in all probability, he procured; and if so, the rapid "advance ment of our borough, in wealth ahd popt-ilation, can be "confidently anticipated. — Harrisburg Chronicle, 3,332 60 975 00 600 Oo 1.200 00, 3'.050 00 «20,409 36 FUEL SAVINGS SOCIETY. , At a meeting of the.Board of Managers of the "Fuel Savings Society" held 8th mo, Stb, 1831. the follow ing preamble and resolution were adopted, viz. "Whereas, the time has arrived, wben in the opinion of this Board the article. of Anthracite- Coal ought to be introduced as a common Fuel amongst the poorer class es of our cittzeps; and, as it appears, there is at present nothing required to effect this desirable object, hut 'the invention of a cheap, simple and convenient moveable ap paratus, for burning coal, not only for the purpose of warming the apartment, but for doing the necessary cooking, &c, .for a family. , . Thel-eforej-Resolved, that a committee of three mem bers, be now appointed to inquire into the subject gen erally, and, should they deem it expedient to advertise for an apparatus, of the character above named, and that they submit the result of their inquiries to a future meetingof this Board." The undei-signed, a committee appointed in pursu ance of the above resolution, hereby invite the atten tion of Mechanics and others interested in the manu facture' of COAL STOVES, GRATES, &c. to this subject, and should any person now possess or within two months hereafter invent an article well adapted to the purposes above staled, and which can be delivered at a low price (say not exceeding six dollars 128 MISCELLANEOUS. [AnotrsT each) the managers would use their influence to intro- duee it into common use. ; ' Any communication on the subject, made to either of the undersigned, will be attended to. L. NICHOLSON, 12th, 2d door south of Chesnut street. THOMAS ROGERS, No. 411 Arch street. JOS, H. SCHKEINER, S. W. corner Bace and Second street. , 8th mo. 13th, 1831. IRON WORKS, he. "" Kurtz, il is stfpposed esl'ablished the first iron wcirks in 1726, within the present bounds of Lancaster counly. The Grubbs were distinguished for their in dustry and' enterprise: they commenced _operations in 1728. Henry William Steigel managed 'Elizabeth Works for many years when they were owned by Ben- ezet and Co. of Philadelphia. The Olds were also known as industrious, punctual, and prudent iron-mas ters; but Robert Coleman, Esq. becairie the most suc cessful proprietor; to untiring industry and judicious management he united the utriiost probity and regular ity in his dealings, and lo him this county is especially indebted for the celebrity it has acquired from the number and magnitude of its iron works and the excel lence of its manufacture. ' Henry William Steigel was the founder of Manheim; he erected glass works at a considerable expense, but being'of a speculative character he became involved, and his works passed into other hands. A curious house erected by him is still to be seen near Sheaffers- town, where it is pointed out to the notice of the pass ing stringer, as "Stiegel's Foliy.'^— -Lancaster Miscel. Died — On Monday tbe 1st ultimo, at Mr. Epimei-ts', bis son in law, near Hagerslown, Maryland, the aged and venerable Yost HebbAch, Esq. Mr. Hei^ach was attacked by the cholera, and only survived this rapidly mortal disease five days. He was born on the llth of October, old style, (22d October,) 1741; th&i-efore, he lived to tht advanced age of eighty- nine years, nine months, and nine days. _Mr. Herbach well remembered when the Indians, whose name as a nation has long since become extinct, had a lowri on the banks of Ihe Canoe run, near Ki-ulz Church, in Hellam "township, and that the borough of York had to be guarded by sentinels during the night, against their hostile incursions. With the plough a fur row was drawn around the town, serving as a demarka- tion. along which the the sentinels marched in the exe cution of their duty. PHILADELPHIA. It is computed that 25.000 [in 1820 there were H.832] ofthe inhabitants of the city of Philadelphia, obtain their livelihood in manufactories. There are Warping Mills, 104 Weaver^s 4.-5C0 Spoolers 4,000 Bobbin Weavers, 200 Dyers,.... 200 The wages of all these 's estimated to amount to $1,470,- 000. 44,000 lbs. of indigo are used per annum. The number of yards per year is estimated at 24,300, 000.-— 2.500 houses, some of the best kinds, are building here tbe present year.[?] — Paulson, S-WEET Potatoes. — -.We were last week presented with a mess of sweet potatoes, from the field of Mr. Benjamin Jones, near .the borough of West Chester, They were finely grown — mealy, and of excellent fla vour. The sweet potatoe with us,,is rarely, we believe, found in such perfection so early; and Mr. J,, we learn. was indebted for these and numerous' other early pro. ducts, to the care and skill of an industrious coloured man, who is his gardener.— JBecorrf, On Mondaylast (llth July), Mr. John Waldron, of Turbut township, Northumberland county, cradled 176 dozens and three sheaves of wheat, large bind, before" sun-set.— jiffi&re Advocate. Appointment by the Canal Commissioners. - Josiah White, of Mauch Chunk, to be Engineer on the Delaware division ofthe Pennsylvania Canalj^ for the purpose of making the repairs necessary to render said division navigable as early as possible. Pittsbubg, August 9. At twelvf o'clock yesterday, the river was nine feet above low water mark, and rising rapidly. Judging from the ^quantity of rain which has fallen during the last forty-eight hours, we expect that the river will be high er on the 10th ir,stant, than it has been during the pre sent year. — Gazette, We learn that the construction of the- Schuylkill rail road bridge, at or near Peters' Island, was allplted by the canal comriiissioners, on the 30th ultimo, to Sylvanus Lathrop, John B. Ives, and William O. Brown, for the gross sum of $89,000. The work will commence in a few days, and be prosecuted witb vigour until com pleted.— rPo»&o«. Guinea Hens. — While in Chester county, a fe'ti days since, we were informed' by the landlady of a house where we stopped, that a nest containing -one hundred and twenty-one eggs had recently been discovered in their tornfield, which were deposited by one of these fowls. A Rock -Fish was caught May 10th, 1831, near the Up- pfer Fe'rrv Bridge,' weighing 18J lbs. and was bought by Mr.Harding, keeper of the Upper Ferry Inn, while alive. THE REGISTER. AUGUST 20, 1831. We invite attention.to the article headed Revolution ary Address, vvhich we have extracted from a paper call ed "The Pennsylvania Chronicle." published in this city in 1768. We regard it as a nervously written and sen sible production, showing that the people were well acquainted with the foundations of their political rights. The" address goes upon the true ground, that as the colonies derived their charters from the monarchs, the acts of the colonial legislatures, having the royal con sent, were beyond the authority of parliament. The paper is further important, as furnishing same evidence of the feeling which ministerial manoeuvre, and parfia-, ment encroachment excited, at an early period, in Peni)- sylvania. Mr. James Spiceb, of this city, has invented a machine by which he proposes to convey the United States' mail wiih astonishing rapidity. The plan is simple — a cylin drical box, containing the mail, is to be placed in a pipe ten or twelve inches in diameter, laid under ground. At each section of the pipe — that is, at thenecessaiy stopping places of the mail — air pumps are to be adapt ed, acting as exhausters in thai part of the pipe anterior lo the box, and as forcing pumps posterior to it; by which means, the box will pass through the pipe >yith a velocity proportioned to the force employed. He invites tbe pbblic to examine a model, which he has now in operation, at his house, horth-easf corner of 1 welflh and Race streets. HAZARD^S REGISTER OF PEJ^NSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PBESEBVATION OB EVEBT KIND OF USEFOE INFOBMATION KESPECTING THE STATE. EDITED -BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL<: VIIT.-NO. 9. PHIL.ADEL.PH1A, AUGUST 27? 1831. NO. 191. INDIAN HISTORY. [[from the pemberton manuscripts, j TaktiD by Charles Thomsou, Secretary- for Teedyuscung, ' [Continued from page 116,] On Sattirday, April 2^h, 1758, Teedyuscung, with Tepiscahung, came to town, and his interpr/ster being sept for and come — on Tuesday, May 2d, he sent to let the Governor know be would be willing to speak with him. , Twelve o'clock was 'appointed. At'which time Teedyuscung, with Tepiscahung, and Is&ac Still, his Interpreter, and-Charles Thomson, went to the Govern or's. Where were met lo receive him — TbeGovernor; Robert Strettel, Joseph Turner, Richard -Peters, Thbmas Cadwalader, Lynford Lartiner, and Conrad Weiser, Esquires. Teedyuscung, addressing the Governor, told him that he had nothing new to say, that he came only to put the Governor in mind of some things that were to be done, and wbich had already been agreed upon. Ho then told bim that his business was about the set tlement at Wyoming. The Indians, he. said, expected it should be done; and if it was neglected, they would blame him (Teedyuscung), he therefore earnestly press ed the Governor, immediately to send up some person to finish the buildings; for as the summer was coming on, and fhe time of planting would soon be over, no time was to be lost. To this the Governor replied, that he would imme diately take into consideration what -Teedyuscung had said. But as there was an expedition going forward, and the General was in town, it would be necessary to consul't him upon it. Besides, it would be proper to lay the matter before the Assembly, who were now sitting; that this should be done instantly, and as soon as he was ready to- return an answer he would let Teedyuscung know. ¦ The Governor further informed Teedyuscung, Ihat.he was at New Castle; the last time Teedyuscung was in town; that there he heard of fresh- murders committed on our frontiers, particularly in Berks cpunty; he there fore desired to know, whether Teedyuscung could in form him what Indians they were that coriimitted those murders, or whether he had heard any thing of them. To whicb Teedyuscung ansvyered, that he knew no more who had comm'itted those murders than the Go, vernor — that he was very much surprized at their being done. That the Indians on Allegheny had sent him a Belt, to assure him that all the Indians, from Sun-rise lo Sun-set, were willing to be Friends, and jbin the Eng lish— -that he could not account for Uiis last mischief; but that he had sent his two sons to Allegheny, to in quire ihto the cause ofit, as he had more fullyinformed the Governor by a letter he bad sent him down from Bethlehem, whieh behoped the Governor had received. The Governor tolti, him he had received tbe^letter, and desired to know how soon he expected his sons would return: he said, bethought in less than fifty days. The Governor, turnirig to Conrad Weiser, asked him ifhe knew where the Indians, that did Jhe mischief, en tered tbe Province. Mr. Weiser replied, that they had. as he thought, come down the Juniata and crossed the Susquehannah. The Governor asked hira if he was Vol.. VIII. 17 ? sure of this. C. Wefser replied, that it wag certain they came over the Susquehannah. , The Go-vernor 'then asked Teedyriscun,?. how long lime it would take to finish the buildings at Wyoming. That. Teedyuscung .said, would depend upon the number of hands. Suppose, said the Governor, the same number as went before, vvhich was about 150. With tliat number; rephed 'Teedyuscung. every thing may be finished in about twenty days. Teedyuscung farther informed the Governor, that he - had one thing more to say: He had before requested to have two Ministers, two School-masters, and two Coun sellors, but had not yet received an answer. The Governor replied, that he should have his re- quesf; that it was provided for by^an act of Assembly, and that the man should be sent up when the place was ready. Wednesday. May 3d, 1758. Mr. Peters sent for Tee- dyuScung, desiring to bave some conversation with him before he went to the Governor's. At the riieeting were present — Richard Peters, William Logan, Conrad Weiser, Esq'rs; Teedyuscung, Tepiscahung; Isaac Still, Interpreter; Charles Thomson, William-Edmunds. Mr. Peters-- began the conversation, hy letting Tee dyuscung know he had been informed by William Ed munds, that he (Teedyuscung) wanted several things; he therefore desired to know frpm himself what they were. That the reason of his sending for him, afid ask ing, was in order to save tithe; for as soon as he knew what Teedyuscung wanted, he would acquaint the' Go-; vernor. anti then the Governoi^would be able to give a full ansiver at once.. Hereupon Teedyuscung replied, thafhe wanted some houses built. Being asked how many — he said, at first he thought of forty, but now would be content with ¦ twenty. Next he wanted some land ploughed and fenced in — a few cows — a saw-mill built — and some apple trees moved, (Mr. Spanenburg having promised him an bun- di-ed)— and- lastly, his horse changed, and a horse for , his wife. ' This, he said, was all be at present wanted. Being told, that if he had any thing further to ask, now was the time. He further said — he had lost two horses at Easton, at the last Treaty, which he was pro mised should be made good to him, but he'had not yet got tbem. These he .will now want to carry up h'* family to Wyoming. He should.likewise want a wagon, to carry his goods from Bethlehem to Fort Allen; and requested-for bimself, a rifle gun and some powder anti lead. ~ • . Mr. Peters then asked him, how the men would be protected, that went to Wyoming to do what he desired. To which Teedyuscung replied— -that he -would raise what men he could; and -while the white people were wor^ng, he would con6tantly.,keep scouts out to guard them. , How many men have you?^At Bethlehem I have about twenty, and I expect more "down. Teedyuscung then added: Brother — It is very likely I shall soon be down here again. The Cherokees, I understand, are coming tptown; and if, upon their com- 1 ing, it be found necessary for me'to be here, in order to 130 INDIAN HISTORY. [AtraiTs-r promote the good work, I shall come down, other^^^ise it may be a long time before I shall see my Brothers here again. ^ How do you.know the Cherokees are coming here? A young Cherokee last night came to town — the same who accompanied a man by whom 1 last fall sent a Belt to the Cherokees, with offers of friendship, and an invitation to come and meet me here.. This young man informs me, that the man who carried the Belt, with some Great Men are coming, that he left them at Win chester ten days ago. , Do you know, how the message -you sent was re ceived ?- The youhg man informs me, that tile Cherokees ac cepted the Belt,and were very glad; but the Flat Heads, or Catawbas, rejected it. How soon would you haye the men go up to Wyo ming to make the settlement? I would have tbem set out from hence four days after, I leave the town — so that they may be 4here in two weeks from this lime. One thing more I have to say. There is a -horse, which belonged to my son JaiMb. which Vernon has got-s— I want an order upon Vernon to deliver him up. On Friday, May 5lb, 1758 — The Governor sent to let Teedyuscung know he was ready to give him an an swer, and desired be would come to his'house. Tee dyuscung accordingly went; and being come,was shewn into a side room, where Conrad Weiser soon after came to him, and told the Governor was busy, and besitles waited for some of his Council before he could speak -to him; that, in the meanwhile, he was desired by bis hpn'opr to read to Teedyuscung a paragraph of a letter; which his honour had received from' Captain Wether- holts, who is stationed about Allahlingle; that it was only read fo^ Teedyuscung to consider and think of it. The p.urport of what he read was, that Captain Weth- erholts bad sent an escort, wilb some provisions, up^to Fort Allen, tbat as the escort returned, on Saturday last, two. of the men who were half a mile behind the rest, were fired at by some Indians; but neither killed nor wounded. Teedyuscung, pausing a little, said — be thought it a very unlikely story; fpr how could two men, so far froni the rest ofthe company, escape from a party of Indians that way-laid them, and intended them a mischief, at least without being wounded. - He, therefore, thought it a false report. - , Conrad 'Weiser said, for bis own part, he was quite of the same opinion; anil, lo speak plainly, he did not be lieve there was any truth, in it. Then turning to Wil liam Edmunds and Charles Thomson, be said the Go-. vernor desired this should riot go out of the room. Soon after, the Counsellors beirig come, Teedyuscung was invited to the Conference. At which were pre sent:The Honourable William Denny, Esquire; William Lo gan; Ilichard Peters, Lynford Lardner. John Mifflin, -1 Thomas Cadwalader, Esquires; Conrad Weiser, Wil liam Edmunds; Teedyuscung, Tepiscahung; IsaSc Still. Interpreter; Charles Thomson, Secretary. i The Governor told Teedyuscung, that he had agreed to what Teedyuscung aBked,and that every thing should be done agreeable to what was down in the paper; that John Htiglfef was already spoke to, and was wiUing to go to Wyoming to see the work done; and that as the rest, who were joined in commission with him, lived in the country, he would write to them.this afternoon; and that nothing should be wanting on his part. The Gtivernor told Teedyuscung,,lhat the young man wbo was put in prison, on suspicion of killirig Moses Tetamy's son, bad been tried, but sufficient proof not appearing against him, he was acquitted of the .'nurder; however, as il appeared he was a wickedjioy, he was still confined; and he now desired to know, what Tee dyuscung would have done with him? ' Tioedyuscung said, he did not well know what should be done with Vim— as it was not fully proved that he killed the boy, he would not by any means say he should die. For it might be he was innocent, and if he should desire him to be put to death, though innocent, he would have to answer for it. - • , j u The Governor said, as he was a naughty, wicked boy, he would order him lo be sent over Sea, quite away to some other country; if that would satisfy Teedyuscung and Moses Tetamy. " Teedyuscung replied, that would be quite satisfactp- , ry; arid. as it was not cleariy proved that be was guilty,. ' he thought it would be best only to send bim away out of tbe country. ^ . This being thus agreed upon— the Governor said, he expected Teedyuscung would send some of bis people to range on the frontiers, in order to keep off the ene my, and giVe intelligence. To whicb Teedyuscung replied, that he would do as, the Governor desired; and that he would keep scoqts out, so that the pepple might follow tbeir business and not bp molested. Being asked if he had any thing fartjier-to request of the Government, he said — I have nothing fsirlher to ask; but addressing the Governor, he said: Brother — I would not have you discouraged in this good work. Let us botb press on. For my own part, I will never let it drop— I will do my utmost endeavour so that one or two men shall not break us. 1 would not have you discouraged. I know there are many fly ing stories and bad news. I cannot answer for all the Indians — You know there are many Nations joined with the Frencb — There may also be some of my young men, some straggling few, wbo have bad hearts ; but don't let one or two break us. Now, if you desire, I will go myself, or send some sober Indian back,lo find wbo has done the mischief; and, if you please, you may send a white man along with him, who may see and judge for himself. The Governor said — he took it kind, that Teedyus cung proposed to go himself; and he might he assured. this Governriient wouli fulfil every engagement they had entered into, and Would do every thing in the way tbey thought would be most agreeable, and most to the satisfaction of the Indiaris. Teedyusciing, addressing the Governor, said: Brother— rl never begged a favour of you before; now I have one to ask, and beg you would grant it. I have seen a man, who is a strong active man — You want such men to go against the enemy^-This man's name is James Perry; I saw and spoke with him to-day. He promises to raise fifty men. I desire be maybe made a Captain. The Governor said — he was sorry Teedyuscung had not spoke sooner; that all the Captains were already chosen and commissioned; but if James Perry would raise fifty men, and bring them to the Governor, he should have a lieutenancy. LAUS.ANNE. The first sale of lots in the town of Lausanne, which took place on Saturday last (13th), we learn, was well attended — abpve twenty lots were sold, at an average of two hundred and twenty-five dollars; on the most of which, buildings will be immediately erected. Lausanne is situated on the west branch of the Le high, at the mouth of tbe NesquebOning creek, a short dlstanee above Mauph Chunk. The new rail-road to the Room Run mines, passes immediately in the rear of the town, and there are fine landings on the I/cbigb in its front. Taking these circumstances into considera tion, an4 the preparations which are making for a rail road from Lausanne to the Beaver Meadows, and ofa canal to the Susquehanna, we consider it as promising soon to become a flourishing town. — Easton Whig, 1831.] ctii^TURE OF SILK.— RE'V^OLUTIONAUY. 131 From the Village Record. CULTURE OF SILK. PHII,ADELPHIA,.Aag, 4, 1831, Chabi.Es Mineb, Esq. — Dear Sir: Having occasion to purchase Cocoons for the experiments which J have been induced to make during the course af the preseht summer, in or der to collect as many useful facts as possible on this interesting subject, I have observed with pleasure that a considerable part ofthe cocoons brought to merfbr sale, are raised by farmers in the county which you in habit; and reflecting on what migbt be the cause ofthe attention paid in that part ofthe state, tp this culture, I have presumed that it must be,' in a great degree, ow ing to your personal exertions — considering that you were the first, on the 29th of Decembei',.1825, to move the House of Representatives of the United States, to take this subject into considerat'ion. At any rate, know ing the interest that you take in it,- and in general, in every thing that may contribute.jto the welfare and im provement ofthe county ofbhester, already distinguish ed by the' public spirit of its citizens, evidenced in va rious ways that cannot escape the eye of the most su perficial observer, 1 take the liberty of addressing to you afew suggestions on the subject ofthe silk culture, which I hope will not be Useless loyour active and in dustrious people. If you should Jje, however, ofa dif ferent opinion. I hope you will excuse the liberty I take, in consideration of my motive. When I said that a considerable part of the cocoons brought to me for sale, were from Chester county, I did not mean So much to spea's of -the quantity, as-the number of farmers and farmers' wives and daughters by whom they are brought in small parcels, which shews that the public atleritibn in that district has been partic ularly directed, te the silk culture. I do iipt think that. Philadelphia county excepted, it is so much attended to in any other part ofthe state. This spirit, therefore, requires to be kept alive and encouraged as much as possible. The first observation I think it necessary fo make. is. that your farmers cannot expect to profit by the culti vation of silk, while they only raise cocoons in the small quantity of ten or twelve pounds. Tbey ought to be convinced that it is little more trouble to raise a larger lhan a smaller quintity. , Tbey ought to try at first twentyor thirty, theri fifty, thena hundred, and they may rise afterwards to three, four or five hundred pounds — nay, a thousand; which, at the: price of forty cents a pound, which is now given for the article, w'fll be a very great profit, for the labor of six 'weeks upon a farm in every year. Experience and practice will ' make the labor easy which at first may appear difficult. I do not mean tbey should begin at once to raise large quantities; they should proceed gradually, but increas ing every year the quantity that they make. At the same time, 1 would not prevent those who bave the means and are possessed of an enterprising spirit, from forming establishments for raising cocoons on a large scale. The first cost of the building would not have to be repeated every year, and would not be more ex pensive than, the erecting ofa moderate barn. ^ i would recommend al^o' the planting of white mul berry trees. The greatest part of the cocoons I have purchased from Chester county, were produced by worms fed on the leaves of the red mulberry of this country. I have not Completed my experiments to as certain the relative value of the two species of trees for the-purpose of raising silk worms. . Those I bave made havejiroduced different results. I have reeled co coons from Louisiana, produced by worms fed on the leaves of the wild mulberry. I found them very hard to reel, and the silk, when reeled, was bard to the touch. In other trials with Other parcels, from this and theneighboring states, I have found no sucb result. I im strongly inclined to believe in the cdrrectness ofan observation made by Mr. Tweed, of Northumberiand. that the leavesof the forest tree, either have too muclr gum, or do not afford sufficient nourishment to the in sect, and that from whatever cause, the wild mulberry impi'oves by being' transplanted and cultivated upon a farm. I would try this by all means, and also the graft ing or inoculating it with the white mulberry; and at any rate I would not wait for raising cocoons, until there be a sufficient quantity of the ,white mulberry trees in the pounlry; I wouM endeavor lo increase that quanlityj but in, the mean time I make use df our Amer> i6an native tree. I have given the silk from Louisiana cocoons which I mentioned above, .to'a skilful silk throwster, lately es tablished at Manayunk. to be wuund and twisted by machinery as is done in Europe; after which I mean to have it ungummed and dyed by a regular silk dyer; and then, if I can find a silk stockLing weaver, furnished with a suitable loom, which I ^m lold I can find in this city, I shall have the silk made into stockings— by which metins it? quality may be fairly judged of. If this hard sillc, as it now is, produces good soft stuff, tbe only objection that will remain will be that ofthe waste which such silk suffers in the reeling; for I must say thatT5lbs. of those cocoons only proiiuced one pound seven ounces of raw silk — while 12 lbs. of other cocoons, also from Louisiana, but the worms of which had been fed on the white mulberry leaves, gave two pounds. I should say^ however, that the first has been somewhat overbaked. and were two years old. It is not by one or two experiments' that the relative value ofthe silks of this country can be ascertained.—^ They must be repeated again and again, if we wish to come to certain results. The throwsting machine or mill that I have spoken of, was made in this city, and is the first, I believe, that has been seen in this state. II belongs to Mr. Joseph Rippa, ari enterprising manufacturer of the Northern Liberties, and is worked at Manayunk, by Mr. John Stratton an Englishman, who came over last year. I regret that this machine is not of sufficient^power to twistsewing silk; for I should. have liked toshevv to my fellow-citizens, tbe difference between that article reg' ularly manufactured, and that which is made in this country with the common spinning wheel. Thave sent some of tbe best of the latter lo an. eminent silk manu facturer at Paris; he admired. the material, but could not praise the work, except in considera!tion of the inadequate means employed in making it. Thus made it will never be mebchahtabie. , I would wish to inform the Chester county farmers, that they should not bring their cocoons tb market in bags; -because th^y get crushed and flattened, so that they can but with great difficulty be reeled. I would advise the bringing of them in boxes or barrels, or in casks. They need.notbe stripped oftheir flags. I am. very respectfully, dear Sir, Your most obedient bumble serv't, PETER S. DUPONCEAU. P.S, As those who bring cocoons for sale.'bring therii generally to my house or to my office, which is not convenient, it is well they shpuld know, that they will be received at the filature, No. 148 Pine street, or the compting house of Mr. G. Garesch^, No. 38 Chest-' nut st. between Front and Secopd streets. REVOLUTION ARY.-1768. [" The instructions to the Representatives of the City ahd County of Philadelphia,"- in our last, gave rise to the fallowing petitions:] To the King's Most ExeeUent Majesty. . The Petition of the RepreseMstives of the Freemen of tt)e Province of Pennsylvania, in General Assembly met— most hambly showeth. That your petitioners, with hearts deeply impressed 132 REVOLUTIONARY. [A.ve«»l! with the most perfect loyally and affection for your ma jesty's royal person and government, and gratefully sensible of your benevolent intentions to promote the eoristltutional liberty and happiness of all your faithful subjects, however remote, beg leave to supplicate your majesty to hear the complaints,' and redress the griev ances of your faithful subjects,' the good people of this province. - ' ' Our ancestors, near a century past, with a view of ^iijoyinglhat liberty, both civil and religious, of which they were in a great measure deprived in their, native land — to extend the empire of the British dominipns; lo inci-ease its commerce, and promote its wealth and power; before the accession of your majesty's illustri ous house to the British tbrone, — removed from their mother country to the province ofPennsylvania, then a wilderness. The disadvantages, dangers and distress, necessarily attendant upon this separation from their friends, relatives, and, the land oftheir nativity, we trust must appear to your majesty's wisdoiri too evident to need a repetition; and. yet with inexpressible labour, toil and ex)iense, and witbout the least assistance from the mother state, they and their descendants, by their jiruderice and strict economy, have peopled, planted. and improved that wilderness into an extensive and heretofore flourishing colony, and thereby greatly added to the commerce and wealth of the nation, and to the power and dignity of your majesty's empire: While thus contributirig to the welfare of the mother stale, and.,struggling with innumerable, difficulties to enlarge, its dominions. We most humbly conceive that your majesty's faithfulsubjects of this province, have by no actwhateversuri-endered'up or forfeited those constitu tional fights and liberties.which were inseparably annex ed to their persons, as natural born subjects of the Brit ish government; but on the contrary, that thosp rights were brougbt over"by our ancestors to this distant land, and are now vested in their desc,endanls,as an inheritance (lie most 'important and valuable, on the enjoyment whereof their future safely and bappiness essentially depend. Tbusipossessed of the rights of Englishmen, derived lo Ihem from the most excellent constitution, and under . a firm' persuasion that the enjoyment and full exercise thereof, would be continued down to your people of this colony, and their latest posterity, it' is with inexpressi ble concern and anxiety, that we flnd ourselves under the "necessity of representing to your majesty, that cer tain duties and taxes, for tiie sole purpose' of raising a revenue, have been imposed by Parliament on your ma jesty's American subjects, although they have no repre sentative pr voice in that most respectable and august 'body — that this taxation, we most hu'mbiy apprehend, 'is destructive of those rights, and that freedom, which they are by birth entitled to, as men arid Englishmen, who cannot be legally taxed, either by the principles of eqility or the constitution, but by themselves or their legal representatives; and' that should this law remain" iinrepealed. and the Commons of Great Britain exercise in future the power of granting the property of your majesty's American subjects without their consent, and without having any Constitutional opportunity of being informed of their true circumstances and abilities to bear such lajcations. u^ich their situation and distance from the mother state render impracticable, your faith ful people of those colonies will possess nothing wjiicb they can call their own — all, security of property will be lost. This right in the^jeople of this province, of being ex empted from any taxations, save those imposed by their own representatives, has been recognized by long es. tablished usage and custom, ever since the settlement thereof, without one precedent to the- contrary, until the passing of the late Stamp-act. Whenever your ma jesty. Of your ro)al predecessors, have had occasion for aids, to defend and secure the American colonies, requi sitions have been constantly made of the Assemblies uf this province, who ever, with the utmost cheerfulness and loyalty, have granted them; and often so liberally, , as to exceed the abilities and circumstances ofthe peo ple, yet labouring under a heavy load of pubhc debt from that cause. The'grantirig aids to the crown being the means of recommending themselves to your majes ty's paternal care and favour, it willbe with the utmost distress that your faithful subjects of this colony shall seethe Commons of Great Britain, without their con sent, disposing oftheir property; and Uiereby depriving them of a right, which in value and importance they esteem above all others. We most humbly beseech your majesty to be.assured, that the people of this colony are most zealously attach ed to your royal person ; and will ever be ready, on all future occasions, to demonstrate .their duty to your go vernment, and the flrmest resolufiori to assist, with the utmost of their abilities, in supporting your majesty's authority, and defending your dominions. But, most gracious sovereign, should the Commons of Great Brit-^ ain persist in depriving us of this most invaluable privi lege, it will be with tne deepest affliction, that the peo-- ple of these colonies must perceive so unfortunate a distinction established between, your majesty's loyal - British and American subjects — ^leaving the. onein the full possession and exercise of all thoSe rights, which are necessary lo the most perfect political liberty; and the other bereaved oif that, which alone constitutes the great security and foundation of all their other privile ges — a distinction whiph, we fear, cannot fail of creating a disunion in sentiments and affections, jealousies and discord between them, lo the great injury of tbe trade and commerce of the Nation, and prejudice of both countries. . - ^ Under the most grateful sense- of your majesty's pa ternal care and regard for your people, so often mani fested in the exercise of your royal authority, and fii-mly relying on your clemency and wisdom, we riiost humbly beseech your majesty.that you will be graciously pleased ' to take the premises into your royal consideration; and grant to the people of this province, under their .present unhappy circumstances, such rehef as to your majesty's wisdom' and goodness shall appear most proper, Signed by order ofthe House; , JOSEPH GALLOWAY, Speaker. Philadelphia, Sept. 22, 1768. To'the Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Tempo ral in Parliament assembled. The Petition ofthe Representatives of the Freemen of the Province of Pennsylvania, in Assembly met — humbly showeth, That your petitioners apprehend, whenever measures are pursued inconsistent with the principles of that free dom on which the British constitution is founded, it eannot be thought improper to make application for redress to your lordships, the hereditary guardians of British libeuty; and. therefore, they beg leave to repre sent to your lordships the following aggrievance, which greatly affects his majesty's most faithful American sub jects; and to implore your concurrence, with the other branche's of the British Legislature, in relieving them from their present distress. That the people of this province, gratefully sensible of your lordships' wisdom and justice, in tbe repeal of the late act of Parliament imposing Stamp Duties in America, were led to hope, that in all future time they should enjoy the right of granting aids to the crown by representatives, constitutionally chosen by them^lves — that greatly disappointed in this expectation, they fin.d another act passed in the seventh year of bis present majesty's reign, imposing new duties on the people of America, fpr the purpose of raising a revenue, equally subversive of this right, and tending to render their properly most precarious and insecure. "Vour petitioners humbly conceive, that it is essential 4831.] REVOLUTIONARY. 133 to the liberties of Englishmen, that no laws can be made to take away their property without their consent. Upon this equit.ible principle., the security of the sub jects estate,' whether in the mother country or the colonies, is most justly founded; nor can British free dom or public happiness without it any where exist. Hence the people df tbis province, by their representa tives in Asseiribly, have ever exerpised the power of disposing of their own property; and whenever requi sitions have been made by his majesty, or his royal pre- ¦ deoessors; for the defence of America, they have most cheerfully and liberally granted their fullproportion of aids for that important purpose. Th^s power being founded on the constitution of the government of the province; and having often received the sanction ofthe crown, and full approbation of the Britisb Parliament, your petitioners hope your lordships will not think any reasons sufficient to depHve his majesty's faithful sub jects in this colony of a privilege, so essential to their security-and hap"piness. They, uierefore, humbly pray your lordships, to takei the premises into your serious consideration; and that you will also be pleased to pur sue such measures as you shall, in your wisdom, think most proper to, relieve them, and the people they re present^ from the aggrievance complained of. ^igned by order ofthe House, JOSEPH GALLOWAY, Speaker. Philadelpbia, Sept. 22, 1768. Th the Honourable Knights, dozens, and Burgesses of Great Britain, in Parhament assembfed. The Petition of the Representatives of the Freemen of the Province of Pennsylvania^, in Assembly met — Humbly showeth. That your petitioners, take into their serious consid eration the act of Parliament imposing duties on his majesty's American subjects, for the purpose of raising a revenue, and conceiving that the said act is injurious tothe rights of their constituents, as well' as to the trade and commerce of the British dominions, beg leave; in the most respectful manner, to represent those ag- grievances to the Commons of Great Britain, who they trust ever will be the faithftJ guardians and supporters ofBritish liberty.. In the latter end of the last century, our ancestors, under the permission of the crown, removed from their mother country, and settled in this distant land, then a wilderness. The motives to an enterprise sp arduous, expensive and hazardous, were not only to enlarge the Britisb Empire and extend its commerce, but to enjoy that perfect security of liberty to which they were en titled as British subjects in their native land: And, not withstanding innumerable dangers and difficulties, they have peopled and improved the country into an exten sive colony, without the least expense to the mother state, whereby the British Empire has been consider. ably enlarged, its commerce extended, and its wealth anti power greatly increased. In this removal from their native Country, the effects whereof have so manifestly promoted the interest and dignity of the British government.your petitioners con ceive they brought over with them the natural and con stitutional rights of English subjects, which haye de scended to, and are now vested in, their posterity, who haye by no act whatever forfeited or surrendered them; one of which is, that no taxes for the purpose of reve nue can be legally imposed on them, but by represen tatives chosen by themselves — a right absolutely neces sary to the .security of their property and estates, and ' derived to,^ them under the ancient principles of the En glish government! and which has ever been esteemed the chief pillar and support of all their other privileges,' inasmuch as they apprehend they can with no propriety be said to enjoy more than the mere shadow of hberty, while others exercise a power, whenever they please, to take such parts and portions oftheir property from them as they think proper, without their consent. In confirmation of this right, a legislative authority, founded on this first and important principle of English liberty, so essential to the happiness ofthe subject, was early established in this province, under the approba tion of the crown. This legislature was vested 'with full power, not only to support the internal government ofthe province, but of giving and granting to their sov ereign the necessary aids, wbenever required, for the general security qf his majesty's dominions. To this legislature requisitions have been always for that pur pose since the eslablisbment of the present govern ment, particularly in the times of King William, (^ueen Anne, his late most excellent majesty, and our present mostgi;acious sovereign, and with the utmost cheerful ness and liberality compliecj with^ a part of which has been repeatedly reimbursed by the British parliament. Under this right, established on the principles of En glish liberty, on the settled form of their own govern ment, and the uriinterrupted usage and custom so often recognized and confirmed by the sovereigns of the mother state, and even by the parliariient itself, the good people of this province have settled, and esteem ed themselves happy in the enjoyment of that security of property, which they conceive to be most essential to freedom, and without which their other privileges can never belong supported or maintained, until the, late act of parliament, imposing a Stamp-Duty onthe colonies, which the late Honourable House of Com' mons. united with the other branches of the Britisi legislature, has been pleased to repeal. Tbat your petitionersj after thp repeal of that att, flattered themselves that his majesty's most faithful sib- . jects in this province, yet labouring under a heavy, lAad of debt, occasioned by their excess in granting of Aids to the crown in.the.Iast war,.would in future be Irft |i» the undisturbed possession of this most valuable anpim- portant right \i/hich 'their legislatures , have exerpised so perfectly, lo the satisfaction of the British govern ment, and- general benefit of his majesty's domiiions; it therefore gave them inexpressible concern to observe anotheract passed in a late session ofthe last parliament, imposing duties on his majesty's American subjeets, for tbe purpose of revenue, and reducing them to the same unhappy condition, frOm which, by the wisdom and jus tice of the British legislature, they had been so lately relieved; for we beg leave lo represent, that should the parliament of Great Britain continue to exercise a pow er Of imposing taxes on his majesty's subjects who, are not, nor can be, represented in your^ august House, their properly and estates must become extremely pre carious, as they can have no power.to judge of the pro priety of those taxes, no constitutional check on the liberality in granting them, no opportunity of pointing out the easiest mpde of imposing and levying them, or 'of explaining their grievances; -when they conceive theniselves injured or, oppressed, without which it ap- pears lo your petitioners impossible for the most wise and just legislature to impo^ taxes with propriety and equity, or witb safety to the people who arO to be affect ed by them. Your petitioners, confiding4n the justice of your; Honourable House, and your attachment to the princi ples of liberty, intreat that you would be pleased to takethe rights of his majesty's faithful American siib- jecSts, together with the said act of parliament, under your consideration, and grant them, so far as is in your power, relief from an aggrievance frofn which tbe peo ple of Great Britain are exempted— a continuation wbereofj' we fear, will create a distinction that must naturally occasion a disaniou of interest, sentiments and affections between them, which, in its consequences, may be attended with great inconveniencefs and mis chiefs to the trade and commerce of his majesty's Brit ish, as well as American dominions. Signed by order brthe House, JOSEPH G.\LLOWAY, Speaker, Philad. Sfept. 22, 176?. 134 REVOLUTIONARY. LAITOCST ' Letterfrom the Committee of Correspondence io the i Ageikts in London, Philadelphia,, Sept. 22, 1768. Gentlemen, In our letter of the 20,th of February last, we C(}mmunicated the directions of the House, that you would unite with the agents of the other colonies in such measures asmight be pursued with respect to the obtain'ming a repeal oftheiictof parliament imposing duties on glass, paper, &c. in America. "The Assembly, in their present sitting; resuming the consideration of that act, and continuing of opinion. that it is extremely inconsistent with the rights of the freemen ofthe province, have thought it a necessary duty to petition the , different branches of the British legislature for redress. Those petitions afe herewith transmitted, which you are desired to lay before his' majesty and the two Houses of Parliament, .to whom they are respectively directed. "You will perceive, on perusing the petitions, offered to induce a repeal, are very much confined to the right of the colony in being exempted from parliamentary taxation; little is said on the inexpediency of the reg ulation adopted by the act, lest seeming to rely on the ' latter should weaken the, arjguments in support of the former. Hovirever, the House think it necessary to ob- - serve, that, were they convinced the pariiament had a constitutional' right to tax the subjects, which Ihey nev er can have, in America^ yet they conceive the act un- 4er consideration is liable to several material objections, founded on the welfare of the mother country, as well as the colonies. , A little attention to the natural effects of the act must show its bad poKcy. The colonies' are prohibited, by , divers acts of parliament, frpm importing commodities of the growth and manufacture of Europe, save' from Great Britain, a few articles, excepted. .They have hitherto, in a great nrieasure contented themselves with supplying their wants from theii^ mother country, to the great advantage of her commerce. But should^the act ¦ be continued, and with it the heavy duties pn the com modities therein enumerated, it wjll naturally' induce the Americans, either from the principles of necessity, interest or conveniency, to set up manufactories of those articles, and desist from any, further, importation from Britain. Hence a Virtual, if not an actual, repeal of the statute will follow; and instead of leaving the Colonies to their natural and proper business, the improvement and cultivation oftheir lands, and of course increasing the, demand. for British corifimpdities among them, it win operate as a bounty to raise and manufacture them here, to the great loss of the Britisb merchant and man ufacturer. ' Another objection to this statute, which is equally ap plicable to several others, laying duties on commodities . for the regulation of trade, is, that they are all to be paid in silver. This restriction, in the payment to one species of currency, hasl^lready laid the importers un- ^ der, the greatest difficulties. The balance of trade, in favour of Britain, has already drained the colonies of that article.insomuch that the merchants can now scarce ly-collect sufl[icient to pay the duties; and in a short time it will be impossible to pay them at all, as the colonies have no trade Vvhich can supply them with the materials appointed in the act forthe payment. A stop to the importation of iho^e enumeiated commodities must from .thence follow; as np person will choose to give orders for effects, which he will not be permilted to land with out paying duties for tbem in silver, when it is out of 'his power to procure it. A third objection arises from the appropriation of the monies to be levied by the act. They are to be applied to the payment of the necessary charges of the adminis tration of justice, and to the support ofthe civil govern- mant, in sach colonies where it shall be judged neces sary. Tbis regulation, the House apprehends, may be attended with the most danj^erous consequences.— Should the proprietaries of this province, continue to hold the nomination and appointment of the governor, and his salary to be paid by the ]fco.ple, without their consent, be certainly fixed, he will be rendered alto gether independent of them; and thereby that check on his conduct; whicb is necessary to the support and pre- servatiori oftheir rights, be entirely lost. The establishmentpf salaries, in thp same manner, on the judges holding their commissions during the plea- ' sure of the proprietaries, who are the universal land lords, and must of course have controversies in the Courts of Justice with,the people, will be attended with mischiefs little, if any, inferior. In England, and' by a late abt in Ireland, the judges bave independent livings; • but the tenure of their commissions is during ,good be- - haviour, and they hold estates for life in their offices. Thus they are freed from the influence and controul of power; and under them the people have a rational sure ty of impartial and upright decisions, in all cases where either liberty or property is concerned. But should the judges of this province,already dependant onthe will and " pleasufis of the executive part of governmerit for their commissions, he rendered altogether independent on the Legislature for their salaries; whenevej: either weak or bad men maybe in office,, or the' proprietaries or their governors, shall think proper to interfere in judi cial determinations, the liberties and properties of the people must be in the most imminent danger, if not to tally destroyed. ,. - But the act provides, that the monies shall be apphed to the purposes before mentioned;insuch colonies where it maybe judged riecessary. Should it be thought un necessary to apply any part of it to the use of this pro vince, it must appear, on the least reflection, extremely unjust that the duties levied on the people hererwith- out their consent, should be appropriated to the uses of . the other colonies, without our deriving'the least bene fit from the application. Should any surplus hap'peri after these purposes are answered, the residue of the riionies is to be expended in the general defence ofthe coloriies. But the House cannot conceive that the Parliament can bave a right lo lax so large a body of the king's subjects without their consent; and had they that authority, they apprehend the people of this province have ever heretofore render ed the exercise of it over them unnecessary, by the liberality of their grants to the crown, whenever re quired. Foriiier Assemblies having received repeated proofs, of your warm and steady regard for tbe just rights and privileges of this, and the other American colonies, the House entertain the fullest confidence that you will pay all diie attention to the important matters now commit ted to your care, by exerting your utmost'influence and abilities to obtain a repeal of the before mentioned act which they conceive lo be equally prejudicial to the true interest of Great Britain and her colonies. They also reqiiest that you will not be unmindfiil of the several matters, heretofore recommended to your particular attention, with respect to the trade Of the colonies to Spain. Portugal, the West Indies, &c.; and that you will omit no favourable opportunity of obtain ing relief from tbe many injudicious restrictions, which have been laid on our paper currency, the exportation of iron, and the other branches of our commerce, to the manifest prejudice of both, countries — for the particu lars whereof, .^ we refer you to our former instruc tions. > Signed by order ofthe House, Joseph Gaimvat, Speaker^- Jahes Pembebton, William Rodkait, Isaac Piirson, Joseph Fox, Joseph RicaAHDsoN, TnOMAS LivBaii." 18SL] RAIL ROAD from: PITTSBUBG TO OHIO CANAL. 135 Fr*m tbe Pittsburg; Gazette. RAIL ROAD FROM PITTSBURG TO OHIO CANAL. The following is the statement of the estimated length of the proposed Railroad from Pittsburgh to the Ohio Canal, ils probable cost, and the amount of freight and travel upon it, whichjvas submitted to the meeting on the 19th and 20th instant, and referred to in our last paper : f^e estimated length of the ro^d from this city, pass- ing|^irough Beaver, Pa. to the mouth of the Little Bea ver nver, up that river tb New Lisbon, thence, passing through Can.ton, to the town, of Massillon, on the Ohio Canal; including the necessary windings for a railway, is 125 miles. . Probable cost of the road, $18,000 per mile: for the construction of the proposed improve ment, a capital of $2,250,000 woiild therefore be requi red. The following estimate of freight and travel is consid ered, by gentlemen of experience and observation, to be at least 25 per cent, below the amount which may be reasonably expectetl to pass on the road, if con structed. It should be observed tbat no estimate is here riiade of the two^important articles j>f gypsum and, lumber. Respecting ihe first of these articles,'it may be observed, that during the last year there were sold in tbe town bf Massillon over 200 tons; six years ^ince. there were not Storis used orsoldin the vicinity of that place. From the universally acknowledged utility of this article IQ farniers. it is pot unreasonable to suppose that it will become an important article of trade, should tbis read be completed. The amount that would prob ably be sold in this city vi^ould not -^fall far short of 100 tons per, month, and the consumption would, increase as our farmers became accustomed to its use. ' Large quantities of pine boards, shingles, &c. are at present taken- from this place to" Zanesville, O, , and by waggons to that section of the state of Ohio thro' which 'the road would pass. These articles would of course also pass on the railway. It is difficult to ascer tain their amount,-but tbey would undoubtedly be im portant items of transportation. The trade between this" place and Zanesville is also not taken into^account in the following calculation. — The bulk of it, however, would unquestionably take the route of tbe railroad and canal, in preference to the present tedious and dangerous route ofthe rivers. It will be perceived that, it is estimated that all the produce which is now transported via Lake Erie and . the New York canal to the city of New York, would take the railroad, and go by our own canal and railroad over the mountains to Philadelphia. _ 'This calculation will appear well founded, when it is considered that by the proposed route produce would be in our eastern markets from four to six weeks earlier in the spring, the most important season of the year for the sale of pro duce — that the dangerous and-oft times uncertain pavi- , igation ofthe lake would be avoided,; Ihat the price of transportation would be less, and, in relation to the ar ticle of grain, that it could come to this city and be floured, at as small an expense as at Rochester, and at a season of tbe year when it would not be so apt to sour. It should be recollected that grain from Ohio cannot at present jeach Rochester until, under the most favoura ble circumstances, the 15th May. The data that follow have been drawn up witb much care, and, where possible, with reference to official docu ments. - Estimate of Freight and Travel on the proposed Rail- ^ road. Merchandise that would pass from Pittsbur^,permonth, at an average of the whole line of the road, say 1,000 ~ tons— per annum 12,000 tons, (of 2,000 lbs. to a ton,) at $4 per ton, is Whole quantity bf \vheat, flour and pork, arrived at Cleveland, O. up to July 1, since the, opening of ' the Ohio canal, say, grain, bushels 90,510 Lei;s, probable amount shipped to Canada, and which could not be diverted, J part, 22,622 $48,000 '. ., bushels 67,888 At sixty-two pojinds per bushel, equals in weight lbs. 5^209,056 Flour bbla, 37,236 Less i, probably sent to Canada 9,309 bbls. 27,927 At 214 lbs. per barrel, is 5,976,378 4,072 bbls. pork,.at 300 lbs. ea. 1,221,600 lbs. 9,407,034 But as this amount was received just after the ports had been open ed, and of course included the winter's collection, we estimate it . as one third of the whole amount received during the year, there fore add twice this amount to esti- , mate the receipts of the entire year, 18,814,068 lbs. 28,221,102 Other articles received at Cleve land in the month of June, via. canal : 444 bbls. Flaxseed, lbs. 88.800 419 do. Whiskey ' 125,700 324 casks Linseed Oil 97,290" 23 tons (2000 lbs. each Pot and Pearl Ashes 46,000 Butler 7,117 Cheese ,3,175 lbs. 367,992 which may be fairly estimated as a monthly average: tbe bulk of all these articles going forward in the fall, is, per annum ' 4,415.904 lbs, 32,637,006 At $4 per ton of 2000 lbs. is , 65,274 The amount of produce that would probably be brought to this city from the following counties in Ohio, viz: Columbiana, Stark, Tuscarawas, Harrison, Trumbull, and Port age, and from Beaver county. Pa. cannot be correctly estimated for want pf data, but may be safely calculated to be lODP tons per month, which, travelling only a portion of the road, is estimated at an average of $2 50 cents per ton, will be, per annum 30,000 In all these calculations, the transportation of the articles offish and salt is entirely^exclu- ded,but would probably exceed,per annum 12,000 155,274 To which add .10 per cent, as the increase of trade by the time the road would be com pleted 15,S27 170,801 Travel. Say 100 each way per diem, (a calcnlation . mtich below probability,) making ^08, at an , average of $3 each, 219,000 . $589,801 , 136 PITTSBURG IN 1759. LAOflDST ' Which will be at the rate of about 17J per "cent, per annum on. the estimated cost of .$2,250,000. Extract ofa letter to a gentleman of this city, dated "Massillon, July i2, 1831. ' "It is confidentiy anticipated that 100.000 bushels of wheat will be shipped from Ihis port during the pre sent year. The number of boats on the canal at this,time is 47, and we have, an average of 40 arrivals from each direction a week, all loaded; and a scarcity of boats for the business that is to.be done." From ibfi Philadelphia Daily Chronicle. ROCK BLASTING. Ihave observed in the newspapers an account ofthe death of a workman dreadfully lacerated and bruised by tbe blasting of a rock. This arid many other like bccurrences'will, I presume, create sufficient interest in the .following comriiunica- • tion, to justify its appearance in a newspaper. I have ascertained that the process for blasting rock may be rendered safer than the firing of a fowling piece, by a new application of galvanism. I was led to make this improvement in consequence of an application by a patentee (Mr .Moses Shaw,) for assistance in perfecting his patented mode of blasting rqcks by an electrical dis charge from a Leyden Jar, In a letter dated June 1st, 1831, he says, "Ihave - been engaged in blastingrocks by means of a fulniinating powder, introduced into several cavities, and ignited in all of them simultaneously, by a spark from an electri cal machine, by which means masses of a much larger '- size, and -of a much more suitable shape, for any object in vieVir, may be procured, than by the old- plan-. I have, however, to lament my inability to succeed in this me thod of blasting during a great part of the year, when, in consequence ofthe unfavourable state ofthe weather, the ignition cannot be effected by electricity in any mode which I have devised) or which has been suggest ed by others, although I have consulted all the best in formed professors to whom 1 have had'access.'' It occurred to me as soon as this statement -was made- by Mr. Shaw, that the ignititm of gun powder, for the. purposes he bad in view, might be effected by a galva nic discharge from a d'eflagrator, or calbrimotor, in a mode which I have -long used in my eudiometrical ex periments to ignite explosive gazeous mixtures. This process is free from the uncertainty whieh is always more or less attendant upon the employment of mechanical electricity for similar purposes. The expectation thus arising has since been fully ve rified. I have ignited as many as twelve charged of gunpowder at the distance of one hundred and thirty ' feet from the galvanic machine employed. This dis tance is much greater than is necessary to the safety of the operator, as the deflagrator may be shielded so as not to' be inj'iired by the explosion, and by means of le vers and pulleys, it may be made-to act at any distance - whicb may be preferable. There is no limit to the num^ ber of charges which may be thus ignited, excepting those assigned, by economy, lo the size of the appara tus employed. These remarks have reference to the principal and highly important object of Mr. Shaw's project; which, is, to ignite at once a great number of charges' in as many perforations so drilled in a rock as to co-operate simultaneously In the same plan. By these means it is conceived that the stone may be separated into large prismatic or tabular masses, instead of being reduced to irregular fragments of an inferior size. The object to whicb I propose now to call attention more particularly is a modification of the common process of blasting by one charge, which renders that process perfectly safe. ' Tbis part of the subject I shall introduce by premis ing that almost all tbe accidents, whitih have taken place in blasting rocks, have occurred in one of the three fol lowing modes.: ,- ^ 1st. The explosion has taken place preinaturely, be fore the operator has had time to retire. 2nd. A premature explosion has ensued from a spark produced by the collision arising from ramming into the orifice of the perforation, containing the powder, the brick dust or sand employed to close it, 3d'. The fire not reaching the charge after' the expi ration of a period unusually long, and the operator re turning to ascertain the cause of the supposed failure, an explosion ensues when be is so near as to suffer by it, as in the instance near Norristown, lately published. The means of communicating ignition, to which I have resorted, are as follows: — - Three iron wires, of wbich one is of the smallest size used for wire gauze, the others of the size (No. 24) used by bottlers are firmly twisted together. This is best accomplished by attaching them to the centre of tbe mandril ofa lathe, which is made to. revolve while tbe other ends of the wires are held by a vice, so as to keep them in a proper state of tension. After being thus twisted a small portion is untwisted, so as to get at, and divide the larger wires by meansof a pair of nip pers. In this way the smaller wire is rendered the sole mean of metallic connexion between tiie larger ones^ These are tied in a saw kerf, or made in a small piece of dog wood, to secure tbem from working; which if permitted, vvould cause the smaller wife to break apart. At one end, the twist formed of the wires is soldered to the bottom of a tin tube of a size to fill the perforation in the rock to such a height as may be deeriied' proper. . This tube being supplied with gunpowder, the orifice is closed with a cork, perforated so that- tbe twisted wire may pass out through it without touching the tube; at any point above that where the finer portion alpne intervenes. To the outside of the lube a copper wire about No. 16 is soldered, long enough to extend to a stout copper wire proceeding from one of the poles of agalvanic deflagrator or calorimotor, the wire passing through the cork, from the side of the tube, is in like manner made to communicate with the other pole. The connexions between the wires, and the' poles, shouMbe made by means of soft solder, previously to which" we must imagine that the lube has been introduced into a ¦ perforation made for ita reception in a rock to be blast ed. The tin tube may be secured within the rock by the usual method of ramming in brick dust or sand, by means ofa punch, having holes for the protection ofthe wires of communication already described. The apparatus being thus prepared, by a galvanic discharge; produced by the movementof alever tbrough a quarter part of a circle, the finer wire is ignited, in the place where it intervenes solely in the circuit, so ai to set fire to the surrounding gunpowder. As the enclosure of the gunpowder in the tube must render it impossible that il should be affected by a spark elicited by ramming, as no means of ignition can have access to the charge besides the galvanic discharge ; arid as tbis can only occur by design, without an inten tion to commit murder or suicide, or unpardonable ne glect, it is_ inconceivable that an explosion can take place in this method of blasting, when any person is so situated as to suffer by it. It must be obvious that in all cases of blasting under water, the plan of the tin tube, and ignition by a galva nic circuit, must be very eligible. Mr. Shaw is now in Philadelphia, and I hope he may meet vVith the patronage which bis project merits. ROBERT HARE. PITTSBURG IN 1759. An acquaintance recentiy lent us some fragments of the Amerman Magazine, printed at Woodbridge, New" Jersey, in December, 1759, and in looking over it our attention was arrested by a letter dated Pittsburg, Sep- 1831.] JUDGE HOPKINSON'S ADDRESS. 137 tember 24tb, 1759, which we annex. — How short sight ^ ed is man! Scarcely sixteen years elapsed from Ihe writing of this letter, before this "formidable fortifica tion" and the country around it passed from the British empire, and became a constituent, part of a great and independent republic. Scarcely seventy-two years have yet elapsed, and now this "lasting' monument" of the skill ofthe engineer and Ihe spirit of the troops has al ready become one of those things that have been. The spirit of improvement and the enterprise of odr citizens have almost entirely defaced every trace of this "formi dable fortification." One redoubt alpne, of all the re^ suits of the labours and genius of Britons, now remains. and it is a cii-cumstance, perhaps, not uriworthy of no- tice^ that this only remnant of a British engineer's works of defenpe against French hostility, is riow the peaceful dumicil of ah industrious and meritorious Frenchman — an, indefatigable and accurate surveyor and civil engi neer. — Gazette. Extract ofa letterfrom Pittsburg, September 24, " It is now near a rinonth since the army has been .em ployed in erecting a most formidable ftirtification; sHcb a one as will to latest posterity secure the British em pire on the Ohio, ' There is no need lo enumerate t^e abilities of the chief engineer nor the spirit shown by the troops, in executing this important task, the fort will soon be a lasting monument of both. Upon the general's arrival, about 400 Indians, of different nations, came to confirm Ihe peace with the English, particular ly the Tawas and Wyapdotts, who inhabit about Fort D'Etrelt; these confessed the" errors they had been led into fay the perfidy of the French; showed the deepest contrition for their past conduct; and promised not only to reniiairi fast'fi-iends to the English, blit to assist us in distressing the common enemy, whenever we ^should , <;all on them to dOit. And all the nations which have been at variance witb the English, said they would deliver up what prisoner.? they had in their hands to the gene ral, at the grand meeting that is to be held in about three weeks. As soon as the congress was ended, the head of each nation presented the calumet of peace to the general, and showed every other token of sincerity that could be expected which the surrender of the pri- soners will confirm. In this as in every thing that can secure the lasting peace and happiness of tbese <;olo- nies, the general is indefatigable." ANNUAL ORATION SELIVEBED BEEOBE THE ZELOSOPHIC SOCIETY,- or THE ONIVEBSITT OF PENNSYLVANIA, In the College HaU—July 29ih, 183 1. By Hon. Joseph HoptiNsoN, L.Jj. D. [Publishea at the special request of the Society.] Gentlemen or the Zelosophic Societt: The association of which you are members cannot be cherished wilb too much affection and zeal. Its use fulness is not only at once apparent, but is also of a very high order. While, in your hours of severer study you gather the learning of ages, the wisdom of experience, and the bright emanations of genius, in tbe performance of the duties of your society, you bring these treasures into practical u(se — you train the pewersbf your mind to adroitness in intellectual exercises, and give life and force to the acquirements of your more solitary labours. Tbe arm may be strong, and the sword well tempered- and sharp, but they will be of little value to their own er, unless directed by practice and skill. The scholar may possess rich stores of knowledge, but they will be as useless to himself and the world, as the hoards of a miser, if he have not the further knowledge to bring them into currency in the business of life — to apply them Vol. ym. 18 to the great concerns that engage the attention of men, ' and govern the fortiines of nationsand individuals. The generous but exciting emulation, which stimulates your exertions in your discussions and debates — your eager desire .of victory in every trial of intellectual strength and dexterity, will prepare you forthe sterner strife you will hereafter encounter in the world — will give you habits of self-command arid prudent restraint — will teach ,you lessons of coolness and moderation', whicb "will give you the full command of all your powers and resources, and preserve you from the dangers of intemperate pas sions and resoprces. An inferior adversary, who has a constant controul over his temper, and holds the entire.^ direction of his faculties, will overthrow or elude the utmost efforts of misguided temerity or unguarded vio lence. , ) Consider, then, the exercises of yonr "society, as hav ing a more imp.ortaiitoharacter. a much higher aim than mere amusement, or the gratification ofa boyish vanity. Cultivate them with -assiduity arid seriousness, as re hearsals of the parts you are to act in the great drama of life— ^as preparations- for the duties and difficulties you must hereafter encounter. If while the young are employed iri the essential and interesting business of education, they would keep in mjnd the purposes to which their acquirements are to- be applied, they would bfe solemnly and proudly im pressed with their importance; ari^d never consider them as labiirious impositions on their patience, or intrusive consumers ofthe season of youth-^ Look. I beseech you, upon. the monuments of industry, enterprise, genius, science and skill, which surround you — see the vast re public of which you are members,, ponder on its power, its glories, and ils fame; still marching onward with a. rapid but firm step, and diffusing prosperity and happi ness wherever its exhilirating and benign influenceia felt. This is the. work of your fathers, who have covered -a wilderness with blooming, fruitful fields, and happy smi ling feces. But the hands which ach'ieved this glorious work have perished, or are daily perishing, and this beaut'iful land, with all its bright inheritances, will fall into barrenness and decay, if the hands ofthe young do not succeed to the labours of the old. BeholcL the rich and gay cities,^,that spread their splendid edifices and crowded busy streets along your coasts, holding hourly communion, and profitable traffic, witb the most distant regions of the earth. Turn then to the seminaries of learning, the schools ofthe arts, every where established and flourishing, exalting the character of American ge. nius, and conquering the reluctant respect of the old world. Above all — give a deep- attention to your po litical Jnstitutions; to the beautiful, just and rational scheirie of c'ivil and religious freedom, which your fore fathers won with suffering, and toil,^and blood ; which they constructed by their wisdom, and deserved by their virlue. Look with an earnest and true reverence to these things, and remember — to yoti they will be en-, trusted; tbey are the inheritance prepared fpr you-^by you they are to be preserved or lost — in your hands they will live, flourish, and increase, or perish forever. Do not your bosoms glow -and swell, with conscious impor tance, at this anticipation of what will surely come, and quickly too' It is to render you worthy of this high^ destiny — itis to enable you to discharge these transcend- - ant duties — it is that you may transmit to your posterity improved, or at least unimpaired, these inestimable gifts, this fair and barnionious fabric of human happiness — that your wise -and anxious parents offer you the trea sures of education; that your faithful tutors labour to enlighten and instruct you, in all that may fit you for tbe ' dignified stations you are to occupy. When I have seen , even an infant schopl bursting from its confinement, and joyously pouring into the street, it has occurred to tne, that all the power and knowledge, the ambition, the grandeur ahd business of the world will soon depend upon '" such as these"— upon these laughing, noisy, un conscious urchins, who npw" think nothing valuable or 138 JUDGE HOPKINSON'S ADDRESS. [Aoerw important but their daily sports, nothing grievous but their books and tasks. The defects of an American education, have long been an untiring theme of reproach upon our countiy, with our European eneniies, who, fearing the influence of our free institutions, and envying the condition oi this happy people, endeayour thps to mortify and degrade us, to console themselves, and weaken the influence of our example. The reproach is as unjust as it is illiberal. It may be granted to our accusers, that we are not able to contend with them in the fields of accurate and ex tensive learning; of profound and abstruse spience. Our education has riot, gerierally,, been of a character to make scholars of the first grade; But it by no means follows, that the education of this country has not been just what it ought'to be; not that it furnishes a proper subject for derision or reproach. There is no fixed and absolute standard pr measure of instruction applicable to all periods and circumstances Of a people's existence. Education must necessarily have a relatiijp with the state of society, and the wants and conditions of the commu nity, for which it is intended as a prepafatipri; That which would be a proper and perfect education in one - country, for a people in pne situation, would b^ abso? lutely useless, and in truth, no education at all, in an other country, or for a people in a condition totally dif ferent. To educafe a young man, is to form his mind, and manners, and to give him such knowledge and at tainments, as will qualify him for the part be is after wards to take in life. That, therefore, is clearly the best educaiion, which most perfectly accomplishes this object. The standafd is one thing for uncivilized man. and another for his highest state of refinement, gradual ly changing in the progress from one to the other; that being always the best, which is best adapted to his con dition and wants. The education of a safage should make him fearless in war^ardent^nd skilful in the chase, capable of enduring hunger a^d' fsjtigue, an exposure to the seasons, and physical privations and suff'erings of every description. A Porso)7, or a Parr, would be as helpless as infants in such'a state of society — they would be scorned for their incapacity; they would be justly considered as men destitute of educatien, and starve from sheer ignorance. To course the buffalo and deer through the thick forests and boundless prairies ; to strilte Ihem with an unerring shaft ; to track the, lurk ing enemy, and surprise him with the yell of deaths to • guard with unsleeping vigilahce againk the dangers which surround him,>^by night and by day; and to pro- ' vide, from hour to hour, for the .necessities of nature, are the objects of the education of a savage, because they are the business of his life; and td excel in them, is the evidence of the highest improvement he should aim at, or can achieve. The injustice and absurdity of contemning the "poor Indian," because of bis igno rance of the arts, refineirients and sciences, is obvious and unquestionable — would to heaven Ibis were the on- ' ly injustice,we have lo answer for to this feeble, sinking, ruined race! Their scattered remnants, their wasted forms, their extinguished energies, their broken hearts, tell a tale of nrisery. whicb surpasses the- fictions of ro mance. When hnd where will their injuries and their sorrows end? -Only in the abyss of exterminatipn! Unjust too are the arrogant and bitter sarcasms with whiqh the people of these United States have been as sailed bylhe travellers, politicians, book-makers, and journalists, of Great Britain. They.assume their stand ard of excellence to be infallible and uniyersal. and con- deriin. withput measure or mercy, every deviation frpm it. The routine of their schools, is the only means by which education can be obtained — the lessons there taught, the pvoticiency there made, are the indispensa- ,ble requisites ofan educated man. Had these critics and censors any disposition to be kind or just to us, it would have occurred to them that the wants ofa new country. just emerging from its primeval state, called for a course of exertion and instruction widely different from those which are suitable forthe inhabitants of the old world. Here the active industry, and productive labour, of eve- ry individual was put )n requisition, and his scholastic studies terminated; of necessity, at an atce, when, in Europe, education was so far from being finished, that it was scarcely begun. As soon as a young man had obtained a very general and imperfect acquaintance with the learning of the schools', he was called into active life-^he was compelled to seek the means of living, and to contribute his industry and talents to the general stock of improvement. He was withdrawn from his college to be seated at the desk of a. counting house; to pore over ponderous volume^ of law or physic; or lo be ''engaged in agricultural or mechanical, employ ments. Such were bis occupations, at a period-of life, when fur England he would have been toiling at the forms of a grammar school. The consequence is obvious.. Our yomh wpuld'far surpass those of Eiirope. in the preco city ,and variety of their attainment — in the versatility and promptness of their faculties — in the command of their resources; and the facility of applying their povv- ers, physical and intellectual, to any subject. On the other Band, they would be deficient in the .refinements of/ learning, in the extent and exactness of their know- ledge-^n the habits of a fixed and systematic course of study— in.lbe more abstruse branches of science; and, generally, iri any eminent success or distinction in such pursuits. But, who can infer from this, that the Ameri-- can mind is inferior to that of Europe — that American genius cannot soar as high, and delve as deep as the proudest asserters of European superiority? That our education has been well adapted tb the emergencies of our country, and fully isqual to tbem, is placed beyond the reach of cavil or doubt,, by our splendid and unex- amjsled success in establishing, extending, maintaining, and improving, this great empire. Has it been by an inferior race, of men; by dullness and incapacity; byin- adequate means, natui-al or acquired, that these United Stisttes have grown, in half a century, to a strength and impoVtance,,'W^ich place tbem in the. first rank of the ntftions ofthe earth? Has it been by imbecility and ig' norance, that our agriculture, our commerce, our manu factures, our polittcal power and influence, stand in a confident competition with the best efforts of the old world? When and where have the American intellect and energy come into comparison orcoUision with those of Europe, that they have not sustained themselves with equality, at least? In tbe sagacity and exercise of com merce — in the bblRness, science and skillof navigation — in quickness 'of invention, and capacity to improve— ^in every department of industry and art-^where isthe peo- ¦ pie who will now presume to claim a precedence? We can advance and support still higher pretensions to re spect and eminence. You will not fail to make your selves acquainted with the histpry of your country — most especially from the period ofjls independence. You will often pause with swelling pride and'pleasure, over the pages which record the just and noble senti ments—the manly and unflinching representations of oppressions — the enduring and heroic fortitude — the unanswerable arguments — the extensive knowledge,and the inspiring eloquence, with which your ancestors as serted their rights, and your rights, against the.subtlety of corrupt politicians, and menaces of power. They dissipated the sballow sophisms of oppression, and de fied its terrors. You will ask, indignantly, is it possible that sucb men havebeen branded as a degenerate race; feeble in body, more feeble in mind; without courage, incapable of any elevation of.soul or sentiment, ancl dopmed f o creep humbly at the feet of the man of Eu rope? You will pursue this inquiry with increasing amazement and sensibility, as you pass down the event ful story of your country's difficulties, struggles and tri umphs. You will find her just emerging from the ex hausting losses and sufferings bf her ,revolution5 just coming, into shape, order and consistence; with her political institutions hardly formed, and wholly untried, 1^31.] JUDGE HOPKINSON'S ADDRESS. 13d encountering the ponvulsive fiiry of the French revolu tion, which overthrew or' shook to their foundation the oldest and firmest governments of Eul-ope. We were called upon, suddehly, to defend our rights as an inde pendent people — to understand with precision their limits — to support them with dignity and courage, but with infinite disci-etion and sagacity. You will carefully peruse the volumes of diplomatic correspondence and controversy, which passed between your government and tlvose of the two great contending- powers. Eng land and France ; and you will be lost in admiration of the accurate and ex.terisive knowledge of your minis ters, at home anvl abroad, ofthe most complicated ques tions of international law; at their consummate prudence and unyielding firmness, in conducting their argument; and at tbe clear and final victory obtained by them on every point jn dispute.. By their wisdom and firmness, we were kept out of the awful vortex, which swallowetl fcingdorts and people with an insatiable appetite. Iri this long and hazardous crisis, througb which we were preserved by the steadiness and talents of our .states men, you see them engaged in a conflict of hearts and heads, in a trial of intelleilual resources, in the pn-actical use of knowledgeand skill, wiih adversaries of ^tinguished celebrity find power; and the issue of this intellectual warfare, added fre^h and unfading laurels to the brow of our republic. In wfiat then, you will ask, shall we find the admitted. diff'efepce between the Ameriean^and European educa tion' It is in wliat we call scholarship — in the.excessive refinements of critical learning — in the more profound researches of. the abstruse sciences— in an exceeding iccurate knowledge of things, some of which are rather [jurious than useful; ornamental indeed, to the finish of a cultivated intellect, but notindispensable to its power. But these aciiuireriienis, honourable indexed, are not the evidence of any, superiority of mind or genius, or of, more energy of character.or temperament, biit are at tained by a long, patient, arid exclusive devotion lo cer tain subjects. 'I'here e;£rs!s iri Europe a.distinct class of learned men. who are separated -from ^e ordinary occupations pf life, who have, no employment, but daily ind nightly, through a long course of years, to bestow all their force and .attention, each to. his pai-ticular pur suit; and the result of such concentrated efforts, must be. an, exactness and extent of information, not to be acquired w-here alriiost every individual must occupy himself primarily to obtain the means of living, and can ^iye only a few hours, stolen from this iinf^erious de mand, lo books and study. In acountry, where topro- vide for the wants ofa family is the first object of atten tion and duty, and to indulge in the luxuries of learning a secondary consideration. When we see the American scholarjabou-rlng under such disadvantages, we should rather be surprised that he had done so niucb, than re proach him for "his deficiencies. Nothing but a true and ardent thirst for knowledge, with an industry that ne ver tires.could carry him to the attainments he actually reaches. But vi/hile I would defend those who have gohe be fore you, from unmerited eensure. yon must not believe that.,I haye any disposition tp undervalue the character ofa schoUr. or justify .any neglect on your part to ob tain his highest honours,. The apology for past defects exists no longer, and goes no further than the causes which have produced them. They have diminished. and are daily climinishing. We cannot much longer claim the privileges of a new country. You are not pressed by the same /necessities, which .prematurely drew your ancestors from the schools of Jeafning and the groves of philosophy; andif you fail to illustrate the fame of your country, by the achievements of erudition arid genius, you will want a justification for the delin quency.. From you much wijl be required by your country! your family, and your friends. They have done much for y»u, and have a right to demand at your hands a just retribution. You are to be the guardians of the honour, the happiness, and the reputation, of this great and prosperous people — you are like true knight^, "without fear and without reproach," to maintain ibeir claim to excellence in every thing that dignifies, im- pi-oves and adorns the condition and h at u re of nian. As you surpass the people of pthtr Countries in the security of your rights — in the freedom and liberality of your political and religious institutions-.in the full enjoyment of rational liberty, and the unconstrained exercise of your talents and industry.- so you must not be behind any, in the elevation and purity of your moral character and conduct — in the lofty and luminous attainments of genius— in'the profound and invigorating reseSrches of- science, and, the most recondite recesses, of learning. Your fathers have, in a few years, overthrown a thousand prejudices, and lived down a tlipusand calumnies against their country — it is for you to advance fur.ther in this strife of patriotism and honour, and to tear laurels froni heads, that "are now carried with supercilious scorn of your capacity and pretensions. Already lias Europe been enlightened by'the em.wations of American ge nius — Amej-'rcan books are sought and read--Americari knowledge received and Tespected. Our journals of literature and science, furnish copious extracts for re- pubhcation-^sometimes ac'kppwledged, and sometimes plundered by the meart hand of a pilferer, who steals the treasure and defames his victim. You wiJlavenge these wrongsjay your glory — you will silence calumny by your virtue, and prejuditie by your' triumphs. Historians^ philosophers, oratorsj poets, are budding forth from, the soil of freedom, who will eniblazon the fame of their country, and raise it above ihe gaze of envy and the voice of slander. But to accomplish this, great desigri, to fulfil this splendid destiny, strenuous and un',vear;ed efforts are required. $uch a race is not to be won by conceit or indolence. ^Nothing great can be achieved without la- .• hour and perseverance. The idle, who cannot be roused lo exertion: the inconstant, who cannot continue it4 the votary of pleasure, wh'b avoids and shrinks from it-, will forever fail -in this noble career. Let me warn you of another dangerthat has often deluded the youth of lively parts, and brought many to disappointment and ruin who might have beep crowned with honor and success. I allude'to such as rely upon what ihey suppose to-be genius; and believe it.will be all sufficient to accomplish their wishes, and bring them to eminence without the pains arid privations of study; without the constraints of systematic instruction, and the slow progress of regular improvement. This is a fatal error-— the sallies of lively- fancy, Ihe exuberances ofan active and a fertile imagi nation are mistaken for effective powers, universal in their application, capable of cpnqueruig every thing by their own/orce, and of carrying their possessor to the goal of his ambition, without extraneous aids. How niany have awakened from such flattering visions too late to" avoid their consequences, to regain the only .path that can lead them to success. It is, on the other, hand, certainly true^^that a high- and respectable stand ing in, any profession. , may be attained, without extraor dinary and brilliant faculties, by a clear and sound minjl, capable of continued application, and willing to submit- to a regular and judicious discipline of study. Exam ples are numerous of aspirants of such intellecls, and habits far outstripping what are called geniuses,-at the end of ihe course, however, in the begirining. appear ances may have favoured the mpre.volatile spirit. Parents and Guardians of our youth allow me to ad dress a few words of ,admonition to you. Remember that you have entrusted to your care the crown jew/sls of your country; that you are held in a solemn (July to that country, as well as to your children, to neglect nothing that education can give, to prepare them for the field 'of action in wbich they are hereafter to appear, iri parts of usefulness and boribur, or insignificance and con tempt, as you shalldeal with them.. . Rememb^er it is for you to prepare them to be virtuous and efficient mem- 140 TAXING THE NAVY YARD. [A.vavwr bersof a great commonwealth.wbo will require all their, faculties in her service, and will reward them with all her honors. The trust is beti-ayed — irretrievably, betrayed, when education is narrowed or withheld on the false and flimsy pretext that Ihey are intended for a sphere in life in which a complete education will be useless or unnecessary. Forget not that the youth of Ariierica are not doomed by any circumstances of birth or fortunei to walk through life in a circumscribed, obscure and in glorious-path. Every avenue "lo honour and wealth lies at his feet, and invites his step. Every excitement that can stimulate a noble and .aspiring heart urges him to advance." He is bounddown to no fixed occupation or pursuit. He may change the object_as bis pleasure. his inlerest or his ambition may prompt. I may repeat what I have earnestly ^aid. on another occasion, "he may begin life in a counting house,' and end it on the bench of justice — in his youth he may be engaged in soipe mechanic art, and' at a rinatuif e age, Und himself leading the councils of his country, or teaching the sub lime truths of relig'ton from the altars of his God." - The father pf Daniel Webster was the cultivator ofa few acres in a remote and obscure corner of the Union. He supported himself and his family by his personal la bor; literally by the sweat of his brow. To a selfish and short-siglTted view, his son was destined for nP higher employment; and had his father re^bned as selfishand short-sighted parents do, he would have thought it to be time and money thrown away, to have giyen his son an education beyorid' the wants of his situation, and would have hurried him from his grammar and arithme tic, that he might havc^the benefit of his labor in the corn field. But he neither, reasoned nor acted thus. He was worthy to be the father pf such a son. . He af- forded bim the" best and _fpllest instruction. What a harvest did this wise and excellent parent reap. When his son rose to the high eminence he occupies, with what, a conscious arid noble pride, with a heart over flowing with rapture, he could say-^Jhis is the fruit of the labor of my hands; this'is the reward of my affection and care. The boy of ihe woods is the mari Of the nation; giving honour lo his country, and receiv ing it from her, bis fame and her fame spread together to every part of the civilized world. 'Who would de prive a son of the chance of such distinction, for a year more or less at'coU.ege? Who would deprive himself of the possibility of such a gratification for a sordid calcula tion ofthe time and expense of such an education. To recur again to the address from which 1 have al ready quoted-^— "the American parent does ari injustice to his child which he can never repair, for which no in heritance can compensate, who refuses to give him * full education, because he is not intended for a learned profession — whatever he may intend he cailnotknow to what his son may come; ajid, if there should be no change in this respect, will a liberal education be lost upon him because be is not a lawyer, a doctor or a di vine? Nothing can be more untrue or pernicious than this opinion. It is impossible to imagine a citizen of this commanwealth to be in any situation in which the discipline and acquirements of a collegiate education, however various and extended, willnot have their value. They will give him consideration and usefulness, which will be seen and felt in his daily intercourse of business or pleasure; Ihey will give him weight and worth as a member of society; and be a never failing source of honourable, virtuous and lasting enjoyments under all circumstances, and-in every station of life. They will preserve him from the delusion of dangerous errors.and the seductions of degrading and destructive vices. The gambling table will not be resorted to," to hasten the slow arid listiess step oflime, when the library offers a surer and morii attractive resource. The bottle will nofbe applied to, to stir the languid spirit to action and delight, when the magic ofthe poet is at hand to rouse the ima gination, and pour its fascinating wonders on thfe soul. Such gifts, such acquirements, will make their possess or a true friend, a more cherished companion, a more interesting, beloved and loving husband, a more' valu able and respected parent. Gentlemen,;— My design in this address "has been with the earnestness ofa friend, and in the most familiar tone of counsel, to point out to you the true objects of yoUr ambition; to remind you of the high duties and re sponsibilities imposed upon you, and to stimulate yoa by the most urgent and honorable inducements to the performance of those duties, to the full accomplishment of your high destinies, and the gratification ofthe hopes your country and friends entertain of your future emi nence and usefulness. TAXING THE NAVY YARD. The dispute which has lon^ existed in relation to the non-payment of taxes by the Navy Yard, having created dissatisfaoiion. a resolution was passed l>y the corpora tion of Southwark. requiring the opinion ofthe solicitor on the subject, and pn the reading of the same, it was on motion, unanimously ordered to be publishedi. T. D. GROVER, President. OPINION. 2 o-lhe Honourable Board of Comn^issioneri of the District of Southwark. GiBNTLEMEN— In Compliance with a resolution com municated to me of your honourable body.- '? requesting the opinion of the Solicitor respecting the cession of Ihejurisdiclion of the Navy Yard to the United States, so far as the same respects the exoneration from the payment of taxes." having considered ofthe subject, I respectfully Subtriit the result bf my investigation. The -question would seem naturally to branch itself into a two-fold division; first, whether the legislature of Pennsylvania possessed a' constitutional right to make the cession under contemplation; secondly, admitting tbe constitutionality, of the cession,' whether by its scope and tenor the right to taxation of the Navy Yard was extinguished. The movers of the resolution, how ever, having conceded, and very judiciously, the con stitutionality of the legislative cesVion, I shall confine ftiyself exclusively to tbe secpnd prpposition — ^the im port of the cession — ;Do, then, the terms of it exonerate the Navy Yard from taxation? AVbat is the language of the legislature^ That " all the jurisdiction, right; title, property and interest of this Commonwealth, over, in and to the territory now iri the possession of the United States and occupied as a Navy Yard, &c. is 'hereby ceded and conveyed, to gether with all the buildings, &c. to the government of the United States:" reserving a right to re-assume juris diction over the same when it shall have ceased to be occupied foir the purpose of a Navy Yard,' with a pro- visovfor the execution of all civil and criminal process therein', to preveni its becoming a sanctuary for offend ers arid a refuge for fugitives. . '¦ In my opinioa then, when the legislature thus sur rendered ."all the jurisdiction, right, titie, property and interest of the Commonwealth," it also included ipso facto, "all the jurisdiction, right, title, property and interest of this Corporafion." The Constitution of the United States, (Sect. VIH. Art. 1.) declares that Congress shall have power " to exercise exclusive legis lation oyer all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock Yards, and other needful buildings;" therefore agreeably to, this clause of the Constitution, not only by this express legislative surrender of the territory,, but even from tbe time of the assent of the state to its purchase by the national government, the Navy Yard in the district of Southwark became to all intents and purposes as much tbe independent territory of the United States (with the exception ofthe reservations befiire mentioned) as the Arkansas, Michigan, the District of Columbia, or any other territory possessed by them: it was » complete 831.] GRANT'S DEFEAT.— LAW CASE. 141 lUSter of all state jurisdiction, a "perfect, absolute and :ntire ademption of all state sovereignty over the place. 3y the cession, therefore, ofthe legislature of "all jti- isdiction," and the assumption of the federal |fovern- nent of " exclusive legislation," the right to taxat,ion ioth by the Stale and by this Corporation, a creatur^ bf ts sovereign — the state, is, I think, undoubtedly com- irehended, and intended to be embraced; taxation, luestionless, beinga portion of jurisdiction and'a brancb }f legislation, and undeniably included in the words 'all jurisdiction," "exclusive legislation." - The absolute and entire divestiture of all state control ippears to me, from the unambiguous language, of the Coristilution, so demonstrative and self-evident a posi tion as needs no support of the corroboratory citation of lutiiorities. - , 1 .might multiply them with facility, but shall content myself with a brief quotation from the opinion of Judge Story, in the case of the United States v. Cornell — 2 Mason's Rep. 63. The constitutional learning of a Judge who so brilliantly ornaments the illustrious bench of whicb he is a shining and conspicuous member, it were superfluous to eulogize. " whenever," says Judge Story, "a purchase is made of land for forts, magazines^ &'c.. by the natipnEfl govern ment, arid the state legislature has given its consent to tbe purchase, the land so "purchased by the .very terms of the constitution, ipso facto' fails within tbe exclusive legislation of congress, and the state" jurisdictioii is com pletely ousted. This is the necessary result, for exclu sive jurisdiction is the Stlendant upon exclusive.legis^ lation:"and the consent of the state legislature is by the very terms of the constitution by which all states are bound and to which all are parties, a virtual surrender and cession of its sovereignty over the place. Nor is there any thing novel in this construction. It is under the Ulte terms inlhe same clause ofthe constitution that exclusive jurisdiction is now exercised by congress in the District of Columbia. The state therefore being divested df all jurisdiction, and the United States possessing ' 'exclus'rve legislation" over the Navy Yard, L am of opinion, that no act of le gislation can be exercised over itby this stale, nor con sequently by this corportion, which is subordinate to and a creature of the state and bound, by al^ its'Consti-' tutional acts: the conclusion then is syllogistic, tbis cor poration can exercise ho act of legislation over the Navy Yard, as tbe United States possess the "exclusive legis lation;" taxation is an act of legislation, therefore they can exercise nO right of taxation over it. I am, gentlemen, most respectfully your obedient servant, PARSEY OAKFORD. stone house, which was put out as soon as they left it. At break of day. Major Lewis was sent with 200 men, , (royal Americans and Virginians,) to lie in ambush a mile^nd a half frorii the main body, on the path on which they left their baggage, imagining the French would send to attack the baggage guard and seize it. Four hundred men were posted alOng the hill facing -the Fort, to cover the retreat of Capt. M'Donald's corn- pany, who marched with drums beating towards the Fort, in order to draw a party out of the Fort,- as Major Grant had, some reason to believe there were not above ,200 men in the Fort, including, Indians; but as soon as they heard the drums,.they sallied out in^great num bers, both French and Indians, and fell upon Captain M'Donald, and tvvo columns tbat were posted lower on the hill to receive them. The Highlanders exposed themselves without any cover, and were shot down in great numbers, arid soon forced to retreat. The Caro- hnians, Marylanders, and Lower Countrymen, conpeal- ing'themselves behind trees and the brush, made a good defence; but were ove;-powered by numbers, and hot ' being supported, were obliged to follow the rest. Major Grant exposed himself in the thickest ofthe fire, and endeavoured to rally his men, but all to no-pur pose, as Ihey were by this time flanked on all sides. MajorT.ewis and his party came up and engaged, but were soon obliged to give way, the enemy-haying the hill of him, and flanking hini every yray. A number were droy.e into- the Ohio, most of whom were drowned. Major Grant retreated to the baggage,, where Captain Bullet was posted with fifty men, and, again endeavor ed to rally the- flying soldiers, by entreating them in the most pathetic manner to stand by him, but all in vain, as the enemy were close at their heels. As soon lis the enemy came up to Captain Bullet, he attacked ihem very furioiisly for some lime, but not being sup- -ported, and most of his meb killed, was obliged to give way. However, his attacking them, stopped the pur suit, so a& to give many an opportunity of escaping. "The enemy followed Maj. Grant, and at last separated them, and Capt. Bullet was obbged to make, off. He ima gines the Major must be taken, as he was surrounded on all sidep. but the enemy would not kill him, and often called to him to surrender. The French gave quarters to all that would accept it. GRANT'S DEFEAT. The following account of this unfortunate affair, is more particular tban any account we have! seen — it is extracted from the Pennsylvania Gazette, Oct. 12,1758. Annapolis, Oct. Sih." '9?e are informed by a letter from Frederick county. that on Monday the .llth of Septeriiber. Maj. Grant of the Highland regiment, marched from our camp on the waters of the Kickiminita's.' with 37 vofficers. and 805 privates, taken from the different regiments that com pose the 'Western Asfny, on an expedition against Fort Duquesne. The third day after their march, they arrived within 11 miles of Fort Duquesne, and halted till 3 o'clock in tbe afterrtoon; then marched within 2 miles of Fort Du quesne, and left their baggage there, guarded by a Cap tain, 2 subalterns, and flfty men. and marched witb the rest of the troops, and arrived at 11 o'clock at night upon a hill, a quarter of a mile from the Fort. Major Grant sent 2 officers and 50 men to the Fort, to attack all the Indians, &c. they should find lying out-of the Fort; they saw none, nor were they challenged by tbe centries. _ As tbey returned, they iset fire to a large ing fumeva. LAW CASE. Qui Tam Action.— The Mayor. Alderman and Citi zens of Philadelphia, vs, John Barnes, George Rose man, Edw. Jphnsun. . . : Defendants were charged with occupying stalls or stand in the Jersey (High street) Market, as regular butchers, under tbe pretence of being farmers, -which stalls or stands are set -apart by the ordinances of the city expressly for the use of farmers. . Penalty five dollars. The prosecution was conducted by Davi4 Paul Brown, S. Brashears, and A. T. Smith, Esqrs. C. J. Ingersoll. Esq. for defendants. The case came up 'before the Mayor on Monday last, and as it excited considerable interest, the offi6e was crowded with spectators,, generally, of course, butchers and shinners; The butchers being unable to obtain the protection from, councils, which they have asked for, seem resolved to keep a sharp eye on all shinners, and,. whenever practicable, arraign them for a violation of the existing ordinances. A number of Witnesses Were examined, of whose tes timony we'took copious notes. It was proved tbat the prisoners constantiy attend market, and clemean themr selves in all respects as regular, butchers — that they occupy stalls in the Jersey" market appropriated by law lo farmers— that tbey purchase cattle on this side of the river as well as on the other — that they reside in or near the city of Camden — that they kill in Camden, and bring their meat to market; under the pretence of be lt was also asserted by some of the wit- 142 THE ALCHEMIST. (,AUQU^a^ nesses, that neither of the prisoners at this lime own or occupy farms, sufficient for the purpose of raising cattle. . * The examination of witnesses 'on the part ofthe pro. secution was closed, but the counsel for the defendants not being prepared for defence, the trial was postponed till some time in September. Mr. Ingersoll gave notice that his defence would rest princiipally on the ground of the defendants possessing land and being farmers. — Sat. Eve. Post. For the Register of Pennsylvania. THE ALCHEMIST. No. XXVI. ON AMERICAN CRITICIS!^. Now I have spent /^y choler, spilt my gall, And feel more placid, I shall noti'ght recall, "Write, rave, falaspfaeine,* 1 do despise ye all. Atkerlcari Sards. A Satire. I coNPESS lam disgusted with the ferocious and ma lignant style in which much of the criticism of the day deals with those unfortunate individuals who attempt to ' amuse the public with their efforts at poetry. In hand ling the works of those wbose reputation is already es tablished, we observe something like attention to the rules of ancient criticisiri and mPdern politeness; but when the reviewer gets hold ofan obscure writer or one whom hechooses to consider as a dunce, those princi ples of conduct by which we are taught as a duty to avoid unnecessarily \younding the feelings of our neigh bour, seem to be entirely di^inissed from the mind, and the unfortunate' author is handed over to bull dogs to be bailed, with as little remorse, as if, instead pf beinga harmless proser, he were a high offender against the peace and welfare of the community. He seems to be, habitually and as a thing of course, regarded as a cri minal. '.'Judex damnatur (:um nocens absolvilur,'' is a mrilto which hasnot adorned the front of a celebrated journal without a xleat applicatiori ,and a steady, un sparing enforcement. The unlucky wretch who is guilty of dullness, or, what is the same thing, who be longs lo a different political party, or has,giveri private offence to one of the leading reviewers, is not eve.n held entitled to ttie refinements' of modern penal jurispru dence. Unhke the murderer, the offending scribbler, thus tried and condemned without a jury of his peers, is Subjected not only to execution but to the torture; the utmost ingenuity of authorship being tasked to in flict the rack more severely, and to awaken the feelings* ofthe lacerated sufferer -to the utmost pitch of torment. 'Of this it would not be difficult to cite abundant in stances. I shall not, however, occupy time with quoting what is so very familiar. It is still harder, that the un fortunate writerhas to submit not only lo the -stings of wit and genius, but to theteoarse and blundering assaults of rival dulnesss. It is some satisfaction to have it said, "JEnxx. magni dextra cadis." The pangs oT the wound are greatly softened by tbe fine edge and delicate pol ish of the weapon; and even the sufferer, if nature and education have endowed him with taste, can occasion ally derive some pleasure from the grace and dexterity with which it has been wielded. Of this he is deprived when thi attack is made by an inferior hand and whh an imperfect instrument. Thus the rusty, jagged and shapeless blade of the Malay kreese, roughly ham mered out- of soft iron, inflicts an incomparably more painful ahd rankling wound than the finest scimitar "of Damascus. A tolerable -example of the temper with which one unsuccessful writer occasionally views his fel lows; may be found in the verses I have appropriated as a motto. They are selected from a recent produc tion which has lately fallen under my eye, not certainly- from their intrinsic poetical beauty, or their grammati-, cal correctness, but from their affording a fair specimen of the virulent style, and sufficient to exemplify what' I have in view. What can there be in the transitory poetry ofthe day to justify the expression of such emo tions? Is it possible that the mere fact of having written a riuriiber of .poeticjil pieces, of "various merits and de merits, the majority certainly not inferior to those of.the author who expresses himself in this vehement manner, can ever justify professions of hatred and contempt, and the use of reproachful and insulting language, such as by unanimous consent is fotbidden in society? "We have beard Ofa politician, who, in the heat ofan angry debate, was unceremoniously addressed with~the significant vvords, "You lie." Our citizen was not de ficient in that virtue, so necessary to a statesman, self- command. "Stop there!" hesaid, "Let usirgiie that! If yoii will Only listen to- me, I will undertake to con vince you that I did' not lie!"' In imitation of this rea>- sonable disputant. I will endeavour to point out some of the arguments which might be used by an unlucky dunce alleged tolje taken in the act of violating the good taste of the community by the perpetration of per fectly detestable verses, in order to protect himself' againfef the severity of criticism and disai-m the anger of the outraged public. He should, move court in mitiga tion of sentence; and then represent that in reality the injury to the commonwealth, was not by any means so great as has-been represented. The writing of bad poetry " breaks no man 's leg, nor picks his pocket." His wares are put in the market precisely as is done with any others, and there exists no more reason why a man should be punished for offering bad poetry for sale than for keeping clotb of an inferior quality, or selling a badlymade coat. "Caveat emptor." No man is obli ged lo buy. He whp purchases takes the article at his own risk, and, if he "like not the tragedy," he may throw it down. Besides, even if the individual who has bought a volume think himself under obligation, from the incidental circumstance of hsiving purchased it to peruse the whole, and be thereby put tp serious loss and damage of his time, yet even then, it maybe considered that the amount ofthe latter consumed is usually small, that it is not always certain that said time would other wise have been better employed, and that it is. not ini. probable that a considerable proportion of the readers Who shall so act, will not receive any very acutely pain ful sensation from the' violence thus done to their good taste. He may besides plead his utter innocence of any evil design in the production of the poetry in question; he having sincerely intended to write only that which ' Was really good and sufficient for the public taste, and bona fide entertained the opinion, at the time of publi- 183L] THE ALCHEMIST. 143 cation, that the verses in question did really possess the adequate merit' to which we have here alluded. Nor could, I think, a reasonable court fail to admit that these pleadings would greatly abate their estimate of the ex-' treme criminality of the action. But to drop the impersonation of the unhappy cul prit, I will proceed, in my own proper style, to express the reasons why I tfiink acrimony in judging of even bad poetry unsuitable and unbecoming. The writing of poetry is esseritially a noble aVid honourable task. It is an attempt to communicate an innocent and elevated pleasure; and is rarely executed without a consentane ous effort to improve, or at least to refine the mind. He who eminently succeeds in it has been held In honour in all ages ofthe wofld. As has been lately remarked by a critic, in speaking of 'Lord Byron, the death of a great poet is felt as a more personal loss, by each mem ber of the comihunity, than that ofany irian of political distinction. The successful and celebrated bard wi'nds himself into the feelings ofthe reader, supplies him with new ideas, and awakens his most concealed sympathies; filling, in Short, the place ofa private friend. Such an individual then, is not only honoured but loved. He contributes largely to the enjoyment of his fellows, and is accordingly rewarded by them. Now, what is the extent ofthe offence committed by an unsuccessful imi tator? Led by that very common, if not almost univer sal source of error,an undue ekimate of his own powers, he has lindertaken, to amuse the public! he has at tempted to give a re,fined,and-honourable pleasure! he has bad the presump'tion to think that what^ost birii labour and time, is worthy to fill up a few of the idle moments of Others, and he has accordingly induced a bookseller to multiply copies of it, and make their ex istence known! For this imprtidence he is punished by disappointment; he experiences the mortification of neglect; be finds that what cost him sp much trouble and was taken to be tbe offspring of a moment of high inspiration, is not considered by the public as worthy ofthe languid .glances of a few unemployed minutes; he experiences'the silent and- cutting conviction of his inferiority in natural faculties and influential rank to the writers whom he bad hoped~to equal if not fo ex cel. And, to aggravate his misfortune, he is an indi vidual belonging to a peculiarly sensitive class; it has been for years his professional task' to excite and to preserve in their utmost acuteness all those emotions ofhismind,'whic^ the habits of ordinary business are calculated to blunt. In order to work upon the feel ings of others, he has intentionally kept his own sensa tions of pain in the liveliest exercise. " Si vis me flere, dolendum est Primura ipsi tibi," was the precept of the critic; and he has put it in the most complete execu tion. To flnd himself, in addition to this, treated, and that habitually, witb a rudeness of language and style wbich implie's that he is not considered entitled to the ordinary respect due to a gentleman, is indeed addition ally wounding to the individual himself, but, as there i.s no retaliation, is not very honourable to the manliness ofthe reviewer. If we examine the oflice and duty of the latter, we shall not, I think, find any new motives to cpnfirm us in our admiration ofthe brutal style of criticism. The general obligation ofa reviewer or other critic, as I un derstand it, is not to punish, but to discriminate — he i» not employed as an executioner, nor even as a consta ble, but as a judge. The importance of his office is certainly very great. The larger mass of the, reading public are too moch occupied with business or amuse ment to be able to peruse more than a very small por tion of, the books that come out; and the influence Which may be exerted on the selection of those they do read, by a critic, himself generally attended to, and speaking with tbe authority, conferred by talents and learning, must naturally, till it meets with Contradiction, be almost unbounded. And when an authority of this cla,ss does clash with its competitors, it is generally about the.worksof individuals who are the political or other rivals of the. editors; leaving the great mass of lite- ratqrijto the operation of ordinary causes. The public ^re habitually influenced in their opinions by these tri bunals to a Very great degree indeed, and consider their perusal as a short cut to a great amount of know-' ledge, which most persons have no time to acquire in any other form. Of how much importance, then, is it that these duties shpuld be-faithfully performed. From hpw much- use ful knowledge, or agreeable reading may an unfaithful reviewer debar us, as effectually as if by the combustion of a.library! By the simple disapprobation ofan influ ential triburial, the public are prevented from inquiring; there is no appeal, and all future efforts ofthe same au thor are blasted with the reproach of dullness, arid al most deprived of the utter 'possibility of a retrieval, — ?low, when we reflect upori the ordinary progress of ' authorship, this will appear manifestly unjust. There are scarcely any instances Of an author having met with brilliant success in his flrst attempt. Voltaire, Pope, Byron, and a number of others who afterwards reached the highest distinction,met at first with disheartening fail ures; and had they been crushed in the bud, had exces sive severity succeeded in discouraging them from all future 'efforts^ I will not now say what a loss to man kind! but what a shameful injustice to the youthful aspi rants! , , ' Itis time now to draw this essay to a conclusion; and I will only recapitulate by saying, that I do not mean to object to candid and rigid criticism; but only to the manifestations of ill-nature, cruelty and a partisan spirit when thetask is executed. I maintain that justice should be done to the'finerits of tbe weakest writer whenever his productions are noticed at ^11; and that bitter and sweeping condemnations of the whole of a candidate's productions are just as unsuitable to the true character of criticism as those nauseous and inflated panegyr ics, which we occasionally find inserted in the daily sheets, to aid in the circulatiijn of -trash and maw- kishnesB. Dullness and imbecility should undoubtedly be discouraged from wasting their own time and tbat of the public; but the censure should be founded upon the real merits of the case, and.not depend Opon political partisanship, tbe wie^hes ofa bookseller, or ti)e personal 144 MISCELLANEOUS. [Aoefs* dislikes of £n editor. And above all thihgs, critics, in the utmost severity of their indignation, should never forget that they are bound as mufh as any other mortals by the common, rules of.bumanity and politeness. P. STATEMENT OP CRIMES. Statement ofthe number and species of Crimes for which Prisimers have been convicted, sentenced, and con fined in the Jail of the City and County of Philadel phia, from the beginning of the year 1790 to the eonclusion of the year 1815 — accompanying a letter ofthe Board of Inspectors, ofthe Prison of Philadel- phia,-of the 8th of February, 1816. ' "' 3 145, 2 14 1 1 1 1 1 2,897 54 ' 30 Attempt to poison I Assisting pris'oners' escapel Assault withjntent to rob 1 Assault and battery with intent to murder 4 Arson 31 Assault and battery 191 Adultery 1 Acpessary to a burglary 1 Assault with intent to kill 11 Assault with an intent to commit a rape 7 Assault 14 Burglary 161 Bigamy 8 Bawdy house keeping 17 ' BurpingBastardy ' Breaking prison Breach of health laws Blasphemy , *» Counterfeiting ' Cheating Concealing" the death of bastard child 12 Conspiracy 23 CoiningContempt of court 4 Disord^ly house keep'g 41 "Deceit Defraud Desert'wg^Wife Forgery , FelonyFornication Forcible abduction 33 1 90 191 3 1 Felony and robbery Horse stealing House breakings Highway robbery Harbouring convicts 111 treatment to wife Incest-Indenting, a check Kidnapping^,Larceny ~ Misdemeanor^,Manslaughter Murder in the Ist.degree 2 Murdpr in the 2d degree 45 Maiming ' , 1 Nuisance , 4 Perjury 5 Picking'pockets '2 Pass'g counterfeit money 15 Poisoning '3 Robbery 23 Rape IS Receiving stolen goods 5i5 Riot 11 Kobbing U. States mail 1 RBbbery.intenttokill, 2 Tippling house 3 Uttering counterfeit bank ¦notes '6 Uttering counterfeit dol lars: ' ,2 Ulter'mg forged letter of attorney ' 1 Uttering forged check 3 the shipping intelligence, tljat captain ^McFariand ofthe brig Fisher, was struck during the tempest off the mouth of the Schuylkill— he vi^as killed immediately, and two Ofhis crew injured. — Phil' Gaz. —I — r— Another Revolutionary Soldier gone. ' In Tuscarora, on the 15th ult. Jacob Hop*, senr. in the 81st year ofhis age. .The deceased was a native of Germany; and emigrated to this country about tbe time hostilities commenced between this and the mother country. He engaged in the service ef bis adopted country, and was at the battle of Long Island, tbe battle of White Plains, at Trenton and Princeton, German-, town, BrandyvVifle, and otbers not recollected. He was for many years a member of the Methodist Episc^al church, and- died in hope of a glorious immorlElity be yond tjhe grave. Appointment by ihe President. ..^ Abiab Shabp, of Pennsylvania, to be Marshal of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, vice George B. Porter, appointed Governor of Michigan territoryT - - THE REGISTER. AUGUST 27, 1831. Total 4,264 VIOLENT STORM. We experienced on Tuesday evening, between 7 and 8 o'clock, one of the most violent storms "encounlared in Philadelphia this season. The rain during a short period cams in unbroken floods; the lightning was vivt id and a time, almost incessant; — and the intonations of the thunder were almost deafening. The storm came on with'great rapidity from the .west, and hung above the town "like Night,"— the effet-ts this morning are decidedly exhilarating. The sun has his smile without his intense fire .—and the air is clear and refreshing. — Some damage was cause by the lightning. A house, in Wharton street~was smitten by the fluid— the chimnies protracted, ceiling fent, and the floors torn up ip the passage of the burning stream to the cellar. Although persons were sitting below, in the basement rooms, no fives were -lost, or any bodily injury sustained by the dwellers,— whose escape may be considered very re- iriarkable. Since writing the above, we have been informed, on good authority by a gentleman residing in the upper sec tion ofthe town, that threemen were killed- instantsCneoui ly by lightning, a few miles up the Delaware. After the cloud had passed over the city, several tremendus peals of thunder were heard echoing in the north. 'We have not learned the particulars- respecting the beings thus suddenly destroyed. It will also be seen, among Something New.— If oxiv citizens do not enjoy good health,the blame cannot be chargeable to Dr. Porter, wjio has successively fhrnished us with the " Journal of Health'?— the « Catechism of Health"— J?the effects of certain trades and professions on health," "pure healthy. bread;" and now with the "Health almanac, for 1832, calculated generally, for allj)arts ef ihe United States." This neat little workj (which is to be continued annual- - ly.) besides very full calendar tables con^ins numer ous maxims and directions, relating to tbe preservation of health, calculated to arrest the attention; especially of those whose library would be incomplete without an almanap — and who give implicit credit to whatever they find in those periodicals,. Much useful information may be communicated to thousands, by these little ve hicles, who could not be reached in any other way — and we approve of every attempt'to supplant the low jests, ridiculous anecdotes, and other nonsense, with whieh almanacs are usually filled, by matter of more useful tendency and application. We Understand the' first stone was laid on Saturday last, on the rail road near Belmont, whicb, we believe, ' is also, the first on any part of the route lo Columbia. So little ceremony attended this operation, that few of our citizens were aware of its being in contemplation, Exfieditioua TravelUhg.—^ gentleman left this city on Wednesday morning in the Steamboat Emerald — and , after being detained several hours in landing passen gers at the Camp-meeting ground, reached Cape Island about four or five in thd' afternoon, and had a comfort able bathing at night — next morning after bathing; he left the Cape,' after sun-rise, and was in this city, before three o'clock of the' same day. Printed every SATURDAY MORNING by -WILLIAM E. GED> DES, No. 9 Library Street, Philadelpliia; where, and at the PUB LICATION OFFICE, IN tRANKLIN PLACE, second door tack of the Post OfHce, (back rsom) subseriptions will be thankfully re ceived. Price FIVP DOLLARS per annum, payable annually by lubscribecs residing in or near 4he city, or where there is au Bgerit, Other inbBciiJjert pay in advance. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PRESEBV ATION Op EVEUT KIND OP rSEFtJL INPOHMATION HESPECTINQ THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL. VIIl.-NO. 10. PHILADELPHIA, SEPT. 3, 1831. NO. 192. INDIAN HISTORY. QfROM the PEMBERTON MANUSCRIPTS. J [Continued from pflge 130.3 To the Honourable Wm. Denny, Esq. Lieutenant Go vernor, and Commander in Chief of the Province of ^ Pennsylvania, &c ,and to the Honourable John Forbes, Eiq. Brigadier General and Commander ofhis Majes ty's army in the said Province, iic. The report of Charles Thompson and Christian Frederick POst,Messengers.appointed to go into theln- dian country, on the norlhern- frontiers of the said .pro vince. , ' < May it-please your Honours, — On -Wednesday June Tib, 1758, having received the messages for the Indians, and instructions from the Governor, we set out for Wyomink, next day we reach ed Bethlehem, having engaged on the road, Moses Tetamy and Isaac Still tb accompany us. From Bethle hem we look rtiree other Indians, and on Friday arrived at Fort Allen. As we had been informed on the road of some bad news sent tu the Governor by the captain at Fort Allen, we enquired the particulars, arid, were informed that on Tuesday last two Indians) Aquelin and Jphn Philips, came lo the Fort express from Teedyus cung at Wyomink, .to let them know that on Sunday last were seen a party of enemy Indians, about 78 in number, directing their course towards the Minisinks. 'This discouraged our Indian companions and as they bad been all along against our going ipto the Indian country, this made them much more averse to it, whereupon we called them together next morning and made them acquainted with the purpiift of our messages and the necessity of our going. With this they were satified. and it was conchided we should go. And Tiav- ing settled every thing regarding the way and manner we should travel, we left Fort Allen, about 12 o'clock and crossing the Neshame\*atehual arid Quekeek moun tains, we lodged all together about 12 miles from the Fort. On Sunday morning we set forward pretty early and by 12 o'clock reached the Nescopekun mountains, with in I4 or 15 miles of Wyomink.' Here we met 9 Indians travellirigdown'to Bethlehem. They left Wyomink the day before and had been six days from Chenango, a town ofthe Nanticokeson Susquehanna, about half way between Owegey ind Ossewingo, there was one Nanti coke, a son of Capt, White, one Munsey Captain, one Delaware, and four Mawhiccons and two squaws. Upon meeting with them we spoke and enquired the news, and frorii several questions asked, we learned that Teedyuscung was well and at Wyomink, tbat all was quiet among the - Nanticokes, that their principal men were at the Council at Onondago which was- not yet broke up r that Backsinosa was still at Seekaughkunt, but that he was preparing to go somewhere he said to his own country, tbat they heard of no body of Indians going' southward. 9eing informed of our going to Wyomink with good news to' all the Indians, they told us they thought it was by no means safe for us to pro ceed, tbat strange Indians were thick in the woods about 'Wyomink; that_ a party was seen but four days ago, vvhoselanguage noneof the Delawares understood, nor did they know of what nation they were. '^''¦- VbL, VIII, 20 alarmed our Indian^, they pressed us to turn back with this company, and make all haste to Fort Allen, and , t\Vo of them would go and invite Teedyuscung. to come to us there. This we objected against on the account of loiising time, and proposed following what had been at' first' agreed upon, tbat was. to go forward to the Wyo mink Hills.within 7 or 8 miles of the place, arid there virait till two ofthe company went forward.and informed Teedyuscung of our coming and know of him whether .it would be safe logo to the town. The Indians we met thought if dangerous to proceed any farther as tliey had seen fresh tracks crossing the path in two or three places between this and the tpwn and at one plgce not half a mile from where we then were. Upon this it wasoroposed and agreed upon to go bacfcto the east side'of the hill, and there lodge to night, till two of our Indians went and invited Teedyuscung to come and , meet.us. And the friendly Indians we met agreed to ' stay with us liK'-be came up. From farther conversa tion with one ofthe company, after vajhad beeri some time together, we were informed lljst 200 of the Six ni.tions had set out with a resolution tp go: to war against the English, that he and his company had seerr' 60 of - them and that 6 of his company were^ discouraged and turned batk, none of his company h^ said, understood' their language, but they made" signs tSat they were go-" ' ing agairist the Minisinks. '' Next day between 11 and 12 o'olopk, Teedyuscung This 1 with Tepiskahungf Capt. Augustus^ Sam" Evans and David came lo us. At first wa expostulated with Tee dyuscung about the road being shut, arid told Inm that though we we.re^ come with good words .to all the In dians, we couid not. go lo his town to deliver them; he said it was not his fault. We put him in mind that the road had been opened by a belt of Wampum from Wyo ming to us, and that it was his business to keep it open from his town to Fort Allen, as we kept it open from Fort Allen to Easton or Philadelphia. We further took notice lliat ,it was tbe custom of all nations to suffer messengers of peace to go backwards and, forwards safe and unmolested, that unless this was practised, two na? tions once at war could never be at peace againt 'To this Teedyuscung replied that what we said was right, but that the Six Natiohs, not him, had blocked up this road; that 200 ot them had gone fo war in different parties; that they had passed tbrough several towns on the Susquehanna, that af these towns the-Delawares en deavoured as much as in-'them .lay, to dissuade them from going to war against the English, but they would not hear them, that these 200 were cFliefly'-of ,the Seneka Nation, and from three towns that lay near the French, that the reason they assigned for their going to' war with the English was, that about 3 years ago a party of their warriors went againstvthe Catawabas. and upon their return entered the settled-parts of Virginia, where a white man in a friendly manner invited them to his house,'and having got them there, sent in the night and collected a number of his neighbours and fell upon the party and killed them all except one man, who es caped: for this they had not yet taken a fpU revenge; they said -they had heard the words Teedyuscung ,had sent them, but they were now out and would not turn back, but would strike the English this one time more, and after they had given them this one blow, then if they found the Enghsh still of the -same disposi-'^ 146 INDIAN HISTORY. ISeptbmbib tion Teedyuscung represented thera; they would never strike thein more; but that if they made peace with them, yet it was not that they themselves might be qiii- et, for then they would turn their hatchets against the French. The Delaivares theatold them if they ^vere resolved to go to war against the English; and would not turn back they must take some oilier way, for that all the people down the Susquehanna were at peace with them.. The war party then screed not to proceed on ' that path, nor willingly to hurt the people of Pennsylva nia, but as they might miss their way and contrary to their inclination fall in with them,they insisted that some ofthem should show them another way; whereupon a Munsey Captain named Yaghkapose, (the' same who headed the party that lay above Fort Alleri, at the Easton treaty, jn 1756) -undertook to show them the Way and having put them in the path to the Minisinks, be returned home again. From one of these parties a few Shawnese.upon bear ing that the English were building a fort at Wyomink, went down to see whether it was so, and these were tbey tbat killed the young man, when the workrinen were there, Teedyuscung farther told us that a report had prevail ed among the Indians up the Susquehanna and through the Seneka country and along the Allegheny, that tbe English were building a Fort at Wyo.mink, with 800 men, that this was confijmed by the Shawnese party that had been down; that upon this they immediately held a council to consult what should be done. At this it was proposed that some one should go and know for certain whether it was really so, ' and boldly a|fe the English what they meant. - Thotigh this seemed dangerous, yet one Welameghihink (Georges Hays), a Wanami, who lives in ^ town of tbe Senekas near the French Fort at Niagara, and is a Captain on the Ohib under Tessawhe- iiun4 the Chief of all the, Delawares on the Allegheny, offered to go, though it should cost him his life. Not many days alfter the English left Wyomink, he came' Ihere and was informed ofthe true state of affairs, and three days ago left that in order to return and inform the Indians thereof. He it was. that brought down the fot^egoing intelligenpe, which was confirmed by these Indians from Chenango. Teedyuscung- said-that Wel- lameghehink further informed him that, the French-at Niagara were in great want of provisions, that they had applied to the Senekas to supply them, telling them that the English hadstoppedtbe mouth oftheir river so that no provisions could be brptiglit up tp them, and that therefore^ they were obliged to apply to their children the Indians for some; that hereupon the Indian squaws from the Seneka towns near the Fprt were employed in carrying them Indian corn, vi^hich they sold at a great price, and so eager were the French to get it thai the ofH- cers,when they heard the squaws were coming.Usedto go and meet them, and in ortlerto encouragelhemtobring more, would pull off their cloaths and even their shirts,to give them to'thelndians.that the soldiet^g used to parch the Indian corn and then pound it and mixing it with a little water, drinl^ it, and this was all they had to live upon.. After dinner we tftld Teedyuscung^ our orders were to ddiver our message at Wyomink; that being dissua ded from going farther, we had stopped here, and sent to desire him to cpme to i;s, and now he was come, we desired to know what we should do. He said he was glad we did not come to him. that h.e had seen fresh tracks as be came along, and he thought it best we should deliver the messages here. Whereupon we sat down, and taking out the Belts and Strings, delivered the messages distinctly. After they had been read and interpreted once, in order to impress them deeper in his mind, we gave him the substance of each Belt and String in other words, and then entered into a conver sation on every part. By this means, every thing being repeated again, he seemed to comprehend every part and lo be much pleased with the whole. With respect to the Cherokees he said, if the messenger should re cover arid be inclined to see him, he might come by the way ofBethlehem, apd from thence some Indians would conduct him and his company safe up lo Wyomink. On the Belt to remove the uneasiness respecting the settle-- ment of Wyomink, he said he hoped that was already' removed, or would be upon the return of Welameghi hink and his company, which consisted of thirty men from several towns of .the Six Nations. The Seneka Belt, and that to all the Nations, he was much pleased witb; and said he did not doubt but tbe first would bring many down, and the latter give gene ral satisfbction. As" to calling together the parties about Wyomink and knowing their business, he did not know how that could be done, as neither he nor any 6f his people understood the language, of some ofthe parties; but that he would do what he Could in that matter, and what intelligence he could gain he would send down by Sam Evans. ' . Of Essoweyowallundjor Daniel, he said h^ had not yet heard any thing;, but the other messenger Welameghig- hink. or James, he heard was on his way down, and he expected him at Wyomink iri three days. We then told him, that as the government had these things much at heart, and sincerely desired to see a' peace witb the Indians established on a sure and lasting foundation,, we were sent up with these message^ both to convince the Indians ofthe sincerity of the English, and, that they/n'ght be well and fully explained to them. And that our orders were, after we bat! delivered them to him and his people at Wyomink, to proceed farther with the messengers Teedyuscung should send along, and carry these Belts to the other Nations. He. said it had often been asked by the Senekas, why none of tbe English accompanied tbe iriessages sent to them. We told him, there would. hereafter be no occasioii for such a question^we were now ready to go, and would set out with those he sent along as soon as be pleased. On this he was silent. We then told him, if he had any doubts; he might take time to consider it; and that we wouldproceed with him to Wyomink and lodge there to night, and this we were the rather incHned to do as his messenger was soon expected, by wbom we hoped to hear some agreeable news, which we would transmit to the governor. After musing some time, be said he thought we could by no means proceed to the Seneca country that way, as ,maTiy parties were out, that he irhagined the safer way would have been by Albany to Onondaga, We mentioned to b'lra what the Six Nation chiefs had said at the treaty at Lancaster last summer, by which it app.eared lo us that that way was not pro per, inasmuch as the Senekas were tbe door ofthe Six Nations to the westward, as the Mohawks were to the eastward; an^ we told him, that their advice then to us was to apply immediately to the Senekas, and by a Belt to invite them down, which we now wanted to do. He said before we could go with safety a road should be opened, at least for messengers, and he thought it would' be well 1f that was done at the ensuing treaty. We again mentioned our going up to Wyomink, and staying there till his messenger came in, or at least this " hight. Whereupon, after consulting his council be took out some Strings of Wampum; and by two" forbid us to go any farther, for fear of some mischief befallingus; by two more, he expressed his uneasiness least some ofthe white people in pursiiing the enemy Indians, tbat were on our frontiers, should come as far as where he lived and fall upon him and bis people. By three other Strings, he requested of the government some provi- sjons, and especially Indian corn, by the way of Shamo kin, from which place his young men oould easily bring it up in canoes. He likewise desired to be supplied with some ammunition. , As we found we must return from thence, we endea voured to gain some more intelligence, and asked him if he had any news from the westward. He said he was further informed by Welameghihink, that Hans Jacob, his (TeedyusCung's) son, and one Hamet, another In- 1831.] INDIAN HISTORY. 14T dian. had been on a scout to Fort du Quesne, that they had surprized two French men and shot..lhem, at a small distance from the fort; that t>he one was killed dead on the spot, but the other escaped on hoi-se-back to the fort, wbe.re he no sooner entered tban he fell down and died. 'Upon this the commander of the fort called the Senekas liigether, and told them the Catawbas had struck him. Soon after another Indian, from Fort Au gusta, being on a scout near the Frencb fort, killed an other Frehchnian. The commander ag&in called the chiefs of the Senekas together, and told them the Ca tawbas bad struck him again. Hereupon the Senekas said, why do you say the .Catawbas have struck you? It is not tbe Catawbas; but your children the Delawares. At hearing this, the commander was very angry, and sentforthe two chiefs ofthe Delawares, Tessawheriand and Cutbap^necamen, and complained ofthem in harsh terms. When the dispute grew warm, Tessawhenarid told the commander he behaved like an Old Woman, to make so much noise about thfee men, and not to con sider how many be had made him lose. But though the bones of so many of his lay scattered up and down in tbe woods, and all through his means, yet he made no noise about it^the Frenchman never heard him com plain. When tbe French commander sliU went on com plaining? — Tessawhenand told him, if he had anything on his miud to speak out, and not scold any more like a woman. The commander, who was now very angry, told biin if he did not punish the Delawares he should die. At this TeSsawhenand started up, and taking the commani^er by the hand, said: Now you speak like a man — ^you say I shall die. But I now tell you I will not die alone — you shall die also. The English are coming up; and as-soon us they strike yoU on one side, I will strike you on the otber. Wellameghihink said; he ima gined that before this they had come to blows. The two chiefs had, before he came, ordered their people to separate from the French, and consulted together how to be revenged. They proposed two schemes, one of which Ihey agreed to fallow. One was, to wait till the English came up, and then fall on the French — the other was to pretend a reconciliation, and having a par ty of men ready, to take an opportunity and rush into the fort and drive the French out, and then burn the fort; and this they think they can easily do. But be fore they took any step of that sort, they tboughl it ne cessary to know the truth ofthe reports respecting the English — what their design was in building at Wyoming —whether it was for themselves or for the Indians — and whether they were willing to make peace with all the Indians, as they had been informed. And in order to know this, Wellameghihink was dispatched away. We next inquired bow the Chief Mari ofthe Senekas was affected to the English. He said the Chief Man was our friend. We then asked him, how it came to nass that his young men' came down to war against the Enelish. He said these warriors came froin scime towns near the French; that they were therefore in the French Tnterest.aSd the Chief Man had little influence over them We -werefarther informed, that wheiV these 200 «ame out to v^ar. the chief man of the Senekas. Tagegh- shata. called a council, and complaining that the young men did not regard him-tbat he was no more than an Sid Woman among them-that be saw a great number ofhis young men going past his door, with hatchets, in ?heir hands, but that he did not know where tbey were S.and. he feared this would be the cause of mischief. The Munsey Captain we met, and who came vvith us down lo Bethlehem,said he was atlhe council and heard Taffes-hsbata make his speech. , , ,. , , From farther inquiry amongst the Indians, we had some intimation that the Seneka Nation were m gene ral dissatisfied with -this government, from something Jhat happened in a treaty with Sir William Johnson, Soon after Sir William received the commission to ne gotiate Indian affairs, he called a Council of-U the Na- tions. To this a great number came. He then told them, that the King had at several times sent over large presents to the Indians, of which llvey had been clieated by the governments to wMch they were sent, but that it should not be so any more; that he was now the only man tiiat Ijad power to treat with the Indians, and that- he would see them righted, Tbis, as it awakened the jealousy of the Indians, rais- , ed in them a direspect for the dther governments, as they imagined thev had no authority to treat, and that councils or treaties held with them were of no-signifi- ^ cancy. Besides, a report was very generally profiagated among the Senekas, but by whom was uncertain, that the Kinghad sent large presents for the Indians to Penn sylvania, which the government of Pennsylvania had appropriated to their own use. And as the road of communication between this government and tbe Sene kas had been for some lime shut. ai;id no free intercourse . between them -and us — no means was used to remove this groundless report till it becairie universally believ ed, and the nation in general exasperated against the Pennsylvanians; and this wasthought,to be one reason why the Chief Man, though more inclined to the Eng lish than the frencb, and though he had kept himself and his town quiet, yet has used little care to restrain those who had, any inclination to go to war with us. We next inquired of Teedyuscung what he had heard of the prisoners — ^whether we might hope to see them soon returned. He told us, that a few days ago one Nenachechunt. a chief of one ofthe towns on the Alle-. gheny, had come to him at Wyomink, to know whether the English were wiUing to to include him in the peace, and whether Teedyuscung desired the prisopel-s should be returned. And being assured of the truth of both these articles, he said there were a gpod many prisoners in his town, and he would take care they should be re- ^ stored;, and that he and his people would come down and settie with Teedyuscung at Wyomink. But from what we learned from ihe Indians, the case of the jfri- soners is this: All that are taken are looked upon by the Indians as the private property cif the captors; and' are either given away to those families who have lost any men in the war,or are sold t.o others as we do slaves. And many of those that have been taken, wC are inform ed, have been sold and bought several times. Now, as the Indians have no public fund lo redeem them out of the hands of private persons, and as we have none of their people prisoners to exchange for them, it will be next to inipossible to procure the return of the prison ers, without offering a price for tjjem, and redeeming, them ourselves. We also, asked ifhe had heard any thing more ofthe 800 Northern Indians that was said to be going to fight,. the'Cherokees. He said be thought and Was assured that the report was altogether groundless, for he had enquired both of Wellamegliinink and Nenachechunt,. and of these who came down from Chenango, and none ofthem had heard any thing of that; and had there been , any truth in it, Wellanieghihink or Nenachechunt must haye met them, as they came up the Allegheny, the very road the party must have taken. As it now gi-ew late, and it was considered we could not go forward, we thought it best to return back part of the way, especially as our provisions began to grow scarce, and there was no pasture for the horses in the place we now were. As we were preparing to set out, Teedyuscung came to us and asked whether Mr. Hughes had delivered to the governor the French co lour which he (Teedyuscung) "hid taken from Bill Sock, vetold him we:did not know; he'then desired us to ask the governor whether he had received tbem, and whether he had given Bill Sock those colours, or whether he kept two sorts of colours. He sairl if ihe governor had two sorts of colours and gave one sort to one Indian, and another sort to another, it would breed confusion. ^ . ¦ , . As we were just ready to take horse, Gabriel Lo- quus an Indian, and his family whom we had left at Fort 148 A GOOD EXAMPLE, Allen, came up. As some of our company, which was now increased to 14 were gone^ we took leave and set forward, leaving three or fpur to follow at a small dis tance" behind us,- "WhenwL- stopt at riight we found two of our company missing,and upon inquiry found that Gabi-jel Loquus had brougbt up with him some spirit uous liquors^ and Isaac StHl who was one of those be hind, said he heard the king proposing to drink before they went any farther, and that seeing them go to drink he hastened away, and this he supposed had detained our two companions, Tuesday in the afternoon we arrived at Fort Allen, the prospect of which was hid frotn us till we came just upon it by bushes growing on'the bank of the river. Here we inquired where Gabriel Loquus was supplied with liquor, and were informed that he had been down at one Bowman's who lives about five miles on this side the Fort, and had got it there. In our way down, one of ,us called at Hans Tetter Bowmari's, and was there informed by Evan Bowap, a soldier of Captain Bull's company, that this Bowman had on Saturday lastlet Gabriel Loquus have about five gallons of whiskey.. Bowman himself acknowledged his having supplied him' with between three or four gallons. When the ill consequences of selling Ihe Indians strong liquor, and the breacli of the law were represerited to him, he said be had made a present of it, and that he would do the same again, and that no body could prevent his doing what he pleased with his own. The ill consequences that will we apprehend attend this man's supplying Loquus with liquor at this time are, that with these four or fiV;e gallons of whiskey, Teed-yuscung and his people will be made drunk, and consequently incapable of call ing together the scattered parties about.Wyomink. and should messengers arrive from the other Indian towns as was daily expected, he will be incapable of receiving the news they bring and despatchiiig messengei-s to this government as he promised. We would farther observe that it was this same Gabriel Lciquus who made the messengers drUnk, who were notlopg ago despatch ed from -this government to the Alleghany, and tbit he is often employed in carrying the Indians spirituous liquors, which the neighbours say he is supplied with by Bowman. ¦ On our way down to Bethlehem, the Munsey Captain, 'named Kelkapugh or Isaac, told us he hajd a complaint to, send by us to Philadelphia about some lands in the Minis'mks. of whicb he said he had been defrauded, and about which he had been complaining about these twen ty years without receiving any redress. As he told us his land lay on the west side of Delaware, we let him know that at the last treaty Teedyuscung had in the name of all the Indians complained about "the lands in this province, and had agreed that this matter should be left to the determinationof the king and his council. \Ve therefore desired him to wait a littie longer till the king's determination was known, and he might depend upon having justice done him. He said thai several of the Munsey's, and mentioned in particular some of his own relations, had been dispossessed of large tracts of land in the Jerseys without ever receiving any conside ration for them. We told him that we had now carried up belts to the Indians, and, as he himself- heard had in^ vited all who are willing to be at peace with us. to a general treaty; that his nation was invited as well as others, and we therefore desired him to press his great men to come down, and then if any one t,hought himself wl'onged in any thing or had any thing on his mind, he should then make it known, and by that means all Un easiness would be removei}, every thing adjusted to sa tisfaction, and peace and friendship between the Eng lish and Indians established on a sure and lasting foun dation, witb this he seemed to be well pleased. ' At Fort Allen we acquainted Captain Bull of the party that was going against the Minisinks, that he might send and give itotice thereof. And as soon as we arrived at Bethlehem, a letter was despatched to Mr. Swairie with the samb intelligence, that he might inform the people efthe Jerseys. At Mr. Horsefieid's we met, one Captain Neilson ot the Provincials, who after expressing himself with gr»at bitterness against Teedyuscung. declared that if he met Teedyuscung or any -of his people in any of (he courses he should be ordered to take, let them come on what occasion or with what pretence soever, he would kill tfiem without asking any questions. lie was also in quisitive lo know in how many days a party of stout ac tive men could go to Wyomink. and -expressed himself as if he had adesire lo send out a party to destroy that town. Wnen we remonstrated- against such a step be ing taken against friendly Indians whp had the faith of the government plighted to tiiem for tjieir security, and a town built by the government, he wished that the In dians had scalped but not killed all those who went up w'l-tli Mr. Hughes, that thereby tbey and otbers might be convinced we had no friends among the Indians. Upon this we parted. And having paid the Indians who went up with us, we l^ft Bethlehetn on Thursday, and that evening returned to Philadelphia. We have only to add that all the Indians are removed from Diahogo and Owego, that Backsinose, with about lOO men, lives yet at Seekaughkunt, that the Nanti coke tribe has but about 50 fighting men, and that tbey live chiefly at Ghenarigo, Tbe short stay we made in the Indian country, made it impossible lor us to know as much of Ihe state ofthe Indian tribes as we could have wished. However we neglected no opportunity of informing ourselves as far as we could, anii have endeavoured to give you a full account of all the intelligence gained by us. We are, your bumble servants, CHA. THO.MPSON, CHRN. FREDERICK POST. A GOOD EXAMPLE. We are glad' to find that many of our ciiizens are be ginning to talk about, and in several places bave actu ally commenced great improvements in some ofthe lead ing roads to Philadelphia through this county. The necessity of such a measure has long been feh, and since so much exertion is used around us to draw the travelling public, it is more particularly requested'that something should be done, and that right early. On the York Road, the enterprise of a few individuals has. materially improved Buckingham Hill, and the hill near' Willow Grove, called Sampson's Hill, by-reducing very considerably, the elevation. These improvements are all-praiseworthy and reflect credit upon the public spi rit of those concerned. Tbey are, however, calculated to diminish the travel upon the Easton Road, and should the new Stale Boad from Easton to Willow Grove be opened, its effects would be at once seenand felt. With these facts presented, some of the ciiizens of Plumstead have laudably undertaken to break ground towards doing something for the E-aston Road, which is decidedly the nearest route, and with theexceptiori of afew hills, the best. Last week the supervisor of the township above named, commenced improving Dyer's Hill, and spent as much labour upon it as he conceived the people of vhe township would justify. The citizens then took it in hand, and voluntarily contributed in la- bur and money, sufficient to reduce the elevation of the hill several feet. They appointed a commiltee, con sisting of James Moore, Wm- Rich, John Dyer, Squire Thomas and John Poulton, to solicit contributions of the people in the vicinity interested inihe improvement .ofthe road, and appointed James Moore superintendent ofthe Work. We have noticed this matter in order that public attention may be more particularly drawn to it. The citizens of Doylestown we hope will consider the matter, as it is an improvement which will materially add to the interests and prosperity of the town, and we should be glad to hear of a more liberal and general 1831,] AMERICAN SIL^. 149 contribytion. In fact, every man who travels the road is interested, as well as those who reside upon or own property near the road, and should contribute in,pro- portion to their means. It is found that the funds al ready contributed will be expended this wee's, and the elevation of the hill will not be reduced as much as many persons would desire. We look upon this mea sure as a commencement towards having a good road made to Easton and Philadelphia, and if this'hill is pro perly reduced, it will incite the citizens in other places to follow tbe good example. We understand the per sons now at work at Dyer's Hill, are wiUing to keep at it, as long as the funds contrlDuted hold out. Bucks County Intel. AMERICAN SILK. From the (Baltiaiov-e.1 Chronicle of the Timer. To the Editors ofthe Chronicle ofthe Times. FnltADEIPHIA, ISth Aug. Gen-tlemen: — I observe with pleasure, that tiie " Chronicle of the Times'* has taken up the subject of *' American Silk," and vigorously advocates the Nor mal School System, recommendeti to Congress by the Committee on Agriculture of the late House of Repre sentatives. Although that" system appears to have re ceived the general approbation of the thinking part of the community, its principles cannot be too much nor too often enforced by arguments and illustrated by facts, and therefore 1 am hippy to find .that it rec^ves the able support of your scientific journal. , Desirous of affording you my feeble aid in Ihe fur thering of this patriotic design, I take the liberty of sencling to you a translation of a letter, addressed by M. Boucher, an eminent silk manufacturer of Paris, to the Chevalier dePougens, a learned member of the Royal Institute of France, and of the American Philosophical Society, whom I had requested to obtain for me the best information he could, on this interesting subject. In this letter you will find valuable facts and instruc tions concerning the spinning or reeling of raw silk from the cocoo"hs. Ils general result, it is true, is not very encouraging! as M. Boucher requires not less than ten years to perfect our females in the art of reeling silk, and because of the difficulty of that art, considers the plan which I bad the honour to propose to the Com mittee on Agriculture as "the dream of an honest man," but a subsequent correspondence with him, has brought him to more favourable sentiments, and I shall if you de sire it, hereafter communicate through the Chronicle a letter which 1 have lately received from him, in whicb he no longer holds the same discouraging language. In the mean time, if you think the inclosed worth publishing, ybu are at liberty to insert it. together with the Chevalier's lettet whicb precedes it, in your able and interesting journal. I am with great esteem and respect, Gentlemen, your most Obedient servant. - . ' PETER S. DU PONCEAU. No. I. From the Chevalier de Pougens, to Peter S, Du Ponceau. Paris. 23d August, 1830. I enclose a letter from M. Boucher, the first of our Parisian merchants, in tbe silk line, Hue Francaise No. 3.. I think I do you pleasure in communicating it to \ou. You may keep it. N0..2. From M, Boucher to the Chevalier de Pougens,, Paris, 20th August, 1830. I am honored with your letter of the 12th instant. I must tell you with frankness that I do not at all believe in the success of the beautiful project of-your honorable friend Mr. Peter S. Du Ponceau, of Philadelphiaj I consider it as the dream ofan honest map. In support of my opinion. I will cite two gigantic' undertakings which have failed within the last few years. I must re fer you lo the nine first lines oPlhe fourth page of the French pamphlet you have addressed to me.* Yes, sir, practice, is every thing in ihis an, ahd theory very Httle. Your young man, M.D'Homergue.may have a great deal of knowledge of the silk trade, but he cannot have the knoiYledge and experience of old manufacturers, a thou sand obstacles will arrest his progress, as happened to men of great experience, of whom I am giiing to speak lo you; - In the southern part of Russia, on the confines of Persia, the Caucasian mountains produce a considerable quantity of cocoons, of which tbe inhabitants cannot make any use. Two Frenchmen, one ofthem Mr. Did- elot,'a great mechanician, and the other a man from our southern departments accustomed to thp filature of silk, took with them an old director of filatures frpm St. Jeaii du Gard, and a few female reelers to found an establish ment. . They obtained from the emperor of Russia, large grants' of land and buildings at 'Tifflis, large sums of money were advanced to them by the emperor;, tliey began tb reel silki — we have seen some small samples of it that left notbirig to be wished for; but they did nothing more, they could hot supply their establish"ment with female reelers, the silk which tbose women reeled. apparently very fine, could not be thrown, and in the course of fonr years, all the capitals were sunk, the em peror abandoned them, one ofthem died, and the other returned to France, poor and "destitute. The director of the filature and the female reelers cpuld not return for want of money. The second ijn'dertaking is still more extraordisary; it was made by a man of eminent merit in the sciences connected with the useful arts, and in the part of France where the greater quantity of silk is reeled (but by rote.) , This undertaking has recently failed; outof a joint stock of eleven hundred thousand francs, the concerned will only have J.5 per cent, of their capital, out of the pro- ceeds of the sale ofthe real property. I send you here with a printed copy oftheir articles of co-parthership,-t- which you may send to your friend Mr. Du Ponceau. I do not mean .to say that the project of establishing filatures of silk in the United States should be abiin- doned, but it should be pursued with prudence, if pro fit is intended to be made by it, and it must not. be be lieved that in two or three yeai-s America can supply England and France wiih part of tbe silk they want. The sixty young men to whom you will have in two years taught the theory of the art, will not be able to produce any thing, if they bave not an overseer to at tend to thg quality of the silks which they shall cause tobereeled, and facilitate the disposal of it in the way of trade. They will meet with a thousand obstacles from the female replers, and will for some years only produce raw silk unfit to be thrown, and yet those silks will appear very fine. 1 would ad-vise Mr. Du Ponceau to cause himself tp be appointed director of a pattern filature, of which Mr. D'Homergue should be the overseer; that filature •This reference is to the French translation ofthe re port of the committee on Agriculture, pf the House of Representatives, of the United States, ofthe 12lh df March, 1830. The -#ords referred io are in tha En glish text as|follows; "II is further demonstrated in those Essays' (Mr, D'Homergue's) and in a meiflferial liitely presented by the Manufacturers of silk "stuffs, of Lyons, in France, to the Minister of Commerce -and Manufac tures, thai the art of filature can only be acquired by practical instruction, by some one intimately acquainted with, and accustomed to that process. That no human skill or ingenuity, unaided by practical instruction, is- capable of acquiring that art, to any profitable extent," fThis document was never received, , 150 PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. [SEPTEiiasn should be managed for account ofthe Government, and the object in view for the first year should be rather to instruct, and form female reelers, and male directors or overseers of filalur,es,than to make silk for sale.I would ex pend as little as possible in mechanical apparatus, and ad journ the employmen< of Gensotil's machinery;' it Js only good for 'saving fuel in large establishments, and when old experienced females can be obtained, for raw silks of three and four cocoons fit for Organzine, but which are entirely useless fpr the raw silks employed in msiking sewing silk and singles; the overseer may leach the art to grown women, and employ to turn the wheel girls from 12 lo 1-S years of age, who after a few months of exercise, will try to reel under the superintehdence df the elder reelers; who will turn the wheel for them some hours in the day. It is thus that the thing is, practised in the bestfilatures of France. All those who have devoted themselves to the fila ture of silk.bave imagined that the greatest merit was to be able to reel from three to four and from four to five cocoons, and to produce a thread regular to the eye. but it is recognize^ by old reelers that it is easier lo reel fine silk, than silk of 12 to 15 and liS to twenty co coons. Tbe most essential quality of raw silk is to be easily wound or thrown and^twisted, the more waste results from those operations, the more imperfect the silk is, and the more expensive the throwing; in my opinion the overseer, in order to hasten tbe instruction of the female reelers, should only permit them at first fo reel threads of from 15 to 29 cocoons, the next day he should put another reeler at the basin, and employ the former in winding off the silk she had reeled the day before on bobbins, such as are used by the makers^of sewing silk,so that it might be sold lo them ready wound off. That your filature may reach the desirable degree of perfection for raw silk of from 15 to 20 cocoons, it would be necessary that like that of Bengal. called Cossimbusar, they should suffer in throwing only a waste pf one half per cent, or like the French silks of Alais and the De partment of Gard. Only one or two per cent; all other ^ilks in the world from 15 lo 20 cocoons, are, worse reeled. Those of iBorsa. in Asiatic Turkey, lose from 6. to 8 per cent, those of Calabria, called Girelle 1 8, to 12; those of Spain, called Tramas of Valencia, from 6 to 8; those of Syria, from IS to 25. Those of Salonki and the Mofea are still worse. Instead of attempting to reel silk of every quality, the United States should supply the trade with raw silks of from 15 to 20 cocoons, in bales ofthe weight of one hundred Kilograms, (about 200 lbs.) Some years afterwards the same reelers might spin 10 to 15, afterwards 8 to 10 and 6 to 8 for trams; in about ten years only, you might reel 5 to 6 and 4 to 5 for Organzine', if the cocoons have nerve enough to bear "twisting. The skeins of Bengal silk are of the weight of two ounces with a good traversing bar to the neel, they might without inconvenience be made of 4 to 5 ounces. The skein must be all of one single thread, and so that it may be fastened by crossing the first and the last end. There must be a good deal of twisting or crossing the threads in reeling, and the slabs or gouts must not be suffered to pass through. The selecting or separating ofthe cocpons is a most essential thing,all the double co coons that we call dvpions are to be put aside to be separately reeled. the stained are to be separated in like manner. The yellow arid white cocoons must be sepa rately ree^.to obtain a lively yellow and a pure white. The sitfc will be handsomer, if the cocoons are first stirred in a basin of hot water of fl-om 60 to 80 degrees, (167° to 212° Fahr.) then carried to the feeler's basin. the heat of which may be pnly 30 degrees (99° Fahr.) You will thereby prevent -the water being colored by the decoction ofthe chrysalis, and the silk from, being tarnished. The water Inthe reeler's basin must be 'changed at least four times a day, 'fhe more persona there, are to oversee and watch the reelers, the more attention they will pay to their threads and to their basins. The bro ken threads, must be tied up, and marriages (wben two threads accidentally join by passing through the sariie hole in the traversing bar) must be taken off. This is done in feeling silks of 3 to 4 cocoons, and still better in these of 15 to 20. They have been for some years in the kingdom ofthe Netherlands and in England, attending to the culture of the Mulberry. Experiments have been made for raising silk worms, and it i? pretended that they produce su perb silks fpr their brilliancy. I aminclined to believe it, because in those damp countries, vegetation beirigf quicker and the worm better fed, they must yield more abundant crops, but this speculation is only founded on experiments on a small scale. Mr. Christian asserts that a pound of silk may be made out of eight pounds of cocoons, while ten are commonly employed in silks of from 15 to 20; eleven in those from 10 to, 15j twelve in those from 7 to 8; thirteen in those from 5 to 6 arid 6 to 7; and fourteen in those from 3 to 4 and 4 to 5 cocoons; but I think it is an error, produced by the dryness of tbe cocoons at the time of making the experiments. In fact 12 lbs. of cocoons, just out ofthe nursery,, produce some months after only 8 lbs. because the humidity which is in the gum evaporates, and the chrysalis itself loses of its weight by the baking ofthe cocoons, to prevent the moth from escaping. In cold damp' countries tbe feeding ofthe silk worms is very uncertain; because the leaves wet by the rain, occasion diseases among the irisects, and the white frost may in one single night destroy all the leaves, which is less hkely lo happen in Italy and the south of France. In those countries one half only of the eggs on hand is put to hatch, to divide the chance of an adverse tem perature, and some weeks afterwards the other half is put out, if both succeed, the, crop is more abundant; it' rarely happens that the two crops fail. If you think that this letter contains any thing that may be useful to your honourable friend, Mr. Du Pon ceau, you may transmit it to him — if it should be agree able to him, I shall continue with him tbis correspond ence on the subject of silk. I would recommend to him to bepin on the small scale his Essays on filature; he has nothing but the reel and the basin to purchase; to begin to reel, I annex lo this letter a sample of Spanish raw silk, reeled in the neighborhood of Valencia,* of the quality called Trams, of from IS to 20 cocoons. This is only fit for thick stuffs or fine sewing silk. Rawsilk of from 15 to 20 cocoons, is best fitted for sewing silk. There is a great deal more to be said on the subject of filature; but 1 am obliged fpr a beginning to confine myself to what appears to methe most urgent. Accept, Monsieur le Chevalier, My respectful civility. L. J. BOUCHER. PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. Thdhsdai evenino, Aug. 25, 1831. SELECT COUNCIL.— Mr. Fox presented a petition for regulating Cherry street between Broad and Schuyl kill Eighth street, which was referred to the paving committee. Mr., Worrell, as chairman ofthe committee on Chest nut street wharf, on Schuylkill, made the folloiving re port, accompanied with the annexed letter from Mr. Grover. To the Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia. The committee tb whom was recommitted a report made in part, relative to the improvement df the city property fronting on the Schuylkill, ^outh of the Per manent Bridge*— state. That agreeably to the instruction of Councils, they * This sample was never receivcid. 183L] PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS, 151 have extended their views aind inquiries as to the fur ther improvement of that property; and submit the an nexed plan and estimate,showing that the southernmost section, including the Chestnut street front and the old basin, is susceptible of great improvement, containing two wharves in the Schuylkill of sixty-five or sixty-eight feet each, with a dock on the soullv line of eighteen feet in 'width, by sixty -two feet in deptb, and also -an inlet into- the Ijasin as a flood gate, with a water harbour "or landing dock thereon of about forty- five feet in width by two hundred feet in depth; capable of containing craft or boats of trade at all times, for the purpose of loading or unloading articles of merchandize, and al the same time leaving a space of ground on the north side of fifty feet, and on the south side of thirty -five feet, clear ofthe street line; and a landing at the upper end of fifty-two feet to Beach street, thereby leaving a landingtind pass age for porterage all around the basin. The estimate of expense for building or erecting the two wharves, ^nd the dock on front ofthe Schuylkill, including the wharfing or banking up the basin, as es timated by T. D. Grover (herewith submitted), is set at seven thousand (jullars, exclusive of the filling in, and for wbich purpose it does appear to your commit tee there is earth sufficient in the immediate vicinity. All of which isj-espectfully submitted, in connexion with tbe original report ofthe commillee. Phiiadp-ephia, Aug. 20th, 1831. Gentlemen — Agreeable to your request, I take the liberty of stating lo you the probable amount of erect ing' two wharves, arid wharving the basin, agreeable to a plan approved of by the committee, say seven thousand dollars, including wood, iron, stone, and labour. Respectfully youts, &c. THOS. p. GROVER. ^ Joseph Woubell, Esq. Chairman of Committee^ Mr. Duane offered the annexed resolution, which was . agreed lo: , Resolved, by the Select and Cpmmon Councils, That the city commissioners, in conjunction with the paving committee, be and they are hereby requested to make, or cause to be made, a strict examination of the com mon sewer iri Dock street, throughout its whole extent, ' and report the result oftheir Inquiry at the next stated meeting of Councils, together with a plan and estimate ofany repairs or impr ovemerits, which, in their opinion, . ought to be made. Mr.TJuane offered the following resolution, *hich was also agreed to by the Select Council, and Messrs. Duane and Toland were appointed by the Select Coun cil: R,eso1ved, by the Select and Common Councils, That 'a ctimmittee, composed of two members of each Coun- ' cil, be appointed to inquire and report, whether any measures ought to be adopted by Councils, in order to procure a regulation of the rate at ^hich steam-boats - should pass along the Delaware front of the city and liberties of Philadelphia. - _ The Select Council concurred in discharging the committee on Markets, from the further consideration of building a new Market House in High street from Eleventh to Thirteenth street. The Select Council also concurred in the resolution, from the ComuJbn Council, relative to Will's Hospital. 'UeSoIved, Thatithe commiltee oh Wills' LegScy, be authorised to offer ajpremium of one bundreU dollars for the best, ^nd fifty dollars for tbe second best plan of a building for an asylum for the lame and blind, agree ably tbe intentions of the testator, and that Councils shall decide upon the pfen to be adopted, on or be fore the 1st of January,-> 1832. COMMON COUNCIL.— Mr, Wetherill presented a similar petition to the one presented by Mr, Fox in the Select Council. . „ . , . , Mr. Johnson presented a petition for the regulation of Third street from Walnut to Spruce streets which was referred to the paving committee," Mr. Johnson as Chairman of -the paving- Committee, made the following report, ordinance and resolution^ which were agreed to. t'be paving committee to whom was referred the pe- tition-of sundry citizens, prayipg that'Gaskill street may be re-paved and the vvidth of the cartway from Second to Thh^d street'be reduced to eight feet, and .that of tbe footways increased to six feet. Report, that having vieweti the ^aid street, they are of the opinon. that the prayer of the petitioners ought to be granted: Ihey therefore ask leave to offer the accompanying ordinance and resolution. Resolved, By the Select and Common Councils, that tbe City Commissioners be and they are hereby directed to cause Gaskill street from Second to Third streets to be re-paved, and charge the expense to appropriation No. 1. Mr. Johnson offered fhe subjoined resolutions which were agreed to. Whereas the lot of ground owned by the city on Schuylkill Front and'second streets,between Chesnut & High streets, are rendered (in their present state) use less, for any purpose owing to their surface being so much below the regulation of the city plots: Therefore,, Resolved by the Select and Conimon Councils that the City Commissioners be and they are hereby direpted to cause said lots lo be filled up with earth, at such tinies and to such extent as the paving committee may direct, and cbarge the expense to ap propriation No. 14. ; Resolved, by the Select and Common Councils, that the City Commissioners be, and they are , hereby'direct- ed, to cause Tenth street,, from Sassafras 'to Vine street, and Spruce street from 13th to Broad street as' soon as the iron pipes shall.have been there laid to be repaved and charge the expense to appropriation No. 1. Resolved, by the Select and Common Councils, that the City Commissioners under the, direction of the paving committee be,, and they are hereby directed, to cause Schuylkill Second street from Spruce to Walnut street, to be graduated in such manner as to make a free and easy acce«i to the intersections of Spruce, Locust' and Walnut streets, and charge the expence to appro- propriation No. 2, Mr. Oldenburg made the following report on the petition of Moses Isaacs, with a resolqtion, which was adopted, Tbe committee to whom was referred the petition of Moses Isaacs, for leasing the lot of ground situated be- tween,.Mafkef and Filbert streets, on tbe river Schuyl kill, and also for permission to to make an opening into the culvert in Arch street, beg leave to report. That having duly considered bis plans and proposition, deem it inexpedient to lease the same, they therefore' re spectfully offer the- following resolution: Resolved, That tho comrfiittee be discharged from the further con sideration thereof. — Phil, Gaz. SiNGUiAB AhbivIi. — Arrived in a common Susque hanna ferry boat At Mauch Chunk, on Wednesday eve ning last [3d instant]; Dr. (by courtesy) Joseph Parke, an eccentric character, of Luzerne county, Pennsylva nia. He left that county six weeks previous to his ar rival here — for what purpose we cannot exactly say — but he was armed and equipped with six grubbipg hoes to extract medicinal roots, a gun and a dog. Before he reached here, his grubbing hoes, gun and five dollars in money were stolen, arid his dog taken and killed by the rascally Pbiladelphian dog catchers-4^ that the poof man was handsomely "cleaned out." '- He went down the Susquehanna river,passed via Dela ware &Chesapeake canal into the Delaware river;thence to Easton, and then by the Lehigh canal to this place. His intention was to have proceeded by water to Stoddartsville, but finding it impossible to stem the cur rent of the Lehigh, he cast anchor, sold his boat, and proceeded by stage to Berwick, — Mauch Chunk Cou. 152 EARLY POETS AND POETRY OF PENNSYLVAiNIA. [BEVHT-nmit From the Memoirs ofthe Historical Society of Pennsylvania. SOME ACCOUNT OP THE EARLY POETS AND POETRY OF PENNSYLVANIA. By Joshua Francis Fisheh— .Searf at a Meeting of the Council, July 15, 1829. " Quam multi tineas paseunt blattasque Poetse."— Mart. In the following account ofthe early poetry ofPenn sylvania, I have endeavoured tp collect all the facts still extant, which can illustrate this interesting department of our literary history. Although I have had access to- but few sources of information, I shall at least be able to present a longer catalogue of poets than has yet been , published, and to mention several productions which have met with unmerited neglect. It was, at first, my intention to select specimens from the poems of each author, and to copy some ofthe best anonymous' pieces, which from time to time appeared in the periodicals; but the present paper may he con sidered too_ long even ^^^ilhout these extracts; and per haps, its object will be best answered by directing the attention of others to the original publications, from which every native Pennsylvanian cannot fail to derive a high gratification.* The cultivation of poetry seems, at least in the Brit ish race, the strongest-evidence of refinement. Among them, it was not the growth^ of a barbirous age, and it nev_er was the pleasure of the humble. To discover, therefore, amongst our colonists a taste for poetry, will do much to vindicate their claim to literary advance ment and intellectual refinement. That this taste ex isted, is to be proved, not so much by adducing one or two brilliant displays of genius, as by naming numerous and successive efforts, which, although only partially successful in their day, and altogether unworthy at the present of our admiration, establish nevertheless the fact ofthe constant cultivation ofthe apt; and assure us that the best poetry of England was sought for, read, admir ed, and imitated, not only frequently, but constantly, by men who have been stigmatized as unpolished, illite rate, and rude. - ! The first twenty yeirs^ of our colonial history produ-. . ced, it is probable, but^ littie poetr^ — nothing which deserves the name has descended to us. The "exalted and cultivated minds of s'bme of the-first settlers were, no doubt, often possessed with sublime imagination, inspired by the native grandeur of the wilderness; or, when recollecting the beautiful homes of their youth, - were filled with tender emotions. nearly allied to poet ry — but their dutie,? were imperious, the hours spared ffom private laboul- were engrossed by public affairs; and, while we thank them for the institutions they have established, we must regret that little remains Of theirs but an honourable name. But the secondgeneration, relieved from the toils of settlement in the forest— -reposing under liberal esta bhshments. and laws framed by the enlightened wisdom ofthe founder and his companionsr-and-reaping plenty from rich and beautiful fields, cleared by the labour of their fathers — first,lurned their eyes to HeaVen in thank fulness, and then to Parnassus for inspiration to cele brate the beauty and delights of their happy country. Although it cannot be denied, that the tuneful inhabit ants of that sacred hill rarely descended into the green valleys of our province, or that * erubuit sylvas habitare Thalia; '^still their smiles were not altogether withheld from • I must therefore observe, in justice to the memory of our early poets, as well as to my own taste, that the verses which may be quoted in the following pages, have been selected only as illustrative of the narrative, and are in no instance to be considered as specimens of our best provincial poetry. their rustic votarieSf and this was quite encouragement enough. During the early part of the eighteenth cen- ,tury, several poets flourished in Pennsylvania, whose lines merited the approbation of their ct^ntemporaries. : Few of these productions are riow to be discovered, and those vvhich are found in print were, it is probable, by no means the best. We must look for them-in the Al manacs — a strange place to seek for poetry- but at that early day, they were the only, publications to which rhymes could obtain admittance; and certainly never since have Almanacs been embellished, with belter ver ses. They are for the most part -greatly deficient in poetic graces, but some ofthem may certainly with just ice be commended for sprightliness and ease. The want of a periodical sheet was felt by those mo dest geniuses, who, not confident of the intrinsic merit of their ^pieces, would have been happy to trust to tbe generosity ofthe public an unfathered offspring, which might not obtain favour fof an acknowledged author. The.invitations ofthe editors of our two earliest news papers, were eagerly accepted by a score of nameless sons of Apollo. Scarcely a week passed tbat some new attempt at rhyming -was not made; or, to speak more appropriately, that our ancestors did not hear some young Orpheus beginning to lake lessons on the lyre. These first strains certainly were not always melodious. The first poetry of Pennsylvania, may generally be characterised as inelegant, unbarmonious, and spiritless; yet, thpre were several brilliant exceptions, which sur prise us by their sweetness and vivacity, and were be- ypnd a doubt the productions of cultivated and -refined minds. There are many verses which would not dis credit any English author of the last century, and still may be read with pleasure; and although, perhaps, they- have not enough of originality or brilliancy to deserve a reproduction, in an age overstocked with all the lighter kinds of literature, may certainly be noticed with satis faction, and referred to with pride. The earliest rhythmical production of our province, which was committed to print; at least, the first of which we have any notice, bas the following title: "APara- phrasiical Exposition on a Letter from a gentleman in Philadelphia to his friend in Boston, concerning a cer tain person who compared himself to Mordecai." It was printed in the year 1693, in a small quarto of eight pages. It is to be regretted, that neither tbe name of the author nor of the printer is attached, Tbe piece is of extreme rarity; and all the criticism that I am able lo furnish is, " That it was a bitter attack upon Samuel Jennings, and that the lines are destitute of the spirit, and almost without the form of poetry," In James Logan's defence of his conduct, against the charges of the assembly, which he wrote previous to his embarkation for England in 1709, I find mention of a WiiEiAM Rakestraw, who, two years before (1707), had published " several scurrilous libels and rhymes against the proprietor" and his secretary; for which, "¦- was judicially sentenced "to make satisfaction." he Of these libellous rhymes, we have no further notice, and their recovery I presume is not to be hOped for. We are indebted to Mr. John Parke, an officer of Washington's army.and a gentleman of classical acquire ments and cultivated taste, for the preservation of a poetic translation of some of Anacreon's Odes, and of two of Ovid's Elegies, " by the learned aud facetious David French, Esquire, late of Delaware counties" (now state). "They had been consigned," says Mr. Parke, " to oblivion, througb the obliterating medium of rats and moths, under the sequestered canopy of an antiquated trunk." Some of them were-writlen as eariy as 1718, and are therefore amongst the earliest, as they are of the best colonial poetry we are likely to discover. They are, undoubtedly, the composition of a man Of learning and of taste. They discover a familiar acquaint ance with the classical authors, and are so elegant and fluent in their style, that we cannot but believe Mr. French to have been a practised writer of English poet- 1831.-] EARLY POETS AND POETRY OF PENfiTS'TL VANIA. 153 ry. Fame, however, hasbeen for once unjust, and pos terity has none ofhis Original verses to admire. All that I find of his history, is contained in the foi- lowing postcript of a letter, dated August 2Slh, 1742: " David French was buried yesterday in Chester church by the side of liis father, and Mr. Moxon succeeds bim as prothonotary" (of the court at New Castle). His father was, doubtless. Col. John French, a gentleman very distinguished in the lower counties, and whose name frequently occurs in our early annals. AQ.UIIA Rose has been often named, as one of the first who gained reputation as a poet in Pennsylvania. He was an Englishman by birth. At an eariy age, and in great poverty, be emigrated to Ibis province, where he found employment and a wife. He was the principal workman in Bradford's printing office, and was clerk to the assembly when he died, the 24th of the 4th month (June), 1723, aged twenty-eight years. Franklin says, *' he was an ingenious young man, and of an excellent character, highly esteemed in the town, and also a very tolerable poet." It may be regretted that although, in the words of one ofhis admirers, we have received "his name, / Preserved to late posterity by fame,',' we have no opportunity to judge of his verses. Keimer, iri his elegy, says that he was master of "The French and Latin, Greek and Hebrew too;" but I cannot rely upon the eulogium given in that curi ous production — as I am inclined to suspect that Keimer was guided in his praises by the exigencies of his rhymes rather than by the character of his friend. It may be considered some compensation forthe loss of Aquita Rose's poetry, that his death gave occasion to neless than three Elegies, which have descended to us. The first we meet with is a kind of eclogue, printed.in the Mercury, June„25th, 1724,, which was "done by EKas Beckett of London." It is written in what Keimer calls '^a melting florid strain,*' hut as a composition is far superior to his. , ' In February 23d, 1723-4, another piece does honour to the memory of our poet. It is presumed that the bashfulness of sume native Pennsylvanian, introduces his " Elegy on the sight of Myris' tomb," by the following preface: "The following lines were left with the print- er-by an intimate friend of A. R.deceased, who, touch ing at Philadelphia, on his way to Great Britain, had but time to hear; a relation of his friend's death, view the place ofhis interment, and write, without revising 'em, the following lines. He begins with the most pathetic lamentations, and an appea^ to almost every deify ofanfiquity. He then descends to the dryads and naiads, and thus apostrophi ses our river: "With pleasure we behold, O Delaware! Thy woody banks become the Muses' care. Thy docile youth were with her beauty fired. And folly, vice, and ignorance retired; And had but Myris lived, we hoped to see A new Arcadia tp arise on thee." The panegyric on Myris is very extravagant. He possessed, of course, every virtue, and'his poems every grace. We migbt do fhe latter more than justice, were we to credit all the encomiums in this elegy. " Love," it informs us, was " Myris' favourite theme;" and al though his poetry was no doubt " able to persuade the fair" of our then rural city, it might run the risk of be ing pronounced, by our more fastidious tastes, rather pretty than '• elegant,'! more -affected tban "tender." The well known elegy of Keimer's, remarkable as having never been written, but "set in types, as the verses flowed.from his muse," may be read with some amusement— and we may derive from it. some curious traits of early manners. It has lately been reprinted, and it deserved it as a curiosity. [See Reg. vol.II.p.263]. Samubi Keimer was a remarkable character; and al though his history is familiar to every one who' had read Vol. VIII. 20 Frankliii^s delightful auto-biogi-aphy. heis not to be passed unnoticeil in an account of our early poets. Littie is known ofhis early life. He promised, in one ofhis publications, "to present to the world for .its en- ter lainment an aciiount of his sufferings^ under the cha racter of Mhe white neg.ro;'" but soon afterwards be quitted the province, and probably never accomplished the work. He received, if we may believe himselfra ' learned education — and in a very scurrilous piece, print ed in the Mercury. January. 1726, Jacob Taylor pariicu- ularly ridicules his charlatanism and boasting, and thus ' addresses him: "Thy constant care and labour is to be thought a finished philosopher and tinivei-sal scholar, never forgetting lo talk-of Ihe Greek and Hebrew, and other oriental tongues, as if they were as natural to thee as hooting to an owl." He learnt tbe business of a compositor in Londori, and was for some time establish ed there as a printer. But he appears to have been unfortunate in trade, and over-burthened wiih tlie sup port of a wife. During the great excitcnent, which the preaching of the first Methodists produced in Great Britain, he became as one of " the French prophets," an Unsuccessful rival of those preachers.' who were desr lined to effect the most extensive schism which has, ever mortified the church of England. He was equally unfortunate in bis new employment. He suffered with bis fellow-impositors. and was glail -to escape from his wife and, persecution togetheV, in a vessel bound to Philidelphia. Here he arrived, it is probable, late in the year 1721; and fhe first notice we bave of biro, is an advertisement of February 5th, 1722, which I shall quote entire: for, whether it were, as his enemies as serted, that his only object was notoriety, or that he was really actuated bybenevolent motives, the first attempt to elevate the character, and meliorate the condition of an oppressed race, well deserves to be recorded. "Take notice.-:— There is lately arrived in this city, a person who freely offers his service, to teach his poor brethren the MALE NEGROES to read the Holy Scrip tures, &c. in a very uncommon, expeditious, and delight ful manner, without any manner oP expense tp their respective masters or mistresses. All serious persons, whether Roman Catholics, Episcopdlians,-Presbyierians) Independents, Water-Baptists, ov people called QhiikerSj- who are truly concerned' for their^alvatipn, may advise with tlie said person at his lodgijigs (relating to the time and place'of his so instructing them), at the dwelling- house of John Read, carpenter, in High street, at Phila-- delphia, every morning till eight of the clock, except on the SEVENTH DAY." " The advertisement ends with the following verses, which' may be considered a favour able specimen of Keimer's poetry: "The Great JEHOVAH from, above. Whose Christian Name is LIGHT and LOVE, In all his Works will take Uelight, And wash poor Hagar's BLACK MOOR white. Let none condemn, this .underfaking, , By silent thoughts, or noisy speaking;'' They 're fools whose bolt's soon shot upon The mark they 've looked but little on," . Whether he carried his scheme into execution, I have not been able to -discover — he certainly kept it in view threeyears afterwards; for, from some wretched rhymes which foi-m part of the piece of Taylor's above referred to, it seems he was at that time making application for a room, in which to teach his black pupils; on which occasion, he is thus assailed by his eneiny: '•A school for thee!, a most commodious place To nod, and wink, apd point with such a grace — Thy black disciples, now immerged in folly. Shall start our clerks.and read,and speak Uke-TuUy: The preference tothe sable sort belongs: The white man next must learn thesacred tongties. Thus, in just order are thy legions led To realms of science, Keimer at their head." 154 EARLY POETS AND POETRY OP PENNSYLVANIA.^ [Septeihbxs Through his whole sojourn in our province, he seems to have been borne down by poverty and disasters; and the, constant object of ridicule., In a paragraph of his ;paper. written after his release from prison, to which lie had been dl-agged from his bed by his creditors, he gives the following account of his persecutions by cal umny and misfortunes: "It certainly niust be allowed somewhat' strange, that a person of strict sincerity, re fined justice, and universal love to the whole creation , should, for a series of near twenty years, be tbe con stant butt of slander, as to be three times ruined as a master printer, to be nine times- in prison, one of which was six years together, and often reduced to the most wretched circumstances, hunted as partridge upon the mountains, and pers'ecuted with the most abominable lies the devil himself could invent or malice utter; and yet all this while, never any wise. good, or even honest man. bas been his enemy, or knew aiiy evil of hirti. bating the little mistakes or peccadilloes of human na ture." With all these professions, it must be believed that he was a knave at heart; and yet be turned his knavery to little account, for as long as we can trace his history, he was equally wretched, and when he fled from Barbadoes he was Sgain a bankrupt. Franklin teils an anecdote of Keimer, so characteristic of them both, that I shall, 1 am sure, be, excused for quoting it. " He formed," says.Franklin, "so high an opinion of my tal ents for refutation, that he seriously proposed to me to become his colleague in the eBtablishfherit of a new re ligious sect. ' He was lo propagate the doctrine by preaching, arid I to refute every opponent. " When he explained to me his tenets, I found many" absurdities y/hich I refused to admit, unless he -would agree iri tui-n.to adopt some of my opinions; Keimer wore his beard long,because Moses ba.d some where said, 'Thou shalt not mar the corners of thy beard.' He like wise obsei-ved the Sabbath; and tbese were virith him two very essential points. I disliked.^ them both; but I consented to adopt them, provided he would agree to abstain from animal food. I doubt, said he, whether my constitution will be able lo support it. I assured him, on the contrary, that he would find himself the better for it. He was riaturaHy a glutton, and I wished to amuse myself by starving him, He consented to make trial of this regimen, if I would bear him company; and in" reality we continued it for three months, 1 continued it cheerfully; poor Keimer suffered terribly. Tired of the project, be sighed for the flesh-pots of Egypt. At length he ordered a roast pig,,and invited me ^and two of our female acquaintances to dine with him; but the pig being ready a little too soon, he could not resist the temptation, and eat it all up before we arrived." I have noticed several of Keimer's rythmical produc- tioni!. . Several other pieces remain, but they^re be neath criticism. That Benjamin Franklin was the author of verses, is somewhat surprising, for there has. perhaps, rarely existed a genius less poetical than his. The only one of'his pieces deserving any commendation, which I have seen, isakindof jeu d'esprit,:entitied" Paper." Those who recollect it, need not be tolJ that even this is not very remarkable for its poetry or its wit. In his auto biography he speaks of some ballads, which he Wrote wben a boy; and an etamipation ofhis almanacs would reward the search, with a number of short pieces by our philosopher, which, though they have very small pre tensions, bave certainly as little merit. Tbe mind of Dr. Franklin, was. without doubt, richly endowed with useful qualities; but it possessed no imagination, and little enthusiasm, and lii(d he been ambitious of the fame ofa poet, he could only have diminished his reputation as a moralist and a philosopher. ¦ The name of J'acob Taylor has already been mention ed. He is supposed to have been originally a printer; for, in the year 1712, he was sent for by the House of pepresentatives, and consulted about printing the laws. He afterwards kept a mathematical school in this city; and. it is said," was at the same lime a successful prac titioner of physic. He was at pne time Surveyor Gene ral of the province — but appears to have' soon retired from office, and during the latter part of his life was a resident in Chester county. His chief reputation was as an almanac maker, and before the pubhcation of Franklin's well known produc- lion, his almanac was the best and most--popular of se veral issued by the Philadelphia press. In his Ephe- meris for 1736, when he was in extreme old age, he says, " It is nowr forty years since I published astrono mical calculations.wbicb I have frequently confinued,but not without several-intermissions." 'He died shortly af ter the publication of this almanac I have already quoted some lines of Taylor's, which fprmed part of an attack on Keimer, who had. without authority from the former,^ affixed bis name to what be denominates " a filthy foolish pamphlet, called a compleat Ephemeris." He continues his attack on Keimer with any thing but the calmness of an astronomer; and he, perhaps, sur passes the poor printer, in what he calls his " matchless talent at scandal, without a grain of common sense or modesty.'' Taylor appears to have' been the contribu- tpr, not only ofthe astronomical calculations, but ofthe poetic embellishments of the almanacs published under his name ; and some of the pieces have considerable merit; but bis imagination does not seem to have caught from his favourite study any high degree of inspiration, for its flights were never remarkable for their vigour or sublimity. Some of his verses were, however, neither rude nor inelegant, and in harmony and spirit nearly approached lo the poetry of standard authors. The longest of his pieces is entitied "Pennsylvania," and was published in 1728. It may be donsidered one of tbe best descriptive poems, which the beauties and blessings of our province inspired. In the " Story of Whackum,," he ridicules in all veiy manner the country quacks, who. in spite of the increase of regular physicians, retained their infiuence amongst the ill'iterate vulgar. - And in another poem, which is one of his best, be attacks the professors of ju dicial astrology, of which it seems there were several in the colony. To " Bachelor's Hall," a poem by George Webb, are prefixed some of Taylor's verses in praise of its author-^but they have little merit, , I shall add some lines, written by a contemporary, containing a character of our astronomer's poetry — though I am not satisfied ' that the criticism-is just— ^ , ' With years oppress'd and compass'd round with woes. Amuse with fire ft-aught yet Taylor's shows; His funcy 's bold, harmonious are his lays. And were he more correct he'd reach tbe bays. These lines are part of a satirical production, entitled "The Wits and Poets of Pennsylvania," Part I. which was printed in the Merctiry, April 1731. The author unfortunately was afraid to subscribe bis name; and we have still more to regret, that he speaks of five only of his fellow-votaries of the Muses. The poem itself holds a respectayi place among the native productions ofthe day; and I shall make use of it in my notice of the three following bards. The first poet in this catalogue, is Joseph Brient- NAIL — a scrivener by pfofession,and a respectable mem ber of the society of Friends. He was, I believe, the fil'st secretary of the City Library Company, and is na med aii\pngst the earliest members of the Junto. In his account of that club, Franklin thus describes him: " He was a middle, aged man, of a good natural dispo sition, strongly attached to his friends, a great lover of poetry, reading every thing that came in his way, and writing tolerably well, ingenious in many littie trifles, and of an agreeable conversation. " He continued, in a creditable manner, the essays ofthe "Busy Body," of which Franklin had written the first -five; and we .may, I presume, attribute to him the rhymed description of Market street, which forms part of the 18th No.* Some ' See Register, vol. III. page 299, 1831.] EARLY POETS AND POETRY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 155 verses to the author of " Bachelor's Hall," are the only ether poem of Rrientnall's I can discover, and it justi fies the following "character given by his brother poet: -, For choice of diction I should Brientnall choose. For just conceptions and a ready muse ; Yet is that muse too laboured and prolix. And seldom on the wing knows where to fix. So strictly regular is every rise, His poems loose the beauty of surprise. In tbis his fiame is like a kitclten fire, . W.e see the billets cast which mount it higher. GxoRGiE Webb was distinguished as a poet in his day. He seems to have been patronised by tlie gentlemen of &shion,and, his poem of "Bacheloi-''s hall" was written in a sense of gratitude to the members of a celebrated, club which met at an edifice in the neighbourhood pf the Treaty tree, and. which had the reputation of any thing but morality among the quiet inhabitants df our city. Webb in his poem' vindicates "ihe society of bachelors from tbe charge of debauchery, and claims fur their , hall the character of a temple of scientte and virtue. - 'Tis not the revel, or lasciviotis night. That to this hall the bachelors invite; Much less shall impious doctrines here be taught;'.. Blush ye accusers, at the very thought! ¦^or other, O ! far other ends designed. To mend the heart and cultivate the mind,. It is altogether a very creditable performance. It consists of about one hundred lines, and was printed in folio and sold at the new printing office (Franklin's) MDCCXXXI. ' Webb published in 1728 a short poem in praise of Pennsylvania— ^-and many of the'best pieces , in the "Univei-ssl Instructor and Pennsylvania Gazette were, without doubt, written by hinii — as he was en gaged in that publication with Keimer, but I have not been able to identify any. of th^em. ' I can neither add to, nor improve the history of George Webb as given by Dr. Franklin, and I therefore ^quote the following: "He was an Oxford scholar" "wiiose service Keimer had purchased for four years, in tending him for acompositor." "He"wasthen not more thanneighteen years of age, and the following are the particulars he gave me of himself. Baron at Glouces ter, be had been educated at a grammar schbol. and had distinguished himself among the scholars by his su perior style of acting, when they represented dramatic performances. He was member ofa literary ^club in the town; and some pieces of his composition, in prose as well as verse, had been inserted in the Gloucester pa pers. From hence he was sent, to Oxford, where he remained about a year; but he was not contented, and wished to see Londori, and becoriie an actor. At length having-^ received, fifteen guineas- in pay his quarter's board, he decamped with the money from Oxford, bid his gown in a hedge, and travelled to London. There, having no friend tp direct him,he fell into'bad company,. soon squandered his fifteen guineas, could find no way of being inti-oduced tp the actors, became contemptible, pawned his clothes, and was in want of bread. As be was walking along the streets, almost famished with hun ger, and not knowing'what^to do, a recruiting bill was put into his hand, which offered an immediate treat and bounty money to wboever-.v»as disposed to serve, in America.' He instantly repaired to the house of ren dezvous, enlisted himself, was put on board a ship and conveyed to America, without ever writing a line to in form his parents what was become of him. His mental vivacity and good natural disposition; made him an ex cellent companion; but he "was indolent, thoughtless, and to the last degree ifnprudent." He afterwards, by the assistance of a friend, was enabled to purchase his time and became interested with bis former master in the paper which soon afterwards fell into Franklin's bands. He is named amongst the Original members ot the Junto but we bave no ftirther notice of his exist ence. I quote from the same anonymous piece, the following character of Webb: Surely the Muse hath ranged the distant spheres,- And when the Gods were speaking cock't her ears; Heard the decrfees of thunder-flinging Jove, And then came back and told us all for love: 'Twas George's Muse i-ftng'd this unbidden track, K-e66,.who like Banloft's* famed for the best hack^ For through the piece poetic genius shines, When thoughts sublime meet in harmonious lines: Where bounding P^BSMS with loosened rein. Proud ofthe course, shewed a well ordered flame. Pleased with the event a second heat he try'd. And soar'd, 'tis true, but with a lessened pride. Some say he got a most confounded fall, Andsnapta leg or two against "the Hall," Wh^n the Chimeroans [Cimmerians'] seeing' eased his pain, ' By paper stamp'd and set all rigbt again. •• Tie poet next rioticesanothef 'of his fellow citizens of Parnassus in a strain of satite, which, though really witty, is not quite sufficiently delicate for modern eai-s. As t|ie person.is not named, and 1 have been Unable to discover any verses to which the character is applicable, I do not hesitate to omit it. The poem concludes with the foi- ¦ lowing lines: Tn Brooke'scapacious breast the muses sit. Enrobed with sense polite and poignant wit; 'His lines .run smoothly though the current's strong; He forms with ease, with judgment sings the song. Asthe awful elm supports the purpling vines. So round his sense vhis sprightly wit entwines: Oh! would he oft'ner vvrite. so should the town Or mend their tastes, orlay the Muses down; , For, after manna who would garbage eat. That hath a spark of sense or grain of ivit? The subject of this exalted encomium' was Mr. Henb* Brqoki;, a young gentleman of high talents and of fin ished education. He is said to havebeen a younger son of Sir Henry Brooke, Bart, and was provided for by a settlement at Lewistown, Sessex counly, as collector ofthe customs. Of his separation from his friends and seclusion from, polished society he constantly complains in a series of letters to James Logan, distinguished for their elegance and , sprightiiness. Thp only specimen of Brooke's poetry which I have metwith is entitled "A discourse on JestB.''f It is addressed to Mr. Robert Grace, whoni Franklin describes as "a young man of for tune, generous, animated, and witty. "fond of epigrams. • but more fond Of his friends." It rallies him on tlie sub- , ject of "his darling bosomse in a jest" with much good sense and good humour. It may be pronounced a sprightiy and pleasant treatise on false wit, arid proves its author to have been not only an imitator of gppd models, but.himself the possessor of a lively wit ahd a refined taste. ' Mr. Brooke beCame very eminent in the lower counties, was for several years Speaker of their assembly, and, in 1720, was ajspoirited a Master-in Chan- ceiy by Sir W. Keith. He died in 1?*3S, in the. 57th year df his age, and tbe General Magazine of 1741 con tains a poetic tribute to his memory, w"hich describes him as an accc-nplished linguist,- and an adept ia almost every scienciesw ' - , . . , „ I must ndtP^mit the names of three eariy friends of Dr. Frankdiii; who seem to have dedicated some oftheir hours to>he Muses, although the productions of two of them are not to be discovered,, and perhaps did not merit preservation. ^ "My most intimate acquaintances," says he, "were Charges Osborne, Joseph Watson, and James Ralph, young men who were allfond of reading., The two first were clerks to Mr. Charles Bi-ockden, one of the prin cipal attorneys of the town; the olher clerk to a mer chant. ? William Banloft. a noted stable keeper, fSee Register, vol; \V. page 391. 156 EARLY POETS -VKD POETRY OF PENNSYLVANIA. [Septehbkb Watson 'was an upright., pious and sensible young man: tbe others were somewhat more loose in their principles of religion, particularly Ralph, whose faitli. as well as thatof Collins.I had contributed to shake; each of whom made me suffer a very adequate punishment. Osborne was sensible and sincere, and affectionate' in his friendships, .but,top, much inclined to the critic in matters of litet-alure. Ralph was ingenious and shrewd, genteel in his ad dress, and extremely eloquent., I do not remember to have met with, a more agreeable, speaker. They were both enamoured of the Muses, and had already evinced their passiiin by some small poetical productions." This accpunt introduces an agreeable description of their literary recreations in the retirement of "the woods which border the Schuylkill, where they read together, and afterwards conversed on what they read," He gives' I a lively sketch of their poetical competitions, which fixed Ralph at least. »,his resolution of becoming a poet. The subsequent history of Ralph, as told by Dr., Franklin, contains some anecdotes which do no great honour to either ofthem. They went to England to gether in 1724. There Ralph applied himself profes sionally to literature, butin liis choice proved an unfor tunate one. and talents which might have gained him high reputation in our province, were overlooked in the British meti-opolis. Between the years 1730 and 1745 he published several playsj some of which were acted at Drur^Wane, but without even a temporary success. The names of four of them are "The Fashionable Lady." "Fall of tbe Earl of Essex." "The Lawyer's Feast," and "The Astrologer." Depending for his support on these exertions he was constantly disappdi^nted and al ways in want, and bis letters dated at- this period' were written in all the bitterness of mortification and penury. As a political writer he was somewhat more successful. He was the editor oT several scurrilous periodicals, and was a distinguished member of the corps of scribblers who incessantly attacked the measures ofthe adminis tration. He acted for some tinie as a partisan of Mr. Doddington, afterwardsLord MeIbourne,and enjoyed, it is^said, the confidence of the. Prince of Wales, then in the ranks of the opposition. jBut-his pen had its price" and was finally purchased or paralysed by a handsome bribe from Mr. Pelham. In the last literary production pf Ralph, "The Case of Authors stated, with regard to Booksellers, the Stage, and the public," he has described with success the ills and disappointments which he seems to have encounter ed and represents the profession ofan author as the last a noble and liberal mind ought fo select. Even then. pehaps he, did not suppose that a diligent inquiry for his works would be rewarded- only with their titles. The names of ?ome of his poetical efforts are "Zeuma," "elarinda," "The Muse's .\ddress,"&c. A.poem called "Sawney," drew down upon him the satire of Pope, embittered perhaps by political anjmoslty; and another piece published .some time before, entitled "Night," is referred to by him in the caustic but elegant couplet, — Silence ye wolves, whilst Ralph to Cynthia howls, Making Night hideous — answer him, ye owls! The reputation of Ralph as an historian is more hon ourable, his history ofthe reigns of William, Anne and George the First, gained for him, from Fox the charac ter "of great acuteness as well as.diligence," and is pro- nounced by Hallam to be the most accurate, and faithful history df those times. The folios of this work are not often opened,. but they have a -place in all our libraries. where they remain the only monument of this early po et ofPennsylvania. / James Ralph died at Chiswick in 1762, Ifhe did not possess the genius of a poet, he at least exhibited talent as a political wi-;ter of no mean order. He is praised by his contempo'paries for his great application, and is said to have inatfe himself master of the French and Latin, and to have h.id some knowledge of the Italiun language. It is not surprising that Ijis integrity as a writer did not withstand the temptation ofa bribe, and his fault is perhaps palliatetl by his poverty, and- the frequent examples ofhis contemporaries. Contemporary with most of the writers I have men. tioned, was William Sa'ttebthwaithe, an English man by birth, and a mari of con.siderable learning.- He is -said to have received coHegiate honours, but this is improbable^ and the humble station of a village schoolmaster is rarely the lot of a graduate at either of the sister universities. A female pupil was once be nighted on her road homewards, he offered her the bos-, pitality of his school-house, and fhe evening was long enough for their courtship and marriage. The impru dence of the step soori struck them, and they sailed for Perinsylvania in quest of better fortune. Tbey settled in Buck's county, where Satterthwaithe resumed his old employment; but lie still was persecuted by fortune; and his poverty was reiidered even more bitter by the ill temper of li'is wife, who, it is said, "On one occasion, altempied to poison him. But he sustained H!s ills with equanimity, and was in the end rewarded; for, it is slid, he at last became easy in his circumstances, and his «ld age was rendered comfortable by. the generosity of a patron^ This patron was Jeremiah Langhorne. a gen tleman of excellent talents, and of liberal 'mind, who was for many years distinguished in the provincial assembly, filled several of the highest offices, and succeeded James ¦Logan as chief justice. Several of Satterthwaitbe's poems have been trans- , mitted tp us;- one, denominated "Myster'ious Nothing," was written in 1738, at the instance of several young ladies. It is neither witty nor original, but is deficiept neither in ease nor in harmony. It was, I believe, re- publisbed some years afterwards and with it was print ed "An Elegy on the death of Jeremiah Lainghorne," and a poem on "Providence." He also wrote another piece, entitled "A Religious Allegory of Life and Futu rity, addressed to the Youth." His ppems, generally, are commendable for the pious sentiments and amiable feelings which run through them^ They cannot lay claim, to great brilliancy or elegance, but they show the'Jr author to have been an admirer and imitator of the purest models, the poetry of Homer and Virgil. Every person who has looked through the early-nufn- bers ofthe Mercurj', and df the Pennsylvania Gazette, must have noticed several salutary and panegyrical odes addressed to our Governors and other great men of the province, which have a family rudeness and vulgarity even below- the usual mediocrity of similar pieces, and which may, I suppose, be safely attributed to the first Professional Poet our country produced. '.. This was John DOMMETT, of whom tho Only knowledge we possess is derived from an elegy to, liis memory, printed in the Slercury of July 26lh 1738. The genius 6f its author was a kin totlvat ofthe deceased. In strains alto gether worthy of him, il praises his wit and good humour, and the fecundity of his muse; but gi*es him the char acter ofa drunkard, whose wretched life was sustained^ and whose vice's were encouraged by the bounty of those, to the praise of whom he had devoted his- pen. He died at Whitemarsh, July 22d, 1729; and in an epi taph, a postscript to the elegy I have mentioned, the features ofhis character and fortune are thus summec^up: Wealtiiy whilst rum be had, was John, yet poor 'Cause "worth but little, rich, 'cause crav'dno more; Him England birth. Heaven wit, this Province gave Fpodj Indies drink, Rhymes pence, Whilemarsh a grave. As a _ rhyinster, the name of John Dommett merits a \ place in this paper, and though we must pronounce bis verses to be amongst the worst which were producedin this province, we ought perhaps to recollect; that there Js nothing so rat-ely well treated, andin which so many men of genius havs failed as panegyric, Dommet ap pears to have written verses on a variety of subjects.but I do not know that' any of them have diiscended to us. [To be nimlinued.] ^^f ,1 1831.] THET ALCHEMIST. 157 For. the Register of Pennsj Ivania. THE ALCHEMIST. No. XXVII. ON AMERICAN CRITICISM. [second article.] Such once were Critics I such the happy few Athens and Rome in better ages knew ^—Pope. How far do the reviewers ofthe present age and coun try correspond vvith the character to which allusion is made, in the above warm and impassioned exclamation? To what extent, would their merits be acknowledged by the critic bard; the powerful and comrrianding genius, who published his maxims of authorship in early life,- and then .proved them correct by the unparalleled suc cess of his productions.' In the unchecked succession of desultoi-y amusement, or_the heat of cdntroversy, it is beneficial to resort occasionally to first principles, to recur to those fixed rules the. truth of which hasbeen felt in ages the most reriiote and climates the most dis- ; similar, and. which- have been from time to time com mitted to the written page by those whom the common consent of mankind has invested with the character of , permanent authorities in criticism. I shall therefore^ without further, preface, or any apdldgy.copy the whole of/the passage; an extract which expresses, better lhan any other language can do,- the office and duty of, a critic, and which 1 think so valuable as to be well wor thy ofa renewed perusal, altb.oiigh it has s^ready served for a motto to one of my former essays.* "But where's the man who copnsel cart bestow. Still pleas'd to teach,. and yet not proud to know? Unbiass'd or by favour pr by spite; Not dully prepossess'd,' nor blindly right; 'Jtbottgh learn'd, well-'bred; and, though welf-bred, . sincere; i ~ Modestly bold, and humanly severe; Who to a friend his faults can freely show, ' And gladly praise the merit ofa foe; Blest with a taste exact yet unconfin'd; A knowledge both of books and humankind; Gpri'rous converse; a soul exempt from pride. And -love to praisfe with reason on his side?" To the importance of the office of a reviewer I have already alluded in my last number; and it will not be unreasonable to'aseribe to such a charge a correspond ing dignity. A critic is, in reality.what the word imports, » judge; and he is uriquestionaTily bound IB preserve all the impartiality and calmness of the character. In dependently of matters^^of mere taste, his juagment is occasionally of qtiite as much importance to the private, rightsof individuals as that of the corresponding legal officer. The estimate set upon the merits of an author has the most powerful influence not only upon the com fort of his existence, but upon his pecuniary interest, and sometimes, in fact, brings in question the .existence of life itself. Proportionable to this responsibi-hfy is (he elevation of the stand assumed by the .great ligbtsof priticism; by Aristotle, by Horace, by Boileau, and by the author of.the splendid poem from wbicb I have been quoting. ,Yet among the reviewers ofthe. present day, and on both sides ofthe Atlantic, it will, I think, appear evi- •No. III. dentthat the fairness of the judicial office bas been for gotten, and that thuse who are' in reality the advocates have been allowed quietly to Seat themselves upon the bench. Journals have been instituted, large sums of , money lavished, and the first talents of a great nation secured, with the object, in a literary point Of view, not of judging impartially among the successive pro ductions of the day, and making their various degrees of merit more widely known, but of writing, up or v/ritingdown particular sets, of men, and assisting in the efforts of well known political a-nd business combi nations. In order to avoid being misunderstood, I will at present confine myself lo wha^ vve witness among the great periodicals ofthe British islands. In, the par tiality shown to the volumes' produced by a whig au thor, the seyerity used towards tories, the almost-indis criminate praise of all Scotcbmen.and the various prefer ences and dislikes ascribable to the private feelings of its editors, biit visible in its pages, enough may surely^ be found to convict the Edinburgh Review ,of being," instead ofa candid and just tribunal, the mere rostrum . of a set of determined, able, eloquent and persevering pleaders, wbose side; in relation to most points which may be brought into dispute, is already takenjandw hose- efforts are continually' and resolutely bent to the exten sion and perpetuation of their already powerful empire. In connexidn with this, various interests are to be pro moted and oppdsed, as their mutual co-operaition and reaction may indicate, or as may gratify individual feel ings; interests Wbich are Well known to the world, and which it is not necessary for me to stop to enumerate. in like manner, the Quarterly is guided by partialities of air opposite class, and whi'ch are carried to so absurd an extent as to give rise, in the midst of papers exhibit ing the most resplendent talent, to outburstings of a strange and extravagant bitred to^yards republican in- sfrtutions of all ages ' and eountries. In the warmth of their support to oligarchy, the writers in that journal seem ^o carry afeehng of personal and individual resent^ ment, such as generally belong to a private and inter ested partisanship, into the highest antiquity and the most remote locality; they enter into a furious political quarrel with the Athenian dicasts, and, upon the institu'- tutions and customs ofthe United States, they insert those extraordinary effusions which have so often at tracted the wonder, indignation and ridicule of , our staring countrymen. If we examine further, -v^e shall find an extension of the same principle. The West minster Review is the distinct promulg-ator and defend er of the doctrines of Jer-emy Bentbam; and to omit minor journals, the only important exception seems to be ,the Foreign Quarterly, which professedly undertakes the protection of the too much neglected literature pf the continent of Europe; a task perhaps, the most use ful and just ofthem all. What then is the cause' of this insidious creeping of - the advocate upon the bench of justipe? Is some con^ cealed advantage sought for by thus adding to what would (Aherwise weary as didactic dissertation, all the piquancy and interest of an animated personal discus sion ? Here then is much reason to believe lies the real secret. For the sake of gaining the air of novelty, and 158 taxation; [SBP'rEItBXft a personal interest in" the criticism, the writer leaves his proper station, and, from a judge, becomes a relentless partizan. The occasion is uot forgotten for the laud able task of puffing a friend or even a countryman; but the principal zest of the banquet is to be derived from the more stimulating condiments, Ari entire meal of sweet things would sicken the most liquorish palate'; and a relish must be obtamed for the confectionery by the previous methodical application and adequate sup ply of pepper.mustard and vinegar,. The consequence is,that this mode of writing, instead, ofasource of calm ¦and philosophical instruction to mankind,becomes achan- nelfor the free indulgence of the most violent dislikes and antipathies. Hence the furious passions into which the reviewer puts himself ,with the offending author, the style of utter denunciation, the declaration that sueh a brood of writers or such a bpdy of dpctrines, must.be extinguished; &c. &c., with other marks both ofan existing despotism and of a tyrannical administra tion of it. The public mind gradually becomes accus tomed to the compound, artd learns to consider it a thing^ of course. Tbe character of Messrs Gall and Treacle, the reviewers, have been happily ridiculed in the Well known and amusing novel of Headlong Hall; but the bitter and the molasses have become habitual with the reading community,aad the satire of our novehst flashes harmless against a mound, lo penetrate which to any dangerous extent is far beypnd its keenness. I'o the influence of the above periodical works, ex tensively read, and much imitated on this side of the Atlantic, is probably "mainly owing the habit, §o gene rally indulged among us, of imagining bad authors wor thy of excessive jseverity. We catch our opinions and practices from England, both directly and by imitative works published in our own country. That this is the real source ofthe evil.-mayjierhaps be denied by some. Thus,lt is not unfrequently argued tb_aT the self-conceit of a scribbler reaches such a pitch, that nothing but the last degree of severity can ever make an impression on a substance so impassive. It is enough, in reply to this merely to observe, that, in repelling scribblers, not only is mild satire inefficient, but that which is most power ful, and severe is scarcely ever productive of the least effect. Those against whom it is aimed, are generally in want ofthe means of daily support; they apprehend themselves unlikely to succeed in any other pursuit; and it is impossible to persuade men to refirtquish the efforts by which they are endeavouring to obtain the necessary comforts of life for their famiUes. And whether, iri a given instance, Ibis-be or be not the case, experience generally-sbows that it is not the bloCkheatl, but the man really endowed with taste and feeling, that suffers with the Blow. The individual so effectually under the influence of self-conceit as to be thereby debarred from progressive improvement and the ultimate chance of distinction, escapes unhurt, and suffers the lash to fall upon those wbo possess keener sensations. That personal and unmannerly reviewing is altogether unnecessary, maybe proved by the example of France. In that country, satirical comment, though less frequent than in England,l8 occasionallypractised to its full extent; the whip Is applied vigorously, although generally with judgment and discrimination. Yet calling names, per sonal attacks upon the author, and utter denunciations, are just as rare in French reviews as similar offences are in French society, and the whole system of criticism seems to be strictly controlled by the national polite ness. By thus preserving their temper, French review ers at-e enabled frequently to extract uSeful materials from publications which we have been accustomed to consider as of a very insignificant class. This may be seen by referring to the'pag^s of the Revue Encyclop^- dique; in which articles are continually to be met with, furnished bylhe most learned hands, and giving an ac count pf volumes which in England or with us Would be considered far below the dignity of the critical tri bunal. School books, pamphlets, and local publica tions are there constantly made thp source from which valuable facts and reflections are drawn for those who knotv how to use them. And certainly, I need not fear" to suggest the question whether the literature and sci ence of France, are inferior in their tone to those of England or America, or rather, whether they are not decidedly superior' Illnatured reviewing, if J am cor rectly informed, is not prevalent either in Germany or Italy; seeming to be the peculiar growth ofthe English and Scotch soils; and there is certainly nothing, in tbe unexampled learning and scientific eminence of tbe three continental nations which I have just named, _at all calculated to exhibit them as having suffered in the comparisori from the want of an adequate severity in criticism . If leisure and inclination suffice, I may, at some fu ture day, take up this subject again, and commit to pa per some further remarks upon the present state of our poetryand poetical criticism; and I may possibly select a volume or two In exemplification. p. From the Bradford Settler. TAXATION. iothe Taxable Inhabitants^f Bradford County. ' Fellow Citizens: — The time is fast approaching when it will be ourduty to elect Assessors in the several toiynships, whose duly it will be, together with the commissioners of the county, to fix upon some uniform standard for the value of property made taxable by law, which when establisbed will be a governing principle as totheamount of taxes to be paid by each citizen for three years: At a time then, when our courity rates are likely lo be increased by tbe'establisbment of two weeks court, and other causes; and in addition thereto a state tax is to be levied and property-riot heretofore taxable is to, be taxed for state purposes;— it behoves us to call our minds to the subject in order that the law which as suredly directs an equitable valuation should be strictly complied with. The law requires the commissioners and assessors when met, to form "a standard to ascer tain the iona^cfe value of -all property made taxable; taking into consideration improvements, proximity to market and other advantages of situcdion, so that the same relative value may be observed as it respects wards, townships, &c., that is observed in the valuation in the same township. See act of 28lh March 1808, which is one ofthe supplements of the act of April llth, 1799; which last mentioned "Act" requires the asses sors and their assistants to value the property made tax able at what it will "bona fide sell for fn ready money." It is very evident therefore, that the Legislature intend ed, what justice requires, to wit: that pi-opertj^made taxable, should be rated in assessments at its cash value; 1831.] STEAMBOAT EXPLOSIONS. 159 and that the supplement of 1808 was intended to bring into a general view of all concerned, (and equalize) the relative value of real estate in different townships in the same county, taking into consideration "proximity to market and other advantages of situation." Having called yoiir attention to the simple fact thai the law requires justice, and believing that (justice is de sired by all, I now ask you to take into consideration the standard previously formed in tbis county, and I vvill at tempt to show in a few words that they neither conform to justice or law. Firstly, Unseated lands throughout tlje county haye been valued at one dollar and fifty cents per acre. Now I am bold to affirm, that every man acquainted with un improved lands in this county, to any considerable ex- - tent, knows that simply considering their quality, there are many tracts worth five dollars per acre, and many that are not worth fifty cents. Where then I ask, in the name of justice or law, is the propriety of putting them all at one price' ^.^gain — every person knows - that atract of unseatedland-situated on a public rOad, a stream of water, near a settlement, a mill and a market is worth four limes as much in ready money, by the acre, as a tract of the same quality of land situated six or eight miles from any settlement, stream, market or road and separated froih them by hills almost impassable. Where then is the propriety of disregarding the advan tages of situation? I do not attempt to say that the ag gregate valuation of unseated lands is too high; but I do say that their- relative valuations appear to me palpably unjust. - Secondly, Townships have usually been classed in three classes; arid the seated lands in each township or class rated in three rates. By the standard last formed, which is now before me, it appears that in the first classof townships, improved land is rated, and valued by the acre, as follows, viz; First rate, $25 00— 2d rate $18 00— 3d rate $5 00. Second Class. First rate. $12 80— 2d rate $8 00— 3d rate $4 00. Third Class. First rate, $10 00— 2d rate $5 00— 3d rate $3 00. - A resolution passed at the meeting which formed the standard rates as follows, viz: Resolved, 'T^at the Asses- , sorshave power to value pprsorial property, trades and, occupations, either over or under the average price as the true value may be; by which it appears conclusively that no discretion is left witb the assessors and assistant assessors respecting real estate, but renders Ihe power of assistants wholly nugatory. This appears to me to be wholly wrong;^rs?, in fact, as it is urireasonable for men to fix a value upon lands which nine-tenths of them are unacquainted with, as is generally the case with the assessors aggregately : Secondly, m law, as tbey exercise a power manifestly gi ven by law to the several assessors and their assistants: Thirdly, in equity, as it fixes the price of improved lands at three prices not to be departed from when it is obvious that the cash value of landsis as various almost asthe number of farms. ^ One simple fact will illustrate the impropriety of that iriode of classing townships and rating lands. Towanda township is in the first class of townships — first rate of land $25 per acre. Monroe township is in the second class — first rate of land $12: Towanda creek is the line between the two townships, A tract of intervale lands of like quality is divided by the creek. That part of said'intervale lying in Towan da is valued at $25 per acre, and consequently is taxed 'more than double of the same quality in Monroe but a few perches from it, as that cannot be valued above $12 per acre. Another fact will show its unjust operation in another point of view: The assessor and assistants feel bound by the standard to rate the several lots of improved land in their township according to quality and improvements; by which means , proximity to mar ket and advantages of situation have no weight in fixing tbe value at wbich it is assessed. Enough has now been aaid to'awaken attention: - A remedy for these evils it may be difficult to prescribe. I take it however, that the true value of improved land is just that sum that it will pay the interest of after deducting from 'he pro ceeds the sum necessary to keep it in A com prehensive and luminous report was submitted in writ ing by Nicholas Biddle, Esq, tbe President, in behalf of the Directors of the Bank, showing, in a ma^erly manner, the condition, the character; and the impor tance of this great national institution, This'able and instructive document will, no-ddubt, be published. Af ter it was heard, the following Resolution was moved by Horace Binnet, EstJ. and the gentlemen who were accordingly appointed a Committee, made, in the after noon, the annexed Report, which was adopted without dissent. Resolved, That fhe communication made by the Board of Directors to this meeting, be referred to a Committee of seven lo report thereon; and tbat the same Commit tee be authorized to report upon such other matters as they may deem to be interesting to the Stockhold ers. The Commiltee appointed were: — H. Binney, Robert Ralston, R, L. Colt. Paul Beck, Manual Eyre, Joseph Hemphill, James Ronaldson. The Committee to whom" was referred the commu nication from the Board of Directors — REPORT: That they have verified by a comparison with the tabular statements of the Bank the material facts re ported in this interesting paper and find them to be correct. The reasoning by which the Board of Direc tors has deduced from them the connection between the Bank and the present prosperity of our country, and has sustained the principles which have regulated tbe administration of its concerns for many years, re- . quires no comment. All who read the communication, which it is presiimed, will be given to the publicj will discern for themselves not merely the actual prosperity of tbis inslitut'ion, greater and more stable than any former epoch, but the manner in which its great pubhc and private trusts have been performed, — its public trusts towards the Government and People of the Unit- ed States, artd its immediate private trusts towards the Stockholders, and those who have confided it to their funds and their credit. The perfect harmony of these interests under the operations of a Bank organized as the Bank of the United States has been by law, and ad ministered as it now is, is believed lo be demonstrated; and it would be mere waste and superfluity in the Com mittee 10' attempt to add either to the cogdncy or the variety of the considerations, by wbich the Board of Directors has completed the demonstration. The Com mittee will not however deny themselves the satisfac tion of submitting to the Stockholders a few of the in ferences, which the communication, taken in connex ion with tbe past and known history of the United States and the Bank, appears to justify. 164 BLACK LEAD MINES. laEPTIMBE" 1st. That the Bank at its origin; and at great cost and 'sacrifice, effectually promoted the restoration of specie payments: and that its able administration for several years past, has finally established a currency as universally sound within tbe United States as "can ever be expected, or as is essential tothe general welfare: and that this has occurred in a community whose cur rency for a part of the time has felt the influence of ac tive though temporary causes of derangement, and is at all times exposed to danger, by the number and va riety' of its Bankinglnstitution. 2d. That the Bank, through the whole course of its operations has effectually assisted the Treasury in the collection and distrikution of the public revenue; and that of late years, it has been signally efficient in pre venting tbe discharge ofthe public debt from disturbing the operations of commerce, oi^ the course and value of pecuniary investments. 3d. That the Bank by its judicious intervention in the business of domestic exchanges, has given such fa cility and regularity to this indispensable instrument of internal trade, that neither the want nor the cost of it any lorig'er exists, to embarrass any opinion whatever. 4th. That by its exterts'ive operations in Foreign Ex change the Bank for several years held in ils hands, and has at all times used, with striking effect, the power of arresting all sudden and violent fluctuations in this branch of commerce ; and promises by the satrte means greatly to economise the use of the precious metals in the future trade of the United States with China, and India. 5th. That these public services of the Bank of the United States are the peculiar result of ari institution organized and administered as this has been; that the organization of any bank or body whatever, essentially' different, would fail in the attainment of most or all of the great objects adverted to, and that an efficient ad ministration is alone necessary to develope the powers, and public uses of the Bank in its existing form. 6th. That while the Bank has been administered for several years upon tbose principles which are demon strably the best both for the pubhc and the stockhold ers, yet that adverse circumstances at an earlier day, and among them, chiefly; the cost and sacriflce attend ing the restoration of an unsound currency, by whicb an immense loss, that would otherwise have fallen up on the Treasury and People of the United -States, was assumed by the Bank, have prevented the stockholders from deriving the usual returns of money invested at the lowest rate of interest. — the original subscribers not having realized an interest equal to five per cent, per annum paid semi-annually, and stibsequent purchasers of the stock at an advance, having generally received less. ' 7th. That the stock of this Bank is distributed in such amounts, to such a variety of persons, and for such dif ferent purposes and trusts, that all charge or allegation of monopoly by any body of men whatever is shown to be without foundation; whereas the same circumstances prove the deep and critical interest which widows, or- .phans, charitable societies, and other trusts, have in the prosperity and continuance of the Bank, 8tli. That the welfare of this Bank is now identified with that of the people of the United States, from those who wield the largest operations of commerce, to him whose interest in the currency does not go beyond the just compensation for his daily labour. These inferences your Committee believe to be sound, and that no partial interest which Ihey may have as stockholders ought to prevent,^ them using their privi lege as citizens in stating them. — Their proof may be made manifest to all who know the history of the Bank and the country, by pursuing the communication ofthe Board of Directors. There is one other subject within range of the refe- ence to the Committee, upon wbich they deem it their duty to report. The Charter of this Bank will expire by its present limitation, on the 3d of March 1836, and there will con sequently be but one triennial meeting after tbe pre sent, and that at a point of time too near the expiration of the preseht Charter to authorize measures in regard to its renewals* It is fit. in the opinion of your Coriimit- tee, that before that meeting, power'sboutd be given to the Board of Directors; lo prosecute them if they think proper. This power should be large and definite, not merely to solicit a renewal, but to abide, if they think right, by the terms which Congress m*y impose. A Board of Directors who have administered the Bank in the manner detailed in their recent communication, are^ safe depositories of the entire power of the stockhold ers on tbe subject of a renewal of the Charter. With these remarks the committee terminate their , duty by offering tothe adoption ofthe meeting the fol lowing resolutions: Resolved, That an administration by which the inte rest of the Stockholders and public are successfully blended, is that system which is properly characteris tic of a Bank of the United States; and that lo the pre sent able administration of.the Bank, the Stockholders and the public are indebted for the full, efficient, and profitable developement of such a system. ¦ Resolved, That the thanks of this meeting be present- 'ed lo the Board of Directors for their comprehensive and lucid Report upon the operations and present con dition of the Bank, with an assurance that the Stock holders place an unabating confidence in their wisdom and fidehly in the further administration of ils con cerns. Resolved, That the confidence of the Stockholders continues to be due to the able and faithful President , of the Institution, and that their thanks be given to him for the enlarged and liberal views wbich have distin guished his administration of the Bank, and for the skill with which he has united in its operations, a re gard to the public welfare witb a steady support of the rights and interests of the stockholders. Resolved, That if at any time before the next triennial meeting of the Stockholders, it shall be deemed expe dient by the President and Directors to apply to Con gress for a renewal Of the Charier of the Bank, they are hereby authorized to make such application in the name and behalf ot the Stockholders, and lo accept such terms of renewal as they may consider just and proper. Bank of ihe United States, Sept. 1st, 1831. (Signed) Hor: Binney, Manuel Eyre, Rob. Ralston. Joseph Hemphill, Roswell L. Colt, James Ronaldson. Paul Beck, Jr. Resolved, That the reports adopted by tbe Stockhold ers be referred lo the President and Directors for the purpose of being printed and circulated in pamphlet form for the benefit of the Stockholders. BLACK LEAD MINES. Man is asupei-ficial sort of being. He looks at the outside of things, and contents himself with the belief that he has seen all there is to be examined. It was thus, -we confess, that we viewed, some ten days since, the Blace Lead Mines of Southampton, in this county. The Mine is situated on the top of Edge Hill, one mile and a half N, N. E. from Smithfield, and one mile and a quarter S. E, from the Buck Tavern. Its greatest perpendicular depth at present is between ninety and a liundredTeet. Tbe water is raised from it by two pumps, worked by a single horse, to-within thirty feet of the surface, where it passes off into a sjde drain; this drain was intended to have been about thirty feet lower, and is actually carried al that depth to within fifty yards, or a littie more, of the mine, where the workmen encoun tered a rock too hard to be penetrated by the means 1831,] REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. 165. then in use — the rock is primitive granite and quartz. Tbere is nothing peculiar to be seen on the surface which might indicate the existence of the rich treasure belijw. Smooth, gently-sloping fields, bearing luxuri ant vegetation, are all around you; a blacksmith's shop, a small building for the horse-power and pumps, and a drum-bead tacklefor drawing up the mineral, are before you; you step into either of these buildings, and look down la sbaft upon utter darkness. (Mr. Manson, the intelligent proprietor, residing in Smithfield, will ac company you any fair day, and make you pleased with his company.) From this dark place, of so unpromising aspect, is drawn more wealth, in proportion to the labor employ ed than perhaps any otber in the world. Within three years, with the imperfect ilrainage we have mentioned, the labor of from three to six hands, and one horse, the present lessee has raised twenty five thousand dollars worth of the mineral. An expenditure of a sum suffi cient to set up and keep in operation a steam engine of two, or at most four-horse power, would easily enable him to double or treble this amount; but as his lease will shortly expire,.and he is engaged in an extensive whale-fishery, this will not now be done. We under stand that Mr. Manson -will be willing to raise a compa ny for the purpose of making improvements, and work ing the mine more advantageously. The investment of considerable capital ip tbis enterprise would certainly be profitable. The mine is situated in a rich aind pop ulous neighbourhood, within five or six miles of the Delaware, and not more than 15 from Philadelphia. , The Plumbago of this mine is said to be the purest known, except that of one mine in England. It is uni formly barrelled up and sold as delivered from the pit's mouth, at from fifteen to forty cents per pound, accord ing to quality. It is sometimes found in large masses; one block of pure plumbago was raised a year or two since, weighing nearly four hundred pounds. The veins improve in- quality as they descend to greater depths; but tbe explorations downward have been pre vented from being extended on account of the difficulty of draining by the power in use. Should a more per fect mode be adopted, as is proposed, we should expect very beneficial results. With many thanks to the warm-hearted proprietor, and his hospitable fainily, for their polite attention and readiness of information. w,e tender him our best wishes for success in his desire of making tbis concern a source of profit to himself, a mine of wealth to the neighbour hood, and highly advantageous to the country: Bucks Co. R^ublican, PENNSYLVANIA TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. ANNIVERSARY REPORT Ofthe Managers of the Pennsyhania Society for discour aging the use of Ardent Spirits. Read on the 27th of May, 1831, and ordered to be published by the Society. Theanniversary of aTemperance Society, is an event calculated to elicit expressions of honest pride and joy from every true patriot and philanthropist. It does not call upon us to rejoice at the triumph ofthe strong over the weak, nor for victory with the expense of much blood and treasure. Far nobler purpose ! It is to com memorate the success of reason and sound morals, over brutalizing impulses and debasing habits. On an occa sion hke the present, we may well eulogize that higher wisdom whicb guides the efforts of the numerous volun tary associations throughout the land, forthe promotion of Temperance, and which teaches men to avoid temp- Ution and to shun danger, rather than causelessly to -encounter ills from which so few escape unscathed or dishonoured. , .^ . ,. , . . r Acting on this principle, and taught by tbe history of bumari habits, that abstinence from the seductive poison , cf strong drinks, and above all, of that most generally diffused and pernicious variety, ardent spirit, is the only sure guaranty against drunkenness and its horrible ac companiments; a few benevolent individuals in' the east ern section of our country, agreed, not many years ago, to form a Temperance Society. They agreed to desist themselves entirely from the use of this liquor; and, adding precept and remonstrance to example, they did their utmost to induce their fellow-citizens to adopt a similar course. The appeal thus made to the good sense' ofthe country, in favour of its best interests, has been nobly responded to; and at this time, some hundred thousand freemen of these States, have entered their solemn protest against tbe use of ardent spirit. Tbe sincerity of tbese reformers, members of Temperance Societies,isbest proved by the fact of their acting, them selves, up to the principle which they urge,, on their fellow-citizens at large, for adoption, Tbey recommend abstinence from ardent spirit, and they give force to this recommendation by abstaining from it themselves. The example of temperance, is rtot.as in times past,limited to scattered individuals, who have been always found in every district of our country, nor to people in other cli mates: it is now set by numerous and powerful associa tions— entire communities, including all religious per suasions^ and every political party. To his personal con viction ofthe blessings of sobriety, a member df a Tem perance Society adds a public pledge that he will exert himself to insure and diffuse them- Standing alone, a man might have allowed bimself in a moment of easy good nature, or for fear of ridicule, to become the victim of tl^e hour, and to sacrifice bis feeUngs to the urgencies of thoughtless and boisterous companions — ^but in his new relations, he is bound not to peril the reputation of bis associates and the cause.by such ill-timed concessions. In this point of view, it is in the power of every inhabit ant of tbe United States, to strengthen himself, and give strength to others in the support of temperance ; and on this ground, is it not the imperative duty of every man who is aware of the evils of strong drink, and who suffers from its use either in his own person, or in his relation to other.s, as a father, a son, or a brother, to enter his solemn protest against the practice, by becom ing a member of a Temperance Society ? ' He will thus secure himself from the dread poison, and give the strongest lesson of dehortation from ils uncalled for and pernicious indulgence by otbers; while, at the same time, he will exert a more powerful moral suasion on his family and connexions, than- by the mo.st pathetic appeals, or by the severest censures and penalties against intemperance. Is he a father, who, satisfied with his own discretion in the moderate use of ardent spirits, yet views with anxiety and mistrust, the Jjeginning fond ness for it of a favourite, perhaps an only son, whom be hopes will be the staff ^f bis old age — how shallbe teach tbis young man caution? how persuade him to be satis fied with a certain measure of liquor? Will it be by citing his own example? Alas! no. The son may natu rally be expected to allege, in reply to admonition, that personal experience will finally apprise him. as it did his father, df the quantity which he can take with im punity. What is, however, the result to be dreaded? This young man associates with those of his own age, joyous and thoughtless fike himself They drink as their fathers drank before them: but mutual incitements artd bantering, uttered in idleness or .in accidental dis cussion, are made the pretext for emptying an additional botrte. Without intending it, they have now passed the limits — they are intoxicated-^the midnight hour has ar rived, and they sally out to wander amidst the haunts of the vicious and depraved — they form new and unholy connexions, and lose in one short hour the ingenuous innocence which had hitherto distinguished them. The scenes of this one day are renewed, if not on the next day, yet in.the next week— it may be the next month; but renewed they will be, because the same provocative to stormy passions, the same slupifier of the judgment, is had recourse to in the form of intoxicating drink, at 166 REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. [SiPTZiiAitl their next convivial meeting. Frequent repetitions df -siich acts, eventually become a habit— the moral sense is depraved — conscience, si ill troublesome in itsadnip- nitions, is deadened at last by stronger alcoholic pota tions; and the wretched young man finds hims,elf de graded and an outcast from a community, which once looked up to him with fond hopes ofhis future useful ness and fame. Who now sha-11 plead in mitigation of the, censure lavished on him bv every tongue — ^who in tercede for him at the bar of justice, where he may have been summoned to answer for crimes committed during one ofhis drunken fits? Will it be a father, worn down with sorrow and much weeping; but still a father, who refused to set that example of temperance.'whicb would iave prevented all the subsequent misfortunes and mis eries of his son. If, again, it should be a son. who is desirous above all things of arresting his father in the downward course to destructio_rt. through intemperate drinking, how shall he most sensibly impress his wayward parent with his own. and public opinion in favour of sobriety? Advice he can seldom more thari timidly offer — warm, passionate re monstrance and intimidation, even if of any avail, are forbidden him. There remains then no other means so powerful and conviricing, as for birii to become a mem ber ofa Temperance Society, and thereby to display in his own person, the comfort. Serenity and health which comes from observing its regulations. He may not al ways work an entire reform of bis father — but he will prevent many an excess — and save himself, and perhaps a beloved mother, from many an agonizing hour. This will at least be the only kind of monition, which, un'der the circumstances, could be properly given or patiently received. In all the relations which each member of a family has with another, the advantages of temperance must be freely admitted; and with this admission, is implied the plain duty of evefy member taking an active part in the support of our cause! Still further — we are safe in affirming, that to barely desist from opposirig, or to cold ly assent to the usefulness of Temperance Societies, will not disicharge a freeman fl-om the more active and vigil ant performance ofa duty, which he owes to his Fellow- citizens and the government tinder which he is so pi-oud to live. It was underthe influence of these views, that "the Pennsylvania Society for discouraging the use of Ardent Spirits," was formed, and it is lo give them force and effect that it continues its labours. Since the last anni versary report of the Society, its agent, the Rev. Sylves ter Graham, has visited different parts of the state, and by his zeal and ability, hasbeen instrumental iri rousing the people to duly- appreciate the importance' of the cause, by forming numerous Auxiliary Temperance, So cieties. In the suburbs of Philadelphia, especially jn the Ndrthern Liberties and Kensington, the addresses delivered by this gentleman have produced a powerful effect. Manulacterers and mechanics in the city, are now making the same salutary discovery as the farmers in the country,-lhat labour of all kinds is better perform ed during entire abstinence from intoxicating drinks; and that order, economy and health are best promoted by the same means. The journal of Mr. Giaham con tains many exceedingly interesting^ facts, tending to show the progress of reform, anti the beneficial effects thence resulting to all classes of society. Bodily infir mities of long standing, rheumatic and other pains, and disorder and feebleness ofthe senses, have been shown to be removed with a promptitude ahd permanency, which would have added' to the reputation of tbe most distinguished professorsof the healing art; if the applica tion oftheir skill could be attended with the like results. The diminished consumption and distillation of do mestic ardent spirit in the state of Pennsylvania, during the last two years has been, on an average, upwards of 500,000 gallons per annum. Not having heard from tbe various Auxiliary ind County Temperance Societies, we cannot give the num ber of members atpresent in tbe state. In spite, how- ever.of soriie untoward circumstances. we bave evidence oftheir marked and continued increase. '' In our sister state. New York, the extent and success ofthe Temperance reform, have^one even beyond the ' hopes of the intelligent and patriotic part of her popu lation j who, by their zealous, and wisely concerted, and untiring efforts, have mainly contributed to so glorious a restilt. It appears from the " Second Annual Report of the New York Stale Temperance Society,", that in the year 1830. "the diminution, in the quantity of for eign liquors, passing through the New York market for domestic consumption, has been 1.471.718 gallons,c6sting about as many dollars, and being a falling off of more than fifty-three per cent. Of domestic spirits, it has been about 2.000,000 of gallons, worth, at, first cost, about $500,000-^tte whole making a saving to ihe community ofnlarly two millions of doIlars. This is the estiniate'at the wholesale price— at the retail price, as sold in the dram shops, and taverns, and hotel's, the lessened expenditure must be vast." Such is the estimate of pecuniary saving: but who can calcuy late tljie gain in the health, morals and religion of a vast population, fromwhom such an amount of destructive drink has been withheld. " Enough inforriialion has been collected," by the executive commillee of tbe New York State Tempe rance Society, fo justify them "in estimating the whole number of members in the state, as high as lOO.OOOi The number of persons who have not yet connected themselves with Temperance Societies, but who prac tice on the prininple of total abst'raence from ardent spirits, probably exceeds the olher number. Coupling with these 200,000 persons, the children and labourers under their control, and it is evident, that the whole number in this state (New York) broughtdireetly under the temperance reformation, exceeds half a milfion." From nearly all parts ofthe Union, the most flattering evidertces are received of the people awakening to a sense oftheir danger; and devising, in the formation of Temperance Societies, means of safety and renewed ele vation of character. Nor are the benefits ofthe reform confined to our western bejnispbere. The noble work hasbeen begun, and is in successful progress in Ire- laud and Scotland, and is advancing vidently, though slowly, in England. It may well be a source of justi fiable pride, that the blessed change which those islands- are now undergoing, was begun by Americans. The debt of gratitude has been felt and warmly acknowledg- ed by ourtrans-atlantic brethren. Long may such sen timents be interchanged between them and the ciiizens of this republic! The history of Temperance Societies has confirmed, beyOnd the possibility of cavil, a fact constantly and dis tinctly affirmed by physicians in all ages, amidst every change of medical theory, that abstinence from intoxi cating drinks, exempts from numerous distressing mala dies, promotes heiilth, and increases the probabilities of long life. Various opinions, usually the offsjiring of na tional prejudice, rather than the result of careful obser vation, have been held respecting the comparative cor dial and invigorating effects of different liquors,whether the product of the still or of fdrmentalion — some giving preference to what they call pure spirit diluted with water, others extolling wine— these malt liquors, those cider and perry. But we have the irrecusable testimony of careful observers, from the earliest period down to ,the present day — physicians, and writers on dietetics, the personal experience of religious and other recluses, of philosophers and hardy warriors, in favour of the en tire fitness and salubrity of water as the exclusive drink — that liquid, which, whether in the shady spring, or the wide flowing river, or de'scending rain, a bountiful' Providence furnishes every where lo mart, A small share ofthe skill, which is so perversely exerted to prepare a poison in the shape Of intoxicating drinks, is sufficient. 183LJ REPORT OF THE" PENNSYLVANIA TEMPERANCE SOCIETYr 167 under the most favourable circumstances, to render wa ter potable, and pleasant to the taste, when, from pecu liar causes, it has been stagnant and mixed with earthy matters and vegetable impurities. , Our fellow-citizens cannot Ipo often be reminded of this important truth, when prone to indulge in speculations of a hazardous nature respecting the different drinks, which it is fitting for man to use. We repeat it— expeditions, inland and maritime, labour in the field and tlie factory, during sum mer's heat and winter's cold, have all been successfully performed, wilh'no other beverage than simple water. Let the most sceptical on tbis subject, refer to fhe jour nals devoted to the history and support of Temperance Societies, and the means of preserving health, and he cannot fail to receive entire conviction, if facts without number, and the most' authentic and various details are capable of producing this effect. From the same quar- ters he will learn, that cheerfulness, despatch, and re- gularity , under the reformed system, are advantageously contrasted with the boisterous mirth, alternating with fits of sullenness, riot, and uncertain fulfilment of engage ments, when intoxicating drinks have been allowed and used. ^°' j°"|y *''® "'^ rational enjoyments of a people clouded, but the supply of substances necessary for their food IS diminished, by the manufacture of ardent ?P"'"- ''"''e political economist, who regards abundance and cheapness of wholesome food,as a prime element in his calculation of the circumstances under which apop ulation becomes most numerous and thriving, cannot fad to point out the impediments to the increase of our species, caused by converting nutritive grain.when it is barely adequate to meet the home demand, into a liquid poison — as occurs in the process of distilation. Ihere is here' not merely an abstraction of food, but a worse than loss — a conversion of it into a demoializing ajid destructive drink. This condemnation does not require us by any principle of dietetics or rule of logic, to pre sent in laudable contrast that other conversion of grain by the proeess of fei-menlation into malt liquors. The major evil must not, by its enormity, blind us to tbe minor one, especially when we reflect on the addition al fearfulness which this latter assumes, by the noxious articles so largely employed in the arts of brewing. But not alone are our nutritive grains converted into potent alcohohodrniks — the juices of the sUgar cane, the grape, the apple, and the peach are made to under go a similar change, anti to whiskey arid gin are added on the black list, rum and brandy. It has been impi ously asked, whether man is answerable for this exer cise of his ingenuity, on materials furnished by creative wisdom — as if such querists can be ignorant, that man's free agency to do what he listeth, implies re sponsibility for the consequences of bis acts; and who shall consent to be responsible for converting whole some and highly nutritious food in the one lnstance,and the refreshing and sweet savoured fruits ofthe earth in the other, into the vehicle of disease, and shame, and sin. That milder product of the juice of the grape, sub jected to fermentatron, and constituting wine, so long and so much used in various parts of Iheworld, still, shows in its composition, its alliance to ardent spirit. Lik'e this latter it contains, though in less quantity, the denounced poison alcohol. The resemblance in this respect between vinous and spirituous liquors, is un. happily made still greater by the universal practice of adding ardent spirit usually brandy, lo wines, whicb are put aside for keeping, or which are intended to be ex ported. The trade in wines necessarily, therefore, keeps up tbe trade of distillation— even supposing the temperance reform to be carried so far as to exclude from common use, spirit in its raw state or diluted ^with wstcr* The alleged sobriety ofthe inhabitants of wine coun- tries,cannot be adduced infsivourof the general use of the vinous .liquors, which we receive from them in trade. and- which are drunk in the United States. The differ ence of strength in regard to the proportion of the al coholic element, between ourimported wines and those used in southern Europe, is too great to allow of any argument being deduced from the use of the latter, which shall apply to the use of the former. But while touching on this question, we ought lobe aware, that the inhabitants of that section of the old world, though so superior to the people of this republic, in an infi nitely greater avoidance of drunkenness, and conse quent exemption from much physical and moral debase ment, are not strangers to intemperance, nor to many diseases, the direct result of the abuse of wine. The observations of travellers; and still more, official hos pital reports, furnish, unhappily, evidence too clear and conclusive on this head. In recommending lo their fellow-citizens, abstinence from intoxicating drinks, the Managers of this Society wish to be understood as, in a more especial manner, deprecating the irianufacture, sale and drinking of or- dent spirit,wh'ich they regard as the embodied Apollyon, among the material agents for man's destruction. In discouraging the habitual use of fermented liquors, they act. it is believed, in accordance with the principles of genuine philanthropy, not less lhan of sourtd political economy. On this subject, evidence is being daily ac cumulated, and will ere long be so generally diffused, and so clearly set forth, as to enable the ¦ people lo ar rive at a satisfactory conclusion for themselves. It will be the duty of this Society to aid in the disseminationof all the material facts connected with so important a question. But. while thus protesting against the perverted display of human ingenuity, by which matters calculat- ted to nourish, andrefresh. and invigorate, are convert ed into enfeebling and deleterious drinks. Temperance Societies, ought not for a moment, lu be considered as inimical to rational enjoyment, still less, as desirous of making man a gloomy ascetic. On the contrary, their great object is to enable him to avoid much bodily dis- . comfort and mental disquietude, and at the same time to preserve his functions in that well balanced state, by which the productions of nature for his sustenance and health. Eind the works of art for his instruction, shall be most keenly relished and longest enjoyed. The tem perance reform obstructs no channel of laudable im provement, interferes with no means of innpcent recre ation; it, rather, increases the former and multiplies the latter. Wereits principles adopted, we should no lun ger see tbe revolting contradiction of the husbandman and the gardener,.after gathering the grain and fruits of the earth, present us with one hand a portion for nour ishment and refreshment, and with the other, a portion changed into a liquid poison, rife, with disease and death. Each region of the earth has its fruits. In one, the date and'the tamarind — in another, the fig and the pom egranate — here the. orange and- the lemon — there- the clustering grape. Nature has not been niggardly in this particular to our country: the apple, the pair, the peach, the cherry and the plumb of the orchard, arid the straw berries, raspberries, currants, and other small' fruit of the garden, and the juicy melons, attest the liberal share whiqh we have received in the distribution of her gifts.. Commerce, ever active in promoting exchanges of the: products of the soil, not less than the works of man's skill, brings us, at slated periods,, some of tbe fruits of remote regions, whilst borticplture continues- to successfully domesticate others in our own soil, and make them ,a part of our national possessions. When we look around and behold this beauteous display of ma ttered fruits, at once adapted to convey nutriment, to aid in the restoration of lost health, and to minister to the pleasures of taste, by quenching thirst and gratifying the palate, is it, we may exclaim, conformable with the , designs of nature, can it be an , acceptable thing to, - nature's God, for us to turn away thankless and heart- 168 AMERICAN SILK. [SEPTSnBliB less from tbe proffered boon, and to convert this endless variety into a nearly homogenous fluid — tbe prime ele-. ment of which shall be destructive alcohol? Is plant ing, and grafting, and pruning — does the refreshing shower give moisture.and the genial sun mature into sweet flavoured pulp and juice, the abundant fruit, in order that it should be thrown into the press, to be af terwards converted into wine or cider, or into the still, to become brandy? Was it not enough for us to have a second supply of fruit, as wben we obtain, in a dried state, the grape, now raisin, the fig, and the currents, tbe apple, and the peach, or with the addition of sugar, the date and the tamarind, and a large class of domestic fruits, — without our miscbievous alchemy making far ther changes, and converting the gifts of goodness into the spirit of evil ? S.urely be, who only seeks for Epi curean enjoyment, will have more multiplyed sources for this purpose, by preserving the purity of his taste for the successive fruits of the season, lhan if he were to so deaden or pervert it, by frequent potations of strong drinks, as to turn away witb indifference, if not with loathing, from these rich productions. We need not ask on whose side will be the luxurious enjoyment of external nature, in all that can gladden the senses, or elevate the feelings, and minister to the intellect — he who preserves the delicacy, freshness, and susceptibility of bis facult'ie?," or he who keeps tbem in states of al-" ternate feverish, insane excitement, and of moody, sul len -despondency. A deliberate survey of the whole subject, whether we consider the extent and enormity of the vice of drunkene^s, the causes which nourish it, the means best suited to banish it from our land, or the success which has attended past efforts, must convince all re flecting and patriotic minds, that the present is the time for action, for association to enlighten the ignorant, to strengthen the wavering, and lo convince ^unbelievers by the eloquence of facts. In so noble a cause, and for such beneficent ends, we cannot doubt that Pennsylvania, ever ready, to foster all liberal plans of improvement and reform, will emu late her sister states in their present glorious efforts. — Invoking the names of her Benezet — her Franklin — and her Bush— she will derive new strength, and add fresh sanctity to -her , onward march in support of tem perance, without which patriotism is blind instinct — philanthropy a profitless and helpless emotion. This report is pubhshed in a pamphlet by tbe Society, accompanied by an appendix, to which we refer for much interesting information on this subject. this "difference is as appears to me, that France most wants tbe former and England the latter quality of silk, for their respective manufactures. But M. Boucher tells us that England is the best market for tbat article, for which she pays a higher price tban France. There- fore our views will probably be turned to that market. I am trying to get information from all quarters, and at any rate, if I can do no more, I shall have obtained for the country a mass of facts, which I hope will not be found useless. I am very respectfully. Gentlemen, your most Obedient servant. PETER S. DU PONCEAU. AMERICAN SILK. From the (BaltifhoreJ Chronicle of ,the Timei. 2b the Editors ofthe Chronicle ofthe Times, Philadelphia; Aug. 22. Gentlemen: — Agreeably to your request, I have the honor of enclosing to you a translation of the letter ad dressed to me by M, Boucher, of Paris, in answer to one in which I explained to him the experimental course which I have been pursuing during these two years, and which I shall continue to pursue until congress shall have decided the fate of the bill reported to them by their committee on agriculture, wbich I hope will be at the next session. I have added a number of notes to that letter to facilitate the understanding of the text: You will perceive that M. Boucher no longer considers the plan wbich I have proposed to the national legisla ture, as the driamofan honest man. He does not know what stuff the American people are made. It is a remarkable fact that while that gentleman re commends to us, to reel silk for tram, as it is called, uf from 15 to 20 cocoons, my English correspondents re commend our reeling it for Organzine, from 6 to 8, which tbey say is Only equal lo the Italian 4 to 6; our silk being so much finer and stronger. The reason of No. 3. From M, Boucher, to Peter S, Du Ponceau. Paris, June 3. Sir: — I received on tbe 24lh of last December, your interesting letter of tbe 18th November. A long sick ness, of which I am now convalescent, has been the cause of my not having answered it sooner. I wish that the letter which I addressed on the 20tb of August last, to your respectable friend the Chevalier de Pougens, may be useful to you. That friend will have sent to you some weeks ago, a pamphlet entitled " Du com merce des Soieries en France," (on the silk trade in France.) This work, written by a friend of mine, Mr. Leon Teste, of Avignon, will interest you. I have carefully examined your samples of white sew ing silk, (a) It is what we call demie grenade, or ronde- letie. It is made of dupions (double imperfect cocoons) (6) two threads of the raw silk are twisted together, then closely united by a second twist more or less strong, and thus sewing ^ilk is made either white or to be co loured. Our rondelettes, in'the raw statfe, (c) are worth here 15 francs per pound, avoirdupois, with a discount of 12^ per cent. "To thia you must add one franc 25 centimes for dyeing, 50 centimes for packing, the loss of weight after extracting the gum and dyeing, 25 per cent, and thus you have the price of dyed rondelette, 21 francs per pound. You must compare this price, deducting the freight and importation duties, with that your women get for it at home. It is a brancb of in dustry yet in its infancy : this silk is very irregular, as well in the reeling as in the tivisting, (d) - Your project for improving the filature of silk, is grand and deserving commendation; do not, however, go too fast in endeavoring to spin fine threads; you would do bad work. You will, indeed, have pupils well instructed, but the improvement of the female reelers by practice, will require years. As to the manufacturing of stuffs, it will require still longer time; and moreover it remains to be decided whether the high price of labour in your country, will not be an obstacle. What you say" of Mr. D'Homergue gives me great hopes as to the reeling of raw silk; (e) he must know how much the reelers of Alais, Anduse and St, Jean du Gard have improved their filatures, while not far from thence at Salon, the art has dechned, and it is the same at Tours, (f) (a) This was a sample of sewing silk made after the manner of Connecticut. It was a most favourable spe cimen. (J) This sample was made ofthe best silk ofthe best cocoons. (c) The writer speaks here of French sewing silk. (d) Tbe writer gives his opinion as delicately as he can. and reluctantly at last comes to this conclusion which cannot be misunderstood. (e) The writer seems lo have at first considered Mr. D'HOmergUe as a mere dealer in silks, not familiar witb the various processes or their manufacture. (/) If the art of extracting silk from the cocoons were as easy as some pretend, there would not be so much difference between the raw silk made in different 1831,] THE MAN OF TRUTH. 169 Your experimental filature of ten reels. is;becoming interesting. Your raw silk, spun of six cocoons if the threads are regular.the ends tied in knots, mar.riages{g) taken off, and the silk made up in small skeins, will suit to make trams of two threads, and even prganzine fit for the manufacturing of Florence of Avignon — but it will have to stand the competition of our own silks, as well for the price as for the throwing, England at this moment is more in want of raw silks of from 3 to 4 and from 4 to 5 cocoons, than from 5 to 6, (ft) I can say nothing of Mexico. i shall receive with great pleasure the sample of your raw silk which you intend to send me, and I shall tell you what may be done with it. I should prefer receiv ing iiilk of 15 to 20 cocoons, like the sample of Spanish- silk called tramas de Valencia, which I have" sent you. (i) I would advise you to' try your silk by means of a cut reel, which you might get made bf 400 turns of a w,heel of an ell's (44 French inches) diameter. 400 ells by their weight in grains of mark weight, give the stand ard weight (litre) which is called deniers, (k) Say 15 grains or deniers, sirigle thread, dr 30 deniers doiible thread. By this mean's you will be in harmony with all the manufactories of Europe. I am like yourself, very much astonished that you have boiled your raw silk, without throwing it, either from tram or orgapzine; it must have been twisted or crossed a great deal in the filature. The silks of Bursa in Asiatic Turkey of 20 to 30 cocoons produce the same effect; but with six cocoons it is most extraordinary. Do not trust always to it, however; a little too much boiling in the dyeing process, may render the silk unfit to be wound. - " , , , ¦ c I do not conceive how you can have made a piece ot stuff with one single thread of raw silk reeled from six cocoons, it must have been very light. (I) I understand better that you should have trammed your second flag of four threads; but your dyeing ort the piece, particu. lai-ly of two Colours.' must have made their silk look like an old piece of stuff dyed a second lime, consequently Without lustre and crispy (m.) I have observed that in a temperate climate, silk is always more brilliant, nervous and mellow, with liveher Colors than in very hot countries; this comes from th6 nature of the mulberry leaf; but in those countries, there is the danger of white frosts and of frequent rains, , which, are Seldom experienced in Italy and India. This danger may perhaps cause the silk culture to be aban doned, pe so good as to give me some information re specting Ihe temperature of the United States of Amer rica, particularly in the spring season, I have been assured that the English have invented machines of iron and copper for throwing- of silk, of much greater activity than that of our wooden thrusting mills. , I am well aware,, sir, that the love of your country and not the thirst of gain, induces your efforts for irttroduci ing the filature of silk into the United States. I wish you complete success, and shall willingly contribute to il in every thing tltat will depend upon n-.e. I shall with pleasure follow your progress. Write to me as often as you please, do not spare me. you will receive speedy answers. I am, &c. L. J. BOUCHER. places even in the same country. There is no such dif ference in the spinning of cotton, flax, or hemp, the value of these depends solely on the quality of the ma terial, not only on the skill ofthe spinners. (o-) Marriage is when two threads in reeling, through the" inattention or unskiltulness of the spinner pass through the same hole in the traversing bar, and thus get improperly joined. n .. .. .. ih) The texture of our silk is so very fine, that the Ene-lish manufacturers to whom samples of it were sent. have desired tbat it should be reeled ftom 7 to 8 co coons, instead of 4 to 6, which is only equal they say to 3 to4 of Itatlap silk. Notwithstanding this extreme fineness, our silk is founfl to excel in strength and nerve. (;) This sample was never received. (A) The word denier means literally a perinyweight, here it seems synonymous to grain. Denier is a techni cal term in the English as well as in foreign silk manu- ^""^ImIc cut reel is employed to test the «i"»'''y °/ji'Jff' a ed'standard;^''S'january, 1830, the Chamber of Commerce of Ly ons in France, caused a sample of American sdk reeled hv Mr D'Homergue himself, to be thus tried by a sworn assaver The report was, that ""the raw silk obtained in Philadelphia was of an extraordinary quality, well adanted to all the uses of fabrication. Its degree of fineness was 16 deniers. It was fine nervous, good , regular, clean, of a fine color; in short it united all the qSies that could be wished for. Its price was esti- mated at 26frartc3 per pound, at Nismes, afterwards it "T/)"Tretrit:rfpe':ks of the flag presented to the le- Vislature of Pennsylvania. The warp of the stt.ff only was of one single thread, which was doubled for he ZLf The ^stuff was indeed extremely light: twelve fee? by ^x felt and a half, weighed only nine ounces. ¦ Vol. Vill. 22 THE MAN OF TRUTH. ' We are indebted lo a valued Correspondent for the following interesting'littie anecdote of Ctiarles Thomp son, To the Editor of the Register ofPennsylvania. In a late number of thy valuable paper, I noticed an ai-ticlp relative to our Early History,, which has given , rise to the following reminiscence. In the Register of August 6th, under the head of Early History, it is stated that Charles Thompson took the minutes as secretary for Teedyuscung, the famous _ Delaware Chief, at a conference held w.ith the Govern or of Pennsylvania, attended by his council, in March 1758. The circumstances from which the appointment arose, occurred at a treaty held at Easton, previous to this time,* and were thus related to me in after years, by the venerable secj^etary himself:- He bad gone to' attend the.treaty with a number of the distinguished inhabit ants of Philadelphia of that day, not only because be was in ill health >nd thought the journey would be be neficial to him, in which -he was not disappointed; but likewise on account of the Indians, and the inteiest which he took in their affairs. His ingenuity had led him to the invention of a new method of short-hand writing, and during the treaty he took down the trans- actions of its business and the speechesof the chiefs.^ The flag presented to congress was wove with four threads; which gave the stuff a rich strong body. (m) This mode of dyeing was adopted for the flag presented to congress, because it was thought proper to make it all of one piece, and there was no time to prepare a suitable loom to weave different colors. In consequence of this the stuff had not the lustre it would otherwise have had; but it was not cri.spy. The warp ofthe flag presented to the legislature Pf Pennsylvania was entirely white, which gave to the colours a change able appearance. This was wished to be avoided in the j others, I * Probably the treaty held at Easton ina756. 170 TEMPERANCE CONVENTION. [Septbmbe* Upon the reading of the report made by the secretary ofthe governor and council, at one passage, of it Teedy uscung, arose, and contradicting the statement which had been read,, requested " to .know what that young . man's paper said," allt^ding to Charles Thompson, ¦whom he had observed to be thus occupied. He was then desired to read his notes for the Indian's satisfac tion; vvhich he did, and they received the complete ap probation of his auditors, and the- chief's confirmation that such had been his words, and " the young man's paper had spoken the triith." No further objection occurred, and the natives soon after held a council among themselyes, and adopted him into one of their tribes, giving him according lo their custom, a new name, which signified in the language of the Leni Le- napi, "The Man of Truth." And well did his subse, quent conduct during the war of independence merit the appellation! To conclude the anecdote; in extreme old age he told me that he had lived so long as to for get his name, (meaning his Indian cognomen) and ask^ ed me to write to his friend, John- Heckewelder, to in form him of it. I did so, and he received an answer, with t(ie name in the Delaware language — which I. in my turn, have also forgotten, but not the events which gave rise to it. D. L. TEMPERANCE CONVENTION. Harrisburg, August 24th, 1831. Pursuance to the call of the'Western Temperance Gonvention, held in Pittsburg, in September last, a Convention of Delegates from various "Temperance So cieties throughout the State, assembled this day in the Court House at Harrisburg. On motion of R. N. Havens of Allegheny county. the Convention or,ganized by appointing Roberts "yAux of Philadelphia. President. On motion of Jas. Grat of Philadelphia. R. N. Havens of Allegheny coun ty, and R. T. Leech of Dauphin county, were appoint ed Secretaries, The President having stated the objects of the Con vention, certificates of-their appointment were present ed by the following gentlemen: Roberts Vaux. Dr. John Bell, Dr. L. P. Gebhard, Rev. M. M. Carll, State Temperance Society. Benjamin Naglee, Northern Liberties and Kensington societies. Rev. S. Graham, 2d Young Men's spciety of Philad. V.L.Bradford, of Young Men's Society of City and Co. James Steel, of Huntingdon. Dr. J no. H. Jprdan, M, B. Linton, Bucks county .- Miles Addis, Henry Van Artsdalen, Northampton township, Bucks county. MichaelD. Magehan, Cambria county. Jacob Wagener, Easton. TVorthampton county. David Lawson. Armstrong county. E. Kingsbury, jr. Susqtiehannacounty. Wm, Kirkwood, William Todd, Arthur B- Brad ford, Columbia. Lancaster county. R. N. Havens, Joseph Patterson, Allegheny county. Samuel Douglass, Benjamin Parke,Richard T, Leech. Dauphin county. Robert M. Finley, Rostraver, Westmoreland county. James R. Irvine. William M. Porter, William Hen- del, Young Men's society. Carlisle, Cumberland county. John D. McCord, Newville, Cumberland county. The following County Societies ulso appointed dele gates, who were prevented by unavoidable circumatan- slances, from attending. 'Washington county. Hon. Thotnas Baird, Rev. Tho mas Hoge. Butier county, Walter Lowry, Esq. Fayette county. -. Conemaugh, (Cambria county. Shipley Priestley. Reports from the several societies represented were then read bylhe respective tielegates. and laid before the Convention. Written communications were also received from Reading and from the Fayette county so ciety. On motion of V. L. Bradford. Esq. a committee of five members were appointed to prepare and digest any 'business growing out ofthe reports presented, and to lay the same from time to time before the Conven tion, Adjourned to meet at 3 o'clock, P. M. AFTERNOON. The Convention met pursuant to adjournment. V. L. Bradford, Esq. from the committee appointed in the morning, reported a series of Resolutions for tbe consideration of tbe Convention. On motion of Mr. Naglee. of Philadelphia county. Resolved, That the Governor ofthe Commonwealth and Heads of Departments be respectfully invited to seats in the Convention. In accordance with this resolution, the Convention was honored with the presence of His Excellency Go vernor Wolf and several of the executive officers dur ing most of its sittings. The following resolution submitted by the com mittee, after discussion and amendment, was adopted: Resolved, That this Convention recommejid to the friends of temperance throughout the commonwealth, the following organization of County and Local Assoc'i- ations : 1st, That all City, Township, Church, and other lo cal associations, become auxiliary lo the counly socie ties, that they meet annually in the month of March, at which time their annual elections be held, and that de tailed statements of their situation, their prospects, and such other informalion relative to the temperance cause as they may be able to collect, be then laid before the associations, and that the Secretaries be directed to transmit the same within the ensuing week to the Pre sident or Corresponding Secretary of the County Soci ety. 2d. That all County Societies throughout the State become auxiliary to the Slate Society, and duly an nounce the same to the State Society, who are request ed to acknowledge the same, that they hold their annu al meetings in the third week in April, and that their annual report be forwarded by their Secretary to the State Society in the ensuing week, in order to be em bodied in its annual report. 3d. That it be recommended to all the friends of temperance in such counties as have no Counly Society, to meet immediately and form them on the plan here mentioned. 4th. That the State Society be requested to prepare? and give extensive circulation to plans of Constitutions for country and loCal temperance associations, and that tbey endeavour to procure the immediate publication in all the papers of the slate of iheir list of Officers and Managers. Adjourned until Thursday morning, at 8 o'clock. Thursday. August, 25. The Convention met pursuant lo adjournment. After discussion and amendment, the following reso lution, submitted by the commiltee. was adopted: Resolved, That ithe recommended lathe State Soci ety lo employ two agents, one to lecture in the En glish, and one in the German language, on thesubject of temperance throughout all the counties of the com monwealth; and that such County Sooieties as will en gage to contribute towards the support ofan agent dur- I ing his labors within their bounds, be requested to noti- 1831] APPOINTMENTS FOB JUNIATA COUNTY. 171 fy the State Society of such det(S-mination by the first of November next. On motion of Dr. John H. ,Tordan. of Bucks county. Resolved, That this Convention hive with feelings of gi-eat satisfaction and with gratitude to Almighty God viewed the increasing progress of the principles ad vanced by the friends of the temperance reformation; and that abundant encouragement exists for the, ener getic pt-osecution of their plans, and the more exten sive development of their principles. Resolved, That the returns which have been made to this Convention from different sections of-the state, are satisfactory evidence of the importance of a more sys tematic organization of the associations for the, promo tion of temperance throughout the coinmonweaUh;and that it is strenuously urged upon the friends ofthe tem perance cause to adopt the plan recommended by the Convention, and report themselves without delay to the State Society. Resolved, That a committee of seVen be appointed to prepare an address to the friends of temperance ex pressive of their views, and embodying such of the in formation laid before tbis Convention as they may deem of -general interest. Committee appointed. Messrs. J. H. Gordon, D. Law- son, Benjamin Naglee. Richard T, Leech, R. N. Havens, James Steel, and Wm. Todd. 6n motion of Dr. Gordan, the President ofthe Con vention was added lo the commifte, and appointed chairman thereof. On motion of J. Steel, of Huntingdon county. Resolved, That it be recommended to the several Temperance Associations in this commonwealth, to es tablish Libraries within their several bounds, and that the youth residing therein have the use of the books of said Librariesgratis. On motion of Rev. M. M, Carll. of Philadelphia. • Resolved, That this Convention wish to be distinctly understood, that they deprecate all coercive measures in the cause of temperance, and regard it as their^iecu- liar province to disseminate correct information, to use moral suasion and individual example, in promoting their objiict. Adjourned to meet at 4 past 2 o'clock, P; M. AFTERNOON. The Convention met pursuant to adjournment. After full discussion on the character and extent of temperance pledges, the following Resolution, submit ted by'R. N. Havens, of Allegheny, was unanimously adiipted. Resolved, That the State Society be requested to in sert the following form of a pledge in the plans of Con stitutions, to be recommended to Auxiliary societies, &c. . . ' , ,"The subscribers, deeply impressed with a sense of the numerous physical and moral evils arising from in temperance, do hereby mutually pledge themselves to abstain from the use of ardent spirits; except as a medi cine prescribed by a competent physician; recognizing water as the legitimate and most salutary drink for all men; and viewing drunkenness, whether resulting from the use of ardent spirits,' fermented or vinous liquors, as equally reprehensible, and subjecting any signer of this pledge to expulsion from this Association." Adjourned to meet at 8 o'clock, P. M. EVENING. The Convention met pursuant to adjournment. On motion of V. L. .Bradford, - . Resohed, That this Convention highly approve of the improvement made in the Laws for the suppression of vice and immorality by the provisions of the act of as sembly, entitied "An act to regulate Inns and Taverns," passed the 7th day of April, A. D.- 1829. On motion of Kev. M. M. Carll, ¦ Resolved, That this Convention are of opinion that a judicious pamphlet addressed to mothers, in relation to the treatment of Infants, with reference to early habits of tempei-ance.would be attended with beneficial results. On motion of Dr. Gordon, of Bucks county.' Resolved, That this Convention recommend to the State Society, the publication and circulation of pam phlets and addresses on the subject of Intemperance. On motion of R, N. Havens, Resolved, That this Convention recommend lo the. State Society, such, alteration in their Constitution as will admit of seats in their Board of Managers and to the deliberations of the Society, the Presidents, Chair men of Executive Committees, Corresponding, Secreta ries, and also two special delegates from all Auxiliaries; On motion of Benj. Naglee. -Resolved, That this Convention recommend to the friends of temperance throughout the commonwealth, to enquire into the expediency of instituting Asylums for the intemperate, where such persons may resort for cure and reformation. On motion of Rev. M, M. Carll. Resolved, That inasmuch as example has a powerful infiuence, especially on youth, this Convention deem it a matter df vital ^importance that temperance and so briety should characterize those to whorii is committed the education of our children. On motion of A. Bradford, of Lancaster county. Resolved, That this Convention, in allits plans for the promotion of the cause of temperance, disavow in the most decided and unqualified terms, every thing like religious sectarianism, and that the friends of the cause are warmly advised to avoid all measures which deserve in the least degree such an imputation. On motion, Resolved, "That the thanks of this Convention be ten dered to the Commissioners of Dauphin county, for the use of the Court House. Resolved, That the thanks'of the Convention bp ten dered to tbe President, for the dignified, and impartial manner in which he has presided over its deliberations. Resolved, That the proceedings of this Convention be published, and that all the editors of newspapers in Penn.sylvania be respectfully requested to insert the same into their respective papers. ROBERTS VAUX, President. R. N. Havens, ?s J ;^^ R. T. Leech, i JUNIATA COUNTY. Appointments by the Governor. William Kirk, to be Prothonotary, Clerk of Oyer and Terminer, Quarter Sessions and Orphan's Courts. James S. Law, Register and Recorder. Justices of ihe Peace of Juniata County. James Hughs, Esq, for district No. 3, composed of the townships of Milford and.Turbett. Thomas I. McConnell, Esq. for district No. 4, com posed of Lack and Tuscarora. - Da-vid Glenn. Esq. for District No, 4. composed of the townships of.Lack and Tuscarora. John North. Esq. for district Np, 3, composed of the townships of Milford and Turbet, Hugh McAllister, Esq. for district No, 2, composed of the townships of Fermanagh and Walker. John Knox. Esq. for district No. 2, composed of the townships of Fermartagh and Walker. Singular Fad. — ^11 is singular, that of the Trustees of the Lancaster County Academy, appointed by the Le gislature in April 1827. the only three reverend gentlemen wbo were.appointed then, have since died, while all the other gentlemen have continued in good health. The names of the -deceased clergymen are. the Rev. William Ashmead, the Rev. Joseph Clarkson, and the Rev.Chn. EndresB. — Lancaster Miscellany. , 172 WESTERN "PENITENTIARY. LSeptembbb ' Tabular Statement of Prisoners in the From the 1st day of January, to the 31st day Names of convicts. Age, Sex. Jesse AUeman peorge Atkinson Marg't J.Anderson RobertArmstrong*John Broker William Brooks James Bilby* John Bechtel Asa-H, Baker Jonathan Boriff John Baker Burree Burr James Bradley Nancy Baldwin* George Brooks* Isaac Bracks* Henry Barifield Lewes Boyer*f John Connelly Thomas Cochran Joseph Cochran Louisa Chambers* Hugh Conologue George Dempsey Levi Derry* James Donohoe James Dickey Jane Ebbert* Archibald Cole Spencer Edwards* Robert W.Fleming Robert Fleming Isaac Gaines William Green* Richard Gillet ' Wesley Gonsalus Benjamin Gass Serena Griffith* Samuel Harris* William Hunter Benj'n HoUoway Elizabeth Hazlep John Hall Adaline Hall*' John Herron William Hannon Bernard Heaney William Johnston* Robert Johnston* Daniel Jones* George Irwin Joseph Logan George,Long William Leech Ab'm Middaugh Charles Miller* Aquila Mitchell Samuel M'Pherron James M'Kinney Frank M'Intosh* James M'Guire Cynthia Nisley Oran Newhall Joseph O'Conner James Parker* Ijcwis Puree George I'ancake James Parsons Josepli_Penny* William Paight John Pierce Peter Poi-ter Flape ot Nativity. lime of commitment. Impris't inl-830. 27 malelWashingtonco. Pa. December 30, 1828, 19' do Do March 30, 1830, 19 Fem. Bedford county. Pa. April,6j, 1829, 32 maleJFi-anklin' county, Pa.December 8, 1830, 31 do Germany August 9. 1827, 55 do Lancaster county,Pa, 22 do Washington co. Pa. 25 do Westmoreland co.Pa 48 do Berkshire co. Mass. 22 do- Westmoreland co.Pa 29 do New York 28 do City of Washington 48 do Pittsburg, Pa.- 15 fem. Chambersburg, Pa. 22 male' Steubenville, Oh'io 23 do Lancaster county.Pa. 7 do City of New York 17 do Westmoreland co.Pa 56 do CountyDown,Ireland 45 do Do 24" do Do I 22 fem. City of Pittsburg 20 m^le Co. Dennegall.Irel'd 78 do Co. Antrim. Ireland 18 do Fayette county, Pa. 25_ do Dtibhn city.Ireland 32~ do Co. Antrim, Ireland 16 fem. Allegheny co; Pa. 53 male Sussex county, N. J 32 do Mount Vernon, Va. 45 do Washington co. Pa. 55 do CountyDerry,h-eland 22^ do Maryland 19 do Centl-e county, Pa. 19 J do Canada 33 do Centre county. Pa. 55 „ do Franklin county. Pa. 35 fem. Shipp'ensburg, Pa. male Cat-lisle, Pa, do Huntingdon co. Pa, do New Jersey fem. Lancaster, Pa. male Fayette county. Pa. fem, Canfield, Ohio tnale Allegheny co. Pa. do Greene county. Pa. do Co. Caven, Ireland , do Philadelphia do Somerset county, Pa, do Queen Ann co. Md. do Co. Antriiil, Ireland do Huntingdon co. Pa. •do Westmoreland co.Pa dp Norfolk, Virginia do New Jersey do Steubenville, Ohio do Hartford county, Md. do Berkley county, Va. do State of Delaware dd Pittsbui-g do Montgomery co.N.Y, fem. Bedford county. Pa do Conway, Mass. do County Cork, Ireland do Franklin county. Pa do Connecticut do Harrisburg, Pa. do .Jefferson co, Ohio do Georgetown, Pa, do Huntingdon co. Pa. do Baltimore co. Md. do Berkley county, Va February 14, 1828, February 21, 1829, June 1, 1829, Deeeraber,12, 1829, December 12, 1829, December 9, 1829, February 3, 1830, February 24, 1830, May 10, 1830, May 10, 1830, July.l. 1830. August 25, 1830, September 10, 1830, April 6, 1829, December 8, 1829. December 8. 1829, May 11, 1830, May 15, 1830, May 1,1827, May 16, 1829, July 13, 1830, December 28, 1830, November 18, 1829, February 16. 1827, December 3, 1830, March 30, 1830, June 4, 1830, February 10, 1829, December 9. 1829, December 10, 1829', Fehrui-y 3, 1830, February 23, 1830, July 29, 1830, August 9. 1827. August 29, 1828, March 26.|1829, April 27. 1829, June 15, 1829, August 13, 1829, July 29, 1830, ^ September 22.1830, November 27. 1830. February S, 1828, .May 18. 1829, May 11,1830, December 28, 1830. August 29. 1828. January 20. 1829, July 29, 1830, July 28, 1828, May 13, 1829, June 30, 1829, August 29, 1828, April 29. 1829, Au,?ust 5, 1829, Mai-ch 12,1830, April 6, 1829. October 23, 1830, November 4, 1828, February 14.1828, February 6, 1829, May 13, 1829, August 11, 1829, October IS, 1829, April 23, 1830, October 13. 1830, October 29, 1830, Ifeai-sl 10 00 00 00 0 0 10 00000 00 110 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 00001 00 111 000 1 0 00000 1 10 1 0 1 0 000001 010 00 Mo, 0 92 0 7 11 10 11 11 0 10 6 77 6 43 2 0 0 734 05 0 10 1 0 9 6 7 0 10 10 10 5 042 0 0 0 5 3 1 047 01 6 50 06 03 0 3 224 1 00 5 0 8 2 DayJ. 0 2 2524 10 13 21 22 12 12 0 25 0 21 21 0 7 12 25 0 0 21 7 14 0 19 309 29 2 27 10 0 10 26 6 3- 0 7 20 00 0 39 ' 4 0 17 21 O L> 12 19 3 00 4 0 11 0 20 25 9 .3 12 26 0 22 0 7 19 3 Crimes. Larceny Do Do Do DoDo poDo Receiving stolen goods Larceny Do Do DoDoDo As. &bat. intent to ravish Larceriy Do * Do Do DoDo As.&bat.intent to ravish Murder Larceny Do Do Do Receiving stolen goods As.&bat.loientto ravish Larceny MurderLarceny Do Do Do Perjury LarcenyRapePassing counterPt coin Larceny Perjury Larceny Conceal birthScdeath af bast Bigamy Burglary Rape Larceny DoDo Do DoDo Do Passing counterPt coin Larceny Do Forging counterPt coin Manslaughter Larceny Horse stealing Larceny Connt'gcoinscur.inU.S Larceny DoDO « Ass. h bat. intent to kill Larceny Do Bigamy Larceny Do 1831.] WESTERN PENITENTIARY. 173 Western Penitentiary of PennsylTania, of December, A.D. 1830,Jjoth days included. No. offence. When sentenced. | By whom sentenced. Repeated First do do Uncer. First Uncer; First do do do Uncer. Repeated First Uncer. First do do Uncer. First do dododododo dodo Repeated First do do dodo UncerFirst do Repeated do do do do Uncer. First dodo ^do d« do Uncer. do do do do I -do First do dodo- Repeated Old offen Uncer.First Uncer, First Old onen First do V:do do Old: offen First December 24, 1829, March 25, 1830, March 25, 1829. November 27, 1830, Augusts, 1827, February 13,1828, February 21, 1829, May 22. 1829, December 12, 1829, December 12, 1829. November 25. 1829, January 27, 1830, February 24, 1830, May 10. 1830, May 10, 1830, January 21, 1830, August 10. 1830, August 25. 1830, March 25, 1829. December 8, 1829, December 8, 1829, May 10, 1830, May 15, 1830, April 13. 1827, May 16. 1829. July 8, 1830, December 22, 1836, October 31, 1829, Februarys, 1827, November 27, 1830, March 29, 1830, May 29, 1830, -' February 10, 1829, November 25, 1829, November 11, 1829, January 27. 1830,, February 23, 1830; July 29, 1830,, August 8, 1827, August 16, 1828, March 20, 1829, April 14, 1829, , June 10. 1829, August 13, 1829, , July 29, 1830, September 14, 1829, November 18, 1830, January 22; 1828, Mav 18, 1829, May 11. 1830, December 22, 11330, August 13. 1828, January 20, 1829, July 29. 1830, JUly 28, 1828, May 13, 1829, June 24, 1829, August 16. 1828, Aprils, 1830, August 4, 1829, March 4, 1830, March 25, 1829, October 23, 1830, November 4, 1828, February 13, 1828, January 27, 1829,. May 13, 1829, August 11, 1829, October 7, 1829, April 14, 1830, October 6, 1830, October 28, Court Q. S, Wash. co. do - do Court Q.S.West'd CO, Court Q.S. AUeg'y CO. Mayor's C. Pittsburg. do Court Q.S. West'dco. Mayor's C. Pittsburg. _ do Court Q. S. West'd co. Court Q, S. Centre co. Mayor's C. Pittsburg.. do do Court Q. S. Mifflin co. Court Q.S. Hunt. CO. Court Q.S. West'dco. Court Q. S. 'W'ash. co. Mayor's C. Pittsburg. do dodo Court 0,&T. Hunt. CO. Mayor's C. Pittsburg. C, Q. S. Cambria co. Court Q. S. Wash. co. Mayor's C. Pittsburg, Court Q. S. Erie co. C Q. S. Venango co. Court Q, S. Wash. CO. CO. &T. West'dco. Mayor''s C, Pittsburg. Court Q. S. Centre co. C. Oi. S.Crawford CO. Court Q. S. Centre co. Mayor's C. Pittsburg. do CO. & t; AUeg'y CO. Court Q. S. Hunt. co. C. Q. S. Armstrong co. Court Q. S, Beaver CO, Court Q, S. Fayette co. C. 'Court, AUeg'y co. Mayor's C. Pittsburg, Court Q. S. Greene co, C. O. & T. Mifflin co. Court Q. S. Mifflin co. Mayor's C. Pittsburg. do' Court Q. S. Wash, oo. Court Q, S, Hunt. CO. Court C.S. AUeg'y CO JMayor's C. Pittsburg. do . do Court ft. S. Wash, co Court Q. S. Hunt. co. C. O.&T. Crawford CO. Court Q,S. AUeg'y co. pourt Q,S, Warren Co. Wash.co.Courtof Q S. D.C.ofU.S.W, D,Pa. Court Q, S. AUeg'y co. Mayor's C, Pittsburg. Court Q,, S. Centre co. Mayor's C,-Pittsburg. Court Q.S. AUeg'y co. Court Q. S. Wash, co. Court Q. S. Hunt. co. Court Q. S. Wash. CO, Mayor's C. Pittsburg. Now in-prison, do Discharged by expiration of sentence, March 25, 1830. Now in prison. Discharged by expiration of sentence, Aug. 10, 1830. Discharged by expiration of sentence, Feb. 13, 1830. Discharged by expiration of sentence, Feb. 21, 1830. Discharged by expiration of sentence, Nov. 22, 1830. Discharged by expiration of sentence, Dec. 12. 1830. Discharged by expiration of sentence, Dec. 12, 1830. Now in prison. do Discharged ^y expiration of sentence, Aug. 24, 1830. Now in prison. do do do do Discharged by expiration of sentence, March 25, 1830. Now in prison. do do Discharged by pardon, Aug. 23, 1830. Died May 14, 1830. Now in prison. do do . Discharged by expiration of sentence, Nov. 1, 1830. Discharged by expiration of sentence, Feb. 10, 1830. Now in prison. dodo Discharged by expiration of sentence, Aug. 10, 1830. Now iri prison. Discharged by expiration of sentence, Nov. 11, 1830, Now in prison,, dododo Died May 7, 1830. , Discharged by expiration of sentence, March 20,,1830. Now in prison. dodo do do -do do Discharged by expiration of sentence. May 18, 1830. Now in prison. do Discharged by expiration of sentence, Feb. 13, 1830. Discharged by expiration of sentence, July 20, 1830. Now in prison. do do Discharged by expiration of sentence, July 5, 1830. Now in prison. Discharged by .pardon, April 12, 1830. Now in prison. Escaped-on the night ofthe 1st July, 1830. Discharged by espiratiori.of sentence, March 25, 1830. Now in prison. Discharged by expiration of sentence. May 4th, 1830. Discharged by expiration of-sentence, Feb. 13, 1830. Discharged by expiration of sentence, Jan, 27, 1830. Now in prison. ^ Died April 23, 1830. Now in prison, do dodo 174 -WESTERN PllNITENtlARY. [SzFTEItBEIt ' , Tabular Statement of Prisoner* in the Names of coRvicts. Age. Sex. Place of Nativity; Timeof commitment. Impris't inl830. Crimes. Jonathan Roset 23 male Crawford co. Pa. November 7, 1827, Year*' " "" 0 inu, 10 7 Larceny James Ramsey 39. do Mifflin county June 15, 1 .0 0- Do John Roney 25 do Baltimore May 7, 1830, 0 7 25 Manslaughter Samuel Rodgers 44 do Dauphin county.' Pa. June 4, 1830. 0 6 27 Do Patrick Reyley 22 do Co.Longford.Ireiand November 27, 1830. 0 1 4 Rape WUIiam V.Stevens 28 do Fayette co. Pa. May 5. 1829. 0 3 27 Larceny William Sarles 25 do Tomkins co. N, Y. August 7, -1828, 0 7 6 Do Lucinda Smith 21 fem. Connecticut February 12, 1829, 0 1 11 Do Charles Sullivan .18 male Baltimore July 28, 1829, , 0 6 27 Do Francis A. Stratton 28 do New Jersey August 4, 1829, 1 0 0 Do Thomas Scott 41 do Co. Monohon, Irel'd. October 31, 1829, 1 0 0 Do William "V". Smith 50 do State of Delaware November 5, 1829, 1 0 0 Subornation of perjury Samuel Staley 52 do Lancaster co. Pa. April 23, 1830, .0 8 8 Murder Daniel Stewart 21 do Greene county, Pa. September 22, 1830, 0 3 9 Burglary Delilah Sisco* 22 do Washington co.Pa. December 28. 1830, - 0 0 4 Larceny Wash'n Thompson 18 do Butler county. Pa. February 21. 1829, 0 1 20 Ass.& batt.intent to kill John Thompson* 35 do Lancaster co. Pa. June 1, 1829, 1 0 0 Larceny Wesley Wilson! 22 do PhUadelphia July 12, 1828, 1 0 0 Horse Stealing Joshua Wilson 24 do Wash. CO. Maryland November 26, 1828, 1 0 0 Larceny James Williams* 25 do Delaware State May 9, 1829, 0 3 20 Do Charles Woods* 21 de Fayette county, Pa. August 6, 1829, 1 0 0 Do Fanny Woods* 31 fem., Wash, county, Pa. November 18, 1829, 0 10 0 Do William Wright 31 male Co. Down, Ireland December ,12, 1829, 0 11 '22 Do Thomas Wasson 32 do Butler county, Pa. October 6, 1830, 0 2 .26 Horse Stealing ^ Christian Weirich 52 do Lebanon county. Pa. October 23. 1830, 0 2 9., Embezzling from'~mail John White 34 do Co. Kent. England October 26, 1830, , 0 2 3 Larceny John Lee* 31 do Little York, Pa. November 27, 1830, 0 1 4 Do * Coloured persons. \ Alias Lewis Byers. \ Alias Samuel M'CoUum. 1 Alias David Browder. Remaining in prison, December 31', 1829, Received during the year 1830, Discharged by expiration of sentence, 30 Pardoned, ' 3 Died, 3 Escaped, 1 37 Remaining in prison, Dec. 31, 1830, 59 Ages. White. 40 15 to 20 7 Males, 40 — 20 to 30 25 Females, I 99 30 to 40 18 Black. — 41 40 to 50 7 Males, 16 ¦50 to 60 4 Females,' 5 60 to 70 1 — 21 37 Whole number, 62 Total, 62 62 For the Register of Pennsylvania. THE ALCHEMIST. No. XXVllI. UNION. ",E pl.urihu* unum.'* In looking around upon passing events, as I do for the purpose of obtaining instruction myself, and of re cording my reflections for the benefit of my readers. tbe question of nullification" has, however unwillingly on my part, been forced uppn my attention. I say un- wlUingly, because a contemplation of a matter which may result in great injury to the prosperity of this country.is any thing but a pleasing subject of reflection. As is usual in all controversies great heat has been ex hibited in debate and in written argument, more, it must be confessed on the southern side of the question than on the other, though some writers On what I think tbe right side of the discussion have advanced positions not altogether tenable. It is not my intention to com mence a laboured or regular dissertation on this impor tant subject,but merely to offer a few reflections; which, if they prove at all beneficial, will show that the art of extracting gold frOm even the dross of political contto- yersy haa not yet deserted the Alchemist. The question is not one, between consolidation and statesovereignty, ashasbeens^atedhy an able writer of the day. Thoser who contend on the one hand for con solidation (if by that they mean tbe absolute' merger of the states in the general government, and tbe com plete non-existence of any rights at all in the former) and those who, on the other hand, assert the existence of state sovereignty, appear to me both to err. I should take it to be unquestionable, that the Constitution was formed and adopted by the people (acting through tbeirdelegates) of each state— and not by the people of what is now the United States, in an aggregate body; because, being not yet united, and being divided into separate political communities, it was the only way in which they cduld at that time act: but being formed and adopted in the way I have stated, it became the act of the people of the United States, and not the act of the separate political corporations, called States, The federal constitution is an emanation of the sovereignty of the people of tbe United States. The instrument itself says so. As a matter of course until the Consti tution was adopted and the people of the whole coun try became united, they acted necessarily as distinct people — they voted in the Convention by States — that 183 L] WESTERN PENITENTIARY. 175 W^estern Penitentiary— Continued. No.offence. When sentenced. By whom sentenced Uncer. November 8, Repeated June 10. 1829, Uncer, April 24, 1830, First ' May 29, 1830. do November 18. 1830, Repeated April 28. 1829. Uncer. ' August 7, 1828, do February 12. 1829, do August 1, 1829, , ' Repeated August 5, 1829, do October 31, 1829, First August 28, 1829, do April 23, 1830, do September 14, 1830, do December '22, 1830, do February 21, 1829, Uncer. May 22, 1829, Repeated July 9, 1828, Uncer. November 12,1828, First AprU 21, 1829, Uncer. August 6, 1829, First . October 31, 1829, do December 12, 1829, do September 24, 1830, do October 23, 1830, Uncer. October 29, 1830, First November 16, 1830. Court-Q S. AUeg'y CO. Court Q.S. Fayette CO. C. O. & T. Mifflin CO, C. 0. & T. West'd CO. C. O. & T. Mifflin CO. C. Q. S. Bedtdrdco. Court Q. S. AUeg'y CO. Mayor's C. Pittsburg. do Court Q.S. AUeg'y CO, Mayor's C. Pittsburg. Court Q. S. Beaver CO. C O.&T. AUeg'y CO. Court Q.S. Greene co. Court Q-S. Wash. co. Mayor's C. Pittsburg. Court Q.S. West'dco. Court Q. S. Butler co. Court Q. S. Hunt. co. Court Q. S.Mifflin CO. Court Q,S. AUeg'y CO. Mayor's C. Pittsburg, do C. Q. S. Armstrong co. D. C. ofU.S. W.D.Pa. Mayor's C. Pittsburg. Court Q. S.Mifflin CO. expiration of sentence, April 28, 1830. expiration of sentence. Aug. 7, 1830. expiration ofsentence, Feb. 12, 1830. expiration of sentence, July 28, 1830. Discharged by expiration ofsentence, Nov. 7, 1830. Now in prison. dododo Discharged by Discbarged by Discharged by Discharged by Now in prison. dododo do do Discharged by expiration ofsentence, Feb. 21, 1830. Now in prison. dodo Discharged by expiration of sentence, April 21, 1830, Now in prison Discharged by Discharged by Now in prison. dodo do - expiration ofsentence, Nov. 1, 1830. pardon, Deo. 22, 1830. Assault and battery, intent to kill, CRIMES. 1 1 Concealment ofthe birth and death ofa child. 1 Assault and battery, to commit rape. Burglary,. Forgery, Larceny,Murder,Perjury, Rape, 2. .2 2 38 2 2 3 Bigamy, Passing counterfeiting coin. Manslaughter, Subornation of perjury. Horse stealing. Embezzling, stealing, &c. 2 1 2 1 2 1 There have been only three recommitments in this penitentiary, to wit: William V. Stevens,. Francis A. Stratton, and James Bradley; the others designated as being for repeated offences have been inmates of other penitentiaries; those designated as uncertain, eras old offenders, there has been no direct information received of their having before been in a penitentiary, but common report, or their conduct and demeanor in prison is such as to induce the belief that their present commitment is not for the first offence. , . JOHN PATTERSON, Warden, Tfestern Penitentiary. To ihe Board of Inspectors of the 'Western Penitentiary. is, the vote of fhe delegatiori ofa particular State, rep resented the wishes of the people of that Slate. Again, undoubtedly, tbey are mistaken who set up a claim of state sovereignty. Sovereignty does not exist, in any proper meaning ofthe term, in the state govern ments. It here, resides in.the people, and in the people alone. Both the state and the general governments are the creatures of the people's sovereignty. -Their voice has proclaimed botb the one and the other.,. In all respects in which the Constitutions of the two dif fer, the former must give way — because by tbe forma tion of a general government and Constitution (formed, too, after the state constitutions) the people of the Unit ed States have proclaimed it to be the supreme law of tbe whole land. The states therefore, since the Con stitution, have had their sovereignty controlled; and their authority limited by that instrument to those mat ters, which have not been placed within the sphere of the powers of the general government of the Union. Let me put an example. A state Constitution (of any Slate)vested inlhe upper and lower houses, of Assembly' conjointly witb the Governor, the Legislative power. That of course gave them the power of passing any laws not inconsistent with the principles pf tbe Constitution ofthe stale. The Constitution ofthe United States hav ing vested exclusive jurisdiction over certain matters in the general government, no one can deny that the grant of legislative power lo the Slate, is, in these particulars, Umited and controUed bylhe Constitution. And that neither the state government, nor the whole people of the State, can act in regard to those matters. Away then whh the farce of state SOB »-eign/y, which implies uncontrolled, absolute power. The question then becomes one of construction of a . written Instrument. Is the particular power in ques tion delegated to the government of the Union.' Undoubtedly there must be some body to determine questions of this kind, and in a way whicb shall be defi nitive and authoritative. Whether the judicial department of the Union shall bave this authority or any one state, I*t6 MISCELLANEOUS [SirTziiBEn out of the whole that compose the Union, is the question presented by "nullification." I lake it to be a question of Union or disunion — for 1 think that if the doctrine were to be carried out in practice, and each state were of itself to undertake to pronounce upon a law and refuse obedience, the misera ble remedy of an appeal to three-fourths of the States (a mode not pointed out in the Constitution, and of course, one which w-ould not be obligatory on the re fractory state) would not preserve the Union from in stant dissolution. I The position that the parties to a contract have a right to judge of the constructionand extent of it and of its infraction, is contrary to all analogy and all law. Who ever heard ofa contract in a government of laws, in any civilized community — where there was not some power to decide in case the parties to it disagree? No thing more could be claimed for two perfectly distinct and sovereign communities, (in Europe, for instance) which surely these' States are not. A branch of the general government deciding a disputed point is not' a decision by a party to the contract. The general govern ment is a creature of the contract — sprang from it: and , , as il was foreseen that it would be absurd and lead to ruinous consequences, if either df the parties to the compact (viz. the people of any state) were to be the judges of its- construction, from the necessity of the case, the power was vested in a branch of this general government formed by the people of the whole' coun try. Even supposing it to be absurd irt theory, which in this case I by no means admit, that a government should judge of the extent of its own powers, the ab surdity or not of the theory is not the quesliori — il is, have the people of all the slates, when they adopted the Constitution, vested in the Union this power. If •they- have, there is an end of discussion, and the . judi ciary department of the general government must con strue the extent of the powers of theUnion. The pri vilege could not be lodged in safer hands. I have probably said enough for one essay ort so grave a question; I shall reserve other remarks for another op portunity. My readers shall have variety. I will lead tbem "From grave io gay, from lively to severe." - A word on the motto I have chosen. It beautifully represents the government of the union. A govern ment formed from niany disjointed, disunited states: in- capableof promoting the prosperity and happiness of a people, who had fought for independence and had be gun to find il worthless without union. A government \ \ emanating from the people of these States, who were convinced of ils essential connexion with their happi ness; and which is calculated if not destroyed by rude assaults, to procure for those who are fortunate enough to dwell beneath its benignant sway, as great felicity as any human institutions are capable of conferring. UMBRA. pfORT OF PHILADELPHIA. Inward— For August, 1831. Where from. CO a- •5' cn :CIJ to ncn 03 tn oa- .3 CO oo ¦o CO Tonnage. England, 6 1 1 2782 British W. Indies, 1 5 4 1 1176 Brit. Amer. Colonies, 1 2 284 Holland. 1 271 Hanse Towns, 1 1 787 France, 1 7 1569 Danish West Indies, 3 1 638 South America, 3 421 Cuba, 1 5 5 1635 Hayti, 2 236 Brazils, 4 943 Matanzas, 10 1 2 32 1 \ 279 14 3 11021 Inward Coastwise— 73 vessels— Tonnage, 5530. Outward — For August 1831. c» a 03 CO cn -3 a- S ii- o o Where to. •a CO 3 i -„ ? o •a cn 3 o - England. 803 British West Indies. 5 2 SIO Brit. Amer. Colonies, 3 175 Trieste, 1 360 Batavia, 1 369 Swedish W. Indies, 2 219 Danish West Indies; 2 248 Canton, 1 319 Cuba, 7 1 1241 Hayti, 1 115 Brazils, 5 1 16 260 8 4919 Outward Coastwis e— 11 1 vessels — Tonnage, 9114. [-2 'erens ylvania Inquirer. ALahgeanO Sound Beet.— On Saturday last (14th inst.) Mr. Alexander Young showed us a Beet 'which measured 21 inches in cjrcumference, and weighed t^n poaada aad A half,— Pittiburg Gaz, ChameersburG. (Penn.} Aug. 30,1831. On Monday, the 22d inst. a greater rain fell in the noi-tiiwest section of this county, than has been experi enced there for twenty._or thirty years. In Path Valley the Cgnococheague rose upwards of nine feet. Part of the dam of Mount Pleasant Iron Works, on that stream, and the dam of Roxbury Forge, on tbe Conodoguinet, we learn, are swept off. and no doubt many mills and bridges, lower, down on tbese streams, have been da maged by the flood. Considerable damage was sustain ed in Roxbui-y and Sfrasburg, and along all the runs and drafts in the neighborhood of the mountain. The tor rents from the mountain so sud- sideration the propriety of sending delegates from the said township, to meet delegates that may be appoin ted in other townsbips.for tbe purpose of discussing the subject of a division of the county, of Philadelphia, and erecting therefrom a nevi county, Jacob Shearer Esq. was called to the Chair, and George Breck, appointed Secretary. The Circular of the committee of Correspondence of Germantown Township being read, the fallowing gen tlemen were nominated and appointed Delegates, viz.- — George Breck, Franklin Comly, and Jacob.Shearer, jr. — the same also beirig appointed, a Committee of Cor respondence. Resolved, That the proceedings of the meeting be published., SAJ^UEL COMLY, Chairman. Geoboe Breck, Secretary. > Division op the Coya-ir. At a meeting of the ciiizens of tbe township or Blockley, held at the Rising Sun Tavern, (Lancaster Turnpike,) September 5, 1831, in consequence ofan invitation from the Committee of Correspondence of Germantown, on the subject of dividing thecounty of Philadelphia; SAMUEL BRECK was appointed Chairman, and Henrt Leech Secretary. A circular from the Germantown Committee, having been read, and tbe object of the meeting explained by the Chairman, the following resolution was unanimously adopted. Resolved by tbe inhabitants of Blockley, assembled as aforesaid, 'That they consider a separation from tbe city, and division of the county inexpedient, and there fore decline joining in any measures tliat may tend to thfit-end. Resolved, That tbe Chairman communicate the fore going lo the Committee of Correspondence in German - town, and cause the proceedings of Ibis meeting to be published. SAMUEL BRECK, Chairman, Henbt Leech, Secretary. PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. Thubsdat evenino, Sep; 8,1831. SELECT COUNCIL. — Mr. Worrell presented a po tion for the regulation ¦ of Walnut street, near renth, which was referred to the paving committee. , Mr. Worrell also presented a petition fi-ofti the occu pants of stalls-in the High street market, between Third and Fourth streets, which was referred .to the market committee. , Philadelphia, Sept. 8, 1831. To the Select and Common Councils, of the City of Philadelphia. Gentlemen — The undersigned, holders of stalls in High street market, between Third and Bourth- streets, most respectfully represent, that the staUs occupied by them on the north side ofthe market; from TJiird about half way to Fourth street, are rendered almost useless to them in rainy and inclement weather, from the de cayed and impaired slate of the roof, which admits the water so freely as- materially to injure their articles of commerce, and to render them unprotected by shelter in stormy and unfavourable weather. They, therefore, respectfully pray your honourable body to have tbe said roofl-epaired as soon as it may be practicable. Wilb sentiments of high respect, we are, ¦&c. Mr. Worrell presented the foUowing petition to alter the names of the streets running north and south, west of Broad street, which was laid on tbe table': To ihe Select Council ofthe City of Philadelphia, The memorial of the subscribers, residing west of Broad street, in the city of PhUadelphia, andothers,own. ers of property in said district, respectfuUy showeth: That they, in common with many other citizens, are dissatisfied with the present designation of tbe streets, running north and south,wilhin the limits of that section of our city; apd are of opinion that a change could be made m^cb more conducive to their advantage, by ren-^ der'mg the subject more intelligible, and familiar, to strangers. The increasing trade and improvements on tbe river Schuylkill, have of later years raised us,to son e commercial importance and consideration, and from ils ' present healthy condition we may reasonably expect its advancement. Our object is to promote this spirit of laudable enterprise, by removmg all ambiguity ip names, and rendering what was difficult to be understood, plain and comprehensive. In order, therefore, to produce so desirable a result, we earnestly call your attention to the act recently pass ed on this subject, by the body composing the "Com mon Council," of which we highly approve, and solicit your sanction to the same, that the change in. title may lake effect without further delay. All of which is, with due deference, submitted to your decision. Mr. Neff presented tbe ensuing-petition from Messrs. HoUingshead and Piatt which was referred to a joint committee of two members of eachCouncil.and Messrs. Wetherill, Hood, Neff, and Lippincott, were appointed the committee. 1 0 the President and lumbers of the Selects and Gommori Comtcib, Gentlemen-^ We have lately become owners of about eighty feet of wharf property, situate between .Market and Arch streets, immediately north of Mr. Girard's stores. If tbe situation referred to is knpwn to the mem bers of Councils, tbey will recollect that it is now occu; pied by old and decayed buildings, that the passage between them and the head of the dock,is incoveniently narrow and that the wharf is unimproved and ruinous. We propose to erect handsome and substantial stores, to enlarge, and pave the passage along the river front, to extend the whari, and to make such an improvement as will greatly beautify that part ofthe city, and contri bute to its bealthfulness. 'Between the north line of Mr. Girard's property and our south line, there is a pub lic ten feet wide alley, the eastern end of which is now in such a situation as to be at all times offensivg. The, improvements contemplated' by us, cannot be so made as to give an uniformly pure and beautiflil front to that part of tbe wharves, unless the eity will unite in tbe contemplated alteration, or permit us to extend the im^ provement so as to include these ten feetin the projected new wharf, but reserving to the public its rights over them as a bighway: The object of this application is to ask ofthe Councils, that they will be pleased to appoint a committee to con fer with us upon the subject submitted. We believe that an examination ofthe property will show, that it is -the interest of the city to adopt some measures which wiltcontribute to change the appearance of this now unsightly portion of its eastern front. We are most respectfully. Your obedient servants, Hollinsshead, Platt & Co. Philadelphia, Stb Sept. 1831. Mr. Kittera presented tbe subjoined petition from Mr, Nathan Bunker, which was referred to Messrs. Ktltera, Warren, Johnson and Oldenburg. Philadelphia, 9 mo.-6, 1831. To the Select and Common CourudlSf Respected friends; — Being the owner of a small lot 182 PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS SBPTEKBia of ground at the-corner of Washington and Locust sts, I am' desirous of building on it in tbe spring, somewhat on the plan annexed. The season is now at hand for making engagements for materials preparatory thereto, and in consequence of some proceedings already taken place in Councils relative to widening Locust street, from Eighth to Washington street, I am led to appre hend my house might be taken down for that purpose, after my time had been consumed; and my money ex pended in its erection, vvhich could neither prove pro fitable to me or the public, and far from agreeable to my inclination to enter into controversy on the score of damage's. The loss to me would be a serious one if the ground with the building now on it were taken from me for that purpose, and necessarily much increased af ter the erection of new brick- buildings. The owners of the ground composing the remainder of that square are few in number, none of whom I believe are desirous the streets should be widened and for my own part I can see no necessity for it. The buildings at present on my lot rent for $260 per annum, and if removed pre paratory to building, before the determination of the public, as to widening the street is known, it may in crease my loss by the loss of rent until the question is settled. I am persuaded no disposition exists with the members to inflict on any citizen losses that may be avoided. — much less a disposition to retard or delay the removal of frame buildings, that are to be replaced by substantial brick ones, thereby increasing security against fire, artd adding some ornament-to that fanciful part of our city, for although the bouse I propose erecting is somewhat varying from tbe usual style of building dwell ings, yet I am persuaded the neatness of its appearance, and thp comforts of its arrangements, will aid the gene. ral improvement of the neighborhood. — Hoping some early steps may be taken by Councils to end my suspense on the subject, I remain, sincerely. N. BUNKER. Resolved by the Select and Common Councils, that the petitions of N. Bunker, and E. Rogers, and all pro- ceeilings of Councils in relation to the latter, be refer red to a joint committee of two members from each Council, to report such information in regard to the subject as may be necsssary and the measures which it would be proper to adopt. Mr. Kittera as Chairirtanof the Committee on Inde pendence Square made the following report, accom panied witb the annexed letter from WUUamRusb.Esq. To ihe Select and Common Councils, The Committee on the Slate Hoiise and Independent square, report: That they have received a letter from Wm.Rush, Esq. offering for sale the statue ot Washington, which for many years has been in the Hall of Independence. Not considering themselves authorized to act in relation to it, they submit for the information of CouncUs the communication of this venerable architect, who for many years was a prominent and useful member of the Select Council, and whose work is considered, by many as one of great merit. Thomas Kittera, Esa. Dear Sir — As Chairman of the Committee on the Slate House and Independence Square, I take the liber ty to address you, and your feUow members through you as follows: Asyou are about restoring the Hall, of Independence to its original style of architecture, I would suggest whether it would not be very appropriate to give the figure of Washington (which has occupied a place in the room since General Lafayette figured in it) a per manent fixture in some conspicuous part of the room. W itb due deference I would submit my opinion as to the propriety of placing the figure permanently in the Hall— for the following reason. I believe the spirit and fortitude of Washington inspired and presided over that august assembly of Patriots, that made the solemn Declaration of Independence of the United States, while he in person at the same time was armed in the field boldly to defend it and eventually through a kind Providence establisbed it — tbis is my idei of the dispo' sal of the figures, apart from any particular interest I may have in placing it in the Hall. But gentlemen, 1 frankly acknowledge I have several' reasons in proposing to you the placing of the figure in the Hall, first the figure is my property, and executed by myself some eighteen or nineteen years past, I wish it a perpetual place in the Hall, that it may be said that a prophet may obtain some honor in .bis native place. I think you need not have any doubts as to its being a good likeness — I have modeled Gen. Washington in his life time frequently, in minature and as large as life. Judge Washington pronounced the figure here aUuded to immediately on sight a better likeness than Stewart's Also, I am disposed to sell it if I can obtain a liberal compensation. When the Exchange was building at Baltimore, Mr. Dennis Smith offered me #500, which I refused as it would not scarcely pay me forthe mere labour of nearly four months. I have been about sixty years at my busi ness, and probably bave exhibited some humble talents, that would entitle me to some consideration more than a mere laborer. The figure is excavated, and saturated with oil, and Would be as di^rable as any furniture in a room covered. from the weather. One observation more, I mention it not with the idea that my long service of twenty-two years in the City Councils, can add any merit to my work as a sculptor, but if CouncUs in viewing the figure should discover merit in it, sufficient to induce them to purchase it^ it migbt have some consideration, in rendering me a considerable kindness, and at the same time do me much honour. With great respect, I remain yours and tbe commit tees, humble servant. WM. RUSH. Mr. Kittera offered the ensuing resolution, which was adopted,^ by both Councils. Resolved by the Senate and Common Councils, tbat the committee on the state house and independence square, be authorised to purchase at a price not ex ceeding 500 dollars, the statue of Washington, offered for sale' by Wm. Rush, Esq. and the same be charged to appropriation No. 21. Mr. Kittera offered the annexed resolution, wbich was adopted by both Councils. Resolved by the Select and Common Councils, That the city commissioners be and they are hereby directed to cause Chesnut street, from fifth to sixth street, to be McAdanized under tbe direction ofthe Paving Com mittee, and charge the expense to appropriation, N. 1. Mr. Kittera offered tbe foUowing resolution, which was adopted by both Councils, and was referred to Messrs. Kittera, Lippencott, Massey, Cave Patterson, and Kneass. Resolved by the Select and Common Councils, that a committee of thyee members from each Council be appointed to inqditre and report whether it be expedi- dent to improve the Drawbridge Dock for a steam boat or commercial landing, and the probable expense of such improvement. COMMON COUNCIL.— Several petitions were pre sented in the common council similar to those presented in the Select Council. Mr. Wetherill from the committee on fire companies made the annexed report. The Committee on fire companies beg leave to re port, that they have endeavoured to discharge impar tially the duties required of them by the ordinances, whicb place under their control 5000 dollars to be ap propriated among the fire engine and hose companies in the city, who shall comply with the provisions of said ordinances. The committees have certified the foUowing appro- 183L] THE PENNSYLVANIA. 183 priations to the Mayor and requested him to draw his warrant on the city treasurer for the said sums m favour ofthe president oftheir respective companies, viz: Engine Companies- Assistance, Columbia, Delaware, Diligent, Good Will, Hand in Hand, Harmony, Hibernia, Hope,Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Reliance, VigUant, Washington, Hose Compjinies. America, .^Columbia; Fame, Good Intent, Hope, - Neptune, Perseverance, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Resolution. Southwark, Washington, 2562 201201201 201 201 201 201201227 201 201201 2438 2562 5000 The Committee also beg leave to report in relation to the memorial of the Robert Morrisbose company for aid from councils, tbat this company naving been insti tuted since the 12th of May, 1823, is not embraced within the provisions of the present ordinances. Mr. Wetherill from the committee on the revised or. dinances reported the following ordinances which were twice read arid ordered to be printed. A supplement to the ordinance passed 27th May, 1828, entitled "An ordinance to prevent dogs from running •it large" &c. v It shall be tbe duty ofthe High Constables, or such of them as shall be designated for tbat purpose by the Mayor, to cause to be made a proper pattern ofa muz zle for dogs, either of wire-wOrk, leatber/ or other ma terial of such a description as not to prevent them from drinking, but as effectually to prevent them from biting or snapping; which pattern when approved by the Mayor shall be placed in his office for public in spection: — with directions of the proper manner of at taching and securing the same; And from and after the - first day of January next, no muzzle shall be deemed to be in sufficient compliance with thejprovisions of the first section of the ordinance, to which this is a supple ment, unless made in form and character like to, the said pattern, and attached and secured according to tbe said directions. An ordinance for the regulation and controul of per sons keeping Oyster Cellars. Sect. 1. The Mayor may from time to time direct the registry by the city commissioners of such persons de sirous ot keeping oyster cellars, as shall produce to bim satisfactory evidence of good cbaracter, which registry shall specify the name of the party and the situation of the cellar; and thereupon a certificate thereof shall is sue signed by the commissioners and countersigned by the city clerk. ' Sec. 2. Sueh registry and certificate shall ^continue in force until the first day of March next ensuing; un less sooner revoked by the Mayor, on a conviction of a violation by the party registered or those in bis employ, ofthe laws ofthe state or ordinances of the city, or on its appearing to him that such party has broken and disregarded the regulations hereinafter referred to. Sec, 3. Every person so registered shall at tbe time of receiving his first certificate pay to the city clerk for the use of the city the sum of five dollars, — and for each renewal of sucb registry the sum of two dollars. Sec. 4. The Mayor shall from time to time prepare such regulations for the government of the persons so registered as he shall judge proper; which regulations shall be by him submitted to tbe councils for their ap proval, and when approved by them, shall be recorded and published in like manner, witb and have the same force and effect as the ordinances ofthe city. Sec 5. After the first day of January next, no person shall keep an oyster cellar in the city of PhUadelphia, without, first receiving a certificate of registry in the manner herein before prescribed; under a penalty of fif ty dollars, to be recovered by action of debt; one half thereof to tbe informer, and one half tothe treasurer of the city. ' Mr. Kneass from the committee of accounts made re port that they find the city treastirer's quarter ly accounts frum thefirst of April to the first of July last, and also Dr. Franklin's and John Scott's Legacy accounts, correct. Mr. Johnson, sa chairman of tbe Paving Committee, offered the following resolution which was agreed to by both councils . Whereas, by a resolution of councils, Sprupe street from I3tb to Broad street is directed to be re-paved, "as soon as tbe iron pipes are laid down. And whereas, the size df pipe intended for that street cannot be obtained during the present season, and the condition of the pavement is such as requiresimmediate attention. Therefore resolved, by the Select and Common CouncUs, that the city commissioners' be and they are hereby directed, to cause Spruce street, from 13th to Broad streets, to be re-paved, and tharge the expense to appropriation No. 1. Mr. Johnson read in bis place the annexed ordinance relative lo the Robert Morris bOse company, which was passed by the common council but Was laid on the table in the select councU. A supplement to an ordinance, entitled an ordinance, granting aid to tbe hose and fire companies. Be it ordained and enacted bylhe citizens of Phila delphia, in , select and common councils assembled. That the provisions of the ordinance to whicb tbis is a supplement, passed the 14th day of February, 1828, be and tbe same are hereby extended to the Robert Morris hose company, and that the said conipany be placed on the same footing as if it had been instituted prior to the 12lh day of May, 1823. The Common Council ^appointed on their part Messrs. Ryan and Wetherill on the committee relative to steam boats. Councils adjourned until next Thursday evening. — Philadelphia Gazette. THE PENNSYLVANIA. The New York Journal of Commerce lately stated, on the authority of an "intelligent officer of the navy," that the Pennsylvania, the noble three-decker built at our Navy Yard, bad settled on the stocks. This is a mistake which we are glad to bave the means of cor recting. The ship was never more secure and erect in her station than at present; and her actual condition, as well as her immense size and perfect workmanship, excites the admiration of all wbo inspect her. She has never settled even in the slightest degree, and there is no reason whatever to apprehend such an occurrence. Sbe is supported by a stone waU, under tbe whole length of her keel, of four feet in breadth, on each side of which are two walls of equal length and also of sobd masonry, their thickness being each three feet; with thirty-two transverse walls of similar construction, four feet apart, and each tWo feet and a half thick. These all rest on solid ground, and are laid, wherever this was necessary, in water cement. Tbe interstices are filled with rubble stone, well rammed in; and the whole forms a mass not to be shaken by any thing less powerful than ari earthquake. The informant of the New York paper observed the guns of the ship lying near her; but his carelessness is proved by his statement that they are all forty.two poun- \ 184 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OP OFFICERS OF U. S. GOVERNMENT. [Seftembes ders. She is to have these on the lower gun deck only, with thirty-two's above. She is calculated for-onehun- dred and thirty-eight; but may carry two more. The Raritari frigate stands upon a similar structure. Our information Is derived from an officer whose pro. ff ssional knowledge and skill are well known to us, and whose post requires him to < be thoroughly acquainted ¦with every thing connected with the Navy Yard. — Chronicle. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST Of the Officers ofthe U. States Government, underthe Con stitution, compiled from authentic sources; and lately revised aadperfeeted by the Editor oftjie United States liiisraph. pAesidents. George Washington of 'yirginia, elected 1789 John Adams of Massachus^ts,- 1797 Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, 1801 James Madison of Virginia, 1809 James Monroe of Virginia, 1817 John Qulncy Adams of Massachusetts, 1825 Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, 1829 vice presidents. John Adams of Massachusetts, 17S9 Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, 1797 Aaron Burr of New York, 1801 George Clinton of N.York, (Died, April 20,1812,) 1810 Elbridge Gerry of Mass. (Died, Nov. 23, ,1814,) 1813, Daniel D. Tompkins of New 'York, ' 181!'' John C. Calhoun Of South Carolina, 1825 secretaries op state. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, appointed 1789 Edmund Randolph of Virginia, , 1794, Timothy Pickering ofPennsylvania, 1795 John MarshaU of Virginia. 1800 James Madison of Virginia, 1801 Robert Smith of Maryland, 1809 James Monroe of Virginia, 1811 John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, 1817 Henry Clay of Kentucky 1825 Martin Van Buren of New York, 1829 Edward Livingston of Louisiana, 1831 secretaries or THE TREASUBT. Alexander Hamilton of New York, 1789 Oliver Wolcott of Connecticut, 1795 Samuel Dexter of Massachusetts, 1801 Albert Gallatin pf Pennsylvania, 1802 George W. Campbell of Tennessee, 1814 Alexander j! DaUas ofPennsylvania, 1814 WiUiam H. Crawford of Georgia, 1817 Bichard Rush of Pennsylvasia, 1825 Samuel D. Ingham of Pennsylvania, 1829 Louis M'Lane df Delaware, 1831 secretaries of WAB. Henry Knox of Massachusetts, appointed 1789 Timothy Pickering of Pen>|isylvanla, 1795 James M'Henry of Maryland, 1796 Samuel Dexter of Massachusetts, 1800 Roger Griswold of Connecticut. 1801, Henry Dearborn of Massachusetts, 1801 WUIiam Eustls of Massachusetts, 1809 John Armstrong of New York, 1813 WUIiam H. Crawford of Georgia, 1815 Isaac Shelby of Kentucky,, (did not accept,) 1817 John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, 1817 James Barbour of Virginia, 1825 Peter B. Porter of New York, 1828 John H. Eaton of Tennessee, 1829 Lewis Cass of Ohio, 1831 SECRETABIES 01 THI NATX. [iVo/«.— This department was not established until the 30th of April, 1798, being prior to that date a branch ofthe War Department.] George Cabot bf Massachusetts, appointed 1798 Benjamin Stoddard of Maryland. 1798 Robert Smith of Maryland, 1802 Jacob Crowninshield of Massachusetts, 1805 Paul Hamilton of South Carolina, 1809 WiUiam Jones ofPennsylvania, 1812 Benjamin W. Crowninshield of Massachusetts, 1814 Smith Thompson of New York, 1818 Samuel L, Southard of New Jersey, 1823 John Branch of North Carolina, 1829 Levi Woodbury of New Hampshire, 1831 POS-TMASTERS OENBRAL. Samuel Osgood of Massachusetts, appointed 1789 Timothy Pickering of Pennsylvania, 1791 Joseph Habersham of Georgia, 1795 Gideon Granger of Connecticut, ' 1802 Return J. Meigs of Ohio, 1814 John M'Lean of Ohio, 1«23 William T. Barry of Kentucky, 1829 CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME OOUBT. John Jay of New Yoi-k, appointed- 1789 William Gushing of Massachusetts, 1796 Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut, 1796 John Jay of New York, 1800 John MarshaU of Virginia, 1801 ATTORWETS OENEBAL. Edmund Randolph of Virginia, appointed 1789 William Bradford of Pennsylvania, 1794 Charles Lee of Virginia, 1795 Levi Lincoln of Massachusets, . 1801 Robert Smith of Maryland, 1805 John Breckenbridgedf Kentucky, - 1806 Csesar A. Rodney of Delaware, 1807 WiUiam Pinckney of Maryland, 1811 Richard Rush ofPennsylvania, 1814 William Wirt of Virginia, 1817 John M. Berrien of Georgia, 1829 Roger B. Taney of Maryland, 1831 SPEAKERS OF THB HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES. First Congress — first and second sessions held at New York, third at Philadelphia — Frederick A. Muhlenburg of Pennsylvania, 1789 Second Congress, held at Philadelphia — Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut, 1791 Third Congre."ss, held at PhUadelphia — Frederick A. Muhlenburg of Pennsylvania, 1793 Fourth Congress, held at Philadelphia — Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey, 1795 Fifth Congress, held at PhUadelphia — Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey. 1797 Sixth Congress, first session at Philadelphia^ second at Washington— Theodore Sedgwick of Mass. 1799 .Seventh Congress, held at Washington— Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina, jgoi Eighth Congress— Nathaniel Macon of N.Carolina, 1803 Ninth Congress— ^Nathaniel Macon of N. Carolina, 1805 Tenth Congress— Jos. B.Varnum of Massachusetts, 1807 Eleventh Congress — Joseph B . Varnura of Mass. 1809 Twelfth Cprigress— Henry Clay of Kentucky, 1811 Thirteenth Congress— Henry Clay of Kentucky, 1813 (until January 17tb, 1814— Langdon Cheves of South CaroUna, for the residue of the Congress). Fourteenth Congress— Henry Clay of Kentucky, 1815 Fifteenth Congress— Henry Clay of Kentucky, I817 Sixteenth Congress- Henry Clay of Kentucky, du ring the first session, i819 John W. Taylor of New York, during the second session, 1820 Seventeenth Congress — Philip p. Barbour of Va. 1821 Eighteenth Congress — Henry Clay of Kentucky, 1823 Nineteenth Congress— John W. Taylor of N.York, 1825 Twentieth Congress— Andrew $tevenson of Va. 1827 Twenty-first Congress — Andrew Stevenson ofVa. 1829 1831] REPORT OF TH^ BANK OF THE UNITED BtATE's. 185 BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. Report of the proceedings 'of the triennial meeting of the Stockholders of the Bank of the United States, Held according to ihe thirteenth article of the eleventh section ofthe Charter, at Philadelphia, on thefirst day ofSen- tember,183l, a j f At the General Triennial meeting of the Stockhold ers of the Bank of the United States, held at their HaU, in the city of Philadelphia, on Thursday the first day of September, 1831, at 10 o'clock, A. M. Stephen Girard, Esq. of the city of Philadelphia, was called to preside, and John Potter, Esq. of South Carolina, appointed Secretary. Nicholas Biddle, Esq. the President of the ' Bank, on behalf of the Board of Directors, submitted, the foi-. lowing REP*ORT: The Board of Directors of the Bank of the United States, in compliance with the 13th Article ofi the llth Section ofthe Charter of the Bank, which declares, that "once in evjry three years the Directors shalUlay be fore the Stockholders, at a' general meeting, for their informatijmLan exact and particular statement of the debts which shall have Remained unpaid after the expi ration pf the original credit, for a period of treble the term of that credit, and of the surplus of the profits, if any, after deductirig losses and dividends, "^have now the honour lo submit to the Stockholders the statements therein required. As, however, these doctiments, present orily an im perfect vi^w of the situation of the Bank,, the Board ot Directors gladly avail themselves of tbe presence of so many respectable gentlemen interested in ils prosperity to explain minutely the whole state of its affairs. To this they will accordingly proceed. The Capital of the Bank consists of 350,000 shares, of which 70,000 are owned by the Government of the United States. The Government originally provided for its subscription by giving to tbe Bank a stock bear ing interest at five per cent. This stock has been fpr some time in a course of redemption, and in July last the whole ofit was reimbursed, so that the Government has now fully paid for its shares. In receiving the individual subscriptions for the 280,000 shares by so many Comriiissioners, and at so many distant points, there arose some errors which caus ed a deficiency of afew thousand doUars in the capital. After rectifying these errors as far as practicable, it was deemed proper in July last to supply the deficiency, amounting then to $3,730 37 from the general funds— so that the capital of thirty-five miUion of dollars is now entire. 'This capital is divided among the stockholders as follows: DisTBiBUTioN July 1831. . Names. Shares, Maine, 14 498 "Vermont, , 2 27 ; New Hampshire, 23 501 Massachusetts,^ 203 10,812 Rhnde Island, 38 1,245 Corinecticut, 61 1,511 New York, 439 32,903 New Jersey, 77 2.665 Pennsylvania, 937 52.638 Delaware, 39 1,583 Maryland, 623 34,503 District of Columbia, 63 2,814 Virginia, 276 .12,384 North Carolina, 39 2,476 , South Carolina, 735 40,674 Georgia, 42 1,981 OWo, 15 705- , Kentucky, 22 252 Tennessee, ,4 238 Indiana, 2 SO Vol. VIII 24 Illinois, 2 220 Louisiana, 17 119 Arkansas Territory, 1 '42 Foreign Stockholders, 466 79,159 United States, /.' , 70,000 4,145 350,000- The progress of this division of the Stock will be erceived in the following sketch: In 1817 there wore 31,349-.StockhoIders. 1818 . 4,142 (C 1819 3,544 «« 1820 2,720 (( 1821 2,747 (C 1822 2,649 (• 1823. 2.597 M 1824 . . 2,861 u 1825 -2,776 (C 1826 3,347 i« 1827 3.482 ** 1828 3.686-^ <.« 1829 3,853 t« 1830 4.140 (« 1831 4,145 « It will here be perceived that the original subscrip tions were divided among a great number- of persons, in order to secure the amount of Stoc'k desired; but became afterwards concentered in the names of the real owners. The whole number of Stockholders was in 1820,-2720. From that period the number has risen to 4,145. The extent of this diffusion will be seen in the following Table: u Holders of 1 Share UmHiSIlly. 128 own' ng 128 Shares ' ' 2 Shares 159 • 318 . . 3 < Ul ' 333- ff < 4 ' t 121 • 484 ¦ ' ' s ' 235 ^1.175 ' between 5 and 10 shares, 6S6 ' 5,685 « ' 10 and 20 688 ' 10,978 ' '20 and 30 336 • 8,838 ' -' 30 and 40 207 > 7.494 ' 40 and so' -' 224 • 10,583 • • 50 and 100 435' 3^.689 « ' 100 and 200, 194' 29,075 ' ' of above ' 200 185' 93.061 « 3679 200.841 FOREIGN. Hplders of 1 Share 5 owning S Shares • 2 0 0 ' 3 1 "3 • 4 ' 2 8 1,5 < 6 30 « between Sand 10 sh jresSS' 209 ¦ ' • 10 and 20 ' 37 614 ' ' ,' 20and 30 ¦ 32 854 « • 30 and 40 ' 34- 1,291 • 40 and SO ' 51 2,415 ' ifOandlOO ' 104 7,403 • • 100 and 200 ' 72 ' 10,730 ' above 200 • 97 ' 55,597 ' 466 79,159 Of these are Domestic, Females, 832 hold ng 22,896 Shares. Fo REIGN, • 69 < 6,117 • 901 29,013 DojjESTic Trusts, Ex-^cu- tors, gsc, - ,315 holding 17,081 Shares. FoBEiBN, • ' 14 3,365 • 329 20,446 86 JflEPORX OF THE AanK OF THE UNITED STATES. [SiPTEMBBB Domestic Societies, Corp. &C. 126 holding 14,309 Shr's, FoRKioN, ' ' none none. From these the following results may be gathered: 1st. That out of the 3,679 domestic Stockholders, 766 are holders of Sharers of and under $500, amount- -^ing to $243.800 — that 1.447 are Stockholders who own sums of and under $1,000, amounting to $812,300— that 2865 are Stockholders of and under $5,000 amounting to $4,601,600; being nearly one-fourth of the whole doriiestic stock. It further appears that the sum of 54,286 shares, be- .. ing much more than one-fourth of the whole domestic ^ock, is owned by females, trustees and executors, and by religious, benevolent, and other associations. The Capital thus owned is divided for the purposes of business between the Bank and the following twen- - ty-five offices: -^ Portland, Fayetteville, Pprtsmoutb, Charleston, -Bdston, Savannah, Providence, • MobUe, Hartford; Natchez, Burlington, ' ' New Orleans, New York, St. Louis, Ulica, Nashville, Buffalo, Louisville, ~ Baltimore; Lexington, Washington, i Cincinnati, Richmond, Pittsburg. Norfplk, Tbe number of Offices estabUshed in 1817 was eigh, teen; since then two offices have been discontinued-^ Middletown in Connecticut, and ChiUicothe in Ohio,and nine others have been established,. Portland in Maine; Burlington in Vermont; Hartford in Connecticut; Utica , and Buffalo in New York; St. Louis in Missouri; Nash ville in Tennessee; Natchez in Mississippi; Mobile in Alabama; braking an addition of seven ofiices within the last fourteen years. ; These points were selected out of applications from thirty-eight places. There are now under consideration - applications for the establishment of Branches from more tban t hirty places-in various parts of the United States. The employment of the capital will be seen in the , following statement ofthe condition ofthe Bank on the Ist of August. DR. Funded Debt, various - '3,497,68106, BUls Discounted on Person al SecurUy, 41,585,298 70 » "Funded debt, 19,700 00 / 'Bank stock, 779,45807 —42,384,456 77 Domestic BiUs of Exchange, 14,409,479,72 ¦ — . 56,793,936 49 Foreign Bills of Exchange, - 121,214 60 Real Estate. - - 2,491,892 99 Due from Bank U. S. and of' CR. 35,000,000 00 35,811,623 96 476,965 51 137,719 56 Capital Stock, Notes issued. Discount, Exchange and Interest, Foreign Exchange Account, Baring, Brothers & Co., Hottinguer . ? jgg .wg 7-3 & Co., and Hope & Co., * 5 ' Dividends unclaimed, . - 251,765 03 Profit and loss, - - 1,750,048 51 Contingent Fund, 5,613,173 15 Less losses chargeable to . contingent Fund, 3,452,976 16 — , 3,160,196 99 Due to Bank U. States and offices, - 24.096,888 57 ' State Bariks, 2,771.656 00 / Redemption of Public Debt, Deposites on account of the Treasurer of the U. States, 5,505,924 28 Less overdrafts and special ,25.868.i544 37 483,147 45 Deposites, Of Public Offices, Individuals, 28.420 09 5.477,504 19 1,291,597 77 9,115,836 47 • 15,884,938 43 118,993,323 54 The analysis of this account presents the following view of the investments of the Bank, and tbe distribu tion "of its funds. The Investments of the Bank — ^ Capital paid in, - - 35,000,000 00 The Circulation, - - 22,399,447 52 Deposits,' Public, - 7,252,249 42 ^' Private, 9,115,836 47 —15,368,085 89 Due to Individuals in Europe,- - 168,372 72 Unclaimed Dividends, - 251,766 03 Contingent Fund to meet losses, - 5,613,17315 Discount, Exchange and Interest, (includ- 614,685 07 1,750,048 51 ing Foreign Exchanges,) Profit and Loss, - Funded Debt, Loans. Personal Security, Funded Debt, Domestic Bills, Foreign- do.. Bank. Stock, Mortgages, DISTRIBUTION. 82,165,578 89 3,497,681 05 41,585,298 70 19,700 00 14,409,479 72 121,214 60 779,458 07 140,956 63 fices, ' State Banks, • United States, Deficiencies, Banking Houses, Expenses, Cash, viz. Notes ofthe Bank 24,586,664 94 2,903,402 51 27,490,067 45 5,26732 145,258 67 - , 1.160.455 54 68,? 13 34 U. States, ' ' State Banks, ' ' Specie, Mortgages, Navy -^gent,' Norfolk, 13,412,176 44 2,080,442 33 11,545,116 51 27,037,735 28 140,956 63 40,144 17 118,993,323 54 Debts chargeable to Contin gent Fund, - 3,452,976 16 Real Estate, Due from'sundry Offices ind Banks, Expenses, sc. ... Banking Houses, Notes of State Banks, Specie,/ -60,509,083 88 2,491,892 99 «21,523 08 259,383 SO • 1,160,455 54 2,080,442 33 11,545,115 51 82,165,578 89 Two only of these items require special observation. •'' The Contingent Fund and Real Estate Ist. J%e Contingent Fund — The total amount ofthe suspended Debt, including Cash deficiencies. Overdrafts, and the debt Ofthe Bank of Columbia is, 7,851,281 82 Of this the part ektimated as desperate, -.»¦ and therefore considered as lost, ia ,452,976 16 183 i.i REPORT OF THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. 187 And on the remaining, . . - 4,398,305 66 The estimated loss after a rigid examina tion, is ... 1,851,034 42 Now, the contingent Fund to meet this loss, is - - - ^,613,173 15 The total of the actual and estimated loss es, is - - . 5,304,010 58 Leaving an excess of Provision, over thei estimate, of - . 309,162 57 That this sum wiU be fully adequate for "the purpose will befapparent from the facts, 1st. That amongst the estimates of loss is $236,829 77, for \)ie losses of the. Agency at Cincinhati, wjjich will in all probability be entirely ristrieved by the 'mcrdasing value ofthe Real Estate there. 2d. That the arrears of interest onthe debts at the four western offices are expressly appropriated to„the increase of the Fund. And '¦ 3d. That something may yet be received from the mass of debts now considered hopeless, and from the arrears of interest on the whole mass of suspended debt, now amounting lo $1,433,761 34. 2d. The Real Estate.^ The total amount of Real Estate received in payment of debts up to August -SOlh, ,1822, was _ - - $587,182 38 It has, since received in like manner, - -2,942,828 23 / And sold what had cost 1,038,037 62 1,904,790 61- Making the present amount - 2.491,892,99 This amount is the-price a^ which the Real Estate has been taken, and experience warrants the expectation, that it will be sold for more than its cost. The general result ofthe condition of the Bank is. That the whole of the bonus of $l;5Ci0,000 paid for the Charter, and the premium of$205,880 "given for the five per cent. Stock, purchased in 1821 from the Gov ernment is now extinguished. That the fund to meet losses exceeds by $309,000, tbe estimate of those^loSses. ' That there is a surplus fund of profits amounting to $1,750,000, being five per cent on the Capital^ - ¦ And that with these provisions .against casualty, its - profits, after defraying its expenses and making an an nual reservation of $120,000 to extinguish the cost ofthe Banking Houses, yield a dividend of seven per cent, a year. , - , > But gratifying as the prosperity of the Bank'may be to the stockholders, it is an object of more general con cern as being -the result of measures in the success of wbich the community has a deep and permanent in terest. The importance of these will justify a few words of explanation in regard lo them. The Bank, of the United States was established for the purpose of restoring specie payments, wliich had for a long time been suspended throughoilt a great part of the Country, — of fiirnisbing a sound, circulating me dium, and of givins more uniformity to the exchange^ between distant sections of the Union. By importing more lhan seven millions of specie, and by a free issue of notes immediately after its establishment, the Bank with great sacrifices succeeded for a time in attaining these objects; but it seems to have been afterwards considered that its powers were exhausted by the ef fort, and that the-continoance ofit would be entirely .impracticable. The essentialdifficulty wa?, presumed, to lie in the provision of the charter, making the notes universally receivable for debts to the Government, which by obliging the Bahk to provide payment for the same note at various places, would require it to retain a greater amount of specie than it could issue of notes; thus diminishing rather than increasing the sound circu- Utlon. The consequence was, that the Bank issiied its own nole^ sparingly; more especially in Ihe southern and western.States, where it often preferred the re-issue of the notes of the State Banks; being unwilling to is sue freely its notes which il might be compelled to pay at some one of many places remote from the point of issuing them. However imperious the necessity which enforced this system, it wasjapparent that its continu ance would tend to defeat the object of establishing the Bank, since by declining the issue of its notes it could not furnish the circulating medium expected from it; and by re-issuing the notes of State Banks, it surrender ed its most efficient means of control over the currency. Its whole circulation on the 1st of January 1-823, was only $4,589,000. , ' ^- Having in compliance with the directions ofthe Stockholders in 1822, 'appUed witbout success to Con gress for a modification of this disabling provision in the charter, it became necesary for the Board of Direc tors to re-examine the constitution of the Bank, in or der to discover^whetber there was really any organic defect which prevented it from performing the functions to whichit was destined; or whether some different combination of ils powers might not overcome its diffi culties. , . , - The ^experiment was interesting and hazardous. It was lo try hdw fartheinstilution could succeed in doing. that which had never yet succeeded elsewhere, in dif fusing over so wide a surface of coUntry a currency of large amoum and of uniform value at all places and un der all circumstances; and also whether it could bring down to its extreme limit the necessary expense of com mercial intercourse between distant sections of coun try, whose exohangeable productions were ofsuch va rious and unequal values. To accomplish these two objects two things seemed necessary. 1st. To make all the local currencies" equivalent to specie at the place of their eriiission. JTbis by render ing them competent for local purposes, would require a less amount of general currency, and at the same time tend tu reduce the exchanges between distant places to the real commercial expense of transferring equal val ues of coin. '2d. To make the Bank itself the great channel, df those commercial exchanges. \ If the Bank is bound to transfer the whole public rev enue throughout the Union, and to furnish a currency payable in various and distant places. ,it must obvioijs- ly provide funds in those placps. and these can of cpurse be obtained only by putchasing bills of exchange paya. ble at the, points lo which the course of trade naturally directs the notes. There these bills, having- reached their maturity, await the coming of that portion ofthe' notes, whicli having performed ^r a lime the functions of a circulating medium, are earned by the demand for duties out ofthe immediate -sphere oftheir issue. The greater proportion of its funds, therefore, which the Bank can employ 1n,these operations, the more readily can it sustain the notes issued in the course ofthem. It is indeed thp«, and thus alone, that a circle of sound banking operations founded on sound commercial ope rations contains within itself the means of its own de fence at home, and of providing fot ils notes which the > demand- for duties may carry to a distance. These ope^ rations too are fortunately of the highest benefit to tbe _ commuritty: They give the most direct encouragenlent to industry, by facilitating the purchase and interchange of all its products, they bring the producers and consum. ers into more immediate' contact by diminishing the 6b- stacles wbich separate, them, and tbey especially adapt the Bank to the wants and interests of each section of the Union, by making it alternately a large purchaser among the sellers of bills, and a large seller among the purchasers. A participation also in the foreign exchanges forms an essential part of the system, not merely as auxlUary to the transfer of funds by whicb the circulating medi- 188 REPORT OF THE BANK OF THE UNITED b'l A I Ks; I.OJfiir'1'iIija D,B>^ um is accoriip^nled and protected, but as the best de fence' of that -currency from external influences. It is the peculiarity of our monied system, that in many , parts of thecounlry the precious metals are excluded from the minor channels of circulation by a small paper currency, in consequence of which the greater portion of these metals is accumulated in masses at the points of most convenient exportation, — Now with a widely diffused metallic currency, the occasional demands for exportation are more gradually felt, the portion export ed bearing a small relation to the whole, occasions less inconvenience, and the excesses of expoi tation can be more readily corrected without injury. But when the great mass of the precious metals of the community lie thus acce,-^s;ble in the Banks of the Atlantic cities, liable to be immediately demanded on notes previously issued in the ctinfidence of a continuance of the same state of things which caused the abundant issue of them; at the first turn in the tide of the foreign ex changes, when the supply of foreign exciiange, is unequal to the daily demand, the vaults of theBanks may be exhausted before any preca,utions can pre vent it. These- very precautions too, consisting as they do almost exclusively of curtailments in their loans, made suddenly — mostly without 'concert, and always under tbe influence of anxiety if not alarm, may fall with oppressive weight on the community, by the pres sure on which alone can be produced the necessary re^ action. This reaction moreover is necessarily slow, since our distance from Europe makes it les,s, easy to restore the equilibrium lhan between adjoii ing coun tries in the same hemisphere. As this defect in our mo nied system, depends on the legislature, the Bank has no power to remove it. and^can only strive ,to guard against its dangers. Its tendency is to produce abrupt transitions, and violent shocks injurious to private cre dit, and which might prove subversive ofthe currency. It belongs then to the conservative power over the cir culating medium «hich devolves on the Bank, not to be a passive observer of these movements, but to take an ample share injall that concerns tbe foreign exchanges. Itmay tiiusforsee, and either avert or diminish an ap proaching danger — it can thus break the force of a sud den shock, and supplying from its own accumulations or its own credits in Europe the more pressing demands, enable the State Institutions lo provide for their own safety, and thps produce the necessary alteration in the state of the exchanges with the least possible pressure upon the Bartk^or the community. In addition;,to the ordinary causes of fluctuation iri the metallic currency, there was another of great impor tance in the character of the trade to China and India, which, requirin,^ annually many millions of the precious inetals; very frequently caused abrupt and inconvenient change^ in the amount of the currency and of private credit, by forcing the State Banks to sudden curtail ments as an act of necessary self-defence. To abate the pressure of this. demand, the Bank offered as a sub stitute for the shipments of coin, to supply its own bills on Europe, Which in the India and China markets were often more valuable than the coin itself. This ' experiment proved successful, alike to the merchants and to Iheicommunily, who were thus less incommoded by sudden diminutions of the currency, pwingto the operation of general causes, that trade has within a few years greatly declined, — but should it revive,,^he bills of the Bank wiU, doubtless constitute a considerable portion of the remittances from this country. Even in its present comparatively inactive state, the amount of bills furnished by the Bank within the past year for.the trade of India, China arid South America, amouifts to $883,500. By this c'bmbinatlon of the soundness of the local currencies, and a thorough identification of the Bank with the real business and exchanges ofthe country, it was hoped to accomplish the purposes for which it was established. With this view it began by giving to its whole funds an active and buMness character, for which purpose all the stock of the Bank whioji had been for feited was sold and the proceeds applied to the com mercial operations of the country. The Bank and the Branches then issued freely and exclusively their own notes, taking care to protect and, provide for them by the discount of bills of exchange— and they received freely the notes of the solvent State Banks, with whom periodical and convenientbut certain settlements of ac counts were made. This system has now been in operation for several years. It was at first experimental and of doubtful is. sue, ind asthe consequences were equally impbrtant to the Bank, and the communityj its progress has been watched witb deep solicitude. Its success therefore has been seen with proportionate satisfaction. Time and ex perience have now demonstrated that the bank has been able to accomplish all the purposes for Whicb it was created, to rectify the disorders of the currency, to sus tain a large and sound circulation, and to reduce the commer,cial exchanges within the most economical lim its, and this-by means in themselves highly advantageous to the community, not in any degree injurious to the State Institutions, arid at tbe same time profitable tothe Bank itself The evidences of this can be best observed by compar'mgthe past and present situation of the cur rency, the exchanges, the country ancl the Bank. , 1. Before the establishment of the Bank, the circu lating medium' of the middle, western and southern States consisted exclusively of an inconvertible paper money; every part of that couritry suffered under the most oppressive of all taxes on industry, a, depreciated currency; the commercial exchanges between different States and even diffei-ent neighbourhoods, were burden ed witb the fiuctuations of their respective representa tives of money, while the Government itself, unable to make itsfunds.receivedin one section available fpr'its expenditures in another, was embarrassed in the midst of its nominal excesses of revenue. These d'lsorderd are now remedied. The local currencies generally are equivalent to specie within their respective spheres of circulation, and a large mass of general currency is su- peraddedfor general circulation. Tbat this effect was produced directly by the operations of the Bank re quires no demonstration. The extent of its contribu tion to the general currency, will be seen ii> the facts: 1st, That since January 1, 1823. it has furnished to the Mint to be converted into American coin, bullion to the amount of - - - .. - $12,046,415 35 2d. That the gross circulation of the Bank on the 1st of Jiinuary,1823 was ,- - - - - - $4,589,446 90 And on the 1st of August, 1831, - 22,399.477 52 Making an increase of - - - 17,810,000 62 From both periods a deduction is to be made of the notes in their passage between the bank and tbe branch es. — The total amount known to be in actual circulation on the ist of August, was $19,377,910. Tbis circulation is in all respects equal, an'3 ir^ most respects superior, in value to any metallic currency ofthe tame amount. Indeed there is not .low.^nd probably never has been, in any other extensive country, a paper cur rency comparable to this for the union of all the quali ties of a good circulating medium — perfect security — easy convertibiUty into the metals — and general unifor mity of value. The notes of the Bank, moreover, nol only afford a sound currency themselves, but they sustain and purify the much larger mass of circulating medium into which they are infused. By receiving freely the notes of the State Banks within convenient reach of the Bank and its Branches, and by frequent settlements with them, these institutions are kept in the habitual presence of an accountability, which naturally induces them so to apportion theirjssues to their means, as to secure the soundness of their currency. Of the manner in which they have executed this extremely delicate part oftheir 1831J REPORT OF THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. 189 duty, which connects them with the State institutions, it is not for the Board of Directors to speak. But they bear a wiUing testimony in favor of tbe uprightness and intelligence which generally characterize the adminis tration of those institutions, and the support which they have always yielded to any measiires calculated to main tain the soundness ofthe currency. On the few occasions where it has become necessary to insist on the performance of their obligations, from which either a want of judgment or the pressure of ur gent necessity bad induced them lo depart, the Bank has endeavoured to perform its own duty with all the forbearance consistent with the thorough execution pf it, and those institutions themselves, have generally found in the increased credit arising from, fidelity to their engagements, a full compensation for all the temporary inconvenience which that fidelity required. It is indeed confidently believed that the solvent Stale institutions, recognize in the Bank its true character, as a common friend, not a jealous competitor; and that the good feel ings uniformly entertained for them by the bank, are reciprocated. They know that the duties of its position make itonly a more prominent agent'in preserving the soundness of the currency, on which their own stability and prosperity equally depend; and that if its competi tion sometimes appears to prevent more abundant pro fits, they .find an indemnity in the general securit}- of property which its operations are designed to protect. Undoubtedly these operations have been so far benefi- , bial to them, that if its own notes are equivalent to spe- ,cie, it has contributed to make'those of the State insti tutions equally valuable within their respective spheres, and that many of these institutions earn larger profits than the Bank itself, 2d. The reduction in the exchanges effected by the Bank from the extravagant charges on internal trade I to the presentmoderate limits need not now be particu larized. A single fact will be sufficient to illustrate it. Before the Bank was organized the differences -of ex change in favour of or against Philadelphia; in its rela tion with the other commercial cities was as follows. With Boston, 17 per pent. — with New York, 9i per cent.' — with Baltimore 4i per cent, — with Washington 7 per cent, — with Charleston, 6| per cent. At present these exchanges are generally, either at par or at the utmost, one half of one percent. This bas naturally followed the rectification of the currency. As long as the general circulation of the United States consists of specie or its equivalents, the rates of exchange between any two places in it can ne ver much, nor, permanently vary from the expense oi their transportation from one place to another; and a reduction to nearly that rate was the inevitatile conse- ijuence of th'e resumption of specie payments. The Bank has, however, been able to do morethan this. The large mass pf its operations in exchanges, by giv ing to it funds in various parts of the Union which the course of its own business, as Well as that ofi the Go vernment, reqtJires to be transferred, furnishes it with the means of transferring at the same time the property of individuals at a very reduced expense. Accordingly funds are transferred lo the remotest points ofthe Union, sometimes at no expense whatever, and always with charges so moderate, as to afford facilities of, interior communication, probably not equalled by those of any other country. The following table exhibits the amount of domestic and foreign exchange purchased at the Bank, and the several Branches, the amount ofthe drafts furnished by them on each other respectively, and the amount of transfers made on account of the Government, during the year ending on tbe 1st of July last. Statement exhibiting ihe Exchange operations of the Bank ef ihe United States and Offices, fof fhe year ending June 30, 1831. 1 Bills purchased. Drafts Drawn. Transfers directed by the U. States from the bank and Offices. TOTALS. 3.481.963 75 4,122,394 79 8,699,744 16 5,U0,570 22 650,000 00 200,000 00 1S;000 90 1,575,000 00 8,175,000 00 580,000 ^00 ¦i - ^ - 85,000 00 75,000 00 82is'000 00 20,oOo 00 150,000 00 100,000 00 .10,000 00 22,064,672 92 531,021 93 140,144 88 4,151,828 51 1,711,653 92 440,045 41 - 13.477,779 51 ' 3.549,498 57 4,226,-116 76 1.857,891.07 2,074,397 58 1,501,970 15 3.683,172 60 2.945,054-78 4,214.288 03 13.013.382 84 807,553 28 ' 957,327 24 3.785,519 94 3,315,926 54 ' 2,999,442 06 2,315,694 38 - , 2,066,862 43 2,272,420 43 251,819 54 281,195 04 Bank United States. . . . « 7,604,358 54 136,746 89 47,713 38 1,499,531 18 966,590 76 ^ 114,360' 44 3,790,432 10 963,298 09 722,725 41 -1,514,295 35 706,017 58 929,453 10 1,960,488 48 2,099,844 29 1,599,022 90 9.363,195 66 , 424,108 57 244,334 24 . 2,693,852 75 1,924,571 49 1,495,631 61 1,212,729 71 ; 989.834 33 714.218 17 118.041 25 218.123 85 13,810,314 3t 194.275 04 77,431 50 1,077,297 33 745.063 16 • 325,685 97 1,512,347 41 2,006,200 48 3,503,391 35 ' 343,595 72 1,368,380 00 572,517 06 1,637,684 12 770,210 49 2,615,265 13 2,825,187 18 363.444 71 562)993 00 1,091,667 19 1,291,355 05 1,493,810 45 1,102,964 67 1.077.028 10 1,558,202 26 133,778 29 63.071 19 Portsmouth .^ Hartford .'. New York -Nortolk Fayetteville . . ^ Charleston. %Inhi1f> - Nashville. ...,-•'•••••••••• ¦Rnffalo 1 - r Burlington 44.053.520 10 42.123.161 23 12,460,000 00 98,636,681 35 IW REPORT OF THB BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. [SbjtmibxK Funded debt. Loans, viz: — Personal security. Funded debt. Domestic Bills, Debt of Smith & B. 1 Foreign Bills, Bank Stock, Mortgages, Due by banks, &c. Real estate, , . Bonus, premium, &o. Banking- houses. Notes of state banks. Specie, .From this "it will appear, tbat the purchases of bills Profit and loss, of exchange, ariiountvto more than 'forty four million's, the drafts issued by the Bank and the Branches on each other exceed forty-two mi'i'ons; and the transfers on account ofthe GovernmentT-were upwards of twelve millions. If to these be added the amount of bills not purchased in the.first instance by the Bank but coUectT ed, through its agency, theaggregate will represent an actual movement in the business pf the Unidh, much exceeding one hundred millions of dollars. This has been conducted at a very moderate expense, and with a facility which has caused so large a- displacement of funds, to be alrioost imperceptible in ariy of the interests of tbe community. More experience and a greater mass uf operations may enable the Bank to reduce still , further, even these"slight charges; but should it be able only to retain them at their present rates, it will have accomplished all that is necessary or perhaps desirable^ 3d. The influence of these measures on the country has been in every stage ofthem eminently salutary. — The substitution ofa sound currentiy for a depjrecialed and irresporisible circulation, which was hastening to in volve in confusion, all public and private interests, is of itself an advantage, which can scarcely be over-esti mated, conferring as itdoes, stal^ility on property, and - security on all the rewards of industry; while the inte rior commerce of the whole Union is relieved from the oppressions of a multifarious and fluctuating paper mo ney, requiring at each step some new sacrifice which, -however," disguised, fell ultimately as a charge' on the productive industry ofthe country. The means, more over, by which these objects have been attained, the restraint on the over issues of othei- institutions — the ex tensive operations in domestic arid foreign exchange-the bringing of the Institution into imriiediate contact and sympathy with the real business of all parts of the coun- try,/^e in themselves direct and positive benefits to the community. They form too the natural occupation ofa Bank ofthe United^States, which divested of all local in fluences and interests, finds its appropriate sphere in fa cilitating the comtrierce of the States with each other and with foreign nations. Accordingly, itmay be as sumed with safety, that there.has never been in the his tory of this country, any period when its monied con cerns were more steady artd equal— its interior trade transacted with more economy and convenience, and the necessary fluctuations incident to ils foreign commerce less sensibly felt, than during the last eight years. This term is sufficiently long and various-to test the efficacy ofthe system. ) It embraced ,a period, when, in addition tails habitual causes of fluctuation the monied system was disturbed by the reimbursement of many millions ofthe public debt, a great portion of which was to be remitted; to Europe, and more espegially it included the year 1825, one of the most critical in our J,own history, and probably the most disastrous to the bank ing system of England. , 4lh. Having explained tbe effects of this system on the currency, the exchanges, the state banks, and the community, it remains toShow that these purposes have been accomplished without any sacrifice ofthe interests ofthe Stociy^holddrs, but that the bank itself has shared in the benefits it communicates. This will be perceiv ed by contrasting the present state of the institution, with its condition at the triennial meeting of 1822. Its situation at these respective periods was as follows: State of the Bank August 30, 1822: Capital paid in, ' . . 34,992il39 63 The Circulation, . . 5,456,89190 Deposits.— Public, 3,559,792 96 Private, , 3,216,699 78 ¦ 6,776,492 74 Due to sundry offices and banks, and to individuals in Europe, . 1,964,898 36 Unclaimed dividends, . 129,741 28 Contingent Fund to meet losses, . 3,743,899 00 51,897 07 DISTRIBUTION. $53,504,196 99 13,020,469 27 22,072,405 46 67,928 13 2,713,760 30 1,357,457 23 24,599 76 5,974,725 80 8,000-00 32,218,876 68 1,650,869 73 -587,102 3S 1,180,880 00 834,9-22' 15 A64,642 55 3,346,434 22 $53,504,196 99 State of the Bank AuguH Ist, 1831 . Capital paid in, . • 35,000,000 00 The circulation. . . 22,399,447 52 ' Deposits— Public. 7,252,249 42 Private, 9,115,-836 47 ,- 16,368,085 89 Due to individuals in 'Europe, . 168,372 72 Unclaimed dividends, . 251,766 03 Contingent fund to meet losses, . 5,613,173 15 ¦ ¦ ' t CincludinK 614,685 07 1,750,048 51 Discount, exchange and interest (including foreign exchange.) Profit and loss. ' $82,165,578 89 DISTRIBUTION. Funded dfebt, . . 3,497,68106 Loans .'^ Personal security, 41,585,298 70 Funded debt, 19,700 00 Domestic biUs, 14,409,479 72 Foreign do. 121,214 60 Bank stock, ,779,458 07 Mortgages, 140,956 63 Bills chargeable to con. tingent fund, 3,452,97616 Real estate. Due from sundry offices and banks. Expenses, &c. ¦ . Banking -houses, , . ' Notes of state banks, -Specie, 60,509.083 88 2,491,892 99 621,523 08 259,383 50 1.160,455 5* 2,080.442^3 11,545,116 51 S82,165,S78 89 Leaving as jictive. Discount, exchange, b iriterest, since July, 388,237 01 In August, 1822, of the loins of Thfe analysis of these statements will present the fol lowing differences in the situation ofthe bank kt these respective periods : 1st. In regard to the comparative »i:jivlty of its busi- ness: In August 1822. ofthe tvhole Mftount of loans amounting to $32,218,876 68 There was suspended 10,426i306 56 Leaving as active, $21,793,570 13 In AUgust,1831,ofthe same class of loans amounting to ^ $56,793,986 49 There was suspended . 3,633,750 84 $53,160,335 65 32,218,876 C6 ,831.] ^HEDICAL FIGHT. 191 There were on bank stock, 5,9,74.725 80 In August, 1831, out ofthe loans of $56,793,936 49 There were on bank stock, 779,458 07 In regard to the exchanges: The amount of domestic bills purchased, in 1822, was " 7,475,640 00 Tbat purchased within the yesr ending July 1st, 1831,^83 40,571,556.35 2d. In regard to its resources and investments, there .will be seen, 1st. That the bonus and premium on tbe loan of 1821 amounting then to $1,180,880, 'has been extinguished. 2d. That there is an increase ofthe corttingerit fund to repair lossess of . $1,869,274 15 making -that fund exceed by $309,000, the loss it is to cover. ..— 3d. An increase ofthe surplus fund, of $1,698,102 9^ 4th. An increase of the capital, of 7,860 37 5lh. -An increase of the circulation of 16,942,555 62 6th. An increase ofthe deposits, of 9,591,493 15 7tb. -^An increase ofthe investments as follows:' But in any event, the Board of Directors have the satis faction of knowing that their exertioris have thus far rendered the bank not unproductive of benefit to the country ; and that if any unforseen causes should here after prevent or diminish the- beneficial operations of the institution, it shall not fail from any want of zealous devotion to the great interests which they have been ap pointed to administer. By order ofthe Board, K- BIDDLE, Pres't. Loans, Real estate. In banking houses, In,state bank and other debts. In specie $28,290j207 20 1,904,790 61 325.533 39 3,052,579 34 8,198,682 29 $41,771,792 83 9,522,788 21 $32,249,004 62 And a decrease of the funded debt, of Making the actual increase The third and last consideration is the comparative priiductiveness of the operations of the Bank at these periods: Th* nett profits of the year ending July 1832, were $1,469,444 91 The nett profitsof the ye»r ending July 1831, were, 2,935,021, 19 1,465,576 28 Making an Increase of - This state of things is calculated to justify the expec tatidri, that a continuance of^be same prosperity will at, length Indemnify the Stockholders for the privations of profit to which tbey have been so long subjected — Hithei?to their compensation has been comparatively in adequate. Owing to the large expenses incident to' the establishment of tbe bapk, and to the great losses growing out of its early misfortunes, the whole ariiount of dividend, from, January 1817, to July 1831. a pe riod of fourteen years and a half, has been Only $72. 85, or a small fraction beyond five per cent, a year, on the original subscriptions of one hundred dollars. The divi dend during the last three years and a half, has ampjint- ed to 7 per cent a year ; and it would require a conlinu- ' ance of the sanie dividend for eleven years and a half more to make the annual dividend, from the establish ment of the bank, equal to 6 per centajear. Ifihowever, 'the stoekholders have been less benefited by their investment than was anticipated, they may de rive corisolation for'theirdiminished profits, in the gen eral prosperity of the country at large, to which the ope rations of tbe bank have contributed. It is, indeed, the niain design of presenting [these de tails', to show the practicability of continuing these ad vantages without a sacrifice of the personal interests of the stockholders. The experiment, ^for such it un- doubtedly-was, of sustaining a large and sound anduni- form currency, and of reducing the exchanges of the country to the most economical limits, has been fairly and fully made upon system'atic principles. It has now for many years succeeded, and it may be presumed that the same efforts ,wUl continue te produce similar results. MEDICAL FIGHT. ' As a matter of curiosity we copy the following cor- resporid'ence. It is probably- the first attempt to settle me&n/ questions in tbis mode which has occurred in our slate or perhaps the Un'ited States; although we recollect two or, three instances in which it has been resorted to on theological, points, "Who shall decide when Doctors disagree!'' From the Brownsville Intelligencer, A very interesting debate, on the principles of medi cine, took place on Saturday evening last, after the Lecture of Doctor Steele, between this gentleman and Dr, David Porter. By the following correspondence it will be seen that the discussion is to be renewed on' Saturday next, at 2 o'clock P. M._ in the Town-Hall. Erpm the importance of the subject to be discussed, and, the acknowledged abilities„bf the combatants, they. will no doubt be favored with a very large and respect able auditory. Brownsville, August 16 1831. To David Porter M. D.-^ Sir:^—.\. majority of the people with whom I have conversed, since my return home appear anxious to have the two systems of medicipe. viz: — ^^the Old and the Bo tanical, more critically examined and explained. I, therefore, have no objections to meeting you at the" Town HaU, or any other place, within twenty days-^ then and there, to discuss the merits or demerits of our respective systems. '_ Yours with respect and esteem, J, J. STEELE. August 18th, 1831. Dr. J. J. Steele: — I will meet you qii Monday evening n'ext, at early candle light, in tbe Town Hall, tp discuss our former subject. In tbe meantime, if you would favor me with an outline of your system, pr at least its principal points of superiority to tbe old system, you would much oblige. , "Yours, &c. DAVID PORTER. BrowNsvieie, Aug. 18. 1831 Dr. David Porter: — It will be impossible for me to meet you on Monday evening as I expect to visit Wash ington about that time — I would pi'efer the followirig Saturday, at 2 o'clock, instead of early candle light. , To favor you with the 'principal points' of superiori ty, or even an outline of the Reformed S-ystem. is not easily done in a short note. You must already know the ground which the debate will occupy. — And, in ad dition—I have no objections to opening the discussion. Hoping you will change the time of meeting to suit my circumstances, I remain yours, J.J. STEELE. August 19tb, 1831. Dr. Steele: — Nothing at this time occurs to prevent meetingon Saturday 27th inst. at two o'clock. Ij'lhere- fore, engage to meet you at that time in the-Town Hall. Yours, DAVID PORTER. 193 miscellaneous; [SUTEHBEIl PHENOMENON. ^ There have been several notices in the late papers of unusual appearances in the My attention was first attracted by the reflection ofthe sun in the river as I rode along the bank. I pointed it out to others, who were equally struck' with the phenomenon; and it was observed throughout a considerable extent of country, as I learn ed by conversing with other travellers. 'Violet, it is known, is one of the' seven original colours, into which each ray of solar light is divisible; and it. is the least re- frang;ible ofthe whole number. The interposing cloud may have been of that tensity, which was sufficient to break, divide and turn the sun's rays as they were trans mitted through it.preci'sely tothe extent whicb was suf ficient to exhibit the yiolet colour to the eye ofthe ob server. , , The ruddy aspect Of the sun, in the morning and near sunset, is quite usual andis to be accounted for in a similar manner.-^Lancaater.Miscellara/, , Arithracite coal used in burning brick, — At the Brick kiln of Wni, Exerhart, 'Esq. in this Borough, an experi ment has recently been made of using Anthracite coal, in aid of wood, in burrting brick. At right angles with the flues, and about four feet above the top of the arches, holes 4 indies square and one foot apart, were left running from the'back side ofthe kiln lo the front. In these there were laid pieces of Anthracite weighing from half a pound to a p«-und each, and the whole put in the kiln was one ton. prdinarily ,they burn about 80,000. At the time of making the experiment 10,000 were added, making 90.00,0, The experiment was highly satisfactory. Mr. Miller, the superindent. men- tioned to me that he tried it reluctantly, having little faith that coal, so disposed, could do any good;-but as Mr. Everbart desired, be determined to try it. He, was agreeably .disappointed; the effect was greater than he could have imagined. The Brick he said was better burnt than in the ordinary way. There wasa saving of wood fully equal to the cost of coal used, and ten thou sand additional brick were burnt. Tbus, every month; some new proof is produced ofthe value of this exclu sively Pennsylvania mineral. — Village Record, OUR RAIL ROAD. We had the pleasure of a trip, not on, but along the whole line of the Rail Road, on Wednesday last; and we were not a little surprised to find the different sec tions BO far under way. It really .appears to us, almost impossible, that so great a proportion of work, could have been performed in so short a period, even with the numerous hands now employed. Immense excava tions as well as embankments have already been made, and the work upon the whole line with very trifling ex ceptions, which is let under contract, presented a scene of activity and bustle, altogether novel to us, — We were informed by those who have contracts, that there wasnot the remotest doubt, but that the first five miles of the road would be- completed by the 1st of Decem ber ensuing. The grading, as was further stated, would be completed in probably five weeks from that time— which would take it to nearly the middle of Oc tober: there would remain then, say seven weeks, to lay the rails, &c. — Germantown Telegraph, Steam Boat Boiidinij — Messrs. Ephraim and Sam uel Frisbee have recently erected a yard for building steam boats, at the point of^onfiuence ofthe Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, lliis yard occupies precisely the site of the old French Fort Du Quesne. On Sat urday last the first boat was launched from it. She is of 250 tons burden, owned by Messrs. Allen, Gri,nt and Stone, and her name happens to be the Napoleon. — Pitt. Gazette. - The last number of the Downingtown (Pa.) Demo crat is issued in a half sheet, in consequence of the sickness of most of the members of the establishment. — The editor remarks — "At no period, itis said, for the last 7 years, has so much sickness been known in our village — almost every famUy has one or two, and in some instances 4 and 5 of its members confined to their beds, of parching, burning fever — as yet, but few deaths have occurred, though there are many severe cases.-— The sickness appears to be chiefiy confined to this neighborhood. -^PAjfe. Gazette. Dieu — in York county,Pennsylvania, at the residence of her son, N. J. Fulton, Mrs. FULTON, age4 about ,100 years. - Tbis aged matron was born in Montgomery county; After her marriage, she lived some tiriie in Philadelphia, where her husband was extensively engaged in mercan tile affairs, from thence she and her husband retired to York county, where she died. THE REGISTER. SEPTEMBERlTj-lSSl. Bank of the United States. — In the present num ber will be found the able and very interestingreport of the Directors of the Bank of the United Slates to the Stockholders. Such an exposhidn, we should sup pose, ought to satisfy every reasonable mind, of tbe im mense importance of this' institution to the country, the government and indeed every individual of tbe commu nity — and that .its destruction would be attended with the most ruinous consequences. The report of the stockholders approving of tho management of the institution, by the Directors; was published in our last number; page 153. Fruitful Settlers — In one vessel lately arrived at this port from Havre, came 26 German or Swiss families — consisting of the parents, and 103 children of various ages— of whom 28, or 14 pairs, are Twins; and ofthese Twins, six pairs are the production of ^/u-ee families. — The following are their ages : — 1 pair 4 years — 1 pair 10 years, (same family) — 1 pair 2J— 1 pair 4|, (anoth er family,)- 1 pair 1 year — 1 pair 4 years, (3d family,) — 1st pair, 1 male, 1 female— 2d pair, both females — 3d pair, both males— 4tb, I male 1 female— 5th and 6lh pairs, all females. Of the 14 pairs, 5 pairs were all male — 5 pairs were female, and 4 pairs were male and female. Three other vessels from the same place had each two pairs, and one other vessel /our pairs on board. Pl-ilUcd every SATUHDAY MORNING by WILLIAM F. GED. DES, No. 9„ Library Street. Philadeliihia; -where, and at the PUB LICATION OFFICE, IN FRANKLIN PLACE, second door back of the Post Office, (back i-ooin) subseript'ions will be thankfully re- ceived. Price FJVE DOLLARS per Bu'iiun, payable anouallv by lubscribers residing in or near the city, or wher« there is aa agent. Other subscr^ers pay in advance. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVO-PBD TO THE PRESERV^ION OJ EVERT KIND OF USEFUI INFORMATION RESrECTING THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD,. VOL.; VIII.-XO. 13. PHIIiADEIiPHJA, SEPT. 24, 1831. NO. 195 BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. Highly interesting. Correspondence between Silas E. Bur rows, Esq. and the late ex-President Monroe. Letter from Mr. Burrows. New York, Jan. 7th, 1831. My Dear Sir; — Believ'ing myself in your estimation one of those friends whose motives and conduct since I had the honor of first becoming acquainted wilb you, cannot be mistaken, I take the liberty of trespassing on your goodness to obtain information which cannot be as satisfactorily received from any other source. I am sensible our country lyiU be happy in hearing those opinions which emanate from the revolutionary Patriot who shed his blood on the battle field, and who presided for eight years over tbe , destinies of our coun try, during whicb period every blessing was possessed ¦ by our happy land. W ill you be so kind as to give me your sentiments relative to the effect of the U. S. Bank on our national currency, and what your opinion is in relation to the renewal of its charter' The situa tion in whicb the Government was placed without its aid during the' last war? its general advantages in regu lating exchange, facilitating the remitlances of Govern ment and individuals from various parts ol' the Union, and generally its importance connected with the best interests.of our country.' I am, &c. SILAS E. BURROWS, Col. James Monroe, •¦ Late President ofthe U, S. Letter from Mr. Monroe, New York, January 20th, 183L Dear Sir: — The confidence I have in y«ur rectitude and patriotism, will induce me to give an explicit an swer to the general interrogatories contained in your letter of the 7th, though 1 fear that my continued weak state of health will make it less satisfactory than it oth erwise might be. especially as I have none ofthe official documents with me which are calculated lo Ulustrate the subject. You ask me what is my opinion ofthe effect which tbe United State Bank has on the national currency anti as to the policy of renewing its charter? what the situation of the. Government without its aid during the last war? — what its general advantages in regulating' exchange. in facilitating rem'ittances tu individuals, and its general -importance? "VVTien the' old United States Bank was first instituted. I was one of those who voted against it in the Senate. I doubted the power ofthe Government under the Con stitution lo make such an establishment, and was fearful that the influence which it would give to the Govern ment over the monied concerns of tbe Union, would have a very improper effect on our free system. The Bank was instituted soon after the Governiiftent was -adopted, and at a period when the question ofthe rela tive powers ofthe two Governments -excited great feel ing, and divided the Congress and the Union into very jealous and violent parties. I was of that party which construed the powers of the National Government strictly, and sought to impose on it correspondent re straints. Sofar as any chaiige has since taken place in 'Banks, would be equally unproductive. Vol. VIII. 25 my opinion, it has been the result of experience, and prompted by a belief that such change would give strength to the system, and not weaken or endanger it. Between such a Bank, and any arrangement which the Government can make, the alternative must, be be tween a Bank of the Government itself, and under its exclusive control. » reliance on its own resources and surplus funds.' depositeti in a manner to pro.£luce th<^ best effect, and a dependence on the Banks ofthe sev- eral States. I have no hesitation in declaring it as my decided opinion that neither of these could accomplish the great objects comtemplated, and that each of them is liable in other respects to the most serious objections. To a bank of-the Government, this remark is applicable in both views, and with pecuhar force in the latter. If confined to the metropolis, it could not extend its dis counts beyond a very limited circle, nor its agency as a deposit for the revenue received in the several Slates — nor for remittances tp individuals — and for other objects il would be equally limited. Such an institution re quires an active supervision by those for whose benefit it is intended. Tne regular official duties of all the De partments in the Executive render it imposisible for that Branch' lo perform that service without an interference with those duties to the injury ofthe public. If branch! es should be established, their position might enable them to remedy some of the defects stated, but they would accumulate others of much greater force. The interference with the constitutional and regular duties ofthe Executive would, in the same degree, be increas ed. But that is comparatively a slight evil. A Bank thus instituted being under the control of the Execu- tive, by the appointment of its Directors, and in all its operations, might in the hands ofa bad administration, be wielded as an instrument to sap the foundation ofthe Government itself. Appeals would be made to the Government from every part of the Uniort, for its influ ence in obtaining discounts, and thus a seduction might be practised to a great extent for the worst purposes. — The influence would be reciprocal. Those' connected by such a tie witb the Government would be looked lo for support at elections, who would not fail to render it. Thus the revenue of the nation, raised by taxes on the proper object, to support their free Government, migbt be made an instrument to its overthrow. The second alternative suggested, a reliance on the sur plus funds, for the accomplishment of the objects con templated, it must be, obvious, must fail in every in stance. The revenue of the Government is generally limited to certain-specified objects, according|to an esti- mate for each, and to which it is appropriated. Tlie funds raised, sometimes falls short of the object. -It sel dom exceeds it in any considerable amount.' Fpr the want ofa surplus it must be idle in the Treasury until appropriated, and if appropriated as a provision for an immergency, for war for example, it must still lie idle in the Treasury, until that event occurs, or be loaned out. It could not lie idle. The whole nation Would revolt against it, and if loaned out, it might be impossible to obtain it when called for, and might even be lost. In this mode, the regulation ofthe va-lue of the currency of exchange, and of rendering service, by, facilitating re mittances, vi/ould be abortive. The third alternative which bas been suggestsd, a reliance on the State The Govern- 194 THE UNION. tSSrtSMKES inent would require no aid exceptln time of war when immense sums would be necessary, which could be pro cured only by loans, and when application should- be made to them, there is good cause to apprehend that each would endeavour to obtain the best terms it could. There is no particular bond between them and the Na- . fi^nal Government, and, impelled by their interests and that df the Stockholders, it is natural that they should pursue that course. Should such an emergency arise as menaced the overthrow ofthe Govei-nment, the inter est thereby excited might be paramount, and force the Banks, under the direction of the Stockholders, to unite in a common effort lo save the country. But the great dbject is to prevent such a crisis by a command of funds, which would enable the Government lo arrest it. J n every otherobject the State Banks would faU. "rbere being no standard to which all must adhere, no connec tion between those of the different States, and many of them with limited funds, and in embarrassed circumstan ces, Ihey would neither regulate the value of coin, of exchange nor facilitate reihittances. A National Bank occupies different ground. Con- - nected with the Government by its charter, and its cap ital, which consists of stock, in which the Government participates in a certain degree, there is no instance in which, on principle, there can be a difference of interest between them, and many powerful consider ations by vvhich the interest of the Bank must stimulate it, to .support the credit ofthe Government in any situ ation in, which it may be placed. If the credit ofthe ' stock should sink, the capital df the Bank would de cline in equal degree; the effect of which would be felt in all its operations. Its paper would depreciate, and a check be given to its circulation, if not an entire sus pension. Standing at the head of the monied opera tions of the Government, it is its intermediate agent in making remittances lo Banks and individuals through out the Union, and likewise between individuals, from which much credit and influence are gained, if not prof it. It has the means, and may be considered as the mest powerful agent in raising and sustaining the circu lating medium on a par with' specie throughout the Union, and of elevating the State Banks to that stand ard, by subjecting them to the necessity of reaching and adhering to it,, to sustain their credit, and, even their existence. Let the credit ofthe Government sink, and all tbese advantages are lost. The Bank, therefore, from a regard to interest, is bound to sustain it.. The Directors, except the few appointed by the Govern ment, are elected by the stockholders, and are 'amena- bletpthem. It gives its support therefore,to the Govern ment, on principles of national policy, in the support of which it is interested, and would disdain becoming an instrument for any dther purpose. The view above presented is supported by experi ence, and particularly by the events ofthe late war. When the war commenced, Ihegovernment had not the funds which were necessary lo support it, and was in consequence forced to resort to loans, which were with difficulty obtained from any quarter, even in a limited degree, and on unfavorable terms, I have nol the offi cial documents before me, and cannot state the sources from which any loans were obtained, nor the conditions with the decline ofthe public credit as the war advan ced. I well remember, however, that when I was call ed by the President to the Department of War, on the 31st of August, 1814, the Certificates of the Treasury were seUing at)f80 in the $100, by which $20 were lost. Jt was evident that if a reliance was placed on the sale of Certificates only, thata stiU further decline would en sue, and that the worst consequences might be ap prehended. The country was invaded through the whole land and maritime frontiers, and powerful squad rons were at the mouth of every bay and river leading to our principal cities, which were threatened with .at tack and ruin. The metropobs of our Unjon bad been forced, and its public buildings destroyed. Such was the state ofthe country, and the funds, when I entered the Department of War, Under such circuinstances, an appeal was made to thepatriotism and interest ofthe citie^, and banks with in tfrem. by the -Department of War, with the sanction ofthe President, for loans of money necessary for their own defence, for that ofthe maritime frontier, and the Union. For the first loan that was obtained, one mil lion of doHars fi-om the city of New York, which took place a few days after I entered the Departmient, no price was fixed. As the Treasury Notes were seUing for $80 in the $100, that was claimed, but not acceded to. II was left for subsequent adjustment, to be settled on fair principles. Several millions of dollars were ob tained from the ;D.islrict of Columbia and principal ci ties throughout the Union, and, according lo my recol lection,' at par. This proves that until the Union is threatened with ruin, no loans can be obtained in emer gencies, without a National Bank, otherwise than at a great sacrifice. These oonsiderations led to a change in my opinion, and induced me to concur with the President in the propriety ofinstituting such a bank af ter the conclusion ofthe war in 1815. As td the con stitutional objection, it formed no serious obstacle. In voting against it in tbe first instance, 1 was governed es sentially by policy. Tbe construction I gave to the Con stitution I considered a strict one: — In tbe latter in stance, it was more liberal, but, according to my judg ment, justified by its powers. The above sketch contains my sentiments on the sub ject of your several interrogatories, wbich I communi cate to you not for pubUc view, but in a spirit of confi dence. Since my retirement I have sought to avoid all political controversies. Having concurred with the President in the propriety of instituting tbe latter Bank, my opinion was not withbeld, and is ! presume known, as that it remains unaltered. Should a justification of my conduct for the change of sentiment in the interval between the institution ofthe first and second Bank be come necessary, or any other appeal is made, lo make it a public duty to explain the cause of that change, I shall not withhold it. I shall be attentive to the course of events, and not fail to perform that duty, should eith er call be made on me. I am, dear sir, with great respect and sincere regard, yours, JAMES MONROE. Silas E. Burrows, Esq; New York. RESOLUTIONS RELATIVE TO THE UNION. Resolved, by ihe Senate and House of Re/iresentatives of ihe Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met. As the sense ofthe Senate and House of Represen tatives of this commonwealth, thatj the constitution of these United States, having proved itself by .near half a century's experience, a government beyond all others, capable of promoting rational liberty and the general welfare, it must be preserved. 2. Resolved, As the sense ofthe ;jenate and House of Representatives, that the constitution of ; the U. State authorises acts of Congress' to protect manufactures, and that the actual prosperity of the country attests the wisdom of such acts. 3. Resolved, As the sense of the Senate and House of Representatives, that any diminution of the protec tion now afforded to iron would be impolitic and injudi- ciuus legislation. 4. Resolved, As the sense of the Senate and House of Representatives, that the constitution of the United States authorises, and experience sanctions, the twen ty-fifth section of the Act of Congress of September one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine, and all others, empowering the federal judiciary to maintain the supreme laws. 5. Resolved. As the sense of the Senate and House of Hepresentatives, that whereas the Bank of the Vni- 1831] METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER. —EDUCATION. 195 =?= ted States has tended in a great degree to maintain a sound and uniform currency, to facilitate the financial operations of the government, to regulate foreign and domestic exchange, and has been conducive to com mercial prosperity, the legislature of Pennsylvania re commend a renewal of its charter, under such regula tions and restrictions, as to the power ofthe respective sUtes, as Congress may deem right and proper. "6. Resolved, As the sense of the Senate and House of Representatives, That as soon as thei^ational debt shall be paid, the most equitable and just mode of dis posing of the surplus funds which may remain in the Treasury of the United States, after defraying the ordi nary expenses of tlie government, and the payment of appropriations wbich may be made to objects of great national importance, will be by a distribution among the several states 'in proportion to their representation in the Congress ofthe United States, and that the Execu tive-Veto was properly exercised on the bill making an appropriation to the Masyville and Lexington road fcili. ' . FREDERICK SMITH, Speaker of the House of Rep, Wm, G. HAWKINS, Speaker ofthe Senate. Approved 2d day of April, 1831. GEORGE WOLF. METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER. Extract from the Meteorological Register, taken at the State Capitol — Harrisburg, Pennsyhania, BT WiiiiAM Mttsgrave, Librarian. AUGUST, 18.31. ' a .a .1 1 p- i3 a 1 co n a. > s G neeting. "Marine Garrison, Philad. Sept. llth, 1831. ^'Sir: I have- observed with pleasure, the determined spirit with which the cause pf the gallant, but suffering Poles, bas been noticed; and a determination on the part of our young men, to assemble for the purpose of considering the practicability of recruiting a force, to go forth, for the purpose of reciprocating, defending and sustaining that liberty, which at "a time that tried men's souls," was accomplished for us by her gallant sons, Kosciusko and Pulaski; relying on the patriotism of this, our own free and happy land, we may confidently trust that tbe Lord of host will go with us to battle in a right eous cause, and crown our exertions witb success, "I have the honor to hold a commission in the U. S. Marine Corps, and would be wiUing to subscribe to tbe resolves of the intended meeting of Monday evening.- Very respectfully, your obedient servant,, (Signed) JAMES M. SHAUMBURGH. To the Chairman ofthe meeting df the 'Young Men' of PhUadelphia, in behalf of the Poles." Ihe following preamble and resolutions were pre sented by tbe Comm'ittee, and after being supported by a very able and eloquent address from Col, Page, were unanimously adopted. Whereas, the people of Poland have been engaged ' in an heroic and fearful struggle, to achieve their inde pendence, and guarantee to their children the richest of blessings, human liberty, and that we as the grateful sOns of patriot and revolutionary sires, deeply sympa thize with Ihem and their cause, and feel it incumbent upon us tg yield them more tangible assistance than mere words, in evidence of our sympathy : Therefore, Resolved, That a general commiltee of superintendence, with ward committees, be appointed at this meeting, the latter to make collections from every class of our citizens in aid ofthe Poles, and the former to devise the most expedient means for forwarding the said collections to that struggling nation. Resolved that in case the Polish people should fail in their efforts to shake off the tyranny of Russia, and hence our donations be rendered ineffectual for tliat purpose, that the Committee of Superintendence shall be empowered to make sucb use of the collections as shall seem to them most just and proper. Resolved, That a committee be appointed to prepare an address to the public, appealing to them in behalf of the objects that have called us together this evening. On motion. of Col. Page,'it was iresolved,- tbat a col lection be made immediately from the persons present — when $62 12 vvas ascertained to be the amount re ceived. On motion. Resolved, That when this meetiiig ad- jot>rn3, it wUl adjourn lo meet in Independence Stjuare, on Monday next, at 4-o'clock in the afternoon, to re ceive the report ofthe committee appointed to prepare the address. j On motion, adjourned. PETER FRITZ, Chairman, SAkoEZ Hart, Chas. Hedbucs, J Secretaries. 200 THE CAUSE OF THE POtES. [SZPTBHIIEII Committee Joseph R. Chandler, Col. Chas. K. Servoss, Robert Morris, James Page, Charles t. Potts, B. T. Conrad, Capt. Peter Ifrilz, Col. Jps. S^. Riley, Chas. Hedelius, of ISuperintendence , Samuel Hart, B. Jones, jr. Samuel Cameron, Michael W. Ash, Col, J, G. Watmough, Samuel J. Pearson, John Sloan, Wm. G. Alexander, Col. T. W, Duffield, Committee to prepare an Address. Capt, Peter Fritz, George M. Dallas, Dr. James M'Henry. Col. James Page, Walter R. Johnson, B. T." Conrad, Chas. Hedelius, At a meeting of the Committee of Superintendence, beld on Tuesday evening, Septemper 13lh, 1831, JO SEPH R.-CHANDLER, Esq. was called to the chair, and Captain !^BTER Fritz, appointed Secretary. On motion. Resolved, That the Committee proceed to an election of Treasurer — when Joseph R.Chansler, Esq. was unanimpusly chosen. Resolved, That the proprietors of public houses in .the city and county of Philadelphia, be requested to receive contributions for the aid of Poland, and hand the amount to the Treasurer ofthe Committee of Su perintendence. Resolved, That the beads of the different churches of Philadelphia, be solicited to ask collections from their respective congregations, in behalf of tbe Poles, and make report to the Treasurer of the Committee of Su perintendence. The Committee tben proceeded to the selection of Ward and District Committees, when^lbe following gentlemen were chosen. 'Ward Committees. Upper Delaware Ward. — Charles J. Jack, Theodore M'Caraher, John S. Cash, John DaUam, John H. Dol- ihat. Lower Delaware Ward. — C. K. Servoss, John W; M'Grath, Charles T.. Potts, Peter Fritz, John H. Camp bell. Jacob Mayland, Jr. David S. Freeland. "North Mulberry Ward.^Henry Simpson, Samuel Hart, WiUiam J. Torr, Samuel Overn, N. B. Leidy, TlwmasJ.Leib. South Mulberry Ward. — James M'Lerran, Willis H. Blaney, Amos Howell. John. R. "Vogdes, John J. Logue, North Ward.-^— Michael Baker, Gen. Robert Patter son, George Fo;i, William L. Fox, Robert Govelt, Charies Schaffer, Jr. Robert Adams. High Street Ward, — John H. Palethorpe, George W. ,Dmffy, I. Sweeney, William Chrystler, David S. Hassinger, Dr. Hudson Burr, Geo. Emerick, Col. R.M. Chesnut Ward John Ashton, Jr. Robert T.Bicknell. James L. Dougherty, James M'Henry, George Tabor, L. W. Ryckma.n, Robert Donnell. Walnut Ward.^-Robert Morris, Thomas C. Wright, • J.J. Rodrigues, Wm.Butoher, WiUiam White, Jr.Wm. C, Brown, George P. Gorman. Middle Ward. — Jas. Brown, Wm. J. Leiper, Thomas M'Manus, Robert Taylor, R. B. 'Arey. Selh Craige. Soutb W'ard,— Geo. Smith, Ja's. Page, Jas. Taylor, Thos. Morrell, Jas. P. Smith, 'Vineent L. Bradford. Locust Ward. — John Horn, Thomas Brown, jr. Wm. ' Lomax, Robert MUes, (silver plater,) Jas. Hickey, Wm. W. Weeks, James H, Hutchinson. Cedar Ward.'— Col. Wm. P. Smith, Chas. Johnson, jr. Ricbarti Dickson, Wm. Justus, Geo. R. Harmsteitd, A. R. Gemmeny. Dock Ward.— A. F. Philips, Wm. H. M'DoweU, Samuel Cowperthwaite, J. W. M'Curdy, Col. Cannon, Geo. Jeffreys. Pine Ward.— Chas. Hedeuus, Wm. Harbeson, Wm. L. Ashmead, Francis Russell, Townsend S. Carver, John L ewis, G,. W. Bastian, R, O. W^hartoji, New Market Ward — Henry Caron, Jacob B. Lancas ter, Samuel Hufty, J. H. ^tirady, Chas. Oakford, Jno. ' R. Neff, jr. Thos. H. Young. Southwark, — Wm. G. Alexander^ J. R. Burden. J. W, Nesbitt, J. Flickwir, N. C, Foster. F. G. Smith, R. W. Barnard, "Thos. F. Curtis. — :— Holton, A. J. Reid, J. B, M'keever, Frederick Wolbert, Jas. W. Sbaum- burg, Benj. Philips, Joseph Oliver, John J. Oliver, J. ^eefe, Thos. D. Grover, Moyamensing, — F. A. Raybold, Doctor M. F. Groves, Doctor Alexander C. Draper, Thomas Flemington, Col. Thos. Koihler, Robert F, Groves. -Kensington, — Taylor Brandtj Wmi D. Paker, Alex'r. Major, Chas. Keen, Tracy Taylor, Daniel Filler, Isaac BoUeau, Dr. G. H. Beamer, Thos. H. Craigp: Northern Liberties. — Joseph S. Riley, George F. Goodman, B. E. Carpenter, Jno. Miles, John Laws, Pe ter Baker, Powell Channell, Dilworth Wentz, George Moser, Michael W. Ash, James Goodman, Jno. R. Walker, Henry Schell, Auguslin Stevenson, Robert T. Conrad, Charles Naylor, Benj. Clark, Benj. T. Matbias, David Dillinger, H. F. Smith. Penn Township .— ^Saml. J. Pearson, Wm. S Freder ick, Jno. D. Ninesteel, R. H. Bartle, M. Lawrence, Thos. W. Dukes, David Pearson, Jr. Matthias Sowers. Adam Woelpper, Nicholas Falmer, Dr. Jos. Moore, Wm. Hbeiner, Jos. Lake, Thos. Coats, Dr. Geo. W. Riter, Joseph Taylor, Miles N, Carpenter, Lawrence Shuster, Jno. Lewis, Jno. L. Woolt Jacob Wonderly. Resolved, That the several committees have power to fill all vacancies that may occur in their respective bo dies. Resolved, Tbat all the committees, that for drafting an address, the committee of supermtendence, the • ward and district Committees, be urgently requested to attend a meeting to be held at L. "W. Rycman's Hotel, on the evening of Thursday, the 15th inst. for the pur pose of making, arrangements to enter upon their-re- spective duties.. Resolved, That Joseph R. Chandler, and Robt. Mor ris, constitute a committee to prepare books and other necessary materials for the ward committees, when ma king their collectibns. Resolved, That the meeting adjourn. JOSEPH R. CHANDLER, Chairman. Peter Fritz, Secretary. The adjourned meeting in the State House yard on Monday afternoon, was numerously attended. The following spirited and appropriate adilress, from the committee appointed for that purpose, was read by W. R. Johnson, Esq. and Mr. ^Iolcombe, ofthe Philadel phia bar, made an eloquent and fervent' appeal to the meeting in behalf of Poland. From the Pennsylvsnia Inquirer. APPEAL TO THE PUBLICK. Fellow-Citizens: — The cause of a magnanimous and suffering people solicitsjyour deep attention. But before urging the particular merits of this cause; let us reflect for a moment on the existing state of institutions and opinions— let us glance at the condition of Europe -^let us mark our own positron as a nation — the policy of our Goveanment, and the pledges of our citizens. -- You need scarcely be reminded that every nation in Europe and America, which can lay claim to any share of civiUzation. is divided between two opposing princi ples, and thatthe men of both hemispheres are either avowedly or virtually arrayed under the banner of free dom, or under that of despotism. Leaving" every causit, who finds himself on the wrong side of tins question, to divide and subdivide the parties and fritter away, if he can, the distinction, let us be content to know that it exists, and to mark its great dis tinguishing lines. The characteristics of this despotic principle are, that it sprang with aU its monstrous max ims, from an age of darkness— was nourished in the 1831.] THB CAUSE OF THE. POLES. 20i arms of .superstition, and has ever founded its hopes on the perpetuation of abuses. Itclaims divine rights for thefew,-and a blind submission in the many. It di's-, trusts tbe general mind— -fears the investigation of its own claims to respect — and pursues, through craft and diplomatic secrecy, the guilty objects of its perverse ambition. It would close the avenues to intellectual, moral and political fight, against all who move not withi. in its magic circle. oi-,would make whatever of know ledge, of power, or of happiness it permits to exist, to appear to e.-nanate from its own Insolent will Or more insolent patronage. It shuts up the senate house— ^it shackles the press, or garbles its productions. It sends genius and patriotism to pine in dungeons. It closed .the clanking bare pf Olmutz around all that is virtuous and admirable in man, and (oh! shame upon manhood,) around all that is lovely too and angelu: in woman! It sent the mangled limbs of the gallant Biego towards the four quarters pf heaven, It|shrivels up the intellect of youth, and bows down into premature decrepitude the body of manhood. It shackles commerce with ex actions and monopolies — agriculture with tithes and tax-- ation — manufactures with restrictions or insidi&us privi leges. It cramps independent enterprize — it feeds the minions of power on the labours pf virtuous industry, and when asked for its warrant of authority for- all this insolent trampling on reason, virtue 'sihd bumanity,, it points to some long forgotten parchment — some strip of velvet addrned with baubles, fit to amuse the tenants of a,nursery, or to some little heaps of what it is pleas ed to call venerable dust, but whicb, lil^e their proto types in an Egyptian catacomb, are often-ldss fit to de light or benefit, than to blind, smother and disgust the - modern beholder. , ,- The antagonist principle is that wjiicb comes forth in the beauty and loveliness of sincerity, in the light of a glorious day, in the confidence of universal intelligence. -, It shrinks not to declare the motives, td avow the de sign, and proclaim the end of every political measure. It goes not forth to gain proselytes, biit proclaims aloud its own faith. — -it claims no right to subvert a foreign government, but acknowledges the actual pon- trolling power-'-whelher new or old., because it pre sumes that the people prefer what they deliberately adopt. It send.s a cheering smile wherever the principle of freedom if manifested, and is ever ready to animate the souls of those who have nobly struggled for the maintenance of their rights. , This principle rests on. the acknowledgment Of the great truth, that men have an unalienable right to life. liberty, the products of their industry, and the cultiva tion and exercise oftheir intellectual powers. It ac knowledges the foundation of the governjfient to be the welfare of the people. It wins conquests with the armour of reason, and substitutes honorable persuasion for swords', dungeons, and faggots. Thia principle has in every age of the world" been most efficient where the greatest share of intelligence pervaded the'-public mind. Extending its regards to- every member of the body politic, it seeks to bind the whole in a harmonious union of interests and affections. Concealment and evasion are its abhorrence. It for bids the mass ofa nation to embroil itself in quarrels to to serve the interests ofa clan, or to, prosecute the feuds of an ambitious despot. ' Peace,' plenty and content ment are ils natural frmts. It knows war and violence orily astbecompanions apd harbingers of despotic pow er. . - Would you be informed where tbe stiiuggle betw;een these opposing principles has been carried on? Look southward see nine independent nations created by Ibis contest in a quarter ofa century; and say rtot they have tarnished all the glory oftheir achievements Ijy scenes of blood and devastation. Say' rather that the dark demon of despotism had so entwined his empoisoned folds around tbetn, that escape was impossible, except by absolutely and thoroughly severing his deadly coilsi VIII Vol. 26 , Look next towards the rising sun. and trace with rapi j eye the course of events through half a century; mark the transformation of beautiful Erartce from a blank and leaden despotism, to a liberal and almost republican monarohj. Behold the numerous, ihough not always successful struggles cf Italy, of Spain, of Portugal, of Greece, of Belgium, of Poland. 'See Ireland emanci pated and England reformed. Observe ihe, gradual relaxing ofthe fangs of hierarchal power, and the slow but sure approximation to a state of religious freedom. Mark how every successive effort gains, even in defeat, , , more sympathy and applause, yea, even more strength than despotism can wil\by its most brilliant successes. Hear from the vales of, Hungary, and the heights of Helvetia, an approving plaudit sent forth to the j^battle- meiits of Warsaw. It is worthy of all observation, that, inlhe strife of despotism, the agents must ail he men, endowed -with a co-nmort nature, and touqjied by commpn-*ympathies with those whom they are made to oppose. Will the yoke of military despotism' be forever bound to the^ necks ofhuman beings, ^ho have hearts within their bosoms? To assert'it, were a libel on human nature. And willthe example of twenty-five millions of Bri tons, ahd -thirty miUiops of gaUant Frenchmen, be lost oh the souls of all the brave arid virtuous who chance to live a few degrees nearerthan they lo the polar bear? Nay, will not the bear himself assume his wont, assert - his nature, and learn to break the ice? But what has America to do in all this warfare of principle? Is she not safe? Is she not standing on a proud pre-eminence, aloof from the tempest? Truly ' — but this vantage ground itself imposes a more solemn obligation. -As she has stood fgr the last half century tht aclcnowledged and declared chairipion of the liberal principles so happily conducing to her own prosperity,, can' she now avow her indifference? Can sbe now, wh.en the few advocates for colonial dependence, or monarchical rule, that survived tbe war of her indepen- dencej are all gone, or merged in the mUliohsthatboast only of liberty, or far better, converted in^o tbe eftthu- siastic admirers artd supporters of freedom— can she coldly turn her back upon the cause of men, who have shaken off the yoke ofthe oppressor?. Did they who issued, the immortal manifesto bf American principles from yonder hall, did they hesifate to avow their love of liberty, arid their abhorrence of tyranny? And are their sons already absolved from the obligation, because the blessed fruits of that freedom which the plighted lives ~ and honour ofthe fathers won, are so plenteously pouW ed around us, that we are th-ed and cloyed with the rich banquet? Are, the days, -indeed, so degenerate; the offspring 'so 'craven and so poor in spirit, that they will ndt send an aspiration after the boly'ciuse which their sires poured out their blood and treasure to main- tairi, while they invoked heaven and earth,, and all its nations, to witness and record their vofrs?, "Can tbey see their'brPtherman ground doivn.to the dust, or con verted into a passive, heartless and headless implement of brutal power, and yetfold their hands in contented ' apathy^ ;Soul of Warren! was it with such feelings that thou-ascendest to heaven from the proud heights of Charlestown' Shade of our country's father, pronounce again for us, artd teach «« to pronounce Iby words of sympathy to the first magnanimous allies of our nation, just spritiging from their' first struggle with arbitrary power: '"My anxious recoUections, my sympathetic feeUngs, and my best wishes, are irresistibly excited, whensoever, in any country, I see an oppressed-nation , unfiirl the banners of freedom." And what meant the firm and manly tone of him who, on your last jubilee, went to joTn the immortal train of the great and good, when he proclaimed ih your name, that the western world was no longer to be parcelled out to ' their creatures by tbe banded legitimates' of Europe? Was it for tbe sak« of an empty .show that you wore 202 PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCIL. I^Seftembeb foremost to grasp the hand of 'your liberated brethren' ofthe south' Was it the vanity only of appearing among cbaritable men, that your sent your almoners to Greece, and freighted your barques for Ireland ! Your souls abhorthe foul aspersion! But, ^ide from our posjtive pledges, the God of na ture has made us the responsible depositories of the cause of human rights and I'lberar principles, and we , canhot, if we would, escape from the duty which this trust imposes — we cannot, it we vvould, i-efrain from ex erting an infiuence, either for good or for evil, on the hopes and prospects of every free nation. When a people rises in the majesty of its might;' and proclaims the intention of governing hself, our indifference, with that of other free nations, brings the chill of death to the reviving hopes of liberty.. Can you. then, view the qufestion at issue between Poland and her present in vaders in any other light than, one of general concern tothe friends of'humanitythroughopt the globe? Claim- 'ing a family relationship, a fi-aternat affinity with all the friends of freedom, we must heartily respond to the sentiments of our fellow citizens near the scene of ac tion, and utter our trtie convictions. , , - Cap your breath give life, artd will you refuse to breathe even a prayer for the salvation oFPoland' Will you behold three grizzly mOnsterslearing her fair bo som, and hear her shrieks, while fire and sword and plague arid famine are' all let loose, and greedily pre- ¦ paring to celebrate their hellish triumph over her man gled porse. Consider the ancient greatness arid the noble b.ear,- ing of this nation^rememberthat Prussia was once her vassal— that Austria ow'ed to Poland a deliverance from Turkish invasion — that the ancient capital 'and crown ofthe Czars once subriiittedto the conquering arms of the Polish nation.' Reflect on the execrable duplicity, treachery and crime that preceded and followed her dismemberment— ^forget not that the internal divisions which formed the pretexts for this atrocious act, were fomented by Ihe-very hands that afterwards divided the spoil. Thatthe liberal character of the Polish institu tions, bad been secured for two centuries before, by a written constitution, abrogating hereditary ppwer, and given to an elected monarch; Think of all her suffer ings under that barbarous sway wbich replaced her own more enlightened institutions, and made the Cos sacks ofthe Don to be the teachers of civilization on the Vistula — a consummation just as rational and humane as to place the control pf your own, towns and cities in ¦ thirteen miUions of freemen beyond the ocean were'watching with breathless anxiety to catch .every joyful rumour of our success, to pour out their trea sures, their prayers, and if possible, their blood, in our cause? Standing- then, fellow citizens, witliin sight of so maiiy objects dear to the heart ofan American patriot, within reach of those walls whose very antique ajlornments yon so niuch venerate, because they \^ere looked upon by Iheeyes of your rriagnanimo^S sires, in the, dark hours of adversity, can ydu shut up your bosoms, can you a^- mitenou^hof selfish policy, can you breed, enough of artificial cold in your hearts to freeze the genial currents of your generous souls? Are you asked what reason have you to send your sympathies abroad to the distant banks of the Vistula. Be this your answer:— rThe God of nature has given us hearts, and bid those hearts to feel for the wrongs of our brother man, and we must and "will obey the mandate. If in any this organ of sensibility be wholly wanting-^— be torpid — or be dead, let such coldly speculate on the policy; 'the expediency^ the dignity of expressing our sympathies. We envy not tbe clay-cold hearts that know . No joy in rescuing other hearts from wo; , We envy not the indurated tone '^ Of feelings, touched but for themselves alone- Let us then, fellow citizens, greet, with a cheering earnest of our sincerity, the deliverers of Poland — let the rich lend of their blest abundance— let the poor lend their mite — letage lend its wisdum, and youth its vigdui- — let the tear of your matrons solace the bereaved mothers of Poland, and your daughters shed the accus tomed balm of their smiles upon' the bleeding bosoms that have been bared for liberty! JAMES PAGE,- AVALTER R. JOHNSON, R. T. CONRAD, CHARLES HE^DELIUS, PETER FRITZ, JAMES M'HENRY. PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. THnnsnAXEVENiKo, Sep. 15,'1831. SELECT COUNCIL — Mr. Duane presented the foi-. lowing petition from Messrs. Peck and Garrigues which was laid on the table. Tothe Select and Common Councils of the City of Philadelphia, Gentlemen, — We have placed a specimen for nam ing streets in Brass Letters, at the ofiice of the City Commissioners, Ws believe those letters to possess many advantages Over those which are painted. In tha 1831.] PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCIL 203 Erst place they are' ever durable, tliey are coated with superior varnish which effectuaUy prevents them from tarnishing by the action of the weather. They wUl of course grow dim in the warm season, by means of flies, dust, 8e,c. but are immediately renewed by being wiped- witb.sny kind of acid (diluted) or soap water; the iViping does not effect the varnish. One mi- nute'slabour on eacb letter every year will always,keep thenri brilliant. Any gentlemen oJF the Councils wiU be furnished with a specimen, in order tp te^st the durabiU- ty and strength of our varnish, on 'application to us. We warrant our . varpished letter lo remain a week or month in the strongest brine,'and come out untarnish ed. , We respectfuUy invite the members ofthe Coun cils tocall and examine our work and ascertain its ad vantages, and we trust our prices are such as will giv,e entire satisfaction, ' Respectfully,' '' PECK AND GARRIGUES, Metallic Letter and Figure Makers, Back of 'No. 22 Libi-ary street, Philadelphia. FBiiADEjLPnrA, Sept. 15th, 1831. Mr., Fox presented a petitipn to pave Linderi street, which was referred Id Paving' Committed, ThefoUowing communicalidn was. received from the Directors of the Pennsylvania Deaf apd Dumb Institu tion, 'which, was also referred to th'e Paving Commit tee. ' c To John M, Scott, Esq, President Select Council ^ Philadelphia, Sept. 15th, 1831. Dbar Sir, — In compliance with a Resolution of the Board of D'u-ectors, I beg' leave through you, to re quest Councils tp grant to the Pennsylvania Institution forthe Deaf and Dumb, permission to have an opening into the culvert now building in Pine street near Broad,- The opening is desired for the purpose of-carrying off the wa:ter (rom the Bath House of the Institution. I am, very truly and respectfully,. Your obedient servant, W. M. MEREDITH, Secretary df the Penn. Inst, forthe Deaf and Dumb. Mr. Kittera as Chairman of theCommitlee to whom was referred the petitions of Messrs. Evan Rogers, and Mr. Nathan Bunker, made the following repol-t which was not agreed toby the Select CouncU. The Committee to whmh was referred the Petition of , Evans Rogers, and Nathan Bunker, report: That having inquired into the facts set forth in the Jietitions, and obtained all the information necessary from the^lecording Surveyor, recommend for adoption the following resolution:-— Resolved, by the Select and Common Councils, That the City Solicitor be authorized to adopt such measures as may, be necessary to have Locust street, between Eighth and- Washington street, opened to the width of 50 feet according the City plan of regulation, at the distance of 370 feet from the south line of Walnut street, •as described in said -plan. , ' Mr. DoANi offered the following resolution relative to Fire Companies which was laid on the table. ' Resohed, That, if it shall at any time be established to the salssfaotion of the Mayor, than any fire engine or hose Carriage shall have been drawn along any other part pf any street or alley, except the cart-way, the right pf the members of tbe company owning such en gine or hose carriage, to receive from .the city treasury any part df the annuity now distributable among the several fire engine and hose companies established in the said city, shall cease. , Mr. DuANBas Chairman of the "Watering Committee made a report wilb the agreement witb the commission ers of Spring Garden relative to the Schuylkill water, which was passed by both Councils. The Watering Committee respectfully report the fol lowing resolution: — i Resohed, That tbe following a'rticles of agreement between the City, of PhUadelphia and the District of Spring Garden, be, and Ihey, are hereby adopted on the part of the City of Philadelphia; and that the Mayor be, and he is hereby authoi-ized to affix the city seal and perform any other act necessary for the legiil execution of the said arlicles-'of agreement. COMIMON COUNC;iL.~Mf. Wetherill as Chair man of the Committee to whom was referred the peti tion of Messrs. Hollingshead, Piatt and Co. reported the following Ordinarice, Which after considerable de. bate was postponed. An Ordinance, directing the lease of certain Real Estate. Seo. 1. Be it enacted, &c. That the City Commis* sioners be and Ihey are hereby directed tc execute, a lease with proper covenants fo Hugh F. Hollingshead, William Piatt and Charles Taylor, thc;ir Executors, Ad- riiinistrators, and Assigns, fos the term of nine hundred and ninety nine years, of all the right title, interest, and property of the city in and to so much of the grtiund now included in Clifford's alley, so called, (being an alley of ten feit-in width, situate between High and Mulberry stijpets.) as lies to the eastward of a fine one: hundred and forty feet eastward from and parallel to Wa ter street, with the appurtenances and privileges .what- , soever to the sa d ground.belonging; reserving an annu al rent thereof of one dollar. Sec. 2. 1'hat among tbe conditions of tbe said lease shall be that the lessees shall at all tirties hereafter, dur ing the continuance ofthe said lease, permit the premi ses to be 'used for passages as hei-''etOfPre;,and shall pay all taxes and assessments \vliicb under any law of the* Oommonwealtlv'of Fe.nrtsylvaniamay be imposed op the same; and shall at their own cost and charges keep the demised premises ih repair, and construct, maintain and keep in good order and repair all necessary culverts and -water ways upon and under the same? and that they shall not build on or.over the same: — ^And that for breach of any pf the said conditions, the lease shall become void. It being understood that the said Hollingshead, Piatt and Co. construct a brick culvert to carry off the v/ater from said street or alley, and tbat they leave a footway on the north side of,, said street or alley of the same width as that at present on the south side; Mr. Johnson as Chairman of the Paving Committee, reported an Ordinance for a culvert ir Schuylkill Sixth street, of 350 feet in length, to connect with the one in Pine street, which was passed by the Common Coun-_. x:U but \vas laid on thetable in tbe-Selesl CouncU. Mr. Johnsonas Chairman of the same Committee re ported an Ordinance fixing the width df foot ways in Bank street, running from Pine to Lombard, near Schuylkill, vvhich was passed by the Common Council but laid on the table in the Select CouncU. Mr. Kneass as Chairman of the Committee of Ap. counts offered a resolution, in favour of Mrs. Lydia R, BaUy. which was passed by bolh Councils. Mr. Johnson offered a resolut'ipn in favor of the Ro bert Morris Hose Company,, which was passed by the Common CouncU. but was negatived in the Select Coun-' cU. ,1 ^ The Ordinance relative to the keeper of Oyster Cel lars, was postponed indefinitely. The Ordinance relative to Muzzling Dogs, was also postponed. Mr. "Johnson offered the. followirig resolution, whicb was agreed to. ,» Resolved, that when this Council adjourns, it do ad- ' journlo meet on the first Thursday of Octolier next, and the respective .committees to whom petitions and other communications havebeen Referred be requested to report at this meeting. Articles, op agreement made Snd concluded this day of , A- D. 1831, between tbe Mayor, Alder men and Citizensof Philadelphia of the first part, and tha Commissioners pf the District of Spring Garden of , the second part. WnERBAS tbe said parties have respectively agreed 204 AGREEMENT JWITH StRIN'G GARDEN. [BsvTtstvf upon the^ terms and conditions, following, to supply and to receive a supply of Schuylkill water into that part ofthe District of Spring Garden,- which is incorporated therewith by an Act df Assembly passed March 2, 1^27, to wit: beginriing at the middle of Sixth street oppo site to the middle of Hickory lane, and running thence _ norlhw-ai-d along the middle of Sixth street to a point two hundred feet north ofthe north side of Poplar lane. thence north-tvestwardly parallel with and at the dis tance of two hundred feet from the said north side of Poplarlane lo the middle of Broad street, thence par allel witb Vine street to the river SchUylkUl, thence by the several courses ofthe said river to Vine street, and thence along the north side of Vine street to the former limit of the said District of Spring Garden. Now this agreement witnesseth, that the said par ties for and in considerarion of the premises, covenants and- stipulations hereinafter contained and in favour of each respectively lo be kept, perforfned and observed by the other party, do for themselves and their succes sors each to the pther, mutually covenant prdmisp and agree; in the tnanner following, tbat is to say:— First. That the party of the second part shall and may from lime to' time' hereafter at their own proper cost and chaige. lay and attach iron or leaden pipes Of the same strength and construction with the iron and leaden pipes iiSed in the City of Philadelphia for the time being, to the mains, branches and water pipe's hereinafter partipulariy mentioned and described, and may to that end b^ve the said mains, branches and wa ter pipes stopped, on request, by the authorized officers ofthe party of the first, part for such reasonable time as may be required, and may convey and introduce the Schuylkill water into the streets and public alleys of that part of the District of Spring Garden herein above mentioned, artd thence by pipes ofthe same material connected with ferules Of the same diameter as those used or to be uSedin the City of Philadelpbia in similar cases into the houses and dther properly in the said Dis trict from the said mains, branches, and water pipes, namely: — That the said, party of the second part may attach pipes as heretofoi-e under a former agreement to the mainof the pirty of the first part laid in Vine street betweet Broad arid Ilelaware Sixth streets/^and may ' moreover attach the pipe heretofore by the party.of the second part laid in Callowhill street to the eastern sideof the twenty inch main of the parly of the first part at the intersection of Broad and Qallowbill streets, to wit: at a point marked A, on a plan duly attested by both parties, and filed in the ofHpe of the- Watering Committee ofthe party ofthe first part, a copy whereof is hereunto annexed; and may connect branphes with the said pipe, on the northern and southern sides therfe- of in Broad, at'the points marked B and C on the said plan, for the purpose of thence supplying the said Dis trict: — And may moreover when they shall deem it ex pedient, attach three olher similar pipes, to the north ern side ofthe twenty ipch- main, laid by the party of the first part, in the ye'ar 1829, as -follows: one such pipe at the intersection of Schuylkill Fifth and Callow hill streets; one olher such pipe at the intersection of SchuylkUl Front an^d Callowhill stteets; and one olher such pipe at the intersection of William street in Mor- risville and Jbe Upper Ferry Road; to wit: at the points severally marked D E and F, on the said plan. — And moreover, whensoever the party ofthe first part shall have laid a main in Vine street, from SchuylkUl Eighth, to Schuylkill Front street, [which they; the said party df the first part, bel-eby covenant and engage to do with in twelve years at the furthest, from the day ofthe date of these articles] may attach five other similar pipes on the northern side ofsuch main, as foUows; one such pipe at the intersection therewith of Schuylkill Second street, and others in like manner at the intersections therewith of Schuylkill Third, Fourth, Sixth and Sev-r enth streets respectively; to' wit, at the points marked G H I J and K on the said plan: Provided however, that the said iron or leaden pipes so to be laid by the said par ty of- the second, part, and the stop-cOcks, and" other works and appurtenances thei-eto belonging, shall in all respects as lo material, workmanship, form, dimensions and arrangement, be made like to those'laid and used by' the party ofthe first part, fur thetime being, and shall before being laid, be inspected and approved by an agent of the parlyof the first part, appointed for that purpose, and that they shall at all times be maintained in a secure and water tight condition by the said pafty of the' second part, and tbat aU the expenses of provid ing, inspec-.ing, laying, and maintaining the same pipes, works and appurtenafices, shaW be borpe by the said party of the second part: And provided also, that when such pipes shall ha-i-e been laid- and attached as aforer said, the slop-cocks and connecting' portions thereof shall always,be kept open between the City of Phila-^ delphia land the said district, so as lo permit a free flow of water between them, except when repairs shaU be come necessary to the SMd pipes, works or appurtenan ces, when it shall be lawful for the said party of the se cond part, ori demand to have the water shut off from stach portions as shall need repairs;— -but in no instance shall any ofthe stop-cocks or other parts of the works, mains, branches, or pipes, belonging to the party of-the first part, be on anyj account opened, shut, obstructed, or meddled with, except by tbe duly authorized officers of the party of the first part. And that tbe parly ofthe second part shaU and wiU on or before the first day of December in each and every year, make or cause to be made in writing to the party of the first part, an accu rate return of all the pipes of conduit which shaU bave been laid in the District during the preceding year, sta ting the diameter of the pipes; the name ofthe streets or alleys where they have been laid, and also the number and position ofthe fire-plugs, therein placed ac cording to theprovision hereinafter made. '' Second, Thatthe said party of the second part may from time to time, at their own proper costs and char ges, place and erect in tbe streets and public alleys of that part of the said district hereinbefore mentioned, hydrants or fire-plugs, with openings for the discharge of water, of tbe Same dimensions, and of the same ma terials and construction with the fire plugs used in tbe said City, and may conneet the said fire plugs with the said pipes; and shall have the right of taking water from the ssiine for extinguishing fires and for washing the streets and public alleys, without any cbarge or ex pense. Provided however, that tbe saitLparty of the se sond part shall not, for the purpose of washing as afore said, take water from any such fire plug longer than half an hour in each twenty -four hours, nor from more than one ofthe fire plugs in that part of the said Dis trict hereinbefore mentioned at one and the same time; but that they may for washing the streets and public al leys of a complete square comprehended within fpur principal streets running in right lines through the said District, from one side extremely to the other, or ha- ving a superficies equal to a square whose sides are each four hundred feet, draw water from two or more fire plugs for sucb periods oflime as would be equal in the whole to drawing for half an hour from one fire plug. Provided fitrther, that the said party of the second part shall exercise the said right of washing the said streets and pubUc alle)s during those periods only ofthe year, when the party ofthe first part shall deem it necessary to be done in the city, and that the said fire plugs shall be used for no other purposes than those herein enume rated, except by special permission ofthe party ofthe first part or iheir authorized agents or officers. Third, That the said party of the first part shaU and will furnish to the party of the second part a supply of Schuylkill water through the same mains through which -the said City shall receive it, from tbe attach. ments to be niade as herein stated, so long as they shall be enabled by the works at Fair Mountto afford a great er supply of water than shall be requisite for domestic I83L] AGREEMENT WITH SPRING GARDEN. 205 purposes in the said City, and for cleansing the same and extinguishing fires therein, and that they shall and will extend their works at Fair Mount by means of addi tional wheels and pumps from time to time, as an in crease of water may be required, until all the virater power ofthe said works shall be applied for the purpo ses herein mentioned. Provided always,thatin case of an insufficiency ofthe said water at any time hereafter for more than the, above objects, to wit, domestic purposes in the said City, cleansing the same aiid extingpish- ing fires therein; then the' said waters shall be lised only as above stated iri the said City; but while there shall bean adequate supply for, these purposes, and also for like purposes in the said District, then the same shall be used in the sajd District as herein mentioned accordingly; and shall not be used for other purposes in the City until the District shall- be supplied as afore said; and wbile there shall be an adequate supply for aU the said purposes, and also for manufactories and other establishments in the said City, then the latter shall be supplied, and if tbere shaU be a surplus of water beyond the demand ofthese, then the same shaU be supplied to similar manufactories and establishments iri the Districtj it being clearly understood that if the supply of water shall for any cause become inadequate for the purposes of the said City and District, thert that the manufactories and establishments in the said District shall first cease to be supplied, the manufactories and establishments in the City next'in order, and that if the deficiency shall continue after ceasing to supply the manufactories and establishments in the District and also in the City, then tbat the City shall have the preference exclusively for .domestic purposes, for cleansing the same, and for ex tinguishing fires, and the District be supplied with wa ter for Bke purposes only after the City shall have been Supplied. And promdedfuriher,and it is hereby express ly declared and agreed, that the said party of the first partshaUbe at liberty at aU times hereafter jto make contracts with any and all pf the neighboring Districts, for supplying, them with the said water, arid that iri case at any time hereafter, there shall faU to be a full and sufficjeni supply of the said water for the use of the said City, and of-all the Districts with which there shall "at tbe time being exist contracts for supply, that then and in such case a proportional distribution of tbe water; af ter supplying the City, among the said Districts upon the principle aforesaid, shall be' deemed and taken to be an execution of this agreement. And it is further agreedjmd understood, that no tempol-ary failure ofsup- ply occasioned by repairs or alterations ofthe works,or by laying new mains or pipes or the like, or by casual ties, shall be considered as any violation of this agree ment, Fourth. Tbat the said party ofthe second part shall at tbeir own proper costs and charges, appoint and em ploy an officer who shall in behalf and in the name of the party of the first part, issue perrilits signed by the said officer, and countersigned by the Chairman or Re- g'lsterof the Watering Committee of tbe City Conncils, or by such person or persons as the said Councils,or the party of the first part shall for this purpose from, time to time appoint, authorizing ,tbe introduction and con veyance of the said water from the pipes in the streets and public alleys ofthe said. District, into the houses and premises of persons who shall apply for the same, and thatthe said offider shall keep a book in whichhe shall at the time of granting any sucb permit trulyregis- ter the same,, with the name of the person or persons to whonLgranted and the situation of tbe premises for which the same is to be used; and that every such per mit shall state the same to be in conformity with arid subject to the provisions contained in this Agreement, and shall further state and describe -the diameter of the ferule of the pipe to be used for conveying the said wa ter into the particular houses or premise's designated, which diameters of the ferules of pipes sball be the same as the diameters of tbe ferules ofpipes in similar cases used in the said City. And that the said officer shall, at the expiration|of each calender month in each and every year, fui-nish to the Register of the Watering Committee aforesaid, or to, such' person as tbe said Councils ofthe said party ofthe first part may appoint, a true and perfect transcript from the said book of every permit granted as aforesaid, with an account ofthe per sons who during the said month have declined to con tinue to take the said water, or have been deprive^ thereof after its introduction into their premises; andin no irislance whatever, shall the said water be introduced , into the hcmses or premises ofany person inlhe said District, until permits shall have been signed and copn. tersigried as aforesaid ; nor until the rates shall have been assessed'by the said M^atering Commiltee, or other per son or persons authorized by the party ofthe first part, on fhe same. principles as they shsdl be assessed in tbe said C'lty, witb the advance hereinafter mentioned and stipulated. , ' , ,' Fifth. That each and every person into whose pre-^ mises the said water has been or shall be introduced within the said District, whether for ddibestic uses, balhs, manufactories dr establishments of apy other kind, (excepting such persons as may be included in the provisions ofthe agreement made on or about the 1st June 1829, between Thomas Hale and John Moss, on behalf pf the parly, of the first part, and Henry J, Williams, Esquire, for himself and Others proprietors of the Morrlsville Estate so called, and e^tcepting such oth ers as may be included in the provisions of a certain arrangement made on or about the 1st of December 1830, between tbe Watering Committee ofthe party of thefirst part, and the Commissioners for the erection of a state penitentiary within the City and County of Philadelphia, and, excepting none others,) shall pay for the Same an annual rent therefdr, eji:ceeding in each and every case by fifty per cent> the annual rent paid in similtir cases, by person^ within the City of Philadel phia, for the time being; it being tlid true intent and meaning of the parties, that the water rents in the said District, shall rise or fall from time to tiirie With those in the City, always, maintaining heverthieless,, an ad vance Of fifty per cent, as aforesaid. ' Provided always, that when the water introduced into houses, courts ahd other property, shall be conveyed to a cistern and be used therefrom, exclusively by means ofa pump, the rate of rem shall be one-fifth less than if usedfrom hy drants, or other fixtures operated upon by the pressure or head pf water tbrough the pipes of conduit. And prodded further, and it is hereby expressly agreed, that tbe said water rents shall be due and payable ui advance on the first day of January in eacb year, and that the rerit for the unexpired part of any year in which a per mit as aforesaid shall be obtained, shall be paid to the officer countersigning the permit on behalf of the City at the time of obtaining thesame; and thaton or before the first day of June in each and every year thereafter the said party ofthe second part shall and will pay to the party ofthe first part, tbe full amount of the water rents due and payable as aforesaid, by the persons sup plied with water in the said District, and shall at the time ofsuch payment be entitled to deduct at and after the rate of six dollars in the hundred from the amount so payable to the City, as an equivalent for.expenses of collection, and losses by the said party oft the second part in the collection of the rents. Provided further that in all cases where the water is directed to be stop ped by reason ofan insufl!cient supply from the Works at Fair Mount, that then and in such case the rent shall cease from that time, for such persons, manufactories and establishments as shall not be supplied with fhe same until supplied again by the party of the first part, and shall be allowed for accordihgly, in the settiements between Itje parties hereto; and tb-at in cases in which', without wholly stopping the water, there shall fpr the Cause aforesaid be a partial supply, in Such case t^ere" shall be a proportional abatement ofthe said rents du-^ 206 STATE tAXES AND PUBLIC DEBT. ' [SEPTlMBStt ring the time of such defective supply-to be allowed for as aforesaid. And provided further, and it is herely ex pressly agreed that if the party ofthe first part, should at any lime hereafter agree to furnish a supply of water to any other District at a lower ratethan is stipulated in -this agreement, then and in that case the rate of rents herein stipulated, , shall fall or be lowered to the same rate, as that of sucb favoured District, during the time that siich reduced rate shall be in force. Sixth, That the said party of the second part, shall and will foTthwith pass enact and cari-y into execution; laws, by-laws, ordinances, or olher legal regulations similar to and corresponding with the ordii^pces nowin force within the city of Philadelphia, lo regulate the tlistribution and to prevent the illegal use and the im proper waste of the said water iri tlie,District aforesaid, and to prevent the supply thereof by a person halving the same introduced irito his premises to any person or persons wbo have not; and that they shall and will from time to time pass enact and carry into execution other sufficient ordiniinces for the like purpose;' and that they will also forwith pass and enact and for ever keep in force, a law, by-law, ordinance or other Idgal regulation authorizing the agent or agents Of the party of the first part from lime to time appointed, to eiiteratall reason able times into the said District, and the premises there in into which the said water shall be introduced or where the pipes of conduit may be laid, for the purpose of examining the same," and to prevent and remedy any waste of water, or any violation or infringement of this agreement. ~ Seventh, Jhat the Said party, of the first part shaU at all times hereafter, in addition to their other legal reme dies for breach of this agreement, harve full riKbt and power to stop off and withold the supply of water here by , stipulated whenever the said party of the second part shall for the spaCe of thirty days after the time when the said rents should be paid-by them as aforesaid, and after notice in writing by the .party of the first part ot: their agents to pay the same neglect or refbse to make such payment, and also whenever the said party of the second part shall after notice in writing refuse or ne glect forthwith to remedy any illegal or improper Waste df the said water within the said District, or to stop the proper conduit until the requisite repairs or other reme dy shall have been apphed. From the Reading Chronicle. ON TAXES AND PUBLIC DEBT. In order to lay before the people a correct view of the taxes, and the operation ofthe public debt, we sub join the following statement, for whose correctness we refer to the official papers as filed in the proper offices. To make this representation intelligible to the peo ple", it is necessary that we should reason from analogy: and we, therefore, refer to the direct tax, as levied and paid immediately after fjie late war, and which is recent enough to be within the recollection of every one. The quota'Of Pennsylvania of the tax, was ^739,958- 32; and of this, the quota of Berks County was J50,000, nearly, or tbe one-fifteertth part of the whole. The public debt, by the time we are to commence paying taxes for its reduction, will amount to $20,000,- OOOj or thereabouts. For, we* say it is at present JSIO,- 500,000, and, by the fime that another loan is taken to pay the Interest, to repair the works as they were in the spring, and to complete whatas considered most essen-! tial, the aggregate of debt will amount fully to $20,000,- 000. Now, if we make the same rateable assessment which was made in 1816, namely, put the one-fifteenth part on this County, we' will have to pay if 1,333,333 and 33 cents, 539,375 01, more than was then paid by the whole State! - ^ If we will examine^a little further, we wiU find that the interest on this "quota is, at 5 per cent, yearly, $66,666 65. $16,000 more than was paid by the County in the year 1816] W e would, in order to place the whole matter before the public, subjoin the assessment, as it was returned to the State, required by the late tax-bill. Tbe real estate ofthe Courity is assessed at $7,316,118. and the personal at $852,730. From this statement, every one wiU be able to judge for himself, what purposes the tax of one riiill on the. dollar is to answer. This, assessment wiU raise the sum of $8,198 84 — which is something less than the one-eighth part-of the interest on the public debt ofthe country.- Now, we %'ould ask — Where is the rest to come from.' instead of One miU, the Legis lature ought to have ppf eight mills on the dollar, mere ly to raise ihe interest Oh the public debt — ,5J mills more on the dollar than the County taxes amounts io now! This We consider to be a frightful representation of thestate of the public affairs, and we can honestly say' that, on examinationj we found them more appalling than we had believed them to be. From the Westmoreland Republican. , The State tax upon real and personal estate in Penn sylvania commences in October next- The near ap proach of this event, sd unusual in the history of the State, naturally excites inquiry as to the amount of the State debt, and the-probable continuance and increase of the state taxes. . The Public Debt consists as follows: Old appropriations, unpaid as per report of Auditor General, at the last session ofthe LegisratUi-e, $150,860 35 Amount of loans prior to the last session, 12,512i520 48 Amount df loan authorized by act of March 2lst, 1831, ' 2,483,161^88 Amount of loan for "repairing canal, and paying expense of Superintendents, Supervisors, Collectors.and Lock-keep ers," by an Act of 30th March, 1831, 300,00,0 00 Deficiency of revenue of last year to pay interest on loansj • 191,850 00 $15,638,392 71 Total amount — Fifteen millions six hundred and thir ty-eight thousand three hundred aad ninety-two dollars and seventy-one cents!! But to make the matter a little more plain, we will bring it nearer to ourselves. Tax ation and representation are as equal as may be. We have, however, no other statistical data, from whicb we can ascertain so closely what the share of Westmoreland County in tJiis public debt will be, as from the ratio of representation: there are one hundred representatives in the lower House, and thirtyrlhrep in tbe Senate. — Westmoreland County has three in the former, and one in the latter; her ratio of representation, is, therefore, one -thirty-third ofthe whole State, and that will be, as near as possible, her ratio of tbe public burdens. Ac cording tp this data, the shareof Westmoreland County, ofthe State debt, will be $473,890. The annual inter- estnpon which sum, is $28,433 40. But we may brirtg the matter still nearer home. A farmer whose tax last year was three dollars for the County Rates, to raise the amount of $6,900, which was the amount asses- sed, would have to pay $205 as his share of the State debt. It may, therefore, be considered as a mortgage on his farm to that amount, carrying inlerest until the debt is paid off. Many farmers had to pay six, and some eight dollars, and some higher, for last year's County tax; but every one can teU how much his. share ofthe State debt is by this rule; viz. for every dollar of Coun ty tax paid last year, his share of the State debt is $68, 33 2-3. But who can teU how much it may be in creased? Last session of the Legislature il was increas ed near three millions; and we are now at that crisis when it will increase itself just Uke the debts of a man whose business is not profitable enough to pay the in terest. Last year the interest on the public debt was $616,- 850, and the surplus revenue, after paying the ordmaiy 1831.1 FIRST BORN—JOHN KEY.— DIVISION OF THE COUNTY. 207 expenses of Government, was $425,000. which, being appUed to the payment ofthe interest', left a balance of $191,850 to be added to the principal. The loans ot last year, as abdve mentioned, greatly increase the priri- cipal, and the interest of the debt this year, at 5 per cent,, willamount lo $781,916 60; and, supposing the revenue for this^year to be as great as it was last year, wh'iph may well be, doubted, for reasons not necessary to state, there wiU be $425,000 after paying ordinary expenses, to apply to the extinguishment of the inter est, leaving a balance of -$356,919 60 to be added to the principal. I have no data from which to form an esti mate just now of the amount that wUl be produced by the tax which. will commence in October next, on real and personal estate. But that cannot come into the Treasury this year, so that, at the end of this year, even if no riew loans should be authorized by the Legislature attbe'ir next session, the State debt will amount to up wards of sixteen miilons of dollars. Thq^tax which wiU commence in October, I should supposecannot produce more than $150,000; so -that the next Legislature wUl have to increase this tax upwards of $200,000, in or^er that the revenue may be competent to pay the interfest upon the debt. ~^= =: f THE FIRST BORN-JOHN KEY, The following faclsTjoncerning the persons severally named, are not, intended as iheir proper biography, but as slight notices of individual character, which might be tisefuUy preserved. As a general list, it will embrace alike, noble or ignoble— not a roll of "merit, but of noto riety, to wit: / John Key, "the firstborn" of our^city, of EngVish'pa- rentage, was born in 1682, in a cave at "Penny-pot lantling," i. e. at the north west corner of 'Vine and Water street. WiUiani Penn- was pleased to distinguish the person and the circumstance, by the gift ofa city, lot; the original patenC of which is in my possession through fhe politeness of Gedrge Vaux. Esq. The tra dition of the spot granted was utterly Ipst.tp common. fame; but this' patent shows its location to have been on the sotith side of Sassafras street, nearly opposite to Crown street, say vis a vis to Pennington's sugar house. The parc'hriient and seal are in fine preservation.--— The seal -is flat, circular, fpur inphes'wide, of brown wax, appended by a green ribbon. It may be curious to preserve the following.abstract, to wit: '^WiUiam Penn, Proprietary and chief'of Pennsylvania, sends greeting, &c. that a certain lot serve by an advertisement, thatthe Lehigh Navigation Co. offer for sale, the following water pow er arid -Town Lots. "At Easton the power ofthe whole river Lehigh, ex cept what may be necessary for the navigation, with a twenty-two feel fall, is located near the junction of the Lehigh, the Delaware, and the Morris canals — in the immediafe vicinity ofthe best iron ore — 46 miles from the^Mauch Chunk coal landin'g-— 80 miles by canal from Philadelphia — and 96 miles from New York. Tbe town has nearly 4000 inhabitants, without a single cot ton or woolen factory, to employ the juvenile popula tion. A variety of Building Lots in the Town of Nesguiho- mn^.— This town is situated in the Nesquiboning Val ley, wUhin half a mile ofthe coal mines on Room Run — 4i milesty a railway from the coal landing at Maucit Chunk — 40 miles from Caltawissa and 30 miles from Berwick on the Susquehanna. The ground is very fa vorable for a town plot, and a number of buildings are already erected. Lots in Mauch Chunk on both sides of the Lehigh,on advantageous terms and free from all restrictions. Printed every SATURDAY MORNING by -WILLIAM F. GED> DES. No. 9 Library Street, Philadelphia; where, and at the PUB LICATION OFFICE, IN FRANKLIN PLACE, second door back of the Post Offlce, (hack room) subscriptions will be thankfully re ceived. Price FIVE DOLLARS per aniriBi, payable annuallx by lubicribers residing in' or near the city', or where there U aa agent. Otber subscribers pay in advance. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF EVERT KIND OF USEFUL INFORSIATION RESPECTINO THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL. VIII.-NO. 14. PHILADELPHIA, OCT. 1, 1831. NO. 19G Frotn the Bucks County Republican. ESCHEAT COURT-REYNOLD'S CASE. [continued from paok 198.] Ma. Morris said — There are a few preliminary ques tions whicb should be considered before we go into Ihe merits of the case. 1st. It must be proved that Jdhn Reynolds is dead. 2d, That he .died intestate: Thirdly, Without heirs or known kindred: and. Fourthly, That he died seized ofthese lands. Some ofthese are mat ters whicb you may be told, you are to presume from -circumstances; but I ask, will you not insist upon the .. evidence before you seal your verdict, wbich is to be taken as true,and which wiU affectso large an amount of property? I admit the prqbability that the man is dead; but the mere l^pse ofthe time since the date of the Pa tent, is not all th^ proof which I should suppose you would require on this point. But it is a more iriiport- ant and difficult question for you to determine — Did he die intestate.' He may have left a will, and it is incutn- bent on the informer to show that he did not. We have no proof that he died intestate. We have had - certificates, it is true, from the Register here, and in Philadelphia: but these are imperfect and inconclusive, because they only certify that "there is no will on re cord" iu either of those offices, without referring to the files; it is quite a possible case, the;refore,for the will to have been filed in the offipe, but rtot "recorded;" or if recorded, that record may be lost, since the Registry of Wills in this county does not go much, if at all, beyond the year 1723. But suppose those objections removed. John Reynolds^ who was probably never in this coun try, may have left a will in England, proved according to the laws and usages of that country, which would be received in evidence here, under the authority of the ' Lessee of Weston, v. Stammers, 1 Dall Rep. p. 2, and Morris Lessee, v. Vandereen, samebook, p. 66; and if- so, you cannot take for granted, in, the absence df all affirmative proof, that he died intestate: yet you must find this if you say the lands have escheated to the com monwealth. It is necessary, also, that you find that he, John Reynolds, died Uiilhout heirs or known kindred, : fHere the remarks are omitted, tracing from the paten- tentee. J. Reynolds, the heirship ofthe former frorii his own declarations, and from the church records in Eng land, together with the probability of heirs.] In the Fourth place — Did be die seized ofthese lands.' The argument on this point, which is omitted in detail for want of room, was, that Ihpmere existence df an old Patent in J. Reynolds was of little conse quence, unless the land could be found to correspond in description with it. It was cbntended that for a por- tidri of this land. Patents bad been shown outofthe Commonwealth subsequent to John Reynolds, and that there was no criterion by which to Escheat any pari without the whole, the Patent was said tube vague, and to give no bountlaries by which to identify it with the land how claimed. It was contended that both as to title outofthe Proprietaries, and as to conveyance from J,. Reynolds, the records may have been lost in the Land, Oflice.as weU as iri the offices ofthe county, and if there was any defect in the evidence on tbe part of the .Re spondents, or landholders, by lapse oftime, the misfor tune should not be visited upon them, since they had not caused the delay; and that,, at aU events, tbe eriusbi Vol. Via. 27 proof lay upon the informer, and to each specific point required by the law, otherwise the whole issue mustbe negatived. 1 cannot' but suppose, gentlemen, that we should be safe in restigg our defence upon these points, which are made essential by the Act of Assembly; but there are yet impediments and objections to finding of art Escheat, which I take to be insuperable, and from which, I ima gine you will see the case as clear as demonstration can make it, that the former can take nothing by hisjlaiiit. - These objections' may be resolved mto two leading questions:1st. Have'lhe Proprietaries, or-has the Comrionwealth, done any act th.it amounts to a direct or.implied wai ver of their right to the Escheat, as by accepting rent or consideration for purchase from strangers who have taken possession? , 2d. Have the occupiers of the lapd acquired a vested right in thp land, by contract, occupancy, improvement, or dtherwise? If the Proprietaries, or the Commonwealth, have as sumed ownership of tlie land; if they have received' rent j if they havetaken upon themselves to convey it; if they have in any manner, g'^ven a color of title or right to strangers, or the predecessors ofthe present holders, the question is at rest: for the Jaw says, they have by their own act thrown ihto another cha'rinel, the inherit able quality of the property; they havej by their own act, interrupted, or rather anticipated, the reservation df the property in themselves, 'by acknowledging the title, or the receipt of an equiva;lent for it. For this princi-jjle, I refer to the 2d vol. of Black. Com. pages 247. 8, where an explanation is given df the nature and doctrine of Escheats. ' The question then occurs: What have the Proprieta ries or the Commonweallh done to waive their right to the proceeding by Eischeat? The answer is in a varie- ty.of wrfys. (The reriaarks are omitted, but ^he points were.) , 1st. By living by and acquiescing until the po,ssesor9 had obtained a right by occupancy, improvement, and intermediate titles. 2d. By their own act and deed; as for example, grant-' ing seifei-al patents, and recognizing the surrounding 'lands as belong'mg to the holders thereof; and by receiv ing, partly, the purchase money, 3(1. Bv the letter cf James Steel, Secretary ofthe Land Office, dated in 1739, which liuthor'ised a' super intendence of the lands on behalf of the Proprietaries, and requesting submission to the conditions under the penalty of removal. , ' 4th.- By issuing Escheat warrants to the occupants in the year 1769. Granting the~pre-emption of right; 5th. By the decision ofthe Board of- Property ofthe 2d March, 1784, and 1794, But I come now to a still more important inquiry, \)y which the title to aU property is tested; that is, whether the occupants of these lands, or those under whom they claiip,, have acquired a vested right to them by any means whatever? If the property in question has veii- ted, it is not comjjetent for the Commonwealth, any more than an individual, now to divest it without con sent or an equivalent. This is among the safest and best elements of your 'civil jurisprudence. Il is a principle in which lawyers, jurists, and legislators, so far as I know, agree. It is a principle guaranteed to us by tbe 210 LAW CASE— ESCHEAT COURT. [OcTo««« Declaration of Rights, of 1776, by that of 1790. and the Constitution of the iJnited Slates. IF. therefore, you should be satisfied that this property has gone into the hands of the present occupants, or their predecessoi-s, any law authorising an Inquest of Escheat upon it would be unconstitutional, sijid any proceedings of an' Inquest to that ell'ect, would be oppressive and yoid. I do not know tjiat it isnecesSary for me to examine whether the statute of Henry 8th, of England, which extends to this country, and makes the possession of sixty years evidence to title, applies to the present case; or. whether our own act of limitations would bar a re covery, since the changes andsflucluations which took place upder the Proprietary Government, may present a question somewhat different from that risihg under ordinary sovereignties in relation to Escheat. But up on the subject of possession, and the right that accrues by it against even the crown, and the government, it is not out of place to refer to the condition of the Pro vince, and the mode of granting titles to the eariy set tlers, for the purpose of educing the conclusion, that the occupants acquired a title subsequent to the date of the patent, to John Reynolds. In the month of Oc- . tober, 1708, the Proprietary executed a rifidrtgage up- - on the Province, by which of course, the legal title passed into other hands. Intheyear 1711, he appointed Commissioners, who were empowered to collect rents, grant lands, and superintend his estate. The will of WiUiam Penn, was dated 1712. which was after his death contested. He died in 1718; and although thert is some diversity of opinion upon thatsubject, yet the "prevailing opinion seems to be. that from the period of his decease; until the year 1732, the land office was closed; jind that previous to this date, no j-egular sys tem bad been obtained in, relation to the granting of titles to lands in Pennsylvania; much regard was paid to the -verbal agreements of land officers and agents. — Great weight and impdr,tknce were given to i.nprove- ments. It was the policy of Penn to get the Province settled and improved by the early occiipants;'heiu:e he thought propef, so early as the year 1681, to make cer tain conditions or concessions, that the^grantees should settle upon the lands within three years after it should be surveyed and set out to them, or it should he lawful for new comers to settle thereupon. Those terms, which were publicly made known, we consider entitled to m"<^i> weight in the present invest'igatipn. The Warrant was taken out in the name of one Whitepane, in the month of February, 1687, and in the month of May, of that year, the Pajeiil to John Reynolds is da ted; but a little more than two months clasped between the Warrant.and the Patent; and, from this fact, togeth er with other circumstances, we may reasonably infer that Reynolds never was In this country; that he never settled the land, .agreeably tothe original concesiioiis. the terms, this was not the' tribunal before which tha holders coulJ be amenable, nor tbis the mode of redi'ess for any supposed delinquency; it was thought, sufficient for the day is the evil thereof. ^ Upon the subject of length of possession, indepen dent ofany statute or act of limitations, and independent ofthe evidences of title; it was strongly contended that quiet possession and improvement for the length of time which had been proved in this case, would secure a right of property against the world, against the crown, andagain^t the sovereign power , of the state.. That even in England, wbere the records were more secure than they had been in this state, a grant would be pre sumed from .great length of possession against the crown, and against a previous grant: — not that it was necessary for the jury lo believe that a grant had actu ally been m^de, l^ut it was on the principle of quieting possession, and setlling the .rights of property, in sup. port of this position, two cases were cited and read from Cowp. Rep. the one, The Mayor of Kingston up on Hull, V. Horner, p. 103; and the other. Etdridge, r. Knpitand others, p. 214. which were considered lo be iri point, and to be authority in the case. If this were not the case,- it was thb,'t length df possession, instead of benefitting, would work an injury to the possesr sors; 'because the, evidence "which at an earlier period might have been brought in support of the title, would be worn out by time, and lost lo the purpose for whicb it would once, have been conclusive. It \Vas now urged as pertinent to the inqury, that as between individuals, if there was long po»seision and imfirovement, or consideration paid, it was no matter whether the right accrued by writing or parol, it was such a passing and vesting of property, as would lake it out of the statute of frauds, and constitute a gootl t'llte. To this point, 1 Binn. Rep. 378; and 1 Sergt. and Rawle Rep. p. 80 were cited, and it was contended that in this particular, the analogy would hold as well con cerning the Commonwealth as incli\-iduals, and that a. different effect would operate as a fraud and a deception upon the holders, who had been lulled into securit y by length of time,, and in many ofthe instances had paid s full consideration for the land to those fromwhom tiiey bad purchased. The argument of public inconvenience was pressed be fore the Inquest, and the consequence a^ain adverted to of setting the example by this case of uprooting the oldest tities in the State; it was said to be giving en couragement to any informer of mercenary and corrupt designs to call together at his own caprice the citizens and yeomanry of the country, as parties, witnesses, or jurors, to establish or disturb the possessors ofa centu ry: and firtaUy, in this case, the conduct ofthe informer was left to be settled between his conscience and his God, and the Jtji-y were asked .to refiect upon their ob- and'consequeiitly, that he forfeited his interest, and the ligations, and decide according to the merits ofthe case. title passed from the Proprietaries into other bands. — Tbe remarks ofthe Counsel are not followed out in this place, but it was argued that the letter of James Steel-to WiUiam' Blackfan, of 1739, was evidence of a previous, grant to the settlers ftom the Proprietor. .To this purpose, 1 Dall. Rep. p. 6, and 2 Dall. p, 98, was citecli it was contended that the Patent to Robert Strut- tie for ,500 acres adjoining, and the Patents for a part of the Reynold's Tract, together with the Escheat War rants granting the right of pre-emption, negatived the presumption that any right existed' at this day in the Reynolds family; that the offer of parol testimony upon tbe subject, by one of the- most intelligent inhabitants ofthe neighborhood, now 87 years of age; that the set tlement and decision of the Board of Properfy, by which the lung possession ofthe holders, and thp trans fers and conveyances of tbesd lands from one to anoth er, were recognized, and by which this property was adjudged to the occupants upon the terms stipulated, — should^at this day be final and conclusive against an Inquisition of Escheat in favorof the Commonwealth, That ifthere was an allegation of non-compliance with [To be Continued,) The foUowing case being of some considerable inter est, from the nature of the facts disclosed, and the im portance of Several points of law which were decided upon, a gentleman of tli^e bar, at our request, has polite ly furnisheda report ofit. Com, V, Mauion Hall, Smith Parker, Mooke M' Cloud, and AiEXANDBR Price,— Riot and Assault and Battery on B, Heston, Com, «. Curtis Trego, John Titus and Thomas D. WooLFE, Riot and Assault and Battery on B. Heston. These were the only criminal cases of much interest tried at the Court, or which occupied much time in tbe investigation. The circumstances leading to these pro secutions had created great excitement in the minds and feelings df Ihe.people of'that part of "the County in which they happened. The principle facts were as follows: About eightyear^ ago last spring. Mahlon Hall, one ofthe Defendants, at the instance of John Griffith, rent- ed the farm and certain pergonal property of th« latter. im.) LAW CASE ESbHEAT COUtiT. 211 situated in Buckingham township, near Plneville,for the term, as HaU alledged for.the lile time of J. Griffith and his wife, or the survivor of them, at which time Hall was to deliver up the farm to the Executors or Admin istrators pf Griffith, and account with them on certain tern^s for the personal property, the improvements made by him, &c. Which allegation was denied by Griffith. In pursuance of the agreement, Hall look possession and continued in possession undisturbed un til Ikst spring, when application was made, under the Landlord and Tenant Act, to Justices Shaw and Dun- gan, of Doylestown — a Jury of twelve men Sjummoned and sworn^-the parties heard by themselves and Coun sel, Grantham for Landlord, M'Dowell for Defendant, and the said -Jury and Justices by their inquisition decid ed, that tbe "Term of .Mahlon HaU ' in the premises aforesaid, was not fully complete and ended," ahd so returned their proceedings jrt^favor of the Tenant. A> certiorari was issued, and the, inquisition aforesaid brought before the Court, AprU Term, last — various ex ceptions filed and fully argued at tbe same time bv Grantham and A. Smith for the Landlord, and M'Dow ell for Hall. The Court held the same under advise ment until the present term. Directly after April Court A. Smith, one of the counsel for Griffith, gave him writ ten directions to go on the premises, and put the afore said "B. Heston in possession of the same real and per sonal, and to'prosecute HaU, if he attempted to exer cise any lights of possession over the same. Griffith in pursuance thereof on or about the 4lh of May last, goes with Heston to Hall on the premises, and tells him in the presence of others, and teUs Hall that he had there by put B. Heston in possession ofthe farm and stock aforesaid, and that he, the said Hall, had no-longer any rights there, and read to the said Hall a part of the aforesaid written directions. Hall ordered them off of the premises, and threatened Ihem'if Ihey did not go — they; however, after perform'mg this ceremony, pro ceeded to take an Inventory lof the goods and chatties, &c. wbich he had in posession, in pursuance of his agreement. A few days after, the aforesaid Heston ar rived with a wagon load of goods, and attempted to put some ofthem into the house — Hall resisted, and called for assistance, but between Griffith and Heston he was overpowered, and Hesten got in.. Hall constantly for bid him the house, and ordered him to leave the pre- m'i,ses. Heston and Griffith together forbid Hall in turn the premises, possessed themselves of his stock, farm ing utensils, &c. — and otherwise obstructed' the said Hall in' his business. 'Various suits, civil and criminal, were instituted between the partiesand. privies — rgreal excitement created in the neighbourhood, and much disorder and, bad feeling ensiled. On the 4th day of June past, Heston had got into the house, and there was determined lo remain. Hall procures the assistance ofthe Defendants named in the first Bill arid some oth ers, and went into that part ofthe house where Heston then was, and ordered him out, and told him ifhe did not go they would carry him anc^ his goods all out.— Heston refused — the defendants aforesaid and their as sistants tell to cat rying out his goods, and he not re tiring by invitation, was finally picked up and carried out also, with his goods and set c^own in the highway. In the struggle between the parties, a good deal Of vio lence and force was used on both sides, and wben Hes ton and his goods were carried out, indication on the part of Hall was shown ofa determination lo defend his possessions at all hazards. Griffith is without children — and HaU and Heston, the coiitencling tenants, are relatives — the one by a former, and the other by a pre sent wife. HaU and his party were boqnd over for a riot, grow ing out of the proceedings above detailed, and the main question turned upon the possession of parties. HaU, it was admitted, was properly in possession up to the first of April last — at that time Griffith aUedgeil his term was ended, whicb HaU denied, ,and which denial Was sustained by tfie decision ofthe aforesaid Inquest. Griffith had rented the property td Heston, and was to have given possession on the first of April, which he was anxious to-do. Tbe case -was elaborately argued by the counsel on both sides. For the CommdniVealth Smith and Pros. Attorney, Ross— for the Defendants, M'Dowell arid H. Chapman. His Honor judge Fox, delivered a brief, but clear - and forcible charge to tbe jury, in which he simplified and arranged the facts of the case, so as to curtail essen tially their l,«bor. In the law vvhich was to govern the case, he Was decided, and explicit, and laid down in substance, the following principles: Your intjuiry is whether these Defendants are guilty 'ofa Riot and Assault and Battery on Heston. The carrying away Hall and his goods forcibly, as was done by these Defts, is in itself a Riot, unless they were justified in doing so. , The fact of doing so is not denied by Hall, but he sayshe had a right to do so. If he had the possession, he had a right to use what ever force was necessary for him to keep it. When a-nian is once in possession of land, he is riot to be put out by fprce. ' Had Hall then the possession?' It is agreed all round that he had the possession eight' years, and Griffith himself states in his affidavit, that he was in possession rightfully up to the first of April last. Then, has he since that time parted with his possess ion? How did B. Heston got possession' Was Hall put out of possession by him?' Both Were in possess- ioUTT-one or the other was an jVrfmifer. When Griffith first came, as he said, to put Heston in possession. Hall told them positively to go off. Their goods were forc ed into the houses, and Hall resisted with all the force he had, but he was overpowered. 1 have said he bad a right to use such force as was ne cessary to keep him in possession, and if Hall on the in stant pf Heston's forcing himself into possession, had blown his brains out, he would have beeri justified.— A man has a right to defend his possession even unto death. But it is contended, that Heston having once got in, even by force, and having remained tbere for one month or more. Hall had no right to turn him ofi by force. — If HaU was never out of possession, and did not acqui esce in Heston's possession, he had a right whenever he could command sufficient power, to proceed and force him off. If Hall had not strength sufficient to resist Heston at the time ofhis forcing himself into possession, he had a right in one day or in one month, whenever he could raise sufficient power, to turn him out, and use what ev er force was necessary to doit. Heston gained no right by his forced possession, he was an intruder. , i The Law will not suffer a man to be dispossessed in this summary manner, ^ - Griffith took his proper legal remedy — the jury deci ded that Hall's lease was not expired. The Inquisition was the judgment of a competent tribunal, and if con firmed, was conclusive evidence: of the facts found. It was Griffith's business to acquiesce in the decision ofthe Court. When a man once parts with bis rigbt to lands, he has no business there till his lease is ended.- No landlord has a right to go to lav)<, and turn his tenant out by force, even after the expiration of his lease. Hall had a right lo maintain his possession — every man who has possession uf property, no odds how, has a right to maintain it against all the world by force. If a man is in possession and another intrudes, be gains no right by his intrusion, if the other resists, iind he is not guilty ofany riot in turning him off by force.- ¦ If Hall was jusli&ed in turning Heston off the way 212 MESSAGE OF GOVERNOR MIFFLW. ' [Ocl'OB«« - he'did, consequently all who acted under his direction are justified. ^ There is no 'evidence ofa r'lot against the defendants, in the second Bill, The finding of the jury was not guilty, and the pros ecutor, Hjeston, td pay the costs in both cases. GOVERNOR MIFFLINS' MESSAGE. In our vol. 2, we commenced .publishing a regular ' series of the successive Governors of this state, from the commencement ofthe present Government, and had proceeded as, far as 1792 — vrhen the course was interrupted by other matter — In the present num ber, the publication is resumed— with the address of Gov. Mifflin, for 1793, .These documents pre sent annually to, view, the prominent subjects sub mitted to the consideration of the' Legislature, and aire otherwise interesting memorials which every state ought to preserve. ' / • FniDAT, December 6th, 1793. The Senate met according to adjournment, , The Address df the Governor, being called for by Mr, Smith and Mr. Schmyser, was'read as follows, toviit, "Gentlemen ofthe Senate, and Gentlemen ofthe House of Representatives! , ' " The satisfaction that I feel in meeting you, at this time, is greatly increased, by the opportunity of con gratulating you. on the restoration of health fo the city of Philadelphia. The malignant disorder, which, on its approach, occasioned a sudden adjournment ofthe last session of the Legislature, produced, during ils contin uance, a ' complicated scene df terroi-, wretchedness -and mortality. The lamented loss ofmany valuable citi zens'; the ^inexpected impoverishment of many indus trious families; the' accumulated list of widows and or phans; and the total derangement of pubhc and private business, are obvious effects ofthe Calamity, for which, in Pennsylvania, and in most of our sister states, every sentiment of sympathy has been expressed, and every source of Uberality displayed. "Itisbut just, however, onthis occasion, to pay a par ticular tribute to the benevolent exertions of those citi zens, who, in the hour of extreme distress (when the ordinary powers ofthe Police of Philadelphia, had be come inadetfuate to the exigency of affairs, and the wonted spirit of the inhabitants, could no longer yield a support against the surrounding danger) were form ed into a committee, forthe relief of the poor and afflic ted; and, in the execution of that trust, with equal for titude and philanthropy, stemmed the torrent of sick ness and despair. To their judicious arrangements, and unremitting labours, under the influence and favour of Divine Providence, we must ascribe, notonly an im portant alleviation ofthe calamity; but, while it lasted. the security of private property, and the preservation of the pubUc peace. When, therefore, you shall re- view the report, whioh-they have enabled me to lay be fore you, I am confident, that besides uniting in a cor dial acknowledgement oftheir serviced, you will cheer fully bestow any legislative sanction that may be want ing to their measures, and provide any fund that may be ¦requisite to indemnify tbem against the costs of their disinterested undertaking. "It is probable. Indeed, that the amount ofthe charita ble contributions, which exceeds, in money, the sum of twenty-two thousand dollars (independent ofthe value of a considerable supply in specific jtrticles, and of a guarantee fpr obtaining more money, if necessary, by way of loan) will be sufficient to defray the actual ex penses ofthe commiltee, which amount, upon the gert- \ eral estimate, lo a sum not less than twenty thousand doUars: but still, permit , me lo press as a claim upon your benevolence, the expediency of making some pro vision for continuing, during the severity of the winter, the relief, which has been communicated to the depress ed and indigent class of our fellow citizens; Df whom two hundred famUies were under the care ofthe com mittee for several weeks; and for establishing a perma nent asylum to shelter and maintain the orphans (com posing an interesting groupe of one hundred and Iwen ty-five children) who have been suddenly left depen dent on the public bounty. W^th respect to. the latter^ object, I shall be excused irt suggesting, that it affords a favorable occasion, to give immediate effect, under the "siuspicies of the Legislature, to that part ofthe plan, for extending the benefits ofthe Pennsylvania Hospital, which contemplates the misfortunes of suffering and forsaken infancy, as peculiariy deserving our attention and compassion. "Deeming it of great moment lo ascertain the origin ofthe disorder, the extent of its ravages, and the most efficacious means of guarding, in future, against a simi lar contagion. I have solicited, with that View, the aid of the committee of whom I haye just spoken; as well as of the College of Physicians; and their respective senti ments, on the subject, wUl be submitted to yOur consid eration. That the disorder was nol immediately engen dered by any noxious quality of our Soil, or climate, but was brougbt hither from a foreign port, is a circum stance, which, being supported by the opinion of the College, affords a very serious consolation to the imnd of every lover of his country: For, the resources of the slate, and the industry of its inhabUants, cannot fail soon to repair tbe injury, which the commerce of the city has sustained, and even the calamity itself, if prop erly considered, may be rendered productive of very salutary eflfects. In order, forcibly to impress this senti ment, I have issued a proclamation,requesting our fellow citizens to set apart a day for general humiliation,thanks- , giving and prayer; and, I am persuaded, that, in so do ing, I shall receive all the advantage of your approba tion and support. . _ ^ " But with you, gentlemen, it yet remains to institute such regulations as shall be calculated effectually to protect us from the introduction of those malignant dis orders, to vnhich, as a consequence of our encr'easing intercourse with foreign nations, we become daily more exposed. The instructions that have been issued, by virtue ofthe act that was passed during tbe last session, will be laid before you; together with an account ofthe proceedings and expenses in the health-office, since the first of January preceding. But, it is obvious, that, for Ibis department, a system more extensive, and more efficient is still necessary to the public safety, and re quires the immediiite sanction of legislative authority. Among many pract'if able improvements, it is thought essential, tbat every vessel from beyond sea-should be liable to examination before she shall anchor near the city, whatever may be Ihe number, or condition, in point of health, ofthe persons on board: that a compe tent allowance should be made, for fixing the residence of a health-office, and a physician, contiguous to the place appointed' fpr such examination; and tbat the pest- house should be constantly supplied with a steward, a matron; and proper nurses, - If, in addition to an insti tution, thus regulated, an Hospital, easily accessible by landor water, and situated in the neighborhood ofthe city, were estabUshed, for the accommodation of those, who may, at any future period, be attacked by a conta gious disease,the danger, and the apprehension of dan ger, would, in a great measure, be removed. I am well assured, indeed, that to the want of this auxiliary for the Health-office, may be ascribed, much of the alarm and mortality that prevailed, at an early stage of the disorder. ^'Recollecting the extensive scene of business wUch my former communications, as weU as the records uf the Legislature, will present to your consideration, I shall not, geritlemen, detain you any longer, at this time, than 1B31.] MESSAGE OF GOYEHNOR MIFFLIN. 213 Is necessary, curiiorily to present the state of some of the principal matters, that have been referred, by law, to the agency of the Executive; artd to bring to your view those objects, which appear tb require an immedi ate attention. "In reviewing the transactions that have taken place, during the recess of the General Assembly, I lament, that, notwithstanding the humane and liberal solitude ofthe Federal Government, to accemplfsh a peace with the hostile Indians, the treaty lately held at Sandusky has proved abortive, 'and a prosecution ofthe war, up on every principle of policy, and self-defence, -has be come inevitable. Ifou will perceive, by a copy of the President's communication on the subject, which I have directed the secretary to deliver, that the manner of conducting the negotiation on the part of the eriemy, was as inauspicious, as the condition, exclusively propo sed for the basis of a reconciliation (which circum scribes and regulates the north-western boundary of the United States, by the course of the river Ohio) is extravagant. Conformably, tberefore, lo the intimation which I received, the proper officers of our frontier counties were apprised of the necessity of exercising all their skill and vigUance, for the purposes of protection and defence; they were aulhorised, in case of an actual invasion, or imminent danger of an invasipn, of the ter ritory ofthe state, to make such drafts from the mUitia, as the esigency should require; and tbey were instruc ted, by virtue of the discretionary power, which the law creates, to continue, the three rifle companies in ser vice, tUl the opening of the present session. The last ofthese measures;' an inconsiderable draft from the mi litia ofthe counly of Allegheny; and a voluntary exer tion of the inhabitants ofthe county of Westmoreland; by seasonably allaying the apprehensions of the citi zens, have undoubtedly prevented the desertion and desolation of several valuable settlements. Whatever, indeed, may be the issue ofthe campaign, in which the , Federal army is now engaged, sim'dar precalitions will be requisite, for the same purpose,- on the ensuing spring; and are recommended to your immediate atten tion, by the most interesting considerations of duty and humanity. I shall, therefore, only add here, that the account of the disbursements, which have been already made, for the defence of thefrontiers, will be presented, ^agreeably to the directions ofthe act; and. I am confi dent, you will not think, that the expense has exceed ed the importance of its object. "A -statement of the charges, that have arisen from the recent establishment ofa fort at Miid-Islmd, will, likewise, be exhibited to you: but, while I perceive the propriety of maintaining that statipn, for those national purposes, which were mentioned iri my last communi cation to the Legislature, I am convinced, that, as well from motives of economy, as Of convenience, the exis- , ting mode of supplying the men forthe garrison ought to be changed. Under this impression, i submit to your consideration, the expediency of providing for the appointment of .a commandant and party, to be perma nently employed; and should the proposition meet with your approbation, I cannot doubt its obtaining any sanc tion whicb may be necessary from the Federal Govern ment, whose measures it is, principally, intended to pro mote. " The arrangements respecting the Loan-office re quire a revision. The embarrassments that attended the organization ofthe institution, have.been already represented to the Legislature, and may be regarded as one cause ofthe inconsiderable amount ofthe sum tbat has been borrowed throughout the counties; which, payable in baink post notes, is no more than eight thou sand six hundred and twenty-nine dollars and forty-seven cents; and, payable in specie, is no more than two thousand seven hundred and eighty-three dollars and thirty-three cents, making the aggregate sum of ele ven thousand four hundred and twelve doUars and eigh ty cents. As some applicants bave been d'isappointed on account ofthe defects in the law, -and others on ac count of the llmllalion of the period, allowed for pre senting the returns of ihe Commissioners, you wiU, probably, deem ita pubUc accommodation, not only to explain the terms df the futur^, but to renew the loan ofthe current year. Pursuing tbe legislative directions, the money was procured from the Bank of PennsylVa-' nia: but, finding a competent surplus of unappropriated ' specie in the public treasury; I have taken advantage of the power, with whicb I was eviddhtly invested, to pre vent an accumulation of interest, by a re-payment of the whole of this loan. It has not hitherto, however^ been convenient to discharge the prior loan, of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, obtained from the same bank, to complete the price of tbe shares, which the public holds in its capital stock; but, aided by the Land-office (which, notwithstanding the late suspension of business, lias produced the sum of twebly-seven thousand six hundred and ninety-five pounds, and fif teen Shillings, since the twe'niy-fifth day of August last) and the other resources ofthe state, I think it proba ble, that this desirable object may, likewise, be shortly accomplished. " Ofthe progress in the improvement of thfe public roads, and the inland navigation of the stsltfe, yoo will receive satis&ctory information, from the reports of the agents, and from the other documents, wbich I bave instructed, the Secretary to lay before you. As the annual appropriation for sucb usesj was, however, re voked by a late law, I shallparticularly direct niy atten tion to enforce the execution of all the existing con tracts; so that, forthe purposes of encouragement, as well as of information, the benefits produced by the expenditures, which the -Legislature has occasionaly authorised (amounting, since the adoption of the pre'- sent constitution, to the sum of forty-seven thousand seven hundred and eightyfour pounds six shillings and ^ six pence, exclusive of tbe allowance to Agents and Surveyors) may be ascertained irt the course of the en suing year. In the mea^ timeyou willhave an oppor tunity' to consider the special surveys, wbidi bave been returned by the respective Commissioners, appointed in pursuance of the act of the eleventh day of AprU; the objections which are Offered to some of those sur veys; the deviation formerly recommended to be made in tbe course of the Pittsburgh road; and the expediency ofa revision of-the genei-al laws, concerning the publilb highways. The causes which were origina-lly assigned.as justification of the delay in laying out the town at Presqu' , Isle, and the road from Reading lo that place (althougb some preparatory- steps have been taken in exploring the road) are strengthened by the issue of the late ne gotiation with the Indians. If, therefore, you contem plate those plans, as of immediate importance, it will be necess'ary to provide adequate means, for the pro tection and safety of the Commissioners, who are em ployed to execute them. "To the several subjects incidentally introduced in the course of this statement, permit me now, gentle- ' men, to add others,' which, as I before observe!, will require the interposition of the Legislature; and ' on which, I am confident, your wisdom and industry will be usefully and seasonably exercised. "As every transaction tbat is connected witb our Fed eral Compact that relates to its principles and construc tion, or effects its popularity and preservation, must be deemed of primary importance, I take the earliest op portunity, at the reqiiest of the -Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, to present to your View, the proceedings ofthe Legislature of that state,- On tbe claim of jurisdic tion made by the Supreme Court ofthe United States, to compel her to appear and answer, as a defendant, in a suit instituted against her by an individual citizen of another -state. -'Fhe discussion of the question, which this communication involves, wiU unavoidably lead yoti to consider, even though the power, thus claimed- (and supported, indeed, by a decision in another cause, ofa 214 MESSAGE OF iGOVEBNOR MIFFLIN. ^OctoiiH simUar nature) has been legitimately delegated by the constitution to the Supreme Federal Tribunal; whether experience, the attributes of state sovereignty, and the harmony ofthe Union, do not require that it should be abolished: but, whatever may be the result of your de liberations on that point, you cannot fail lo observe, with virtuoiis satisfaction, and patriotic pride, that, while , an attempt to reform the political systems of other coun tries, is generally opposed by all the arts of corruption; and embarrassed by all the miseries of intestine tumult, the American government happily provides, under cir cumstances equally free from influence and fear, for the explan-ation of whatever maybe thought ambiguous, and the amendment of whatever may be found errone ous, in the excellent instrument by which it is deline ated. "Before the present session is adjourned, your atten tion, gentlemen, will be required, as well lo regulate the mode of electing representatives in Congress, as to apportion the representation in the state Legislature, conformably to the rule declared in the fourth section of the first article df the constitution . The enumera tion ofthe taxable inhabitants, for the latter purpose, has not; however, been yet received. A measure that must be so beneficial to the community; as the institu tion of public schools, cannot, I am persuaded, require a constitutional injunction, to secure your regard; nor, while the means of diffusing useful knowledge shall be consulted, will you neglect to provide a competent sup port for the seminaries and teachers of the higher branches of science and literature. The system of our penal law, is still susceptible of some improvement; and I think the law which respects creditors and debtors, might be so meliorated, as-fo alleviate the severity, to which the latter are exposed, without impairing the justice, that is-due lo the former. The militia act re quires considerable amendments, to render it efficient arid satisfactory : some regulations for the assessment and coUeetion of county rales and levies, are indispen sable: and the. general wish of our constituents clajms the early establishment ofa moderate fee bill, - I have, on other occasions, suggested the propriety of season ably providing against the inconveniency, which will eventually attend the issuing warrants for a greater quantity-of land, than remairts'the property ofthe state; as well as for ensuring the payment of the stipulated - price, , at the time of application: audit cannot escape your observation, that some precaution will be necessa ry to prevent the mischievous controversies, which -may hei^after be the consequence of intrusive settlements upon located, thpugh distant, tracts of land. * 'Besides referring these topics to your consideration, permit me to remind you, that the act for extending the time allowed to obtain patents on old warrants and lo cations; the acts providing for ,the temporary deftnce of the western frontiers and the river Delaware; the act supplementary to the general law for preventing pesti lential diseases being brought into the state; the act for transferring the powers of tl^ late, to the present. Ex ecutive; the act for regulating tbe exportation of pot ash and pearl-ash;de to .which to attach themselves. UMBRA. A PUBLIC MEETINO OF THE FRIENDS OF , AMERICAN INDUSTRY. Ala meeting ofthe friends of American Industry, • Iield aUhe MusicaiFund Hall, PhUadelphia, Septem ber 2S. at half past 3 P. M. Hon. Joseph Hemphill was appointed Piesident, and Mathew Caret and Robert Waln, Esqs. Vice-Presidents, and 3 ^iias Page and Thomas M. (Pettit, Secretaries. The Chairman opened the meeting with some perti nent observations, including a statement of the objects propose^ in the call . ' Cha,rl£S j. Ingersoll. jEsq, then prefaced, with suitable remarks, and offered the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted: — U. S. Gaz. RESOLUTIONS. 1. Resolved, That National Industry, the power wbich creates social ddle's company of artillery, under Lieuten ant Hall, participated in the action. The captains, of ficers, non-commissioned officers and men, conducted themselves as brave and faithful sdldiersj a'lid the whole artillery, then on the field, pursued, under the fire of the enemie's batteries, with rapidity, and Saw theni pre cipitate themselves with-in ^ibeir works, [Across -the chippeway river.]. At this period of the action, two eighteen pounders, iinrler Captain Williams, and the remai.nder df Captain Biddle's artillery, were brought upon the field; butthose officers reluctantly quitted the ground without beirtg permitted to open battery upon the enemy's works, beyond Chippeway."- At the battle of Niagara, on the l2tb of July, 1814, Major-General Brown in his despatch to the Secretary of Vyar, says: - "The corps of artillery commanded by Major Hind- man behaved with its usual gallantry. Captain Tow- son's Company attached to -xhe 1st brigade [Scott?s] was the first and last engaged, during the whole con flict maintained that high character which they had previously won by their skill and their valor. Captains Biddle ahd Ritchid were both wounded early in the ac tion, but refused to quit the field. The latter declared that he never would leave his piece, and true to his en gagement, he fell by its side, covered with wounds." At the night assault of Fort Erie by Gen. Drtimriiond on tbe 13th of August, 1814, Maj. Gen.. Gains in his de spatch to the Secretary cf War, says:-^At this moment every operation was arrested by the explosion of some calridges deposited in the end of the stone building ad joining the contested basliop. The explosion was, tre- mendOu^^it was decisive — the bastion was restored.— At this .moment Captain Biddle was ordered to cause a field piece lo be posted^ so as to -enfilade, the exterior plain and salient glacis. The Captain, though not re- covered- from a severe contusion in the shoulder, re ceived from one ofthe enemy's shells, promptly look ' his position, and served bis field piece witb vivacity and effect. Arid again — , "Major Hindman, and'the whole of the artillery un der the command of that excellent officer, displayed a degree of gallantry and good conduct not to be surpas sed. • • • Captains SW/e artd Fanning on the centre and right of their entrenchment, threw their shot lo the right, left and front, aud artnoyed the Indiaris and light troops of the enemy approaching from the woods." 222 DIVISION OF PHILADELPHIA COUNTT. [OeTOBSW It is in the junior grades, to nien like these, — ydung, educated, full of 2eal and intelligence, — ;that in times of peril, we are to look for the defence of our rights and honoi^ and the glory of our arms. — For his repeated acts of heroism j Captain Bitldle received the rank of maljor, by brevet. - 'In 1818-9, MajorB. served in the staff of Brigadier- GeneralAtkinspn, whilst the latter established the posts on the upper Missouri and Mississippi rivers. On the further reduction ofthe army, in 1821, he accepted the office of district paymaster; married, and has since resi ded in St. Louis down lo the period of his late fatal rencounter. In him the country has lost not only a gaUant, but a most gifted and estimable man. Something must be allowed lo the habits of certain district of country par ticularly in times of high party strife and disii'ension. — If, therefore, the manner of his death was rash, bht a small portion ofthe blame was his: — in chivalry, none; , for his cortduct was honorable and manly throughout. ,And even there, the scene of bis lamented end, hun dreds and hundreds who shared his friendship. Or par took of his open hdspitality, like the thousands who knew and admitted him elsewhere, will ever be ready to bear witness that, to the greatest sternness of integrity, courage and purpose, he united in private intercourse, tbe gentleness andamiabUily of a child. NIAGARA. From the Germaatown Telegraph. DIVISION OF THE COUNTY; Ma. Editor — Believing, as 1' do, that your useful journal is, and always has been, open to a free discus sion of the subject of dividing the county, and knowing that the subject is an important one, I have long anx iously expected, that some one of your numerous cor respondents would enter the fists in opposition to the measure, and show us the opposite side of the question. It is evident that I, tpgetiicr with those of my fellow- citizens opposed to jt, havebeen disappointed; while the columns of the Telegraph have been weekly fillecl with arguments in favour of division, no one hasyet dared to oppose it. This being the case, in the absence of tbose much more capable, I propose through your columns to lay before the citizens of the county, a few facts in relation to the matter. " It has become almost habitual, in the preseht stale of human nature, 'particularly in affairs of this kind, fur every one to question his neighbour's motives. I have doubted, (and justly, a's 1, think I shall prove) the os- tensible objects of those jn favour ofa division'. I have sought tbeir motives, but must confess have failed in finding them. I first attributed it to some political manoeuvre, to politics, that all-absorbing subject, which so often carries every thing before it ; but I see among the advocates of division, men of all political hues, with many of whom I arn personally acquainted, and, for whom I entertain the highest respect, and know that they could not stoop to political intrigue. 1 next thought, as the idea, from the best of my information. originated in Ger.nnantown. that it was a measure inten ded solely for the benefit of that place ; but here again I am met with a proposition, that the location ofthe cuimty town be left with three disinterested commis sioners appointed from another county, and that it shall be central as il regards population and geographical limits. It is true the calculation, may be such, by tak ing Blockley and parts of Montgomery county, as to make Gei-mantown centralinboth these points ;.of this, bowever, I know nothing, but amfully convinced that if Germantown expects to be benefitted by being a court town, il is altogether "a mistaken idea. I have only lo refer to other county court towns, what are they ? Take away from thein their industrious citizens, their mechanics, nnd tbeir m'anutacturers — I repeat, what are they ? Too often, hot-beds of vice, immorality, and dissipation, filled with pettifogging lawyers, whd, generally speaking, have not employment for more than three months in theyear; the remainder of which is spent in idleness and dissipation. How many pa rents have had their ambitious hopes and prospects blighted by sending their sons to those places to study l-jw ' by the way, generally a mere burlesque on study. How many of tbose sons, after having run a brief course of dissipation, gambling, &c. have ended in mania a potu? I write, Mr. Editor, feelingly on this subject, and, could, if it were proper, name a number of cases in point, the subjects of which were personally known tome. 1 appeal to any person acquainted with tbe manners and customs of most county tOwns, whether this is an exaggerated statement. And let me ask, what equivalent would Germantown receive for being infested with a set'of ninth-rate lawyers ani^ their stu dents ? What benefit would She receive T Simply, encouragement for another nuisance, a multiplicity of ¦taverns, iVandoeas Boxes; first, a set of petty, half-, learned quibbling attorneys, to produce and encourage litigation and disputes among many of your honest citi zens, leading tbem continually after some ignis fatuus, producing in Ihem a,state of excitement and idleness, and finally, having been fleeced out of half their sub stance by one Aar, spend the remainder at the other. At a loss to find other reasons for dividing the preseht county, I must conclude that it originates in want of proper information on the subject; and although I con sider it unwise and imprudent fur us of the country to agitate the question, convinced as I am that the County has every thing lo /ose and K 0 Q 0 Nailers, 0 1 0 Malsteus and Brewers, 1 0 0 Potters, - 0 ' 0 0 Tinners, - 2 0 0 Distillers, 3 0 1 0 WUEELRIGHTi, 0 3 1 2 Stocking- WEAVERS, 0 1 0 1 Gns SMITHS,' 3 0 0 0 Rope-makers, 0 1 0 0 Whitesmiths, 0 3 ,0 0 I'olal of manufacturers. 32 37^ 15 23 Total families. » 130 40 85 * The population of Washington is unknown, but it is less than that of Pittsburg. , It appears from this table, that in those county-towns (or seats of justice) in the interior and western parts of , Pennsylvailia, the necessity fur'maiiufactures has occa sioned a little congregation of artizans, in the proportion of twenty seven parts in one hundi-ed, ofthe whole vil lage in the smallest instance, and in the proportion of ' thirty-seven parts in one hundred, in the largest. Tbe town of Washington, which is the most remdle. and is beyond the Ohio, bas been created since the late war. Its distance is about 300 iriiles west of Philadelphia The variety of its manufactures is strikiiig.arid it may be safely affirmed, that at the seats of justice, in the coun ties of Delaware, BQcks, Chester and Montgomery, wbich are nearest to Philadelphia, as great a number of manufacturers,, in proportion to their respective popula tion, does not eidst, th'ough the family manufacturers are more considerable in tbese, and though they have numerous tanneries, iron works, powder mills, paper mills, blacksmiths, hatters, shoemakers, weavers, and other valuable workmen, in their villages and scattered turoughoiit their populous townships. This, however, is the case.in some degree,' likewise in the townships of the western scene above described. In the midland counties ofPennsylvania, manufactures nave resulted from a flourishing agriculture, and, im mediately on their birth, bave contribute^ to the pros- 224 MISCELLANEOUS. [0(H«)»SS perily of the cultivators. The borough of Lancaster, which is the largest jnland town in the United States, is sixty-six miles frorii a seaport, jnd ten from any prac tised boat navigation. The number of families was in 17S6, about 700, of whom 234 were manufacturers.— twenty-five tailors, twenty -five weavers of woolen, linen and cotton clotb, three slocking weavers, fwenty five white and black smiths, six wheelwrights, eleven coop ers, six clock and watchmakers, six tobacco and snuff manufacturers, four dyers, seven gun smiths, five rope makers, four tinners, two brass founders, three skin dressers, one brush maker, seven turners, seven nail makers,, five silver smiths, three potters, three brewers, three vc'oppersmiths. and two printers ip En'grish and German. There were in 1786, also within , thirty-nine miles ofthe town, seventeen furnaces, forges, rolling mills and sUttirtg mills, and withm ten miles ofit eigh teen corn mills, sixteen saw mills, one fulling mill, four oil mills, five hemp mills, two boreing and grinding mills for gun bai-rel^, and eight tanneries^ The increase since 1786, must have been very considerable; for, the attention ofthe United States has been yeiy'muph turn ed to manufactures since the year 17^7. It m>y be safely.affirmed, that the counties of Lancaster (in vvhich the borough is) York arid Berks are the mo.st vigorous in Pennsylvania,.perhaps in the Union, and that there are none in the state in which there are more riianufac- tUrers, is beyond all question. They are all, fifty miles or more, from the iiearest seapprt. adviseable and satisfiictory, while on the ground, to have ascertained the possibility of entering the Great VaUey by a more direct route than that by following the- Fienoh creek valley to its junction with the Schuylkill river; still it is known that the latter is practicable. The following is the list of them. Fouiteeii hatters,, without much difficulty; which is all sufficient for the thirty-six shoemakers, four tanners, seventeen saJdlers, ' purpose of obtaining a charter for the road. From the From the Upited State. Gazette. PHILADELPHIA AND READING RAILROAD. At a meeting of the committee appointed to examine the'proposed route fdr the Philadelphia and fieading Rail Road on the west side df the River Schuylkill, held at Kimberton, 9th nvD. 17lli 1831.' The minutes of the Proceedings of the committee were read, frpm which it appears a survey has been made by J. Edgar ThomRson of the route from the head waters of the north branch of Frepch creek to Beadiri^ — that the grade of the road from the summit level lo Reading would be under 30, feet td the mile, after overcoming about 200 feet by stationary power near the summit — that the French ci-ei.k valley has been examined, and is deemed favorable ground for a rail road, and that from French cpeek to Peters Island, two routes are deemed.practicable, one to enter the great valley, by the Bickering gap and thence down the val- ley to the mouth of the gulf stream, and thence by the Schuylkill, or to keep down the French creek toils mouth, thence bythe Schuylkill to Valley Forge,thence througb the high grounds, by tbe course of the valley, and thence to the Gulf stream as before, &c. And the following letter from the Engineer to one of the committee being now produced, his views were up on motion unanimously adopted, and ibe letter ordered to be published for the information of the friends of the route. And il is agreed that this committtee wiU not meet again until afierthe meetingof the friends ofthe route, wbich is to be held By their own adjournment, at Kim- , berton, on7lhday the 15th of next month, at 1 o'clock. P. M. ' Editors of newspapers, friendly to the object, are re- , quested, to give these, papers one insertion. JOHN SOGERS; GEORGE CHRISMAN, EMMOll KIMBER. Phiiadeipbia, Sept. 16th, 1831. "Dear Sir:— I do not conceive that il is necessary for the committee to incur ariy additional expense in ma king furtiier sotveys for the proposed Philadelphia and Bending rail road; although it would have been both mtiuth of Fi-ench creek, the line may conlinue along the valley of the'SchuylkiU to the Pennsylvania rail way at Peters Island, which isthe only practicable point of in tersecting that work: or as proposed, pass up Valley creek, tlierice near the King of Prussia, and along the Gulf stream, to its intersection with the river. If Ihe commiltee desire it, I will draw a report and estimate of what hasbeen done, and also give my, opin ion on the probable cost of forming the road along the French creek valley. Respectfuly, your friend, JN. EUGAB THOMPSON. Emmor Kimber, Esq, PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. MONDAT EVESINO, Sept. 26, 1831. SELECT, COUNCIL.' — Mr. Dcane presented the following remonstrance from Stephen Girard, Esq. whieh was laid on the table. To the Select and Common CouncUs of Philadelphia. The memorial of Stephen Girard of the said city, re spectfully represents — That having been inf6rmed of an application, made to Councils by Messrs. Hollirigs- head, Piatt and Taylor, in relation to the property lately purchased by them in north Wat^-slreet, north of your memorialist's stores ; and having also been in formed of the ordinance proposed by the Comm'ttee of Councils, to whicb the said applicati.in was referred conceives it to be his duty after due consideration, lo remonstrate against such proceeding as is contemplated by that oidhiance. ¦ Your memorialist does not Suppose that Councils have a right to grant lo any private persons for any term of lime, the right, title, interest and property of the city in any part of any public street, or alley; but if your memorialist is mistaken, and if Councils have such a right, he respectfully asks whether any such privilege should be granted to any private persons td the prejudice of your memoriaUst. and inpreference to him? Your memorialist conceives that when his past improvements, bis long residence on the spot, and his desire further to improve, are considered, a preference should be given to him : he does not, however, seek a favour; he barely objects to the grant of a favour to others, to his own injury, and respectfully makes known, that if Councils are disposed to grant the privi- lege referred to, your memorialist wishes to have it for the term pf twenty-fiye years only, and will give to the City at least five hundred dollars more lhan any otber individual, obligating himself in the mean time, to keep the premises in complete and good order in all respects. The Select Council passed an ordinance for con structing a culvert in Schuylkill Sixth-street, and one filing the width ofthe cart-way in Bank-street The Common Council did not form a quorum. [Phil. Gaz. We learn from a respectable source at Doylestown, that tbat place is exempt from bllipus disease except in a single family at the foot ofthe hill. The population is about eight hundred souls, and there are not five persons sick. Our correspondent remarks that but few districts either in town or country, are so well off in this respect, at this season. We give this statement to cor rect the tendency ofa paragraph ofthe opposite tenor, which was, last week, circulated in the newspapers, and erroneously ascribed to the Doylestown Democrat. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PE]\]\SYLVANIA, DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF BVEHI KIND OF USEFUL INFORMATION RESPECTING THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL. VIII.-NO. 15. PHILADELPHIA, OCTOBER 8, 1831. XO. 197 From the Bucks County Repablican. ESCHEAT COURT-REYNOLDS' CASE. [cONTINOSn PROM PAGE 198. ] The following is a sketch of the Address of Mr, Ross, the Escheator,: . , Gentlemen of the Inquest — We have, after a long and laborious irtvestigatian, arrived nearly at the close of this case. - Its importance, not only to the persons in possession,' but particularly to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, demanded a patient and serious exami nation. This it has received. It now becomes my duty, as the representative ofthe interests ofthe Com- 'mon^Vealth. lolay before yoii the grounds upon which this property is claimed as an Escheat. In doing so, it will be my object lo select from the great mass of tes timony that has been offered, such parts as really have any bearing iipon the immediate -points.Jii issue ; and to preserit them for your consideration in as plain and simple a shape as the natu ik; of this case willadmit. It has been objected- in tbe outset of this case, and urged strenuously in the argument of it, that this Court has no authority to take cognizance ofthe case now trying ; but that the decision of it belon.s:s to the Board of Property, under the act of Ap. 5, 1782^ 2 Smith's Laws, p. 15. The determination of this question forms - no part of the matler you are calle,d upon to decide. The oath oraffii-mation that you have severally taken is, that •-' you wiU diligently inquire whether John Rey nolds, late ofthe county of Bucks, hath died intestate, and whether he was at the time of his'death seized or possessed of arty and what estate, real or personal, in the county aforesslid. and also in whose hands or posses sion the same shall be." You cannot therefore extenc} your inquiry to questions relating exclusively fo the power and authority of this court; but must confine yourselves to the matters contained in the oath that hasbeen administered to.vou. The question ofjuri's- diction must bfe determined by another tribunal. Suf fice it to say; that the proceedirigin this case is founded on the 14th sec. ofthe act of 1787, which expressly au thorizes the cognizance of cases of Escheat happening as well previously, as since the Revolution. , By the 28th sec. of this act, it is provided. .," that if any person, who at the time of his or her death, was seized or possessed of any real or personal estate within this commonwealth, die intestate, without heirs or any known kindred, such estate shall Escheat to the C6m- monwealth, sUbjefit to all legal demands on the same." In order then to establish the Escheat of this land, it is necessal-y that the commonwealth should prove, Ist; That John Reynolds hath diedintestate, without heirs or known kindred. 2d, That he was at the time of his death seized or possessed of this property. *_ 3d, It is also necessary to show in whose'hands.or possession the said land may be. (Before Mr. Ross proceeded to an examination of these points, he presented the Jjjry with a history ofthe proceedings that bad at different periods taken place in relation to this property, as far as it could be col lected from the evidence adduced. For this statement, VIII Vol. 26 I see a former number [Register, p. 209] of the paper containing it. He then proceeded.) The first question for your inquiry,and to which your attention must be' particularly directed,, is. Did John Reynoldsdie intestate, without heirs or any known kin dred ? Isr, Did he die intestate ? There can be no doubt, gentlemen, of the death of John Reynolds, al though it has bedn seriously urged that there is no evi dence ofit, and tbat j'ou 'should not be pernntted^ to presume it. The Patent was granted to him in 1687, and supposing him to be then only- 21 years of age, he would at this time, if livitig, have numbered 162 I years. The time that has elapsed, therefore, is suffi cient to raise a presumption ofhis death. Independent, however, ofany presumption, you have, in evidence the admission ofthe settlers themselves, in all their pro-t ceedings with the commonwealth in relation to this land, that John Reynolds is dead. Did be then die intestate ? It has been shown by the certificate ofthe Register of'this county, that there is no will of John Reynolds on record in his office ; and also by the certificate of the Register ofthe city and county of Philadelphia, that there is no wiU on record in that office from the year 1687 to 1776, both inclusive. If John Reynolds had died testate in this county, his will must have been .recorded in one of these offices j and consequently, as nP will has been found, it is suffi ciently proved that he died intestate. It has been iirged, however, that he might have died in England, and left a will on record: in that cpuntry ; and that his intestacy has not beeri made ouf, inasmuch as there bas been no certificifte adduced in evidence, showinjf that tbere is no will on record in that country. Even ad mitting that he died testate iri England, still, unless such will is executed arid proved according to the laws of this State, it would not pass real property situated in this county (Toi. Ex. 72 ;) though Ss respects personal property the case would be different. (1 Binn. 266^) It has then, 1 'think, ' been clearly shown, that John Heynolds died intestate. ' The next point under this division ofthe case is, did he die without heirs or known kindred ? This might be presumed from the fact; that although a period of 144 years has elapsed, no one has been able to establish his titie to the property, as the heir of John Reynolds. You arcj however, not asked to presume it ; you have the admissions of it by those under whom the preserit holders of this land claim. Updn examining the Escheat Warrants of 1769, you.will find that the settiers them selves represented to the commonwealth, that John Reynolds had died " without issue, relation, or known kindred," &c. The present holders claim under the persons to whom these Escheat Warrants were granted- so that you have the express declarations of the parties immediately interested, admitting the fact ; stronger evidence tban thiscould notbe offered, These Escheat Warrants are the foundations Upon which rest the titles which .Belts and Bonner have obtained from the Com monwealth ; and which if the representation then made be now denied by you, can ' convey no title, although they have received paterits for the relspective quantities of this tract. In addition to what I deem such strong conclusive testimony, we have also the decision ofthe Board of Property made in 1794. upon the caveats 226 LAW CASE— ESCHEAT COURT. [OeTOBKB filed in 1788 by the persons claiming to be the heirs of John Reynolds. The Boaijd in their decision say ; — " Heatly and Tilghman, counsel for the caveators, re spectively appearing, and producing divers testimony, some in support ofan English John Reynolds, and some of that under an Irish John Reynolds, nefther of which is satisfactory lo the Board, therefore the said paveals are -dismissed, and patents allowed lb the said settlers. &c." Thus it appears that so laie as 1794. the Board of Property examined this matter, and not only decided against the claims of those representing themselves as the heirs of John Reynolds, but directed patents lo issue to the settlers. This dfecision, independent of the Escheat Warrapts of 1769, goes far towards esta- blistiing the point that I am now considering, particu larly if taken in connexion With the other strong pre sumptive evidence. [Here Mr. Ross also commented' upon the Report of-the Board of Property, made in 1784, and the petition presented to the Legislature in 1831, together with the repoi-t ofthe coriimittee, to whom had been referred the petition.] To refute this evidence, you have the declarations of Samuel Reynolds that he is an heir; made at different times and to different individuals, oncel believe before the committee of the Legislature. The church re cords of Chichester, in England, have also been offered in evidence, to show that John Reynolds left heirs. First, as respects the declaration of Samuel Reynolds, I would observe, that they can have no weight with you in your decision of this point ; as well might the com monwealth call upon you to receive the information, which he has filed as evidence of the facts therein staled, as the counsel for the claimants lo ask you to receive his declarations, as sufficient evidence of John Reynolds dying without heirs. Ifhe be really an heir, why has he not long since established his claim ? Why has he surrendered to the commonwealth all his right to the property, as heir, and preferred receiving but one-fifth of this land, when he might have received the , whole ? The fact is, it is in evidence, that he did en deavour to establish his claim, and was unable to do so. So far theri as respects Samuel>Reynolds being the heir of John Reynolds, it has been clearly established that he is not. I lay 'rt down to you, -however, gentlemen. thatthe right ofthe commonwealth to property that is alleged to have Escheated, cannot be defeated by the mere declarations of a person that he is an heir, whe ther sucb person be the informer, or a mere stranger to the proceedings of Escheat. The heirship must be clearly and satisfactorily made out. Mere Suspicion or rumour that a perspn is an heir, is not sufficient to jus tify you in finding a verdidt, that property has not Escheated. Then we -have the church records of Chichester to the same point. These records show that' there was a John Reynolds born in England, 24th of October 1651, They prove nothing more than that a man by the name of John Reynolds was born in England, and, that he had brothers also born there ; but whether it was the same John Reynolds who obtained a patent from the Proprietary does not appear; on the contrary it is to be presumed, that il was not the same John Reynolds, because these church records were certified in England in 1790, and in 1794 the Board of Property made their decision upon the caveats filed by the individuals claim ing to be the heirs of John Reynolds. There can be no doubt therefore that these records were procured for the purpose of estabUshing the right of the cavea tor's, claiming under the English-John Rey-nolds ; par ticularly if it be recollected that these records have been until lately in possession ofa family representing themselves as descended from John Reynolds! Then, gentlemen, the commonwealth has 1 think satisfactorily shown, that John Reynolds died intestate without heirs or known kindred. The next question, for your consideration is, did he die seized or possessed of this land ' In suppol't of this branch of the case, a warrant for 1000 acres of la'nd in- Bucks county, granted " at the request of Zach Wbitpaine'in behalf of John Reynolds, hasbeen read in evidence. This warrant is dated thp 18th of February 1687. A return was made of the survey on this warrant the 7tb of May 16875 and a pa tent issued to John Reynolds the 8tli of July inlhe same year, for 984 acres, the quantity returned in the survey. It has, however, been strongly contended, that these proceedings are no evidence that John Reynolds was ever seized or possessed of this property ; and particularly that it, was necessary for the commonweallh fo have shown that this land was seated and improved by John Reynolds within three years after the survey made upon it. A patent is prima facie evidence, that the titie js vested in the patentee, [2 Binn. 12,] and in this State, title.draws after it, as a legal incident, a con structive possession, unless where the land is held ad versely, (4 Serg, and Rawle, 466. ) It has been shown that John Reynolds reoeiyed a patent. This wa:i prima facie evidence of his title. It threw the onus of disprov ing it upon the occupiers of this land, who now deny the tille. If John Reynolds did not seal and improve this land within'lhree years after the survey, according to the tenth article of the concessions agreed upon, between William Penn and the, first purchasers, it rested with them lo show it, and not witb the com monwealth, as hasbeen contended. Some ofyou, gen tlemen, I believe, own land originally patented to the first purchasers; and can you for a moment believe, that in order to derive a title from the commonwealth, you would be called upon not only to produce the pa tent, but-also to show ttiat the land had been settled and improved within three years from the survey ? Who, ofyou could make tlie requisite proof? Such, how ever, is not the law. The party disputing your title would be bound to show that the settlement required had not been made. In this case, what evidence have the present occupiers offered, to show tbat tbe land was not settled or improved within three years > They contend that the warrant having been taken out by Zach Whitpaine, the inference is strong that John Reynolds never was in this country ; and consequently, - that the land could not have been settled by him. Zach Whitpaine took out the warrant in behalf of Reynolds, and acted as his agent. If, therefore, you believe that Whitpaine settied the land, it was the same as if Rey nolds himself had done it;, the maxim ofthe law being; " Qui facit per alium. facit ,,pe'r se.". The recital in the patent to Struttell. is also relied upon to show that this land had not beeft settled , and that the Proprietary Government had resumed the grant. Upon an examination of the re-survey of 1781, you will find, gentiemen, that no part ofthe 500 acres patented to Slrutlell, was embraced within the Rey nolds' tract. This Iherefure can be no evidence that the Commonwealth resumed the grant , neither is there any thing in the recital which proves that Reynolds did • not settle the land ; it is the mere representation of an individual applying for land made in 1742, fifty-five years after the patent to John Reynolds. It was im possible, therefore, for Struttell to have known whether the land had been seated or improved within the three years ; at any rate, his declaration is no evidence of the fact. On the contrary, it is evident ftom the letter of James Steel, written in 1739, that the land had been for some time settled previous to that period. So that the representation of Struttel is expressly contradicted by this letter ofSteel's, who it seems at that time assumed the chai-ffe and care of this properly. It is manifest that the Commonwealth has always ad mitted that John Reynolds was seized and possessed of this land, and that she has done no act, from which the presumption can be drawn that Reynolds forfeited bis title to it. In granting the Escheat Warrants of 1769, in making the re-survey of 1781, and the contract of 1784 ; in issuing patents to Belts and Bonner, an^ in ISSI.) LAW CA«B— ESCHEAT COURT. 227 deciding upon the caveats filed by Isaac and Jesse Rey nolds; and in the coutse pursued by the Legislature at the last session relative to this matter, the common wealth has always proceeded upon the grounil that Reynolds had been seised of this properly. This alone would be sufficient evidence, that Reynolds had ob- tained a perfect title. But there is still stronger evi dence, of it, and such as must be decisive of this ques tion. You have the acts and declarations of the settlers themselves, from the year I7S1 to 1831, admitting that John Reynolds hat! been seised and possessed of this property. You will find upon referring to the petition presented at the last session of the Legislatute, that so early as 1751 the settlers entered into a contract fur the purchase of this land with a certain Emanuel Rouse, whd represented himself as a purchaser from the heirs of John Reynolds. This contract, ho*ever, was not carried into execution, RoUse being unable lo make such a title as the settlers required. - If Reynolds had forfeited his right, why did they thus wish to purchase the property from a person professing to derive title from the heirs of Reynolds? But again, in making application for the Escheat Warrants, they say " that a certain John Reynolds was in his life time lawfully seised in his demesne as of fee, of and in a certain- tract of land, situate, &c. Herethen you have the clear and explicit declgrition df the persons under whom the present occupiers claim; that John Reynolds was law fully seised of this property. This admission, thus so lemnly made, and repeatedly recognised by some of the present tenants, not only in their contracts with the Stale, but in their conveyances so late as 1813, ren- dei-s unnecessary any further discussion of this point ; and is conclusive that John Reynolds was seised and possessed of this land. But it remains to be shown, that hew'as seized and possessed of the land at the time of bis death. You have in evidence the certificate ofthe Recorder of this county, that upon examining the Record of. Deeds for said county, from theyear 1684, there is no Deed on record from John Reynolds for any land in Bucks Coun ty. You have also the certificate of the Recorder of the city and county of Philadelphia, that tbere is no , conveyance on record in his office, made by John Rey nolds from 1684 to 1776. If Reynoldsliad made a con veyance of this land, the deed must have been recorded in due of those offices; consequently, if you believe that he was ever seized' and possessed, you must also believe that be died su seizedand possesse.d. I think, gentle men, that you will find no difficulty in making up your inquisition, as tothe second point of inquii-y, .tp wit:^- "Trhat John Reynolds died seized and possessed of this tract of land, now claimed by the State as an Escheat." Before 1 proceed lo consider the remaining question for your inquiry, it may be proper for me to notice some of the pdints; that have been raised by the counsel for the tenants. They consist of two leading questions: — ist. Have the Proprietaries, or the Commonwealth, done any act' that amounts to a direct or implied waiver ofher right to the Escheat' 2d. Have the occupiers of the land acquired a vested right in itby occupancy, .im provement or otherwise? As'to these points. 1 think there is no difficulty. What haye the Proprietaries of the Oommonwealth -.done to waive the right? It is ur- gfed, that they have lain by and acquiesced, until the possessors had obtained a tille? In what does the evi dence of this consist? It is admitted, that .so early as 1739. the Proprietary Government exercised a control ove? it, and that in the years 1767 and 1769,she claimed the right to it, upon the representation ofthe seUlers themselves. This right has also been' recognised by the Commonwealth, with the consent ofthe settiers, in 1781, '84, '87, '94, andin 1831. Is there ariy thing in all this that bas tbe least semblance lo an acquiescence in the claim of the occupiers of the land, or to a relin quishment ofher own right? For my partI can see none. It it also said, tbat she has waived ber right by receiving purchase money from some of the tenants; as well as by ^he issuing of Escheat Warrants; thereby granting the pre-envption right.- The purchase' money that was paid was in pufsuance pf the contract wbich ihe settlers themselves made the State, and was founded entirely on the admission by the occupiers themselves, that the Stalls had a right lo this land as Escheated property.— So far, therefore, from this being a waiver, il on the contrary, is a positive assertion ofher right, in conse quence ofthe Escheat. Then, as respects as the Escheat Warrants. It ig contended that these wiu-rants have vested a title jn the tenants; and that the act of 1787 canriot under such circumstances extend to Escheats, happening before the revolution. 'For the support of this doctrine, the. 2d provision ofthe 15lh Section ofthe Act of 1787, is reli-, ed upon. This section ^jrovides, that the claim of no person shall be affected by the Act of 1787, who shall be possessed of any Escheat happening before the re volution, by virlue of an Escheat Warrant. ' But the next section provides,' nevertheless, that such Escheat Warrant and survey niade Uiereon, must be ret\irned into the office of-lhe Surveyor General,within two years afferthepubUcation ofthe act,and also provides that the purchase money, Ipgeiher with the. interest due there on, be satisfied within one year thereafter, where such survey hath not been duly returned and satisfaction made for the land before. -In order, therefore, to se cure these persons from tbe operation of this act, it is necessary for them td show, that tbe surveys upon-^thein Escheat Warrapts, \Vere returned into the Stirveyor General's Office within two years after tbe publication ofthe Act; and also, that tbe purchase money and inter est was paid within one yeat after the return of the survey. Have they shown this' Unquestionably they have not. On the contrary, there have been but five re turns iif Surveys on these Warrants adduced in evi dence; some of which were returned so late as 1814; and only three individuals have paid any part ofthe purchase money. Tlie Escheat Warrants, therefore, do not take their case out of the operation of this act of. 1787. It is true, they gave tiiem the pre-emption right, in preference to EUicott and kinsey, and indeed, all others. This rijjht, however, has never perfected so as to give Ihem a title,excepting by Belts and Bonner.wbo haye obtained patents. (Mr. A'lbert Smith, one of the counsel for the settlers, here referred the Escheator lo the Acts of Assembly, providing for the payment of the pubUc debt, and the acts generally relative to the pa tenting of lands, to show that fhe limitation, in the 16th section ofthe Act of 1787, had been extended, even at the last session.)' I do not think, gentlemen, that the acts referred toby Mr. Smith, relate to cases of Es- - cheat Warrants. Two ofthem were passed previous; to the act of 1787, and i;elale to Indian lands; the oth ers. I conceive, do not extend .the limitation mentioned intheaot of 1787. But I will even adriiit thatthey do;nay', 1 will go further, and admit, forthe sake pf argument, ' that these settlers have a title by their Escheat War rants; StUl it will not affect tbe questioii we are trying". It only establishes the fact, tbat this land Escheated be tore 1769, and^this is all that is necessary for the Com monwealth to prove. In considering this case, you are not limit^.,^0 any lime of finding when the Escheat happened} the question iii, "Whether this land ever did Escheati" — and it is this which you have sworn to try. The time when the Escheat happened is totally immaterial; and your firidingthe Escheat, does not 'an nul the contract. It is, ip-fapt, the ground upon which the contract was madef and unless you find that this land has Escheated, either in/1769, or at any other pe riod, I do not see how the contract ever can be enforc ed, or the purchase money recovered from these ten ants, Ifthe land neverdid Eisolieat, (and this is the al legation on the part ofthe tenants,) the State certainly had no right to the property; and, therefore, could ndt contract for that,' which didnot belong to her. In dr- 228 GOVERNOR MIF/LINS' MESSAGE, [OCTOBIS der then, to establish tiiis contract, it is necessary to prove that the land has Escheated. But whether this contract can be enforced, forms no matter for your con sideration. The point now considering is, whether the State waived her right by issuing these Esclreat War rants, From the view that I have taken ofthese War rants, she most assuredly did not. We now come to the other point, viz: Have the oc cupiers ofthe 'and acquired a vested right in it by oc cupancy, improvemerit, or otherwise. There is no doubt that occupancy'of unappropriated land will give a pre-emption right, and which. if diligently pursued. will give to the occupant a complete equitable title, — To such title even the right of the Commonwealth, or of the person subsequently deriving title from the common wealth, will be postponed. The case under considera- tidn is not, however, a case of unappropriated land. — The title to the land in question bad passed from the. Commonwealth to Joho Reynolds, and had become vested in him. There is another mode in this state of obtaining title to land by mere occupancy, and that is underthe Statute of Limitations. The commonwealth, however, is not affected bythe Statute of Limitations^ although is has been urged upon you, apparently with some degree of seriousness, that she is. The statute does not run against the Commonwealth; but even if it did, she could not be barred in this case, as at no time bas there been an adverse possession of these lands. Mr, Smith, with much ingenuity, has "endeavoured lo sho-W(, by a calculation of interest, that these lands must havebeen settled previous to the year 1720. andthat they were so settled- with the consent of the Proprieta ry Governmerit. A letter written by James ^teel. in 1739, in behalf of the Proprietaries, for the purpose of preventing the commission of waste, has also been read in evidence to, show that these lands were settled with the consent of the government. It is then argued, that if settled at that time with the consent of the Proprie taries, the period that has elasped, accompanied by their quiet possession and improvements, would secure to them a right of property against the sovereign power of the stale itself, However, this may be, suffice it to 'say, that the settlers theniselves have never denied the title of the Commonwealth; and that, so far from claim ing under a grant from the State, accompanied by pos session and improvement, they have not" only accepted Escheat Warrants, but have contracted with fhe State in 1784, for this very land, and which contract has been recognised by them inlhe conveyances made, so late as 1813. All pretence, then, of a claim of this kind, is negatived by almost every act ofthe settlers themselves. Many cases have been referred to, and much law cited by the counsel for the tenants in possession, in support of tbeir different positions, but which) so fir as I am able to judge, do not apply to the facts of this case. Tbe principles laid down are not denied, but merely their application to the case under consideration. The third and last subject matter for your inquiry is to ascertain in whose hands or possession this tract of land now is. This ppirtt-has also", I think, been satisfac torily shown. It is proved that a printed notice was served upon, I believe, 34 persons, either personally, or by leaving a Copy at their dwelling-houses. The sub stance of this notice was, that an Escheat Court would be held on a particular day, to ascertain whether a cer tain tract of land, a part of which was in their posses sion, had escheated tO the Commonwealth. The coun sel who have appeared before )ou, acknowledged that they represented the persons who were thus notified, • but have not attempted lo show that any part of this land was in their possession. On the contrary, they have aUeged that the title to this property is in tbe per- ' sons notified, so that you have thus the express admis sion of these seUlers, made through their counsel, that they are In possession ofthe land. In addition to this, and of others by signing the petition presented to the legislature, amounting altogether to about twenty per sons. If you entertain any doubt asto ^be persons in possession of this pt-operty, jou have it in your power to adjotirn until further evidence on this point is addu ced. I do not think there is any necessity for this mea sure, as the point in my opinion is clearly proved. It requires twelve of your number to find the Es cheat. As many, however, as believe that the land has escheated, may also sign Ibe Inquisition. If twelve do not agree, no Inquisition of Escheat can be returned. You may separate the land which bas been Patented and paid for, and return the rest as Escheated; or you may Escheat tlje whole tract, and leave the Patentees to prove their tille upon a traverse of the Inquisition. This latter mode will be the more proper,as the common wealth alleges the Escheat to have happened previous to 1769, and long before the Patents were issued to Belts and Bonner. I have -now, Geritlemen, conscientiously discharged what I beUeved to be my duty; and I trust that you will enter uppn the performance of yours with a single eye to the authority of the laws, and the maintenance of those principles of justice lo whicb the Commonweallh. is entitled equally with individuals. We are aU bound to contribute something to the government that protects us in our rights, and secures us ih our possessions, and it is but fair that the tenants of this tract should pay something to the Commonwealth forthe land they oc cupy, and which they expressly admit has been grant ed td them by the Commonwealth. Let your decision, however, be made without any regard to the conse-, quences that may follow; and pause ere you disregard not only the rights of the Commonwealth, but also the solemn acts of the tenants themselves, admitting all that is now asked. Tbe case is in your hands. 1 bave ful filled my duty., and it remains for you fearliessly to per form yours. .The Inqtiest returned the following verdict "That Joh'D Reynolds, in the writ rtamed, did npt die intestate, without heirs or known kindred, and that the land, which wajr patenled-lo him the 8th of July, 1687, lying and being in the county of Bucks, has not Escheated to the Commonwealthof Rennsylvania," GOVERNOR MIFFLIN'S MESSAGE. The following message should, in point oftime, have preceded that contained in our last number. The pre sent one having been delivered at an extra session of the Legislature, was overlooked. The message calls to mind some interesting events ofthe period when it was written. Friday, August- 13th, 1793. The Address ofthe Governor, being caUed for by Mr. SmUie and Mr. Smith, was read as follows, to unt, "Gentlemen ofthe Senate, and Gentlemen ofthe House of Representatives! "The state of the Union, and of Pennsylvania, as an important member of the Union, renders the present session peculiarly fortunate. The extensive commerci al intercourse, that subsists between the United States and some of the belligerent powers of Europe; the so lemn obligations of treaty, by which we are pledged to others; the sentiments of a cordial friendship, which cement our aUiance with one party; and the justice which, as a nation at peace, we owe to all the parties; are considerations of sucli variety and importance, as cannot, I think, be contemplated by any patriotic citi zen, without solicitude and apprehension. But, howev er great the difficulty may be, under these circumstan ces, of preserving the neutral character, in a manner you have the acknowledgement of some of the tenants I universally satisfactory, it is certainly the duty of those tbemselves, made to the constable who served the notice I with whom the administration of the public affairs is IMl.] GOVERNOR MIFFLIN'S MESSAGE. 229 entruited, to attempt the arduous task; and. I am con'- fident, that, recollecting the calamities, which we have formerly experienced, and reflecting, with becoming gratitude, uptm the present prosperous condition of our country, you will approve and sanct'ion every just and constij^utional exertiop, that is calculated to maintain the dignity of our government,- and to avoid a pariicipation in the war. ' , " Upon this meritorious principle, and in order lo put the citizens of America on their guard, at this critical period, the President issued a proclamation, declaring that the duly and interest ofthe United States required, that they should, with sincerity and good faith, adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and iriipartial towards the belUgerent powers: and, as the letter, which commu nicated this proclamation, expressed a confidence, that injunctions, so interesting' to the happiness and pros perity of the United Stales, would have the benefit of my aid, to promote their general and strict observance in-Pennsylvania, I thought h incumbent upon me, like wise, in the most public manner, lo recommend the subject to the attention of my fello'w-citizens; and to ¦ exhort them faithfully to conform to the diiipositiop, which the President bad officially recognized and pre scribed. ( " This amicable arid impartial dIsposition,'being thus announced on behalf df ihe General Government, some occurrences soon rendered it necessary lo provide an adequate remedy, in case of any violence being com mitted by the belligerent powers,, upon vessels within the jurisdiction and protection df the United States; or, in case any of those powers should commission, arm and equip privateers, within our ports; a practice deem ed inconsistent with the duties of neutrality, and dan gerous to the peace of the nation. Accordingly in the capacity of Commander in Chief of the mil'tia ofthe commonwealth, 1 received instructions from the Presi dent of the United States, tp interpose in either of those events; and, with the aid ofthe militia,' lo detain thb aggressor, in the first instance; 'or the privateer iri the second; until the President should decide upon stich further proceedings, as the occasion might require. — These instructions being immediately communicated to the Board of Wardens, with a request that tiiey would pay a vigilant attention to the subject, I was assured, that proper measures would- cheerfully be pursued, for ascertaining and reporting, without d^lay, every tran saction, that appeared to militate against the peace and neutrality of the port. "Permit me here, gentlemen, briefly to recapitu late the several cases that have occurred under the President's instructions: referring, however, for a more particular statement to the documents which I have di rected lo be laid before you. " The first was the case of the ship WUIiam, brougbt into the port as a prize to the French privateer, called the Citizen Genet, but captured, as it was alleged, with in the Umits of the protection of the United States. — The Court of Admiralty for this district having decided against ita own jurisdiction, as to -trying tbe merits of that allegation, the President-requested, tbat I would order a party of mililia' on board of the ship, for 'the purpose of keeping her in safe custody, until his deter mination should be had upon the subject. With this request 1 immediately complied; but, upon its being officially intimated to me. that a subsequent arrange-" ment had been made, for leaving the ship, in the pos session ofthe French Consul, while the legitimacy of her capture was under consideration. I directed ibe party of militia to be withdrawn. After this direction was given, however, and notified to the French Consul, that gentleman transmitted, to me a written instrument, complaining and protesting against the Seizure and de tention Of the'prize. " I he next instance was attended with more difficul ty. Onthe twenty -second day Of June, the Master Warden suggested to me, that the Little Sarah (now called the Little Democrat) a prize to the Embiiscade frigate, was fitting oul'in the same manner as privateers: and. this information I immediately communicated to the President. On the twenty-fourth day of the same month, the Master Warclen made a more particular re port on the subject, which was, likewise, submitted to the President's consideration. But, as I did not receive, any directions in consequence Ofthese communications, I presumed that either the case itself, was-" not within the meaning of the general instructions which had been given; or that the equipments menfroped in the reports ofthe Master Warden, did not sufficiently ascertain the fact, that the vessel was intended for a privateer. On the fifth day of July, howeVer, the Secretary at War represented to me, that since tbe report ofthe Master Warden, such indirect information had been received, as would, if founded, render il indisputable, that the Little Sarah wasarrining and equipping as a cruiser; and, Ihereuppn, I Instituted the necessary enquiries^ for ac curately ascertaining- the, circumstances relating to tbe vessel. The information which I collected, confirmed the opinion that I'had originally conceived; and afford-'' ed reason to suspect that sbe intended shortly to leave port. In order, therefore, lo obtain an opportunity fiir the President (wbo was then absent from the city) to decide upon the propriety of forcibly detaining hfer, as she was declared to be the property of the government of France,, I directed the Secretary of the common'- weallh lo wait upon the Minister of the Republic, to represent to him the circumstances of the case, and to request, for the preservation of peace and harmony, that; he would give directions for suspending her dOr parture. But as the Minister would not enter into any satisfactory" assurance in this respect, I tbougbt.it my duty, immediately to instruct the Master Warden of.the port to prohibit any pilot from taking charge of the vessel; and I issued orders to the Adjutant General for making a draft from the militia, for the purpose of car rying into effect tbe President's instructions. The ne cessity of an interposition, in this mode, was fortunate ly, bowever, superseded, by an explanation with the Minister of France, wliich inducetl the Secretary of State to believe, that the vessel would not be permitted to sail, till the President's sentiments on the subject were declared; and, upOnJhe request ofthe Secretary of State I discontinued 'the military arrangements, which had been previously directed. " A few days su^iseqtient to this transactidn, the French Consul, represented to me, that an English arriied vessel, called the Jane, carrying sixteen, guns, provided witb a~ Letter-of-Marque, and designed to cruise upon our coasts, had arrived at Mud-Island; and, referring to the treaty of amity and'coriimerce between the, United Stales and France, be requested that orders might be giveri to prevent this vessel from entering the harbour. Upon enquiring, however, more particularly into the facts, the Master Warden reported, that the ship came hither lo take in a cargo for the Isfand of Jamaica; and it appeared that her equipments and co.-n- mission were, intended' for protection, in a course of commerce, and not for offensive war. I did not conceive that the case was comprehended within the provisions of the treaty; and, therefore, I submitted the Consul's representation, and all the documents relating to it, to the President; whosa opinion, I believe, corresponded with mine upon the subject. "Though such' were the. sentiments entertained on the arrival ofthe Jane, it was soon suggested, that her captain, having refitted her in a warlike manner, was endeavouring to encrease the number ofher men and guns. A vigilant attention was, therefore, given to all her operations; and every article of authentic intelli- genpe that 1 collected, was, without delay, transmitted to the President; .who desired that the vessel might be stopped, in case she should be found augmenting her force,- and about to depart. On these points, conclu sive evidence was, at length, obtained; and it became 230 GO'VERNOR MIpFLIN'S MESSAGB., [OcrrOBEii -»riy dtity to provide, with the aid of the mUitia, for de taining her. But,, in the course ofa correspondence with tbe President on the subject, I w'Ss informed, that, in consequence ofan arrangement with the British Min ister. it was deemed unnecessary, at that moment, to interpose with the militia,, although it was expected, ^that I should employ such means of coercion, as were in my power, for stopping her, should she attempt to depart, before a stipulated period, and without a deter mination upon her case. The ves^sel, having eventual ly complied with the injunctions,' that were given, for tbe reduction of her military force, was permitted to prosecute Her voyage. I " But, in the course ofthese transactions, I clearly discovered, that it would be impracticable to execute the President's insti-nctions by drafts from the miUlia, made on the spur ofthe occasion. It was obvious that the equipment of privateers, and the commission of oth er outrages upon the neutrality ofthe port, might take place in the stream ofthe river, at a considerable dis^ tance from the shore ; and should any opposition be given to the measures, that were directed to be em- . ployed in such cases, for detaining the offending par ties; success would be rendered doubtful; the honor of the government mjghl be committed; and the tranquU- ity of the city must be disturbed. With a view, there fore, to dischai-ge the duties imposed upon me. in a man ner the most efficient and the most safe. I stationed a party of militia at Mud-Island, and erected a battery there, so as tocommand the navigation of the Delaware; having previously communicated my design to the President, and obtained the Attorney General's Opinion in favour of ils legality. I enjoy the satisfaction, indeed, of knowing, thatthe arraligeinent was genarally approv ed; and, I am confident, that, on your part, you will not only cheerfully defray the incidental expenses (df whiph. together with copies of the orders, that have been issued, from time to'time, an account will be trans- milted to you) but that you will, also, provide for the ' continuance of so necessary an estabUshment, upon a more perfect plan; at least, during the existence of the European" war. The charge for the pay and rations of the militia will eventually be exhibited against the Gen eral Government; to whose officers I am indebted for the loan of arms and ammunitio/i; but it will be neces sary, in the meantime, that the Legislature should make an approbriation for repaying to tbe Bank ofPennsyl vania, a sum of two thousand dollars, which (being bor rowed on my pershna| credit) has been expended, witb tbe strictest economy, in maintaining the men, raising the platfbrm, aiid making the indispensable repairs, at the fort. " The advantage of this arrangement became every day more apparent, particularly when the President, in explanation of his general instructions, for preserving our neutrality, declared, that no privateer, which bad been, or should be.'fitted out, within the United Slates, shall be permitted to find an asylum in any of our har bours; and that every prize, taken by sucb privateers, should be seized, on her arrival within the jurisdiction ofthe respective states, fur the purpose qf being re stored to her owners, at the time ofthe capture. Pay ing a due attention to the President's declaration, you will perceive by the papers, which I have directed the Secretary to deUver, that the French privateer, called the Citizen Genet, one prize taken by her, and four prizes, taken by the Little Democrat, have already (and almost all on one day) required ari interposition ofthe militia; unless a party had been actually on service, and abatlery erected, at Mud-Island, pould not have been procured with sufficient facility and dispatch. Some benefit bas, lilcewise, I believe, been produced by .these means, in relation to the peace and order of the city; whicb, at one period, were so annoyed, as to induce the Mayor to request aMetachment ofmiUtla. in aid of fhe civil authority: and, upon tbe whole, it is not improb able, tbat the knowledge of our being prepared to re sist, may happily contributed to prevent, an infraction of the neutrality of our port; ' ,, " During your recess, gentlemen, the hew system for the regulation of the militia, as far as it depends up on the appointments of the Executive, has been put in to operation; but the election of officers, chiefly in the neighbouring brigades, have been attended with con siderable embarrassment, and few -of the returns have hitherto been rendered. Considering the importance, at all times; but, particularly at present, of this national safe-guard, a revision of the system, virill, I think, be expedient; and ithas been suggested to m'e in a memo rial fi-om the officers ofthe First Division, that forthe purpose of ensuring punctuaUty, energy, and responsibi lity, some additional penalties (accompanied with effec tual means for recovering tbem) should be imposed on the neglects and delinquencies, prohibited by the law; some more adequate compensations allowed, for the labour and service which it requires. A positive pro vision for deciding ort the contested elections pf the regimental officers, would, likewise, be useful; but you can best judge, from your own knowledge ofthe dispo sition and ipterest of the various parts ofthe state, whether the aUotment of a greater number of days for exercise, in some, or all the counties, would not be pro ductive of a publicbenefit, sufficient to compensate for the private inconveniences that may ensue. " It gives me sincere pleasure upon this occasion, to inform you, that our fellow-citizens on the frontiers, have been very littie molested by the Indians, since your adjournment; and that, consequently, it has not been necessary to make any auxiliary drafts from the militia, in -support of the three rifle companies, ^hat were aulhorised I9 be raised for their protection and defence. I cherish a hope, indeed, that Ihe measures, which have been pursued by the General Government (and lo which, at the instance of the President, I have given all the aid in my power) will terminate in peace: but till the event ofthe ireatv.which is now negociating at Sankusky.is known, or should that event be unfavorableto your wishes, you may be assured, that I will not remit the lawful exertion ofthe F,xeculive authority, to prevent, or to repel, the hostility of our savage enemy. The ac- countSvof disbursements (together with several other doruments) respecting this service, will be presented to you, agreeably to the requisition ofthe act of Assem bly; and I trust, that, after a candid examination, you will be of opinion, Ihat the appropriated fund bas been applied to its proper objects, with fidelity anti econo my, "While adverting to the performance of the various duties charged upon the Executive Department, by the laws of a preceding session,! have always f^lt pecuhar satisfaction in directing the legislative attention to the contracts for improving our roads and rivers. Upon this subject I have instructed the- Secretary to prepare and lay before you. a report, comprehending, in one point of view, all Ihe objects ot improvement, the names ofthe respective contractors and their sureties,! the sums appropriated for each object, the sums ad vanced on the several contracts; and remarks (relerring to the corresponding Vouchers) upon the- progress, or execution, of every particular work. In consequence of the_ general order, that has been issued, I expect, likewise, shortly to obtain, for your information,-an of ficial report, founded upon actual examination, ofthe fidelity, with which Ihe contractors have discharged their several engagements; and ofthe public benefits, that have been derived from so liberal an expenditure of the public wealth. In the meantime, you will receive such of the surveys,as have been returned bythe Com missioners, appointed, under the act of the eleventh of April last, to view and lay out the road from Philadel phia to the borough of York; the road from M'Call's fen-y to the line ofthe state of Delaware; the roB4from Pratber's lo the west side of Chesnut Ridge; the road from Spiker's to Cherry's raillj the road from Heading 1831.] GOVERNOR MIFFLIN'S MESSAGB. 231 to Presqu' Isle; and the road from Strasburg towards Newport. To some of these surveys; however, objec tions have been offered by the neighbouring inhabilants, the propriety of which it is your province to consider; as well as to decide upon the respectable application that will be laid before you, for authorisirig a small, but advantageous alteration, in the course ofthe state rpad, . running between Turtle creek and Pittsburgh. I regret that I cannot add to the communications onthis sub ject, an account of any progress being made, in laying out the town at Presqu' Isle: but the state of that coun try and the other reasons assigned in the report of l.he Comriiissioners; will. I am pursuaded. be thought a sufficient justification for the delay that has taken place. ,"In compliance with the respective laws, measures have been pursued to procure an enumeration ofthe in habitants of ihestate; and to execute the preparatory ar rangements, respecting the institution of the Loan,of- fice; though in the latter case, difficulties have occurred, for the removal of which the Commissioners of several of the counties will, probably, solicit your interposition. The laws of the last session, the volume of la vvs're-pub- lished, the militia law, and the rules of military discip line, have been printed, and distributed according to tbe direct'ipns of the Legislature; and 1 have also contracted, under your authority, for the re-publication ofthe laws, passed -antecedently to the year one thousand seven hundred and. eigh'ty-qne. I have not yet, however, been able to procure the octavp volumes ofthe acts of Congress, directed to be purchased; as a new edition became necessary to supply the number specified in the law, but they wiU be ready, I hope, in ihe course ofthe present session. ' ' ' "On viewing the actual state of our finances, I cannot avoid remarking the very advantageous alteration pro duced by those fiscal arrangements, which have been niade, since the establishment of the present constitu tion: -for the payment of our slate debts; the extin guishment of the various emissions of paper money; and the consolidation of the public resources; have obvious ly introduced system and certainty, where disorder and embarrassment formerly prevailed. Still, however, it is of importance that moti effectual means shopld be devised for the, collection ofthe arrearages of taxes; and for disengaging the product of the Land-office (which since the fourteenth day of March last, has amounted to two hundred and twenty-six thousand six hundred atid four dollars) from the delays and accidents,T incidental to the practice of admitting applications, before the part'fes are prepared to pay the stipulated price tor their lands. Some precaution will, likewise, be necessary to guard against tbe grants Warrants for a greater quan tity ofland, than remains the property of the public. "You will perceive by the papers,, respecting the /' Bank of Pennsylvania, that, in conformity to the opin ion nf the Attorney General, I made an early subscrip tion, on behalf of the state; and that, after having recei ved information from the President and Directors, that the institution was duly organized, I issued warrants, at several times, in favor of those Gentlemen, forthe gross sum of one hundred and sixty-three thousand, four hun dred and sixty-nine dplUrs, and eighty-three cents, in, six per cent, stock; one hundred and thirty thousand, four hundred^nd sixteen dollars, and thirty-three cents, in three per cent, stock; and two hundred and sixteen thousand, one hundred and one doUars, and twenty-five cents, in deferred slock; together with three hundred and seventy-four thousand, , two hundred and seventy- one dollars; and six cents, being the specie sum, which according to the reports of the proper officers," might be appUed, independently of the prior appropriations, and without entirely exhausting the Treasury, towards tbe payment of the' state subscription. The aggregate ofthese sums (estimating the stock at the rate prescri bed) amounts to seven hundred and fifty thousand dol lars.; so that there is a balance of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, which, I sball of course obtain on loan from the Bank (according to the stipulation of the act) for the purpose of completing the price of the public shares, "From the satement that will be exhibited to ypu, in pursuance of my directions, you will find, that since the first day of January last, the payments into the Ti-e»s|i- , ry, (exclusive of those which have been made in bUls of _ credit) being added to the balance of two hundred and eighty-four thousand six hundred and fifty-nine dollars, and forty-four cents, previously existing, constitute a sum of six hundred apj seventy-five thousand four hun dred and fifty-nine dollars, and fifty-eight cents; apd the expenditures have amounted to the sum of six hundred and Iwenty-three thousand and nipety dollars, and six ty-four cents, including, among other articles, the ex penses of goverrtment,the redemption ofthe public debt, the defence ofthe frontiers, the improvement of roads and rivers, tbe payment of pensiorts, the specie of sub scriptions tp the Bank of Pennsylvania,' the grant to ac commodate Congress (which, according to the repre sentation ofthe County Commissioners,, will -be inade quate to itspbject)andthe grant in aid of the Pennsyl-, vania HospitaL .On this view, therefore, the balance that now remains in the Treasury, amounts, to the sum of fifty-two thousand three hundred and sixty-elghtdol- lars. and ninety-four cents, besides a considerable accu mulation of paper money, which you wUl, no doubt, di rect to be destroyed. "The Comriiissioners for seftfing the accounts of tiie individual, with the United, States, have. I am informed, presented their report, but as no official communication of the result has Been made to me, I am only able, af this time, 10 mention that, from the statement ofthe A^ent on behalf of Pennsylvania, it appear^, that the aggregate of our claims for principal and interest, amounted to the sum of thirteen inillions three hundred and forty-seven thousand, three hundred and twenty-six dollars, and twenty-four cents.^ "Before I dismiss this subject, so intimately connect ed with the department of accounts, it is proper to in form you, that, during your recess, tbe Comptroller has refu.sed to submit tp the inspection ofthe Committee of Investigation, the books and papers, that were deposi ted with him. by the late Agents of the Pennsylvania line. On this occasion I have proceeded with all the circumspection in my power, as well, ori tbe one band, to procure for the committee the salisfiiction which they required, as, on the other hand, to ayoid the appear ance of interfering, either with the general enquiry in stituted into that officer's transactions, ot. with a partic-' ular operation of the impeachriient which is riow depen ding. The same motives still induce me to content my- self.with mentioning tbe subject, and submitting lo your perusal the correspondence vvhich it has produced, "Gentlemen ofthe House of Representati/ves! ' "The exercise of your peculiar province, in origina ting money bUls, vvill, lam confident, equally demon- state your liberality and econoriay. In this respect, therefore, I shall only observe, that besides the provis ion for defraying the charge of defending the port and river Delaware, to which I bave already referred, an ap propriation will be necessary to satisfy the certificates (amouhting to three thousand two hundred and sixty- three dollars and eleven cents) which have been issued for debts liquidated since the last session, beyond the sum of five thousand dollars, heretofore set a part for that purpose. Several documents will, likewise, be laid before you, from which it appears, that the money, allowed for surveying several roads, bas been found in sufficient. "Gentlemen ofthe Senate! and Gentlemen ofthe House of Representatives! "Having thus presented to your consideration a gen eral view of.the public business, which hasbeen trans- acted during your recess; of the state of our finances; and ofthe demands that await an appropriation; I shaU not, at tbis lime, press many other ohjects upon your 232 TRENTON DELAWARE FALLS COMPANY. [OCTOBBH attention as requiring the interposition of fhe Legisla ture. But, besides referring to your own records, and my former communications, permit me specially to sug gest to you, the expediency of immediately establishing a System for the assessment and collection of county taxes; of reforming the interior accommodations of our prisons (on which subject a representation from the In spectors ofthe prison of Philadelphia will be comnnini- cated lo you) of framing a comprehensive and moderate fee-bill; and of improving tbe regulations pf the Health Office. This institution^ indeed (as on other occasions I have observed) becomes daily more important to the weU being of our metropolis. At this moment an alarm prevails, respecting the appearance ofan infectious dis order; which, -together With the recent occurrences, that have increased our intercourse with the West-In dies, and the Toflux ot foreigners, must point out the necessity of more strongly gtiarding.the public health . by legislative precautions. , -In the meantime, I have in stituted the proper enquiries, lo ascertain the nafture, extent, and remedy, for the existing disease; and per mit me to assure you, that the Health Officer, and the Physician ofthe Port, aided by the Officers of tbe Pol ice, and the Gentlemen ofthe Faculty, will pursue ev- ery rational measure to allay the public inquietude, and , efTecfually reriiove its cause. "As a discussion on the propriety of reviving several acts,, whose legal expiration approaches, will, likewise, einploy a portion of the short period, that can be allolr ted to the present Session, it may be proper to remind you, that the duration of the supplement tp the act for- raising, county rates and levies, and the suspension of tbe act for the sale of located, but unimproved lands, to pay the arrearages of certain ITaxes, are limitedto the thirty-first day of December next; that the actio regu late the exportation of pot ash and pearl ash, has ceased to operate; and that it is ciuestidnable, from the terms of the law, whether the existing act, forthe suppression of vice and immorality, can be considered as remaining in force, longer than the twenty-fifth of the ensuing month. "But amidst these subjects of political arrangement; amidst our official cares to advance the interest and happiness of our immediate constituents; shall 1 be ex cused ifl introduce a claim upon your sympathy and be nevolence; and solicit some aid, td alleviate tbe distress of the inhabitants of Hispartiola, who have taken refuge in our country? The contributions of individuals(though hitherto compassionately and honorably extended) can not furnish an adequate, or pernianent relief: and thus, destitute of friends and money; unaccustomed to otir clitnate; ignorant of our laws, our language and our manners; these unfortunate emigrants are threatened with all the rigours of the approaching winter; arid ex posed to accumulating misery and want. But the char acteristic humanity ofPennsylvania (which has already been moved by the calamities of the case, as the re cords ofthe Legislature may evince) cannot, I am per suaded, remain inactive on the present critical occasion: this intimation wUl sufficiently ensure your attention to the subject; and, whatever course your bounty may pursue, it must, I think, obtain the approbation of our fellow citizens; and excite the emulation of our sister states, "With Ihe documents relating to the subject, that have been stated, you will receive authentic copies of several acts, and of the journals of Congress which havebeen transmitted tome subsequent to your last .session. And here, let me assure you. Gentlemen, that, as it is one uf my most important duties so it has always been one of my highest gratifications, to furnish every species of information, that could either ejucidate my transactions, or facilitate yours, [t is, indeed, a pleas ing reflection to me, that, exercising your constitution- ' al power over the records ofthe Executive Depart ment, you may, at all times, fairly, and. I hope, satisfac-' torily, trace the motives, which have influenced my of ficial conduct. In those records, you will perceive the multiplicity of business, that has naturally flowed from the institution of a government, essentially new in its principles and organization, as well as the extent and variety of the trusts, that have incidentally arisen from our federal connection; from the recent reform in the judiciary, militia, and finance systems; and fro.m the measures pre.scribed for the defence ofthe frontiers; the regulation ofthe Land-Office; the encouragement of settlements; and the improvement of opr roads and riv ers:' And, if a candid enquiry info a discharge of these duties, by corivincing my fellow citizens of the ardent disposition, that I have iiniformly felt, to promote their interest and happiness^' shall add, td the testimony of my own mind, the honor of their approbation, I shaU enjoy a reward,.which no lapse oflime can impair, — no- political vicissitude destroy; ' "THOMAS MIFFLIN. "Phlladelphia,-August 29th, 1793." TO THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTORS OP THE TRENTON DELAWARE FALLS COMPANY. Gentiemen — In presenting you with_an estimate of the cost of constructing the proposed canal for tbe De laware. Falls Company, I must premise, that the esti mate cannot be considered', as accurate in quantities in some parts of it, as I could wish, and as would have been if the high water in the river had not prevented a critical examination about the head of Scudder's Falls, in ordei' to determine the quantity of rock to be re= moved. This can be Well done only in the lowest stage ofthe river. Ihave, aslbeUeve, been rather liberal in my esti mate of this substance, but I wish to err rather over than under. The whole line is divided into sections of about 168 rods, or 42 chains, exact, except where mentioned otherwise. The whole distance, to a larg^ tree near Lambertoh, is nearly seven miles, and is di vided into 13 sections, and the estimate made, for each section separately. Beginning at the head of Scudder's Falls, and run- nin.g tothe foot of the same, 40 chains, or half a mile,- I call section 1. On this section considerable rock will be found, some ofit will quarry up in such small pieces as is fit only for the bank on that section. 1 believe the substance excavated would, if placed with some attention, by the largest stone being placed outside, and the second size within them, and the gra vel and fine earth inside, this'wotild seem every thjng we wish; without a regular wall, except for 6 or 8 chain at the lower end. I have also connected with this section, the cutting of a passage for the entranceof the water from tbe head of the falls into the channel ofthe river, which I have estimated at 260 feet in length, 50 feet in width, and an average of 5 feet deep, as all rock. The whole of the excavation taken from the entrance, Ipropose shall be thrown irito a wing dam, to assist in turning the water into the canal. - . • Informing my estimate ofthe expense of opening this passage, I have considei-ed the difficulties of wa ter, and that probably coffer dams must be formed to keep tbe water from the work, and enable the con- tractors to take out the rock. I therefore estimate as follows :—f here fallows afiar- ticular estimate ofthe work to be done, and ih°. prices, not including lands and contingencies' which are here omitted) amounting to ^70,540.90 cents, as the fuU amount of costs of making a very perfect work, which will reqt^ire but Utile or no repairs when well executed. 1 would here beg leave to remark, that the estimates are made upon a canal, rio-where less than 42 feet on bottom, 60 feet on the top water line, and 6 feet depth of water, from the head of Scudder's Falls to the As- sanpink. And where a greater width can bexibtained without any material additional expense, it will be done. From the Assanpink to Lamberton, the cana] is to be I83I.J ADDRESS OF THE TEMPERANCE. CONVENTION. 233 made 22 feet wide on the bottom, 40 feet on the'lop water Une. and 6 feet deep. I have considered that about one-half the water would probably be used before passing the Assanpink, and probably more than halt, if we include what may be used on both sides of this stream, and near the banks; and assuming the«e premises as correct, the 40 feet water line, for all that part below the Assanpink, will be amply sufficient. - Accordingto rules laid down by, Prony, on velocity of water in streams and canals, and allowing there to be 2 inches descent in each mile, the velocity in the 60 feet canal will be about 1^ miles per hour, this will give 2,0*9,540 cubic feet per hour, or 33,639 cubic feet per minute. If we suppose that we can command 14 feet head at the Assanpink and 19 feet at Lamberton, allowingfor descent in the canalS inches per mile, then we have in one half the water, if used at the Assanpink, a power equal to 306 horses,' and if we calculate for the other half at Lamberton, we have equal to 416 liorse power. This is sufficient for as many manufactories as the friends of the project can" reasonably wish; or if any greater- power should be found available, it could be obtained by a dam at tine head; which should raise the water one foot above what we have now assumed as the lop water line ; and we shall then have doubled the whole power from 722 to 1444 horse power. It is, assumed, by writers on the subject, that a power equal to 56i horses, will carry 10,000 mule spindles for spin ning yarn as fine as No. 48, with 400 looms lo weave the same. I had determined in my own mind to make the Aque duct over the Assanpink 30 feet width of water way, and 44 feet from abutment to abutment, if.there vvas no pier. If we found rock convenient fpr founding a pier, it would be advisable lo build one, as cheaper than to carry the timber work over without one. If we should therefore have a pier, 1 -would have the two spaces each 25 feet. The plan for bridges, I have sujsposed the most sim ple, to be the best.. A truss or bentr in the middle of Ihe canal, and.sti-ing pieces frqrii that to each bend of the canal ; iflhisbentis3feel above the water, it brings it on a level w-ilh the bank, and it makes it sufficiently high for rafts or boats, witbout covering to pass under. The plans which 1 propose for embankments in the river, on Section 2 lo 7. ,is shewn in a sketch herewith shewn. This is to be varied to suit the case in local circumstances. 1 have also given a sketch ofthe bank on Section 11, and manner of sccurir.g it against abra sion. " . ¦ ' / ihink this will make a permanent and. safi work, which is very desirable in so important an undertaking, and one which is to give value and usefulness to a large amount of capital to be located, and dependant, on ¦its sta bility and permanency. The ground plan of the route, exhibiting the' topo graphy of the country in -the immediate vicinity oi the line, together with a careful designation of the owners ofland along the route, as far as can be obtained, is now in the hands of Mr. Potts in preparation, and will soon be laid befoi'e you. Respectfully submitted, BENJAMIN WRIGHT, Engineer Trenton Delaware Falls Company^ Trenton, June 24th, 1831. ADDRESS OF THE TEMPERANCE CONVENTION. To tlie Inhabitants of Pennsylvania. We address you, friends and fellow-citizens, by di rection, and on behalf of the delegates, from various Temperance Societies in tbis State, who sat in conven- ' Vol. VlII. 30 tion al Harrisburg, on the 24lh and 25lh days of August^ last. The representatives assembled on that interesting , occasion, brought with them very animating inteUigence ofthe strong impressions of duty whicb have most hap pily influenced the minds of their constituents, and others of our countrymen, inducing tbem fo devote their energies to arrest the plague of Intemperance, whigli has laid waste the moral andintellectual strenglh, and beauty of miiltitudesof many generations past, and which threatens to destroy the happiness and useful ness of innumerable responsible beings, in ages income. Will ithe presumptuous lo expl-essthe belief, that nothing inferior to the benevolence wbich proceeds horn the Father of Mercies, can incline the hearts, and enlighten the understandings of those, who seek to be instrumental in accomplishing a refoi-matiori of this kind in our extensive, and otherwise powerful, pros perous, and always beloved commonwealth.- If the motive lo engage in this vast field of arduous and beneficent exertion, be derived fromthe high source tp which we have ventured lo allude, all who are de dicated to the service may be consoled by the assur ance, .that their disinterested efforts will not prove wholly fruitless. It is c-iuse ofregret, that parts ofPennsylvania were not reached in time; by notice ofthe intended conven tion, and that in other sections wbere the inrormalion was conveyed, the sOciefies did nol receive the ques tions designed to elicit important facts relating to the causes and the consequences uf Intemperance; and con cerning the means which had been employed- to dimi nish that evil habit. Notwithstanding these unpropi tious circumstances, twenty-two associations appointed representatives, and tWo transmitted written'communl-' cations to Harrisburg. Imperfect as the returns necessarily were, and not withstanding the failure in procuring any reports from certain portions of the State, the accounts furnished, nevertheless, serve at once to administer gratifying artd painful feelings to every reflecting mind. You v.'ill learn with pleasuie, that among the triumphs of principle whicli'already adorn our cause, great num bers of distillers have ceased to make ardent, spirit — that many country merchants no longer veiid il — that some innkeepers have expeUed it from- their bars— -- that hundredj^ of farmers have entirely abandoned it-^ that the ablest crews who navigate some ofthe finest vessels owned 'ip our metropolis, have renounced it — that in extens.i-ve ship-yards, smitheries, iron-works, forges, and otlj^r mechanical and manufacturing esta blishments, it is voluntarily relinquished — ^tbat several thousand intelligent and independentfreemen of Penn- svlvania have becoriie "members of associations to dis courage, and if possible to put an end to the use of this seductive and debasing liquor — that olher equally estimable individuals of bolh sexes, are less conspicu ously, though less efficiently promoting the same noble purpose— we are, sure, fellow-citizens, this inteUigence will be welcome, encouraging, and joyful toyou. Yet, on the other hand, it will be sorrowful tidings, that the evidence is abundant to prove, that incalculable and unutterable private misery and public evU ; that nearly all the crime, and pauperism, which disfigure our cha racter as a people, with their attendant pecuniary de mands upbn you, are fairly atti-lbulable to the over whelming vice of drunkenness ! • The facility and cheapness with which beverages can be obtained, that are productive of such moral and po litical degradation, afflicting so severely.the common-- wealth at large, are subjects demanding your immediate and unwearied attention, in order to'the application of a remedy.Permit us, therefore, to invoke your patriotism and philanthropy, and urge the speedy organization of so cieties, and the re-modelUng of those which, are al ready formed, upon the plan suggested in the extracts 234 TEMPERANCE 'STATISTICS. [OCTO BEB from the proceedings ofthe convention, which accom- panyv this address. The influence of example, aud combined effort in the collection and exhibition of facts, will weare convinced, prove to be the most certain means of carrying this noble purpose to a succejsful issue. - , It gives us much satisfaction to feel authorised to' pro claim the deliberate opinion ofthe body tbat conferred upon us the trust which we are now endeavouring lo execute, that it relies solely for success upoh.the means which indulgent Heaven may bless, in awakening in the public mind the tenderest compassion for the frailty. and just views ofthe dignity and accountability of man kind in this respeoti With reason, truth, apd persua sion for advocates, a hope is entertained thai ere long the public judgment will be convinced that the aboU- tiou ofthe crime of Intemperance is one of the most important civil designs to elevate the character of the State, and to promote the best interests of its people, which has ever been proposed. It is moreover due to the convention, and to you, that we emphaticaUy announce another doctrine, which received its unanimous sanction, by the mpstdecided and unqualified disavowal of every thing like religious sectarianism in its purposes, andin ardently advising the friends ofthe cause lo avoid all measures wbich can deserve-in the remotest degree, such an imputation. We have thus, fellow-citizens, very briefly, and we ' trust candidly performed our service. Upori you it will depend whether any benefits may flow from this hum ble effort. Ever mindful, however, that human enter prise must prove abortive, without the favour of the. Almighty, to His especial guidance and goodness, in this work of reformation, we affectionately commend you. ROBERTS -VAUX. of Philadelphia city DAVID hA'WSOTSI, of Armstrong county. JOHN h". GORDON. 0/ Buc/fs C(funty, WILLIAM TOD'D,. of Lancaster county,, JAMES STEEL, of Huntingdon county. •R. N. HAVENS, of Allegheny county, RICHARD T. l,^V,Ca,. of .Dauphin coumy, BENJAMIN KAGL'EE,. of Philadelphia county. September 1831. - The WUkins Township Society, report. "Three dis tilleries at present inlhe township." . The Bethany Congregation Society, drganized Jan uary 5th. 1S29— report. "Number of distilleries now in o^jeration within our bounds, is six; iwo bave been stopped from principle, and two from the influence of the Society." , The Pine Creek Society, organized October; 1830, — report, "There are five distilleries in the bounds of fhe Society. None have been stopped from a sense of duty; btjt some of them are about lo be stopped, partly from that cause, and partly from necessity." s City of Pittsburg. Aleg. Co. Total The No.of Tavern Ucensed in 1829, 129' 162 291 Do. do. 1830, 116 185 301 Do. do. 1831, 120 169 289. The present number 289 being in the ratio of about orie tavern to every 170 ofthe entire population one to t() every 30 of the taxable inhabitants. '^ The number of biUs of indictment brought in t^he criminal courts of the county, were in 1839 and 1830. 154 The following is an abstract of the Reports fi-om the several Temperance Societies, presented at the Tem perance Convention held at Harrisburg, August 24tb, 1831. It is to be regretted that similar information had not been received from every part of the state. Limit ed, aa it is; there is sufficient reason from it, to believe, tbat an important reformation is going on in conse quence ofthe efforts ofthese Societies. AlLEGHENT CODNTT, ^ The Allegheny County Temperance Society, was established May 2d, 1829, the present number of ils members 249. There are 9 olher associations "which are not auxUiary to the county society, containing 773 members; which added to 249 make 1022 in this coun ty. The number of distilleries within the county has not been satisfactorily ascertained. The foUowing ex tracts from the Reports of several associations, how ever, show what has been the effect of their exertions within their respective bounds, in arresting the manu-, facture of ardent spirits, i The FrankUn and Ohio Townships, and the East Lib erty Associations report that there are no distilleries within their bounds. The Ross Township Society, paganized March 2d, 1829 — report', *'At the timeof its institution there were /our distilleries within our bounds; three of which haye been discontinued fron conscientious motives.'* The Deer Creek Society, organized November, 1830, report, "There were/owr still houses within the bounds of this Society; two have stopped operation, but we cannot say'that it was from principle." In tbe Court of ftuarter Sessions for Co. 67 Mayor's Court, City of Pittbburg,128 Quarter Sessions, Cases of Jus- tices ofthe Peace, 19 20 214 248 The summary convictions before magistrates, which, in almcfst every instance were for offences Caused by intemperance, in the years 1829 and 1830, were not below 3,50 per annum, at an average expense of $2 each to the county, and it is presumed from indictments al- - ready found that the number for 1831, will equal these two years. From the well known fact that J of all the pauperism -and crime of the county are caused by in temperance directly or indirectly. Allegheny county has been subjected for the encouragement of pauper- ( ism and crime occasioned by intemperance to ^an ex pense of 118,328 17, in 1829, and §19,181 20, in 1830. The reduced consumption of ardent-spirits, is not ex actly known. The Bethany Congregation Society, say that abstinence is observed, at least, by an equal num ber to that oftheir members. The Deer Creek Society, report the reduction one half within their bounds. The Pine Creek Society, reportt that it is supposed, not more than one-fourth ofthe whiskey is consumed in the bounds pf that society, that there was befoie its for mation. Several merchants in the ciiy and county, have dis continued the sale of ardent spirits from conviction of duty. Six drunkards are reported as reclaimed. The Ross Township Society, report, that it is believ ed more tban half of our farmers, who are not members of any temperance society, have conducted their late harvest operations without ardent spirits, and social treating has become unfashionable. The influence exerted by temperance societies has produced a very sensible change on the custons of society. Two cases are mentioned of coal and flour given to families perishing with cold and hunger, being sold by the mother for liquor. Armstrong Countt. No County Society. There are five Societies, not auxUiary, estabUshed in 1830, excepting one in 1829. — They number 378 members. At the beginning of 1830, there were 23 distilleries in operation, within the bounds ofthese societies. Five have been discontinued from principle. ^ Taverns Ucensed in 1829, were 31; in 1830,28; in 1831, 44. The population 17,000 — proportion about 1 tavern to 400 persons. 1831.] TEMPERANCE STATISTICS. 235 It is believed that the consumption of ardent spirits is one-third leas now than at the commencement of 1830. Three nierchanls have discontinued the sale of ar- derttspirits, from a sense of duty. Eleven drunkards have been reformed since the es tablishment of temperance societies in this couhty. '' The establishment of dfemperance societies in this county has had a salutary infiuence in diminishing pro fanity and immorality. Huntingdon County. The Huntingdon Temperance Society; auxUiary to the Pennsylvania Society,, w-as established March 12, 1829; it has 53 members. There are two other associations, whose numbers are not reported— they are not auxiliary. The number of distilleries not reported. ' The num ber is beUeved not so great as a few years ago. The number of Taverns licensed in 1329, was 91 Do. ' do. 1830, 88 Do. do. 1831, 128 _- The increase of taverns in 1831, is owing entirely to the prosecution ofthe public works ofthe county, be ing principally for the accommodation of the labourers and workmen along Ihe'line of the canal and rail way. . The ratio of taverns, at this time is, one lo 292 of the population. There were criminal convictions in 1829 and 1830, 53 viz : Assault and Batteries, 26 Bigamy, ¦ 1 Fornication & Bastardy, 5 Assault, 2 Larceny, 5 Disorderly Houses, 3 Malicious Mischief, 2 Affray, 2 Conspiracy, 2 Gambling Houses, 2 Riot, 2 'Tipling Houses, - 1 Totsil number of Criminal Cases, .53 Expenses for crirriinal prosecutions during these two years were $4,431 89. It is believed that the ilmount of ardent spirits con sumed, has decreased within a few years. The present market value of whiskey per gallon 30 pts. The amount of poor taxes levied in 1829, #5.538 99 Do. ' ' do. " 1830, 5,552 15 Tot,al, 11,091 14 Before the commericement and prosecution ofthe pubfic works, thepoor tax levied would amount to a little more than one-third of the counly tax. The in crease, may therefore, fairly be attributed to the great number of paupers thrown on the several townships for support, by the state improvements, and whose pauper ism is almost invariably occasioned by the too free use of ardent spirits. Tliree merchants and two iron masters have discon-, tinned -the sale of ardent spirits from conviction of duty. A great number of farmers have discontinued the use of ardent spirits. Raisings have been effected with but little, and in some instances with no ardent spirits. , , Dauphin Countt. The Dauphin, County Temperance Society, formed March 27th, 1829, consists of 101 members: The Fe male Temperance Society of 86 members, bolh located in Harrisburg. Two store-keepers wiU decline the sale" of ardenj: spirits as soon as the present stock is expended. Many store-keepers have laid aside the pernicious practice, not long since almost universal, of keeping the bottle on the counter, for the ftee use of customers, and a number of farmers, mechanics and manufacturers have conducted their business without'tlje use of spirits and one party celebrating tbe 4th of July, did not per mit it to defile the festive board. One large foundery and several farmers carry on their operations without ardent spirits. Licenses for 1829, were 125 and in 1830 and 31 tbey average about 10 licenses less each year, although the population is increasing. , Westmoreland County. No County Society. Roslraven Township Temper ance Society was organized the llth of March, 1829, and now consists of 80 meinbers, many ofthe respecta ble and influential inhabitants. Double that number not beloeging to ll^e spciety. have adopted the princi ple of tdtal^abstinence. Few professors of religion are known to use ardent spiriis on any Occasion — There are 10 societies in this county. Five or six distilleries bave declined since the com mencement of this society, and but one is known to be in , operation at this time [ supposed in the township. ] There are but tw"b taverns in this township of a pop ulation of 1700 inhabitants. One merchant has discontinued the "traffic in ardent spirits. j There are twd striking instances of reformatipn from drunkenness, one ari old man, the other in middle life. Not a single case of the habit of intemperance being formed since this-society was founded. It is believed that the consumption of liquor in this township does not exceed one-fifteenth part of what was formerly used here. . Centre County. Centre County Temperance Society, is in its third year; it consists of about 50 members — there is anoth er society not auxiliary, of about 70 membei-s, male and female. There are about 12 distilleriesi none are known to have stopped through temperance principles. Taverns licensed in 1829, were 45; in 1830, 52; in 1831, 56; the increase of taverns is in advance of popu lation. Criminals in 1829, were 3; in 1830, 2 — atthe expense of gl50 34.- TJiere are not many paupers supported by taxes, but ^many are very poor from interiiperance. Three or four store-keepers have discontinued 'the sale of ardent spirits. — The temperance cause is certain ly on the advance. Several farmers got in their harvest this yelar, forthe first time, without ardent spirits. Camdria County. The Cambria County Temperance Society,. formed March 17th, 1829, auxiUary to the Pennsylyania Society —it now has 142 members, principally residents of Eb- ensburg. Another temperinoe society is in the borough of Conemaugh; of about 40 members. Tbere are about 4 distilleries and^40 taverns in the county. Price of whiskey 28 cts'. per gallon. No merchant has given up the traffic in ardent spirits, but all have given up the practice of treating their cus tomers— with the exception pf the laborers 'oh the public works, there is very little intemperance in this county. . Four habitual drunkards have been reformed, and many who were rapidly acquiring habits of intemper ance, whicb, in a short time would have been confirm ed. There has been no poor tax In this county foK three years. 236 TEMPERANCE STATISTICS. [Octobeb The crinipal convictions for 1830, were 20, viz; 'Lar ceny 3, Fornication 1, Riot 2, Assault and Batt^rv about 10, Tippling houses 4,-^the expense of which is not known. SusauEH,vNNA County. Susquehanna Temperance Society, founded February 1829. There are 17 auxil'iary Societies, which with the parent society contain about 1000 members. There are no societies net auxiliary. Three or four distilleries have been discontinued. The present number of taverns, aboul40 — ratio 1 to 425 ofthe inhabitants. Four or five merchants and three or fpur taverns have discontinued the sale of ardent spirits. A number of habitual drunkards have been unit ed to the society — whether flveir reformation will be permanent is not- known. Lancaster Codnty. , Columbia Temperance StSciety, commenced opera tion on tbe llth of June, 1829, under a constitution which left it optional with the signers, (25,in number) either to drink, sell or manufacture ardent spirits. But tbe experience of six months proving the fallacy of half way measures — on the Oth of December following, a new constitution was -formed on the principle of entire abstinence, and from that date, the usefulness of the society was perceived, and its members increased. -It now consists of 133 members. There are several other Jemperance societies in this county, but none propeily organized and in active operation but this., Tfiere are 203 distilleries, none are known to have ds continued their operations. In 1829, there were 293 taverns — in 1830, 319— in 1831, 314 exclusive- of 58 in tlie city ot Lancaster; be- ng a ratio ofi tavern to 205 persons in the county. The criminal expenses of 1829, were $7,751 20J and in 1830, $10,706 14. It is supposed that the quantity of ardent spirits con sumed invColumbiain 1830, containing upwards of 2000 inhabitants, would cost $5000, and in the whole county the cost would be |193,395. The expense in educating poor children, amountetl to$5,7?128 — and the expense of paupers in the poor house $7,786 93. Of 228, the average number of paupers in the poor "house, it appears from the books that nine-tenths of the whole are brought thert through intemperance, and four-fifths ofthe whole are foi^ejgners. From the fore going statement, it appears that Lancaster county paid for the support of pauperism and crime in 1830, f 24,-~ 264 35. Berks County. Reading Temperance Society, formed-the 2d day of July 1829, it has upwards of 100 ijnembers. "Two persons who carried on a distillery, have aband oned the business and it has been converted into a dwel ling house — where formerly there wei-e about 10 distil- 'leries in and near Beading now there is only one. Three merchants have abandoned the sale of ardent spirits and have united with the societj. One tavern-keeper has converted his tavern into a private dwelling, from a conviction that the business might prove a curse la his family. A lawyer belonging to the socitety, who formerly prepared and presented many petitions for tavern-lioenses,, refused On tile ground that they can sell alt that^tavern keepers ought to sell without a license. The' proprietors gf four very extensive iron .works have banished ardent spirits from their families and workmen; the same may be said of many farmers. On the last 4lh of July, 2 volunteer companies in Read ing, in a ' great measure celebrated tbe" day without ardent sfjirits, at ihe close ofthe celebration one ofthe captains deliveieda temperance address. The cause ia suc'ceediag beyond the mp^M||guine expectat'ions. -Bucks County Bucks Counly Society for the promotion of Temper ance, formed September 25lh, 1828; it consists of- 64 members. There are six other societies. The total number of members is about 300. The number of distilleries unknown — 9 are known to have stopped since the format'ron of temperance socie ties. Six store,-keepers have discontinuedthe sale of ardent spirits, it is believed, from conviction of duty, and two have commenced business,who refuse to traffic in ardent spirits. Two tavet-n-keepers have dperted taverns in which ardent spirits are not sold; neither has a license. There'were in 1829, 127 taverns licensed — in 1830» 1S7— in 1831, 128. The present ratio is 1 tavern to 359 persons. The criminal expenses for 1828 n-ere §2,207 61— Jurors' Ivages and mileage $2,262 78. For the year 1829, criminal expenses $1,421 73— Jur'drs' wages and mileage, $2,073 38. For 1830, criminal costs were $2,- 197 69, and Jurors' wages and mileage $2,450 38. The alms-house expenses were $3,953 94, and in 1830, were $3,872 85. The'influence of ardent spirits in increasing pauper ism in the counly may be estimated by the following:-:- In 1830, there~were received into the almshouse 275 paupers, of whom 94 males and 4 females were reduced to poverty directly by ardent spirits, and 17 males and 44 females indit-eclly by the same cause. In one township- 30 farmers secured their hay and harvest this season without the use of spirits, who used it two years ago, and in the lower section of the counly, a great many farmers have banished it from their farms. The decanter of sp'n-its is becoming daUy les^ com mon, as a mark of hospitality. Upwards of 200,000 gfal- lons are supposed to be consumed' in tbe .county per annum. During the last autumn ardent spirits were banished from apart ofthe line of the Delaware divi sion of the Pennsylvania canal. Newville Temperance Society, established-June 1st, 1829. it consists at present of 196 members. In 1829, there were 13 distilleries — 6 of which have been discontinued since the formation of this society. t , In 1829, there were 10 stores, all of which sold ardent spirits, to Ihe amount of $2,000.- In 1830, there were 12 stores which sold ardent spirits lo the amount of $750— making a decrease of $1,250 in one year. In 1829 and 30 there were 11 licensed taverns — in 1831. there were-but 8. / Six drunkards have been reformed, besides a number of tiplers-^about 25 deaths occasioned by intemperance. In 1829, but one farmer cut his crop without ardent spirits— in 1830, there about 12, and in 1831, about 25. A number of building-sand bridges have been erect ed without ardent spirits, and it is seldumseen at ven dues. ,-• 1831.] TEMPERANCE STATISTICS. 237 Tbe^CoNNEiLsviEiE TEMPERANCE SOCIETY formcd in -April, 1829 — it now has 156 members. Every merchant in Connellsville has ceased to vend the article — and the tavern keepers say their sales bave materially diminished, notwithstanding tbeir number has-been reduced. Those members who are farmers cut their grain and attend to their ordinary agricultural pursuits, withput the use of strong drink. In one, arid only one instance since the formation of the society, one ofthe members (a farmer) found some difficulty ih procuring hands tp cut his grain, which having been intimated to some of the members in town, they turned out promptly to his assistance; so in the end the suffered no inconvenience from the absence of Uquor. The result of the recent harvest and the 'one that immediaiely preceded it, has proved beyond all doubt, not only the utilty, but the entire practicability of performing the harvest field la bour without the use of strong drink. So far as we have been able-to ascertain from observatidn and enqui ry, the harvest just past has been attended with the most cheering and satisfactory results — many farmers have been enabled lojreap and gather their grain without the use of any other drink than sueh as nature provides. Others who have furnished it as in years past, in pro fuse abundance, do not hesitate to acknowledge.' that there bas been a consumpiion. less by one half this har vest, lhan in harvests that preceded. This it not the acknowledgement of merely a few combined within the limits of our own neighborhood — it is a circumstance of general notoriety — ^.a circumstance that 'has attended al most every farm in the county. It is worthy of remark, that prior to the organization of this society, there was scarcely a court passed that was not furnished with one or more cases of assault and battery, or petty larceny, from this place or its vicinity. F,or two years past, we do not recollect of a single in stance of either-lo hive gone from this place, or from the four adjacent townships east ofthe Youghiogheny river. ' - : The Influence of this society in reducing the con sumption of ardent spirits, %nd creating an improved public sentiment has been productive of the most happy effects. Northampton County. The Northampton County Temperance Society was formed .\ugust 14th, 1830. It now consists of 132 members; its operations ha«e been confined to Easton, There are three pther societies in the county. Three-fourths of the poor tax, it is supposed are ex pended upon persons whose pauperism has been caused by ardent spiriis. In th^ vicinity of Easton, ate four grain distilleries which work annually about J.00,000 bushels of gralrt, and producing at least 100,000 gallons of whiskey. — Besides these, there is not probably another grain dis tillery in the co. — apple distilleries not ascertained. Amount paid ior the administration,of justice in thf county, in 1828 $4641 07 1829 4947 95 1830 567'8 17 Number of taverns in 1829, 132 1830, 132 1831, 135 TJhe population of the county about 39,000. The population of Easton, 3528 — Taverns in the bo rough, IS — number of Hucksters who sell beer, &c. &o. 27-«-number of stores in Easton, 36— number of stores that do not sell ardent spirits, 8 — amount of borough poor lax for 1828, $1417 22, fpr 1829, 1354^94—1830 1837 75. Three-fourths ofthe poop tax issupposed to be expended on paupers in consequence of intemper ance. Cumberland CoIjnty. The "Young Men's Temperance Society of Carlisle, formed Feb. 1, 1831, has 130 members. The Cumber land County Temperance Society, was formed 20th April 1830, it has 150 members. These societies bave had a beneficial effect upon the customs and fashions of" society. Two distilleries have been discontinued on conscientious grotinds, a,nd the quantity of ardent spir its consumed bas diminished about one-third, Phiiadeiphia County. Kensington Temperance Society of Philadelphia, in stituted 23d of June, 1828, has 80 members; It was always the practice of the ship^btiUders to estimate one hogshead, and sometimesttvo,of rum, and one ban-el of sugar, in the building of a large vessel ; this was .without the provision which was always made fop the launching the vessel, which was a, heavy ex- pence. One ship-buUder has built since the formation of this society, 18 vessels, measuring 3300 tons, and repaired many old vessels withovt rum. employing 35 men per day. Anothership-buUder has built 11 vessels meas uring 2000. does a large portion of old work, and em ploys on an average 40 men per day — w.ilbout Uquor. — Two ship-joiners ,employ from 10 to 30 men without li quor. The allowance to all those was a pint of rum a hand. The Young Men's Temperance Society of Philadel phia, was formed in 1828— it has between 7 and 800 members, whose pledge is. to abstain from ardent spir its except as a medicine, 182^ 1830 1831 In the city of Phii'a. Inns, 99 113 57 Taverns, 346 287 158 752 522 not obtained — County Phii'a. In 1828 there were 2,500 Inn's and tavern's and licen sed groceries, in the city and county of Philadelphia, in the habit of vending ardent spirits. This Considera- bletreduction. amounting to three-fourths in the number oftaverns. inns and groceries, may in,a great measure be attributed to the operation of tlie act of rhe 7th Of .April 1830; aided by an enlightened public sentiment. , The proportion of taverns and inns to the population, is about 1 to 220 souls. -* - The, Second Young Men's Temperance Society of Philadelphia, was formed about the last of May, 1830, on the, principle of abstinence, except for medicine, from ardent spirits — it has since been re.organized up on- tho principle of total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors, without any medicinal exceptions. It promises to be very efficient. Respect TO Chief Justice Marshall. At a, meeting pf the bar of Philadeldhia, held in the Circuit Court Room on the 30th of September, 1831, William Rawle, Esq. was appointed Chairman, and John Sergeant. Secretary. ' .^ The following resolution was unanimously atfopted; — Resohed, That a Committee be appointed to wait up on Chief Justice Marshall, and express to him the rever ence of tbe bar for his pre-eminent character, talents, and services, and request him to honor them with his company at dinner at such time as may be convenient to him. The following members were appointed the Commit tee, to wit: — . . " WUIiam Rawle, Wm- H. Tod, John Sergeant, R.Peters, Horace Binney, c. J. Ingersoll, P. S. Duponceau, ^Josiah Randall, I Geo. M. Dallas. 236 RESPECT TO CHIEF JUSTICE MAHSHAIX. [OdikiBss ' Resolved, That the Hon. Judge Hopkinson be reques ted to unite with the committee in carrying Jnto ef fect the above resolution. At an adjtjurned meeting at the same place on the first day of October, 1831, Mr. Rawle, from the committee appointed yestei'day, reported that the committee, tagether with Judge Hopkinson, who in compliance "with the wishes ofthe bar, united himself with-thein, had waited upon Chief Justice Marshall, and by: their Chairman, communicated V to him tber^esolution of the bar with- the following ad-. dress: Sir: — The Bar of Philadelphia are much gratified by the opportunity which your visit to this city affords us of testifying the high respect and profilmnd veneration for your character felt by us all.. ' We cannot but consider the whole nation indebted to one who for so long a series of years has illuminated its jurisprudence, and enforced with equal mildness and firmness its constitutional authority, who has never sought to enlarge the judicial power beyond its proper bounds, nor feared to-darry it to the full extent that du ty required. In respect lb many of us, ydup exercise of the high office 'df Chief Justice ofthe Supreme Court was ante rior to the commencement of their professional exis tence. With some, the recollection of your appoint ment revives the scene ofthe satisfaction that it gave; with all, there is a perfect conviction, thstt the station never was or could be, better filled. It has, been noticed with infinite gratitude tothe great Dispenser of all earthly bounties, that the hand oftime, Ihough it may affect the body has not diminish ed those great powers by which the mind of the indi- - vidual whom we ,address, has been so long, so eminent ly distinguished. As a testimony ofthe sentiments we entertain, the Bar respectfully solicits the honor of your company to a dinner, on any day you may think proper id name, agreeably to the following resolution tbis day adopted. WILLIAM RAWLE, , JOHN SERGEANT, HORACE BINNEY, PETER S. DUPONCEAU, W. H. TOD, GEO. M. DALLAS, CHARLES J. INGERSOLL, RICHARD PEFERS, JOSIAH RANDAl^L. To the Honorable John Marshali, Chief Justice of the S, Ct U. S. ' To which Chief Justice Marshall, made the follow ing reply. It is impossible for me gentlemen, to do justice to the feelings with which I receive your very flattering ad dress, nor shall 1 make the attempt; to have performed the official duties assigned to me by my country in such a manner as to acquire the approbation of so respecta ble and respected a bar as that of Philadelphia, affords me the highest gratification of which I am capable, and is more than an ample reward for the labour which those duties impose, I dare not hope that my services or abUity to continue them, entitle me to the faVorable sentiments Which your kindness has expressed, but I shall always recollect the expression of them with a degree of pride and satisfaction which few occurrences of my life-have inspired. Might I be permitted to claim fpr myself as well as for my associates, any part (if the liberal considerMion your partial favour bestows it ¦ would be, that we, "have never sought to enlarge the judicial power beyond its proper bounds, nor feared to carry it to the full extent that duty required." My state of health does not permit me to indulge in the pleasures of society, and I know not how long I may continue an InvaUd. I must tberefore decline your polite invitation to dine with you. and intreat you to believe that in doing so, I submit, with infinite reluctance to a privation which I cannot tivoid. ^ With great and respectful esteem, I am. Gentlemen, Your obliged and ob't, serv't. , J, MARSHALL. Mr. Rawle, from the same Committee, reported the following resolutions which were unanimously adopted: Resolved, That the members of the Bar of Philadel phia, will in a body, wait on Chief Justice Marshall, and that he be requested to receive thera in the United States-Court Room at such time as may suit his conve nience: and that the chairman take the necessary steps to carry this resolution into effect. Resohed, That the Chairman of this meetingbe re quested to wait on Chief Justice Marshall and express to him the request ofthe Bar of Philadelphia, that he will perrriit his portrait to be taken. __ _ <> Resolved, That a committee be appointed to obtain -the services of an eminent artist of this city to carry in- , to execution the purpose of the foregoing resolution, should Chief Justice Marshall, assent thereunto. Resolved, That these proceedings be published. Fine Grapes, — A wagon load ef delicious Pennsyl vania Grapes were exposed fop sale in Market-street, between Eighth and Ninth, during Friday and Satur day Of last week. They were the product of a vineyard of Mr. Amos Garrett, of London Grove Towhship, Chester county. The vineyard occupies an acre of ground, and has bfeen three years in cultivation. The crop ofthe present year is the first, but it is liberal, and the grapes are very fine. We are glad to learn that niany of our citizens evidence^ their satisfaction at this agricultural enterprise, by purchasing liberally of Mp. Garrett, who we trust will fully and profitably succeed in rendering his vineyard valuable. We perceive by the American Farmer, that the Bal timore market has also been liberally supplied with fijie grapes the present season. The Farmer mentions a quantity from the vineyard of Nicholas Breirep. Esq. of Annapolis. They were of tbe following kinds :— Golden Chasselas. Sweetwatep, Isabella, Bland's Ma deira and Red Hamburg, the two firel sold readily at $6 per bushel, and the Madeira are selliri^ with equal facility at $3 to $4. Ofthe three last mentioned kinds, Mr. Brewer has about '200 bushels on his vines.— 7nj. Consecration of the Bishop of North -Carolina. This interesting ceremony took place on Thursday, 22d inst, in Trinity Church, Southwark. Three Bish-~. ops were present, viz. the venerable Bishop White, presiding- Bishop, H. U. Onderdonk. of Pennsylvania, and Uishop B. T. Onderdonk, of New York. The morning prayers wero read by the Rev. Dp. Bkrhian, of New York, and the lessonsby tbe Rev. Dr. Delan- cey, of this city.- The testimonials of election and ap probation by the Convention of North Carolina, were read by Mr. Winslow, Secretary of that body. The testimonials ofthe consent ofthe standing committees, were ,read by Rev. Dr. Mbad, and the declarations of consent to the consecration ofthe Rev. Dr. Ives, onthe part of the several Bishops, by the Rev. Dr. Mohtgom- ERY, of this city. The consent of Rishop White was expressed verbally by bimself, with the statement that Bishop Moore, of Virginia, had also consented to the- act, an^ had been prevented from being present on the occasion by sickness, in New York. The Bishop elect wasinvested in his official robes by the Rev. Whioht, ofNorlh CaroUna, ^nd the Rev. Dr. Montgomery.- The sermon by Bishop B, T. Onderdonk of New York, founded on Ephesians, i. 20, waa an able and manly exposition ofthe ground on which the Church is based; with a touching and effective appeal to the Bish op elect to follow the steps of his predecessor. Bishop- Ravenscroft, in the fearlessness and faithfulness of his 1831.] INSPECTORS OF ELECTION- FREE TRADE CONVENTION. 239 ministry. Several laymen from North Carolina, and many clergymen from Jfew York arid el^where were present. The wjiole ceremony was solemn and impo sing, and appeared deeply to impress a crowded ahd at tentive auditory. — Sentinel. , ThefoUowing are the Names of the Inspectors of ihe G'en- "¦ ¦ eral Election, chosen on Friday last: CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, Upper Delaware Ward. George W. Tryon, John DaUan. Lower Delaware. - William A, Peddle, R. W. Pomei'oy, High Strert. George D. Sbeaff. Chestnut. WiUiam H. Hamilton. Walnut. Thomas Mitchell. Dock. W. W. Tackara. Pine. WiUiam Ripperger. New Market. John Thompson, North Mulberry. Theodore CoHaday, Samuel Overn. South Mulberry. Amos Howell. Nobjth. WiUiam L. Fox. Middle. . Samuel H. Reed. South. - Thomas Desilver. Locust. John Horn. Cedar. - WiUiam O'Morin. Caleb Cope, ~ Samuel Davis, Nathaniel Holland, Thomas Roney, Charles HedeUus, John BeU, Thomas Smallman, Robert Adams, Thomas Hopkins, Thomas Cave, Thomas T6wn, Joseph Moore, Names of the Assessors and Assistant Assessors ofthe Ci ty of Philadelphia, elected at the same time. Upper Delaware Ward, Assessor — George W. Tryon. Alexander Cook, Ebenezer Muslin.' Lower Delaware. Assessor — Joseph H. Schreiner. , Richard Jackson, Richard S. Risley. High Street. ' Assessor- — Emmor J. Weaver. Thomas Hartley, WiUiam CoUins. . Chestnut. Assessor — William Davis. James Simpson, Alexander Henry. Walnut. Assessor — ^Nathaniel Holland. Frederick Brown," Matthew Randall. . Dock. Assessor — Robert Desilver. Henry Habermehl, Anthbny Seyfert. Pine. Assessor — Jeremiah Boone. Samuel Palmer, Daniel B, Cannon, Isaac Chadwick,* New Market. , Assessor — WiUiam Greble. John Ashmead, Thomas Stewart. North Mulberry. Assessor — Reuben Savidg'e, Conrad WUe, John Overn. South Mulberry. .^ssesior— Benjamin Wiley. Edwin T, Scott, Jonathan Rubicam. North. ': Assessor — Joseph Price. ' i Michael Fox. Thomas Harper., Middle. Assessor — William J. Leiper. Caleb Dobbins, Adam Henchman. So oth. Assessor — William M. Hansell. Thomas Pratt, Jedediah Allen. Locust, , ^sessor— John Rutherford. Sen. - Samuel Reese, , - , R. W. Nutter. ( Cedar. Assessor — Joshua Andrews. S. Clause, A. R. Gemeny. FREE TRADE CONVENTION. Onthe 30th lilt, the Free Trade Convention com menced its sittings in this city. The publication of tbe proceedings ofjthis respectable,body,will be attended to in our future numbers. Atpresent we haveonly room for the fpUowing list of delegates from^ the different slates rep'resenled, viz- LIST OF DELEGATES W ho have taken their seats in the Free Trade Con- yentlon,^prior lo 5lh October. MAINE. Joshua Carpenter, S, H, Mudge, Charles Q. Clapp, .3 MASSACHUSETTS. Henry Lee, 'Joseph-Ropes, T. S. Pomeroy, Isaac Newhall, Samuel Swell, J, W. Rogers, Gideon Tucker, Henry Williatns, Horatio Byington, ¦ Edward Cruft',- Theodore Sedgwitft, WiUiam Goddard, John L. Gardner, Ebenezer Breed, George Peabody; William Foster, Pickering Dodge, Thomas Bancrbft, , ' IS RHODE ISLAND. WiUiam Hunter. 1 CONNECTICUT. Wm. J. Forbes, James Donaghe. 2 Ni;W YORK. , , Preserved Fish, John Aug. Smith, John Leonard, M. H. Grinnell, Edward Bergh, George T. Trimble, Samuel P. Brown, - Zebedee Ring, Jonathan Goodhue, Albert Gallatin, I'homas R. Mercein, John S. Crary, John- A. Stevens, Jacob Lorillard, Isaac Carow, James G. King, John constable, Charles" H. Russell, Janries Roorinan, H. Kneeland, George Griswold, Isaac Bronson, 23 Benjamin L. Swan, NEW j;ersey. ' C. L. Hardenhurgh, John C. Schenki J. C. VanDyck, .. ^ John Bayard KirkpatVick, Miles C. Smith,- Henry Clow, PENNSYLVANIA. John Potter, Henry Vefhalae, John R. Thompson. * The Nanias in /tefohad each 153 yoteS. Joseph R. Evans, George Emlen, Clement C. Biddle, fedward Ingraham, J. M. Barclay, E. Littellj Richard Price, Henry R. Watson, Thomas P.,Cope, , John A. Brown, Philip H. Nicklin, Condy Raguet, '- - - 240 PORT OF PHILADELPHIA. [OcVoSt.u Samuel Smith, Isaac W. Niorris, \_ " Samuel S packman; '" William McUhenney., MARYLAND. 16 William W. Handy, Arnold D. Jones. VIRGINIA. PhiUp P.Barbour, Henry E. Watkins, Richard Booker, James M'. Garne^t,' Samuel L. Venable, Thomas R. Dew, Walker Hawes, PhUip A.- Dew, John Brockenbrough, Thomas Miller, William G. Overton, George Cr Dromgoole, Randolph Harrison, - Richard Jones, Robert Yancey, Robert Hurt, Fei-dinand W. Risque, Malcolm Macfarland, Thomas W. Gilmer, Burwell Bassett, H. R. Anderson, Jos'iah Ellis, Charles Everett, Alex. pordonKnox, George M. Payne, James S. Brander, WiUiam Maxwell,, ' Benjamin F. Dabney, R. D. Grayson, S. A. Storrow, * Charles Cocke, John W. Jones, William O. Goode, Henry W. Watts, William Townes, John Dickson, William B. Rogers, C. it. Mclndoe, William P. Taylor, John H. Bernard, Linn Banks, , WiUiam H. Roane, James Lyons, ' ' John Tabbs, James Jones, Thomas Giles, Archibald" Bryce, jun. James Magpuder, 'Benjamin H. Magruder, WiUiam Daniel, jun; S. H. Davis, 51 NOETH CAROLINA. ' Joseph- B. Skinner, Charies Fisher. - Louis D. Wilson, James Iredell. WiUiam R. Holt, Joseph R. G. Roulhac, WiUiam W. Jones, Edward B. Dudley, WUIiam A. Blount, Joseph White, S. T. Sawyer, David Outlaw,- Thonias S. Hdskins, Robert cT G. Hilliard, John E. Wood, J, W, Cochran, 16 SOUTH CAROLINA. Zacbariah P. Herndon, James G. Spann, F. W. Davie, James Cu'thbert, Thomas Pickney, T. D. Singleton, • William Butler, Joreph W. Alston, Henry N. Cruger, Charles Macbeth, Henry.C. Young, A. P- Butler. H. A. Middleton. Thomas R. Mitchell, W.. Wilkinson, Philip Tidyman, Stephen MiUer, ' Wm. Pope, John Frazer, James Lynab, Job Johnson, John D. Edwards, John Garter, L-.ingdon Cheves, . Joseph E. Jenkins, Hugh Wilson, J. H. Glover. T. Pickney Alston, , Edward Richardson, Wm. Harper, William C. Preston, Henry Middleton, Daniel E. Hugep, Hugh S. Legare, John Taylor, Thomas T. Player, J. Berkley Grimball, James Rose, WiUiam Smith, Thomas Williams; jr. MISSISSIPPI! -George Poindei^tef TENNESSEE. 1 William E. Butler, Alexander Patton. - TOTALS. " 2 Maine, 3 Virginia, 51 Massachusetts, - 18 North Carolina, 16 Rhode Island, 1 South Carolina, 40 Connecticut, 2 Georgia, ~' 6 New Yofk, 23 ' Alabama, 11 Pennsylvania, 16 Mississippi,^ 1 ^Maryland, 2 Tennessee, 2 New Jersey, 9 2C1 PORT OF PHILADELPHIA. Inward — For September, 1831. 40 Eli S; Shorter, ' Robert Habersham, Alexander Telfair, John A. Elmore, Benijah S. Bibb, Enoch Parsons, Al/red V. Scott, John- W. Moore, Wm. J. Mason, GEORGIA. John Cnmming. Seaborn Jones, J, Macpherson Berrien, ALABAMA, HoWell Rose, P. Waters, Henry Gojdtbwaite, Ward Taylor, Archibald P. Baldwin. 11 CO ts ta' CO CO H Where from. 'n- g 3 ¦ 6o •o o33 England, 8 -- 3445 Hanse Towns, 2 443 France, 1 1 1 1048 Spain, , 1 197 Canton, 1 474 Calcutta, 1 279 Africa, 1 63 South America, 1 133 Cuba; '-^ 4 -4 2 801 Hayti, 1 2 257 British West Indies, 2 1 314 Brit. Amer. Colonies, 2 3, 764 Danish West Indies, 2 1 395 Other Sp. W.Indies. 13 5 17 1 11 82 8695 Inward Coastwis £—54 vesse Is— Tonnage, 4684. Outwai ¦d-F orSq itembi r, 1831. 1 CC a ca 03 CO H ¦ Where to.' « 1 S § •a to o . aaIB England, 2, 1134 Hanse Towns, 1 190 Ireland, 1 361 Brazils, 1 1 1 723 Honduras, 1 119 Batavia, 1 387 Africa, 1 160 South America, 1 3 871 Cuba, 3 564 Hayti, 2 .280 British W. Indies, 3 601 Brit. Amer. Colonies, 1 272 Swedish W. Indies, 1 2,3,1 Other Sp. W. Indies, 56 Danish West Indies, 3 560 Gibraltar, 6 1 146 1 22' 9 665y Outward Coastwise —128 vesse Is— I \mnage, 13782. \_Penn. 'Inquirer. Printed every SATURDAY MORNING by -yVlLLIAM F. GED DES, No. 9 Library Street. Philadelphia; where, and at the PUB LIGATION OFFICE, IN FRANKLIN PLACE, second door back of thti Post Offlce. (back room) subscriptions will be thankfully re ceived. Price FIVE,DO.^LARS per anii-l»', payable aiinnall; by lubscribers residing in or near the eity, or where ,tjierc is an agent, Othei*-»ub8ei*iberi pay in advance. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE FRSSEHVATION OV EVEBT KIIfD OS USEFUL HTFOBKiLTIOir BESFECTIlTa THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL. VIII.-IVO. 16. PHILADEIiPHIA, OCTOBER 15, 1831. NO. 198. From tbe Philadelphia Gazette. FREE TRADE CONVENTION. Fhidat, Sept. 30lh. At 1^ o'clock, Mr. Joseph R. Evans, of Philadelphia, called the meeting to order, and moved that Col, Boa- WEIL Bassett of Virginia should take the Chair as chairman ^ro /e/n^ore. The motion was unaniiiiousfy adopted. Mr, Theobobe Sedowick, of Massachusetts, then moved that ihetielegalion from eac4 state, appoint two oftheir numbep as a commiltee to, nominate a Presi dent and other officers, to be afterwards ballotled for by the convention. Dr. TiDTMAjf of South Carolina moved to amend the" motion, by insertin.!: the words " that the convention proceed to elect a President immediately." Mr. MiLLEB of South Carolina expressed a wish to have the question, wbethep the diffepent delegations were to vote on federative principles or per capita, de cided at an early period, as the principle was highly important. Dr. TiDTMAir thought it would be best to elect a jPresjdent in the usual way. The mode proposed Ijy Mr. Sedgwick would cause great loss oftime. , Mr. PoiHBEXTEB of Mississippi, thought Dr. Tidy- man's motion involved a propusition to strike out all tfie essential parts of Mr. Sedgwick's resolution, and called for a division -of the question. ,Col. Pbestox of South Carolina moved that the re- solution and the amendment should lie on the table for the present, andthat this convention should proceed to verify the flection of members. Till this should be done, they could not tell who were delegates and who were not. This motion was adopted, and Mr'. Raguet of Phila- delphia was appointed Secretary pro tempore. . Mr. Raguet said there was no authorative list of de legates, as the returns from all places where elections had been held had not yet been received, and as'changes had taken place in some of the delegations, he would read a list published in the PhUadelphia papers, and gentlemen who were present as delegates, and whose names were notiii.tbe printed list, would be pleased to baud in their names as he proceeded. Judge Barbour df Virginia suggested that the states should be called in the order observed in Congress, beginning at Maine, and proceeding southward, and as the name of each state was called, the delegates from that state should step forward to the Secretury's table, and give in their names. Other gentlemen thought it would be belter to read fromthe book in which the delegates had inscribed their names on their arrival in the city. After a desultory debate, it was agreed that the Se cretary should read the printed list, and that the gen tlemen present should supply its deficiencies as he proceeded. While the Secretary was reading, tbe list, a number of gentlemen stepped forward with testimonials oftheir election. The Secretary stated tbat 165 delegates bad inscribed tlieir names 'in the book. A complete list of those present, at this caUing of the roll, cannot be Vol. VIII. .31 given, as some of the gentlemen answered to their names loo faintly to be heard by the reporters, and we believe by the Secretary. Other members arrived while the Convention was in session. There were delegates present from Maine, Massachu setts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ala bama, Mississippi, Tennessee. When the names of the' gentlemen elected to repre sent Mississippi were called, Mr. Poutdextkii rose, and stated that he had only' newspaper evidence of his election, and wished to know ifthe Convention would receive him on tbat evidence. There was some deli cacy in his taking or declining,, to lake a seat -in this highly respectable body. He belonged to another body- before which the question they were assembled to dis cuss would come in an OfHcial form. But as it would be extremely inconvenient to the people of Mississippi to send olher delegates, a distance of a thousand miles to Philadelphia, he would feel himself almost b.ound to express the sentiments of bis state on a cjuestion in which it was so deeply interested. His object was to express tjiie sentiments of lh& people of Mississippi, less by speaking than by a.silent vote. The Convention being unanimous in its wjsh that Mr. poindexter should act as a delegate from Missis sippi, he took his seat accordingly. After the election ofthe members had been tbus ve rified. Gov. MiLEEB, of South Carolina called up for consideration, the resolution that had been offered by Mr. Sedgwick. He thought it very important to de cide the question wbethep the Convention was to vote , per capita,OT on federative principles. At least it was de sirable, that in the first step, towards tbe election ofa President of the Convention, those states from which the delegation was not numerous, should be allowed a belter opportunity for expressing^ their sentiments, than would be afforded by proceeding iminediately to the election of a President, and by voting per capita. Tbe question was'th,en put on Dr. Tidtmah's mo tion to amend, viz : "that the Convention proceed im mediately to elect a President." The motion to amend was rejected, 60 -members vo ting in the affirmative, and 67 in the negative. _ The question then recurring on th^ original resolu tion, "a gentleman with whose name we are not ac quainted, said it was impracticable. As from at least one of the states, but one delegate had appeared, it would be impossible to form a committee of ttoo for each of the states represented in the Convention, Judge Shobteb of Georgia opposed the resolution on the ground of its inexpediency. Some of tlie members ofthe Convention bal been elected as representatives of whole states, and others as representatives of small parts of states. The mode suggested by Mr. Sedgwjck mi^ht produce some excitement, and lead to muoh con fusion.' There could be no confusion by - proceeding to elect a President in the usual way. Mr. MiLLEB moved to amend the. resolution, by in serting " one" instead of " two." The gentleman who had observed that it was im-., practicable to form a committee of two for each state, B^d. that since the' delegation from some states was very small, if the delegation from each state elected iti 242 FREE TRADE CONVENTION. [0«TOB*a member of'the committee of nomination, an opportu nity might be aflforded to some individuals to promote persona/ objects, and there should be no personal ob jects in this convention. Messrs. Biddle and Tngbaham, of! Philadelphia, moved to re-consider the Vote on Dr. Tidyman's propo sition to amend. Mr. MiLLEH repealed his wish thatthe states who had a minority of members of the Convention, should have the same opportunity of expressing their sentiments, as tifose states from which the delegation was full. Some of the Carolinians could recollect how difficult it was in another' body, to obtain a suitable regard for the rights of the minority. Judge SuoR-neBsaid the passage ofthe resolution to which he was opposed, would increase the weight of tbe delegation to which he belonged. Of eighteen members elected for Georgia,only six had yet appeared. But he was opposed to tbe resolution on general grounds — on tlie inequality with which it would operate and the dissatisfaction it would produce. Dr. TiDYMAH said' his "Object in wishing to proceed immediately to the election of President, was lo facili tate business. Some^of the gentlemen had travelled a thousand miles or m.ire to Philadelphia; and time to them was precious. - Mp. Sedgwick, in replying, to the remark tiiat the adoption of the resolution he had offered might pro duce excitement, said he knew of no excitein'enl- — tbere could be no excitement. The high and noble objectfdr which the convention had assembled, forbade the supposition. But there are 150, perhaps 200 gen tlemen, entire stranget-s to one another, and who have not had time fully tu ascertain each others wishes in all respects. His wish was that the convention should ap pear to be, what itis in fact, one and indivisible — that tbere should be a perfect unanimity in all its proceedings from the election of President onwards^and with this object he bad offered the resolution, as the best means ofascertaining the sentiments of the different states. - Mr. Jokes of Georgia, asked what the effect would be ifthe contention sbould not elect the gentlemen nominated by the committee. The unanimity sought for. could not, he thought, be obtained in this way. Col. PnEsTON said that whether the voting should be by states, op^er capita, was an important question, the decision of vvhich migbt be deferred till the convention . was full^ organized. Irt regard to the chief officer, it is desirable that he should be one acceptable to the ma jority; We come here to represent a principle — not states. And some members came to represent differ ent modifications of that principle. The instpuctions the members have received from the meetings by which they have been selected, differ in sotue respects. An imaginary line in a state, may separate these diffepent modifications of the principle of Fpee Tpade. This might be illustrated by a case drawn from Virginia, or another from South Carolina. Ifthe mode df voting by states should be adopted,- and the whole delegation from any state not be of one sentiment in regard to some of these modifications of principle, the minority of that delegation might feel it had not a fair opportuni ty of exprassing its views. He hoped the most perfect good feeling would prevail. But 'there would be great delicacy in differing from the comrnittec of nomination. To avoid this possible collision, it would be well to elect a President in the usual way. General Pabsohs said, perfect good feejing did prevail in regard to the gpeat object ofthe convention, but ifthe mode, of voting by states were adopted, a mi nority might control the majority, inlhe decisions ofthe convention. As the reppesentations from the different states were unequal, it might so happen, if they were to vote on the federative principle, that 65 men would have more weight than 100. If such should be the result, the good feeling that now prevaUs would be de stroyed. The motion to reconsider the vote on Dr. Tidyman's amendment, wiis adopted by a large majority. Mr. JoHH A. Steveus^ of New York, rose to state some facts of which probably the convention had not been informed. None ofthe delegates from Connecticut had arrived, but a part of those from the city of New York, none of those from Albany, and none from New Bedford. Some of those would probably arrive in the evening boats. Under these circumstances, he submit ted the propriety of defei-ring the election of a Presi dent. Mr. , MiiiEE of South Carolina, apologized for again addressingthis meeting. He was most anxious that in a body in wbich South Carolina was fully represented, due regard should be paid to the rights of the states not fully represented. A thousand people from South' Carolina wi\ght come here, and if so many bad come, we could nol have denied their right to sit and vote.-— But this couM not have deprived the minority of their rights. Mr. M. vvas opposed to every thing like a con solidation of the states. The' gentleman from Massa chusetts, the delegation of which is small, asks that in the nomination^of a President. His stale shall be equal to South CaroUna. the delegation from which is numerous. Can we deny him bis right? Some geritlemen had spo ken, as if the convention would be bound to select whomsoever the committee might nominate. But tbe man for whom he would vote must be decidedly oppo sed to the tariff-principle — one who regarded it as un constitutional—one who was in no way tainted by the American system- Mb. MiTcHELLof South Carolina, expressed himself as decidedly friendly to the system of voting per ca pita. He was follo"wed by Mr. Jojtes of Georgia, who spoke on the same side of the question, and was desirous of proceeding forthwith to elect a President of the con vention. The members wepe then as well prepared for this duty, as they could be at any future time. They were then untrammeled by the ppoceedings of a com mittee, and men always act best when untrammeled. Mr. Chev£s rose in the hope, (perhaps the vain hope.) of shortening the discussion. The object ofthe gentleman from Massachusetts, must be either to g^in information, fo gain time, or to g^in power. It seems impassible that it was to gain imformation, for the char acter of all ihe gentlemen spoken of as candidates, was well known. If it was to gain time, the manner was unparliamentary. It could not be to gain power, for the result woulJ be the same, whatever mode of nomi nation should be adopted. The true object of the reso lution appeared to be to give the members a longer op portunity to ascertain each other's wishes and senti ments, and to attain that object, he would move that this body should at twelve o'clock to-morrow, proceed to elect a President. Mp. Sedgwick entipely accorded with Mr. Chsvxs, and withdrew his motion fop the appointment of a com mittee of nomination. His object was that the members might have an opportunity of conferring with one anoth er, that il»ere might be perfect unanimity in tbeir pro ceedings. Mr. Jones and 9thers, expressed themselves pleased with Mr. CheveS' motion. A part ofthe convention, were still desirous of pro ceeding Immediately to the election of a President, as some ofthe members had come from so great a dis tance, that a long detention in the city must prove very inconvenient to Ihem: but an end was put to further debate by a motion Iti adjourn. Saturday, Sept. 30th. In addition to the statements mentioned in our last report, Rhode Island was to-day represented in the con vention. At 10 o'clock the meeting was called to order by the Hon. Burwell Bassett, the chairman jiro tempore. 1831,] FREE tradl Convention. 243 Mr. Creves moved that the convention proceed im mediately to elect a President. Mr. Gallatin had heard that some difficulties had arisen on the point ofthe election ofa President, whe ther it should be by states or per capita. Il was not ne cessary to settle the abstract principle involved in the question. Formality should be avoided. This body was not a congress, but a voluntary meeting. There was no one individual present whose nomination would unite all votes. He therefore nominated Mr. P. P, Babboub, of Virginia, for the office of President. In this motion Mr. Gallatin was unanimously sup ported, and Judge Babboub was elected President by generat.acclamalion. The President on taking hi»seat, Vnade an address to the following effect: — Gentlemen ofthe Convention: — The occasion which has brought us together, is cer tainly an important one, whether we have reference to the subject committed to our care, or to the results .which may flow from our deliberations. ,- In almost every other country, upon tbe face of the earth, when the people feel themselves to be aggrieved, they have before them, the painful alternative,eitlier of unconditional submisSion,'wilhout the hope of redFes.s, or ofan attempt to right themselves by force, and thus breaking up the very foundations of their government. Happily for us, Our lot is otherwise cast. Here, the principle is held so sacred, that it is nut permitted to be drawn into question: nay, as if to make assurances doubly sure, it is explictly guaranteed by the constitu tion — Thatthe people have a right peaceably to assem- ble,and demand a redress of their grievances. It is in the exercise of this unquestioned and unquestinnable rigbt, that we have now met together — not to indulge in cap tious, or trivial complaints, not to ^i\e utterance to the voice of faction, but for a higher, for a nobler purpose. .^Asthe representatives ofa large portion of thre peo ple of this Union, in their name, and on their belialf, to expostulate with our countrymen, in a tone, manly, yet respectful ,\j'et temperate — "I'o declare iri theJfi2ce.,of the whole community, tbat those who sent us here, believe themselves to be burdened, by an unjust, unequal and wrongful system of taxation; and to appeal to the sense of justice of those who are a large majority for the Cor rection of so great an evil. ' To be called to preside over such an .assembly^ is an honor, which any- than might highly appreciate; lor my self, I tender you my acknowledgements for such an evidence of your confidence in advance. J am aware that it devolves upon me, high responsibilily. But 1 shall meet it with firmness, promising the best exertions of such ability as I have, with the assurance of zeal, and determined impartiaUty. And gentlemen, if by any thing which we shall do here, we can contribute in any degree, to the attainment ofthe great object; which we have in view. We shall certainly have rendered some service to the State. To this end, let us, I beseech you, conduct all our proceedings in a spirit-of conc'iliation and harmony.-^ Let us, by our example, shoW to the worl'd, tbat whilst we know our rights, and knowing dare maintain them; we at the same time, know how to respect the rights and feelings of others. Thus sball we best acquit our selves of the' obligations wbich we owe. to our constitu ents; thus may we" indulge tbe stronger hope of fulfil ling their just expectations. Andif, after all, our ef forts should- fail of success, we shall at least have tbe consolation to know, tbat we made them with an anx ious desire, amicably and justly to settie a question, which seriously disturbs the harmony of our common country. On motion of Dr. Tidyman of South Carolina, thanks .were presented to the Pennsylvania delegation, for tbe arrangements they had made for tbe accommodation of the conirention. On motion of Judge Shobteb of Georgia. Mr. R,,^ouE-r of Philadelphia, was unanimously elected Secretary of the Convention. On motion of Col. BAssKTTof Virginia, the Secretary was authorized to employ so many assistants as he might deem necessary. On motion of Col. Basset-p, it was resolved that the rules of congressjfor the regulation of business,be udop- ted by the convention. On motion of Mr. Dbomgoole of Virginia, it was'resol- ved that tbe editors of newspapers and the stenograph ers employed by them, be authorised to take seals with in the bar, Mr. Mitchell of South Carolina ^aid, that as there appeared to be a pause in the proceedings of the conven tion, he would take this opportunity of ofppring a set of resolutions wbich might serve as land marks in the dis cussion, and show the people and the general govern ment that a, perfect uniformity of feeling prevailed in this body. He had the greater confidence in bringing forward these iVsolutions because they- were .not the fa bric of his own brain. They claimed an authority far above any thing he could give them. They had beeii adopted at a meeting in the town of Boston in 1830, when an attempt was making to revisethe tariff on the principles that ha^ been adopted in the late revision, — In the periodicals of that day, the meeting was descri bed, as consisting ofthe ablest cdunselloi-s, the wealthi est m'anufacturers, and the most enterprising merchants of that great and eminent metropolis. This, gave the resolutions great authority, which was strengthened by the fact,that they had also in substance been adopted'by a meeting held in Philadelphia,in the same year. Every man in South Carolina, echoes the sentiments of these resolutions. The first resolution is, "That no objection ought to. be made to any amount of taxes equally apportioned and imposed for live purpose of raising revenue for tbe support of government." This was the resolution adop ted by the most enlightened men in Massachusetts, and there' was no man in South Carolina, frum the Moun tains lo the Ocean, dr from the Nortb Carolina line to the Savannah river, tbat did notcordially assent to it. "But" the resolution proceeds, "taxes imposed on the people for the sole benefit ofany one cla^ of men, are equally inconsistent with the principUs of our con stitution and with sound policy." Equal rights, equal duties, equal immunities, eqiial disabilities; continued Mr. Mitchell, is the language of ' the constitution. There is not a man in South Carolina who does not object to this imposition of taxes for the benefit of particular classes. 'VVe all admit tbe right to tax to any necessaj-y extent for the support ofthe go vernment, but when you go beyond this, we caniTbl un derstand on what principle you pidceed. Mr. M. said that the people of Soutb CaroUna can no where ^nd in the constitution an express authority, given tp Mjigress by the people ofthe stales, to encour age manuractures by taxation: nor can they understand how a power to regulate oRmmerce can comprehend a power to promote manufastnres by direct or indirect bounties: how regulation means prohibition :. how a power expressly, given /or the purpose of increasjnig foreign commerce — of , extending it to every -^iuaT- ter of the globe— and.'plaiping it on the best and most prosperous footing — can imply a power to diminish and annihilate it, and turn lab'clr. and capital td manutactu- ring industry. This is above the comprehension of those whom he had the honor to rejjresenl, Mr. M. said that this in the minds of bis, constituents was neither ¦ more nor less than arbitrary taxation, and he was more than gratified that they had been supported, in this view of the constitution by the comnfcrcial people of the great and enUgbtened cities of Boston aud Pbila- delpbin. - - The other resolutions are: •«--,.^» "That high bounties on such domestie manufactures 244 FREE TRADE CONVENTION. JOcTOBli as are benefitted by the tariff; favor great capitalists ra ther than personal industry, or the owners.of small cap itals, and tberefore that we do hot perceive its tendency to promote nationalindustry. "That we are equally incapable of discovering its beneficial effects on agriculture, since the obvious con sequences of ils adoption would be, that the farmer must give more lhan he now does, for all he buys, and receive less for all he sells. "That the- impositions of duties which are enormous, and declared by a large portion of the people to be un just, is dangerous, as it encourages the practice of smuggling. '•That in the opinion of this meeting^ the-duties of the tariff.sbould be reduced to the standard of reven ue forthe support of government.". These resolutions were submitted by Mr. Mitchell, as the universal sentiment qf the people of South Caro lina— as sentimems worthy of universal adoption — and- to which no rational objection could be made either in or out of tbe convention. On motion of Mr. A. P. Butleb of S. C. who thought it would be more in order to divide tbe business ofthe con vention among commiltees,berore passing resolutions of ¦general character. Iberesolutidns were laid on the table. (N. B. The resolutions brought forward by Mr. M. are .copies of the celebrated resolutions offered'by Mr. ¦" Daniel Websteb, at Ibe meeting in Boston in 1820. Mr. Gallatin thought that before bringing specifiic propositions before the convention, some preliminary steps werd necessary for the general arrangement of business. He had learned with great satisfaction that fifteen states were represented in the convention. The members had as yet but little opportunity for ascertain ing each other's sentiments. To promote this object ¦nd to facilitate business, he would propose that a com mittee should be appointed, consisting of two members to be elected by the delegation of each stale, or'of one mender when from the necessity Ofthe case, there would be no more than one, and that to this federative commiltee thus formedjshduld be committed the duty of arranging the order of business. The principal object of the convention was of a ^rocfa'cfl/ nature. A remon strance to congress must be prepared-. A committee of correspondence to collect facts, may be necessary. An address to the people of the United States, will, perhaps, be thought proper. To prepare business fop the con sideration ofthe convention, a general committee seem ed necessary, and tbat this committee might have gen eral powers, he offered a resolution expressed in gener al terms. A verbal amendment to the resolution, was offered by Mr, Jones of Georgia, and accepted by Mr. Gallatin, as expressing the serilimenl he intended to convey. Mr, Poindexter said the resoltition conflicted with the rules of congress, which had just been adopted for the regulation of business. In the House of Represen tatives, the Speaker appoints the Committees. The president ofthe convention (Mr. Bapbour)decla- red the practice of Congress tp be as had been stated by Mr. Poindexter, but added that it would be much mope agreeable to him, ifthe delegation from the diffepent states would elect their own members ofthe committee. As he bad not yet had time to become generally ac quainted with the members, he might in some cases place on the commiltee those Who would nol be most acceptable to the majority of their own delegation. Mr. Gallatin said that when he voted fop the, adop tion ofthe rules of congress, he did not suppose he was voting for them in extenso, but simply for so much as was necessary for preserving order. One great object of the, resolution, would be defeated, if the President should appoint the committee. That object was, that each state, represented on this """f, should have its due weight in the preparation of business for the don- sideration ofthe convention — that the sentiments of all the states should be ascertained as nearly as possible. Mr. Cheves thought there was no difficulty in the case. The convention could impose on itself sUcb re strictions as it pleased; and it ^ould take them off when it pleased. It had, irt this respect, greater abilities than congress. The object of the mover of the resolution, by which they felt themselves trameled, had, no doubt; been simply the adoption ofthe common law ot parlia ment fo'p the preservation of order. Mr. PoiNDEXTEB tlicn moved the suspension of the rule of congress on the appointment of committees; and, Mr. Gallatin's resolution was unanimously adopted. Mr., Cheves then moved to rescind the- njles of con gress. Mr. Basset assented to the motion.- He obser ved that when be had proposed theip adoption, it had passed through his mind that many of them were inap plicable to the present convention, but he thought that as the exceptions occurred they could be rescinded, leaving in force sucb only of the rqles as were practica ble, r^ ¦ ¦^ The rules were tben rescinded. Mr. Goldwthaite of Ala. then offered a resolution, "thatso^nuch ofthe rules of the House of Representa tives; as relates to the introduction of resolutions, and mode of debate, be adopted by this convention." This was opposed by Mr. Cabfenteb of Maine,on the ground that disputes v.'ould continually arise, as to which of tberules referred to in the resolution were ap- pUcable in this convention. It would be best to be go verned by the common law of parliament. Every mem ber had implicit confidence in the President, He was weU acquainted with busibess. And, if he ever de cided wrong, an appeal could be made to tbe conven tion. The motion was negatived.^ It was then resolved, that there should be ¦ re cess of half an hour, to afford the different delegations an opportunity of electing the members of the Federa- ative Committee, for the general arrangement of biMu- ness. When the President had resumed tbe Chair, the dif ferent delegations reported that tbey had elected tbe following gentlemen, members of tbe FEDERATIVE COMMITTEE. MAINE. Joshua Carpenter, Charles Q. .Clapp. MASSACHUSETTS. Thomas Bancroft, Henry Lee. RHODE ISLAND. William Hunter. NEW YORK. Albert Gallatin, John Aug. Smith. NEW JERSEY. Cornelius L. Hardenburgh^ Henry Vethake. PENNSYLVANIA. Thomas P. Cope, Clement C. Biddle. MARYLAND. Wm. E. Handy, A. D. Jones. VIRGINIA. James M. Garnelt, John W. Jones. NORTH CAROLINA. James Iredell, WUIiam A. Blount. SOUTH CAROLINA. William Harper, Daniel E. Hugcr. GEORGIA. ¦John M. Berrien, Elie S. Shorter. ALABAMA. Enoch Parsons, Thomas Goldsmithu, MISSISSIPPI. George Poindexter. TENNESSEE. \Villiam E, Butler, .Mexandet Patton. 1831.} FREE TRADE CONVENTION. 245 sir. BxaaiiN, of Georgia, stated that it was desirable to ascertain the operations ofthe duties in various parts ofthe Union,and as some parts were not represented on this floor, he would offer a resolution to invest the Pres ident with discretionary power to invite persons capable of giving information, to a seat within the bar. The resolution was unanimously adopted, and the convention adjourned to 13 o'clock on Monday. Delegates from Connecticut appeared in the Con- vention to-day. The whole number who have inscrib ed their names in the book is 201, The general orfederatire committee asked for instruc tions, which were given, limiting their powers to the preparation of business, for the consideration ofthe con vention. A motion was made and carried to provide seats for sucb ladies as migbt think proper to attend. Monday, Oct. 3. The minutes of the last meeting were read by the secretary. A number of new delegates appeared and subscribed th,eir names. ' i , The President announced the names of several gen tlemen wbom. in the exercise ofthe discretionary power conferred on him by Mr. Berrien's' resolution, be bad invited to take seats within the bar. ., (Among the gentlemen mentioned by the President was Mr. Henry B. Sedgwick, anative of Massachusetts; but we believe for some time a resident of New York. He was the proposer of the Convention, through the medium of the New York Evening Post. A few weeks ¦go he was struck wilb paralysis. The disease does not affect his mind, and his interest in the objects of the convention being undiminished, he was conducted to his seat by the assistance of his servants and his friends.) Major Edwabds of South Carolina said he understood the Convention would be honoured with the presence ofthe fairer and better part ofthe creation. He there. fore moved that the President should be invested with power to, make such arrangements as in his discretion lf& might deem necessary for the accommodation of such ladies as might think proper to attend, ' A gentleman from New York (Mr. P. F.) moved to lay the resolution on the table, lie was supported by very few. . The resolution was finally carried by gene ral acclamation, only a single vote in the negative being distinctly beard, A letter was received from John J. Mumfobd, Esq. of New York,, stating that he had deposited in the ball, forthe''use ofthe members of the convention, five hun dred copies of the report of the Commiltee on Com merce of the year 1829. Mr. Gallatin, the chairman of the Federative or General Committee, reported that the committee were doubtful of tbe extent of the powers conferred on them ¦^-whether tbey had authority to draft a memorial to Congress, and an address to the people, or simply f° prepare business for the consideration ofthe Conven tion. He had been instructed by the committee to ask for information on these points, and also to submit to tbe Convention a resolution for the appointment of a committee, cojisisting of one person from each of the states represented in' the Cnnventiori, to pposecute be fore Congress the great objects which they bad assem bled to promote. '' ' When the resolution for the appointment ot a perma nent committee tu pPoSecUte tbe case before Congress was submitted to the Convention, Mr.-PdiNDEX'TEB said its phraseology was such as to imply the adoption of a memorial by the convention — and none had yet been ailopted. He, therefore; moved to lay the resoltition on tbe table. ' ' - When the resolution requesting Information ofthe ex tent ophe powers of the Committee wis brought for ward. Governor Milleb df South Carolina, asked vVhat particular inetructions were required . Mr. Gallatin replied that he had nothing particular to say, exlMpt that doubts liad arisen in the committee of the exf St of their power — some supposing it exten ded to tbe drafting of memorials and addresses, and others believing that it extended no further lhan to the arrangement of business for the consideration ofthe convention. He hadbeen instructed to ask intormatidn on these points. Governor Milleb requested that the resolution by Which the committee had bedn constituted, should be read. Col. Pbeston of South Carolina moved that lli^ com mittee should be limited lo " reporting such objects as ought to engage the attention ofthe convention." Col. SwET-r of Boston, offered as an amendment to this resolution, a proposition that "the committee s'^ould be authorized to prepare drafts of a memorial, and such other papers as they might deem necessary." Col. Pbestdn's motion was adopted. Col, Pbeston then inquired when the organic com mittee (as be believed he oughjitocall it) would be pre pared to report. Mr. Gallatin replied, that he was not able td say. He had requested the members ofthe committee to tar ry after the -adjournment. ; On motion of Mr. Poindexteb, it was resolve.d that the Chief Justice, of the United States (Judge' Ma^- SHAtL,) now in tbis citfli should be invited td fake a seat-witbin the bar of the bouse. , Mr. PoiNDEXTEB prefaced bis resolution with a few remarks, expressive of the opinion which he, and we believe aU the nation, entertain ofthe character Of th'e venerable Chief Justice. A gen'tlemen announced tbe arrival ofthe members from Connecticut, and presumed that as they were but two in number, they sbould take seats with the Feder ative Committee. The President replied they should of course, unless some'objection were made. The President laid before the meeting a document that had been forwarded frdm Lauderdale county, Ala bama. It represented that the citizens of that counly were decidedly Opposed to the tariff-policy, but that it was inconvenient to them lo send representatives.^ — They would, however, be bound by the prdceedTngs df tbe convention, provided they were not of a nuilifying character. They also suggested the holding ofan an nual meeting of the friends of Free Trade, the dele gates to'\yhich should be apportioned among the sever al states according to tbe number of their representa tives in congress. On motion of Mr. Gallatin- it was then resolved, that there should be a recess of an hour, to aUOw'the Federative Committee an opportunity for deliberation. When the President resumed the chair, Mr. Gal- latin, the chairman of the federative committee, by direction of that committee; reported two resolutions, one directing an addreSs to the people of the Un'itdd States, the other a memorial to Congress, to bepi'e^- ' red, to' promote the objects of the convention. These resolutions were adopted Without a dissenti'ng .Voicd. Mr. Mebckin of New 'York, then offered a resolution requesting the general cothmittde, fo hive tbe memo rial artd address prepared, and subrfiit tbem lo the conSideratidn ofthe convention. It would, he believed, be conceded on all bands, that attendance in the convention, was very inconve nient to nkany df the members, and productive of great sacrifices. The sooner we can get thrdtf^' fWe busii- ness, tlie more- satisfa'ctory it wiU be tdall. Mr, M.. proposed to commit tbe duty of preparing the me morial and the address td the gdnerial cdnimittee, be cause it was aflready -appointed, because it was well' qualified, aiid becaiisb, fromthe manner 'm which 246 FREE TRADE CONVENTION. {Octosca had been formed,.it possessed the means of ascertain ing the exact wishes of the different stales represented in the convention. An additional reason was, that some - interchange of sentimept on the subject of J^ memori al and of the address had, he understoodnilready ta ken place among the members ofthe commiltee. The motion was adopted, 117 members Voting in tbe affirmative. Mr. Jones of Georgia then offered a resolution, the gist ot which was the absolute unconstitutionality of the "American System." Mr. Chables Q. Clapp,' of Maine, proposed a sub-- stitute, asserting the opposition of the "American Sys tem" lo the spirit of the constitution. On motion of Mr. Bassett, it was resolved to lay the resolution and substitute on the table. Mr, Poindexteb of Mississippi, then offered a series of resolutions, expressive of the warmest attachment to the constitutit>n, and a determination to defend it at all ' hazards from all foes external and internal; but insist ing on the principles of strict construction, declaring a constitution to be an instrument limiting the powers of the governors, and that when these limits were transgressed by the governors, the people ought not to submit. Mr. Poindexteb offered to lay the resolution on the table, and Mr. Vethake of New Jersey, made a motion to that effect. ., ' Governor Milleb of South CaroUna, thought this^ course would be improper. The resolutions purported to be instructions to the general committee, and if they were to have any effect, they ought to be discussed be fore the general commiltee made its report. Laying them on the table, „might retard the proceedings of the committee. , Mr. Jones of Georgia, in'an animated speech, decla red tbat the object of his resolution was lo instruct the committee, aud the oBject ofthe resolutions ofthe gen tleman from Mississippi, was the same. If it be proper to give any instructions to the commiltee, the sooner it is done fhe better. His object was to elicit the senti ments of the convention, in regard to the unconstitu tionality of proteclingand prohibitory duties. He had been especiaUy instructed by his constituents to main tain the unconstitutionality as well as the inexpediency of the system. He had not known the object f°r which they were assembled, and it would be to little purpose if Ihey were not to declare that the system was uncon stitutional. The inexpediency of it, was, lo his con stituents, a minor consideration. We stand on the principle ofthe unconstitutionality ofthe system. Bad as our condition now is, bard as our burdens now are; they are nothing to what Ihey may be, if the constitu tionality of the system be admitted. We had better never have assembled, if by our silence on this point, we leave it to be inferred that the act is constitutional, and we are at the mercy of any, congress if we only de clare il inexpedient. - Col. Butleb, of South Carolina, (who spoke with equal animation) said he hoped the resolutions ofthe gentleman from Mississippi would be referred to the committee, with their repdrt. As far as that report went, he was perfectly satisfied. He feared it did not go far enough. The address and memorial to be drawn up by that committee, would breathe a, tone, a spirit, that might satisfy his constituents. But, he observed, there was no jdlusiun made in it to the question of the iinconstitutionality of the tariff. My, constituents, said Mr. Butler, believe that it is unconstitutional, and be lieving so, it was a question of vital importance to them. I agree with my friend from Georgia, that it is necessa ry that this question should be decided in this,body. — I will go as far in the spirit of conciUat'mn as any one. — I am delighted with the spirit wbich Lsee pervades this assembly. I see a dispositioti to oppose the system of which we complain, and a spirit becoming the occa sion. But I cannot go so far as to compiomit princi pies; and to disregard the instructions of those who sent me here. I do not ins9 on the precise proposition in which it may be said the constitution has been violated. It was enough that tbe constitution of a people bad been vi.olated — whether in spirit or letter was immate- , rial. 1 come instructed by constituents who know their rights, and will not consent to any compromises of prin ciples, that will put them to jeopardy, and to yield tbe constitutionality of the measure might have that effect; and to forbear, expressing our opinion on this point, might be construed into acquiescence, although not so intended. This question must be met, and ifl refuse to meet it, I will go home to be consumed by the indig nation of freemen who have sent me here to,assert and maintain their rights. , / Mr. Vethake agreed to withdraw his motion to lay the resolutions offered by Mr. Poindexter on the table, lo make way for the motion lo refer them to the com mittee, on the distinct understanding that such refer ence ofthem in no way implied any instruction on tbe subject to the committee by the convention. He said he had no intention of expressing an opinion ofthe con stitutionality or unconstitutionality of the restrictive system; but wished simply to slave off the discussion for the -present. Tbe committee, he had no doubt, would be able to meet the wishes, if not of all, of the great majority ofthe members ofthe convention. Tbe discussion could be entered upon when the memorial and address were before the convention. Chancellor Habpeb, of S. Carolina, moved to commit ail the resolutions to the general committee for consid eration. Mr. Cheves said Ihat ifthe resolutions were to be re garded in the light of instructions, he would give the preference lo that of the gentleman from Georgia, (Mr. Jones.) The resolutions of the gentlemen from Missis sippi involved too much — tbey involved the whole principles of government, some of which it was unne cessary now to discuss. Ifthe resolutions were simply committed to the general commiltee for consideration, we should be just wliere we arenowjfor the resolutions involved no opinions not famUiar to all the members of the committee. Two courses presented themselves to the convention. The one was to make an express de claration of the principles in distinct resolutions, and be governed thereby in the- preparation ofthe memorials and remonstrances. The other was to embody the sense, intelligence, and local information of tbe mem bers in distinct committees. As the object was lo con sume the least time, the latter course had been adopted bythe convention. It was obvious, that there was but one question wbicb could agitate this body, and that lyasthe question of the constitutionality of the restric tive system. The question cannot be evaded. Meet it in some shape we must. It mustbe brought forward, if by nu other person^ myself (unless I am forcibly si lenced) though I should prefer its being brought for ward by another. It struck Mr. C. that the best way to bring it forward would be to suffer the commit tee to report, as discussion might now retard their pro gress. Chancellor Habpeb, of South Carolina, was decidedly of opinion that it would be best to defer the discussion, till the committee had made their report. The resolu tion that had been offered might be regarded as mere hints for their consideration. Mr, Bebbien, of Georgia, with a view of ascertaining whether the resolutions contained instructions to the commiltee, or mere suggestions, requested that they might be read again. The request was complied with, and Ihen'Mr. Berri en slated that the resolutions did not in his view, con tain any thing absolutely binding ^on tbe committee or on the convention. He gave the preference to the resolution of his colleague (Mr. Jones,) but he would out of abundant caution, suggest a verbal alteration tc 1831.] METEOROLOGICAL TABLE. 247 his friend in order to meet the wishes of the members generally. , . ' The President stated that the committing of these res olutions would not bind the body. They might decide directly against them, if they thought fit. The resolutions of Mr. Jones of Georgia, Mr. Clapp of Maine, and Mr. Poindexteb of Mississippi, were then committed to the organic committee for consider ation. On motion of Mr. Phesebved Fish of New York, it was resolved thatthe Hon. Jahes Bbown:, late Min ister to France, be invited to take a seat within the bar. Mr. Gallatin said that as the commitment of these resolutions imposed on the committee the duty of ex amining the subject matter referred lo therein, he had been instructed to say the committee' would hot be pre pared to report before Wednesday at 12 o'clock. The convention then adjourned to 12 o'clock on Wednesday. To be Continued, METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER. Extrofitjrom the Meteorological Register, taken at the State Capitol — Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, BT William Musgbave, Librarian. SEPTEMBER, 1831. .6 2 a&. a ^ ^ c -B i-r ^ 0^ p- la CtH o ^J3 . S ic B£ o a- p D-E P. F .s Z 91 .5 1' m I- c .a - to ' ¦a ^ Q o g z Z s X B X g " Thermometer. Barometer. Tuesday 1 66 70 68 681 29,58 55 54 29.55 SE Friday 2 68 69 68 68 50 48 50 49 SE Saturday 3 68 74 64 68 50 53 58 53 S Sunday 4 57 67 65 63 60 64 60 61 NE Monday , 5 59 70 64 64 58 58 66 60 NE Tuesday 6 65 70 68 67 68 70 72 70 N Wednesd 7 60 74 74 '69 70 70 66 68 NE Thursday 8 70 76 76 74 60 46 44 ,50 SW Friday 9 64 74 70 69 48 50 50 49 w Saturday 10 68 80 76 74 52 52 65 53 E Sunday 11 68 78 74 73 55 57 56 56 SW noonday Tnesday 12 58 68 64 63 70 70 70 70 W 13 56 66 64 62 76 76 73 75 W Wednesd 14 56 66 67 63 66 65 64 65 W Thursday 15 64 65 60 63 60 54 54 56 E Fridayi , - 16 58 58 56 57 70 75 75 73 N Saturday 17 51 &3 52 55 78 76 75 76 N Sunday 18 48 66 54 56 85 80 75 80 . N Monday 19 48 65 58 57 70 65 65 66 N Tuesday 20 54 67 58 59 60 52 50 54 NE Wednesd 21 58 65 60 61 63 67 68 66 N Thursday 22 58 71 69 66 68 58 56 60 NE Friday 23 70 70 63 67 45 43 42 43 SW Saturday 24 55 65 60 60 50 56 60 55 w Sunday 25 56 64 60 60 66 60 58 59 E Monday 26 60 65 62 62 52 48 40 -46 NW Tuesday 27 58 64 54 58 ^ 35 27 25 29 NW Wednesd 28 58 58 52 53 35 44 50 43 W- Thursday 29 58 61 55 54 48 47 57 50 w Friday 30 38 57 48 57 70 68 70 '69 NW Mean temperature and height from three daily ot^- serrations. TTtermometer. Maximum on lOtb, 74° Minimum on 30th, 38° Difference, 27° Mean, 60i<> Barometer. Maximumon 18lh,29.80 in. Minimum on 27tb, 29.29 Difference,Mean, , 00.51 in 39.54 in ATMOSPHEBICAL VARIATION. Days of month. M.> JV E 1 2 25 26 Cloudy Rain Kain 3 Cloudy - Partly cl'r Cloudy 4 17 22 29 Cloudy, Cloudy Clear 59 Overcast Sun thro'c'd Clear 6 12 Clear Sun thro'c'd Clear 7 Partly clear Sun thro'c'd Cloudy 8 Rainy morn. Sun thro'c'd Cl'ylightn'g 10 Cloudy Partly cl'p Thund.gust 11 [30 Clear Sun thro'c'd Light show. 13 1819 20 28 Clear Clear Clear 14 Clear ^ Cloudy Cloudy 15 27 Rain Rain Ram 16 : • Cloudy Showery Steady rain 21 Cloudy Cloudy Cloudy 23 ¦ ¦- Cloudy Rain Clear 24 \ Clear Clear Cloudy On the 6tl), 16, 17, 18, 19. and 21st, wind North; 4th 5, 7, 20. and 22, North-east; 10th. IS, and 25th, Eas.t; 1st and 2d. South-east; 3d, South,* 8th, 11, and 23d, South-West; 9th, 12, 13, 14,24, 28,. and 29th, West; 26tb. 27, and 30th, Norlb-west. On the-lOth, noon. Thermometer at 80° — the_hlghest. On the SOtli, morn. Thermometer at 38° — thd lowest. Range in the month, 42°. On the 18th,'morn. Barometer at 29.80 in., — higliest. On the 27th, morn. Barometer at 29,35 in,, — lowest. Range 09.45 inch in the month. The wind has been 10 days' ^ast of the Meridian, 13 West of it, 6 days north and 1 day south. There was rain- on 11 days of this month, viz: 1, 3,8, 10,' 11, 15, 16. 23. 25, 26, 27. The heaviest rains on the 2, 10, IS, 25, 26. A thundergust on the lOtii,— a white frost on tbe 30th. — There were but 6 days, in the whole month clear, without clouds. — This month was 8° mean temperature, colder than last August, artd 1^° colder tban September, 1830. Thg month generally cold and cloudy. / PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. ThUBSDAI EVENING, Oct. 6, 1831. SELECT COUNCIL.— Mr. Lippincott presented the annexed petition which tivas referred to the Paving Committee. To the Honorable the Select and Common Councils of ¦ the City of Philadelphia. The subscribers, residents, or whose places of busi ness are in the neighbourhood of Dock and Walnut streets, respectfully represent that in their opinion the expensive work now in operation fop the repairing of , the Culvert, will nol be effectual for the preventing of the evils they have been for years exposed to, unless another one is constructed, the present one being to tally inadequate for carrying off the immense body of water that in heavy rains is brought down the two cul verts, meeting in one point, and with but one old wretchedly constructed Culvert to carry off the whole. Your memorialists beg leave to state', as an unan swerable proof ofthe correctness of tiieir assertion, that On the evening 'of the 26lh, during a heavy rain bolh Culverts were filled, and the water not having vent rose' to the top ofthe immense excavation, overflowing. its banks. They therefore respectfully request that the Culvert in Walnut street be continued down that street to the river. They are aware that some of the proprietors of property near the wharf, consider this a dangerous undertaking from the deep' cut that must be made. Some of your memorialists have inquired of practical men, who have-given a contrary opinion, and It Is npt unreasonable to solicit of the Legislation of the City, that in a matter of such importance they will ascertain from actual examination by impartial and com petent persons, the real facts of tbe case and not be prevented from inquiry"^ by the fears of any persons 248 STATISTICS OF PRISON J^ND CRIME. [OCTOBX^ however respectable, and which may prove entirely groundless. Mr. Massey offered an ordinance relative to the Robert Morris Hose Company, which places it on a footing with other companies. Mr, Toland offered the foUowing resolution, which was passed by both Councils. Resolved, bythe Select and Common Councils, that the Mayor be and is hereby authorized to draw his warrant on the City Treasurer, in favour of the seve ral City Constables, being for expenses incurred at the Ward Elections, held on the 30th ult. Mr. Massey offered the subjoined ordinance, which was read and laid on the table. An Ordinance for regulating the setting and re-setting of Curb Stone within the city of Philadelphia. Sect. 1. Be it ordained and enacted by the citizens of Philadelphia, in Select and Common Councils, as sembled. That from and after the passing of this Ordi nance, any person or persons who shall set or re-set any Curb Stone in any of the public streets, courts or alleys within the city, without first obtaining pepmission in writing from the ownep op owners, agent op occu pant in front of, which such Curb Stone is required to be set or re-set^ or from the City Commissioners as the case may be, he or they shall forfeit and pay for tbe use of the city the sum of twenty dollars for every such offence, to be recovered before the Mayor or any of the Aldermen ofthe city of Philadelphia, as all such fines and forfeitures are recoverable bylaw. Mr. Kittera offered the following resolution which was unanimously adopted^ Resolved, That the thanks of the Council be tender ed to John M. Scott, Esq. their President, for the faith ful manner in which he has discharged the duty of the Chair during the past year, COMMON COUNCIL.— Mr. Baker presented a pe tition for paving Shoemaker street, which was referred to the Paving Committee. Mr. Johnson presented a petition from George Bumm, which was referred to the Paving Committee with pow er to act. Mr. Johnson as Chairman of the Committee for the purchase of wood for the necessitous poor, made the annexed report and resolution whicb were a'dopted by botb Councils. The Committee to whom was referred the purchas ing of wood for the necessitous pooi^, report: That they have purchased of Benjamin Duncan, one hundred co,rds of oak Wood, at $4 40 per cord. $440 00 Cordage, 6 00 HaiiUng, 75 00 Piling,, 18 75 Total $.S3p 75 7"hey beg leave to offer the following resolution: Resolved, By the Select and Common Councils, that the Mayor be, and he is hereby authorized to draw his warrant on the City Treasurer, in favor of Benjamin Duncan for the sum of five hundred and thirty -nine dollars seventy-five cents, and that the same be charg ed to the funds left in trust to the Corporation of the City of Philadelphia, for the pilrchasing of wood fdr the necessitous poor. Mr. Baksb, as Chairman of the Committee on Mar kets, made the annexed Report ^nd Resolution which were not agreed to. Ayes 6. N*y^ ^• The Committee on Markets to whom was referred the petition of a number of persons holding stalls in the ISIarket House, between Third and Fourth streets, Report:- That they have examined the roof of said Market Iiouse, and are of opinion t|)at tt^e roof on the north side of the Market isin aatate of decay, and ifthe same is not repaired will cause the plastering to fall off, and those persons paying rent for the stalls wUl have their produce nearly in as much danger of getting wet as if they bad no shelter, they therefore offer the following i-esolution: Resolved, That the City Commissioners be -request ed to have the roof on the north side of the Market House between Third and Fourth streets, newly shin gled. Mr. Oldenburg as Chairman of the Committee tp whom was referred the communicntion of William Rush, Esq. made the following report and resblution accompanied by the annexed extract from the minutes ofthe Wardens' Office, which were agreed to. The Committee to whom was referred the commu nication from \yilliam Rush, Esq. respecting the River Schuylkill, report: That they' have communicated with the wardens of t)ie port on the subject, and herewith annex an extract from the minutes Of the said wardens. The Committee deem ,the subject of considerable importance to the City, therefore beg leave to offer the following resolu tion. Resolved, That the subject be referred to the early attention ofthe next Councils. Wardens' Office, Philadelphia, 29th Sept. 1831. Extractfrom the minutes, viz: "Resolved, by the Board of Wardens, that the com- mun'rcation made to Councils by .WiUiani Rush, Esq. and submitted to this Board hy the Committtee to wbom the same was-refi?rred, contains some very important suggestions relative to the improvement of the River Schuylkill, which entitle it to the most respectful con sideration. Resolved, That it is expedient, in the opinion of this Board, that application be made to the Legislature at tbeir next meeting, for a law to affix and determine the line of /qw water mark on said- River; and also, to make the necessary provision to prevent the con struction of any wharves or piers on the said River Schuylkill, which shall not leaVe a free and unmolested passage for the water between the Eastern and Wes tern shores thereof, of at least feet lobe determin ed by survey." "Atteiit,THOS. JACKSON, Clerk. Mr. Johnson, offered the following preamble and resolution which were unanimously adopted, and which he prefaced with a very handsome and cdmplimentary address in favor df the presiding officer bf the Common Council. '' Whereas the disinterested, unassuming and dignified conduct of tbe presiding officer of the CouneU, h*s contributed much to the harmony and good feeling which prevailed among its members during the present session. Therefore, Be it resolved by Ihe Common Council of the City ofPhiladelphia. tbi^t the thanks of its members individually and cullectively,are due to James Page,RSq^ for the able, dignified and impartial manner in which he has discharged the duties devolved on him as president of this Council. STATISTICS OF PRISONS AND CRIME, The "Society for alleviating the miseries of prisons," has for several years coUected facts respecting crime in this. stale, and has annually published the result in very interesting series of tables— vyhich wiU be found in Vol. 1, 2 and 5, ofthe Register. To their industry and zeal we are Indebted for the following tables, ex hibiting the state ofthe prisons, and of crime, for 1830. They merit the serious attention of our readers. If con tinued, as we h9pe they wiU be, these tables wiU in a few years embrs^ce a body of facts of great value lo the philanthropist and poUtical economist — which but for the exertions of the Society, would probably never have been coUected. 1831.1 A STATEMENT OF THB CRIMINAL BUSINESS. 249 A STATEMENT CRIMl]?rAL. BUSIJJTESS - ; ' Circuit Court of ihe United States for ihe Eastern District of Pennsylvania — of the l^ayor's Court for ihe Citv ¦ of Philadelphia— of the Court of Quarter Sessions for the Cmmiy of Philadelphia — an^d of the Court of Oyer and Terminer for.the Cii^ and County of Philadelphia, " FOR THE YEAR 1830. OFFENCES,, Mayor's Court. , Adultery, Assault and Battery, Ass't & Bat. to k-Ul, Assault & Batttery ? to commit a rape, 5 Bigamy, Bawdy House, Burglary, Conspiracy, Disorderly- House, . Escape,... ......... Forcible Entry, Forgery and Utter- '^ ing forged notes, C &c,.....- 3 Fornic'n & Bastardy, Fraudid't Insolvency Gaming,, Larceny,Larceny of the Mail; Libel......... Manslaughter, Misdemeanor, not otherwise scribed. Murder,. Nuisance Obstructing the mail. Perjury, •Prosecuting &So-~l liciting a capiaa ! against a public f ^minister,... .. ..J | Rape, , Riot', &c Rescue,,.,.^.;; Rec'ng stolen good.s, Robbery, ,. Robbery ofthe Mail, Revolt,., f Tippling House-, . . 5. 4 209 161 ior, not 'p vise de- > d, 5 35 3 1 88 3 2'61 230 4 Total,. Total for 1828, . . 'lotal for 1829, . . -O >. o n 3 <° -nIS' 2, 2 8119 61 Co't of Quarter Sessions. , 1 165,25 IS 31 604 47;434 30 510 174 320 99 114 15 228 3 241 u 2 9 11 1 213 16 9 297 224 184 56| 19 149 94 66 70 Ul , 2 4 18 2 6 11 1 163 11 87 J? > 3 -^ a. c 50 116 62; 128 14 60 Oyerir Terminer. 507 569 110 468 363420 6 155 F g 144 149 4313 264 58 205 60 20497 54 146 98 119 2519: 6 2218 4 28 221 6 13 Circuit Co'liU.S. a > c o a .o a P- a. 3 r^ ^ •? rn ft 0,1717 10 26 41 4 8 6 5 8 0 • In this case the Judges were opposed in opinion, and the case was sent to the Supreme Court of tbe United Stales. "' f In these cases many ofthe defendants could not be foundl WALNUT ST. EASTERN AND WESTERN PENI- TENTIARY. A statement shewing the number, of prisoners, received diiring the year 1830, at the Penitentiary in. Walnut VojL. VIII. 33 street,ih^th^ CUy of Philadelphia, atthe Eastern Pen itentiary in the County of Philadelphia and at the •Western Penitentiary in- the City of Pittsburgh, the natuise oftheir oii^ases, &,c. &c. , 250 COMMIT.MENTS OF THE ClfY AND CO. OF PHILADELPHIA. [OOtobe* Received during the year 1830. ?3- ns -D The prisoners i-eceiv- 3*3^ ed during the year n Ea Penit ary. W( Peiiil arr. H . OFFENCEiS. II Tola este iient astei item 1830, weresenlen ced in the fiiUow- re A 1-3 tf^ - \ cn ?. ¦^3 .%= »'3 :- ing COUNTIES. r -^ ' 3 1 _ .^ \djms. ' 1 Allegheny, 15 15 ' A issault & Battery to kill, 4 1 5 Armstrong, 1 1 ' i .ssault & Battery to ravish. 2 3 5 Berks, 1 2 . ,S F ¦'gamy. 2 2 Bradford, 2. 2 E iiirghiry. 16 2 18 Bucks. 4 1 5 ( Jons'piiacy, 2 ¦ ' -2 Cambria. 1 1 I 'orgery & Uttering forg-^ ? ¦ ' ed notes, &c.' 5 2 8 1 11 Centre. -. 2 2 10 Chester, 7 3 1 lorse stealingi 10 2 12 Columbia, 1 1 I ..arceny, 220 22 242 Crawford, 1 1 aanslaughter. 12 3 Cumberland, 1 1 2 1 Misdemeanor not other- ? , wise described, ^ 5 - 8 1 9 Dauphin. 4 4 Delaware, 1 1 Vlurdei-, 2d degree. 8 2 10 Greene, 1: 1 Perjury, „ ¦ 1 1 Huntingdon, 2 2 Rape, 1 1 2 Lancaster, 5 ¦' ¦ 5 Robbery, 5 5 Lehigh, Luzerne, - Lycoming, Mifflin, .Moritgomery, Northampton, -1 1 1 I Fotal,., ...1 238 49 40 327 -. 1 5 1 5 ' Discharged in 1830. by ¦> expiration of sentence, > 174 3 30 207 2 8 2 10 2 ' 3y pardon. 28 3 31 Northumberland, 1 2 , ^3 By death, . ,26 1-3 30 Perry, -¦ 1 1 By escape. 5 1 6 , I'hiladelphia, Pike, SchuylkiU, 210 1 19 229 1 Total, 233 -. 4 37 274 1 111 VI. 1 F. .\I. F. M F. Total. tjnion,Venango, 1 1 Received in 1825, 2S3| 32 ' • 255 Warren, 1 1 1826, 234 62 296 Washington, 6 6 1827. 2371 57 5 299 Wayne, 2 - 2 1828, 1829, 1830. Remaining on the 31st,of December. > 1827. 227 201 185 52 12 291 50 9 35 7-302. 53 49 36 4 527 Westmoreland, - Total,.... 4 4 238 4V) 40 327 1 M. K. • M. F.• VI. F. 504 72 576 Places of nativitiy of ilie pi-isunt!rs reinainiilg in 1828, 484 72 556 Jail on 3tst uf Uec. 1830 ^ - 1829, 417 60 9 59 545 Maine, 2 ^ 1830, 416 66 54 , 62 598. Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecliuut,. - 2 11 - 1 Ages of those received du- 1 nng the year 1830, were 3 " 2 1 Oforundep 15 yeaps of age 6 New York, 34' 5 2 From 15 to 20 years, 16 8 3 1' New Jersey, 50 5 3 , ? 20 to 25' 61 8 11 2 Pennsylvania, 146 ,20 29 5 25 to 30 33 11 3 Delaware, 41 3 2 3 30 to 40 35 12 12 1 Maryland, 39 4 ' ,, 40 to 50 18 6 4 District of Columbia, 1 50 lo 60 11 3 3 Virginia. 9 1 4 60 to 70 3 1 North Carolina, 1 70 to 80 2 South Carolina, 1 1 Tennessee, 1 .'Total . 18; ' S3 49 00 36 4 Kentucky, Ohio, - 1 1 z 1 — 1 1 1 1 Ages ofthe whole No. c f - Louisiahai, ' 1 , prisoners remaining in th 'e ,' Florida, 1 Jails on the 31st Dec. 183( ), Nova Scotia, 1 Und'er 15 years of age. 1 Canada, 1 ] From 15 to 20 years, 2 r 17 6 5 2 New Brunswick, 1 ¦ 20 to 25 10 ^i^lS^^s New Foundland, 1 25 to 30 8 West Indies, 3 1 30 to 40 ' 11 9 16 12 17 1 England, ' 13 1 1 40 to 50 4 7 5 9 7 Scotland, 7 50 to 60 1 9 12 4 Ireland, 38 6 g 60 to 70 1 0 1 1 France, 1 ^ ' 70 to 80 ? 1 • Germany, Holland, Africa, and Fayall, 4 2 2 .416 i Total . 41 6 66 54 00|56"6 3 6 ¦ 'sg There has been no re-commitm« nt lo the E.Penitontiarj lined. ' ;: Total,. 5^ 54 00 5 8_- - i\o[ ascerc -, Not as certain ed. • ^ . 1831. J ANNUAL SICK REPORT OF PHILADELPHIA PRISON. 251 CONVICTIONS. First Conviction, Second Third Fourth , , Fifth Sixth Uncertain Repeated do do do dodo do do Total,. ' COLOUR of those in,)ailDec.31,18S0. Whites, Blacks,- n 2.rt 3 S rt rt aB3- ^.fv-yJ \.i'v s cl - p- a: Ol y,\ a •z O !-8S 1 DISEASES- •^ 2. PCV •? n c p ¦ 5. "? t^ ^ cc nn3 a o o- o t -3, cr o - ni5 cr 91 ni n CDJOCT -tn JO n Si.' CO ? •¦< cr ¦fD n 9? w s \ goq ' T- o a rtCTQ Febris, 0 6 3 1 1 ^ 3 7 - 2 ~7 0 0 " 3 34 0 32 2 Intermittens,, 0 3 4 1 8 ,4 2 11 5 11 0 0 50 0 50 0 Remittens, 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 C 0 0 0 1 1 0 -0 Biliosa, - ~ ^ - - 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Typhus, - 0 ' -0 0 1 0 , 0 0 0 ¦ 4 ,"1 1 0 7 4 21 .1 Tonsillitis, . - . ,0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 5 0 Catarrhus, - - . 0 3 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 13 0 11 - 2 Bronchitis; . - . 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 ( 0 ¦ 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 Pleuritis, ''- 2 2 1 1 ¦ 1 1 0 c 2 0 2 '2 15 0 15 0 Pneumonia, -, ^- 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 a 0 ' ' Biliosa, 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Typhodes, 0 0 0 0 0, 0 0 0 C 0 0 2 2 1 -0 1 Dy.spno!a, - a 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 c c 0 0 0 1 •C 1 0 Hydrothorax, - 1 ,0 0 0 1 2 ^ ] 2 1 c c 0 2 10 5 3 2 Hsemoptysis, 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ¦ 2 0 2 0 Phthisis, 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 10 7 1 2 Gastritis, - - - .0 0 0 0 0 0 1 '0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Gastralgia, - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -c 0 e 0 1 0 1 0 Hsematemesis, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 1 0 1 0 1 0 Cholera Morbus, - - .- 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 c c 0 0 s 0 8 0 Obstipalio, 0 0 0 0 0 i 2 1 1 0 0 0 s 0 5 0 Colica, 2 0 1 0 0 1 c 0 0 0 c 0 0 4 0 4 0 Enteritis, -, , 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 e 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 Diarrbosa, - 0 ' 1 0 0 0 2 s - 6 2 0 1 2 0 - 16 1 14 1 Hydrops, ... 0 1 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 -0 0 0 0 1 1 ¦ 0 0 * Anasarca, - , 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 Ascites, . . - 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 1 ,0 0 1 0 1 0 Tympartilis, " - ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Nephritis, - - ' - , 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 ,0 0 2 0 2 0 Cephalalgia, 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 X) 3 0 Epilepsia. - 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 "2 0 Apoplexia,-- 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 Mania a Potu, 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 01 0 2 b 0 01 0 00 0 0 001 0 00000 Eruptio,^ - 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 ' I 4 0 3 Varioloides, - "". -."^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 0 7 g Rheumatismns, - - , 1 3 1 0 l! 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 11 0 Lumbago, . - . 0 0 0 0 0, 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 4 1 4 1| 2 1 3 3 4 0 Scrofula,- ^ , - 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Atrophia, - 1 0 , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 DeMlitasi - 2 1 0 0 1 0 -0 0 0 0 j: 0 0 0 Ptyklismu^, 0 0 0 c 0, 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 1 0 Ophthalmia. 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hypertrophja Cordis, 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 AmenorrbseS, 0 0 0 0 O' 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 00 Dysmenorrbsea, 0 0 0 0 O' 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Contusio, - - - Vulnus, - - 'i Ulcus. ¦ 0 00 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 000 00 0 00 3 0 00 0 00 1 0 0 0 0 1 32 5 00 00 - Abscessus, - 0 0 0 0 ¦2 0 0 ' 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 Bubo, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 000 1 1 1 2 1 Hosmorrbpis, 0^ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n 1 Prolapsus Ani - ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Fistula in Ano - . • 0 ll 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 OJ fl 2 Strictura, ¦ - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Number of cases in each Month. 12 30 11 IS 22 21 24 29 ¦24 26 21 12 21 2 268 26 226 16 c l7o.,.of deaths In each Month. , 0 o\ 1 3 ll 41 3 3 2l 4 2| 1 FRANKLIN BACHE, M.D. Phyidan, 1831.] DISEASES AND DEATHS IN ARCH STREET PRISON. 253 DISEASES AXD DEATHS. ARCH STREET PRISON DURING THE YEAR IS30. DISEASES. Ir 9 P- "2 0 0 e3 n 0 c , >¦ - c 0 wn ¦a 0 o no' o- s 0 0 oo 3 1 No.of each disease' as o 0 Fever Bilious, , - 0 0 0 1 2. Intermittent, 4- 5 12 15 11 13 20 16 19 12 4 5 136 0. Remittent, - 5 8 / 7 8 16 12 9 9 8 2 3 94 1 Hernia Humoralis, 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0' Catarrh. - 4 15 8 11 8 6 8 6 10 6 6 10 98 0 Rheumatism, - 3 2 9 6 9 4 s. 3 1 2 2 4 SO 0 Phthisis, 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 , 0 1 0 Psora, 0 , o' 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 ' 0 0 2 , 0 Pneumonia, 1 0 ¦ 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 Intemperance and Mania a Potu, 6 -1 6 11 9 19 19 12 11 ll 9 7 121- 4- Gonorrhoea, 3 0 0 1 2 3 3 X 0 2 4 3 22 0 Diarrhoea, C 0 1 1 1 4 3 3 2 0 0 1 16 0 Dysentery, 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 '1 2 0 1 8 0 SyphiUs, 3 1 1 1 3 4 5 10 4 .2 5 5 ,44 0 O'pbth-jlmia, 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 1 10 0 Pleurisy, , 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ' 1 0 Palsy, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Odontalgia, 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 1 0 0 0 7 ,0 diii nsy. 0 1 4 .3 ] 1 1 0 1 2 2 2 18 0 Dropsy. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 1 0 ^1 0 Debility, - 0 0 0 0 fl 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Inflammation, 1 1 0 2 o 0 2 1 2 0 0 1' 13 0 Ulcer, . ,- . 1 0 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 3 17 0 Contcision, 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 2. ^ 1 1 1 15 0 Won nil,' 0 1 , 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 . 5 0 laiindice. 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Hsemoptysis, ' . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 lJa:1noi-riioids, - ^ ) 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 Oonvulsion's, 0 1 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 2 '0 Vertigo, -0 0 ^1 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' 6 0 Asthma, 0 0 1 0 0 n. 1 0 1 0 1 JQ 4 0 Hysteria, 0 1 0 a . 0 0 0 0 0 0, 0 0 1 0 I'umor, 1 0 0 0 1 0, 0 0 0 0 , 1 o' 3 0 Sprains,- 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 Eruption, 1 3 1 3 2 0 3 0 1 3 1 0 18 0 Colic,, ' - - - ' 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 2 0 1 4 0 13 0 Bujns, 0 0 .0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' 1 1 0 Scrofula, 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ,4" 0 Erysipelas, -0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ; 0 0 0 0 1 0 Parturition, 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 - 05 37 44 S3 70 72 88 103 68 68 55 47 51 756 Total number of Cases, Deaths, 756 ¦ 5 White-Men,White Women, Colored Women, 3 1 1 7S^1 Relieved and Cured. All these prisoners were „not confined to their beds in tbe Hospital, but received medical treatment as their respective cases required. HARVEY KLAPP, M..D. Published by order of the Acting CommUtee of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating tbe Miseries of Public Prisons. JAMES J. BARCLAY, iSecre/oriro/ .4. C. 254 ALCHEMIST. [OCIOBS^ For tlie Register of PennsylTaiiia. THE ALCHEMIST. No. XXX. Luctdus ordo. Hor. Art, Poet. PERSPICUOUS MRTHOD. No point in philosophy, or even in mathematics, is more susceptible of demonstration, than that order is 'the first law of nature, and the first element of society. Inall which concerns the momentous subjects of legis lation, judicature, ecclesiastical affairs, science, litera ture — men appear to be unanimous in regard to the general adoption of some fixed rules of proceeding, whenever they come together lo act or to d6|ibei-ate- The expressions, — "coming lo order"-^" being organ ized" — "forming a duly constituted society, "—and similar-phrases, applied even to the most ordinary pop ular meetings, indicate how necessary it is deemed, by all persons conversant with social intercourse, to com mence and proceed inlhe transaction of serious busi ness, with a strict adhepence to some known and ac knowledged order. But unfortunately, the necessity which all feel and admit, when acting in communities, many utterly over look or disregard, in their individual practice,7— just as some politioal economists apjieaptb imagine that theip vaunted doctrines have no application toi their own per- sonal OP dohiestic concerns. That I may not seem wholly to neglect what is about to be pecommendcd to others,- 1 propose to offi^p some examples of the evil consequences of a want of method: first, among men engaged in the ordinary useful oc- copations — next a.-nong the learned pl-ofessions, — and, fi nally in.the studies and wi-iiiiiRS of men pi-ofessedly de- . voted lo the investigation and comoiunication of trjith. There. is a species of bustling among persons who r would be thought active ami efficient, which swmeti-mes passes for real talent, and not "unfrequently for energy in business. In the industrious calllngjs, il is manifested by the ceaseless hurry i|i' which the individual ftiidshimself.i He has a score of things in hand, but none near its; ¦timely 'completion. Fifty engagements are -virtually broken, where one is rigorously fulfiUed. Disappoint ment breeds disgust in the minds of his employers. Every new perplexity brings a fresh mortification. His subordinate agents become .sullen and discontented / at the capi-iciousness of his requisStions, and the uncer tainty of meeting his next unreasonable expectations. Promises are made with lavish tongue, but the hands which should make good those declarations, are dip ping into so many matters at the same moment, that nothing corresponds, either in- time or quality, with his own pretences, or with the just expectations which they have fostered in otliers. Nothing more effectually blasts the prospects of me chanics and other industpious persons, tban a want of punctuaUty. But tbat dispatch of business, on which punctuality depends, is out of the question, where no regular method is known or adhered to, A desire to retain or to multiply customers, ofte.n prompts artizans to enter into contracts which a moment's reflection must show to be beyond their power of fulfilment; or a more profitable undertakin.if is permilted to set aside one already commenced, which consequently suhjects the employer to'numerous inconveniencies, an.l ve^- tions, while from day to day, or fpom month lo month, he receives new promLies and new deceptions, until he ceases to bedeceived by any thing wKich the unprinci pled contractor can utter, and all this loss of credit and of moral reputation, was perhaps owing to the want of a few moment's application, in completing a design. Or in procuring some trifling material. The best remedy forthe ev'il wOuld^be, forthe pubUc to withdraw, all confitlenceand patronage from those vvho prove thus heedless ofthe obligation ofa promise; and to encour age, by every means, the man, who, by a regular and systematic pursuit of his caUing. is enabled to fulfill with punctilious fidelity, every engagement into which he enters. Few men are so important,or,at least, so indispensable to the common welfare, that they cart long be aUowed to trifle with the good nature and just desires of their fellow citizens. One who so egregiously overrates his own Importance as to imagine that society cannot do without him, and that- he may set at defiance all the laws of prudence, will soon find a substitute stepping into his place. The learned professions furnish -st'ill more lamentable exempUfications ofthe wretched Impolicy of neglecting a regular system in the prosecution of their respective duties. The practice of neglecting engagements, post poning business and mixing up avocations is, in th'is case, both more injurious as an ex-er. Ingersoll,- Totals'. 1. Upper Delaware, 317 154 471 2, Lower Delaware, -251 270 521 3. High Street, 137 184 321 4. Chestnut, . 227 127 354 5. Walnut,- 120 145 '26S 6. Dock, 207 157 364 7. Pine, 202 138 360 .8. New Market. 274 149 423 9., North Mulberry,' 413 82 495 10. South Mtdberry, 312 , 154 ¦„ 466 11. North, 293 202 495 12. Middle, , 225 90 313 13. South, ^13 135 348 14. Locust. 377 185 562 15. Cedar, 261 86 • ,347 . Totals. 3829 2-278 6107 David S. Hassinger is-elected Senator by a majority of 1551 votes. ' AsSE>rBLT. National Republicans. Democrats.. - Charles H Kerk, 3708 Joseph HemphUl, 3526 'KPaul S. Brown, > ¦ 3364 ' Samuel B. Davis, 33'53 John H. Campbell, 3349 John W. Ashmead, 3344 Thomas S. Smith, 3288 Abraham Miller, 2890 William H. Keating, 2759 George W. Toland, 2434 V/illiam T. Smith, 2389 Thomas W. Morris, 2375 Robert Hare, jr. 2336 Samuel J, Robbins, 2255 WOBKIITG Meji. James McHenry, - - - . 382 William Baker, - . . . Sfg WiUiam H. Gillingham, - - - , -370 William j. Bedlpck, . - -370 SELECT John H.Neff, 3444 Daniel Groves, 3431 Charley Johnson; sr. 3359 Joseph Worrell. 3339 COUNCIL. Henry Troth, 2765 Anthony Cuthberi, 2762 Manual Eyre, 2338 Joseph P. Norris, jr. 2322 For the unexpired term of W. Boyd, resigned, Thomas M. Pettit, 3444 [ Mark Richardf, 2154 , John S. Warner, 361 COMMON COUNCIL. JohnP, Wetherill, Silas M-, Sexton; WiUiam J. Leiper, Isaac Wainright, Lewis Ryan, James Page, John Patterson, Wm. E. Lehman, John M. Hood, Joseph Murray, Michael Baker, John Moss, Abraham Okie, John Horn, David Oldenburg, James Fearon, Henry S, Coryell, 3952 Isaac Ellioif, 2712 3855 Joseph Aken, 2675 3553 Adum Ramage, , 2678 3536 Lawrence Lewis, 2659 3524 John Gilder, 2655 3516 Isaac Meyer, 2652 3509 Joshua Tevis, 2376 3507 Samuel English, 2374 3500 Joshua Emlen, 2367 3495 WUIiam H. Hart, 2361 3489 Elhanan W. Keyser, 2352 3488 David Paul Brown, 2333 3478 Georgb Tho'mas, 2332 3474 Samuel Norris, 2325 3472 Samuel Rush, 2322 3467 Charies H. Baker, 2322 3448 Saihuel Spackman, 2308 Peter Fritz, 3445 I Samuel Keemle, 2291 Thomas C. Maberry, 3420 William C. Hancock,2274 John T. Sullivan, 3203 | Stephen E, Fotte'rall, 2182 WOBKIHO MbN-. Charies Wetherill, Robert E. Nuttie,, . George Taber. Adam Dialogue, Henry S. Tanner, Henry C. Corbit. Joseph Sirahan, William Marriott, William Edwards, JbhnCrean, jr. J. A. M-Clintock, Lewis Stegaganini, 390373368 367366 362361 359 357355 354 348 CITY AND COUNTY. CouifTT Commissioueh. at I/, pounty. John Thompson, - - 312? ' 4162 Ds^vidPaul, - - 2915, 3438 Thompson's Majorities, 207 724 Totals, 7284 6353 Auditors. .lames F. M'Elroy,' - 3240 ' 4240 James Hanna, - - 2345 2194 Benjamin P. Binns, - , 377 1069 For the unexpired term of Sami Coates, deceased, John J. McCahen, - 3140 4180 Thomas' Morrell, . - 2141 48- George Peters, , - - 376 3182 COUNFY OF PHILADELPHIA. AssE-mBLT. Jackson and Wolf. Opposition. WUliam Hlnckle.* . . 6261. Thomas J. Heston, F. Vansant, Daniel K, MiUer, Jacob CoUar, John Felton, Itichard Peltz, James Goodman. 4462 4461 4451 4448 4411 44U4 4390 *This name was on bolh Tickets. John Thompson,' Thomas Davis Peter Buddy, Samuel Whitton, William -Binder, ,. David Snyder, JaCQ^ Thomas, Tbomas M 'Cully, Samuel Bender, George Rhen, Robert M. Nixon, 931 74804539' 1446 ^7320 2189 3258 3503 3303 3284 3225 2173 2090 2053 1800 13391334 1316 The names in Snlick letter, in the preceding Tickets, were also on the Working Men's Ticket. CoiK-missioirEns op Nokthebit Libehtiks. William Wagner, 1234 William Brunei-, 1258 WUIiam Randolph. 1_2S2 Augustin Stevenson, 1244 PhiUp Justice,,- 1217 W. M. Kennedy, 1200 WiUiam Binder, , 1193 M. Brown, 1 year, 1202 John Naglee, Jacob Culp, Daniel Jeffias, David Dilluiger, Jona, Townsend, John Rheiner, jr. J„. D. Goodwin, C. Elliott, 1 year. COMMISSIONEBS OP SPBIlfO GilKnElr. -MUes N. Carpenter, 669 John D. Huhrt, 658 George W. Riter, 581 Isaac Maculey, 563 Nicholas Fullmer, 548 WUUam Cobb, D. R. Erdman, Benjamin Davis, ^^.dward Turner, John (3rrace, ComnissioiiEBS or Southwabk. Lemuel Paynter, John Keefe, Saml. H. Trainer, John Floyil, jp. F..G, Wolbert, 13611361 1353 -1347 1333 Cornelius Tiers, George H, Tressc, George L, Eyre, George M'Leod,, Daniel Green, n7S 1176 lis* 1155 1154 1146 11341173 472 461 382 371 365 534 480 474 466458 03* 7%e names of tlie Gentlemen elected an placed ia thefirst Column, HAZARD^S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVAJ3fIA. DEVOTED TO THE PBESEBVATIoif OP EVEBT KIITD OP USEFUL HTFOBMATIOIT BBSPECTINS TBE STATE. EDITJED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL.. VIH.-jrO. 17. PHIIiADEIiPHlA, OCTOBER 22, 1831. JVO. 199 FREE TRADE CONVENTION. For the purpose of introducing the address of this body, as well as lo have the minutes of the convention In a more official form — we defer forthe present the continuation of the proceedings begun to be published in our last number. Address rf the Convention to the People ofthe United States, A portion of your fellow citizens, resident in diffep ent states of the Union, who ape numepous, pespectable and intelligent, who like youpselves, ape attached to tbe ppincipJes of fpee government, and ardently devot ed, to the great constitutionar charter, which conse crates and upholds them— ^ivho ask, only an eqtlal parti cipation in the benefits, and-are ready to bear an equal share ofthe burthens -of the government — who are willing, moreover, to concede to others a perfect right to the full enjoyment of whatever they ask for tliem- ,8elves; such a poption of your fellow citizens, wbose condition.cbapactep. motives -and views ave thus faith fully delineated, have deputed us to reppesent them on an occasion deeply interesting to their feelings as men, andyitally impoptant to their interests as citizens of this gpeat confedepated Republic.'. They have called upon us to unite, our counsel's fop the redpess of the gpievan- ces undep which they .labour; and have enjoined U, upon us,, as a duty, to omit no means tor the accomplishment of this object, which may consist with our, obligations as citizens, ^nd with their owii,faithful and ardent de votion to the bond of our common union. In the per- , Ibrmance ofa duty like this, we cannot be insensible to the propriety ofa frank and respectful communication with our fellow citizens at large. We are members of the same great political family. Our interests are com mon, and so also are our duties; and it cannot be tt^t any portion of our brethren can desire to withhold from us our just share ofthe benefits, or to subject us to an undue proportion of the burthens, which flow fpom the government under which we Hve. We- have equal confidence in. their justice and intelligence; and assure ourselves that it is only necessary to, bring home lo their understandings the conviction ofthe evils under which we suffer, to secure their cordial co-operation in prompt and effectual measures for their removal. We would comniune with you, then, in the spirit df these feelings. We myst speak with frankness. It may be that our language will- boprow strength from the conviction of our wrong-s. but we wiU not, forget the just respect which isdiie to those who differ bom us in opinion, and cannot be unmindful of the affection which we bear, and which we earnestly desire. to cherish towards our brethren througljout the Union. The representatives of portions of our fellow citi zens, belonging to different states of this confederacy, have --assembled in the city of Philadelphia, to consider the grievances which Ihey suffer under the existing ta riff of dirties, -and to devise, if happUy they may do so, some constitutional and peaceftil .mode of redress. Speaking generally, they have conqe together as stran^ fers to each other, witb all the variety of opinions on most subjects, which springs from different habits and pursuits, and is perhaps inevitably incident to.the im perfection of our common nature. On one engrossing question, that which constitutes the subject of this ad dress, looking as well to its principles as its details, they have found a concurrence of opinion, which, as they believe, entitles them to ask for that Opinion, and for the reasons on which il is founded, the attentive and dispassionate consideration of the American people.' Among the evils which flow from the tariff system, as at present estabUshed by law. the ardent and deter mined opposition to that systeih, w.bieh exists in vari. ous parts of tbe Union, — the deep and settled discon tent which is felt, aiid bas been manifested by a nume rous, patriotic, and intelligent portion of our fellow cit izens.— cannot fail to awaken the liveUest solicitude of every lover of his country. Let it be remembered that this is no transient feeling^-rthe offspring of momentary excitement — one which may be expected to pass away under the influence of a more calm and dispassio'nate reflection. No — the system of which we complain is not of recent origin, and the feeling of discontent, which was coeval with its institution, time and experience have only served to stpengthen and increase. Let those who sincerely desire to perpetuate the pnlilical blessings which we enjoy, look to this Consideration witb the at tention which it demands. This is emphatically a go vernment of opinion. The vigor ofthe laws is a moral force. The bond which unites us isthe sense of our common interest— the conviction of o^r equal rights-— tbe assut-ance of our capacity to assert, and the feeling that we actually enjoy theni. Take from any consider able portion ofthe American people the consciousness that they are in the full possfession of their rights as freemen; substUute for it tbe spirit of discontent, which springs from the conviction of wrongs inflicted, nOl in advertently, but witb deliberation, wliich are not tem porary, but enduring; and you array against thegovem- } ment a force which is of like character with that which sustains it--you awaken a feeling of resentment, which IS goaded into activity by a sense of oppression, and embittered by the recollection that it is the hand of a brother which inflicts it. Such is the feelingwhich pervades a numerous and respectable portion of the American people. It cannot be defied, and may not be disregarded, without putting to hazard the safety of the confederacy. ¦' Do yon doubt its existence, its nature, or degree' Look to the character of this assembly— to the circum' stances under wbich it is convened. Give your atten- tion to the history of the past, and be admonished of the novel and extraordinary spectacle which is present- edto youp view. -Do not close youp eyes to the fact that this assembly is altogether without parallel iince' the foundation ofthe government— that We are freeriien and the representatives of freemen, who soeak to voil of our violated rights-that we have come from differ- ent and distant parts of the Union to join in demanding heir restoration^-that a consciousness of strength ia , the ofTspring of united counsels-and that our purpose .snot the less firm, because it is announced to you peacefuHy, and in the spirit of concinaflon. A numerous and respectable poption of tbe American Llf k ??v."°' """¦'.'y complain that this system i. ari- just, but they question the rigrht to establlsb it. Tbey 258 ADDRESS OF THE FREE TRADE CONVENTION. [Octosxs do not doubt— ^ihey utterly deny — the constitutional power of Congi-ess to enact. In justice to that body, we invite your candid attention to a' brief consideration of their views on this subject. The constitutionah va lidity or invalidity ofan act of Congress does not neces sarily depend upon the question whether Ihe judicial department ofthe government would affirm the one or the other of these propositions. It may be that an act will in its Operation and effect be subversive of'the prin ciples of the constitution, and yet on ils face be supe rior to alljust exception on that ground. Literally and in terms it may be-in execution of an expressly granted power — in its operation and ell'ect it may not only tran scend that power, but may directly contravene it. Un der the pretence of supply'mg a revenue. Congress may raise money beyond the purposes to which it can / be legitimately apphed. or may increase the duties to an amount which will be prohibitory of importation, and consequently destructive of all revenue to be de rived from that source. Still such an act would pur port to be in the execution of the power to lay and col lect taxes; and courts of justice judging of it by ils terms, and by what is apparent on its face, would not affirm its invalidity. But the constitution is equally ob-. * ligatory on every department of the governriienl-^on the legislator who enacts, as well as on the judge, who Jnterprets a law. If tbe former sh'all so veil his unlawful . purpose as to defend it from the icraliny- of the latter. is it less a violation o^f his constitutional obligation* If it be such a violation can il be constitutionally vaUd' If instead of Ihe absence ofany express grant of pow er to protect manufactures, the constitBlion had con tained an express clause of inhibition, an act of Con gress, imposing duties beyond the purposes of revenue, and thereby operating, as a bounty lo the manufacturer; would.they insist, be admitted to be in violation ofthe constitution, and yet the repugnance would not be man ifest upon its face, and would therefore elude the judi cial power. A numerous and inteUigent portion of the American people believe that this view is applicable to the tariff bf 1828. They admit the power of Congress to lay and collect such duties as they may deem necessary for the purposes of revenue, and within these limits so to arrange those duties as incidentally, and to that extent, to give ' protection lo the manufactui-er. They deny the right to convert what they denominate the incidental into the principal power, and transcending the limits of revenue to impose an additional duty, substantively and exclu sively forthe purpose of affording that protection. They admit that Congress may countervail the regulations of a foreign power which may be hostile to our commerce, but they deny their autliority permanently to, prohibit , all imjjortat'mnfor the purpose of securing the home market exclusively to the domestic manufacturer, — thereby destroying the commerce they were entrusted to regulate, and fostering an interest with which they have no constitutional power to interfere. That por tion of our fellow citizens of whom we speak, do not therefore hesitate to affirm, that if the right to enact the tariff law of 1828 be referred to the authority to lay and collect duties, &c. it is a palpable abuse of the tax ing power, which was conferred forthe purpose of rev- inue; — if to the authority to regulate commerce,' it is as obvious a perversion of that power, since it may be ex tended to an utter annihilation of, the objects which it was intended to protect. Waving however this discus sion, we concur in the opinion, ihat if the aggrieved party is deprived of the protection which the judicial department might otherwise afford, it would strengthen his appeal to the American people to unite with him In correcting the evil b'y peaceable and constitutional means. But there is a view of this subject which may claim the concurrence of all those who are prepared to admit that the tariff is unequal in its operation, oppressive and unjust Tbe eonstitution of the United States had its origin in a spirit of compromise. Its object is the scr curity of those rights which are committed to its protec tion — its principle that of an equal participation in the benefits and in the burlliens of the government. A system of taxation which is unequal in its operation, which oppresses the many fop the benefit ofthe few, is therefore unjust, not merely with reference to the great and immutable principles of right which are ap- plicable to human conduct, but is moreover in.direct collision with that constitutional equality of right, whicb this instrument was thus confessedly intended to, se cure.*" A distinguished jurist of Massachtisetts, one who is advantageously known as such to the people of the Union, has said of the system of wbich we complain, that it is calculated " lo destroy many of the greatob- jfecls for .which tbe constitution of the United States was originally framed and adopted," Who will affirm that such a system can consist with the spirit of the constitution? Its enactments may be so veiled -as to elude the judicial power, and may therefore be obliga tory upon tbe other departments of the government-r- but as b'etween constituent and agent, between the peopleand their rulers, the charter will in such case have been violated, and it will belong to ihem to cor rect the evil. Why should we feir lo enunciate this principle'- Is il because ofthe danger of those interests - which have grown up under the system? A just con- "sidefalion of the subject will lead to a directly opposite result. If it be conceded that tbe system is oppressive, unequal and urtjUst, can those who profit by it deceive themselves with tbe expectation of its permanency? Is it prudent to close their eyes lo the consequences, to which, sooner or later, this conviction must inevita bly lead' Distinguished as this system is, by every characteristic v/hich may define a tyranny the most odious, why should we, who are ils victims, not stand upon our chartered rights/ As men and brethren we appeal to you then to unite your efforts with ours in the correction of this abuse. A system which is unequal in its operation, and there fore unjust— which is oppressive, because it burthens tbe many fbp the benefit ofthe few — grossly, fataUy unwise and impolitic, since it is subversive of the har mony of the Union— which is in violation of the prin ciples of free government, and utterly at variance with the spirit of justice and mutual concession in which the constitution was conceived and adopted; such a sys tem, if persevered in, must aheniate our affections from eacb olbep, engender discontents and animosities, and lead inevitably, and with a force which no human power can resist, to tbe most awful of all calamities. We entreat those who differ from us. sepiously to pon der this view of the subject. We entreat them not to misunderstand us. We cannot be deterred from the discharge of our duties to ourselves and oup common country by the menace of consequences, and we are equally incapable of using its language to others. It is as men and brothers — in the spirit ofan affection whicb is still warm and undiminished, that we would call their attention to those inevitable results, which neither they nor we will have the power to avert. - Examine the subject for a moment in its connexion' with the principles of an enlightened political econ omy, and see if the considerations which are urged to sustain this system are not fiiUacious and delusive. The view must be necessarily brief-— consisting of hints and suggestions rather than of an extended argument, or of minute details; but our object willbe attained if these may serve to awaken a spirit of dispasionate in quiry. We ate the advocates of free trade. The argument which sustains it rests upon a proposition which may not be denied. It is the unquestionable right of every- individual to apply his labour and capital in the' mode which he may conceive best calculated to promote his own interest. It is the interest of ,the public that he should so apply it. He understands better than it can 183 Ll ADDRESS OF THE FREE TRADE CONVENTION. 259 fee understood by the government, what will conduce to his own benefit; 'and since the m.ijority of individuals will. If properly protected, be disposed to fbllow their ini^erests, such an application oftheir industry and-cap- ilal must produce in the restilt the greatest amount of pubhc good. Let itbe |-emembered, that-the que.stion relates exclusively lo the xipplicatidn of capital. It can not he generated hy an act of legi,a|ation. The power ofthe government is limited to its fran«^i!r from one employment to another. It takes from some less favor ed interest, what it bestows on the one, which it pro fesses to protect.- .It is equally untrue that" such a sys tem gives greater employment to labor. Its operation is^confined to the simple change of its appUcation.— Laws which protect by bounty any peculiar species of 'labor, cannot be said to encourage American industry — that is, directed to various objects. , These laws fa vor only a single class; and since the bounty is not sup plied by the government, but taken from the pocket of the individual, the proteqlion which is given to one species of labop. is so given at the expense of-evepy other. That course of legislation, which leaves Ameri can xapital and labOr to Ihe unfettered discretion of those who possess the one and apply th^ other, can alone be denominated the "American System." The interference of government, with the' right of the individual to- apply his Uibor and capital in sufch mode as he may think most conduc'ive to hiaown intep- es,t, thus necessarily operates to diminish the aggregate amount of production. In other words, ihe amount of the necessaries and conveniences of liVe which are en joyed by the community i^ necessarily diminished. If all nations then were willing to adopt the system of free tpade for which we contend, wh'ich is accordant to the spirit of Christianity and calculated to unite nations in harmony and peace, it cannot be doubted ihat the in terests of each would be pi-omoled. The only question which-can be paised on this part ,of the subject is, wheth er the adoption of a restrictive policy by one or more nation's makes it the interest of others to reciprocate those restrictions. The answer seems to be sufficiently obvious' and satisfactory; The proposition which as- s'erts the superior advantages of a free trade among all nations, rests upon, the, following principle. The uni versal freedom of action which it allows, tends most thoroughly to develope the moral and physical ener gies of each nation, and to apply them to thoseobjects to which they are.best adapted. The propo'silion must be equally tpue in relation to each nation, whateveP may be the policy adopted by others. The nation'iijjiicb pe- sorls to a restrictive piiUcy, legislates to her 'own dis advantage by interfering with, the natural and most pjTofitable employment of capital. To the extent to which she thus excludes another nation from an ac customed or .from a desirabit market, she occasions, it is true, in that nation also a displacement of capital from its natural channels. But can the remedy con sist "in a retaliatory system of legislation' in a systenn offurther restrictions imposed by the latter nation? If It be true tljat a restrictive system is injurious to the nationim'posing it, does it cease to be^so In regard to the latter n-ation, because of the wrofig done by the former, ami becaiise it is also, injurious to such nation? Wben we apply these views to the Corn Laws of Great Britain, considered with reference to their effect upon us, is it not then obvious that a' system orpretieud- ed relation, which infetters the productive energies^f our own people, whatever may be its effect upoii 'that nation, must necessarily increase the evils we ourselves are destined to sustain? - _ - ^ it is strongly urged, as a motive to the continuance of tbe existing tariff, that its operation had been to effect a reduction of prices. 'I hese have, in fact. faUen since ISl^ and our opponents contend that this has been the result of domestic competition. A moment's reflection will demonstrate the fallacy of this assertmn. We pre- •eftt a single fact in tbe outset. I'he dimunition of price has been general, as well in relation to, articles which are no? protected bythe existing tariff of duties, as to those which are. It cannot therefore, have arisen from tbis cause. Let us remember now, that this dimunition , of price has occurred every where— abroad as well as at honie-T-and not onl^' in an equal, biit. as a necesSary consequence of the tariff, in a greater degree there than here. Among the causes which have produced this result, two prominent ones are presented to your cQijsideralion — the diminished amount of the circulating medium ofthe world, and the astonishing improvements which have been introduced in the modes of production. The cost of production is less; the comparative value of money has become greater.^ Can we wonder at tbe re sult? Take the case of cotton goods— -ithese have fallen ' in price here since the enactment of thetariff. But the same thing is true iiot only in un equal.but in a greater de-" gree ahi-oad,; and tbe reason is obvious. The causes which have produced this result — those which have been' be fore stated — have" elsewhere b.een left to exertlheir full influence in affecting the reduction of price. Hepe- tlieip operation has been restrained by the conflicting influence ofthe tariff. The reduction therefore' with us has necessarily stopped at' a point, which is ascer tained byaddiiig the amount of duty to Ihe price ofthe imported article. Thus the diminutibn of price here hasnot been produced by ihe tariff, but in despite ofit -r,«nd has been retarded by it. But for this law the im^ ported, which would take the place of the domestic ar ticle in the consumption ofthe country, would b^ ob tained at a price greatly below thatvVhich we actually pay.and the difference, amounting yearly to many miU lions bf doUars. would be saved to the community. It cannot be doubted that the prices bf all commodities, the.dornestic ppoduotion of which is forced by the impo- Mionofa duty ori a foreign article of sim'Uap description, are raised by the amoiint of duty necessary to effect the exclusion of the foreign article, or that this increase of price is paid by the consumep, and that the loss to the nation which is occasioned by. this system of protection, is nefirly equal to such difference of price, . The success which has attended the manufacture of cottons, is used to illustrate and enforce another sug gestion in favor of the tariff. It is said, that by means of the protection afforded by government, manufactu rers are enabled to <>vercome the difficulties- incident to new enterprises, andthat this protection is ultimately - repaid tb the community, in the reduced price at which the article is furnished. We have already shown that this reduction in price in the case referred to, has not resulted from the protective system. Let uslook, how ever, at this siigi^estioo, apart from that consideration. If it be conceded for the purpose of argument, and only for that purpose,thal.a manufacture might be isslablished by a temporary encouragement from government, whioh would not otherwise, at least at that time, comeintosuc-- cessful operation, and that the community might ulti mately be repaid in tlie manner which is supposed, the foUowing considerations seem decisively to repel the force of that suggestion. The idea of perrtianent pro- , lection is excludeil by the nature of^ the proposilioh. That which is pi-oposed is temporai'y merely, and the question whether it is lo be ultimately repaid to the community, is of course riiade to depend on the success ful operation of the protected estabUshment. Itis Con- |rpess whoare to determine in advance, upon' the pro-. propriety of putting at hazard the interests ofthe com munity, by the forced establishment of proposed manu facture. The question to be determined depends upon the calculation of the probabiUties, to the correct est). mate of which, much practical information is obviously _ indispensable. Constituted as Ihatbody is. it is difficult to conceive. of one less fitted for such reference. On the other hand, there is always enOugbof individual en- .'terprise, intelligence and inSpital, to teat any experi' '^ment, which gives a fair promise pf ultimate remunera tion, notwithstanding it^ibay^be, subject tov temporary 260 ADDRESS OF THE FREE TRADE CONVENTION. (Ocro«i« ^ loss. Left to individual enterprise, the question would, ^ be decided by those who have every motive, and every means, tu come to a just conclusion- while the propo sed suggestion woiild throw upon congress those vis ionary projectors, who having failed to obtain the sup port of discreet and intelligent capitalists, would play the sure game of securing prufi', if, by the rarest acci dent, profit should arise, and of throwing the loss up on the community, if Ipss should ensue. It is said that a dependence upon other natiort^, for those manufactures which are essential to our wants, is inconsistent with oup chracter as a'nation; and in this view thatthe tariff is essential to natiunaUndependence. To us the term seems to be strangi ly misapplied. It is agi-eed that a system-of free trade amopgall the nations ofthe world, by securing the application ofthe highest energies of each, to those objects which it was best qualified to produce, would enlarge the amount of pro duction, and increase the sum ofhuman comfort. But such =• state of things would, according tothe argu- ment'which is urged, be a state of universal depen dence; and" precisely tbe same consequence would foi- low in relation to the commercial intercourse ofany gi' ven nation witb the other nations of ihe world, tothe extent of that intercourse, whether a system of free ¦ trade or of partial restrictions should prevail. That in tercourse . consists in the mutual . interchange of com modities, and it is impossible lo conceive the idea ofa dependence on the one side, witbout recognizing the fact of a corresponding dependence on the other. But such a state of mutual dependence is a source ofgratu- latiort rather ihan ofregret, since it gives to each nation an increased faculty fur the development of its highest energies,en!arges the sum of its enjoyments, and affords the surest guarantee for the peace and hurmony ofthe. world. Ifthe suggestion be urged in its application to tbe necessities of our country during a slate of war, an equally satisfactory answer may be given. It is unques tionably the duty of every goyernment to be prepared for those conflicts with other nations, which it" is not always possible to avoid : but this is most effectually done by the unrestricted exertion of its peaceful ener gies. In a government constituted as ours is, and sep arated as it is by the Atlantic from the nations ofthe old wopld, it fs reasonable to presume that such con flicts will be rare. The intervals of peace will proba bly be of much the longest duration.- and our system of permanent policy should therefore be reglutated chief ly with a view to this state ot our national existence. But the decisive answer to this suggestion is, that mo ney constitutes the sjnews of war, and that its exigen cies are best provided for by^enriching the nation in time of peace. A system of free tr4de vyill mainly con duce to this object. The resources which it Will furn ish will second the services of the neutral trader, and these with our own hiternal manufactures, which are al ready independent of Legftlative protection, will am-' ply supply our wants in such an emergency. It is one and not the least ofthe evils ofthe system which we deprecate, that il has a tendency to demoral ize our citizens, to habituate them to evasions of the laws, and to encourage the odious and detestible prac-' tice of smuggUng, It is the effect ofthe protecting du- ty to raise the'price of commodities cbnsiderably above that, at whicb they could be imported at a moderate revenue duty. Unless this Is so, it fails to accomplisb its destined object, and is entirely useless. The inevit able consequence is, the temptation to clandestine im portation, and the facUities which are afforded by oup widely extended inland and oCean fpontier, give impi)- nity -to the smuggler. On the several interests of agriculture, na,vigation, commerce,the mechanic ?i-ts, and even on manufacture's themselves, fhis system operates with an injurious in fluence. Speaking with reference to that portion of agncultiye, wb'ich is employed in the prudiiction tff ar ticles which must be exported lo a foreign market, it is obvious that any considerable diminution of the com mercial capital, by its transfer to other emjjloyment.i, must have a tendency to diminish their price. It is in the souttierrt portion of the union' that this w-ill be most extensively felt. The domestic market will consume a portion of its great staple, which is, cornparatively small, and the immense residue will seek in vain for a foreign market, if the manufactures of other nations are in ef fect, and permanently excluded from our ports. This state of things may not at once occur. The necessity of having a supply of the raw material for the employment of her mauufactories, may induce our great ctislomep to submit, fop a time, to a System of purchasetnstead of exchange; but she will be urged by the strongest con.sideratibn9 to seek that supply from those who will receive, her manufactures in return. If this system be rendered permanent, and pushed tothe prohibitory extent, to which it seems inevitably to lend, the fate of the cotton planter is thereforei irrevocably sealed-- Nor is he alone effected by this system of pro tection. The farmer ofthe middle states wiU feel ilsin- fluence in the increase ofthe price Of labor, as well as of every article which he buys; and if those in tbe man ufacturing districts should find an i.-nproved market for the produce of thejr farms, the considerations just staled will operate to diminish their profits— and the benefits which they enjoy, from the increased investment of cap ital in their vicinity, will be purchased at the expense of those interests fpom which that capital has been trans ferred. When we iTirect our attention to tbe influence of tbe protecting system on the navigation ofthe country, we might give to the subject a peculair interest, by dwell ing on the fact,,thal a ship is the proudest and most suc cessful of oup manufactures. From an early period of our history down to the present hour, we havebeen con- spicuous for, our skill in ship building. Adverting to it as an art, we have by the elegance of our models, and the, minuteness of our finish, raised it from a mechani cal, to one of the fine arts. We have applied the prin ciples of -a correct taste to naval architecture, and have, therefore, produced the same masterly result in this, as lhe~'application of the same principles had produced in the other arts. We might then with perfect faimessand propriety, press the inconsistency of that policy, which seeks tbe prosperity of manufacturers, by loading with burtliens that branch ofthem which bas flourished witb but little aid, and is necessarily subject to the exclusion fiomthejialousy offoreignnations. We might connect this toj^ic with our navy, and our naval glory, and thus enlist in oup behalf tbe sensibilities of patriotism. But we wave these advantages, and witbout enterini' into details, content ourselves with adverting to the positive discouragements to ship building, occasioned by the ta riff of 1828. By that tariff, iron, hemp, duck and copdage. are subjected to duties which would be in ef fect prohibitory, if these articles were not of the first necessity , and their importation indispensable. The quan tity ofthese article Which enter into the construction of a ship, with the labor bestowed- on them, constitute one half bf its value, and the duties upon them impose upon a new ship of five hundred tons a dry direct tax little short of two thousand doUars. which is paid in advance We say a dry, direct tax, for it is not. as in cases of consumable at-ticle, repaid by the consumer. Neither 18 It repaid by the freighter, forthe rate of freight de pends on foreign comjietilion, and the foreign ship. cheap. bScaOse unburthened, settles tbe price. The effects of the protecting system upon commerce m general, can only be satisfactorily illustrated by de tails. It is an importaht task, and will be faUhfully ptr- tormed by those to wborti it is confided. The diminu tion of imports -a total or partial soarcitv of some aHi- cles— an increase of price to the consumer, a depressibh ofthe mercantile spirit which, under different circum stances, wouldbe animated to a new enterprize, aniJ tlie 1831.) DIVISION OF PUILADRLPHIA COUNTY. 261 consequent check to our attainment of that height of prosperity, to which the freed'dm of our institutions guides Us, these are results which cannot be denied. That actual misery Is not felt in a yOung and free coun try, where almosi every citizen is or easily can be, » proprietor, is not an argument to deter us from Ih^ re moval of those obalructions to that assured and unexam pled ease and comfort of condition, to which the Amer ican citizen aspires and is entitled. Ifto tbe easy ac quisition of good cheap land, he can Ukewise add, not only the necessaries, but also the blameless luxuries of life, why sh3nld be be churlishly prevented by a sordid and monopolising system, which finds enjoyment in re striction, and profusion in prohibition? ' Every class of manufactures which is not the object of the bounty of thiSisystem, as well as the mechanic arts generally, are injuriously affected by its operation — Nay, even Ihose manufacturers, who experience this protection, ape themselves interested in the removal of these restrictions — The enormity ofthe profits, in many instances, combined with the uncertainty ofthe contin uance of theVystem, give to this'employment the char acter ofa gambling speculation,'- rather than that of a regular pursuit of industry. The high rate of profits would occasion a rush of capital.from other pursuits,and! competition would speedily reduce them to the gener al level,if the precarious tenure by which they are held did not restrain the movement; Such of them as are adapted to the circumstances of.the countiy, and con ducted with the requsite skill and industry would con tinue to flourish, although legislative protection w«re withdrawn. Tbey would st^l give a fair return for the capital and labour which tbey employ. The rate of profits would indeed be less, but they would be certain, or liable only to thpse changes wbich are common to the whole productive industry ofthe country. Il is with this view of the subject, tbat 'the best informed and most inteUigent among the manufacturers themselves, cannot resist the conviction that the abandonment ofthe protecting system, and a return lo moderate duties, would b^ best calculated to promote Ihe steady -growth, and, tl)e safe and permanent establishment of American manufactures. There is a remaining suggestion whic|i we desire to present to youP consideration — The national debt, which has annually absorbed from ten to- twelve mUlions of revenue, k rapidly diminishing, and wiU speedily he ex tinguished. On the first day of January, 1833, the available funds ofthe government will be adequate lo its discharge. The existing tariff of duties-wUI produce thereafter an' immense annual revenue, beyond the or dinary wants ofthe government, and the task of provi ding a systeni of measures which shall be adapted to this new and interesting condition of the fiscal concerns of the nation, will then devolve upon ihenext Congress. How pPopttious the moment for the establishment of the principles of free trade. An enterprising and intel ligent people, possessing in abundance the resources of national wesCllh, and perfectly unencumbered by debt, may add to their nlaims upon the gratitude of the world, for' having successfully asserted tbe principles of Ji'ce government, by being the first also to, proclaim tbe prin ciples ofa free and unrestricted oommove— that genuine "American System," which will remove from our bor- ders-every vestige of discontent, will^ive more value to the freedom, whieh Was wrested from tbe grasp of op pression by the valor of our ancestors, and perpetuate those institutions which ape destined, by the blessing of .God, to secure the happiness of unborn millions. From the Germantown Ttflegrapb. -' BIVISIGN OF THE COUNTY. Mr. Editor, — In my last communication^ I promised to lay before the citizens of the county, a kw facts in relation to the subject of dividing the county.- Before I -proceed, bowever, Kwrill again observe, that I think it the height of imprudence for the county to agitate tha subjeet, ahd feel firmly convinced that wben the real state ofthe case becomes generally known in the city, and that the citizens of Philadelphia discover, as they unquestionably will, thatthe talked sf division will be greatly to theip advantage, they will be for lopping us off, and may perhaps, succeed to the gpeat disadvantage of the county. In which case let the blame rest on tli* heads of tht^e who have started this question. Bi-inging the subject before them, must necessarily lead to en quiry, and they will soon discover that an immense amount of the taxeS paid by tbem, are annually distrib uted throughout the county; and that we^are in facta gpeat bupthen to them. It wiU then be seen wbo are the advocates ofthe division; wbo understand their own interests, and who do not. It is proposed by those in favor of division, that the new county be composed of the following townships: Germantown, Roxborough, Bristol, Oxford, Lower- Dublin, Byberry, Moreland, that part of Penn "Town ship, north-west of Turner's Lane, and a part of Ihe Northern Liberties. I bave now before me the report ot the County Commissioners for the year lS30.in which is detailed the amount of taxes.>sseased in each otlbeabove townships. The whole amount assessed in the city and county, being S17'2,572 78. The townships above na med are assessed as follijws, viz: Gepmantown, - - 3350 32 Roxborough, • - 2257 06 Bristol. - - . 1643 62 Oxford, - - 2306 58 Byberry, - - - - 988 41 Moreland, - - 408 50 Lower-^Dublin, - - 2234 22 The Incorporated and the unincorporated parts of Penn township, are all in one item, in 1830, and I can find no way of correctly separating that part which wUI come in tbe proposed new county, but I find in 1831, that the two parts have been separated, and the unincorpopated part is assessed at ^621, 16; I believe that not hialf of this will come within the new county; but tobe on the safe side, say half, - - - , 1810 ST As it regards the Nortfiern Liberties, . there is no way ofascertaining the amount of assessments in that part coming into the new county; I will therefore, leave out both sides in the question relative to it, in the cal culation I am about to make; it wUI make but little difference One way or the other, and if examined into it, will be found tbat it receives much more than it pays, and will in fact make the matter worse. . $14,999-29 Then, sir,we have the enormous sum of $'14,999- 29 say #15,000,for the gross amount ofassessments;the commis. sioners for collecting, allowances for tax not collected, and the average expenseof making assessments,is 10 per cent, o'n the amount ofthe assessments; 10 per ceiit. on> the above, is ^l^iOO — wbich taken from $15,000, leaves ' $13,500." This paltry sum, then, would be the whole amount of revenue, at an unusual high rate of taxation, '(40 cents in the 100 dollars,) of this, greo^ county !— But, >sir,'this is not all. There is yet ahother item of great importance to come off this amount; it is an ex pense of -which tbe county (notwithManding all asser-, t'lonsto the contrary,) have always been -rece'Kring more than tier proportion. I mean the expense of supporting publie^chools. But perhaps it is the intention of those in favor Ofthe division, to economise in this matter, to save this expense, for it would seem to be On a piece with tbe rest of their policy, saving at the tap and let ting out at the bung. If tbis is their intention,' or if a division would produce this effect, and there were no other arguments against the measure, would not this alone be all-auSicient?— .What, sir, when every one si- 262 CHEAP ANTHRACITE COOKING STOVES. [OcToanc most is crying out for Education — when every reflecting^ man, who loves his country and its institutions, knows that on a general diffusion of knowledge among all classes, depends the future happiness and prosperity of our country, and the p'uritv of oOr republican institu tions; and that education is one of the greatest blessings we can bestow on those unable to obtain it tbemselves, -^andthe want ofit, the greatest evil. What I in this age of public improvement, instead of advancing in the good cause, shall we relrogade — shall we stop — never! Then'at least, if we do not advance, let us remain as we are; how that is,-' I shall now endeavour to show. Ac cording to the 13th annual report of the controllers of the public schools for 1830-31, whicb I now have, it ap pears that the whole amount expended for public schools in the city and county for one yeap,.is $32,100, 75. 'I'he townships which are to comprise the propo sed new county, received from this fund as follows: — 4lh Section— That part of Penn Township not com prised in the Lancasterian system, received $817 56. — This I am informed., is nearly all expended west of Tur ner's Lane, as most ofthe childpen east ofit, are sent to the Lancasterian schools, of which there is a separate cbarge. I will, however, throw off $200, and call ihe amdunt for that part of Penn Township which will come in the new counly, 617 56. 5th Section — Comprising Oxford, L. Dublin, Byberry, and Moi;eland, received 1419 78 ¦ 6th Section— -Compi-ising Roxborough, Germantown, and Bristol, received 2549 C2 Making together, , - $4,586 36 One seventh- of the whole amount expended for public schools for the city and county. There is another ^ charge in the report before me, of $962 38 for general expenses, salary of secretary, &o. &c. ; one seventh of which ought in justice to be added to the amount, which will niake the amount received by those townships which are to compose the new county, for public schools alone, $1,723 84; »7iore ihan one third ihe.whqle amount of lax they pay! and whUe we are paying bttle over' one-twelfth to the county funds, we.ape receiving' more than one-seventh from this. I hayeshown above, that the nett amount of revenue of the proposed new county, will be $13,500, off which take the expense of public schools, $4,723 84, leaves $8,776 16, for the nett unappropriated revenue of this fmnous county! This ambitious child, anxious to qui the parental care and set up ftir himself, and as I before observed, at an unusual high rate of taxation. 40 cents in the $100. This insig nificant sum is to meet all the expenses ofthe county ! It is really laughable! I s'qlcerely- believe the salary of the necessary olficeps. would swallow up the whole. Fop inslance.-county commissioners and clerks, auditors, a treasurer, (this, office however would be, almost use less.) coroner, sol'uiilor. attorney-general, clerks, jailors, tipstaves. &c. &c. Then a long list of expenses for courts, prisons, jurors, stationary, fuel, elections. Sec. &c. la say nothing of'buUdings, as to roads and bridges and all public imppovem'ents, they would be entirely out of the question; Ihey must cease of course, unless indeed, we can learn the art of spending half a crown out of six pence a day, which to speak the truth, I ne ver could. Yet In the face of all these plain facts, we are gravely told, there will be economy in.the measure. (I perceive, Mr. Editor, that yourself, by, pulling at somebody's Whig, have discovered tbis to be one of your strongest reasons fnr division. Between you and I and the post, I think that you are about half right all the other reasons however, are equally strong.) Nay, I have heard it asserted, that our county tax would be reduced one halfT-20 cents in the $100 — it would then stand thus: the nett revenue at 40 cents in the $100, is $13,500 — at 20 cents, or half, it would be $6,750— froifi wbich take, the school fund, $4.723 84, which I contend ought not under any circumstances, to be redu ced— and you have the enormous sum of $2,036 16 ! J'hese, sir, are all plain incontraVertible facts, whicb arty person'may ascertain by an examination of the au] Ihopjlies I have quoted; and now sir, let me ask, what do they.ppove, evidently one of tWo things,— ^either that those who advocate the measure, are unacquainted with the, subject, or else bave some concealed motive/ and this sip, is my reason for saying that 1 doubted their ostensible objectsT But I, shall tire you — I will close this, by pequest'mg those intepested in the subject, to heap in mind the simple fact, that the whole revenue of this talked of county, aflep paying for public schools, is $8,776 16, because I intend to show in my next, that more than this sum, (observe the whole receipts ofthe proposed -dounty) nay, double the amount, has been spent in little over one year, principally for the benefit and accommodation of Germantown ahne, in two items, roads and bridges. A Citizes of the Cousti. CHEAP ANTHRACITE COOKING STOVES. At a meeting of the Board of Managersof the "Fuel Savings Society of the city and Liberties of PhUadel phia," beld October 7tli, 1831, the following Report and Resolutions were offered, which on consideration were unanimously adopted',-'-4nd on motion Resolved, That the same be published in the news papers of tbe city. Extracted from the minutes, ' : ' WM. ROBINSON, Secretary. To the Board of Managers: — The Committee appointed on the 5tb ultimo, to con sider the expediency of promoting the introduction of Anthracite .Coal as a common fuel amongst the poor, REPORT, ' That they have given close attention to the interest ing subject committed to their charge, ar.d the result of their investigation has been a thorough conviction, that great advantage would result to the community in gen ei-al, and lo the labouring classes of our ciiizens, in par- ticular.if tbe article of AsTHBACiTE Goal could be adop ted as a common fiiel. The stock of this commodity now in the market, together with tbe additions daily ar riving, will in all probability, furnish an ample supply, and entirely justify our society in exerting every means within its power, to encourage the use of this conve nient, cheap and valuable article,as a permanent fuel,in the families of every "depositor" within its influence. It becomes your comrtiittee, therefore, after saying thus much, to exhibit to the board the result of their>in- vestigation,as to the mode of applying this new article of fuel, to the best advantage, amongst a class of persons who are almost entirely unacquainted with its real val- ue, or application to their comfort. Shortly after their appointment, a public advertisement was issued inviting the attention of "mechanics and others, interested in the manufacture of coal grates, &.c." to the subject, and amongst a variety of inventions recently produced, a moveable apparatus, contrived by "Steinhaur and Kis- terbock." and for which they have obtained a patent, has claimed our decided preference, being io our opin ion, well calculated from its cheapness, and tbe peculiar simplicity ,Df its construction, to answer all the purposes contemplated. It will vith about one pedk of small coal, at a cost nut exceeding four cents per day, per form the various operations of warming the room, boil- mg (if required) a wash kettle of 10 or 13 gallons of wa. ter. and accomplish all the necessary balcing,,and other culinary purposes required in a family of 5 or 6 per. sons;— Its performance we have witnessed to our entire satisfaction. The cost by the quantity, to the Society will be five dollars and fifty cents each, including the necessary pipe, pans, poker and other fixtures. A comparison between wood and coal fuel, may in our opinion, be safely stated thns. It is believed that few respectable 1831.] LANCB CAMPBELL 263 poor famiUes. consume less than S^ cords of wood with in the six months embracing the colder season, the cost of which, at the present time, including expenses of carting, sawing, (twice) &c. would not be less tban about, - - ,- $15 An ample supply for the same period, (say 2 tons.) of the "egg coal." being nearly IJ pecks per day, would cost, not exceeding, 9 Leaving a balance in favor of coal fuel, $6 Being a saving of more than the cost, of the stove, and its appendages in one season. Your Commiltee would therefore, propose the follow ing resolutions, viz: — "Resolved, That our "district receivers of deposits," be requested to recommend to all "depositors" whose funds in the possession ofthe Society, shall be sufficient to procure a stove. Calculated lo burn the "Anthracite Coal," and that they point out to them, not only the economy, and the "accession of comfort to be derived to themselves and famiUes, but the peculiar advantage of ' using an articled of fuel, always plenty in the market, and .of which a daily supply can be procured, at the cost of a few cents, without the risk either of extortion in price op'imposilion in measure. Resolved. That this Boapd authorize the '"purchase from "Stciuhauep and Kisfepbook" of one hundred of the stoves.above named, and that the "receivers of de posits" be instructed to deliver tho same to "depos itors" at $5 50 cents e-acb. Respectfully submitted, LINDZKY NICHOLSON, JOSEPH H. SCHREINER, THOMAS ROGKRS. LANCE CAMPBELL.. OB. AH IHCIDENT OP cUaBTIEBS. , We^need scarcely mention to many , of our readers, that the well told tale of Lance Campbell, is from the pen of our late townsman. Morgan Neville, Esq. now of Cincinnati. Woodville, the scene of this adventure, is now the property and residence of Mr. Christopher , Cowan, and the story is, we are assured, founded on fact "The worthy feUow. Johnny Taylor,'' has been dead for some years past: of'Lance CampbeU we have no knowledge: ifhe is still aUve, and will caU upon us, we will cheerfully present bim wilh-a paper, contain ing a record ofhis heroism. — .Pitts. Gaz. From the Cincinnati Chronicle. The "modem Aristophanes." Foote, a man whose profound knowledge pf mankind was only surpassed by the brilliancy ofhis wit. an 3. M B S 0 -CANDIDATES. 3- a- 3m.3 01! ntnWI 1" .1•?' ¦'ff ' a : r : 5-' p.P-|.: e- 3CO f 3' m Si » -aD. na = 1 S 0 H g- 00s CfQ s 03 03 r ^ James Goodman, 1380 255 47 72 1088 35 372 553 36 63 127 66 Ill 137 102 4444 Daniel K. Miller, 1^84 258 47 72 1135 35 377 563 41 65 127 67, 105 136 102 4514 Richard Peltz, 1375 250 49 72 1135 35 379 557 38 65 87 67 109 137 101 4456 Thos. J. Heston, 1384 257 48 72 1146' 35 379 566 40 49 120 66 108 137 102 4509 Franklin Vansant, ¦ 1384 257 47 72 1139! 35 380 562 42 65 126 65 112 1.34 102 4522 John Felton, 1382 259 47 72 1134' 38 .379 561 36 65 81 66 110 -137 IO2 4464 WJlliam Hinckle, 1735 317 9 158 1714' 59 743 915 57 66 188 74 1.32 172 93 7464 Jacob, Collar,. 1384 259 46 72 1119 35 379 557 - 40 64 122 67 102 134 102 4482 John Thomsoui' 514 110 13 118 1251' 25 456 478 36 36 192 30 98 137 44 3538 George Bheo, 158 56 3 29 ,'662 36 107 2 34 82 22 55 98 1344 Thomas McCuUy, 162 55 3 28 624 33 106 2 34 78 22 56 96 1299 Samuel Whitton. . 512 109 12 118 ' 1236 25 4.«rfi 438 33 36 151 ' 30 1.39 1.34 47 3'474 Peter Buddy. 513 luy 13 117 1233 24 455 437 31 35 147 31 99 1,32 47 3423 R. M. Nixon, 158 '-54 3 . 29 - 637 36 107 ¦ 17 34 83 22 5fi 93 13S9 Thomas Davis, 512 65 51 123 1236 23 456 439 32 35 151 31 99 132 47 3431 Samuel Bender, 159 56 o 30 626 1 86 106 - 2 34 - 83 20 56 9.5 1357 William Binder, 358 52 •10 89 617 23 420 373 34 1 111 8 43 35 47 2221 Jacob Thomas, 354 115 10 89 603 24 419 366 30 1 68 8 49 35 47 2211 David Snyder, 355 64 10 88 578 S4 410 353 31 1 68 8 42 35 47 2114 County Commissioner. John Thompson, 1363 297 50 67 976 14 426 511 49 84 140 71 Sfi 147 100 4390 David Paul, Auditor. 531 98 12 114 1331 46 339 502 10 25 139 25 134 119 39 3464 James McElroy,- 1386 275 33 63 1095 14 361 562 20 58 125 65 92 129 100 4373 James Hanna, 373 28 27 91 656 41 370 375 39 5 67 7i 53 30 4f^ 2210 Benj. Pi B'mns. 141 46 3 32 589 14 101 1 33 81 18! 38 RO 1186 •John J. McCahen, 1381 276 33 60 1099 14 366 555 19 58 125 65 R6 1?R inn 4365 •Thomas MorreU, 5 17 1 5 1 2 4 2 IR 55 •George Peters, 510 92 13 121 1241 40 379 477 53 35 ,145 25 79 118 48 3376 In the room 'of S. Coates, deceased. . . ^ COMMISSIONERS, ." NORTHERN LIBERTIES. The foUowing Table exhibits the number of Votes given in each Ward of the Northern Liberties fo Cpmniissionerd of the District. CANDIDATES. John Naglee, Augustine Stevenson, Jonathan Townsend, William Wagner, David Dillingep, John Rheinerj ^un. Daniel Jeffras, Charles Elliot, one year, Jacob Culp, William Randolph,, William Briinep, William Binder, William ,M. Kennedy^, J, D, Goodwin, PhUip Justice, M. Bi'Qwn, one year. J'irst Ward. 162182 150168165 153 157158 126 137 137119 127 108124128 Second Ward. 91 105 93 109 91 9J: 9094 127 137. 136.128133121138132 V Third Ward. 183 187 178 194 174175 175178 220 229-232 218 222205 224223 Fourth Ward. 158 163 i51 201 146 144151 154123 162 160 149 148 138151146 Filth Ward, 239248238 251 235; 239240 241241240241238236 229238236 Sixth Ward. Seventh Ward. 185 160 1178 195 164 1244 184 160 1154 199 16? 1284 185 159 1155 186 158 1146 187 159 1159 186 161 1172 224 115 , 1176 233 114 1252 233 115 1253 i!27 114 1193 232 113 1200 221 112 1134 228 114 1217 227 110- 1202 Totals. :^;J 1831.3, CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 2ti CENSUS OF THE Vi STATES. The following. Table has been formed by the union of two tables, lately published in the New York Observer, , and another New Yopk papep — both compiled from the aggregate returns of the Marshals' of the U. S. by clerks in the Slate Department at Washington. STiCTES. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820, free White Persons,* free col'd Persons. Slaves. Total. 1830 Incf Maine, 96,540 151,719 228^705 298.335 398;255 1,207 399,468 33,898 N. Hampshire, 141,899 183.762 214.360 244,161 '; 268i9l0 ¦ '623 269.533 10,391 Massachusetts, 378,717 423.245 472,040 523,287 '603,008 7.006 610,014 16,575 R. Island, 69ill0 69.122 77,031 83,059 93,631 •3;565 14 97,210 ir,157 Connecticut, 238,141 251.002 262,042 275.289 289,654 81,064 23 297,711 8,161 Vermont, 85-,416 154,465 216,713 235.764 279,794 885 280,679 i9,005 New York, 340,120 ,586,756 959,049 1.372812 1,868.382 45,080 46 1,913,508 39,386 New Jersey, 184', 139 211)949 245,555 277.575 300.226 18,307 2,246 320,779 15,563 Pennsylvania, 434,373 602,365 810; 091 1,049458 l,309,-296 37,990 386 1,347,67? -28,416 Delaware. 59,096 ,64i273 72.674 72,749 57,605 15,829 3,305 76,739 5,487 Maryland, 319,728 ,311,548 380.546 - 407.350 ¦291-;093 52;942 102,878 446,913 9,712 District of Columbia, 14,098 24,022 . ,33.039 27.635 -6,163 6,fleD 3'9, 858 20,63& Virginia, 749,308 880,200 974.622 1,-065379 694,439 47,103 469,724 ' lV211.26i5 13,06? N. Carolina, 393,751 478,103 555,500 638,829 '472,433 19,575 246,462 ' 738,470 15,592 S. Carolina, 249,073 345,591 415,115 502,741 257.878 7.915 315,665 581,458 15,657 Georgia, 82>,S48 162,101 252,433 340,987 2g6i614 2;483 217,407 516,504 51,472 Kentucky, 73,077 230,555 406,511 .564,317 518,678 -,4.81-6 165,350 ; 688,844 22,056 Tennessee, 35,791 ,^105,602 281,727 422,813 537.930 4,513 143,379 684,822 62,044 Oh'io, 45,365 230.760 581,434 928,093 .9,58l5 937,679 61,998 Indiana. 4,375 24.520 147.178 3S8,02C) 3,562 341.582 132687 Mississippi, ,8,850 40.352 75.448 70(618 '529 65,659 ' 136,806 81i032 llUnois, 12,288 55,211 15.5,176 1,653 746 157,575 185403 Louisiana. - 76.556 153,407 89,407 , 16,753 109,631 215.791 .40,665 Missouri, 1 20,845 66.580 114,552 546 2,4.98e 140.084 110360 Alabama, 127.9011 190,171 1,541 -117,494 309,206 141574 Michigan, 4,762 8,890 30.848 ,253 27 ¦ 31,128 250001 Apkansas, 1 14,273 25.667 138 , 4,578 30,383 X13273 Florida, 1,929,82 18,38; ; 840 15,500 34,725 r 5,305,92. ; 7.289.314 9.638,131 10.52636! i 319,467 2,010,572 12,856.407 , '¦ • For 1830. f Inci-ease per cent, from 1820 to 1830. Average per cent. 32,392. ALUM. Mp. Babnum: Sip — If you think the following communication will intepest youp readers, you are at libepty to insert it in the Observer. J. R. RIDDELL. In examining the rocky strata in this vicin'ity a few days since, in quest bf fossil relics, I discovered a pe culiar saline incrustation near the banks of a small creek. I gave little attention to it at the time, pre suming from its situation and appearance, that it was quite limited in extent. Dr. Johns bas since shown me a 'specimen of the same substance, brought from the banks of a'creek, four miles from this place, near the lake shore; where it is said to form extensive beds, twelve or fifteen feet in thickness. When, tasted, it imparts the sweetness and astringency of alum, witb something ofthe peculiar taste of copperas. Unwilling to rely upon the sense Of taste alone, I submitted it to the decisive indications of chymical re-agents. After.diffusi- ing some ofit in a tumbler of water, and waiting two or^'hree hours for the earthy matter to settle, the clear solution was poured off, and examined first for the sub stances which I supposed were contained in ii, 1st. A few drops of muriate of baryles caused a dense, white, cloudy precipitate of'soUd matter that ra,pidly settled to the bottom, indicating the- presence of -sul phuric arid. 2d. Aqua ammonia obscured the transpa rency of the liquid, by producing a gelatinous sub stance, indicating alumina, the basis of alum and clays. 2d. The prussiate of pot-ash iatroduebd, gave a &int l]lue precipitate, from which the ppesence of zVon- may -be Inferred; thoii^h in a proportion much smaUer than the alumina and acid,. The usual tests for a variety of other mineral substances were introduced, but their presence could not be detected. This saline product then, is a mixture of the sulphate of alumina (native, or crude alum) and sulphate of' iron (copperas.) The sulphate of alumina, though very similar in some of its properties lo the alum of com merce, is yet essentially different, inasmuch as the lat ter contains pot-ash, which does not enter into the com position of the former. Fromthe experiment- of Or. Johns, we may regard the two salts I have mentioned as constituting rather more than one half the weightof the mineral matter as it occurs in the earth. The re maining insoluble portion is chiefly ,|alumlnous earth, derived from the disintegration of what once was un questionably a.continuuus and solid rock. Now if this saline matter occurs insucb abundance, I have no doubt the best of alum might be manufac tured froni it with advantage'. ,1 think the most eligi- ble method of modifying and extracting it, would '^e to make a m<;'tupe of the' crude ore with a sufficient, quan tity of newly burned wood-ashes, put the mixture in large leachrtub,s, allow water to filter through it,., and thus obtain its strength by lizlviation. Tbe potash of the ashes will retain the iron,, and convert the sulphaite of alumina into the alum of commerce. 'Phe, liquid may be transferred to sballow wooden cisterns, and, as the water spontaneously evaporates, the alum ,wUL, fall down in crystals. About 60 lbs. of potash wiU be re quired to make 500 lbs. of alum. I cannot conclude this account of a, mineral souseful, and so rare jn its native state, wilhout',rtoti,ci,ng Ihe-pro- bable cause of it« formation. As far as I h-dve been able to examine, the horizontal rock that forms the ba sis of this-region, and'the permanent- boundaries- Of 'the lake margin, is of that formation considered by; geolo gists as thehighest and most recent inthe series 6f rook strata. It is denominated by some, the #A«rrf|ro2^oefee,- 272 MISCELLANEOUS. [OcTOBza ' Others call it the pyritiferous rock, because it always contains more or less bf the iron pyrites, (native sul- pburet ofiron,) a beautiful mineral that bears a delu sive resemblance to gold. The soft and slaty parts of the rock contain the sulphuret of iron in greatest abun dance. Now the pyrites consists of sulphur and iron, apd when air and moisture can have access, the sul phur is changed to sulphuric acid, and the iron becomes an oxide. The oxide of iron unites with one half of the acid, (experiment proves it, can unite with no more,) forming copperas, while the remaining half of the acid is left to act upon the alumina of the rock, which results in the production of crude alum. The weight of the copperas found, at first is more than equal, to that of the alum, but the former is easily washed away by water, while the latter being much less solu ble, mostly remains. From ^^^ circumstance that the presenceof air is necessary to the spontaneous formal tion of the sulphate of alumina, 1 should much doubt- whether it were equally abundant a few feet from the surface. Although iftbat should prove to be the case, the interior of those banks must still be regarded as valuable beds of alum ore, capable, by a less simple process, of yielding tbat salt in abundance. — F^ie Obs. FRESHET. POTTSVIILE, Oct, 15. Since the recollection of our oldest inhabilants, this portion of the country has not been visited by so con siderable a freshet as was witnessed in the early part of the week. It Is no less remarkable that the loss of pro perty sustained by this accumulation of tbe waters has proved, so far as is ascertained, entirely disproportion- ed to the general apprehensioiv-=another proof of the pervading Strength and solidity of the results of enter prize. The rain has fallen copiously during several days and nights preceding Tuesday, on which day it subsided, exhibiting its effects in fhe accumulated tor- ' rents wbich rolled down the de9livities of our moun tains. Many ofthe low grounds were Involved in in undation. The Schuylkill rose to an unusual height. A portion of the main highway, near Major Kepner's, was overflown — travelling in carriages was checked. and the mail, from that point, was conveved to our bo rough on horseback. The Schuylkill Navigation dam in this vicinity received some damage, which was re paired speedily, and at an inconsiderable expense. Several coal wharves, at Po,rtCarbon were some what injured, by the removal of a part of the struc ture supporting them. ¦ Several boats were swept from their moorings, and a fine litter of pigs, "dul- citer TnOriens," perished ¦ in tbe irresistible rush of the waters. Mp. Crowley, the owner, with 'difficulty preserved his dwelling house, by erecting in front a strong stone barrier four feet in height, fromthe de vouring flood — his barn, however, was carried away. On the whole, the freshet has been much less destruc tive than was generally feared, and the above comprises the extent of the damage thus far ascertained; The Schuylkill Navigation seems to bave resisted the shock as fap as Hambupg uninjured — from a, greater distance below we have not heard the result- Our pail-roads are all safe. Excavations were scooped out in one or two places on the Mount Carbon Hail-road, beneath the up per structure. The injury was trifling, and has already been repaired. Since the above has been in type, we understand that eighty feet of embankment on the Girard Canal was swept away by the late freshet — the damage, however, can be repaired in a few days.-^Miner's Journal. Easton, OctobtrlS. Gbeat Fbeshet. — On Saturday morning last, it com menced raining, and continued to do so almost without intermission, until Tuesday evening. The Delawate and Lehigh rivers rose in consequence thereof to a great height and much injury has been,sus{ained there by. On Wednesday afternoon, a passenger arrived in Easton with the intelligence, that a tremendous breacIi has been made by the water in the Lehigh Canal. We have as yet heard of no injuries on the Delaware ca'nal. Muncy,'Pa. Oct. 11. Tbe Late Raihs have caused a considerable rise in the river; and we understand that it has injured much ofthe work along the Une of canal. The repairs ofthe Money dam. together with a portion of the old struc ture, have been swept off. The loss lo the eontractor must be great; besides, it puts a quietus lo the hopes of having the navigation extended to that place for the present season. ScHtTTiKiii; NAvaoATioK, — We have learned that the resolution has been adofited to abandon that section of our navigation which has been the fruitful source of former obstructions and embarrassment, passing thf ougb a limestone region, in the vicinity of Reading, and to substitute the medium of transportation, provided by nature, in the channel of the river. It is a well-known circumstance, that much money has been unavaUingly expended, and labour employed, to afford permanent solidity to the section in question, and the conviction ofthe utter improbability of accompUshing such an ob ject,' has given rise to the contemplated abandonment. The important advantages which result to the whole line are too obvious to require detail. While on this ,subject, it may be proper to remark thatthe heavy ex pense incurred ih the construction ofthe double locks, the active\exertions which have been and continue to be made, in improving the navigation, and the sincere disposition evinced to afford every facility and accom modation to trade, compatible with the interests of the company, deitand our tribute of commendatioiy. The additional sum required to be appropriated for the in tended alteration in the course ofthe canal will, we un derstand, amount to $65,000. Mr, Geobge Duhcau, of this neighbourhood, who is favourably, known to the public, has undertaken the above improvement. He left Ibis place on Wednesday last, to enter upon the duties ofthe contract. — Miner''* Journal. Peitnstlvania ahd Ohio Raii-Roab. — We have just seen a letter from an intelligent gentleman al New Lis bon to his friend in this place, which states that Mr. Malin had just completed a survey ofthe route ofa rail road from Nl Lisbon to Canton, and ascertained the distance to be thirty-eight miles and three and a half chains. The route is represented to be highly favorable. Tbe whole distance is stated to present no deep cuts or embankments, properly so called by engineers. From Canton to Massillon is less than ten miles, and from New Lisbon to the mouth of Big Beaver, by the route formerly surveyed by Major Douglas, is forty, making the whole distance from the mouth of Beaver, to the Ohio canal at Massillon eighty-eight miles. From Pitts burgh lo the mouth of Big Beaver, by the route ofthe canal, as measured by Major Douglas in the year 1827, the distance is 25 mUes and 52 chains. So that a rail road of 113 53-80 mUes will connect tbe Ohio canal with the Pennsylvania canal at Pittsburgh. The esti mated distance of the committee who reported to the meeting held In this city some time ago was 125 miles. Pittsburgh Gazette. At a joint meeting, ofthe Select and Common Coun cil held on Tuesday, in the Common Council Chamber, BEirjAMiir W. RicBABiis,was unanimously elected JI/a,yor ofthe City of Philadelphia, for the ensuing year. Printed every SATURDAY MORNING by WlLLIA^iI F. GED. DES, No. 9 Library Street. Philadelphia; where, and at the PUB LICATION OFFICE, IN FRANKLIN PLACE, second dour (lack of the Post Office, (back loom) subscriptions will b'e thankfully le. ceived. Price FIVE DOLLARS per an-i'iai, payable annually by lubscribers residing in or near the city, or wher« there ii aa agent. Other subscribers pay in advance, ^ ttAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. Devoted to'the pbesebvatioit or evebt kind of usefui. infobmation besfectino thb s-jatb. EDITED BY SAMUEL -HAZARD. VOL; VIIT.-NO. 18. PHILADELPHIA, OCTOBER 29, 1831. NO. 200- INDIAN AFFAIRS. It is weU known that the Friends have always felt a ^^eep interest 'in the welfare of ihe Indian tribes — and esp'eciiiUy in the early periods of the province, look a very active part in promoting and preserving peace with them — and of sustaining that character for integrity and faip dealing with the abop'iginal inhabitants Which the ppoppietary had established among them, ^mong the' Pembepton MSS.' which have been placed in oup hands, we find the " Minutes of -the pboceedihos or tue pbofle called 'Quakers in Piiilab. towabds beoain- tNO^ANB FBESEBVINO PeACE WITH THE INDIANS BT FA- ciFic MEASUBES." We Commence ill the present num ber — making some extracts fpom them, which shall be continued fpom lime to time — as we notice any of their proceedings which we deem of public interest. We do not know that these lia-ve before been made public. Minutes ofthe Proceedings of ihe F^oplt called Quakers in PhUadelphia, towards regaining and preserving Peace with the Indians, by parijic measures. In the spring of theyear 1755^ .soon after tbe first ac counts were brought of the mischief done by the Indians, on the frontiers of 'V^irginia, some of the pbop'e called Quakers residing in Philadelphia, seriously considering the fatal consequences of losing that interest and friend ship OUP predecessors had Obtained by theip upright dealing, and hospitable treatment of the Indians, in the first settlement of this Province,, and apprehending the too general neglect- which had for some time been ob vious, more especially of fhe Delaware Indians, who were the native inhabitants of the first settled parts of this Province, and of the Shawnees many of whom wePCj settled among and inco^ppgpated with them, would ter minate to the public disadvantage, determined to im- PiPove every future opportunity of manifesting some re. gard to Ihetn: and several companies of Indians of dif ferent tribes, coming to this city on divers occasions, they were visited by some of us, invited' to our houses, and on their going away, presented with some small matters necessary for them in their way of living; and the grateful manner in which they received these in stances of regard, and the lively remembrance they ap- pearedtb retain ofthe friendship, which subsisted be tween their ancestors and the first settlers of this Pro-' vine, afforded us peal satisfaction,-and some ground to hope our good-intentions would not be disappointed. During' the following winter, the frequent melancho ly accounts of the barbarous murders committed, by the Indians, on the western and northern frontiers of this Province, filled the minds ofthe people in general, with a spirit of indignation and resentment againstthem, and no opportunity presented of publicly manifesting the earnest concern we had, to use our utmost endeavours, ina manner, consistent with our peaceable principles, to ppevent the impending desolation. The calamity be came general, and every 'elve. Two stretches of very bad graduation, where the former line was too steefp for the convenient appUcatiori'of horse power, and where stationary power would scarcely have been advisable, have been avoided; and the whole line^ with the exception of a short distance near Myers' saw mill, on the Shamokin, has been reduced within a graduation of 30 feet per mile. The line has been short-- ened one and a third mUes, and the planes have been so located, as that at seven ofthem a body of water equal to the "greatest trade which can ever be anticipated, may be commanded and made use of as a substitute for * Tbis Report wUl be found in Reg. Vol. 3, page 54. 280 HANVlLbE & POTTSVILLE RAIL ROAD. [OcTOBKtt Steam power. A drajjring' Of the machinery, by which it is proposed to effect this, is herewith presented to the Board. . , , ' '. ' It wiU^be perceived, from the above sket(ih.,lhat a line of rail road, very superior in character to that sur veyed in 1828, is now submitted tu the Board'of Mana gers. Its trace may thus be described. Commencing. at a point on the Mount Carbon Rail Road, near' WadesviUe, it rises by an inclined plane 115 feet, to the summit, between the east branch of Norwepfian Snd MUl Creeks. It then passes up the vaUey of the MUl dreek, rising. by three inclined planes, and a gradua tion varying from ten to twenty feet per mUe, to the„ summit between the MUl Creek and Little Mahonoy.r This summit it is proposed to reduce by a' cut 800 feet long and 17 feet 4,eep at its apex. The Little' Mahon- noy .valley ia afterwards passed by an embankment twenfy-sii fj^et high, and the dividing^ground between the Little and Big, Mahorioy by a cut of 900 feet along and thirteen feet deep. The line then descends lo the level, of the Big Mahonoy valley, at the montlj of the Shenando,,(511 feet) by two inclined planes, and after- wardskeeps tl^is„lev'el, along the slope of the Locust MounUin, to its intersection with the Centre Turnpike. At.this point it rises by .anlnclined plane 181 J feet, and a graduated stage: three and a half mUes long, ascend ing for 2400 feet,' tenfeet per rtiUe, and afterwards at the r.ate of tWrty feet per mile, ^o the proposed summit between the Mahonoy and Shamokin. West ofthe Shamokin summit, the- line descends for 160 poles, at the rate of twenty feet per mile, but is af terwards can-led On a graduation of thirty feet per mile, except at two points at which iiicUned planes are pro posed, and along the distance above mentioned near Myers' Saw-rtiiU, whepe fop oneand ahalf mi les, a gra duation descending atthe rate of fifty-five feet per riiile, willibe requisite. _ ' , The line of rail road above described, naturally pre sents itself fop consideration, in three separate divisions. — The fipsf, five miles long, extending froni the point of intersection with tbe Mount Carbon Rail Road, to the summit of the Broad Mountain. The second, eleyen miles'218 poles long, extending from the Broad Moun tain summit, to the dividing ground betwen the Maho noy and the Shamokin. "The third, thirteen miles-and 276 poles Ipng, from this last named summit, to the ter mination of the eastern division of the rail road. It will be perceived, from the above description, by those members of youp Board who are famiUar with the location of 1828, tbat the Rfesertt line varies fpom the line surveyed in the sUmmep of that yeap thpOughout the vvbole of its, middle suljdivision : that the reduction in its rise and fall, and in the number of its incUned planes, has been effected by cpossing the Mahonoy at a higher point, and aflepwards sustaining the level pf the valley of thai stream- at the mouth ofthe Shenando,along the southern slope of the- Locust Mountain. On the other porticns of the eastern division of the rail road, the line of 1828 appears to have been plaped almost ev ery where on the inost eligible ground, and'no other changes are proposed in it generally, eRcept to incur an increased cost in reducing curvature at bluffs and ra vines, ^nd at some few points in improving its gpadua- -fion. It has been presumed, under these cipcumstan- stanees. that the objects of.the resolution of the Board of the thirteenth instant, will be met by presenting to , it, a minute estiniate of the cost of the second subdivi- sion of the raUroad. made on a very precise location for nearly its whole extent; and such an approximate esti mate of the cost ofthe first and third subdivisions, as could be, formed on a review of the Une snd estimiite of 1828. . ' I beg leave now to draw fhe attention of the Board Jo the character ofthe improvement I would recommend. The grading jof the road f hould, at any rate, be made wlth« view to a dduble track, because it could not be long before^ on some portions ofit, if not on the-whole, a .(double track would be requii:ed, and it would be at tended with a large additional expense, .beyond what ' would, in -the first instance, have been requisite,- to wi den the, road wa^, when such necessity should be felt. It is -otherwise with the superstructure-of the rail road. A dduble track would certainly not be immediately re- quired, and even were it soon to be called for by the ex igencies ofthe trade, it would still be more advantage ous to lay down in the first instaiicea sin.^le track, and to make use ofthis singlelraclTfor-the purpose of trans porting materials for the second. The course here recommended was that adopted on Ihe Littie SchuylkiU Rail Road. The roadway forma- tioh of the last named rail road was made' in cuttings twenty-two feet wide, and in fillings twenty feet {the, width required for a double track;) but raUs for a single track only havebeen laid dOwn for the presant. 'rhe superstructure I have proposeiwbuld be white oak. or' yellow pine rails plated with metal, resting ac cording to circumstances, on stone blocks or while oak, sills. Such a superstructure would cost, on an average; for a double track including crossings and sideUngs,- about $7000 per mile. ' 1 Cost ofik^ Rail Road. Subdivision First. The inclined plane,, by which the Danville and Pottsville Rail Road must leave the. Mount Carbon Rail Road, cannot be located to the greatest advantage, with out encountering a deep' cutand tunnel 1400 feet long. The cost of this work will be $25,000. , On Ihe remain der ofthe subdivision; the difficulties ih roadway forma tion are of nearly an uniform character; the line being carried on steep and r-ocky-hill sides, varying between twenty and fifty degrees.- From a careful examination pf the ground, a review nf my former estimates, and an attentive consideration ofthe improvements in curva- ttipe, and constPuction which are proposed-on-fhis part of the road, I am satisfied that the expense of its road- way formation, including that of the cutting;s and filUngs on planes Nos. 2, 3 and 4, would not vary materially from an aggregate of $47,500, "or a fraction' exceeding an average of $10,000 per mile. At this rate, the esti mate for tbe first subdivision of the rail road, would be_ as follows: Whole cost bf roadway formation of four mile^ 235 poles of rail road, $47,500 00 Deep Cutting and Tunnel, 25,000 00 ^uperstpuctupe-of five niiles of rail road, at $7000 per mile. - 35,000 00 Machinery and fixtures fop inclined planes, Nos. 1. 2, 3 and 4, - 22,500 00 , _ _ $130,000 00 Subdivision 2d. On this portion of the rail road, as has been before ob served, careful estimates have been made on a veiy pre cise location, on nearly its whole extent. Its cost is embraced in the following "Summiary. , Excavation, embankment and walling of, eight miles and thirteen poles of the rail road, east of the Shamokin summit, as per abstract marked A,- $125,513 94 Excavation and embankment on one mile and 18 poles, between Broad Mountain ^ summit and plane No. 5, as pfer ab- ^ stractB, - 15i402 00 Mechanical work on above named por tions of rail road, as per abstract C,' 32,300 00 Roadway .formation of two miles and 177 poles of rail road, at $10,000 per mile, 25,531 25 Superstructure of eleven miles and 218 \ ' polesiofrallrba'd, at $7,000 per mile, 81,768 75 Machinery and fixtures of inclined planes, Nos, S, 6 and 7, - 34,150 00' $304,665 94 1831,] DANVILLE & POTTSVILLE HAIL ROAD. 281 It remains to present you an estimate of the third sub division ofthe raU road, or the poption ofthe road ex tending from the Shamokin summit to the Western extremity of the eastern division. Theline on this por- tion.of the route will not have been definitely located before the close ofthe present seasion; but il encounters. except at a few points, only ordinary difficulties, and 1 should deem an average of $15,500 per mile, suffi cent to cover the whole cost of gpadjng and superstructure fop a double track, including the cost of machinery for the two incUned planes. The whole cost of the subdivision, tbipteen miles and 276 poles, would, of coupse, be $214,- 868 75. It app^rs. then, that the total cost ofthe eastern di vision of the DanviUe and Pottsville railroad, presuming the superstructuPB ofa doub)e track to be laid down im- mediately, wouldbe $649,534 and 69 cents. Ifa single track only werelaid down in the first instance, the cost of the division would be diminished about $3000 per mile, or an aggregate of$9l,631 and»-25 cents. I should remark, before closing this report, that lh*e aboveestimates are'based uponthe present prices, both_ of labor and provisions, I should not have be.eh wiUing to predicate them on other data; but the present may certainly be deemed a dear year in both respects. The most reasonable ppesumption, therefope, is thatthey will prove over liberal rather than, otherwise. All which is respectfully submitted. MONCURE ROBINSON. C. E. Philadelphia, Oct. 11, 1831, ABSTRACT OF THE ESTIMATES OF EXCAVATION, &c. A- '' Abstract of the Estimates of Excavation, Embankment and Widling of 8 miles and 113 poles ofthe D^milh and Pottsville Rail Road, eatf ofthe Shamokin Summit. Stations. Excavation. Price. Embank ment. Price. Solid Rock. Price. Loose Rock. Price. WaU- ing. Price. Dolls. Dts. 26 No. Ito 15 3566 16 307 10 , 601 „ to 31 27560 17 4685 20 „ to 35 77 ,8 920 10 98 16 „ to 44 1220 8 31 10 100 70 „ to 51 34 11 11,331 16 1816 70 " *° ^l „ to 68 1878 10 378 10 ' 225 60 742 10 1661 11 256 : 91 „ to -74 70 10 3712 16 600 92 „ to 84 749 8 1341 10 194 -02 „ to 91 128 10 3415 15 525 05 „ to 96 '4857 12 784 75 1170 84 „ to 104 24. 10 41092 18 7398 96 „ to 113 1227 12 347 12 301 20 249 08 „ to 117 ' 2900 ¦ 12; 140 13 1326 75" 1128 20 1586 30 „ to 123 90647 18 16316 46 .. to 127 3739 12 ' 2303- 25 1024 43 „ to 130 1977 _ 14 276 78 „ to 133 697 11 76 77 „ to 148 2678 10 20 io 1 269 80 „ to 151 4663 11 512 93 „ to 153 2076 11 2000 75 1728 36 „ to 164 10 10 89470 17 15210 90 „ to 168 2152 12 '' 1148 75 119 •' 24 „ to 174 4996 12 599 52 „ to 186 24080 16 4859 70 7254 10 „ to 214 11681 11 " 3623 ,13 1719 67 „ to 221 17 12 21243 20 4250 64 „ to 242 5890 10 742 11 670 62 „ to 252 6496 12 57718 , 17 10591 58 „ to 275 5036 13 4810 13 1279 98 „ to 286 882 lo~ 1357 11 237 47 „ to 294 89977 20 17995 40 ,, to 303 1823 10 ¦ 64 12 189 98 „ to 309 4493 11 3989 ,12 1259 75 300 60 2097 16 „ to 316 1271 12 1666 12 224 15 386 04 „ to 335 1730 11 6988 12 1028 86 „ to 343 1456 11 1063 12 400 60 527 72 „ to 350 876 10 1211 11 220 81 „ to 356 717 10 1177 11 150 60 291 17 „ to 359 525 10 81 11 it\- .. ¦'*,'.^6l 41 „ to 367 2443 11 450 11 ; 318 23 ,. to 37S 454 10 238 11 , '-' " 71 58 „ to 38: 238 11 4792 12 ,' '-tfOl 22 „ to 395 ! 1534 , 12 158 13 '510 '¦¦ 170 ,510 20 723 6Q 1097 42 „ - to 59e i 947 11, 2225 - 14 . , ' ¦',, - 4l's 67 „ to 4d: ( , 2196 11 72 ,' 'r'lS . "•:' '.'^ Hkj'^---' " 250 .'20 „ to 40£ , .7:^3 IQ 933;. ,,4o' t-,', , „-^ ¦^ ¦'¦ V.^ ' '¦ .40d* 62i% 416 60 „ to 4U i 792 "ll 360, %4. ,-¦-'¦! ¦¦- -: wM33 92 VOL.V in. se - " '''-¦ p:^/' '^ :-f^ ^F' ¦¦"1 tkrriid fifwial .; ; J m^ ¦¦y^ 2S2 DANVILLE & POTTSVILLE RAIL HOAD. [OcTOBBJt Brought forward, $107,752 34 Distance from the summit, or No. 1, fo No. . 413— 41,210 feet, .-Grubbing and clearing, at $7, per 100 feet, 2,884 70 From No. 413 to foot of ,Shenando plane, 1250 feet grubbing and clearing, at $7 00 pep lt)0 feet, ¦ - 87 50 From No. .413 to foot of Shenando plane, 2986 cubic yards excavation, at 15 cents, 447 90 From do. do. 6950 cubic yards embank ment at 17 cents, - 1,181 50 Between No. 350 and 359, add for carrying Boyd's Road outside ofthe rail road, 1000 yards embankment, . 110 00 Between Nos. 403. and 406, add for carry ing embankment 2000 yards, at 10 cents, 200 00 Partial alteration of Sunbury Turnpike, for two or three hundred feet. 50 00 $112,713 94 Add for rock, both loose and solid, where not indicated on sui-face, 8,000 00 Do. fop in'cpeased size of embankment, to allow for settUng 30,000 cubic yards, at 16 cents, - . 4,800 00 Total amount, $125,513 94 B. Amounts of excavation and embankment in one -mile an 1 twenty-eight poles; of the DanviUe and Potts viUe rail road, between the Broad Mountain summit and Mahonoy plane. 30,800 cubic y'ds of excavation at 13 cts. .$4,004 00 2.550 do. of pock excavation, al $1, 2,550 00 ^ 55,300 do. embankment,' at 16 cents, 8,84800' Total amount. $15,402 00 'C. Abstract of mechanical work on eight miles and thirteen poles of the DanviUe and Pottsville rail road, east of the Shamokin summit, and on one mile and twrenty-eight poles between the Broad Mountain sum mit and Mahonoy plane. 8100 perches masonry, at 175 cents, $14,175 00 2500 do. do. 200 2950 do. do. 250 '„ Foundations, including flooring of arches. Dry stone drains, 1 Woodwork of bridges, ' 5,000 00 7,375 00 3,500 00 1,200 00 1.050 oO Total amount. $32,300 00 Report and Estimate of F. W. Rawle, Engineer onthe Western Division of the Rail Road, To the President and Managers ofthe DanviUe and Pottsville KailRoad Company. ¦Gentlemen, I have the honour to submit the following report on -the survey and location of the western division of the Danville and Pottsville rail road, with plans and esti mates accompanying it. This division commences at DanviUe, and terminates a short distance above Stam- bach's, on Shamokin ci-eek, and includes the branch line from Sunbury. I n thesurvey of 1828 for a rail road from tiie Sus- .quehanna to the Schuylkill, made under tbe direction ofthe Canal Commissioners, by Mi-, Robinson, the gen- i .eral -course of the proposed road is described On that portion ofit terminating at the north branch near DanviUe, the route is indicated as passing the Shamokin Hill,, and following the valley of Logan's branch, which <;omes to the river about two miles above the town. Up on an examination ofthe country, previous to the com mencement of the present survey, this was obviously the only Ijne of consideration. As the route included a summit of sume elevation, which would bave an arbitrary effect on the character of the line that wjis to reach it, it was necessary to decide on I the plan by which that object would be best accom plished. The-'ground that presented itself, extended for a certain distance along the river before peaching the valley ofthe branch. , By an experimental line it was found that no situation could be obtained.af which, by the establishment of an extra power, we should be enabled to keep the other part of the Une as far as the summit at a reduced graduation, and Ihe'rapid ascent of the valley precluded any adaptation of the line to its surface. It was therefore concluded to take advantage. ofthe side ofthe river hill, andlhatbounding the valley, and by running on a uniform, ascending, grade, wbich would be within the limits forthe convenient operation ofa motive power, carry the Une as far'as fhe ground woiild admit. Tlie grade established was at the rate of thirty-six feet in a mile. Fixing on a point opposite the end of the bridge at Danville as the place of the. commencement, fhe line was laid about three hundred feet from the river, and parallel fo its course, on ground affording ample space and'COnvenieiiee for landing — a connexion with the bridge was also formed, **? By this, and the front on the river, every access lo tbe road can be had. From this place the trace of the route proceeds for the first half mile under very favourable circumstances, at the end ofthis distance it reaches the side ofthe Blue hill, which bounds the river without any intervention of allu vial bottom. The bold outline of the ground here, rising witb steep slopes and points of rock, causes some extra work to sustain tbe line, and preserve the necessary width for the turnpike below. This character of ground continues, with some variation, until tbe line approaches the land of Mr. Boyd, which extends for some distance. Here, the hill receding, leaves a secon dary ridge of moderate slope, affording in every respect a favourable location, and continues tothe opening of the valley at Logan's run. ' Turning into tbis valley on a curvature, the radius of which is unavoidaWy less than the usual limits, the route is traced on the hill side, and elevated ground, without any material interference with a desirable loca tion, as fer as the farm of Lewis Vastine. At this dis tance, (four and a half miles,) from the increased rise of the valley, it was found impracticable to continue the graduation that had been so lar run. The line was therefore passed over the bottom land, which presented a convenient profile of nearly uniform rise, at a grade at the rate of sixty feet per rhile, — and carried one mile further to the point marked A on the map. The road will be confined to the meadow land by a moderate embankment, formed principally by the excavation ofa new channel for the stream, in many places required. An elevation of one hundred and seven feet in a dis tance of forty chains now remained lo be accomplished in order to gain a given height at which the summit of the Shamokin hill, reduced by a deep cut, could be pas sed. An inclined plane overcoming this elevation and distance, partly sustained by embankment, and partly on the side hill, was located in a direct Une. From the head of the inclined plane the line curves round a projecting slope ofthe hill at a level for sixteen chains, and then passes fhe summit by the deep cut, forty^fiye feet deep at the highest point, and thirteen ehains in length, lo the head ofthe ravine ofa smaU run descending to Shamokin creek. The average cutting encountered will be twenty-five feet, the ground fiilliiig abruptly on either side. The excavation will be in part of earth easily removed, and about one-third is estimat ed as rock— the whole can be disposed of without muoh extra distance in hauling. The descent to the position in Shamokin valley is then effected by two inclined planes, witb a:short level between them. The course of each plane is a direct line. The first is principally sustained on the slope ofthe ravine, and descends 91 feet in 858, equal to one in 9,44, The second, termin- im.i DANVILLE & POTTSVILLE RAIL ROAD. 283 ating at Shamokin creek, is embanked for some distance in order to preserve ihe straight Une, and descends 180 feet in 2,244, or one 12.46. It will be proper here to state the mode of passing the trade, and the additional power requiped on the line thus described. The first section ot the road as far as Vastine's, is calculated for any power it may be most expedient to employ. Locomotive engines may be used, but theip useful effect would be Umited, and they would be liable to certain regulations which in the short distance to be travelled, would be found inconve nient. The employment of bors'es will be the most ad vantageous, particularly as their power can be conve niently iiicreased at the point when the increased gra- patlon ofthe road will require it. This will be the case in passing over the distance from 'Vastine's farm to the fool of the inclined plane. The arrangement will be, that on the arrival of the trains at the farm, the requisite number of horses must be taken off. and applied lo drawing up each train in succession to the foot ofthe plane, up which they will be passed by means of a sta tionary engine, Ihe horses returning untillhe whole are passed. From tbe head ofthe plain the trains wUl be drawn Over the summit, and descend by theip gravity on the two inclined planes to the Shamokin. These planes wUl be pegulated on the self-acting plan, so that the trade going to the Susquehanna may be drawn up by the Irains descending, which may be calculated on as greatly ppepoiiderating. The passage of the bill in this manner seemed to be recommended in its general character.' It was deemed advisable, however, to try whether by a tunnel, the establishment of stationary power on the northern side, and the upper plane on the valley side might nut be avoided. By the tunnel-line it was aho expected that the water of the run could be conveyed tothe opposite side, ahd employed as a useful power on the remaining inclined plane. Returiiing, thtrefore, to the position marked A, it was found, that the graded line, by follow^ ing the course ofthe stream, could, be brought to a convenient point to commence the tunnel in a distance of thirty-two chainsi The graduation will, however, be increased to the rale of one in 68 or 77 feet in a m''c- The length ofthe tunnel wUl be 814 y&rds under a comb, the highest part of whicb wUl be 130 feet. By an ih- clinaiion given to tiie bottom of ten feet, in a dii^etion towards the valley, it will be brought fo fall into the former line, as described at the head ofthe second plane, with an additional length to that structure of 125 ft. The stream referred to may be passed over the bot tom of the tunnel, and brought to the desired point. — The object in effecting this would, be to use the water as a preponderating weight in drawing the ascending waggons, which by any failure in the regulation ofthe contemplated descending weigbt, might be dependent on some ofher power. Th'e"appUcation would be on a plan suggested by Mr. Robinson, and proposed to be adopted, it is undepstouil, un the eastern division of this road. In calculating the area of'the tunnel, width was allow ed for a single track only — this being deemed sufficient for accommodation at this point. The excavatioji will consist of rock ofa compact kind, stratified occasional ly with slate. After crossing the Shamokin creek, the Une is grad ed at one in 256, and carried seven chains on a curve, when it reaches a favourable point to commence ascend ing the Shamokin'valley at the end of the seventh mile. This valley, through which fhe line is traced from this point to its termination, offered some space fop exami nation. An experimental line had been run onthe north sideof the creek, passing Reid's fulUng-mill and crossing near the brick church, and was found to be of a favourable character. By this route the crossing of the creek could be effected after the junction with -the Sunbury line, which takes place at fhe point referred to, and some Other facilities gained-^upon the location ofthe plane it was, however, essential in preserving the proper, Une in plan to pass tbe stream, and proceed on the southepn side. By adopting this side a distance of some importance was savetlf, and considerable advan tage ganed in the location ofthe Sunbury line. With an ascending grade, varying but little from twelve feet in a mile, the route Js then traced through the farm of J. Reid, on ground well adapted to poad formation, for some distance. At the upper end of that place, the high groi^nd extends to the creek.-and requires for a short distance something more than the ordinary work in the construction; leaving this point. sideUng grourtd of convenient slope is obtained as far as Hughes' mill, .In passing back ofthe mill, an elevated strip crossesthe line and caUs for some extra work. Thence the line is pursued, passing b)' embankment over twelve chains of low ground to avoid a rocky bluff, and reversed curves, until it reaches YOcum's place. At ihis point ground entii-ely favourable presents itself, and continues to Slambach'-s,, and thence to the termination of the line, interrupted only by the crossing of the turnpike — the whole distance ten and a half miles. . At Sunbury, fhe line occupies the bank of the rivef fronting the town fop eighteen chains: a space of one hundred feet in width is left on which, lateral pails may be laid to connect with the pooh it was deemed best to extend the line thus far up the bank in order to em brace the most convenient points.- Ojjposite lo the lower side ofa twenty fool alley, theline turns on a short curve, and pursuirtg a parallel line to the streets, passes through the town. ' The necessary width fop the road will be taken partly from the alley, and partly from the adjoining lots. The lots are neai-ly all unoc cupied by buildings, the interference with property will therefore be inconsiderable. Keeping the same direct line, the route is traced through the out-lots, and after passing some low ground, gains the point of the ridge lying back ofthe town; this point is passed with sufficient room, and affords the material fop the adjoin-< ing embankment^ — the bottom land of Shamokin creek is then reached, on a graduation very little above a ho rizontal pljne. From this place examinations were made to determine whioh side ofthe valley of that stream would afford the most favourable ground to reach a position at H. Bucha's farm. By keeping the general course ofthe ridge, the passage ofthe stream would be - avoided; but an increased distance, and some difficult points would be encountered. On the south side, a Une,nearly direct in its course, and after passing fhe creek, affording, in most respects, a favourable location,, could be obtained. Adopting the latter, the route is traced with a grade of six feet in a mile over the bottom land, and crossing fhe -Stream with a firidge 110 feet in length, and Little Shamokin at a convenient place, reaches the sideling ground at Leisenring's. Along this it continues for some distance, until the crossing ofthe creek is again effected af Bucha's place;, at the next farm some extra cutting oticurs. From tbat point, the line procfeeds under favoui able circumstance?, passing through cultivated land, as far as tha end of the seventh mile, on a graduation varying fpom six to ten feet per mile. The remaining disfa'nce rising fpom nine to thir-. teen feet pep mile, passes in front of Snyder town, thence thfougb. the land of Jones, Hoover and others, and teptninales at the junction with the Danville Une, at ten miles and fifty-two chains. ¦ The line has been laid off in sections and staked out peady fop contract, with the exception of one or two points, which may be siibject offurther consideration. The road has been estimated at 22 feet wjde, and 'with a double track the whole, distance. On some parts, particularly the side hill ground on the Danville Une, a single track witb sufficient turnouts might be used. In the following proposed mode of superstiHicture of the rail-way, sufficient strength and solidity is allowed for the operation of locomotive power. This it may be found convenient to use on the line that passes the 2S4 RELIEF OF THE FOOR. [OeTOSBIl whole distance through Shamokin valley, which is well adapted both in plan and profile. Upon weU packed stone, filled into trenches, and levelled to the surface, cross sills of white oak, or other hard timber, ten by twelve inches, are placed every six feel — notched out to receive the rails, and hewn out in the centre. The- ra'ils of the best yellow pine, five and a half by nine inches, well dressed to good joints and even, are let in and secured by wedges. The iron plates to be half an inch' by two inches, and fastened with four inch spikes fifteen inches apart. Broken stone lo be fiUed in be tween the rails forming fhe horse path. The architectural striicfures on Ihe fine are few,^and in all oases are of moderate dimensions. The bridges ¦where stdeams are passed will be of wooden frames, supported by dry masonry. In making out the estimate of cost, if is believed every expenditure that is likely lo occur is included, and the pi-ices allowed sufficient. Some alteraiion in the stone foundation for fhe rails may probably be re commended, if on the opening of the road it is found that the proper material can be conveniently procured. Ifa single track should be adopted on the pa'pts ofthe line peferred to, a" very considerable reducUon in the cost of the road formation would occur. Respectfully submitted, F. W. RAWLE, Engineer. October 12tb, 1831. i^Estiinate next week."] RELIEF OF THE POOR. After several conferences hadbeen held among cit- izens'desirous of adopting some permanent measures for ameliuraling the condition of fhe poor, and prevent pauperism, it was resolved, at a meeting held on the 18lh of October, 1831, at the Apprentices' Library, to accept the following report,, as explanatory of their views on this important subject. It is addressed to all classes, and appeals to all. wilhoul distinction of party, op sect, fop support in the benevolent scheme which it sketches out. REPORT- The following considerations on the duty, policy, and most efficient methods of-l'elieving poverty and dis tress, are Submitted fo a benevolent public, with the hope that they will be generally approved of, and the measures recommended in them be carried into early operation. So closely interwoven are the interests of all classes of society, that the poverty and degradation of one of them cannot but exercise a sinister influence over the others; nor, is this influence the less sinister because not immediately felt. However much we must admit, in tbe nature of thingb, the division of society, into rich and poor, since no orte can promise himself^ security against the reverses of lortune, or say that the sun of his prosperity to-day may not be succeeded by the clouds of misfortune to-morrow; yet we canrtot, as philartlhro- pists and christians, recognize the imperative necessity of evil being the companion of adversity, or that igno rance should be the handmaid of poverty. Those of low estate ought not. lo be left in intel lectual darkness, often more painful and bewildering than personal privation and suffering. They oUght lo receive from enlightened benevolence something more thhn mere alms. To them ought lo be extended cheering counsel, a knowledge of the filling means to extricate themselves from the difficulties in which the vices of otiiers, or their own faults, and, not unfrequent ly, unavoidable misfortunes, may have placed them. To accomplish so desirable an end demands, not the devoted benevolence ofa Howard, or uncommon prac tical sagacity of a Franklin, but, simply, a display of tbese qualities to the moderate extent in which they may be presumed to be possessed by our fellow citizens at large. Each one discharging his duty to the poori renders that of his neighbour light and easy of liilfilr ment. By union, therefope, id its principles, and divi sion of Ihelabop in its details, entire success may be an ticipated. If all those who are able lo takeja part unite in the cause, the society will embrace a majority ofthe community, intent on ameliorating the unhappy condi tion ofthe less favoured portion ofit. Such an association, for such purposes, it is desired to form in this city; and lo encourage the prompt and vigorous execution ofthis beneficent plan is the object of the present address. By thus acting in concert, and with, and at the samelime, a full understanding of the case, their fellow citizens would be able.witb the moder ate sacrifice of personal comfort, and a very sUght oc casional pecuniary aid, to carry into effect all that the most zealotis philanthropy could suggest, Ibe tiue end of ppactical benevolence is lo enUghten the poor and needy respecting their real situation, to point out the common causes oftheir existing deppes- sion. and lo show the remedy in habits of morals and in dustry. The discouragements of ignorance iire closely allied to the habits of indolence, and it is often sufficient for the removal pf the latter, that we introduce a knowledge that labor will be requited by suitable wa ges. We thus at once give an incentive and ability to work. But it is not sufl[icienl for us to say that industry- finds its own reward — 4he mode most be pointed out in which-industry can be profitably exerted. Tbe expec tant for employment, the indolent hoper for better limes, lo extricate himself from present poverty, must be distinctly apprized of tbe facility with which, by a slight change of place or by personal application, time ly made, he will bave scope for his honest efforts, and an immediate pecuniary return for either bis labor or in genuity. Nor ought the office of friendly counsel to end here. The poor man must be duly impressed with the neces sity of thrift and economy^of order and method,' by which be can obtain for himself and family the greater number of confurts for the least cost, for it is a melan choly truth, that they who have the most need of econ omy, are from ignorance, rather than perverseness, the worst economists. He should be taught, moreover, to aflax a tiue estimate lo what are calle^ personal gratifi cations, and above all he should be made sensible ofthe injury to his health and bis morals — the waste oftime andof money, — the increased temptations of crime, by indulgence in the use of strong drinks, and the conse-- qiient liability to drunkenness, — in fine, that the barri er he is to set up against ill fortune is frugality, and that real comforts are to he preferred to low dissipation While the work of friendly visitation and advice is go ing on in favor ofthe poor and labouring husband, ihe like benefits are lo be ensured to his wife, by the hu mane attentions and never ceasing kindness of Jhe fe- male members of the benevolent association. The most advantageous employment of her needle, the cheapest and most suitable articles for family use, whe ther of food, clothing, or of domestic economy in other respects— the value of system and of regular houi s the force ofher own example, of self moderation and industry, on her children, are points wbich her kind vi sitors will endeavour to impress on her mind as of pecu liar moment. Conjugal harmony will thus be strength- ened by mutual habits of industry and regulap employ ment, and parental efforts will be wisely directed to preserve the health oftheir children by simple food and suitable clothing; and when the years of infancy are past, to place them at schools where elemenbirv in- sti'uotton 18 easily obtained. '' Should the urgent necessities ofthe parents demand labour from the hands of.their children, this may, un der friendly guidance, be of such a nature as shall not impair the health ofthe latter; while it yields the Ei-eat- est profit to the former. New modes of industrious oc cupation; virtuous httle handicraft employments, can be «31.] SteLlEF of TilE POOH. 285 pointed out to the parties concerned, by the visitors of the association, who will thus make the poor understand the important distinction between man in a rude, and man in a civilized stale of society-r^lhal the one wastes his force, whether natiiral or acquired— the other econr omises, that is, saves it. Information on practical sub jects, conveyed in. a plain style, and in a small com pass, can, from time to time, be distributed, and the benefits uf civiUzation, in Us true bearing of scientific discovery and pure moralifyj be diffused among those who. unaided, could never hope to have their fortunes improved by tbe former, or their conduct amended by the latter. To fix and arrange the numerous useful facts and sug gestions which almost daily meet the e)e ofthe gener al reader, in newspapers, magazines, scientific and lite rary essays, and to embody tbem in a clieap form, would be of incalculable value to a large class of the indus trious poor, engaged in common labor, and the mechan- ' S ical arts. In this way, the association would become an active and efficient society for diffusing useful knowl- edge,or at least necessary agents to,sUch a society,by pla cing information directly in the hands of thofe who most require it, and yet to whom it is most difficult of access. 'Various are the subjects to which the attention ofthe actively benevolent is here directed, and for giving effi ciency to wbich Iheir assistance is solicited, it is, how ever, still apparent, that all difficulties might be readily surmounted by a suitably devised plan of concerted op erations. Success in the works of benevolence, as well as in those of art, is best insured by division of labor, Ifthe number of agents be great, the work which, by its magnitude, would alarm one ofthe few, becomes light and easy of fulfilment in tbe hands ofmany. , To ministep relief wilb advantage to the poor, the distpessed and the ignopant, requires of those who en- gage^ in so good a cause, a knowledge of the character of tbe persons to be aided and benefited. Hence the necessity ofthe benevolent rich, and of those in easy circumstances, holding more frequent intercourse with the poop and needy. iiLopdep by a patient examination of their discourse, to be able to ascertain their real sen timents. The friend ofthe poor must be accessible,! either by haying his own house always open, or, what is preferable, by giving them tne assurance that be will be a regular visitep at theip's. Vicinity is of course impor tant for the purpose of direct supervision ofthe habits of this class of people, and of being able to render them assistance adapted to their situation and peculiar wants at uie time. With the view of obtaining these advan tages, it is proposed to divide the City and Liberties into small districts, in each of which wUI be found mem bers of the proposed association, ready tu act as visiters in conformity with a plan of operations to be agreed up on between them' and a board of managers. By this ar rangement the wants of the really suffering and the in digent can be promptly and effectually relieved, while the attempted deceptions of the unworthy, and the loud claims ofthe sturdy pauper will be prevented, or treated at tb^ir just value. Benevolence thus directed will bring a double blessing on those who give as well as on those jvho receive, without its incupping the too often well founded chjpge of fostering idleness and en- coupaging dependence. Tbe board of managers will make itself the depository df all the information and -means of relief w hich shall be placed at ils disposalieither by individual liberalityior-by benevolent societies — such as short practical essays ahd discourses on temperance, morals, domestic economy, and mechanics — also,such articles as at-e best calculateil to be serv'iceable for clothing and household furniture. and, on particular enriergenciesy of food'. The sub sequent d'tstt-ibution of these various articles will be made by the visiter tothe persons and families whom tbeir own personal observation and experience shall sa tisfy tbeih are tforthy'of their bounty. The board bf managers frill also consider it a part oftheir duty to ob, tain the rates of wages in all manufacturing establish ments and in the various mechanic arts, throughout the state, — also, fhe wages Of agl-icullural laboiir; and have copies of these rites Iransmitfed at suitable irttervals' to the resident visiters of the districts,, in order tliat accu rate information on these important matters may be at anytime communicated to the healthy piuper, or the' industrious labourer artd mechanic, who happens to be thrown ont.df employment, ' , Experience shows that direct pecuniary donations by alms-giving, is' not unfi-equerttly a premium to indolence ) and pauperism. Very different results, however, have been observed by the loan of small sums of money fbr specific purposes; such as to enable an individual to purchase tools or irtaferials of prime necessity for his' business, or even to meet unforseen and sudden domes tic wants. Relief afforded in this way, does nol depress the spirit nor des'ti''oy a feeling and love of indepen dence, or at least of reliartce on his own industrious ex ertions. It would come also with greater effect froni the Association, because with a due knowledge of the party and of the cirCunistances requiping it. The per: son or family thus'relievedi being also oonstantly under ihe eye ofthe visiters in their districts, wUI be reinind- ed oftheir obligations, and feel more the imperative ne- cessitjr of discharging it, than if they had been the, sub ject of individual bounty. We are also taught by experience, that more real kindness is conferred on the destitute, by the gift of a necessary article, either of clothirtg or of household fur niture, than by a grant of mortey for the same purposes: the first may be tendered and received as a present of friendship — the latter is more liable to be considered as' alms-giving. The article wanted can also in gerteral be obtained ofa better quality and on more reasonable terms by a friendly visitep,than by thepoor themselves, whose necessities are often speculated on by the ava- picous and unfeeling. In all these matters, the managers can take such steps, as practical acquaintance with the necessities of thepoor, and the best means of reUeying them, shall point out. in fhis duty, itis very obvious that they will be greatly aided by the knowledge furnished by the visiters of ihe different districts, ..Of the gerteral propriety ofthe preceding views and suggestions, liltle differertce of opinion can prevail. But let us add, that theip pi-acticabirity has been tesletl' by the experiehce of other communities. We would es pecially advert lo the success of the celebrated Dr. Chalrtiers, irt Glasgow,, Irt an entepprise so extensive in its scope, and benefi cent in its objects, as that, the leading featupes of which have jUst been given, the Association would look' with confidence for the countenance and support of aU classes, /rom those clothed in oflScial authority, tO the humblest citizen .of the commonweallh. An appeal is now made to the truly patriotic, without reference to party politics; it is made lo the christian and the moral ist, with a promise of entire freedom, in the proceedings of the -\3s'o_clalion, fpom religious sectarianism, op spec ulative ethics. Neither by its constitution, nop by the acts ofiU nfiembers or agents, wiU it arrogate the rights of doctrinalteachings or ihe slightest interfei:ence with the province and duties ofthe responsible religious advi- sepsbf the persons who afe benisfitted by its benevolent efforts: (iSigned) prflLIP GARliEtt, M P. c6l*E, JOllN fiELL, M. D. JAMES J. BAliCLAY, CHARLES EVANS, EDMUND J. YARD, THOMAS BOOTH, THOMAS ROGERS, JOHN HALL. EDMUND MORRIS, . CASPER MORRIS, M. p. Committee. 2^6 TOWNSHIP MEETING.— LE-^VISBURG. fOCTOBI* From the Germantown Tejegraph. GERMANTOWN RAIL ROAD. At a meeting of the inhabitants of Bristol township, Jield pupsuant to Supepvisoi-'s nolice,onMonday the 17Ui inst., at the house of Jonathan Childs — Siias Wilson was called to the chaip, and Wiiuah Wistee appoint ed Secretary. The meeting being organized, the,Supervisors stated, the^ had written to the President ofthe Philadelphia, Germantown, and Noprisloivn Rail Road Company, in the early part of September last, respecting the viaduct crossing Fishep's lane, to, which communication, they had received no reply,. And it appearing to this meeting, from the best in- fo;-mation we can obtain, that it is the intention of the Company to build the viaduct but twenty feet wide, which would not insure a safe and sufficient ' passage under the same ashy law required — therefore Resolved, That the Supervisors be, and tbey hereby are instructed, to demand from the Rail Road Company, such passage both for carriages artd foot passengers, a.s - shall be deemed fully^sufficient by the said'Supervisors; and in case the same shall not be accordedj that they proceed according to law. for the removal of obstruc tions and nuisances in the highway. Resolved, -That the proceedings of this meeting, be signed by the chairman and secretary, and published in the Germantown Telegraph. , ' SILAS WILSON, CAasman. WiiLiAji Wisteb, Secretary. , At a numerous and highly respectable meeting ofthe inhabitants of Germantown township, held pursuant to Supervisor's notice, at WiUiam Bowen's Inn, on Mon day afternoon, the 17th inst. to take irito consideration the adoption of such measures in regard to the Phila delphia, Germantown and Norristown, Rail Road, cross ing the public lanes, in said township, as would author ise the Supervisor lo pursue such a course as would be most conducive lo the preservation of the, privileges of said lanes — ' Cbas. J. Wisteb, Esq. was called lo the chair, and P. R. Tbeas, appointed Secretary. The object ofthe meeting being stated by th.e chair man, from sundry" papers furnished, it was on motion resolved, that the papers in question, be referred to a commiltee to consist of seven persons for consideration and pepoi-t — whereupon Reuben Haines, Dr. WUIiam Runkel, Jacob L. Wunde>, Dr. T.Ashmead, Jacob Derr, sen.,Dp. Samuel Bellon and Benjamin Sharpnack, were -appointed for that purpose — who, upon due de- liberatitin. subm'itfed the following resolulioni which was adopted: ^Resolved, That agreeably to the statements of the Chief Engineer of the RaU Road, it is inexpedient to construct a firm and permanent viaduct over the lanes ofthis township, with a span lo exceed 22 feet, includ ing afoot-way (op passengers; that the Rail Road Com pany pledges itself to construct viaducts with a passage for carriages, of 18 feet, and a good and'sufficient arch ed-way raised and well guarded for foot passengers of 4 feet, exclusive of water courses; and that it is the ¦ opiniou ofthis meeting, that such viaducts will not ma terially impair the priveleges of said lanes. Resohed, That the ppoceedings of this meeting. signed by the; Chairman and Secretary, be published in the Germantown Telegraph. CHARLES J. WISTER, Chairman: P. R. Fbeas, Secretary. From llie Schuylkill County Adveniier. LEWlSBURG, PA. Tbis beautiful and flourishing town is situated in Union county, on the west bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, about seven miles above Nortbumbep- needs only to b land, and sixty above Harrisburg. Though it was reg- 1 Several mills u ularly laid out as a town at an early period of the settle.- ment of that part ofthe country, and continued to be al place of considerable busines.s, yet, on account of the titles to lots being, held in di-spule, for ri:)any years, it improved but slowly.' This dispute however was a fev/ years since settied, favourably to the town, since whiclif time it has grown -with astonishing rapidity. It now contains a population of. about eight hundred inhab- itantsj and probably abo,ut two hundred houses, of which those last erected are principally of brick. There ape in it a grist and saw mill, two churches, two or three school houses, and three large- commodious- store houses, situated immediately, on the bank ofthe river, also twelve stores and two extensive tanneries. Lewisburg is the' depository of the products bf sev eral rich and fertile valUes, viz. Brush, Penns and Buf falo; tbe last, in which Lewisburg, is situated, and which has long been distinguished for its beauty, ampli tude and fertility, extends about twenty miles westward- ly from the West Branch, to Jack's mountain, and is watered by Buffalo creek, (besides many , smaller streams) which empties its waters into fhe river a little above Lewisburgh, where there is a substantial bridge erected across it. The bridge across the river here, is perhaps the most permanent^ as well as beautiful ofany on'the Susquehanna, and, leading directly from the end of main street lo the Northumberland shore, adds great' ly to its beauty and convenience as well as to its busi- iness. The cross-cut, pr water communication, froim., Lewisburg to the West Branch division of the Penn sylvania canal, in accordance with an act ofthe last ses sion of the legislature, has been commenced, and will undoubtedly soon be completed. This is tobe accom plished by making a dam, not to exceed two and a half feet across the river, ancl a canal half a mile in lenglh,- with one lock at its junction with the Pennsylvania ca nal. A turnpike road commences at the X.ewisburg bridge, and, leading through Mifflinburg and Hartley- ton, intersects the Bellefonte and Lewistown turnpike. The market af Lewisburg is equal, if not superior, to that of any place uf equal population in the state. The delicacy ofa variety ofthe finest of fresh fish, which are taken here in tolerable abundance, invites a visit from the epicure. Its inhabitants are plain, respectable and industrious, many of wbom, by dint ofthese acquire ments, have obtained a competency. - Considering its present flourishing state, with its pecuUar. advantages, the water; the bridges, the turnpike road, the extensive and fertile coontpy in whicb it is situated, togethep with the enterprise and industry of its citizens, there is every reason to induce the belief, that Lewisburg is destined to become a large and important place. A Late 'Visitbb. Impboved Saw Mill. A few days ago we took a pleasant ride, in company with several gentlemen, to view the saw" mill lately erected on an improved principle, by our scientific neighbor Joseph Strode. The invention is one which, while it does honor^totho talents of Mp. Strode, is a valuable acquisition to mechanical science. In the ap plication of water power, it holds a decided superiority over the most approved machinery heretofore in use. The saving of water, an object of the first importance in most establishments, is very great. The power to perform is not decreased, and the expenses of original construction of the new wheel, and its UabiUty to ac cident, aregpehlly diminished. The experiments that have been made in numerous instances, where mills have been erected on the newly invented plan, have proved highly satisfactory to all , parties. Possessing such decided advantages over the common flutter or water wheel, we have but little doubt the invention will prove a very valuable one to the community, and be understood to be generally patronized. pon this plan, already erected, in thi* 18SL] MISCELLANEOUS. 287 and the adjoining states, are now in successful opera tion, and applications are frequent to increase their number. — West-Chester Republican, ' Availing ourselves of the opportunity, we visited with gpeat pleasure, a collection of paintings, consisting of portraits, landscapes, &c. from the classical pencil of Miss Esther Strode. As an artist, we may safely say. Miss S. promises to become a brilliant ornament to our country. To fhe possession of superior native talents, she has added the highest cultivation. She studied with much reputatioij under Nagle. the celebrated portrait painter of PhUadelphia, and it is no detpiment to that eminent arti'st; to assert that the pupU is worthy of bet distinguished tutor. Miss Strode possesses a peculiar and d'eUcate richness in hep style of painting, which we haVe seldom seen equalled — and her likeness es ape true as natupe's self. — lb. HON. WILLIAM JONES, Died — At Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,, on the 6tli Sep tember last.in the 70th year of his age, Wiiliam Jones, Esq. late Collecfop of this port. The deceased wasa native of this city, and took an early and active papt in our Pevolutionary struggle. — Wlienabot)t sixteen years of age, he joined a volunteer ' connpany, commandedby Captain Fitzsimmons, and he was present at the battle of "Trenton and Princeton, suf fering all Ihe hardships'of a winter campaign. He afterwards served on^board of various armed ves sels, dut-ingthe revolutionary war. He was once severely wounded, and twice made pri soner, during that evenful contest. p He was Lieutenant with Commodore Truxton, in the Saint -James, of twenty guns, when she encountered and beat off a Bpitish ship of wai-j greatly hep supepiop in force: for his conduct in whioh action, Captain "TPux- ton spoke in high terms ofthe subject ofthis notice. After the close of the war. Captain Jones entered the merchant's sepvice; in which profession he continued until the year 1790, when the settled in Charleston, S. Cfpom whence he removed to this city, in the yeap 1793, , ; . -He represented this city in the Congress ofthe Uni ted States, during the years 1802 and 1803; but finding the duties of that station, to interfere with hjs business, he declined a re-election. He was Secretary ofthe Navy, during Mr. Madison's administration. He was afterwards appointed President ofthe Bank ofthe United States. The last public situation he held, was thai of Collec tor of tbis port. Shortly after the general government was removed to Philadelphia. Captain Jones made tbe acquaintance of Mr. Jefferson, and approving ofhis public policy, he be came a zealous supporter of the pubUc measures of'that illustrious statesman. , All parties, however, bore testimony to the purity ofhis patriotism, and to the integrity ofhis principles. Although the deceased was extensively engaged in com mercial affairs, he always found time to devote to sci ence and literature. He was nearly twenty-six years a member of the American Philosophical Society, and he furnished that learned body with many valuable communications. In the social circle, and at the domestic fireside,he dif fused joy and cheerfulness to all around. In the day of adversity, he was the firm, unshaken fi-iend. Within two years previous to his death, he lost the companion of his bosom, after having lived together 'neariy half a century, a model of conjugal affection. Captain Jones had no children, but he has left numer ous relatives and friends, who mourn his irreparable loss — who cherish a lively recollection, of his virtues, a profound gratitude for his services, and in whose affec tions his memory wUl forever remain embalmed. DESCRIPTION OF THE LEHIGH WATER GAP. The Lehigh gap, in Lehigh township, Northampton county. Pennsylvania, about seventy miles northwest of Philadelphia, is an opening in the blue ridge, a branch of the great Allegheny mountains; .sq called from the river Lehigh, which winds its course throtigh-this naPr pow passage, and with the steep heights on both sides, forms here one ofthe rnost picturesque prospects in the state. That beautiful little river, which in ils course, through a fertile country, receives numerous tributary rivulets, and at length empties into the Delaware at Easton, flows through the Gap, in a gentlei'bul majes tic stream, deeply shaded by the f-eflection of the imr pending mountains. The eastern bank is bordered for the distance of about a mile by craggy cliffs, lowering to an amazing height, and offorms tbe' most bizarre, between which wall of rocks and the river the road winds along. Hastening to leave these black abodes, which Seem to afford shel ter to none but the ravenous beasts ofthe forest, the Lehigh appears eagerly- moving on towards the fefiil low lands which succeed in. view on the western bank. Ascending the eastern height, the traveller is amply re warded for tbe exertion of climbing from rook to rock, inscaUngthe pine covered side bf the mountain, by the rich and extensive prospect which the eye there commands. At his feet the waters of the majestic stream; on the opposite side a towering ridge, near the summit which appears, right opposite, emerging from the surrounding woods, a lonely pile of rocks, whimsi cally styled the Devil's Pulpit, whicb indignantly suf fers but a few blasted pirtes lo shade its suUen brow; at a distance an extensive country, variegated with woods andfarms, watered by the meandering Lehigh, and ridge retiring behind ridge,, till lost in the faint lints of the horizon— ^all burst upon the sight, and fill the mind with sublime ideas of thegreatness ofthe Creator. The travel ler may procure refreshments at the house marked in the view as standing in the Gap- The shattered rocks thi-own together in wild confu sion, and the frequent layers of round stones, which are found in the Gap, have given rise to the supposition ' that the Lehigh being obstructed in ils course by the Blue Kidge.wasforrinerly dammed up intoa lake,'which at length bursting the barrier, formed the chasm now caUed the Lehigh Gap. ' Let the learned decide the question, if of importance, — Atkinson's Casket. On Wedncisdey evening the 12th ult. a boat arrived^ at this place, from Nanticoke. via;- the North Branch Canal, ladened with shingles,, bed-posts and cheese. This we believe is the first boat which effected a pass age through, from Nanticoke to Danville, afid it would have ppoceeded further, but the levels between this and Nqrthumberlatid are not yet sufficiently ^supplied with vvater to float a loaded boat; consequently the owners sold their shingles for what they would bring here.stored their bed-posts, peddled off their cheese at a low price, anti returned home, ¦ If the water is not drawn off, artd no accident occurs the North Branch Division willbe navigable the whole distance, after this week.— Beaver Repubfican, Fine GEASES-,-Several wagon loadsof delicious Pennsyl. vania Grapes lately were exposed forsal5,jn Market str't, between Eighth and Ninth. They were tbe product of a vineyard of Mr. Amos Garrett, of London Grove Township. Chester county. The vineyard occupies an acre of ground, and has been three years in cultivation. The ccop ofthe present year is the first, but it is liber al, and the grapes are very fine. We are glad to learn, that many of our citizens, evidenced their satisfaction at this agricultural enterprize, by purchasing liberally of Mr. Garrett, who we trtist will fully and profitably suc ceed in 'rendering his vineyard valuable-r- /nyutrer. S88 MISCELLANEOUS. LUCTOBEK . The Meteor. — A -very brilliant meteor exploded to the north, br north-west of this on the night of the llth inst. about twelve minutes past eleven o'clock,succeeded by a heavy report, which shook the earth very sensibly.' A bright flash of light was seen to burst in at the win dows, and in a few seconds was followed by a loud re port resembling distant thunder or the report of aptille- ry. - The light was very intense, and would have en- e'iiabled one to discover the minutest article upon the: Boor. It waswitnessed by two of our family, paplicu- larly, who had not yet retired to bed. A friend in Shippert, (about ten miles west ofthis,) informs us that -lie was walking homewards at the time mcntimned; above, when, suddenly, the ground became enlighten-j ed, like noon-day — on looking up he saw a bpoad 'fiame,, more brillianffhan be ever before witnessed, coursing: its way from the northwest to the north, in a descend-, ing direction. When nearly to the northern point it vanished and all was darkness — in a few seconds from this he heard a loud report in the direction in whicb the meteor disappeared, whioh very sensibly shook the eapth— he thinks at the time of the light, he heard a low, -hoarse rumbling noise in that diiection, but in that he may have been deceived. The report was heard by many people in this neighborhood, and all jpin in cor- Toborating the above statement; some thought it the re-' port of a cannon'^others an earthquake-^and some thundep, but no clouds we believe wepe to be seen above the hopizon. , ¦ It may be obsepved for the benefit ofthe philosophical reader, who will enquire for causes, that the night was very cold and frosty, and that for several mornings pre vious the eapth in this vicinity had been covered with a vepy while frost. — Wellsborough Phenix. UNivBfisiTr OF Pennptlv-inia. — At an adjourned meeting of the Trustees, held October 21. 1831. the following report was inade, and the resolution attached thereun'to adopted, with instructions to the Secretary to communicate a copy ofthe same to Professor Physick, and to the Medical Faculty. University of Pennsyhania, Oct. 21, 1831. The Committe to whom was referred, on the 14th inst. the resolutions of the Medical Faculty, respecting the resignation of Professor Physick, fully coinciding with the views and feelings expressed by the Faculty, beg leave to recommend to the Board of Trustees the adoption of thefoUowing resolution: Resolved, That in consideration ofthe important ser vices rendered tothe Medical Department of the Uni versity by Professor PHILIP SYNG PHYSICK, in the the chair of Surgery, as weU as of Anatomy, duping a period of twenty-sij? years, and for the purpose of con tinuing his connexion with the School, to the fame ,and usefulness of which he so largely contributed, there be conferred on the said PHILIP SYNG PHYSICK, the honprary appointment of Emeritus Professor of Surgery and Anatomy in this University. From the minutes. {Signed,) JAMES C. BIDQLE, Secretary, &c. Lewistown, October 15th. Deer, — It has been remarked by several gentlemen with whom we have conversed, that these finely flavor ed animals, were never- known to be so numerous in this county, lasthey are atthe present season; to which we can add our own experience. On one occasion, when on an excursion of pleasure, on the mountains, having a few good trail dogs along, we witnessed them in pur suit of eight Deer in one gapg. It was a pleasing and beautiful Sight, We have it fl-om a gentleman of Centre, where the defer formeply were very numerous, that they are very scarce this fall. The merit of a communication always follows a P. S. TwoBears were ki^ed, one o" Thursday and the otiier on Friday last, by two persons ofthis place.— GozeUe. Franklin, Sept. 20, 1831. Emigbation. — Messrs. Riley and Scott, 'of the city of New York, own a large body of land in the upper end ofthis county, and extending into the south west corn- erof Mercer county. A great accession of settlers has taken place lately on those lands. We are authorised from an authentic source, to say, that between one and two hundred families of new settlers will be on them next spring, principally faom Massachusetts and New Jersey., The tide of emigration is nearly equally rapid to other parts ofthe county. Almost every day we bear of new settlers. This is as it should be. We have longbeen satisfied that ifthe resources of West Penn^lvania were fully developed, they hold out to emigrants much stron ger inducements than those of Illinois, &c. westward. We sincerely wish our new and enterprising settlers, health and prosperity. — Venango Democrat. Wheat was never more needed in Milton, than at the present time. Not a grain of wheat or a pound of flour can be purchased within the borough — ^yet, many of our citizens are in distress for want ofit, Wby do not our farmers thresh out a quantity and supply the demands ofthe neighborhood? — Miltonian Price of wbejit, $1 12, flour $5-62J. THE REGISTER. OCTOBJEJR 29, 1831. We understand that three boats — two of them loaded -with flour and whiskey, and one with Lehigh coal, -have passed t^roitgh the Morris Canal, from Easton'to New ark — and one boat has arrived at Easton from New ark. The planes were all passed without tho least dif ficulty. This canal passes through-tbe most populous counties of New Jersey-r-thickly studded with estabUsh. ments for the manufacture ofiron, which will furnish an extensive market for our abundant anthracite coal. A letter from N. 'York states, that 6 boats with Le high cosl, have arrived at Patterson, N. Jersey. Snow fell in York co. on the llth inst., and in Hun tington CO. on the 14tb. The Penn Society celebrated its anniversary onthe 24th inst. ; and on tbe same day Job R. Tyson, Esq. de livered the anniversary oration, before the Penn'a His torical Society, which we hope to have the pleasure to lay before our readers. We have been applied-to, by some of our subscribers in the city, to know the reason oftheir receiving a du- pUcate number of our paper of the week before last, through the Post Office. In explanation to others we observe — that extra copies of that number were printed " by the Society for alleviating the miseries of prisons" — and distributed by them to their members— among whom, it appears are some of our subscribers. Printed every S AITURDAY MORNING hy -WILLIAM F. GED- DES, No. 9 Library Street. Philadelphia; where, and at the PUB. LIGATION OFFICE, JN FKANKLJN PLACE, seco;id door back 9f the Post Ofiice, (back room) lubscript'ions will be thankfully re ceived. Price FIVE COLLARS per ann'iBi, payable annually by iiibtcrtben residing in or near the ?ity, or where there ii an agent. Other subicriberi pay in advance. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. BEVOTED TO THE PBESEBVATION OF EVEBT KIND OF USEFUt INFOBHATION BESPECTINO THE STATB. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL.: VIIT.-XO. 19. PHILADELPHIA, XOVEMBER 5, 1831. NO. 201- BEPOBT OF THB ENOINBEBS OF THE PANVILLE AND POTTSVILLE RAIL ROAD COMPANY. [concluded fbow pace 284. ] ' estoiate of cost. Mile 1st. — Commenees opposite the south-east end ofthe Danville bridge, and passesfor half tbe distance on the lower side of the turnpike, on ground gently sloping to the river; the remaining part, after crossing the turnpike is carried on side of Blue hill-r-some heavy embankment occurs at a small run, and a good deal rock cutting — new turnpike to be fopmed for ten chains. 4,771 cubic yspds of earth excavation, 8 Cts. $381 68 4,275 do do Hapd do 15 do 641 25 J3'.664 do do rock do , 62ido 2,283 75 9,616 do do embankment, 10 do 961 60 4,400 do do do for turnpike,12 do 528 00 503 perches vertical wall, 90 do 452 70 40 chains gpubbing, 124 00 1 culvert of 6 feet' chord, 245 00 1 do 6 do (65 ft. long,,) 550 00 1 small house to be removed, 20 00 Trenching, and filling with stone for bearing sills 652 cubic yards, at .60 cts. ' 391 20 1,7'60 white oak sills, 10 by 12 inch. 7.6 long, notched and laid, at 60 cts. - - 1,056 00 21,120 linear feet of raUs, best yeUow pine, 5J by 9. dressed, jointed, and laid, 8 cts. 1,689 60 21,120 linear feet of iron plates, J, by 2 inch. weighing 32 tons, at 60 cts. 1,920 00 ' 4 inch spikes, ' ' 179 00 Fitting and spiking on plates,. 125 00 Castingsfor turn-outs and ends of plates, ' 205 00 Stoning horse patb, 977 cubic yards, at 35 cts. 341 95 j 9 cts. $535 68 8 do 592 08 50 do 330 00 15 do 1,347' 45 192 00 250 00 750 00 - 5,907 75 - 155 00 - $10,059 96 5.952 cubic yards of excavation, 7,401 do do 660 do rock do 8,983 - do embankment, 6'tchains of gpubbing, " 1 bridge Over turnpike, 2 culvepts, 6 feet chord- each. Superstructure. &c. Fencing, Total cost of 3d mile, y - Mile 4th. — Twenty-nine chains-continues on hill side in woods — crossing a branch, an eight foot culvert. and considerable embankment are required. The' line then passes ^through ' the farm of P. Vastine, on good ground. ' ' 9; 592 cubic yards of excavation, 10 cts. $959 20 5,676 do embankment, 11 do n624 36 5.531 do do' 12 do 663 72 37 chains 'of gpubbing, one 8 foot culvert, and one 6, foot do- - - - 811 00 Superstructure, &c. - - - 5,907 75 Fencing. . - . . 265 00 Total cost of 4th mile, - " ' - $9,23103 Mile, 5th. — Passes through open woods, and the farms of L. and I. Vastine; at forty chains it reaches the meadow ground adjoining the run, over which it is carried by embankment the remaining part of the disr tance — a new channel to be formed. ' 2.196 cubic yards of excavation. 8 cts, 2,552 do embankment, 9 do 10,930 do , do 10 do 22 chains grubbing, 4 cross drains ^nd 1 culvert of 4 ft. span. Superstructure, &c.' Fencing, - $175 68 229 68 1,093 00 70 00 180 00 5,907 75 512 00 Fencing, Total cost of 1st mile. $12,347 63 Mile 2d. — Part of this distance continues on side of Blue hUl, al a considepable elevation above the turn pike. Rock cutting occurs on some part, with steep ' liUl side: the rest ofthe distance on favourable ground of moderate slope. 8,160 cubic yards of excavationi 12 cts. do 15 do rock excavation, 62^do " ¦ 40 do 10 do 10 do 7^.500 do 1.^00 do J.724 do - loose rock 4,000 do einbankment, 5,340 do excavation, 46 chains grubbing,' 1 four foot culvert, 3 cross drains and fencing, Supepstructure of rails, hopse-patb, &c. as per mile 1-st, Total cost of 2d mile, - -• - -• $11,227 05 Mik 3d. — Continues on . similar ground for thirty chains. It then passes on woody hill side of Logan's run, of Moderate slope; most ofthe excavations easy — some embankment at crossing of two runs occurs. Vol. VIII 37 252 00 I Total cost qf 5th mile, - - - $8,168 11 Milt 6th.. — The principal part of this mile continues on meadow and wood land. The last 40 chains include tbe inclined plane, ascending Shamokin hill heavy embankment is required for the graduation. 19,320 cubic yards of embankment, 10 cts. 32,492 do do 17 do 32 ehains grubbing, ' 3 culverts of 4 feet chord each, 3 under drains. Superstructure,, &c. _ - Friction rollers and fixtures on plane. One steam engine and building. Machinery, gearing, and rope. Fencing,Total cost of 6tb mile,' - -' - $24,730 39 Mile 7th. — This distance comprises sixteen chains of level on side of the hill — the deep cutting at the sum mit, and the two inclined planes descending to Shamok in creek. The greatest depth of cutting wiU be 45 feet atthe apOx of tbe hill — a considerable portion of rock will be encountered. The first plane will be formed ppincipally on-side biU; on the second plane some heavy embankment will be necessary. At the end ofthis mile the junction with^he Sunbury line is formed. %979 20 1,125 00 937 50 689 60 400 00 534 00 204 00 90 00 360 00 S,90ll 73 $1,932 00 5,523 64 96 00 340 00 75 00 5,907 7S 300 00 ?,000 00 3,300 00 256 00 290 DANVILLE & POTTSVILLE BAIL ROAD. [NOVB-MBB 30,531 cubic yards of excavation, 22 cts. $6,716 82 12,772 do ,rock do 75 do 9,579 00 1,408 do do 10 do 14fr 80 3,560 do do 9 do 320 40 556 do embankment, 10 do 55 60 49,248 do do 12 do 5,909 76 53 chains grubbing, 159 00 2 four foot culverts, 350 00 1 bridge over pubhc road at Campbell's, 200 00 1 do Shamokin creek, 1,800 00 Superstructure of rails. &c. 5,9t)7 75 Friction rollers, &c. for two planes, 400 00 Machinery at head of planes, 1,300 00 Rope, weighing 18,642 lbs. 12 cts. 2,237 04 Buildings for keepers, 600 00 Fencing, - - - 135 00 Total cost of 7th mile. - - 35,811 17 Mile 8th. — Passes through bottom land of Shamokin creek, with embankment for some, distance — ^then is carried on favourable ground past Reid's brick house, and terminates at a slate bluff af edge of creek : here requiring some wall. Reid's old house to be removed. 11,043 cubic yards of embankment, 5,476 do do 928 do excavation, 1,52a. do slate do 571 perches of slope wall, -J^ 24 chains grubbing, 2 cross drains, 1 house to be removed. Superstructure, &c. Fencing, 7 cts. $773 01 12 da 657 12 9 do 83 52 20 do 305 60 1 doll. 571 00 64 00 - 40 00 . 300 t)0 5.907 75 - 400 00 Total cost of 8th mUe. 9,102 00 Mile 9th. — Part of this distance, the Une is traced at at foot of hill on good ground; if then passes on mod erately sloping ground, and after some cutting termin ates above Hughes' mill. 5,080 cubic yards of excavation, 8 cts. $406 40 7,502 do do 11 do 825 22 1,450 do hard pan do 13 do 188 50 200 do rock do 50 do 100 00 3.764 do embankment, 10 do 376 40 3,872 do do 8 do 309 76 43 chains grubbing. - . - 63 00 2 cross drains, - . g5 00 Superstructure, &c. - - 5,907 75 Fencing, - - - - 300 00 Totol cost of 9th mUe, - ' - 8,502 03 Mile lOih and 40 chains. — This distance terminates about half a m'^e above Stambach's, and includes ground generally favourable tor, the line. Some extra work is, however, encountered by the interference with the turnpike in the last thipty chains. $722 30 175 68 227 64 175 00 120 00 259 92 300 08 764 79 157 00 250 00 170 00 :o 00 7,223 cubic yards excavation, 10 cts, do, 9 do do 12 do rock excavation, 50 do loose rock do 40 do embanknient, dodo 49 chains grubbing. 1 culvert of six feet span, 1 do four do 1 cross drain, - . . Superstructure &c., 120 chains, at $5,907 75 pel? mUe, ¦ - - - 8.861 62 Fencing, - - - - 256 00 1,952 do 1,897 do 350 do 300 do 3,249 do 2.728 do 5.883 do 8 do 11 do 13 do $72 32 525 00 1,946 70 350 00 125 00 200 00 5,907 75 410 00 $9,536 77 BBANCH LINE FBOM SUNBUBT, Mile 'ist. — Commences opposite Dewberry street in Sunbury, and passes down on the bank ofthe river. The Une then is carried with moilerafe excavation and embankment through the town, princlpaUy on open ground. In passing the lots back of the town, consid erable embankment is necessary. 904 cubic yards excavation, 8 cts. '3,500 do embankment, 15 do 19,467 do do 10 do , 1 bridge over gut, 6 cross drains, - - 3 small houses to be removed. Superstructure, &c. , - . Fencing, - - - - Total cost of 1st mile,' Mile 2d. — In tbis mile tbe Une passes round the hill bounding the creek valley, where some extra cutting occurs-^thence it is carried by a moderate embank ment, over the flats of Shamokin creek, crossing tbat stream and Ultle Shamokin by bridges. 20,544 cubic yards excavation, 12 cts. 732 do do 7 do 16,592 do embankment, 10 do 16 chains grubbing, 1 bridge over M'(3arty's mill race, 1 do Shamokin creek, 1 do Little Shamokin creek. Superstructure, h.e. Fencing, Total cost of 2d mile, - - - $13,098 82 Mile 3d. — Runs principally at foot of bill slope, road formed by excavation; remaining part ofthe mile cross es the creek again, with some filling on bottom land, and ends at H. Bucha's farm. $2,465 28 51 24 1,659 20 58 00 75 35 1,913 00 457 00 5,907 75 512 00 10,068 cubic yards excavation, 10 cts. $1,006 80 600 do slate rock do 25 do 150 00 2,582 do excavation, 14 d 361 48 6,888 do embankment, 8 do 551 04 60 chains grubbing. 140 00 1 culvert of 4 feet span, and 2 drains. 110 00 1 bridge over creek. 1,800 00 Superstructure, &c. 5,907 75 Fencing, - . . . 256 00 Total cost of 3d mile. $10,283 07 Total cost of 10th mjle and 40 chains, $12,460 03 Mile 4th. — This mile is located on ground requiring some extra cutting and embankment at Bartsber's place 8,944 cubic yards excavation, 10 cts. 2,804 do do 11 do 9.016 do embankment, 9 do 9.016 do do 8 do 16 chains grubbing, 1 bridge for water way on creek flatj 1 do , run at Bartsber's, Superstructure, &c. ... Fencing, - - - . $894 40 308 44 811 44 721 28 32 00 150 00 120 00 5,907 75 512 00 9,457 31 Total cost of 4th mUe, Mile 5th. — ^Passes over good ground through farms of Martz and Cline. 6,584 cubic yards excavation, 3,676 do do 5,040 do embankment, 7 chains grubbing, 2 culverts of 4 feet chord , - Superstructure, 8cc. Fencing, - - . Total cost or5th mile, 8 cts. $526 72 10 do 367 60 9 do 453 60 - 28 00 - 235 00 - 5,907 75 - 512 00 $8,030 67 1831.] PROCEEDINGS OF C0UNCIL|. 291 Mile 6th. — Continues on similar ground, partly over bottom land, and partly on slope of hill, and some slate excavation. $801 90 164 64 444 00 569 80 210 00 20 00 5,907 75 512 00 8,910 cubic yards embankment, 9 cts. 2,058. do do excavation, 8 do 1,776,, do do do slate, 25 do 5,698, do do embankment, 10 do 2 culverts, 4 feet chord, 2 cross drains, ... Superstructure, &c. Fencing, . . . - Total cost of 6th mUe, $8,630 09 Mile 7th. — Passes through land of Moore and Everet on good ground. €,520 cubic yards of embankment, 2,400 do do do 4,180 do do excavation, 300 do do slate, do. 41 chains grubbing, 1 four foot culvert, 2 under drains, Superstructure, &c. Fencing, Total cost of 7th mile, $7,955 15 Mile 8th ^Tbi's mile passes in part Over a bend of the creek, requiring a new channel for water to be formed, iand considerable embankment, witb some walling. The remaining distance continues on creek bottoms, with moderate embankment. , 16,238 cubic yards embankment, 10 cts. $1,623 80 4.888 do do do 7 dp 341 16 8,310 do excavation new. channel 10 do 83100 710 perches of slope wall, 1 doll. 710 00 43 chains grubbing, - - 130 50 1 culvert of 4 feet span, - - 120 00 Superstructure, &c. - - - 5,907 75 Fencing, - ¦ - - 460 00 Sets. $521 60 9 do 216 00 lido 459 80 25 do 75 00 - - 123 00 , - 100 00 . - 40 00 - 5,907 75 - - 512 00 Total cost of 8lh mile, $10,124 21 Mik 9th. — Half of fhe distance passes over land op posite fovSnyder-town, requiring vepy little vvork. Tbe remaining distance is carried over Jones' bottom land, with 4.50 feet embankment. $227 00 74 24 1,587 20 45 00 220 00 5,907 75 400 -00 3;448 cubic yards excavation, 7 cts. 928 do do do _- 8 do 15,872 do do embankment, 10 do 15 chains grubbing, - - 2 culverts of 4 feet span each, - Supepstructure, &c- - , - Fencing, Total cost of 9th mile,' $8,-461 55 " Mile lOtk and 52 chains. — Some extra cutting occurs in tbis distance at Hoover's, and other places. The line is generally on foot of llill side, fiontihg bottom land. At the upper end of MOore's farm it crosses the creek, and at six chains joins the DanviUe line. Duttinger's bouse and outbuilding to be removed twen ty feet: 9,552 yards excavation, 3,712 " 7,5163,632 4,320 1,404 do do embankment, do slate excavation, 24 chains grubbing, 1 bridge over Shamokin creek, 1 four foot culvert and 3 cross drains, 1 bouse and outbuilding to be removed, dodo do do do 8 cts. 10 do 12 do 10 do 8 do 14 do $764 16 371 20 901 92 363 30 345 60 196 56 56 00 2,400 00 143 00 200 CO Superstructure, &c. 132 chains, at 115,907 75 pep mile, .... 9,747 75 Fencing, - - - - 610 00 Total cost of 10th mile. &c. $16,099 39 Estimate ofthe eost of 148 Chains, beginning at the end of ihe fifth and ending with the 7th mile, Danville Line. 16,288 cubic yards of embankment, 10 cts. $1,628 80 Tunnel at Shamokin Hill. Length 2444 feet. Second area, 133 feet, equal to 11,948 cubic yards, - - - $2 20 26,285 60 Excavation of shafts, 811 do • 2 50 2,027 50 Probable archirtg requiped, - 4,500 00 Masonry at ends, 115 perches, - 2 SO 287 50 Draining and clearing water, - 1,900 00 2 Culverts of4 feet span, - 200 00 Inclined plane on the Shamokin side, 42,318 cubic yards of em bankment, - - - 12 _ 5,078 16 Friction rollers and fixtupes on rails. 260 00 Machinery at head. - - 660 00 Rope, weighing 12,428 lbs. - 12 1,491 00 Building for Keeper, - - 300 00 3,130 cubic yards of embankment, 10 313 00 Bridges over road and Shamokin creek, 2,000 00 , Superstructure of rails for 148 chains, in part single track, - - - 11,147 24 Fencing, - - - - - 512 00 ^ Total cost of 148 chains, $58,591 16 SUMMARY. Mile 1st. - - - $12,347 63 2d. ... 11,227 05 3d. - - , 10,059 96 4th. - 9,231 03 5th. - - 8,168 11 6th. - - - 24,730 39 7th. - - . 35,811 17 8th. - - - -9,102 00 9lh. - - - ,8,502 03 ipth and 40 chains, - 12,460 03 Mile 1st. Brancb Une, - 9,536 77 2d. - - - 13,098 82 3d, - - < 10,283 07 4th. - - - 9,457 31 5th. - - - 8.030 67 6th. - - - 8,630 09 7th. - - - 7,955 15 8th. - - 10,124 51' 9th. - - - 8,461 SS , 10th and 52 chains, - 16,099 39 $ 243,316 7S Add for contingencies,supepintendence,&c. 24,331 67 21 miles 12 chains. — Ihtalcost, - $267,648 40 By the Tunnel line, 21 miles. — Total cost, $265,502 96 From the Philadelpbia Ga'zette. PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. Thursday evening,. Oct. 27. 1831. SELECT COUNCIL.— Mr, Ddahe; was caUed to the Chair. ¦'.-. Mp. Wobbem, offered the following resolution wbicb was agreed to, and Messrs. Wobbeii, and Massey were appointed the commiltee. Resolved, Thata committee of two be appointed to examine whether there be any unftnised business lying over by the last CouncUs, and if so, to report the same to this Council. Mr. Ddanb offered the following resolution whieh was laid on.tlie table- 292 PRbCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. [NovkmbbR Resolved, &c. That the commiltee on the State ' House and Independence Square, undep whose direc tion tlie. Hall of Independence is about lo be restoped, as far as is practicable, lo the slate in which it existed on the 4th of July 1776, be and ape hereby authorised to cause the declaration of,independence with the sig natures thereto, to be engraven upon a plate of bpass, in all respects as closely as is possible, in the style ofthe original writing, and to cause the plate so prepared, to be inserted as a panel or otherwise in the most appro priate part ofthe Halt of Independence. Mr. Pettit offered the annexed resolution, which was passed by both Councils, and Messrs. Pettit, Johnson, Wxthebill, and Lehhan were appointed the committee. Resolved. That a joint committee of two members of each Council be appointed to consider and report whe- ther any, and if any, what measures ought fo be adopt ed relative to the subject of a revision of "'Ihe Or dinances ofthe Corpopation ofthe City of Philadelphia, and the Acts ofthe Assembly relative thereto" — in pur suance ofthe recommendation of Mayor, made on the occasion of his entering on the duties ofhis office- Mr. Johnson offered .the annexed resolution which was postponed for ihe present. Resolved by tbe Select and Common Councils, That so much of resolution passed by Councils,-as directs the door of entpance to tbe State House, to be restored to its-original finish, be and the same is hereby rescinded. COMMON COUNClL.-^Mr.HooD presented the sub- joined Petition, from Messrs. Hollingshead, Piatt, & Co. which was referped to a special committee of three members of each . Council, and Messrs. Hood, Horn, Moss, Neff, Lippincott and Johnson were appointed the committee. To the President and members ofthe Select and Comrnon Councils. Gbntlembn — We made an application tb the last Councils, in relation to tbe improvement of Clifford's Alley, between Market and Arch streets, which was not finally 'disposed of. If you will refer to fhe application you will see that we did not ask Councils to surrender any city rights, or privileges, but merely wished lo promote an improvement, in wb'ich the public as well as ourselves are interested. Our property is situated on tbe.North side of the said alley; Mr. Girard owns on the south side, and his wharf extends into the rivep about 40 feet beyond ours.. It is our intention to apply to the Wardens fop permission to extend our wharf as far out as his only, wishing to enjoy our just rights, without ptejudice to the rights of oth. ers. To make the improvement pertiecl, Ihe Alley whicb separates the two wharves should be included, as has been done in the square below, this would geat- ly promote the public convenience, remove a nuisance, and. add to the value of the city property. We contemplate building a handsome block of stores on the north side of the alley, which wiU very much'im- prove the appearance of that part ofthe city front, but cannot do so, either with advantage to ourselves, or to conform with Mr. Girad's line of stores south ofit, un less Councils will consent to the extension ofthe wharf at tbe foot of the alley. We therefore most respectfully ask Councils tp take the subject into further consideration, and submit the following proposition-: 1st. We-wiU improve the alley east ofthe line of stores, extend the wharf with our own. (when permis- sion can be had from the Wardens) and build a proper culvert to lake oft" the water, under the directions of CouncUs, and al our own expense, the public reseryirig all its rights to the alley, but allowing us lo make Use of the end ofthe wharf. 2d. If Councils wUI rtiake the improvement in con junction with us, we will allow them 6 per cent, per an- num on the cost for the use ofthe same, or we will col lect the wharfage and pay over to them their pro rata proportion, free ofany charge for collection, or 3d. When the improvement shall have been complet ed by Councils, they can then receive proposals and as certain who will give most for the use of the wharf. pur object is to bave fhe alley and fhe wharf (now useless and a nuisance) properly improved, so as to be enabled to improve our own property in such a manner as will conduce to the convenience and advantage ofthe pubUcas well as our own. Most respectfully your obt. servants; HOLLINGSHEAD, PLATT & Co. Philadelphia, Oct. 19, 1831. . The Petition of Stephen Gibabd, Esq. was referred to the same committee. „ Mr. Okie presented fhe following Petition, which was referred to a special committee of three members of each Council, and Messrs. Okie, Ryan, Fritz. Horn, Neff and Massey, were appointed tbe committee. To ihe Select and Common Councils ofthe CUy ef Phila delphia. ' The Memorialists, ciiizens of Philadelphia, having seen with much satisfaction, that your honourable bo dies bave taken into consideration the expediency of preparing the Drawbridge wharves for the use of Steam Boats, lake the libepty respectfuUy to express ihe'ir opinions and wishes (which they believe to be in entire accordance with those ofa large majority of tbeir fel low citizens,) in favor ofan early adoption ofthe mea sure. It is confidently expected that no evil or inconveni ence can pesult from a change ofthe present use of the wharf, and it is considered to be very desirable that fhe improvement contemplated, which will give an accom modation for Steam Boats unrivalled in tbis country, and an open access to them through the most spacious avenue leading into the heart of the city, should be un dertaken without delay, Philadelphia, Sept. 16, 1831. Mr. Sexton presented the annexed Petition from sun dry shoe-dealers, which was refepred lo the committee on mapkeis. To the Select and Common Council of the City ofPhila- ddphia. Gentlemen : — We tbe undersigned shoe dealers, would respectfully represent to youp honourable body, that they fop a Iting lime have had theip rights infringed upon by a certain class of persons occupving the outer side of fhe stall in Fourth street market, for the purpose of vending shoes, and thereby taking away a great pro portion ofthe business from your petitioners, whoare obliged to incur very large expenses for rent, whereas the above named persons have all the fiicility of doing business, without paying comparatively any rent, and are enabled to sell by retail, and even large quantities as much as many who are subjected to pay rents of 12 or 1500 dollars per annum. They therefore respectful ly ask your honourable body, to take such order on the su|3ject, as tJie nature of the case requires, as in duty bound will, ever pray. Mr. Hood moved that the Common Council do now proceed to the election ofa Printer, when Mrs. Ltdia R. BAj^tET was unanimously elected. Communications from the City Treasurer and City Clei*, with their quarterly accounts, were received and referrisd to the committee of accounts. The following communication from the City Commis sioners was received, and was referred to the committee of ways and means. City Commissioners' Office, ^¦ October 27, 1831. y To the President and Members of the Common Council^ Gentlehen:— The City Commissioners respectfully 1831.] INDIAN AFFAIRS. 293 submit to the Council their printed quarterly report of their expenditures during the third quarter of the cur rent year, ending on the 30th September last, and also the following slate of the several appropriations on the 26th inst. Appropriated. Expended. No.l New Paving, $37,500 $35,39121 2 Unpaved streets, 5,000 , 3,894 95 ,3 Cleansing fhe City, 13,i800 18,837 88 4 Docks and Sewers, 5,000 , 19,002 29 5 Lighting artd Watching, 43,660 46,858 39 6 Pumps and Wells, 2,700 2,018 65 7 Regulating Ascents, &c. 1,000 768 72 9 Exp'^enses of Offices, 800 588 14 10 Services in the Mapkets, 550 405 38 11 Incidental expenses uf Councils, 100 49 62 13 Repaiping over Watep Pipes, &c. 11,500 9,126 14 14 CityPpoperty, - 11,000 7,077 23 19 Purchase of Paving stone fop 1832, - 1,000 20 Repaiping Footways, 200 44 27 21 Expenses authopised by Coun cils, - 7,800 r,165 59 From the foregoing statement it appears that the fol lowing appropriations are overdrawn to the several amounts set opposite to elich, as follows: No. 3, Cleansing the City, ,, - . $5,067 88 From which deduct the cpedit ofthis apprOr' priatioh for the sales of street dirt and horses, .... 4,627 SO 440- 38 No. 4. Docks artd Sewers, . , $14,002 29 From wbich deduct balance not expemded. Dec. 31, 1830 . $6,384 32 Deducting expended since, charg ed to 1830, - 751 69 5,632 63 8.369 66 No.S, Lighting and Watching, Balance not expended Dec. 31, 1830, - - $5,830 47 Deduct expended since, chapged to 1830 - 141 33 2,198 39 5.689 14 3,198 29 Deduct amount over-drawn. Balance tothe credit for the ap propriation for 1830 and 1831, 2,490 85 The large draught on No.' 3, cleansing the City, has been owing to the sum expended last. Winter, fop remo ving snow, and digging out gutters, in pursuance of a resolution of Councils, and amuunting, as near as can be estimated, to $2,261 12. A further appropriation of about $2,500 will be necessary fop this appropriation. The sum of neariy $10,746 62 has been expended during the current yeap fop the aewef in Pine st. and is charged to No. 4. Docks and Sewers, for 1831, be sides $670 14, for said sewer, also expended this year, and chapged to the same appropriation of 1830. This, together with the construction of ibe sewer in Tenth street from Sassafras to Vine stpeet; — that in ScbUylkiU Seventh street from High to Mulbeppy street; — ^that in Schuylkill Sixth street, from Spptice to Pihe street; — and the largie repairs to fhe sewep in Dock street at and near the corner of Walnut street, have ppuduced the over-dpaught on this appropriation. To meet this over draught and to oomplete those ofthe above works whiqh are not yet finished, will require an additional appropri- - ation of $11,000, provided the balance, above stated, of 1830, not expended, be carried to the credit of the Docks and Sewqrs for fhe current year. The total ex pense ofthe sewer in Pine street, including that of last year, has been $46,611 59. Some fevv bills remain un paid. The appropriation for No, 5, Lighting and Watching, for 1831, was 43,660 dollars, that for 1830 was 47,260 dollars. This, together vrith the charging of the sum 900, dollars (being the salary of the police for the first three months of 1831,) to this appropriation. apd the purchase of a year's supply of oil, amounting to $13,214 02, which has been paid, are the causes ofthe overdraught of this appropriation. If the sum above stated, not expended for this appropriation in lB30, be carried to its credit for 1831, a further appropriation of $6,000 will be sufficient. An additional appropriation of $6,000 will be neces sary for No. 1, New Paving, in order to meet the ex penses of the paving ordered by Councils, since the ori ginal appropriation was made. The furtiier ^um of $1000 vvill also be needed for No. 21, Expenses authorised by^Councils, in order lo meet the additional expenditures ordered by Councils for this appropriation. The expenses of repairing Inde pendence Hall, the purchase ofthe statue of Washing ton, and the new furniture- ordered for the Council Chambers have been charged to this appropriation. One thousand dollars may be transferred from No. 14 City Property, and one thousand dollars from No. 19, purchase of Paving Stone for 1832, to the appropria tions whicb are deficient. Owing to the scarcity of pa ving stone, the Commissioners will not be able to pro cure any to be charged to the last named appropriation. The total amount of additional appropriations requi red according to the above estimate, is -^twenty-four thousand five hundred dollars. All which is most respectfully summitted to tbe con sideration of Councils. By order ofthe City Commissioners. ROBERT H. SMITH, City Clerk. INDIAN AFFAIRS. [Continued from page 275. ] After the ending ofthe Conferences between Scarroya- dy and some of the people called Queers. The three Indians, New-Castle, Jiggrea and William Lo- quies; being prepared lo set out for Wyoming. The Governor, (who during these Conferences, received messages fromthe Governor of New York) delivered them ,lhe following message to be communicated to the Delaware and Shawnese Indians living on Susque hanna. 26th April, 1756. Bbethben, — I have received an account from Sip WUUam Johnson, ¦ sent me by Sir Charles Hapdy, Go vernor of New York, that immediately afterihe Council held alFort Johnson, deputies were disp^.itched by the six nations at Otsaningo. and that- they convened the Delawares. Shawnese and other Indians, from the sev eral town on the Susquehanna, tothe number of three hundred, to whom they delivered Messages from that Council, blaming them for taking the hatchet against their brethren the English, and commanding them 'to lay it dawn immediately, and thai they had hear'kened fo this Message and agreed to strike no more. What I tell you is in this leftep (here the Governor gave Mp. WeiseP, Sir Charles Hardy's letter of 16lh April, to in terpret to tbem) and when he had made them under stand what Sir Charles Hardy had wrote, the Governor took a Belt in his hand and proceeded. Brethren, — I think il necessary that the Indians at "Wyoming, as well enemies as friends should know, that Sir Charles hardy has sent this account to me from Sir WiUiam Johnson, and as two ofyou are ofthe Sixl^a- tions and one a Delawape, I, think it proper that you sbould undertake to notify tbis to them and at tbe same 294 INDIAN AFFAIRS. I^Notbhbxh time to let them know as from yourselves, that if they are sincerely disposed to Peace, and will deliver up the English prisoners to the Six Nations,and hearken to their ' advice, in laying down the hatchet, and abide by such terms as shallbe agreed on — you can venture to assure them that thoygh much blood has been spilt andthat the Krig-lish in resentment ofthis, are well prepared lo avenge themselves, yet they have so great regard to the Six Nations, that it viriU be in their power to persuade the Englisb not to prosecute war, but to accept, fair, just and honorable terms — and I provide you with this Belt, to deliver it to them with such a speech ' Brethren, — I speak my own sincere inclinations, when I say I am for Peace, and not only my own but the sen timents of others and particularly , the earnest desires of a number Of people, who are the descendents of those that come over witb thefirst proprietor, all those are extremely desirous to interpose with the Government to receive the submission ofthe Delawares, and to over look what is past, and establish fop the future a firm and lasting agreement of Peace and affection between us and have repeatedly appUed to me for this purpose. Brethren, — As many stories have been told to the Indians to our prejudice, 1 desire you will undeceive and particularly I do charge Wm. Locqueis to acquaint the Delawares, that those of their Tribe, who live among us have not had any mischief done Ihem, but are tpeat- ed with oiiP usual kindness and are at'libepty and five in peace and plenty among us. I charge you William Locqueis to declare the truth to the Indians, and to as sure them that they have been imposed on; and relate the care that has been taken as well by the Government of New Jersey as this,-of all the Indians, who have stay ed with us, and that they enjoy our protection and live as happily as ever. [A String.] Brethren, — rPaxinosa and sbme other Shawnese and other Indians have not broke faith with us. but endea voured to disuade the Delawares from stpiking us. — When they couM notsucceed they separated from them, and now' live togethep in some place near Wyoijiing. I would have you go to 'them, and let tliem likewise' know this account-from Sir William Johnson, and assure them from me, that if they are inclined to come within the inhabitants; you have my orders to conduct them, or if they do not incline to come now but at any other time, they will on sending a message be provided with a safe con4l\ict and meet with a hearty welcome. Let them know that Sca'rroyady related to me what had passed between hirti and them, and that Areas and David have likewise made me acquainted with what was said by tbem when they were last at Wyoming. ,,[Then the Governor gave them a string to give to Paxinosa.] Newcastle, Jiggrea and WUUam Locqueis returned the Governor an answer, viz. That the messages were very good and what they approved mightily, and would undertake the journey and deliver them faithfully, but then they must desire the Governor would make their apology to Colonel Clapham, and to tell him that nothing but the Gov ernor's commands would bave induced thera to delay their coming to him. The Governor promised he would and then told them that Mr, Spangqnberg wasjdesired to be present, having some Delaware Indians under his care, that he might hear what was delivered to them. He desired they would go by way of Bethlehem and take with them one or more of the Indians there to accompany them on the journey. To prevent any misrepresentations of our conduct as well as to engage tbe fr'i.endship of gentlemen from whom we hope to pecelve more hearty assistance than we had from those on whom we had hitherto depended. Copies ofthe minutes of our Convention with the In dians and their answers, were immediately sent to the Governor of New York and to General Johnson, 'and an earnest application for their assistance in engaging the Indians ofthe Six Nations to promote the restoration of peace, with an offer of cheerfully ' defraying the expanses thereof; Governer Hardy was so kind as to send such an answer as evidenced his hearty concern fop the pubUc welfare; and laid us under sensible obUgations: and we have never received fhe least hint from General Johnson ofhis disapprobation of any part of OUP conduct therein; under these circumstances, we hsd reason to apprehend that our intention was ap proved. ^ ThefoUowing are copies ofthe Letters above mentioned, viz: Philadelphia, 25th 4 mo. 1756. Esteemed Friend, The generous concern ^hou hast manifested for the honoup of our King, and safety and prosperity of our country, are so well known to many of'us, who have not had the pleasure of a personal acquaintance, witb thee, that 1 believe it wiU in this critical juncture be pleasing to thee to be informed the substance of some conferences, I with some of my friends have had with Scarroyady and the other Indians who have now just left us and whom I expect thou wiU soon haye an Opportunity of seeing. Thefrankness and sincerity oftheir expressions and conduct,, leave no room to doubt oftheir being heartily pleased with meeting some oftheir pld fpiends here, in wham they can repose confidence, and I hope tbis disposition may be improved to our mutual lasting advantage. Thou art so well acquainted with these people; and fhe manner in which our affairs with them bave been transacted some years past, that I need not make any observations thereon. The necessity of attending more steadily to cultivating our friendship with them, and removing the occasion of the present animosity some of them have entertained are obvious, and 1 hope if is not too late to attempt fhe doing if : If this be neglected and the mistaken views of extirpating them should prevail, 1 fear the desolation of tbe finest part ofthe English dominions will be the consequence of so injudicious and wicked an intention. Those conferences have been held by the permission of oup Govepnor but the circumstances of our affairs are such, tbat this seems lo be the fipst step taken hepe towards the restoration of peace with any prospect of success — it is the act of private persons who are engag ed in it on a religious ppinciple,an4lhave botb inclination and abilities sufficient to bear the expense, and wHl cheerfully go through with it, if divine Providence favours our design, and we have no unsurmountable obstructions from such here, who ought to promote it. Our principal reliance for assistance therein is on thee, the interest thou hast, both with your Governor and with the Indians, will enable thee to do more lhan any or even many others can, and without the interposition and concurrence of some in whom the Indians can confide, there's no room to expect any perminent peace will be made. If our endeavours succeed we have na doubt of the expense being repaid to ns, if not, our ffervent concern for our bleeding countpy and the honest discharge of our duty, will be a sufficient reward to us. This being my sole motive for engaging therein, and taking this liberty with thee, I hope for thy approbation, and as I have desired Daniel Claus the bearer ofthis to inform thee of other particulars, I shall only add that I am with much respect. Thy real friend, ISRAEL PEMBERTON. To Sir William Johnson, at Mount Johnson, by Daniel Claus. And as Daniel Claus went in the stage boat to New York, and was lo attend Scarroyaday and the olher Indians to Albany, which might probably occasion a long delay, an express was sent the next day on pur pose to New York with a duplicate of the foregoing and the following letters, viz. 183L] INDIAN AFFAIRS. 295 Philadelphia, 26th 4 mo* 1756. EiSteemed Fpiend, Considering that Daniel Claus may be detained long on tbe way home, and that (he pressing circumstances of our affairs with the Indians demand -the most speedy and vigorous endeavours fo retpieve them fpom their unhappy state. I send the bearer on put-pose to de liver thee a dupUcate ofthe Minutes of our Conference witb the Indians, and to request thy immediate friendly prosecution of tby endeavours for the public interest, which will be a work truly worthy the most exalted. mind, and lay a particulap obligation on fhe people of this ppovince, and fop my fpiends in particular I can answer tbat they will acknowledge it in the most respectful and grateful manner. I am with much respect, Thy assured friend, ISRAEL PEMBERTON. To Sir WiUiam Johnson, at Mount Johnson. Philadelphia, 26th 4 mo, 1756, Honoured Friend, , The real concern which I feel day and night for my bleeding country, whose interest is not sufficiently considered, and promoted by some who are bound by both sacred and civil obUgations to consult its welfare, will I hope plead my excuse for the liberty I take of requesting thy perusal of the inclosed letter for Sir William Johnson, and of intreating that if thou approve of my design and proceedings, that thou wilt add such weight to it as may render it efTectual. The bearer will go forward fo Fort J'ohnson if thou thinks it ppoper to direct him to do so, if not will re turn hither. I am witb due respect, Thyreal fpiertd, ISR: PEMBERTON. To Sir Charles Hardy, Governor of New York, by express. Governor Hardy's Answer. , , Fort George, in the City of New York, Aprir29lh, 1756. Sir — ^I have received your letter ami papers for Sir WiUiam Johnson, which shall be forwarded to him, I have long lamented tbe unhappy situation of tbe back settlements of your Province, wbose inhabitants have been most unbumanly murdered, their substance destroyed, and lands laid waste, by a savage and criiel enemy. I bave and sball continue to use all the means in my, power to accomodate this unhappy breach, and trust some success in it may attend the interposition of the Six Nations, all the influence this Government has with them shall be exerted. I am Sir, Your most , humble servant; chasl hardy. To Mr. Isr: Pemberton. The Messengers were accompanied from Bethlehem by Augustus, a Delawape Indian residing there, and on their return the 31st of Stb mo., made the foUowing report, viz^ That on their arrival at Wyoming they found the Indians bad left the town and gone up the river, they therefore proceeded to Teaogon, where they met with a great number of Indians and informed them they had brought a message, from the Governor of Pennsylvania. and desired a meeting of all their peiiple in that town and near it, which being obtained in two days, they then delivered their message; after which Paxinosa as speaker oftheir Council, returned tbe following an swer, viz. Brethren, the Governor, and People of Pennsyhania. Tbe dajk clouds overspread our country so suddenly we that have been all at once separated, and that dark cloud gM in between us, and as it has pleased the Most High to dispel it a little, so that we can just see one another again; our eyes are now running with tears, because of fhe melancholy sight, seeing our country covered with (lur own blood; (we mean yours and ours) give nie leave to wipe off the tears frgm your eyes, tho' at the same time my own run with tears in abundance for what has passed. [Gave a String.] Brethren, — As you came a great way and through dangerous places, where evU Spirits reign, who might have put several things in your way, to obstruct your business, this String serves to "clear your mind, and the passage from your heart to your mouth, that you may speak freely to us. [Gave a String.] Teedyuscung, a Delaware Chiff, spoke next. Brother Onas and the People of Pennsylvania,— We rejoice to hear from you,, and that you are willing to renew the old good undersfanding, and that you call to mind the first treaties of friendship, made by Onas OUP great fpiend deceased with otir fopefiithers, when himself and his people fipst came over here. We take hold'of these treaties with both our hands and desire you will do the same, that a good undepstanding and tpue friendship may be re-estahlished; let us both take hold of these, with aU our stpength, we beseech you. We on OUP side wiU ceptainly do it. [Gave a Belt.] Bpother Onas, — What you said to us we took f o heart, and it entered into our heart, and we speak to you from our heart, and we will deal honesUy with you in every respect. [Gave a String.] Brother Onas, — We desire you will look upon us with eyes of mercy — we are a very poor people, our wives and children are almost naked — we are void of understanding and destitute of the necessaries of life. Pity US. ¦ [Gave a String.] Tbe Delawares, Memskies and Mohickons to Onas and the People of Penrtsylvania. Brethren,— ;There is a great number of our people among you and in a manner confined, we desire you will set them at liberty, orj-ather give them a safe cort- diict to Wyoming, where, we intend to settle as on your fire side, there we wiU jointly with you kindle a council fipe, which sball always burn, and we will be one peo ple with you. [Gave two Belt.] Brother Oneas, and all the people ofPennsylvania,-^—^ We had tbo misfortune that a great and dark cloud overspread our country, but by our prudence, and that of our uncles the Six Nations, it is now almost dispelled and we see the clear heavens again. We the Delawares, tbe Shawnese, the Mohickons and Memskies, give you this String of Wampum, and desire you, that the bitter ness which might have gathered in this darkand un happy time may be removed, and that you may by this means spit if out, take or accept this as a certain cure for that purpose, and pass by all that is past, and think on vyour poor foolish brethren with mercy and forget all the evil dorte to you by Ihem. [Gave several Strings of Wampum.] ^ Brother Onas, — What our uncles the Six Nations requii^ed of us your and their behalf by their delegates at Otsaningo, we that Uve'on fhe river Susquehanna bave'-agreed to. We have laid aside our hatchet, and will never make use ofit any mope against you or your bpethren.the EngUsh, all our young men have been con sulted about this, and all earnestly agree to it, and we now speak in, their presence. We must give you fhis caution, not to charge them witb any thing that may be done by the Ohio Indians, who are under the influence" ofthe French against you. We assure you our young men will do no more mischief to your people. [Gave a String,] Capt. Newcastle and Jiggrea were lent on the 8th of the 6lh mo. the second time, and were accompanied by John Pumshear land two other Delaware Indians from West Jersey. The message then delivered them by the Governor, was as follows: 296 THE JUDICIARY. [NOTSIIBEII The Governor and People of Pennsylvailia, to the In dians on Suqiiehannab, giithered at Teaogon. Brefht^en, — I return ydu the thanks ofthis Govern- mertt, fop the kind reception you gave to my messengers: This rlook upon as an act of friertdsbip. and a token of frieiidship, and a token ofyour good irttenfions. [A String of four Rows.] . Brethren, — I atp glad to find a good spirit at last P""^" vailing amongst y ou,and that you hearkened to my mes sage, and laid if to heaft; you will ever find us your bretbren, sincerely disposed to consult and act for your truest interest, and in the several matters which were or sball now be particularly promised on our part, yOu may rest assured we mean punctually to perform them, and expect the same dispostion irt you. [A Siring of four Rows ] Brethren — the Shawnese, Delawares, Memskies and Mohickops: As you on their parts have confirmed the treaties and leagues of amity, subsisting between you and tbis Go- veprtment, and given a Belt in confipmation thereof, and desire the same to be done on bur part. I do now by this Belt ratify and confirm all former treaties and en gagements, and assure you that they shall be most invi olably obsepved as long as the sun shines. {Here a large Belt was given, ] Brethren, — As your confirmation of former treaties was accompart'ied with professions of sincerity, so I make you the strongest assurances ,6f truth in the con firmation this Government has now made. [A String of four Rows.] ' ' '' Brethren, — That you and I have an opportunity of making these mutual declarations at a public Conven tion, 1 how'kindle a fire at the house of Conrad Weiser. wbo is one of the Council of the six nations, and the public interpretei; for the province. [A Belfpffour- een R,ows.] N. B. Conrad Weiser said it was now necessary -to name a particular place, but the Indians were notwith standing tbisi'always at liberty to name anothep; and- he believed, fpotn something Captain Newcastle had dpop- p'ed, the Indians would choose the Forks of Delawape. Brelbpen. — Having appointed a place for us to meet in Council. I now clear the road to this place, and re move the logs, and other obstructions out of it. so that it may be perfectly sate to every one desipous to use it to tpavel to their brethren when met in CouncU. '[A Belt of eight Rows and eight Strings tied to it. ] Brethren. — It was offensive to see blood spijt on the ro* I used by people wbo have lived in friendship to gether: I therefore remove all blood out of tbe poad that leads to the Council fire. [A Belt of four Rows.] Brethren,— Yourlntilans who live among us go where they please; they' live as we do, and ertjby their liberty. 'We only hinder them from going to tbe fpontieps whepe they might be mistaken for enemies, and hurt or killed, and that the Indians may know the truth of this, we send some of them along with our messengers to Teaogon, who will declare what treatment they have had from us. What few we have in confinement shall be set at Uberty when the Council meet and be brought' there. (A String.) Brethren, — This last is a very important article, and what we absolutely depend upon, that all prisoners ta ken on both sides, shall be delivered up as there oari be no sincerity on either side where this is not done, and that in the most faithful and ample manner, without keeping back a single person^— the Belt assupes you that it shall be punctually performed by us, and we ex pect the same punctually on your side. (Two Belts, the one seven, the other eight Rows.) Brethren, — You have mentioned to us the distress you have been, and are in, for want-of necessaries; these are owing to your having given Way to tbe influences of an evir spirit, and' struck your brethren without aiiy cause, and as you have brought it upon yourselves • you have the less reason to complain, ¦""* *> tbat a good spirit begins to show itself in yoii, and you desire to meet us in Council^ 1 shall bring with me a sufficiency of clothes and provisions to relieve those dis tresses. (A String.) Brethren. — As you have laid down tbe hatchet, and desire the same may be done by us, our messenger car ries with him our proclamntion, fop the suspension of boslilities within the Umits therein specified, of which we have informed the six nations. , Brethren — Agreeable to the repeated advice and re quest ' of Scarroyady, and other Indians ofthe six na tions, then residing in this province, I engaged to build a fort at Shamokin, for the protection of oup firiendiy In dians, their wives and children; and I now acquaiht you with the mapch of tbe fo)[ces. in orderto effect this use ful work, that it may givb no umbpage, the commander having my orders not to act offensively. Brethren, — You are to take notice, that nothing pro posed by me, is to interfere with any invitation you may have received from Sir William Johnson, or your uncles, the six nations; they have acquainted roe that a great Council is to be held in the country of the six na tions; and those Indians at Teahogon are invited to it: I would bave them by all means to give tbeir atten dance there. You may go to either place as you in cline, for we are both in the service of one king, and act by his directions. Brother Newcastle, — I hsve now finished what I would have you say in the name of this province, to fhe Indians gathered at Teahogon. You will adapt the se veral article's to the Indian customs, retaining the spirit and substance of them. " Fpom the time of the first messages arriving at Teao gon. the hostilities on our northern frontiers ceased, and an acceptable respite being obtained for our distressed fellow subjects, we enjoy so much real pleasure and sa tisfaction,- in tbis happy event of our endeavours, as to engage us cheerfully to pursue the business we had be gun, tho' many malicious calumnies and aspersions were cast upon us by persons fpom whom we had a right to expect encouragement and assistance. [To be Continued.) But now The following memorial is circulated in fhe interior; and as the changes proposed are important— affecting every part of tbe state, we transfer that document to our pages, for the purpose of attracting the attention of those be stable to judge ofthe expediency ofthe intend. ed alterations. THE JUDICIARY. The foHowlng petition has been prepared after con sultation with gentlemen of much experience, and who had bestowed much reflection upon the subject to which it refers. It is requested that Editors in differ ent parts ofthe state, wUI lay it before their readers, with the hope of eliciting a full expression of public opinion upon it. To th honourable the Senate and House (/ Ripresenatives ofthe Commonwealth ofPennsylvania: The petition of the subscribers, respectfully repre Tbat the evils arising out ofthe present organization of the judiciary system ofthe state are da y incpeasiiig, and that your petitioneps, in common with their fellow citizens, are suffering in their rights and property, from the operation of causes that might easily be removed; they therefore add their earnest solicitations, to the oft repeated recommendations from successive governors of the state, fOr some legislative improvements. It is supposed that a reference to the evils, will clear' ly demonstrate the appropriate remedy. Experience abundantly shows, that the supreme ccurt under the present arrangement j cannot perform 183LJ THE JUDICIARY. 297 .the duties assigned to it*' No combination of skill and industry in the judges, can di^ose of the enormous ac cumulation of business pressing upon that court. The 'J>»-'hia. the President -Judge ofthe Court of Com mon Pleas, Mp. Bi-own. late ministep lo France, Mp. Dal las, U. S. Ilistrict Attopney, and olbep gentlemen, with / whose names we ai-e -not famUiar. who had been com plimented by an invitation. The table was plenleously ' coveped with all that is pare and excellent of animal and vegetable food; the dessert was ofa superior quali- , ty. The jelUes and ices were much and justly praised;. as were many other articles which did equal credit to the skill and taste ofthe confectioner, and the liberali ty of the provider. The wines were choice and well flavored; some ofthem very superior. We have plea sure in slating that Ihe company were so entirely satis* fied with the provisions which had h'aen made, and the nuinbep of attentive and smart waiters, that a vote ex pressive oftheir approbation was passed with perfect unanimity. The toasts and volunteer toasts were, jvithout excep tion, well received bv the company, and nothing was said or done to mar iheir pleasures^ The evening's gi-ulilication was greatly enhanced by anumber of very, good songs, very well sung, and some very good speeches very well delivered. We regret that we are- unable to give the speeches as delivered, and can only offer sketches — what we do give lye know to be accu rate. We cannot close this brief notice without expres sing fhe opinion that we never have been at a public dinner, at which there were more unequivocal evidences of kind and joy ous feeling, than were manifested at the dinner given to Counsellor Sampson. REGULAR TOASTS. 1. The Uniled)Siates — The country which has adopted us. May we prove worthy of that adoption, by our pa triotism and our love of order: whenever we meet a countryman, if we do not always greet a friend, may we never meet a foe. ' 11. The Emerald. Isle — The lanti of our fathers, the nursery of our youth, the abiding 'place of oup altars/ We love hep gpeen fields, we are proud of hep virtues, and would exult with exceeding joy, in a knowledge that she is, as we are, free and%^jii/'» Ul, The President, and- constUuted authorities of the United States. -, (V. The Governor and constituted authorities of the State of Pennsylvania. . . V. Our highly respected guest, WM, SAMPSON-^ Italeiils, genius.- and patriotism made him a terror to evil doers, who persecuted him from his native land^the same high qualities have caused him to be hailed and welcomed and universally honoureJ in "the land ofthe fpee and the home ofthe brave." Health and happinesa to the defender of Wiirtam Orr. ' -¦ . The annunciation of the fifth toast was followed by long and loud acclamations, and when these subsided,' a silent pause ensued, during which the favoured ob ject of so ,i»iuch applause remained sealed,' evidently laboring under the weigiht of genuine un^ffVfcted feel ing; and after rising, remained still silent for a time. ¦ It was a moment of deep ^onpathy, and some feared lesf ithe effects ofindisposifio^atigue, and years, had over come his faculties. His friends were, however,suon re assured by the addpess, of whicb the follo,wing is a, transcpipf, as neariy as it can be reeolleeted. It was most evidently unppepare'd- and 'unpremeditated and growingout of the occasion, as foHows. ' MR; SAMPSON'S SPEECH. If, sip, my feelings were less stpong,.,and lets sincere my utterance ofthem would be less embarrassed. He 300 DINNER TO COUNSELI^qR SAMPSON. [.i^VV je,m.Br.i» that is much obliged, is much a de'btor, and ifhe be an honest one, will grieve when heis unable to discharge the debt he owes. And when the heart speaks most, the tongue says least, when it is overcharged, it is al- -mcst mute. a ' ' / 1 will not,howeviJr,disparage myself.for that would be to arraign the judgment you have passed upon me: but as one who has received -a bounty, without equivalent, holds it but as a trust, let me apply it to the object which may best suit the purpose ofthe generous dOnops. To reinstate and reanimate that spirit of union amongst Iri shmen, of every religiouSjpersuasion, that holy hea ling, and invigoraf'^ng principle of brotherly affection, which, if it be not cherished, vain, are the qualities uf genius or of talents. These may serve to dazzle or amuse, and to aggrandize the professors of such rare gifts, they ^e subjects of admiration and applause; but lo save a sinking, or to raise a prostrate country, they are but glittering meteors that dance in the air, shedding no lasting light, nor health, nor. animation. I ca- If we could overiook it, would not our feUow-citizens tiiink that we were strangely rt^ardless of the peace and good order ofthis, our generally tranquil and quiet city? I would toaq^ Ughtly on this Unpleasant topic — its circumstances, indeed, are known to all our citi zens; every one that hears me is at least as well" ac quainted with the disgraceful facts as I am. A riot, attended with much violence and bloodshed,-took. place in the middle ofthe d^y, in the heart of our city; our police were called upon, and. for some time, tbe scene was alarming. . Who were those who thus raised their bloody weapons against each other? I need not answer the question! S^r,, I sbould feel my cheeks glow witb shame for the conduct of my countrymen, on the occa sion referred to, iC I did not feel that they hare noble 1831.1 MANUFACTURE Ot EDGE TOOLS. 303 and redeeming qualities, and even claims to the grati tude bf tbeir adopted country. These claims rest on their affectionate dcvOlion fo her from the eariiest days ¦of the revolution to the present hour.' Montgomery was not more zealous to assert the rights of America than havebeen thousands of his countrymen at every pe riod since. In that dark and gloomy hour of the revolu tion, when the Pennsylvania Line — chiefly Irish- — could be tracked by their blood, goaded by what they regard: ed as an ungrateful neglect, mutinously arrayed them selves against the old Congress. In that dread and tcying hour came the emissaries of the British govern ment, and tendered tp the Pennsylvania Line food and raiment, and incpeased pay; but they falteped not in their alle'giartce to their adopted country; ihey gave up the tempters, and overcame the enemy who wouldi have seduced them. In the late war, also, the Irish were not few in number, who flocked around 'the Star Spangled Banner;' around .that Banner they bravely lought and cheerfully died. Let these things be re membered of the Irish, when they are blamed, as they deserved to be blamed, for having brought tbeir pre judices and hatreds into action.here. to the disturbance of the public. peace. I have the honor. Sir. to be a Unit ed Irishman, and io take the oath that I would"persevere in endeavouring to form a brotherhood of affection among Irishmen of every religious persuasion." For this act, and for acta done in^pursuance ofthis obli^- tioh; I was long pursecuted and many times 'imprisoned. I am well aware that, at that time, some who were ac tive in the late riot, would have willingly taken my'UFe, and the lives of those who acted witb me. But, Sir, we are now citizens of another country, and live under another Government. Were all sensible ofthe bless ings of toleration and freedom, and of the peace^plenty, and happiness here enjoyed, notwithstanding recent events, I am as sure as I am that 1 live, tbat the -very men who, in Ireland, would have taken oup lives, would Kepe rally with us, in bpolheply love, under the stand ard of our common countpy, and march, shouldep and shoulder, with us to tbe water's edge, to meet and drive back her foes. I will detain you no longer. Sir, lhan to read the tost I hold In my hand: "Naturalized Ipishmen — Whatever may be their pre judices or their enemies, they wUl always be, as they always have been, among the fipst to m,ireh, shoulder to shoulder, lo avenge the wrongs and assert the rights of the countpy Of.their adoption — -her enemies are their enemies — her friends are their friends— sand, for her, Uke theirgall^nt countryman, jiontgo.mery. Jh.ey are ready to fight, bleed and die."-y--K opkman has great dif ficulty in bUting your patrons, and asks a considepable advance on any new article. We need not fear any competition with the English. American tools of tbe larger soft are from 10 to 20 per cent, belter than the BPitish, any how." Such is the prompt effect of fhe enterprize and ta lents of Messrs. Dunlop and Madeira. The Mr. Cam alluded to is one of the largest manufacturers of heavy cutlery in li^ngland; and be shrinks from tbe conp^ition of io.vj.TJtT-iiaadprice. Those who recollect that the British manufacturer^^ for the/oreig^j and) the Aome market are very different persons: — vvi^ easily understand this. I'lhe quaUty of American manufactured goods generally, because of an equal li-espdmi^i/t/y, is tiie same, (if not better in some cases), as ,r-to any before offer- ed, is due to the Blockley Wbrks of Philadelphia, for specimens No. 34, which were the best exhibited. 5. An extra preinium is due to John Colt, of Patter- 306 FRANKLIN INStlTUTE. [N0VIM»BB son, N. J. for specimens. No. 187, deposited by Craig, & Sargeant,' being six pieces of cotton canvass, which the CoriMnittee consider to be aii object of great impor tance to the country. T.be experiments made on board of pubUcand private ships; have establisbed its, charac ter, and tbe altenlioii of the public cannot be too fre quentiy called lo it. , - - 6, An extra premium is also due to the Hon. John Forsyth, of Augusta, in Georgia, for the spirit of enter prise wbich hasiindueed him lo cultivate the variety of cotton from which the Aerumina nankeens were made. These goods (No, 104) depos'ited by Thomas & Martin, manufactured by Collet and Smith; of Patterson, N. J.' are deserving of particular notice — aa the color is said to stand the severest test,,and as the extension of this vari ety of cotton bids faip to supply us with an excellent substitute for the Indian yellow nankeens. 7. In like mannep, an extpa premium, is doe to Collet and Smitli.of, Patterson. N. J. for the skill and ingenuitj' manifested by them in- the manufacture of these nan keens, and for the success with which they have over- co^me the difficulties apising fi-om the shortness of the staple, &c. , ' 8. An extra premium is also due to Cunningham and Anderson of Richmond, Virginia, for specimen No. 415, deposited by Hacker, Brown, & Co. being theitBochel- las,'dyed blue in this city. ' Tbey are well calculated fop a cheap wearipg apparel, and being stout and vvell nia_de, wiU supply'a desideratum which has been anx iously looked for. 1'hese are also interesting to lis, as being the first specimens of Cotton Goods received from a manufactory south ofthe Potomac; and being five pieces found in the ware-houses in this city, and not sent expressly by the manufacture rs, ^hey may be inferred'tobe a fair specimen of the goods they make. 9. Although premiiim No. 63 and 64, ^re not strictly due, yet the Committee think that the Newburyport Hose Manufacturing Company deserve a medal for their extensive display of Cotton, and Worsted Hose and Drawers, No. 220 and 221, deposited, by A. Wright; they are the first of the kind exhibitedhere in any quan tify. They are substantially and well made, and deserve encouragement, as conslitiifing artother branch of Cot ton Manufacture in this country. ~ ' Honorary mention is due to Cornelius Vancourt, a pu pil of the Pennsylyania Institiifion- for tbe Deaf and Dumb, for the beauty, fineness and finish of the checks No. 28, exhibited by that praiseworthy, Institution, They are the best presented this year, but are preclu ded from the premium, because checks equally good haye at former exhibitions been presented by the same institution and rewarde4 with a medal- The Conimiltee understand that Vancourt is ionly 14 years of age, and has been but a short time in the weaving department of tbe Deaf and Dumb Institution. To Joseph Smithurst, of Philadelphia, they also award an honorary mention fur his jaconet, cambric handkerchief, Tio. 334. which are woven of the best yarn now in th^ market; they are thought well made and deserving of notice. Woollen Goods. _ 10. Premiums No. 73, and T4, on superfine blue and black cloth, and on $3 bliie clotb, a«e withheld, but the commiltee believe that an extra premium is due to the Oxford Manufacturing Company, of Massachusetts, for specimens N^ 23. deposited by C. C. Haven, of which the judges report that "it is said to be of American wool; , tbat it is the best specimen of Cloth at $4 per yard, which they were called to examine; and that it vvill vie with any of foreign manufacture.as to texture.finish ancl mixture, in all of which it bears ample testimony to the skill and ability ofthe makers, 11. Premium No. 78, for the best sample of fine while gauze flannel, is due to J. and T. Kershaw, of Blockley, Pennsylvania, for No, 53, whioh was the finest specimen ofthis article that had ever come under the. notice, of OUP judges: the wool is of tbe finest, de scpiption, and the goods are remarkably well made, the only objection being a slight blueish tinge wlrich should be obviated in any future manufacture of the article, . , 12. An extra premium is due to the Salisbury Manu- facturfng Cortipaiiy of Mas. for specimen No. 22, depos ited by C. C. Haven, beinga great variety of flannels, exhibiting allthe diffepertl kinds and qualities made by thom, and shewing a decided improvement in their manufacture; in the opinion of the judges tbey are in every respect equal to the imported article. The scar lets were particularly rich and bpilliant in colon J 13. An extpa premium is due to Joseph Ripka, of. Philadelphia, for his green summep Cloth, .(No. 141,) cotton and worsted, the only imitation ofthe English of this description which has come under oup-notice. We consider this manufacfurep as deserving of especial com- mend-ation, as well for this particulap article as for his manufactures in general, wbich stand deservedly high in all markets of the Union. 14. Premium No. 62 is awarded to tbe Middlesex JManufaduring Co. of Lowell. Mass. for their merino cassimere, (No. 111. deposited by Lewis and Whitney) made of cotton and wool. Ills the best specimen of- men'ssummepweapexhibited, and is in evepy respect equal to the imported article; evincing great perfection of texture and finish, as well as supeiior style in put ting it up. J5. Premium No. 84, is due, we think, to the Buffalo Manufacturing Company, bf New 'S'ork, for specimen No. 24, deposited by C.C. Haven, being 2 pair of white_ Mackinaw blankets, which will, in every respect, com" pete with fhe foreign-article. An honoraiy mention is also due to the same Compa ny for a large parcel of bed blankets No. . 469, jyhich are considered equal to the best EngUsh blankets. 16. An extra ppemium is due to Col. John E. Col- houn, of Pendleton, South Carolina, fop the specimens of blankets (No. 542) manufactuped by him. The wapp is of cotton, and fhe filling is of wool. These ape very - good samples of a coarse but substantial article, calcu lated for tbe use, of negroes on . plantations, and better than English goods of'the same description. This is thefirst manufactory of the kind established in South Carolina, and"deserves encouragement. An honorary mention is due to Houston and Grove- ville, for specimen No, 188, being 5 pieces of mixed. satlinetts; the mixtures of which are remarkably well dqne, the fabric strong, and well cleaned from impuri ties and imperfections. Carpets. 17. Premium No. 81, for fhe best sample of Veniiian carpeting, is due to John M'Fee. of Philadelphia, for specimen Nos. 7, 8 and 9, being three pieces of 3-4, 4-4 and 5-8 Venitian carpeting, which is a superior article, and tho'best of American manufacture that our judges had seen. \ ' 18. Premium No. 82, fop the best specimen of Brus sels carpeting, is due to Samuel Given, of Carlisle, Pa. for specimen No, 21, deposited by John Hastings, be ing a piece of handsome and durable Brussels cappet, ' entirely of American manufacture and material. Itis of excellent quality, < 19. An extra premium is due to the Lowell Compa ny ot Massachusetts, for tbe handsome display of Brus sels and ingrain carpets (Nos. 5, 6, &c.) deposited by C. C. Haven. The Brussels are made of foreign yarn, dyed in this country. The patterns are very handsome and tasteful, and the quality remarkably good. The Ingrains are of superior quality, but not exclusively of American materials, the warp having been imported in the grease. Were these carpets -exclusively of Ameri can manufacture and materials the premium would be due to them as a ^-matter of course; under eicisting cir- cunnslances we think that Company has a just claim to a medal. 1831.] FRANKLIN INSTITUTE. 307 An honorapy mentic-n is du'e to Mp. Isaac Macauley, of Philadelphia, fop bis beautiful piece of painted floor cloth (No. 432,) equal in durabUity and beauty to the EngUsh. as well as for his oil cloths for table covers (431 and 432,) superior to any imported. We 'should not hesitate in recommending them for ppemium, if Mr. Macaula'y had not already twice received the medal of tbe Institute for similar goods. His manufacture needs neither praise nor encouragement from us. but we can not withhold the expression of our admiration, at lh€ perfection which he has attained. We also recommend an honorary. mention to Messrs. Doggett, Farnsworth, & Co. of Philadelphia, for their beautiful hearth rugs (No. 37,) which are much Superi or bolh in durabil'rty \and workmanship to any other of American manufacture which we have ever seen. An honopsry merition is also merited by William Per ry of PhUadelphia, for his cotton carpeti, (No. 96,) which are a low priced article, superior to imy of the kind we have yet seen — and to C. Lacli^pella, of Phil adelphia, for his ingrain'c^pets. No, 99, Si^ Goods. Although the display of silks was very pleasing, and evinced incpeaslng interest in this department, yet noth ing was offered which deserved a ppemium. An hon orary mention is, however, due to Joseph Ripka. of Philadelpbia, for a , specimen of black plush (No. 146,) made of American silk with buta small admixtnreof for eign material. Itis remarkable, for the qualify of the silk, the excellence ofthe manufacture, color, &c. Straw Bonnets, 20, Ppemium No, 83, for the best sample of straw bonnets, is' due to Mps. EUzabeth Henley of Philadel phia, lor an article (No. 191) far superiop to any exhib- ted here before. The judges united with the visitors in bestowing upon it unqualified praise. Iron and Steel. "Specimens of both these articles were receiived, but the Committee are not prepared to express their opin ion as to their mepits as Ihey are still in the hands ofthe judges undergoing a severe and thorough examination; but tbe Committee think that an honorary- mention is due- to Hardman Phillips, of Phillipsburg, Centre county,. Pennsylvania, for the industry and skill wilb whicb he pursues his experiments on the rtianufactiire ofiron. The attenipt tp make it, using no" other fuel , than coke, leaves 'no room to question the advantages to our country of the introduction here-of this hitherto exclusively European' pl-ocess of manufacture. The in teresting^ collection (No. 302 et seq.) of coal, coke, he- matetic iron ore, with their products of pig-metal,bloom, wire,, and screws, entitle himto the notic0 ofthe Insti tute. They were deposited by A. M. Jones, Cutlery and Surgical Instruments. 21. Premium No. SS.-rFof the best set of table cut lery to consist of not less than 5rpicces, is due to Hen ry Barton for his handsome displiiy of table cutlery. No. 192 fo 195 .including 162 pieces or three setts all equal ly well made, ind which the Committee are assured were altogether forged and made in this countpy. Hardware. 2^. An extra premium is-due to the Taunton Britan nia Manufacturing Company of Massachusetts, fur its handsome display of Britannia Ware (specimen No. 1) It is in every, respect a superior, and was frequently mistaken for more costly metal. Honorary, mentions are due to Day and Shock, to M. Katez, and to Job Baker for their improved locks, the merit of which, noticed at previous exhibitions, has been confirmed by the personal experience of them by the judges: they consider them superior to any other kinds ever imported into the country, but still some what deficient in the lacKering. "* Honorapy mentions are also due to Robirison. Jones. & Coi of AttleboPOiigb, Massachusetts, and to J. M. L. and W. H. ScoTiU, of Waterbury, Connecticut, for their buttons. Tbey formerly received a premium for simi lar articles. Messrs. Robinson, J. & C., exhibited but tons in quantities of not less than. 300,groce. There is no branch of nianufactupe in this country, the merit of whicb is at present so well established as that of buttons — the great improvement made in their manufacture during the last year have placed Ihem upon the most permanent footing. Consuming a considerable quan tity of the gold produced by oup southepn States, they have almost driven the English article from the market and have completely overcome the prejudice which too often attends the first use of oup own manufactures. An honorary mention is due to White, of , for his plains. Silver and Plated Goods, Glassware and Porcelcfin. The great perfection to which our silversmiths bave attained render it inexpedient for .the Institute to be stow its medals upon this branch of thOsArts, otherwise a fine competition from the extensive workshops of Thomas Fletcher, Edward Lownes, Curry & Preston, and R. & W. Wilson all of Philadelphia, woiild haye produced much embarrasment on the papts of-the judg es in deciding upon their pespective merits. Thu Institute in under great obligations to these gentlemen for a really splendid display «f the choicest silver urns, tea and coffee pots, cans, wine coolers, cake baskets, goblets, pencil cases, &,c. &e. In like manner the magnificent assortment of glass ware from the New England Glass Manufacturing Com pany^ of Massachusetts, and the Union Glass Company of Kensington and Jackson 8i Bagot ofNew York, and. the beautiful display of porcelain ware fi-om Messrs. Tucker& Hemphill, of Philadelphia, show that all these establishments maintainthe high reputation which tbey have already acquired and fujly justify the encomiums and medals avrarded lo them at oup formpp exhibitions. ' Among^ the less shewy but not less useful apticles is > the durable and; cheap flint stone ware of Horner and,^ Shuley, of New Brunswick. New JeF&ey, which are like wise deserving of honoriry mention. [ The Porter Botties, made by the New England Glass Company, and deposited by Mr. Muzzy, are undergo-? ing an experiment in order to determine their strength and merits. UntU this is completed, we 'forbear to ex press an opinion on the subject. - - Stoves and Gratis. 23. Great interest has been manifested by the de positors, and visitors at the exhibition; as well as by the public at large, to ascertain the decision in relation to the stoves entitled to the high reward in premium No- 3, consisting not only of the usual medal, but also, of the sum of one hundped dollars' whicb by the UbVpality of the proprietors of the Anthracite mines in Pennsyl vania, was placed, at the disposal Of the Institute. . By' the award ofuhe highly respectable judges to whom this subject was pefOrred, thepremium is' due to Powel Stackhouse,' for his ^st iron coOking stove, (No, 534) which is neat and Compact, and will be very du- - rable. It bakes and boils well, and the whole arrange ment is good. Its fixtures ape well made and consist ofa larg(e tin boUerfor washing, a tin boiler.and. steam er fop meat and vegetables ahd a tin tea kettle, to all Ol which copper tubes are attache/l, which pass througb orifices marie in the back and side of the stove, over the' fire, and from which an abundance of heat is com-, municated to the contents of the several vessels. Un- der the grate is a convenient permanent sifter to sep arate the ashes |'ronii the coal. The stove will weigh 1 cwt. 2 qrs., and wjth the fixtmes above, will cost $15. It combines greater advantage than any now in use,' and the fumes ofthe anthpacite ape not brought into- ' contact with the food intended to be cooked. II there- - fore comes strictly within the terms of fhe ppemium except .that the price is $15, and not "under 815," as proposed; but youp committee unite with the judges in recommending to the board to oveplook this slight descrepancy, and to award to Mr. Stackhouse the silver 308 FRANKLIN INSTITUTE. [NorKMBSK dal and one hundfed-ddllars, as soon as he shall bave given satisfactory security to furnish within six months from this date, if required, fifty stoves of similar con struction and workmanship at that price. ^ Ldmps. _ 24. Premium No. 24. — For ihe best and niost exten sive vapiety'of mantel, astral, or banging lamps, is due to Christian Cornelius, of Philadelphia, for his fine dis- -play of excellent lamps, bpt mope especially fop his splendid chandeliep, (No. 36'4) which is believed to be tbe lapgest and most tasteful work ofthe kind that has ever been made in America, It combines large size, with perfeCl proportion and exquisite workmanship. Books, Paper and' Stationary. 25. Premium ,No. 19, not being strictly due to any of the depositors of paper, the committee recommend that an extra premium be given to the Brandywine Manufacturing Co. for their beautiful display of paper, (No., 392) deposited by Thomas Fisher, which is very superior, and deserving of great ^jraise for its excellent, quality, and various beautiful tints, as well as for the neatness with which it is put up. An honorary mention is also awarded fo R. Donaldson, of New York, fop the fine assortment of foolscap, letlep, scented, tinted, and embosse"d„n-ate and letfep papepj which are ofa very fine quality jand highly creditable to the maker. , - An honorary mention is Ukewise awarded to J.Edgar, of Philadelphia, and to David Fell, of New York, as W£ll as to' J. Crissy, of Philadelphia, fop. their good specimensof book binding! . , Cotton Seed Oil, 26. Premium No. 14, is due lo Joseph M. and' Geo. Freeman, of Philadelphia; for their purified cotton seed oil, (No, 16 and 17) Which is,' a new and success ful attempt, and likely fo become a very important article of trade. - Fine Arts. 27. Among the works.of Fine Arts, few come before this society; but of those .deposited at our exhibition, the wood cut engravings of objects of Natural History by Reuben S. GUbert, (No. 179,) have appeared fo us to entitle that young and estimable artist to the notice of (he Institute; and we accordingly recommend that the silver medal be awarded to-bira. .Cabinet Ware. The pnly sideboard offered to us was one by our fel- . low member ofthis board, C. H. White, (No. 404) who of coupse is not a cornpetitor for a premii^, but beii^ assured that it is the sole and exclusive work of his foreman, David H.'Bellj werecommend that an honora ble me'hiion be jiwarded lo the latter for his beautiful workmanship. i- ' ^ The highest praise is also due to Michael Bouvier for a beautiful globe work-table, ("No. 323) the desiign of which is new, and the .workmanship exquisite. The .handsome specimens of work from Joseph Barry and Anthony Quervelle fully sustain the high reputation of these annualconlribulops to oup exhibitions. The sec retary and book-case, (No. 125) and 126) made by an apprentice to Thomas Robertson, entitles the makep to anhonorary mention, as it is a remarkable piece of work for one who bas not yet been two years at the trade, and as it is veneered with our native ash. It is not our purpose to notice the splendid furniture deposited by Mr, White, as his situation in the Board precludes him from any claim lo a compliment. > Balances. We deem it just to award an honorary mention to J. Marshall, of Philadelphia, for a highly finished balance. (No. 515) ofthe more deUcate kind used by apotheca ries. The judges report that when loaded, with an ounce avoirdupois, it was proved sensible to less than one fiftieth part ofa grain, Thermometer. We also rocommend that an honorary mention be awarded to Joseph Fisher, of Philadelphia, for bis self- regulating thermometer, (No. 311) the beauty of its execution having been specially noficed.by tbe judges on PhUosophical apparatus. Musical Instruments. 28. An extra premium is due to F.N. Scherr, of Phila delphia, for bis harp guitar, (No. 345) a new instrument made and patented by bim, and for bis Pby^cbarmonica, (No. 344) which iSan instrument deserving of particu lar commendation, being well adapted for the parlour or hall, of sweet yet powerful tone, ^nd of beautiful workmanship. 29. To Francis H. Smith, an eitra premium is due for his Metrotone, (No. 189) and for his grand harmoni- cOn, '(No, 19.) Tbe former is an instrument of ingeni ous contrivance, capable of describing to -a well culti- vate'd ear, thirty-six distinct sounds in one semi-tone. The latter, better known as the musical glasses, ia a pleasing instrument, differing essentially from and su perior to-abe mu'sic-al glasses he-refofore invented.^ The quality of tbe tone is pich, and with its sweefness'com- bines gpeat power. Honorary mentions are due to Messrs. Loud and Bro thers, Mickley, Meyer, and Scherr, of Philadelphia, and Geib, of New York, for a fine display of their Pianos, sustaining well the justly acquired reputation of these able manufacturers. It ia with reluctance thatthe Committee find them selves compVUed to omit noticing many beautiful and ingenious fabrics which commanded the attention and elicited the admiration, of the visitors; but they are pre cluded from doing it by the great length ofthis report. They will be all recorded in the catalogue of the exhi bition now in the press! The board cannot witbout injustice to their feelings omit to tender the thanks of the Institute to those num berless friends who kindly undertook the arduous dit ties of tbe Committee of arrangement, or the more un pleasant ones of judges: to tbe depositors for tbeir _ liberal and enlightened co-operation in the views of the Inst'ttule'j and to the pubUc in- general for the interest they manifest in our efforts, and of which so striking a proof was given by their favourable notice of this our Seventh Exhibition. The Committee have the pleasure of informing the Board that thfey have succeeded in obtaining the requi site number of medals for this exhibition, and that tliey will be ready fop distpibution within a few days after the award by tbe Board, that is to say, as soon as the names ofthe successful competitors can be cut upon them. The Committee expected to be able to announce that one of the most distinguished friends of manufactures in Pennsylvania had acceded to their invitation tode-' liver art address to the public on the occasion of tlTe dis tribution of the medals^-buf motives of deUcaCy on his part, of which they cannbt but approve, however much Ihey may regret their effect, liave induced that able friend of ours to decline the invitation, at least forthe' present. All of -vVhich is respectfully submitted, by William H. Keating, J. Henbt Bdlklet, James Ronaldson, Samuel J. Robbins, M. W. Baldwin, Isaiah Ldkkns, JosHUA^G. Habkkb, Fbedelick Fbalet, , Alexabbeb Fbbohson. At a meeting of the Board of Managers of the Insti tute, beld Oct. 13, 1831, the above report was read and accepted, and on motion, it w»s Resohed, That this Board approve of the award of premiums and honorary mentions recommended by the Committee of Premiums and Exhibitions, and it was ordered that the report be pubhshed under tiie di rection ofthe Committee, and that the silver medals be delivered to the successful competilops, as soon as pogsi- ble, and in such manner and Jbrm as the committee of premiums and exhibitions shaU decide upon. [Signed] M. D. LEWIS, Chairman ofthe Board of Managers. 1831.] DISCOURSE BEFORE THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 309 ANNUAL DISCOUBSE D&LIVERED BEFORE THE PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Bt j. R. TtSon, Eso. Gentlemen ofthe Historical /Society'.— i - The honoup which you have'conferred upon me in the invitation to deliver your Annual Discourse, cannot but excile a lively anxiety and deep solicitude. To say that I distrust my ability to' meet the most moderate expectations which may be formed, would but feebly express the sensations of diffidence with which the task is undertaken. These apprehensions are ih no degree diminished by the recollection of the learned and dis tinguished gentlemen wbo have preceded me in the performance ofthis duty; nor by. a reference to fhe fact that the most splendid and captivatin^portions of Penn sylvania story, bave been approppiated in a manner which renders' a further' attempt at elucidation alike presumptuous and unnecessary. Relying however up on the favourable consideration whicb your selection bespeaks, I sball throw myself upon yo^ir indulgence while surveying a period vvhich from its recency, its importance, and the moral fruits it has produced, must ever challenge the admiration of civilized and enlighten ed men. ' Whatever attractions the early histopy of provincial Perfnsylvania may present, the period ofthe revolution isbig witb wonders, whether we regapd it in relation fered with the civU immunities ofthe -people, the pass ions of resentment and animosity might easily have been excited into action. But the war of the revolu tion was essentially a war of principle, less for'injui'ies inflicted which could be felt, lhan ih anticipation of evils that wei^e meditated or intended. In a contest uf such a natui^e, which appeals only, to the higher senti ments of enliglllened' reason; in a quarrel upon a provocation scarcely affecting the right of property, and not violating those of persons; it requires an eleva tion of moral character, an energy of political principle to enter the arena. To perceive abstract frulh as re flecting men, and to reason upon indicatiolTs as practi cal philosophers, is seldom given to a cDmmurti,ty at large: No higher evidences can be demanded of the moral and intellectual Superiority ef Pennsylvania and the other colonies, than the determined union of all classes againsif a gigantic power, for the purpose of effectiok therecLsion ofalaw, w.hich, in its operation, was hardly perceptible. ' Numerous, however, as were the adherents lo the cause, and firm 'as were most in their allegiance to lib erty, the feeling in Pennsylvania was not universal- and some from, inveterate attachment to England, and more from the inflexibUity of religious opinions, refused all participation. Factions of course, in a brief period, arose; 'and the whi^s were, sufficiently proscriptive to denounce as tories all who did not join tbe bel- UgePent party. The Fpiends op Quakers, who form ed the largest pot-tion of those who declined, were iiUmical to war upon a ground of reUgious belief, that non-resistance was a cardinal duty. But the tothe events which occurred and the impression it has furious, spirit Of the times was unable to brook any produced, or as the era fop the establishment of a new and independent government and the principles which -thertce emepged into practice. The patpiarchal -guv- epnnient of Penn, ,which excluded all cdmmotions save occasional controversies terminating at most in an angpy debate op a copious effusion of ink, ^gave place to n scene which was^t once novel and perilous. Penn sylvania was not Unacquainted with the foundations of . her political rights, nor was 'she wanting in moral cour age to asseptand sustain tbem. Her enlightened free men wepe sensible, that as the Charter of the Province emanated from the Royal prerogative, an attempt *° impose burdens by the authority of Parliament was a palpable and unrighteous usurpation. The, spirit ' which was kindled at this appearance of oppression, vvas the sSime spirit of liberty wbich. Under another ' foriri.-had resLsted the encroachments of proprietary privilege, and inanifested itself from the earliest stage of our provincial existence, in 'a noble jealousy for those immunities whjch were" originally reserved in the social' compact. It was that identical spipit which, whether true or false, examined with scputiny the acts of Penn and his- successors, and subbiitted to nothing which bore the least semblance of political encroachment dr violated law. But when the flame of the revolution burst out, it was a wordy alterca tion no longer. The proprietary and popular parties crumbled into embers;^old feeUngs, antipathies, and prejudices ceased— or were so modified a,nd changed ' that the traces of former difficulties were entirely obliterated. New views and opinions — hatreds more embittered, and friendships moPe deeply rooted-iwith their train of consequences, succeeded. It cannot be surprising, that on a question so momenfous as that which involved the sudden disruption Of political ties, there should be diversities of sentiment; nor that with a people who bad enjoyed almost without interruption the pleasure's of-peace, there should be felt a repug nance to war. Attachment to the parent country as weU asto existing estabhshments, was natural. where bolh are recommended by the recollections of a free and happy ancestry, sanctified as these are by all those associations which render them endearing. If tyranny had left its impress upon domestic happiness or Inter- appearance of neutrality — they were upbraided as to ries or stigmatized as traitors, and two individuals were doomed to the sacrii^ce. Let me not be understood as reflecting, censure upOn the court wbich pronounc ed their culpability, nor as questioning the expediency of measures of sufficient rigour to paralize any ten dency which may have appeared to insurrection and rebellion. Situated as was the countpy in a wap, the unfoptunate issue of > which would have degpade'd, and ruined those who fomented it. it was necessary for the purposes of example, to restrain a spirit which no doubt existed, destpuctiye of the high-minded pa- tpiotism and chivajrous designs of its^magnanlinous leaders. But this spirit was confiried to a-few. Its prevalenpe was naturally irtagnified at a stopmy peri od, when 'the approach of tyranny;', as Burke expresses it, 'was snuffed in evepy -tainted breeze,' and sectarian scruples had the opprobrious and alarming name of popular defection. Subsequent vvriters, particularly those of otber states, have tried, the virtue of repeti tion to perpetuate the error. Those of the Quakers who are obnoxious to the censure of actively oppos ing the colonies, or secretly abetting the enemy, are freely surrendered to just scorn and merited reproba- ' tion. But the number is diminutive, and it should no more be visited" upon the sect at lapge than upon the reputation of the colony that was so. unfortunate as to own them. If, as it has been contended, a spirit pf opjiosition was more extensively discernable among the Quakers than among the other religious, sects, it is rather ^attributable to a false application of fundamental principles than to fhe influenceof affection for the'pa- rertt country. As Christians they beUeved themselves bound to the prekervatiim of peace, and the notion of considering an existing government in the light of an ordinance of God, worthy cf obedience where it is just, and to be quieUy submitted to wbere it is inequitable, - ipvolvfed tlie necessity of their taking no part in the" quarrel.* Whatever may have been the sent'iments entertained of Great Britain in attempting to tax the colonies without their consent, it would have been in capable, upon the ground they assumed, to influence Vide Appendix, Note 1. 310 DISCOURSE BEFORE THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [NbvwBi their demeanor in reference to .either of the con flicting parties. They were constrained to stand aloof from both, or which was tantamount in their estimation, their acts of friendship for one or the other, had no re lation to the position of either, considered as belliger ents. It presents a striking analogy to the case of oaths, which, independently of the truth of the testimony, as they are held by the Quakers to be forbidden, must in any event be peremptorily declined. Inlhe extensive diffusion of the fact, that the Quakei-s as a body, did not participate in a sanguinary conflict, it seems to bave been too frequently forgotten, that fhe business of a soldier is totally inconsistent with Quakerism, and.that its assumption would imply the dereliction ofa testimo ny which they hold to be sacred. Common justice re- .quires that as well the reasons oftheir abstinence slioiild be known, as that their forbearance was reciprocal, and only amounted to a strict and rigid neutrality. Other circumstances have contributed tothe perpet uation of tbis injustice, than those to >vhich I have ventured incidentally to allude. The national feeling whicb was engendered by Pennsylvania's being -the principal theatre- of war — ^by being the locality of the first Congress — and by beingthe place whence emenat- edthe Declaration of Independence— alrtiost absorbed '.provincial attachments and local sympathies. Sectional predilections were exchanged for the brighter and more tranCendant glory tif the whole confederacy. The wise providence of her sisters in arms, while animated by the patriotic fire which sought to destroy the' pretensions of Britain over the Union, did not permit them to be frigid upon the subject of their own reputations. They the subject little of that glowing interest of which, i the hands of art American, it is naturally suscOptibh Just thoughts and bai-monionsj periods can scarcel compensate fop the absence of that vis vivida wil which it should be dpawn and coloured. The amusin and vivacious memoir by Graydon, is -too loose in il facts and too rambling in their development and dii cussion, to supply so serious a desidersitum. / The absence of a formal history during and since th revolution, has not only proved injurious to the, fame c our civic patriotism, but it conveys a reaUy mortifyin] reflection upon our indifference to national glory .— From tbe labours of tbis jsociety; the accumulations o Mr. Hazard; and the curious researches of Mr. Watson the historian can labour undei- no paucity of materials The selection of«n indiv'rdual who is competent to sUcI a task, by fhe charms of an elegant anil finished EnglisI style — by philosophical studies — by liberal and'enlargei views — is a matter ofvery general,even public concern The reputation ofa country and the moral influence o her example upon ber cotemporaries and posterity must essentially depend upon the abiUly ofher histori ans. How can the one or fhe other ofthese be efl'ect ed, but through the medium of a performance wbosi intrinsic and superior merits shall command the esteen ofother countries and of other times? The brilUanc] of great events, op the glare of imposing successes anc dismal catastrophes, is not necessary to the preservatior of a people's memory or the perpetuity of a people's influence. The nation whose opening effulgence and meridian splendop are embalmed in the pages ofa Livy, and whose decrepitude and decline are recorded by the have -blazoned their exploits in a hundred narratives' pen ofa Tacitus, is less indebted for her fame' to tbe and histories, and perhaps too sedulous of fame, have sometimes despoiled Pennsylvania of the laurels by which her brow should be adorned.' Not content with assuming merits and gallantry which, pephaps, they le gitimately claim', the disposition lias-been frequently observed to filch from Pennsylvania some of ' the mighty meed of Aer large honours,' by attributing to cowardice , or toryism the effect ofreligious tenets, and by ascrib- irfg to fhe stale at large the disaffection of a few. DU- ' ring all this period-^— a period beyond half a certtupy — we have so ,fap ac/quiesced in the subject of these pe- proaches as to maintain, the profoundest silence; and though mres aequiruni eundo, not a production has ap peared whicli aspires to the dignily of defending the purity andpatriolism of her coure^ by an authentic nar rative. The materials for a history lie scattered in the richest prolusion over works which, to fhe burning shame, of our patriotic sensibilities; be it spoken, are seldom examined. 'That part of our story vVhich is in terwoven with the country, is accesible in every form in which it can be ppesented, by compilations of opigi- dal documents— the attraction of pepsonal memoirs—^ and tbe graver productions of elaborate histories. But where are fhe narratives of Pennsylvania in particular, subsequent to the year 1775? The total absence ofany sobep and authentic, development of her transactions, sufferings, and pgrvices, bas not been without its ef fect upon the currency of opinions involving the de triment of her rev.olutionary fame. 'Of the two his tories which are extant, the one by Proud nominally terminates in 1770, aijd that by Gordon ends with the year 1775. It was reserved to 'k.helixig, a Germati; to illustrate the stirring events of the revolution, and to deduce our domestic annals to a recent period. Tbis work, so little known to English readers except that small portion of it which is seen through the medium ofan excellent translation by the venerable Duponceau, terminates in 1802. However worthy of commendation it,'may be regarded, considered in the light ofa literapy ppoduotion, it was intended only to be general and succinct, and is the composition of a foreigner, who, re moved from the scene of action and partaking of little ofthe spirit of the times, must frequently be at a loss to account for obvious occurrences, and can impart to power of her arms and the wisdom oJ her counsels than to the elegance of her historical authors. Would nol the b-ays of ancient Greece long since have been faded or obscured, if the genial and kindly influences ol Homer, Herodotus, and "Thucydides had been with drawn' Such events as the Persian-and Peloponnesian wars and the expeditions of Alexander, which comprise the principal exploits of that celebrated people during the lapse of thpee centuples^ — Ulustpious as they are, — - inay-have been~ surpassed by nations wbose memory, not perpetuated by genius, is lost in tbe mists of re mote antiquity. A smile may perhaps be excited at an allusion to the ever enduping fame of Greece and Rome, with relation to the domestic transactions of Pennsylva nia; but it would not be improper before the contemp- tuousness of ridicule be indulged that our history, be fore, during, and since the revolution, be fairly examin ed and truly known. Genuine philosophy unfettered by Ihe tramrfiels of education and uninfluenced by eclat, vvill coolly scan premises and investigate facts, beftre she will pronounce a decisive judgement. In imitating this prudence let us be guided by no blind op vainglo rious partiality, but contemplate with calmness, some of the broad lines of tbe images which it will be the duty of our histoi ians to exhibit. It is not my intention here to advert to her early his tory, nor to refer to the noble-minded pioneers of the wilderness to deCry the germ of a pace, destined to an elevation of fortune remarkable throughout fiiture time. I am to speak of her history from that period when her existence as a sepapate nation commenced— when there was a dissolution of former ties— and when new sym pathies and connexions spi-ang into being. The revo lution ofPennsylvania, by a self-devotion to the cause which could only have originated in the conviction of its justice, was marked by domestic distresses, both personal and pecuniary, which would have cooled the ardour ofany people in whose breasts Uberty was not an unextinguishable principle. The general destitu tion, and unfitness for war, has been well described by the Canada Major in Graydon, that we possessed "com missaries without provisions; quarter masters without stores; generals without troops; and troops without dis cipline. " Notwithstanding aU these motives to despon- 1831.] DISCOURSE BEFORE THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 31 i dency, which from the actual presence of the enemy must have operated more directly in Pennsylvania than inthe sister colonies, the flame that was kipdled diffus ed itself with incredible rapidity,'' and burnt with a bright and constant lustre. She offered herself for im molation upon thealtarof liberty, and wasa consenting ' victim to the sacrifice, if it should be necessary to the aalvation of the country'. But though the revolution itself, both for the purposes bf truth in the removal of unmerited obloquy, and the exhibition of our civic spir it under tbe pressure of calamitous times, be a glorious theme for historical narrative and commentary, yet it is but an epoch whence commences a rtewordep of things equally calculated to elicit the admiration ofthe world. The Corigpess of the United Coloniesybaving declaped theip independence, pecommended by a manifesto tbat conventions should be held to establish theip respective governtrients upon a republican basis. The same month witnessed a compliance with the recommendation of Pennsylvania, and the Constitution of '76 which was the consequence,jPecognized those gpeat principles of political right whicb, inall natural codes, must be re- gapded as fundamental. Four yearsaflerwards, in fur ther vindication of those immunities which, in common with the confederated colonies, she had solemnly^de- clared were inalienable, means were taken fo annihilate the odious incongruity of legal bondage by con ferring rtpon negpoes and mi^attOes, the, boon of liberty and the privilege of denization. Itmay create supppise, that tbis act of justice was so long dekyed; but the extensive prevalence pf slavery Seems to have rendered our commonly Just and clear-sighted progeni tors, for a long pepiod, indifferent to its flagrant incon sistency and odiousness. Even a majority of the Qua ker sect so late as the year 1688,declined responding lo tlie sentiment entertained by a number oftheir breflipen in Germantown, that slavepy was inconsistent with tbe Christian faith; and it was not until 1696, that Keith and his adherents denounced the institution as unjust and irreligious. As soon as its' impropriety became appa rent, this great object employed the pens and tongues qi^our ph'ilanlhropists, with the fervour and animation ofa good cause, and all who have investigated the his tory of its progress will ascribe tothe efforts of Friends successfully aided' by Southeby, Sandiford, Lay, Woolr nfan, and Benezet, the merit of its final accomplish ment. • Soon after the struggle had terminated by the recog nition of independence, Pennsylvania, true to the prin ciples of her earl/polVcy, began to remodel hep civil jupisprudence by rendering it more consonant -with the suggestions of unsophisticated reason, and the practical doctrines of modern times. The common and statute law^of England blended togetheras they are — adminis tered in different tribunals under the guidance of dif ferent and conflicting principles — ^and handed down from ages characterised by quaintness and absurdity — was .thought in many of its features to be unsuitable to a. country wbOse political maxims and forms of govern ment were so contrapiant and dissimilar. By vipfue ofthe charter granted by Chaples/2nd to William Penn, the'cpiminal code and those civil regulations of Great Britain which were applicable to the condition of a new country, were to prevail till changed by fhe co lonial- legislature. Numerous alterations were made, which display the republican tendencies ofthe province, and the views that were enteptained in pelation to the laws of England. The refdsal to eject a Court of Chan- cepy, the destruction of the rule of primogeniture; the deislaring of navigable rivers public highways; the pro- visions'in relation to wUls and testaments and the regis try of deeds and mortgages; altered the complexion of the English code in most of its distinguished features. It was -not deemed necessary, immediately after the re volution, to do more than re-enact what had existed be. * Vide Appendix Note 2. ,.. fore, and to leave to observation and experience the labour of correcting further improprieties and abuses. By tbe Declaration of independence, Ihe force of Bii- tish authopity as such, was destroyed in the United Co lonies,- and Of course British adjudications made subse quent to the 4th of July, 1776, had no validity^ in ouf Coupts of Justice. The imppovemenlssince iVitPoduced into this state, ape so numerous and various that it would require a volume to define and expound them with tbat perspicuity and precision which the magnitude of the jsubject Implies. Suffice it that the abscision of that chain of legal figments which are requisite to sustain the action of ejectment in England-^the introduction of short pleading — the permission io file a plain statement of the cause of action in lieu ofa technical declaration — the ample provisions which have been made fop am icable and compulsbpy apbitration— and the in,gpaftment ofthe principles of scientific equity into the body of the Common Law.-T-bave contributed to render the forms of our jupisprudence less entangled and perplexed lo the popular vision,- and more conformable to the com mon sense of mankind. , In the prosecution.of that re form wbose spirit is so observablo in each successive act of the legislature, it would not be surprising if a great and fundamental change should be made, in! the administcation of civil justice: Without venturing to express an opinion ^whether codification so popular at the present day. should be ultimately adopted or be really desirable,, we may contidently leave it tothe very able jurists, to. whose bands is comniifted the ppepapa- fion ofa modified system. As it stands with all its im- pepfftptions, it' has peceived the involuntry homage of English lawyers, in the proposition to transfer without acknowledgnient, many of its provisions into their own jurisprudence. The most beautiful feature in the - scheme perhaps, is, the combination of the rules of Chancery with tbe, doctrines ofthe Common' Law, by Which most of the benefits of equity proceeding, are re alized and secuped without any of the iricortveniencies apising fpom a separation of the two jiipisdiclions. The origin of this incorporation has been ascribed to the es tablishment of a provincial judicature which, in the year 1684, amalgamated^ the principles of both. No evU should be more vigUantly guarded against, than. op position in the sentiments, of a community to the legal system; and what hasA stronger tendency to create dis repute, than tbe spectacle of two tribunals, acting upon inimical principles, and arriving at opposite results? The maxims which govern a Court of Equity are frb- quently incompatible^ with the rigid doctrines ofthe Common Law, and the decrees of the Chancellor are sometimes fbund in direct contravention ofthe ordinary tribunals. It nas been the difficult task of uur judiciary sUghtly,assisted by the legislature, to reconcile ihese discordant elements, and redu:-e them into a harmoni ous union. - ' By^ a long succession of decisions the two nave been combined upon systematic rules, adequate to alm,6st ev ery emergency, and'yet not encroaching upon th^ estab- lishedrlandmarks of the law. The chancery po,wers to perpetuate testimony; to obtain evidence out(. of the state; to superintend the persons and proper^ of non compotes mentis; and t.o compel indirectly theS specific performance ofa contract; are powers in hab'itual exer cise, and all except the last, conferred by the Constitu tion. It is true,, we do not possess the chancery appeal to the conscience ofa defendant, except so far as relates toaflid^vits of defence; nor the prohibitory writ of tn- jundionr except the legislative writ ot estrqtement issu ed during the pendency of an ejectment to prevent th^ commission of wastei. But the loss of these |s seldom felt in practice, since they are partly supplied by the provisions referred to, and the flexible nature ofthe system itself, wbich would;, no doubt, enable the Court to apply a remedy where otherwise therej would be a failure of justice. To perfect what his predecessors had begun, the 1ale learned and amiable Chjief Justice of 812 DISCOURSE BEFORE THE' HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [NoTS»»fi« Pennsylvania, lent all the resources ofhis well HiSciplin- ed and discriminating mind. Without entertaining any wild and chimerical notions of equity, inconsistent with the general doctrines of a technical science, he strove to attun all fhe advantages, while he studied lo avoid fhe imperfections, resulting from fhe separation of the two tribunals.. In reserving the application of equity to those anomalous cases wbich the general law did not seem to contemplate, or to whicb it had denied a rem edy,, he" has attempted the erection of a structure laid upon the most solid and broad foundations. It only pe-' mains that the distinguished individuals who supvive him upon the bench, op who have been subsequently appointed, shall prosecute what has been so nobly be gun, and nothing can ppevent its attaining the ultimate end of all law — the dispensation of substantial justice. But it is not merely the civil branch of our jurispru dence upon which we can dwell with complacency. Our criminal system has undergone revision and amend ment, and presents in its punitory features a spectacle which is, certainly pleasing, when compared with the sanguinary inflictions which at once deform and dis grace the European codes. I would not be understood as attributing the origin ofthis refopmationto the revolu tion, for mild punishments have always been acceptable to Pennsylvania, artd existed from fhe settlement ofthe province to the year 1718. Upon the death of Penn, the vindictive rigour of the English penalties w^s siib- stituted for a-code, thelenieflt provisions of which ex cluded, the. purtisbment Of death from all offences ex cept the most flagitious gpad|e of felonious homicide. Soon after tbe authority of the mother countpy which imposed this odious, system Upon her infant charge, was abolished, the legislature complied with an injunc tion of the Constitution of 1776, toucbin.?fhe miti,!;ation of hep penal enactments. The act of 1785, besides as suaging the ppnishment of crimes whiqh wepe not cap ital befope, and removing the penalty from three high offences, rescinded tbose foul provisions ofBritish law, which denounced confi,5cation for death by casualty, andthe forfeiture ofthe estate of a/e/o dCse. The hu mane clemency of this law was npt only preserved in the succeeding acts of 1790 and 9i, which accelerated th'e work of reform so propitiously advanced, butthe latter, with a laudable boldness and praiseworthy libep-. ality, struck from existence the ridiculous cpime of conjurat'ion, ani^ the barbapous ppoceedings of the law of England in cases of muteness and contumacy. Fop the puppose of aiding the legislature wit'b the voice of experience, a legal gentleman well fitted fop the, task, was appokitedto report upon the operation ofthe mUd, laws wliich had already been enacted. The report presentirt'g such a mass of facts in reference to the di minution of crime, and pervaded as it was by philosoph ical remarks upon the legitimate objects of punishment, eUcited the great revolutionary statute of 1794, which changed the who^le aspect of our penal jurisprudence. The unwarrantable distinction betvveen petit treason and ordinary murder was striken from the statute-book, and-death was reservedfor that felonious atrocity which is- displayed in tiie commission of deliberate and pre meditated homicide. • Recent circumstances have shown that, notwithstanding the inefficacy of this kind of retribution as a remedy; its repugnance to the senti- ments of the people; and the great example of the D'uke of Tuscany, in whose dominions it is repealed; "our legislature is not prepared lo efface the blot fpom OUP code. But it must hot be fopgotlen thdt those inv provemertts in" oup penitentiary discipUne, wt^ich-have led to an abridgment in tbe terms of incarceration, sug gest additional reasons for the abolition of so odious and revolting a puhishment. • As a consequence of this penal reform, at once con comitant and inevitable, the economy of prison police, claimed early and lively attention. After intense labor • Vide Note 3, in the Appendix. and large expenditure, philanthropists' bave been gra tified with the recognition of the principle of tot^l se clusion in (he erection of buildings devoted to tbis ob ject. A history of the efforts raade to accompUsh this great undertaking, and the distrust wbich is still mani fested in relation to its ultimate effects, would furnish an instructive commentary upon those tendencies ofthe human mind to adhere to opinions founded upon a plau» sible theory, or recommended by a highantiquity. The plan of separate confinement originated with " The Philadelphia Society for alleviating the miseries of Pub lic Prisons," whose birth was so early as,1776; but the prosecution of its benevolent designs being obstructed by the British army, it languished till 1785'. wben it was re-organized under the title which it still petains. "The perseverance ofthe beneficent Howard in.so uninviting a Sphere,- is not mope remarkable fbSin the inclefatigable philanthrbpj by which the members of th's association have ever been animated and distinguished. Many of the meUorations in our criminal polity ai-e justly attrib utable to theip exeptionsj as well as that improvement in ppison discipUne to which I advert. — Fop the puppose of ascertaining the nftupe and importance ofthe altera tions whicb wej-e from time to time introduced, as well as the chapacter of what is now accomplished, it is indis pensable to refer to the old system in vogue'. Under the sangui'nary code of Great Britain if was thought un necessary to devote much attention to the infernal economy of prisons, since, to great numbers oftheir in mates, they wepe mepely anti-chambers to the gallows. I'o many they wepe places ofvery temporary residence -—the sojournment of a few brief nights. The unfop tunate, but pephaps respectable debtor; the deppaved and abandoneTd felon; th'e young delinquent; tbe har dened ofTendep; and all. without distinction of crime or sex; were immuPed in a close and corrupting assem blage. The only consequences of an intercourse so promiscuous, unnatural, and disgusting, were the in- crease of guilt and the destruction of innocence. Though fhe advantages ofcomplefeseparation,of entire solitude, were perceived at an' early period, the~3ociely was sa- . lisfied with the removal of the debtors, the separation ofthe sexes, and the classification ofthe prisoners, ac cording to theip ages, and tbe luppitude oftheir offen ces. These alt epations, and otbeps of minor magnitude, were accomplished by the sevepal Acts of Assembly, passed in 1786, '90, and '95. Posteriop statutes for tbe epection of a Bi-iflewell, and tbe slight modifications in prison po.lice, all Innk with an unwavering eye to the great object of hard labop and unmitigated privacy. It was not until tbe year 1818, that tbe legislature recog nized the principle of solitary' confinement, by appro priating money for a JDenitentiaiy upon that basis, fop the western extremity of tbe slate. That penitentiary, and th^ one commenced in the year 1821, af Philadel phia, are now in successful operation, silently eloquent by their effects in removing the doubts ofthe timipons, and demolishing the fallacies of the unfriendly. A pap- amount difficulty which the adherents of solitary con finement encountered, was, to defend it against the ad vocates of the Auburn prisos at New York — a plan whioh is borrowed from the Maison de Force ofthe Ne therlands, and which has received from its friends in Bupope the most uhqualified approval. While itmay, be admUted to be superior to the European establish ments; and possessing pecommendations ofan imposing order, it need not he concealed that in some of its fea tures it is opposed to the spirit of Pennsylvania policy, and that the adoption of it here would have been a po- sitiveretrogression. The discipline is enforced by se vere flagellation. inJlioted for the sUghtest violation of prison law, which prohibits aU occular and oral commu- nicE^tion -among the prisoners. According to the prac tice in Pennsylvania, ever since the year 1794. the in-- tepcoui'se had not been constant but occasional, since confinement to solitary cells had formed a portion of al most every judicial sentence. , The ignominy of corpo- 1831.1 DISCOURSE BEFORE THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 313 ral correction, so.revolting to the natural sensibilities, and so inimical to the genius of our institutions, was abandoned with disgust by our legislatupe, as early as 1795. Asthe prevention of intercourse at Auburn is proved to be impracticable by its continuance in the face ofthe most relentless rigour, the scheme was be lieved to have defects which we sought to obviate, and to possess but the single advantage of separate domito- ries ov£r the old one prevaUing in Pennsylvania. The experience of nearly two years, during which pepiod the Eastepn Penitentiapy has been the pecipient of con victs,, has been shown, from abundanltestimony, tojiis- lify the sanguine ppedictions of its friends. The men.- tal powep pemains unaffected by ppivacy,'except that the heapt is chastened and the passions ape subdued. The health isjnvigopated, and industpy confipmed by toil voluntai-ily puPsued to beguile the tedium and dpive away the_ ennui, inseparable from idle seclusion. As the persons of the unfoptunate criminals are unknown to each other, no obstacle upon enlargement, can pre vent fhe establishment of chapacter, nop the peduction into ppactice of those viptuous resolutions whioh were suggested and fopmed in the ret'n-ement ofsolitade. • But the historian ofPennsylvania will not merely do justice to her prowess, .patpiotism, and suffepihgs duping an eventful ePa,''and illustpate the symmetpy ofher po litical form, her ^civil jurisprudence, her criminal code, and' penitentiary discipline — but with a more compre hensive eye he will survey the peculiarities oflier phys- ical and 'inental condition as displayed in the facilities presented fop intepnal commerce and the conveniencies of life — in the refinement of manners ami cultivation of literature and the arts. He will look abroad fbr those exhibitions of enterprise or indications of sloth, those monuments of taste or memorials of barbarism, which lie scattered over the physical supface in the forms of fbopoughfares, imppovements, and pursuits; op ape bu ried in the maxims upon which social, conduct is regu lated, andthe various perfopmances, emitted from the press. This opens to a libepal min 1, a wide field fop bold.con|ectUPe, and phUosophical commentary. It must try, to theip utmost tension, the poweps of descpip tion and narpative. and put in pequisitioii all the pesour- cesof study and thought. In attempting a pude sketch ofthe extensive pegion he must explore, I can only ex hibit some faint conceptions of the scene which may be dpawn by a competent pencil upon a larger canvass . The physical apts which administep to the necesssi- ties and conveniencies of life, ape pursued with-ardour and success in all their diversities. Fpom the manufac ture of the simplest instrument of labour up to tbe great designs of arcbitectupe and ship-building, the ingenu- , ity of our mechanics and artists suggests a theme for the ppoudest eulogy. Those-poPtions of the Soil which present inequalities of surface, and are not teeming with legetable esculents, abound in rich and precious min erals. Irt acountry whose territory is so extensive, and whose sources of wealth Ue in distant places and almost impervious tracts, it seemed necessary that nature sbould be assisted by the exertions of genius and art. To give these facUities the internal improvements of the state were commenceil. and to her may be ascpibed the distinguished honop of having expended more than any state iri the Union in these imppovements, and of setting a splendid example in the constPuction ofturnpikes and bridgefi, of canals and rail-ways. It has been estimated tbat since theyear 1791, the disbupsements ofthe tpea- sury and of coppopations for these objects. have amount ed to about 37,000,000 of dollars. Since the year 1792? 168 companies havebeen incorporated for the puppose of constructing turnpikes, and it has been calculated that passable roads have been made by these societies to the extent of about 3000 miles. The first turnpike commenced in the Union is said to be tbat which ex tends from Philadelphia to Lancaster, and by its con- *See Note 4, in the Appendix, Vol, VIII. 40 nection with roads subsequently m;ide, a continuous line of turnpike' now extends ftom Tpisnton upon the Delawape. to Steubenville in Ohio. The cost of this thoroughfare which stretches a distance of 343 miles, including the bridges on the way. has been ascerlained to transcend the celebrated poad of Napoleon over the Simplon'. The number and supepiopity ofthe bpidj-es of Peniisylvania.have given rise to the appellation, "The Slate of bridges." Upwards of 70 corporations' exist in different sections of the .state, and-by those which have gone into operation. 63 bridges* have been epect- edat an expense exceeding $3,000,000. Of all the structures Of this kind in America, the Permanent Bridge over the Schuylkill at Philadelphia, erected by a society incorporated in 1798, isthe must substantial and magnificent, - The foundation of'the westepn pier is laid more than. 40 feet below the level of the pivep's surface— 'a depth surpassing any bridge of modern times. It may be observed that the introduction of chain bridges into Eupope, "where they have, wondep- fully multiplied, was induced by the success ofa novel entepprise undeptaken in 1816, by Messrs. White and Hazard, who suspended a bridge composed of iron wires over the SchuylkiU, in the form ofa catenary curve. The idea of faciUtatiiig communication in Penn sylvania by means of canals, though not carried into ex ecution until after the. revolution, was suggested by the geniiis of hep founder. With a sagacity which nothing could elude, Penn discoveped the feasibility and fore- saw-the impoptance of connecting '-by water" the river Susquehanna with a branch of the Schuylkill. The suggestion is the more remarkable since at that early period canals and turnpikes were unknown in Great Britain.' The distinction of introducing the subject of canals to public attention has been confei3'ed upon Pennsylvania, by a writep of vepy respectable authopity.^ Without mooting the question wbethep the completion ofany pf these undePlakings was anterior to all others in the United States, itis suffi.;ient to mention as some evidence of the spipit which animated Pennsylvania, . that David Riltenhouse and Dr. 'Wm. Smith, in 1762 levelled and supveyed the poute fop that ciimmunication , by water, which has since been accomplished by, the Union Canal; and thatthe Philosophical Society in 1764 opdepfed a survey for a canal to conrteot'the waters .of the Chesapeak and Delawape. The ppojectoi-s of the forriier wopk; enteptained views of the most imposing and gigantic'description. They had the boldness to contemplate a junctipii ofthe eastern and western wa- teps of Lake Erie, and of the Ohio and Delawape, a dis- , tance of 580 miles, — opposed as was the ppoj'ect by the intervention of the Allegheny mountains, and by the difficulties of.penetrating fhe almost iUimitable wilds of the gpeat valley of the Ohio and Mississippi.' In the year 1791, about a century after the idea of water com munication had been started by Penn, the actual com mencement may be dated of those daring projects in ' Pennsylvania, which now intersect and unite almost ev ery important part of the.conntry.- The fipst act pas sed in Amepicafop the construction ofa railway, was that by our legislature in gpanting permission to Mr. Stevens and others to connect Columbia on the Sus quehanna with Philadelphia. This enterprise, which the State has completed, in consequence of > its abandonment by the individuals to whom the author ity was given for ils execution, was only the precursor of others which shall connect, by a continuous railway^ ,the Delaware with the Ohio and the Lakes. This reference, meagre- as it is, fo the practical ca pabilities of Pennsylvania, and the liberaUfy which has ' marked her career in public improvements, furnishes some index to the manners and intellectual condition of her people. It is a subject of surprise and regpet, that an opinionrso erroneous should prevail In some of fh^ * See Appendix, Note S., t Appendix, Note Q. 314 DISCOURSE BEFORE THE HISTORICAL SOCIET'T. [Novembeii ' other slates of the Union in relatioji fo her 9haracter in both. Is it nol a solecism to Suppose that a legislature whose history is distinguished by undertakings, so vast, and expenditures so daring, should have no intrinsic greatness of materials? Is it reasonable lo imagine that the people from whom its membeps must emanate, and from whom is primarily derived the conception of en terprises so glorioifs. liave no mental elevation, no sound inteUigence? If the principle be just, that fhe tree is known by its fruits, the character of our state should be exalted in a judicious estimatittn far beyond that of her revilers. The igaopance, which i's imputed to the state at large, is a.partial ignorance ofthe English language among that hajidful of a worthy race in the interior of Pennsylvania, so respectable for iheip industry, and laudable for^theip virtues. As the purposes of life re quipe that thepe sliould be "hewers of wood and draw ers ' of water." so in cpntributing'to the public vveal by ^ the fulfilment oftheir lotb as plodding farmers or labo rious artizans. they merit the encomiums as they must receive the respect bfpatriots. Upon a comparison ofthe number of newspapers now published in the state, with what wepe issued at the pe- volutioh. - and are now printed abroad, we shall find that the common mind ,oft»ennsylvania cannot knguibh OP decay for want ofa generous sustentation. Between the setllfement ofthe province and the year 1775, thepe eloquence ofthe clepgy, the high estimation of our va rious seats of learning, and above all the unrivalled re putation ofa great medical university, indicate no deapth of talents, no waiif of devotion fo study. Public libra ries are to be found, perhaps, in every county of the state, and'the athenasums established in petty vUlages, evince a diffu.sive zeal for knowledge and an ardour of of liberal inquiry, to which it is difficult to point out a parallel. Among the literary institutions of the United States, the Philadelphia Library, and the American Phi- losophical Society, Meserve a prominent' station, if in deed, tbey be not alto.^ether Unpivalled and tpanscend- ant. The library which, in its inception and early pro gress, had to struggle with v^ry restp'icted and even contemptible resources, has assumed a magnitude which irt the number and value of its books, surpasses arty collection on this side of the Atlantic. Thpugh its existence was so early as 1731,* the numbep of its volumes in 1785 did not exceed 5,487. In 1806 they amounted to 14,218, showing an augmentation in twen ty-one years of 8,731 books; and in the twenty-five years which have since elasped the amount is more than quadruple — the number being now estimated at more than 37,.0p0 v'olumes. A cursory inspection of.the vo- luminous catalogue will suffice to discover the charac ter of ils ingredients, and to exhibit in its contents as well the rarest gems ofanfiquity as many of the useful had sprung into beinff, about sixteen newspapers in fhe- and elegant productions of all- nations of modern and iSnglish and German languages, but few ofthese" were destined long to iUuminate the colony. Lights which shone vividly for a time, were soon extinguished for want ofthe, necessary aU ment. and these were succeed ed by otheps which, aftep dispensing a flickeping and momentary glare, wepe i^estined in theip tui-n to' go out for evep. It was seldorh, and .for brief, periods, that mope than three or fpi^r existed simultaneously, and from 1762 to 1773, only threg papers were circulated at Philadelphia. According tp "Thomas' History of Print ing, the year 1775 gave birth to five newspapers;an.d a magazine; but the vfar suspended cp terminated the publication of the latter and two ofthe papers^ — a third was destroyed by_ fire— and ofthe two pemaining, one survived till lt'78, and the other finished its career in fpur years afferward.- "The mag<>zine is pronounced to have been meritpripus for the charaBlep of its litepary cOnteats, though its principal contributor was a person age neither greater nor less, than the notorious Thomas Paine. But that age was not without luminaries of a superior order. Dickinson, to whose v'^Favmer's Let ters,", Ramsay ascribes the impulse ofthe revolution. Riltenhouse, FrankUn, Rush, Eiying. Hopkinson and Galloway, formed a constellation of no opdinary magni tude. Tbey surrounded that day with a splendor, and gave to it a celebrity which must ever reflect a bright ness upon Pennsylvania.* To enable us to aspertain witb some little precision the character of our intellectu al adyancemeiit, we must lake into co,isideration th''e condition ofa new country, requiring the appUcation of its energies to subjects uncongenial with erudite re searches and literapy success. Though many of, fhe Writeps^ who have since acquired distinction, flourished during the revolution; and, may ("e classed with either division, I may pephaps be justified in peferring to P.apke,Graydon, Samuel Stanhope Smith, West, Fulton, Definie, Linn, Brown, and Godman, as authors and ge niuses who belonged more particularly lo a subsequent period\ Sp many cipoumstances may operate adversely td the display of great powers in literature — .the diver sion ofthe public mind to practical, objects, and a tem porary indifference in fhe public taste to thoi elegancies of literary composition-^that an entire destitution, of eminent men, should fur^i^h nu criterion ofthe na,ttonaL intellect, Theoommanding eminence ofthe bench and bap of Pennsylvania, the learning,and acuteness which have marked the medical profession, the epudition and subsequent times-. The Amepican Philosophical Soci ety was originally establisbed at Philadelphia in the year 1743, and formed a junction in 1769 with another literary association of similar, objects and design. -f Thpugh at.fipst devoted to the natural and mathematical sciences, it now embraces in its cipcle of investigations fhe antiquities, topogpaphy, geogpaphy, statistics,, and histopy of the state and countpy. Little need be said of an institution wbich can display in imposing succession upon its scpoll of Ppesidents, such names as Fpanklin, Riltenhouse, Jefferson, Wistap, Pattepson, Tilghman and Duponceau. The ten volumes of Transactions pub lished, including tbe volume whicb has been issued by the Committee of Histopy, demonstpate an ardour of li tepary entepppize and a depth of reseapcb, a plenitude of mind - and a vapiely and ppofundity of attainment, which peflect the highest credit upon the countpy. The, contributions of Fpanklin and Rittenhouse, of O'f. Smith and Francis Hopkinson, are chapactepized by a native amplitude of soul, capable of adding to that sci ence which looks into the sublime andawfiil mystepies of natupe, a comppehensiveness of conception and a boldness of discoyepy, which lie beyond fhe grasp ofthe nappow, the timopoiis, and the weak. But, undazzled by the splendour of a philosophy which penetpated Into the immeasupable regions of the planets and tbe count less wonders ofthe .galaxy, and that which subjected to busman controul the teppific lightnings of heaven. let us be just'to the more homely, but not less practical monu ments epected by patient thought and sedulous reading. It is to these fruits of genius and toil, we are indebted for the speculations of a learned and ingenious philolo gist, which unfold to us the amazing beauty and very artificial structure ofthe Indian idioms, and which plau sibly exhibit, perhaps conclusively prove, that the red men of ^he American forests, however separated by dis. tance and marked by contrariety of habits, are united by the relationship of a common ancestry — by the ties of^ an identical origin. If, before and during therevolu- tion, Pennsylvania could boast, in this institution, of a GBdfi-ey born, and a FpankUn educated and adopted, we may yet clkim a Riltenhouse, a Wislar, a Patterson, a Tilghman, anda Godman — not to mention many emi nent survivors, contemporary with that illustrious group. TaliShg the, relative number of periodical works as a gtiide by which to estimate our advancement orreces- * See Ndte 7, m the Appendix, •See Note 8.1 ¦I- Note 9. 183LJ, DlSCOURiiE BEFOHE THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY— APPENDIX. 313 aion, we have every reason to be satis^fied with our lot — every inducement for the indulgence of a national com placency. In the year 1775, including the periodicals which then had commencement i> itii those which exist ed antecedently, the aggregate number of published sh,eets and magazines did not exceed nine. In 1810, they had increased to seventy-one, and in 1828 they amounted to one hundred and eighty-five, a number greatly exceeding the ratio of augmented population, and more than equal to any two state's in the Union. with thfe exception of New "york. The number of lite rary .works annually published at PhUadelphia, not only transcends ihat of any other city in the Union, but is es timated to be neaply equal to Ihem all united. These Comprehend native works, and re-prints of that endless variety of productions with which the European press is- teeming, from the lightest novel and poetry of the day, up tb the most dariiig reaches of phildsophy, and the nicest points of phildlojfy artd criiicism.- The reasona ble proportiort of tli^se, upon music and the fine arts, at-, tests the tendencies of the pul^lic taste, and indicates that stage in the educated mind n-hen it has received the last impress' and polish of refinement. It argues that beauty of mental perception and exquisite delicacy of feeling, which are connected with elegance ofman- iiepsj and fhe highest culture of the understanding. Th'ough it forms no part of the business of an histori an, in recording past and present evertt,s, to look for ward to the future, we may not'deny to ourselves the pleasure of Contemplating in prospect the high destiny to which Pennsylvania is hastening. ^ I nost'e«itafiously she has been constructing a system of politics^and juris prudence founded upon the rights of man and the true ibterests ofhuman natupe; the asperities of a wUderness bave been smoulhed — its wildness subdued; and her skill, her pesources. and her talents, are ina course of development by tbe appUcation of means the most judicious, because the most easy and nafUraf. Eschew ing those follies in civil jurisprudence, and those abuses in criminal punishment, wbich had theip drigiii in the dark and bapbapous ages of Europe, and disdaining all shackles upon liberty but those imposed by reason and nature, what can prevent the attainment of that mental keenness and moi-al elevation, which effect such glpri- oustriamphs, and produce such superior pesults? If ihe other slates who ai-e behind, shall be emulous of hep high example, this confedepacy may disclose lo the -wopld, if not the military achievements of Gpeece and Rome, at least the peaceful viptues by which thgy'must ever inspipe the adrrtiPation Of posterity. Shall I be; told that the anticipation is too. flattering? Is there a probability that it will prove illusive? No: while the old world in sinking down tbe poUtical and intellectual horizon, beneath the accumulated weight of years and of vices, America may be seen rising from her ruins, fresh as the morning and towering as the Eagle, to run her race of virtue and of glory I APPENDIX. (Note i.)— WiUiam Penn . lias very laconically ' but clearly expressed the belief of his sect Opon the subject of government, in bis second reply to a' commit tee bf the House of Lords, appointed, iri'165'8. "Fu-st," ' says he, "we believe Government tobe God's Ordi nance; and next, tliat this pbesbnt governmertt is estab. lished by the Providence of God artdlaw of'the land, and that it ia our Christian duty readily td ob'ey it in aU its just laws; and wherein we canrtot comply, throuj^h tenderness of conscience, in alt stich caseS, not to^- vile or conspire against the governmerit, but with Christian' humUity and patience tire out'aU mistakes against us, and wait their better Infopmation, who. We believe, do as undeservedly' as severely treat us; and I know not what greater security can be givfen bj* any people, or hOw any government can be easier from the, subjictts of'it," Iii conformity with these prihciples. and their testimony in relation lo peace, Friends, du ring the progress nf the revolution, instituted examina tions irito the conduct of their members; and all wbo were found to take parj either with the Americans on fhe one side, or with Jhe British ort the other, were without exception disowned. For the purpose of shelv ing the sentiments upon this subject, of an enlightened foreigner who travelled through this country iu theyear 1788, 1 translate from a book entitled, "Nonveau Voy age dans les Etals-unis de I'Amerique Septerttpionale fait en lf8'8; par I-Ip. Bri.'sot .(Waryille,) Ciloyen Francais," certain portions of long, passages which are unaccountably omitted in the English translation of that work, published at London in 1792. I "need not apolo gise for the length of the following passages whieli 1 Uanlale. ' , "It was at this epoch, particularly (a eette epoque surtout, meaning thfe i-eyolution,) that an animosity was excited against them (the Quakers) which is not yet entirely allayed. Faithful lo their refigious principles, they declared they could lake no part in the war, and disowned or excommunicated evepy member of their Society, who eithep served in the American troops or British apniy. 1 must confess that thoroughly assured of, that sacpcd and divine principle which authorises armed resistenpe to oppression, and entirely convinced that here the oppression was'manifest, I could not avoid blaming the neutrality preserved by the Quakers whilst their brethren were sti-uggling for the -acquisition of in dependence. But notvvithatand.ing my ppinciples, Ido not the less think that the violent pepseciitiou of the Qjjakers for their pacific neutrality was essentially -wrong. ' " If their refusal had been the first of this kind; if it bad been only dictated by'theip attachment fo the Bpit ish cause; if it had only served Ihem to conceal the secret proofs which they liiight have given of this at tachment; certainly they had been culpable apd per haps persecution had^been lawful. But. this neutrality was enjoined upon them by the religious opinions which they profess and have practised from their origin. But exclusive of this, whatever prejudiced or iU informed writers may have asserted, the truth, which I Have tak en great pains to obtain, is, that the.'majority of the Quakers did not incline mope to one party lhan to the other, did good indifferently to both, and in fact to all thpse who stood in needof .assistance. Ifspmeoffhe society of Quakers served in the British airmy, there were some likewise who served in the American iirmy— - and a.-npngst others may be mentioned the names of the Generals Green, Miffiin, and Lacy; but the society ex communicated indifferently all those i*ho took up arms. # * * - . » „ •' I have heard no one, speak witb m'"'e impartiality of the Quakers thart this celebrated man (alluding to ¦Vt^ashingtdn,) vvhose spirit of justice is particularly re markable. He acknoui'ledged tp me that in the course of the war, he had eriterlained an unfavourable opinion ,of the sociejly; he in fact knew little df them, because at Ih^t period there were but few members of this sect 'n yirginia. He attributed fo thei,r political sentiments what was the effect oftheir religious principles. When he encamped in Chester County, principally irihabiterl by Qiiakers," he siifj^dSed himself lo be in an enemy's country, as li^ coul,d' not induce a single Quaker to act for him in the character of a spy. Biit npt one served as a spy against bim inthe employ of IheJBritish armyi " You will nevetitheless find a fact contrary to this as sertion advanced by the detractors of the Quakers; but the source of iheir error is fe^ily discovered; As the Quakers frequently travelled through the midst of both armies without passports, and as they were ultSmatelv looked updn without umbrage^ by both, the spies, to transact their business with more '^^fy, disguitcd them selves in the dress peculiar to QiSpcefs. Many were hungin thjs habit, and from hence- arose their aocusa. tion against the Friends. "' . 316 DISCOURSE BEFORE THE HISTORICAL SOCIE'H— Ai-r-tiMJiA. (.x^ur Ai. jiA<. "General Washington having since better under- slood'the spirit of the Society, concludes by esteeming' them. He acknowledged to me that on considering Ihe simplicity of their manners, Iheir fondness for econ omy, the excellence of their morals, and the good ex ample Ihey afforded, joined to the attachment they showed for the constitiuiun, he regarded them as the best ciiizens of the new government, wbich required a great degree uf obedience and the banishment ofluxury. - "it was not under this point of view that-they were considered by the Congress who laid.the foundation of American Independence, Furious at the resistance whioh the Quakers opposed to them, tbey joined the people who persecuted them; and it must be allowed that they banished without any foundation, to Stanton in Virginia, to the distance of two hundred miles from iheir famihes, the heads ofthe Society who were the most offensive to tliem. Their defence was not beard and they submitted. &c." (Note 2.)- Perhaps the first act of ,any go vernment admiiting slaves to any thing like an equal participation in ordinary rights, is tlie law of Rhode Is land, made in the year 1562. ll prohibits under a pen ally the retention of slaves for a longer period than ten years, apd requires them to be manumitted at the age of 24 if introduced into the colony before 14. When England, who has rtever very anxiously promoted the cause of liberty out of her own insular boundary, bas cast a compassionating glance upon the West Indies, and when the despotic government of Austria has pro- , claimed-freedom to all slaves, not only those who tread her soil, but to those' who stop in vessels within her harbours, we may hope that human rights will orte day be respected and acknowledged even throughout our republic. Slavery in the United. States is more repul sive in its features than in any country of ancient times. The Helotes of Sparta were less the property of indi viduals than of the Commonwealth; they were capable of acquiring estates; and could be enfranchised upon evidence df unmerciful treatment. In Crete, Egypt, and Rome, tbey had piivUeges which protected them from the tyranny of their mi.sfers. Among the He brews th'e Pentateuch required the liberation of a slave ^t the end of six years,, and by tbe adoption of that part of the laws of Moses inlo the preamble lojhe pode of Alfred, a longer period was prohibited among the Saxons.. But with us the slave is completely sub jected lo the power of his legal owner — his servitude is interminable — and be transmits his degradation and misery to his posterity for ever. Wbile upon, this subject it may not be improper to remove a charge affecting the fair fame of early Penn sylvania, but more particularly the humane character of her Founder. I allude lo his imputed, and no doubt, aclualparticipation in the act of 1700, prescrib ing to neg-roe* a peculiar trial and punishment. Those who have studied Penn's civil polity and laws must sen sibly feel any injustice that may be done lo either, ex- alled as is the lawgiver in the estimation of the most above Lycurgiis or Noma. Charlemagne i.r Alfred. A few words, therefore, may be pardoned, since witiioul some explanation, it might be deemed not only at va riance wUh his usual lorbearance and., characteristical clemency, but a feature of pecular rigou'r-in our domes tic system of slavery. A very slight reflection will convince us that this act of the provincial legislature originated in a benevolent desire, to assuage the misferies^of unqualified servitude. Slavery, wilb much of its apbitrary cruelty, prevailed in Pennsylvania at that early period. Though the belief was formally expressed in 1696 by a few persons, that the institution was unjust, we may suppose the opiriion ' neither universally obtained, nor greatly mitigated the hardships to which negroes had been exposed by the •Proud's History of Pennsylvania. Vol, 1, p. 423, ^Gordon's History of Pennsylvania, p, 115. prevalence of a diffepent doctrine. They were still subjected to the power Of their unrelenting sup.eriors — not merely as ihe mini^>ler5 of a fickle -and varying voUlion, but as the victims ef a sore and oppressive tyranny. Notwhhstanding ihe solicitude ofmany, and the active guardianship of seme, in regard to their phj- sical welfare, they seem, in particular case^, to -have sufl'ered from their unfeeling masters, thus constituted the absolute disposers of their happiness — the potent and uneontroll.-d arbiters of their destiny. In bondage thus hopeless and unlimited, they be came depraved in morals and low in intellect. To sof ten their hard fate, Penn was willing to substitute the provisions of legislative aiithority for the, invidiousness of arbitrary or personal caprice — in a word, to restrain by legal prescription those who had defied it. Hence his acquiescence in the act of 1700. Though in its features it accorded with the erroneous opinions which prevailed respecting ihe ingenerate depravity of ne groes, and Ihe necessity of subjecting tbem to severe inflictions, it was intended to be and actually ^j-bued be neficial to their interests.' In efieclit palsied the uplift ed arm of a cruel and despotic master by interposing the shield of legislative uniformity and certainty. That a regard to their welfare was the principle.upon which it was ratified, is evident from the anxiety of Penn to alle-viate their physical discomforts, and lo arouse their moral and religious sensibilities. His'efforls to engage in their behalf the more lively sympathy of Friends in a monthly meeting held at Philadelphia,* and his pre'' sentation' of a bill to the assembly ' for regulating ne groes in tbeir morals and marriages,'-}- — both in the year 1700, — bear emphatic testimony to the philanthropy which dictated, and fhe motives whicb induced his con currence in theact referred lo, since it was presented to the assembly in the same year and about the same period. (NdTE 3.),^The distinction of murder into rf<-- grees was introduced into Pennsylvania by the act of 1794, and has subsequently found favour with Louis iana, .Maryland, Ohio, Vipginia, and perhaps some o'h- ep slates. The hOnouP of -origiiialing it is perhaps as cribable fo William Bradford, Esq. successively a fede ral Judge and Attorney-general of the United States and of this state, who wrote his 'Enquiry' in the year 1793. The penalty of death is affixed only to murder of the first degree which consists in the intention to kill, manifested by circumstances, or the use of a mortal we: - pon with malice prepense or aforethought; or in the at tempt to perpetrate arson, or olher heinous offencts enumerated jn the act. If the in/ni/ion be not to ler- minate life but merely the infliction of some great coi- poral injury, the offence is reduced to murder of the second degree, an offence whioh is punished in Penn sylvania by imprisonment. (Note, 4. )— 1 he eastern penitentiary receiv ed its'fipst prisoner on the 25ih of October, 1829, and according to Dp. Bache's letlep lo Roberts Vaux,'E.«q. written a year ago, tbe avepage number of inmates fur tbe previous six months' might be stated at 32. Dr. Bache, whose ppofessiohal connection with the prison enables him to speak with confidence and authority, says that " the entire seclusion of criminals frdm ill association with their fellow criminals, is altogeiher compatible with their profitable employment at useful ti-ades, and with the-preservation of health." As Roscoe and La FayeUe, the Prison Society of Boston and friends of Auburn, have united their voices against the humanity of the system of solitary labour, a very brief extract from Dr. Bachd's letter referring to the Ireat- nSnl and convenience of the prisonep, may be pardon ed. "The criminal is placed in a room, weU warmed and ventilated, quite adequate in dimension, as it con tains more than thirteen hundred cubic feet of space. He is furnished with sufficient clothing and a good bed", with wholesome but coarse food, and with tbe means I of keeping his person neat and clean; and be eqjoys 183L] DISCOUBSE BEFORE THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY— APPENDIX. 317 the privilege, whenever the weather is favourable, of exercising one hour daily in his exercising- yard. He is furnished besides with work, &c." This account comprises every peculiarity ot his -condition, except that he has frequent intercourse with his keeper, and with moral and religious persons, besides having accc'ss to suitable books. Tbe intercourse between the crimi nal and those individuals who are permilted to approaoli him, is not inconsistent with such a species of solitude as is necessary to amendment. The society of his fel low prisoners is pruhibiled less for the purpose of pun ishment than because it wUl prove injurious to his moral health, and be subversive of ibe design to make him a useful member of society. Is there a hope of future effort from that ofl'ender whose name is known and whose infamy is notorious among his fellow prisoners? Where Will he seek refuge from the possibility of a visit from his fellow convicts and the consequent ruin of his credit for probity? The consciousness of a blasted chaiacter will papalize the viptue that would redeem it. '1 he numbep of inmates since the correspondence be tween Mr, Vaux and Dr. Bache has been gradually in creasing, and now amounts lo 77. Neither irtsanity nor detriment to health has yet been discoverable, but on the contrary, not a case of menfal aliment and few of bodily sickness have occurred. The notion of tbe great expense attending the mode nf treatment, for which Roberts Vaux cunlended-in the controversial discussion between him and , William Koscoe of Liverpool, is very satislactorily shown to be erroneous. I quote from Mr. Vaux's first letter:* "By separate confinement, other advantages df an economical nature will result; amongst these may be mentioned a great reduction of the terms of imprison ment: for, instead uffrom three to twenty ^ears, and sometimes longer, as many .months, excepting for very atrocious crimes, will answer all the ends' of retributive justice and penitential experience,, which on the actual plan, the greatest detention in prison fails to accom plisb. Besides this abatement ot expense in maintain ing prisoners, very few keepers will be required on the new system,.,and as the females would be entrusted wholly to the custody of suitable individuals of their own sex, their services can of course be secured for less compensation lhan men. Such ol the prisoners as may be employed, will necess. Pily labuqr alone, and the kinds of-business in which they will be engaged, not being rough and exposing as those now adopted, the expenditure for clothing must be much diminished. On the score bf cost, therefore, if that, indeed, be an object in a work of this magnitude, the solitary plan recommends itself to the regard of the public econo- mi^t. But the .problem of expense in my opinion, can doubt;,that ihe Union is indebted io Pennsyhania for the first introduction of 'canals and turnpikes io ihe public at teniion. It has been the poUcy ot some other stales^ notonly to assume to themselves the .credit of origina ting these means of commercial .intercourse, but to add insult to injustice by ceaseless efforts to depreciate the enterprise of Pennsylvania in order to exalt their own reputation." (Note 7.) — Several poets of inferior note are spoken of who Uved.ahOut this time. David James Dove was a schoolmaster of Philadelphia, and a dealer in the mi nor kind of satirical poetry. He taught about the peri od ofthe reyuhition, and is ludicrously introduced in a bpdk entitled "The life and adventures of ChevaUer Taylor," This Taylbr be it rememberfed, is spoken of as a talker of Latin in Bpswell's life of Johnson. Kinnersle^ v»as an English teacher and an anabaptist Clergyman who lived about the same tipie, and from'his devotion to electricity is thought to have' contributed in no small degree to certain discoveries in the application ofthe principles of that science ascribed to Dp. Frank lin. John, Beveridge contemporary with these was a clas sical teacher, whose Latin poetry published in 1765 has been commended for the mechanical correctness ofthe versification, but it is deficient in all tbat consti tutes poetry. He was mean enough to solicit of Tho mas -Penn, a few of the many acres which the proprie tor possessed on the shores of the Delaware, reminding him that Ajax, .Sneas, and Mzecenas, were immortal ized by the strains of Homer, Virgil^ and Horace. I quote the passage last alluded to in exemplification of, the vanity which could suggest a parallel between ihe praises of those, mighty geniuses and his own muse: "Quid foret JEneas, et magni nominis Ajax, Atque alii quorum sunt nomina multa virorum; Ni foret et vatcs divini carminis auclor Msonides, sacro qui primus verlice Pindi Deduxit faciles Fhocbo-plaudente. Camcenas? Vel quid Msecenas, animi menfisque benignx Ki benefacta sui celebrasset carmen Uorali, El Maro munificum cecinissel gralus amicum?'? &c. &c. Some of Uie ushers of this pedagogue were superior to himself. Patrick Alison, afterwards a Presbyterian Clergyman of Baltimore, of more lhan common reputa tion, Jannes Wilson, afterwards a distinguished judge of the Supreme Court of Ihi U. S., and John Andrews, afterwards Doctor Andrews of the University of Penn sylvania. Note 8.)— Tbe first Directors of the Philadel phia Library were Benjamin Franklin, William Parsons, Thomas Godfrey, Thomas Cadwallader, Robert Grace, Thomas Hopkinson, Philip Syng, Jun., Anthony Nicbo- only be truly solved, by thowing-the cheapat method of \\aB, John Jones, Jun., and Isaac Pennington. They keeping the prisoners to be, that whicLis most likely io were appointed in November 1731. In 1777 the insti- rejarm them, io deter others by the imposing character of the punishment, from preying upon tfie honest and unof fending, members oj society, afterwards involving heavy judicial costs io.establish their guilt— and becoming al last a charge to the country as convicted felons." (NoTB 5.— The county bridges are not included in this estimate. Sume have been constructed at an ex pense of horn 30 to 40, and even 60,000 dollars. (Note 6.) — Refepence is.made in the, lex, to Geopge Washington Smith, Esq. whose minute and extensive acquairtlanee with the internal improvements of the country, is well known. He uses the following lan guage in his 'Notes,. &c.' published inlhe first volume of, Hazard's Register, on tbe subjeet of Pennsylvania's fipst intepesting the public mind upon turnpike roads and canals, "Numerous letters were extant wh'ch are j.eculi- srly interesting, not merely fpopi the charactep of their writers, but for the perfect originality ofthe views con tained in them. They prove beyond all possibility of • See the letter entire, in Reg. yol. 6, page 282. En. tution was enriched by the -munificent bequest of the Hon. James Logan, with 3944 volumes, most of them old authors of sterling merit. An act of the Legisla ture in 1791 annexed the Loganian id the Philadelphia Library, and the books were placed in the same build ing in May, 1794. _ (Note 9.)— 'The American Philosophical Soci- ety for promoting Useful Knowledge,' w-as formed by the junction of two societies, the one called 'The American Philosophical Society,? and fhe other 'Tlie Junto, or Society for promoting Useful Knowledge.' I he formep was instituted in 1743. and fhe latter was in existence in 1758. I perceivfe that Dr. Mease in his ex cellent 'Picture of Philadelphia,' has dated the origin of this society in 1766, but a minute-book of proceed ings is extant reaching so far back as 1758, and if is^ probable the Junto had a still earlier commencement. Thb union was formed by combining the names of both associations, and exchanging lists of the members of each,.^ The combination took place in Decemb,^ r 1768, and Dr. FrankUn was elected first President of the uni ted society. It was incorporated in 1780, In 1816 a 318 FORT DU QUESNE, [^MOTXXBXH seventh committe* on the history and antiquitiesof the state and country was added to thtise who originally ,appointed, at tbe instance of the lale'Dr. Caspar Wis- tar, ' Before this discourse went to press 1 diligently search- . ed, but irt v.ain, for the minutes of the Philosophical So ciety before itsjunclion with the Junto. It is believed that these minutes are not now in existence. A learned fpiend has just put into my bands the following letlep from Dp. FrankUn to the, Hon. Cadwallader Colden, of Coldenham, relating to the first organization of the Society. By this letter it appears that the first Presi dent ofthe Pbilosphical Society -was Thomas Hopkin son, father of the celebrated Francis Hopkinson, -nnd ,gpandfather of the present Judge Hppkinson of Phila delphia. I am infornied it was, originally published in 4312. in Dp. Hosack's -American Medical and Philo sophical Register — there is no doubt about ils being genuine. ,1, New Youe;,, April 5, 1744. SjB-— Happening to be in this city about some particu lar affairs, I have the pleasure of receiving yours of the 2^th, past, here, and can, now acquaint you, thatthe Society, as far as;il relates lo PhUadephia, is aclually formed, and has had several meetings lo mutual satis faction. As . soon, as I get home, I shall send you a short account of wh^af has been done and proposed at thes,e,meetings. Tbe members are: Dr. Thomas Bond, as Physician. Mr. John Bartpam, as polanist. Mp. Tbomas Godfrey, as Mathematician. Mr. Samuel Rhodes, as Mechanician. Mr. William Parsons, as Geographer. Dr. Phineas Bond, as General Nat. Philosopher. Mr. Thomas Hopkinson, Pi-esident; Mp. William Coleman, Treasurer. -- B. F , Secretary. To whom the following members have since been added, viz. Mr. Alexander, of New York; Mr. Morpis, Ch. Justice of tbe Jerseys; Mp. Home, Secretary of ' do.; Mr.- John Coxe, of. Trenton, and Mr. Martyn, of the same place. Mr.Nicholls tells me of sevepal otbergentlemen ofthis city that incline Jo encourige lheth'nig;'and there are a numbep of others, in Vipginia. Maryland, and the New- England Colonies, who we expect lo join us. as soon as they are ac'qiiainted that the Society has begun to form itself. I am. Sir, with much i espect, .youp most humble servant. »¦ FRANKLIN. The Hon. Cadwallader Colden, Esq., JOBN m'kINNBi'b PESCKIPTION OF FOKT DU QUESNE. ' From a portion of a MS. entitled •' A general description of the several French Forts on the Lakes, .&c. taken from the mouth of Johfl M'Kip-^ ney,,who had been taken prisoner by the Indians, in February, 1756, and by Ihem carried lo Fort Du Quesne. and-^rom thence to Canada from whence he made his escape lo Connecticut. [Takenfrom his own mouth.] Philadelphia, November 17, 1756." Fort Du Quesne,' is situated on the East side of ^he Monongahela,in the fork between that and the Ohio. ItTis four squape, has bastions at each coi'ner; it is about fifty yards long artd and about forty 'yards wide — bas a well in the ihiddle of the Fort, but the water bad — aljout half the Fort is made of squSil'e logs, and the pther half next the wafer of stockadoes; there are entrench ments cast up aU around the Fort about 7 feel high, Which consists of sljock^does drove into the ground jj/otj! to each other and wattlpd with poj^s like basket work, ^against whieh is ' earth thrown up, in a gradual ascent, the steep part is next the Fort,- and. has three steps all along the entrenchment for' the men to go up and down, to firfe at an enemy — these entrenchments are about four rods "from the Fort and go all around, as well on the side next the water as the land, the out side of the entrenchment jiext the water, joins tothe wafer. The FoM has two gates, one of which opens to the land side, and_ the other to the water side, where the magazine 's built, that to the land side, is in fact, a draw-bridge, which in day-time serves as a bridge for the people, and in the night is drawn up by iron chains and levers. Under the drawbridge is a pit or well the width of the gate, dug down deep to water, the pit is about eight or ten feet broad, the gale is made of square logs, the back gate is. made of logs also^ and goes upon hinges and has a wicket in it f r the people to pass through in common — there is no ditch or pit at this gate. It is through this gale they go, to the magazine and bake house, which are built a little belpw Ihe gate within the entpenchments— the magazine is made almost underground and of large logs and covered four, ffeet thick with clay over.it. Itis about 10 feet wide and about thiply five feet long; the bake hous.e is opposite the magazine, the waters at some time rise so high ss that the whole Fort is surrounded with it so tbat canoes may go around it, he imagines he saw it rise at one time near ihrpty feet. The stockadoes ai-e round logs better than a foot over, and about eleven or twelve feet high, the joints are secured by split logs; in the stocka does are loop holes made so as to fire slanting towards the ground. The bastions are filled with earth solid about eight feel high, each bastion has four carriage guns about four pound, no swivels, nop any moptars that lie knows-of, Ihey have no cannon but at the bas tions. The back of the barracks and buildings in the Fort are of logs placed about.three feet distance from the logs of the Fort; between tbe buildings and the logs ofthe Fort, it is filled in with earth about eight feet high and the logs of tbe Fort extend about four feet higher, so that the whole height of the Fort is about 12, ffeet. There is no picketts nor pallisadoes on the top of the Fort td defend it against scaleing; the eaves of the houses in the Fort are about even Hfith the lop of ihe logs or wall ofthe Fort, the houses are all covered wiih boards, as well the roof as the side that Ipok inside the Fort,, which ihey saw there by hand-^-lhere is no bogs nop morasses neap the fort but good dry ground, which is cleared fop some distance fpom the Fopt, and the stumps cut close to the ground; a Uttie without musket shot of the Fort in the fork is a thick wood of some bigness full of large timber. About tiiirty yards from the Fort without t1ie en-^ trenchments and picketingjs a house whicb contains a great quantity of tools such as broad and narrow axes, planes, ch'isels, hoes, mattocks, pick-axes, spades, sho vels, &c. and i great quantity of wagon wheels and lirc-^opposite the Fort on the west side of the Monon gahela is a long.and high mountain, about a quarter of a mile from the Fort, from which the Fort might very 1831.1 METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER. 319 easily be bombarded andlhebolnbarder be quite safe — . from them the distance would not exceed a quarter of a mile-r-fhe mountain is said to extend six miles up the Monongahela, from the Fort— Monongahela opposite the Fort, is not quite musket shot wide^-neither the Ohio, nor Monongahela can be forded opposite the Fort — the Fdrt HSs no defence against bombs. There was about 250 Frenchmen in this Fort besides Indians, which at one lime amounted lo 500, but the Indians were very uncertain, sometimes hardly any there; that there were about 20 or 30 ordinary Indian cabins about the Fort.', While he was at Fort Du Quesne there came Up the Ohio fpom the Mississippi about 30 batteaux, and about 150 men, ladened with pork, floup, brandy, tobacco, peas and Indian corn — they were 3 months in comin-g to Fort Du Quesne, and came all the way up the falls without unloading. WESTCHESTER. As winter approaches we look abroad'to see what the summer has accomplished. In no one year since the spirit of improvement began lo prevail among us. has so much valuable work been done, as in the season just past. About thirty ' buildings, 27 of them dwelling houses, several whereof are three stories high, and all of the best materials and supepiop workmanship, have been bu'ilt this seasOn. We believe that not a single frame, OP wooden house, has this year been added to our dwellings — the most ofthem being of brick, and Several, particularly those erected by Wm. Everhapt. Esq. are roofed, witb slate. It is not our intention to particularise; but we cannot forbear lo speak in terms bf praise of the large Hotel which that gentlemen h»s< erected, being 60 feet in front on Market street.and 90 deep on Church street. When finished, this will be one ofthe most elegant, and commodious public houses in the slate. ' In Market street, a little west of Mr. Everhart's store. OUT liberal Borough Councils have erected a new Mai*- ket 100 feet irt length, which will soon be ready for the accommodation of our country friends: The new Boarding School for Girls, which we are happy to say is in the most flourishing condition; notwithstanding its fine size and accommodations, was not sufficiently large to accommodate all the pupils wbo sought adinittance. The public spirited proprietors have therefope put up a large addition, which will add to the beauty arid con venience of theip noble building, and enable them to extend the utUify of theip valu-ible establishment. While we speak of the Girls' School, this may be^ a Sitting place to observe thatthe WestChestep Academy is advancing with flatteping ppospects; the number of ])upils from abroad is considerable and increasing. Mi*. Cause, duping fhe wintep, keeps up his estabUshment; but, *e understand, in the spring, jie, intends removing to bis beautiful plantation in W. Bradford, the buildings on which were fopmerly occupied by bim for a Board ing School, wliere he contemplates an establishment on the principles ofthe Fellenbopg school, combinmg la bor with instpuction, the utility of which is unquestion able, and its success we cannot doubt, ' Many branches of industpy are successfully carried on in our viUage, and it is but a just compliment to our laborers and mechanics to say, that their style of work .is surpassed no where iu excellence; and inore correct and ord^srly citizens do not inhabit any town in the com monwealth. This is riot meant as an' unmeaning com- ']t>liriient, but'issaid to induce orderly mechanics in othe- «r bcaiiclies bf business, fo establish themselves here. ilf.e.do not see why fifty or an hundred stocking looms antness of position — salubrity -ol air, and purity of water, together with the rich abundance of aU. the necessaries of life, render it an eligible position for mechanics and manufacturers. Seeing the growth of our beautiful Borough with pleasure, we are anxious that it should continue, and its ppopepty be pepmanent, and really we see no reason why West-Chester should not grow to foup times its ppesent size— proiperiiy greatly appreciate, aud man ufactures be carried onhei-e profitably to'a large extent. The RaU Road, we understand, is in a favourable state of advancement; the grading, will be' nearly ac complished this fall, and the nextseaon will undoubted ly see it in full operation. A new Pottery hasbeen established in the upper part of the town by Mr. Smedley, and exertions will be made by procuring the best clay, and by pfepfect wopk- manship, to 'produce Ware of a superiop quality. The Wesl-Cbester Brewery is in full and successful operation; the Beer of Mr. Tweeddle'S manufacture, has gained so much celebrity, and givert such gf'rteral satisfaction, that its use is more and more extending. Of this we are heartily glad, because a wholesome, nutricious beverage is substituted for inebriating and unhealthfiil ardent spirits, and one of our most enter prising and wopihy citizens receiving a faip remunera- tionfor his capital and labor. — Wesi-Ch'esltr Paper. Much of our present number is occupied with the addpess Of Jon R. Ttson, Esq. fop which we'ape sure we need not apologize, as it will be read with pleasupe and intferest. ANTHRACITE COAL. We have great pleasure in presenting to our readers a statistical table, showing the quantity of anthracite coal mined, and brought to tide water, from the Lehigh SchuylkiU, and Lackawanna mines, which was very carefuUy compiled and pres'ented to the convention ofthe friends of Domestic Manufactures, held in New Yofk a few days since. " By this table it will be seen: 1., That in the year 1825, but 365 tons of anthracite coal was brought to this market, and that in the year 1830, the quantity had incr-easi;d to 131,925, torts. 2. That the first shipment of that article coastnfise, was 72 tons of Lehigh, in the year 1822; since which, the shipments have also regula-ply and progressively in cpeased. , and in 1830. amounted to 64,966 tons of Le high and SchuylkiU togethep from this port, loaded in 746 vessels, besides 36.000 tons of'Luckawanna, fpom Ebundout, on the North rivep— ^jUowlng up the calcu lation fop which this table presents the data, it will be found that more than a million of tons wUl be wanted ahd a coasting tonnage of at least one hundred thou sand tons will meet with constant and full employment inthe traspoptation coastwise of this impbplant item, the ppdduction of Oup slate, in 7 yeaps fpom the ppfesen't time. - - 3, That the consumption of Philadelphia alone has isxceeded 50,000 tons pep annum, fop each, ofthe two- last years. No' statement can be made fop the ppesent yeap. the account beirtg made up only to the 22d Octo- bep, Evepy pne daily sees and heaps of its rapid in crease. If is found that the quantity mined and brought to mapkef, the quantiy shipped coastwise, and tbe quantity consumed, have all incpeased at the rate of more than 33 1-3 cent, (jer annum. We regret to learn, that it is apprehended there will notbe enough of all kinds tdgethi^r mined and brought to market, to supply the great demand the ppesent year. We undepstand this scarcity is to be mainly attributed ;tothe'back«vardh.ess of purchasers, at home as well as ..,,.. , .... ,--.... u !i5'J°*^' '" ""^K'nB their purchases early in the season. might not beset m motion advantageously in this bo- ; Those engaged, in the SchuylkiU biisiriess, owned nrob- roligh. An hundred cotton looms we should suppose 'ably at least one half of the surplus stock df SO OOO^tons might do better here than in Philadelphia. The pleas- unsold on the first of April last. The want of demand 320 MISCELLANEOUS. [NoTiit««a ~ in the early part of the season, with the investment Of so considerable a portion of their active Capital, inthe coal brought down the last year — -not only discouraged, but actually disabled a very large proportion of them, from pursuing the business with spirit until they could make sales. ! Sinoe the commencement of Autumn, the demand both at home and coastwise, has been unprecedented, but it was theli too late to get much incpeifsed supply fop the present year— many of the miners and boat-men had been discharged, and gone to other work, and could nol be got back in time to mine and transpprt enough to meet the increased demand. We advise our friends, and we hope we have many, who intend to use this ex cellent fuel, whether for domestic, or manufacturing purposes, to secure to themselves a full supply the en suing yeap, by giving theip ordeps early jn the season, which we understand vvill be peceived with an engage ment on thfe part of the'sellers, that if they should af terwards sell at a less priefe duping the season, than that contracted at, they wUl refund to the previous pupchas- eps the whole amount ofsuch reduction. ' This judicious plan will enable those engaged in the business, to avoid the great additional expense they would otherwise incur, of wharf and yard pent, and fre- j quent handling, and also to' command the use of theip funds, so as to bping a full supply to market: and would insui-e to the bunsumers a .full supply, at the lowest price, at which their favourite kind is sold-— and enable those who have tofpansport it coastwise, to engage their freights at much less than they have to pay late inthe season. , Thepe is at present a great want of capital in tbe business, and we know of none, whepe if could be mope safely op advantageously employed, than in the Coal Trade. , _ Thepe has been expended in making the Canals and Rail Roads leading to the Coal Mines on the Schuylkill, Lehigh, and Lackaw'anna, mope than seven millions of dollars, besides the large amounts expended in otber improvements necessary to accommodate the gpeat numbep of persons engaged in Ibe business, and lapge iexpenditures ape still being made to I'endep the access to the mines mope complete, so as to pedue the cost. and incpease the means Of obtaining a supply ofthis fuel, to any extent that -may be pequiped. No accurate account can now be had of the quantities of either An thracite or Bituminous Coal mined and transported on the Susquehannah, It is esUmafed that on the 1st April last, there was remaining.unconsumed, and principally unsold, being a, surplus quantity of Coal mined in 1830, of at least 50,000 tons, and that the quantity wanted for actual consump tion, before the 1st of April next, (besides the 50,000 tons of surplus the last year.) wUl fap exceed all that can now be mined and brought to mapkef betore the ' close of Canal Navigation. The pvice of Anthpacite Coal, which, fpom 1820 to' 1827, varied from seven to ten doilaps per ton, has been reduced the present year to $4 50 to $5 00 per ton, by the capgo at Philadelpbia. ' and %5 00 at Roundout. More than one-l)alf ofthe whole 'quantity of Anthra cite Coal, mined and brought to market, has been con- slimed by steim engines and in manufactopies; its sub stitution for other fuel very materially lessens the risk and cost of insurance against fire. In England, where Coal alone is used as fuel for domestic as well as manu- facituring purposes, the Consumption is mope than fif teen miilons of tons perannum, oraboutoneton to each inhabitant. In tbe Uriited Slates there are about four milliorisof inhabitansts within ten miles of tidewi.\ev. If Coal should be substituted for one fourth ofthe sup ply of fuel used within ten miles of tide water, it will require one million of tons, and give fuU employment to as much tonnage as is equal to one thousand' vessels, each df one hundred tons burthen, to transport it coast wise, ten trips to each being quite equal to what can be performed on an average, coastwise, in one year. •Statement of the quanlilies of Anthracite Coal mined- and transported to Tide Water at Philadelphia, and and Roundout on the North river, commencing' in 1820, and ending the 22d October, 1831. And also the amount of Tonnage employed in its transportation Coastwise. American Daily Advertiser. OOOSdOOOOOODCOCOOOOO. odoo C3O3t0IOtOI-^CO&:>N0tOM?-^3 *-'0(Ooo-^roiutrf>'Coto — o ^ >^ to ca-Cs OS KS J»i-'CnOOi-'OO.JOttMI-^"w "(o "t-. 'h. 'c^i'fra 'w 'to 00 "^ 'o w MMO^-CftOWH*C30C.3Crt S- -\ < MtooOOOOOOOQOtf*- 1^ o.o ooooooop o to O'O ooo -ooooo I-- M *-' M >-t »-• »-' w "kff o "^ o "^ o» "(O -^l ' oo O C3''0 OtOOiNDtftM'^lOO OiOOOiOOOVtCOCOOO tso >-> 1-^ tu )^ ^.a ' "to Vn-Td G3 Crt wTDt-* Oa O03 oi-»^OtOH--^ooo^7»jai. •5* Ol 00 M 4^ 03 I-t "to'(000»0*000000 Oi iP-'^ ff^O"^0000 oo tntnoooooooooo .--ooooooooooo io,;^opoocjo o-o-o o Ship Vessels. i(« *. 03 hO (O — - .— M on 03h- "-Cn 0.03*.03O<0OOOOOO OlOlOiOt^OnOOOOOO ped. Tons. M 1^, if^ to »-- yD^U3^C>Ot'.-^"t^'aolotsl- o o o o o o 00*..tJJ*.CJt^OOOOOO000--101011-.000000 Consumer in Philadel phia or or band. •*tooooooo-oooo --IOOOOOOOOOOO tn o o o.o o o o o o o o it»,i^O,000000 000 r!tSe2<="=>oSoooo '4^ 03 esp>p> 00030000000CO O O 03 o o o o-o o ooo ooooooooocoo ^oo^ooooooooo^^oo>ooooo o.o o o ««Oit>,OOOCOOOOO Pf-^^p^Sa 03 mo. (o i-* <0*0O03'bl"o03tl»"00'i.,'O03 "'" - ^.... *M03O03tft § ts.- S3... CO Ut03 Ul (-.--(U. tino oo'oo OOOOO M3888§gg§§§| 10 O CA 1^ 03 ts be yPi^P'J^^ 06 03 ¦J 0)COOOOl(OCfttO^OO ?^onjo.it>.- =j z£ . ooo>ooo>oo'5loooa^o> ^S?B| _-i_ ' gf pg..' •is [For calculations on the actual consumption .Of coal. and the trade in 1828, see Reg. vol. 3, page 79.— En.l •ToOctober22. . ' ' HAZARD^S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVAJVIA. DEVOTED TO THE PBESEBVATION OF EVEBT KIND OF USEFUL INFOBMATION BESPECTINO TBE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL.: VIII.-WO. 21. PHIIiADEtPHIA, JfOTEMBER 19, 1831. JTO. 203- BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. Thb'^n-ited^Stjitbs vs. Benjamin Sheimibe. October Session, 1831.— r-Judges Baldwin & Hopkinson. Indictment for utt.eping, passing and liublishing as .true, ascertain false, forged and counterfeit order, purporting to be an order uponthe cashier of ibe Bank of the United Stales, drawn by the Oifice of Discount and Deposit in Mobile, by PhiRp,McLoskey, President oCsaid office. - ¦ . The question ofthe legiUty, of these orders or draft.s, and whether,- under the Act; of Congress, t^liey may be the subject of. forgery; and also the question of jbe liabiKly ofthe Bank'-forthe payment ofthem, apose_^ln the coui-se . of .'this trial, fer the opinion of the Goirrf. -That papt of the chap'ge of the CoUrt lo the Jury which has remtion'to thfese questions, was as folIowS-,;--deliver- ed.bjr judge B.al'dwiri:^. / -, The counsel of the defendant has presented to the Court the question, whether tbe orders ot checks of a Ppesident ofa Branch Bank ofthe United Stales, drawn fill the cashier of the mother Bank^ came witbintthe meanVg ofthe words '•^order or eheckj" mentiojied in the IStlj. flection of the law iripOrpoPaWng the Bank. "The'pbint hasnot beenargued, but it has be^nmade. It arises necessarily, is vital to the prosecution, and must be ddaided. by the Court.] The wbrdsof the law are very ^lam—^" orjariy fiilse, forged, or counterfeit order or check'upon, the. said Bank or corporation or any ciashier thereof"— hvoad feriotigh'to embrafee this- paper 'lyhich 'ort'j^;fai5e pui-pprts tobe such an ordfer,;and- if genuine, would be one, any order or check ori the Bank or any of its cashiers at the BrancliiBs or here, op any draft op bilFfop,the;payment-of money, which in' "law would be deemed an ppder op check.- Is this comprehensive deseriptiofi narrowed by, any othep parts of tbe-'lawl We find in it no prohibition director indipeetaajgainst issuing this kind of papep either by the Bank. Or any of its prancbes, or aliy^ word or elcpression by which Con gress bas-exclttded it from the purvievV'of the'lSth section! neither qan Wf perceive arty thing in its nature which would justify.sueb -inferences. The only *eslric-' tion on the issuing of .any pap.y-, is in the proviso to tbe '12th fundamental article in the llth section ofthe char tep. The Bank can "rinake no bill>bligatory or of cpedit undep ita seal for the payment of a le.ss sum than five thbiisand doUars; the biUS or notes issued' by ot-- tablishing Branches they may employ other' Banks, with tthe approbation ofthe Treasury, to manage the busi ness proposed, olher than for the purposes of discount, under such agreements and under such regulations as tbey may deem just and proper. . , It thus appears that the branches are legitimate em anations fpom the ppesent Bank, whomay commit their management lo such persons, jmd subject to such .reg-r ulations as they think pi-opep. under no other Jimitafiohs to thei'p power thih the laws ofthe land and their Own chapter. TU^qp.erations i)f the Branphes are car-rieji on with the funds of the copporation by officers of its appoint ment and under its regulaiions: they are its agents ca pable of binding it by their contracts; aU their transac tions are fop the benefit of the Bank, who cannot disa vow, them unless in a iclear case ofan access Or abuse of their own powers, under such circumstances as would invalidate the contract ofan agent of any other corpo ration Or an individual. Any business, may be done at the "Branches in relatipfi to the discounts and deposits which may be dpne at the parent Bank; it is liable to depositors for all balances due,at fhe Bpanches, fop all drafts, orders op checks dpawn by its officers on theip own Casbie'-, by their own authority. The act of estabUshing a Bi-anch is per se the crea tion of an agency; il is an authority not only to the ex- - tent of jtl>e regulations under which tbeir agent ',acts, biit to the extent of aTl acts and transactions of the offi cers of the Bcanche?, which the. Bank bave been in the habit pf adopting and confirming, on the same prwoiple- that individuals are liable on the "cpntrkcts Ot their wives and servants, who have been pepmltted.lp deal on theip credit; and in their names; or a merchant whose clerk is irithehabif of writing leKers,signing notes.bl!ls and checks in his name, though without any written op express authority, by the adoption and reoognition of which he authorises the public tb consider hi§ clerk as his agent, aiirtbor'ised to do in future what he has been - 'uri.lhe habit of doing with his knowledge- artd assent. It would b'e'T^range indeed that the Bank should not be liable for checks op orders drawn by itsigents at theip own Branches,, which not only form a very.importaiiit itein in the currency of the country and the operation ofthe Brartches, but which the Bank have fop years daily rallfie.d and sanctioned by their payment: the uni- fprni course of businfiss transacted between the Ba'nlk. audits B>!abcbes. furnishes such a strong legal inference and ppesumption of its b.eing authorised by the regula tions under'which they havebeen established, thatthe buPthert of proof to the contrary is clearly thrown oh the; Bank or any otlier person wbo would attempt to show that the paper was not obligatory upon tbem. It lyould be a severe reflection on this Bank to suppose 1;hat tbey would for a moment refuse payment of these checks a^d' orders, and our system' of jurisprudence would deserve little of puVlic respect or confidence if thelaw would not coerce it. But the charter is not sUent. The Stb fundamental article makes the Bank liable for all debts, though they exceed the amount Umited,-^the 14tb makes the offi. ces of discount and deposits its ageii'ts, — the ¦l6th sec tions makes the B'ank ihe-depository of the public mo ney, and imposes on it the obUgation of transferring, distributing" and paying in under the directions of the Treasury,— and by the i7th article, the Bank is bound to pay in golc^and silver aU its notes, bills and obliga tions, and all deposits.in the Bank or its offices, — and the proviso enacts, that Congress may enforce and re gulate .the payment of other debts under the same pe nalties as, are prescribed forthe refusal to pay its notes, bills,,obUgations and deposits. The m'pde in which the Bank cpntincts a debt, the shape it assumes, or the pla ces whepe contracted, is of no importance. The offices being its agents, the debts co^Iracted by them become the debts of the copporation, imposing a duty to pay them, w;hich may be done at op by the Branches of the .Bank. If the payment is niade in coin, the debt is extinguished; if made by » draft, or check, the debt te, mains until Ihey are actually paid. Unless the bbl'der expressly takes ihem" as payment^ and at his own risk, they create a new duty or obligation, wfeqh the Baiik is as niuch bound to perform as the 614 one foi; W^ich it 1831,} INDIAN AFFAIRS. 333 is intended to make satistaction. If is- a mailer of mu tual convenience, whether the old debtor duly sh.all be extinguished by payment or taking paper, whether in the ppomisBOiy noies of the Bank, or ofders or checks drawn upon It. They may be in large drafts or orders fop remittance, op smaU ones fopcurpency op circulation, and in any forrti, witb or without ornaments, devices or marks. Whether they resemble in these particulars the notes ofthe Bank.is immaterialitheir substance and legal eft'ect ape ihe same;fhey cpeate a new debt Or doty, ob ligatopy on the Bank, It is bound to boiior.all the'pa-; per which it issues or-;gets into , circulation by. its au thority or agents. Paper ofthe kin]dnow iglder ccfnsid-' ePation, can be put intp cipculation in ijlp othep way than by being issiued in payment of a debtor op' other equivalent. If,- on the requisition of the Tre8SUPy,an^offi- cer of the branch af aplace in Which pMlll^c funds<,wei-e deposited, sliottU^draw his order ort the cashier ofthe Bank op any Bpanoh af a place to which it wasrequired fo ti'ansfep them,orin drsti-ibuting the public money among public creditors, and disbursing officers of the govehi- ment,~ paying s'alaries, pensions op" tbe public debt, should as a maftep of mutual convenience and consent, give draftsi orders, or checks, either for, remittance oi" circulation, on the. Bank or anplher Branch, the Bank would be as much bound to pay them as they would- to pay the same amount to ano'ffic'er or creditop ofthe gp- vernment,, who would deposit fp his own c,Pedit the amount thus received through the Bank., The same rule would apply to an individiial deposi tor, a creditop efthe Bank, or one Who had an order' op check on them, aiTd-.'would rtceive payment in the Shape of Branch opdera. so, if a Branch makes a con- tvact of discount, and pays the proceejds by drafts on tbe Bank, or any Other kind of -paper to suit their con. yenience. these obhgalions necessarily result from the contracts of dep.Qsit and discount. But there-is another contract* equally binding — that of purchase -and ex change. All indiyidual desirous of procuring a, medium v1]at you have .hejird in tl^is case, the legal piesumption of the accuae4,fcnpwing the order in question to be forged-r-drawn ftpm his jia-ving passed another fopged ppder ofthe same idescript'op. are among the familiar cases where a jury ought to aad will take legal infepenoes, when not rebutted by posi tive testimony. The jury vill so view it in this'case, and though they may think that there Is direct evidence ofthe intention to defraud Burke ;and that he was actual ly defrauded, and the indictment would be sustained if it was so laid, yet it does not follow that there was not also an intention to defraud the Bank. Ip our opinion, the facts of fhe case amount to an intention to defraud both Burke and the Bank,— that the indictment would be good in law and supported by the evidence, if the offence was said to ha,ve been dene with the intent to defraud either or bplb, and therefore instruct you that th^ ii^Uegatiori ofthe indictinent in this particular is siif- ficiertt in law, -apd made out by the evidence, if you be lieve' the witnesses,. INDIAN AFFAIRS. ;" _[Cqnlinued frqm page 2^6.] ' The:i9th cf the seventh month. Captain Newcastle and 'John" Pumpshear returned to Philadelphia from Teaogon and acquainted, the .Governor, that in conse quence of ihemessage he bs^d sCrttby tbem, Teedyus- jcung the Delaware king vvith ab pot 30 of {lis people were come to Bethlehem, and were- wailing thepe in expectatipn.p'f seeing the Govertiop, or of receiving his orders to come forward hither to have a Conference with him. ' , . .The Governor immediately by a .message ^gquainted the Assembly of the neciessity of holding a'Treaty with Ibese'people, that as a cessation of hosfiUties had been agreed on, the" terms of ja lasting peace might be settled &c., in consequence Of wbicji the. Assembly appointed two Conimissloners.,to attend' the Governor to the Trea ty, aiid voted £300 toiyards the expjenpeS of it. And Capt, Newcastle and Piimpsbear- informing several Friends in this city, that the Indiansiliiving-lieard that the first proposals of pursuing pacific measures were made and promoted by Piiends, it would be .absolutely necessary by altend'uig the Treaty with some things necessary for theii; reUe^ fo convince them of the sin cerity ofyour professions of friendship and desires to be, instrumental in .p«storing ahd establishing peace, in consequence thereof. . - On the 2Dth, several Friends met together and unani mously agreed, that il would be necessary to enter-into a subscription, to raisef a sum of money to defray the charges, which have already arisen, and What will now immediately become necess-iry, arid-likewise to provide sucb a fund» that infuture occasions we may be enabled to promote thcinterest, welfare and peace-of our coun try by confribu'ting tuwaids the expenses of treaties with the- iudian's; in such manner as may appear fo be most conducive to tbe public good, and tend to im- pi'ove the confidence the Indians have repeatedly and especially of late, expressedin men of our peaceable priiiciples— and after several conferences. Onthe 22d, the following preamble of a Subscription was ' - agreedio, riz:. «'We the subscribers from a c'orisideration ofthe ne- isessity.of regaining'and preserving the friendship of the Indians, lyha were the native inhabitants' of' this country, and belngin hopes tl4e pacific measures lately proposed may have that gOcid effect, iri order to derii- onstraie OUP hearty'^ cbncern to maintain the principles of peace and good v^ill we have prpfes&ed to them and fo cohfribilte our assistance towards so -impprtant a ser vice in tl iriinnerccnsistent with PUP peaceable princi- ]&,s. do hereby promise aud oblige purselves, our heirs, Sioutors and administrators, to pay unfb Antbony lilor- Tis, .John Reynell, Jonathan Mifflin, Jeremiah Elfreth, Jeremiah W,arder, Israel Pemberton; Joseph Morris, ^ViUiam Fisher, Charles Jo'nes, James PeriibertOn, Jo seph Richardson, Abel James, Thomas Say, Joshua Em len, Owen Jones and Samuel Sartaom.op'theip opder Ihe sums by us respectively subscribed Within 12 months after date hereof together with lawful interest forthe same, to be employed for the purposes aforesaid and we do agree and direct the said persons before named. within four months after date hereof, to appoint a time 324 INDIAN AFFAIRS. [NoVEMlTM and place for a general meeting of all the subscribers, ancl notify the same by an advertisement in the Gazette or otherwise, in order that al such general meeting a Ipeasurep and tpustees be appointed fop executing this' trust and fop regulating theip trust, authority and duty, and a proper method be settled, in which the treasurer and trustees may be obliged to render their accounts annually, and be made answerable fop-such sums of money as may be contributed for the purpose aforesaid." And upwards of twelve hundped pounds was- i.mmedi- ately subscribed. It was likewise agreed that some- goods be purchased by Jeremiah Warder, Abeljames and Israel Pemberton and a wagon hired to convey Ihem to the, place where the Treaty is to be held, and tiiat as many Friends as can go, be'encouraged lo attend it; after which Israel Pembertcfn waited on the Governor and acquainted bim ot oup intentions of waiting upon him atthe Treaty, and taking with us a small present for the Indians. On the 23d. — The goods being, provided were sent by Henry Shittle's wagOn and, upwards of 20 Friends set out onthe journey, and^n the 24th arrived, at Bethlehem, where we were infopmed thatthe Indian King and his company w£re waiting .at Jlast'on, in pup- siiance of the Governop's first dipections, and.that the GovernoP, his Secretary and one , of bis Council were going thitheP to meet them. - , . ; On the 25th. — We went fer ward to Kaston,.and soon aftep OUP getting there Anthony Morris, John-Evans, Williarii Brown and Israel Pembepton, waited on. the Governor and acquainted him that 20 Friends and upwards, were come fromPhiladelpbiain ordOi^to con- .tpibutewhat may be' in oup powep towards, promoting the work of peace which we^ai-e desipous of .doing, in a manner agpeeable to the Govepnop. At the Govern or's lodgings we first saw Teedyuscung, ^ho on our coming in immediaiely expressed bis regard for, and confidence in the Quakers. We afterwards called and shook bands with him at his lodgings, anil he express ed gpeat satisfaction- in seeing- us, and said Newcastle had told'him ofthe Quakers, and that they would come to meet him, wh'ich he-now found to be true, and that now he saw them he felt it to the point of his heart and .should not say any thing ,lo the Governor,, unless fhe Quakers wepe ppesenf. - To avoid giving offence we did not stay five m'tnufes with him.* The Governor and his attendants about ten o'olock attended their public worship, where parson, Pe'iers. his Secretary, preached to them. In the afternoon Friends had a satisfactory Meeting inlhe sa_me place, at which Ben jamin Tpotleri John Evans and WiUiam Brown, had very seasonable- and acceptalile" service, and ihere ap-. peared some grpunds to bppethe iriinds'of many Would be suitably prepared for the succeeding business. In the evening the wagon with oui- goods arrived, which were deposited in a vacant house, where we had Uberty to lodge, -the blankets intended for the Indians serving us fop beds. • ^ In the evening the Indian King and "most of his atten dants came uninvited, and supped at our Ihn, frorii whence, with sortie difficulty, we persuaded th.em to re turn lo ibeirJodgings, immediately after supper without taking a drop «f strong liquop.and they promised whol ly to pefrain from it,'that the next diiy'they- might be fit for business. -26th. — Thia morning Newcastle and Pumpshear came and acquainted us that the Indian king andbis company wbo had been drinking intemperately several days be fore were now sober, and the king^ said his head and heart were clear and ready to enter on business. And tbey freely expresned their sentiments on several matters which they expected would be the subject of * Soon after our coming to town we wepe informed tbiit the Governor had given orders that no person should speak with the Indians, and a guard was set hear their lodgings to ppevent it. pubUc considepalion. with whicb they desired the Gov ernor might be informed. In pursuance of which, the substance of what was said was communicated to W. L. one of the Governor's Council, but Conrad Weiser not being yet come, the Governor determined to defer treating with the Indians until he came. Newcastle and the Interpreter, Pump'sheap being sent top by the Governop,and desired to give their sentiments ort several matters, answered freely as to most ofthem, but as to some particulars begged leave to refer the GovOi'nor to what they had already said to Israel Pem berton, with which they presumed the Governop w.as, op would .be acquainted, by one of his Council, with which ,fhV''^overnop appeared highly displeased and charged Pumpshear to inform said Pemberton, and by that means all fhe Quakers in town,* that he sbould treat them as his Majesty's enemies", if they held any conferenfe With the Indians, On any matter relative to the Government, and that hje had strictly charged the same to be observed by all persons whatsoever, on bis first coming, The interpreter then infopmed him that we .had been papticularly cautious in that respect and so far as he knew, clear from any conversation with them, and after giving the reasons for the conversation he and Newcastie had voluntaTily entered into with said Pemberton, one of which was the difficulty of free access to bim at suitable times, the Governor-'s wrath seeriied lo abate, but he enjoined them" in future imme diately to communicate to him, or to his Secretajry, or to some ofhis CouncU artd to no other, any thing- they might have lo say, and promised them fr^e admittance at all times. "The .Governor's message and conduct appeared so extravagant that Pumpshear did not be fore the next morning deliver the message. The In dians this day dined with the Governor and his Council and his attendants, and we wepe informed that the King aflep dinner, in a full and pathetic manner expressed bis concern for the mischierwb'ich had been done, that raised tenderness towards ihe Indians in most that were present, " , ' After^this we thought of invhing, the Indians to dine with us, but on hinting it fo one of the Governop's Council, aftep he had taken an opportunity of speaking with the Governor, we wepe infopmed the 'Governor did not approve ofit, and we therefore declined it. iCaptain Reynolds from Fort Allen, this day informed us be had inteUigence therewere about twenty Indians seeninthat neighbophoud, by which some ofthe people were much alarmed, and had Sed from their plantations, upon whioh wc renewed our application that messengers might be sent to invite these Indians to come in, being a papty left behind by Teedyuscung, wbo we were ap- ppehensive might by his staying longer than expected, be tempted to commit some irregularities,_but we could not succeed therein. " . 27th. Conrad Weiser came and the opening the Treaty, &c. were considered and concluded on,but tho GoveAior went out a fishing, artd the Indians spent flie day in drinking so much as to render them unfit for business. In the morning. Friends met togethePi and unanimously agreed to. attend the service we were engaged in, and that none should depart without first notifying his in- tenfions to the company and obtainipjr consent-j-and like wise agreed that Anthony Morris, John Evans, Wm. Brown and Israel Pemberton should wait upon the Go- • At this time, and -all times befope and since tho TPeaty, the Mopavians at Bethlehem; are allowed to enteptain such Indians as they pleaae, and lo have the libepty of freely conversing with them, though the QuakePs, in this arbhrary manner, are forbid at the time, the Governor jinew they came solely to promote and assist in the restoring peace; and the lowep class of peo ple ape permitted to curse, swear and rail at them and endeavour to incense them against us, within their hearing, which appears to he very offensive to ihenn ' -j- Nearly forty of us tben together. 1831.] INDIAN AFFAIRS. 325 vernor,and acquaint him that by a message received from | people of Pennsylvania had put into my hands, a small him yestepday,byJolinPumpshear,the Indian Interpreter present to relieve you and your wives and children, in we perceive the Governor is apprehensive tbat we have had or intend to have some conference with the Indi ans now come to town relative to the affairs of Govern ment, and therefore we think it necessary to inform the Governor, that we have not had any such conferences with them, and to repeat what we said wheti we first waited on hini, that our sole purpose in, coming and waiting here is to be assistant as fap asmay be :in._our powep, in promoting;; the work of restoring peace in a, manner consistent with ourstations and circumstances, and the respect due to him as our Governor. . Inthe evening the said four Friends delivered the message, witli some of the reasons for our co.ming up j &C. The Governor positively denied* tbat he had sent us any message by Pumpshear, trjsated us civilly, and repeatedly assured us of receiving, with pleasure and duly considering, any hints orvintjmalions we might think proper, to give of such matters as might appear to us necessary to be regarded on the present occasion; but of our intended presents to the Indians,~whicb we again mentioned to him, he did not take' the feast no tice. We hinted the apprehensions w>e bad of the In dians suspecting our being- deficient m regard to them, as to avoid oflTence we had declined seeing or speaking with them, excepting the interviews at our first coming and the sbort time'they unexpectedly spent in supping with us, and we found thai Captain Newcastleand the Interpreter wepe . both much concerned to find us laid under such constraint. ' - " 28th, 7 month.' In 'the morning we had notice of tbe Governor's in tention of speaking to the Indians, and by attending at the time an;l place, apd crowding ourselves in, obtained admission, and kept minutes of what was. said by artd to them. In the afternopn spme of us visited the Mo: ravian settlements of Nazareth Christian's, JBepn and.-' Gnadenthal, and wepe highly delighted with the econ omy of the families, and wifh the extraordinary im provements , of every kind,-, which notwithstanding their infancy, much excteed any thing in 'Amei:ica. 29th. — Tbe Govepnor again met the Indians, and, we obtained admittance as at first', and k^pt minutes of most that was said, though the hasty and inconsiderate method in which the Indiari's'answers were received^rert- der it impracticable to be so exact, as the importance ofthe- occasion and subject requiped. In the evening Friends met togethep and agpeed that Anthony Morris, John Evans, William Brown ^nd Jon athan Miffiin sbould again wail upon the Govepnor,and repeat the assurances we had before given of our dispo sition , to promote tbe business in wh'ch he is engaged in the manner most agreeable to him.and to let him know we are desirous of his' consent to our delivering a pre sent to the Indians, or that he would be so kind as to de liver it for us, as a testimony of oup regard for them, andof OUP heaply desire to improve the confidence they have expressed tbey have .in us^o the jiubUj benefit. They on their return injopmed us, that the Governor de clared positively that he sbould not permit^ Friends to to deliver their ppesentto the Indians, nor did it appear to him proper that hp should deliver 't for us, but that he would consult his CouncU, and gife us a positive answer in tbe morning, SOth, 7 month-' \ The Govepnor by bn^ Of his Council,^notified us that if we would consent to pnt our goods *^together with tbose -provided at the public expense, he would deliver tbem with thefoUowing speech, viz: "¦' "Brethren, — I acquainted you yesterday that the •Our first intelligence was from one of his Council, that he had, sent such a message and it was at his instance, we wepe induced to send tbe answep, tbe same Coun- cellors were present w|>en he denied it, as had heard him deUrer the message, &c. theip present distresses, I now think it further necessary to inform you, that a papt of this present was given by the people called Quakeps, the descendants of those who first came over to this country, with your old friend WiUiam Penn, as a particulap testimony of their regard and 'affection fbr tbe Indians, and their earnest desire to promote the good work of peace in which we are now engaged." . On considei;ation of'which it is unanimously agreed, that we shouBl consent tn his delivering them, but in prder that the Indians may know what part of, the goods were, provided by Friends, that a list pflhem should be delivered the -Interpreter, -to-be communicated to them when he has the most' suitable opportunity, arid a String of Wampum was provided to be delivered by the GO- vef-nor, with the speech he has. promised to make on delivering the goods. ; - .' - ; 31s'. — An express having arrived"from, Philadelphia last evening,, with the news of Lord Loudon^s'arrival at New 'Vork. and^tbe declaration of war against.Fpance, the Governor determined tbis day to declare war, and afterwards to close his conferences with the Indians, &c. And accordingly at 12 o'clock, after the declara tion of war, the Governop delivered tbe presents, closed the conferences andinvitedall the company present, In dians and otheps to dine. with him, suiiableppovision be- in^ made for that purpose, arid the weather b^eingfine, about 150of us dined under a booth, the Governor be- havingwith great civility and ope.nness,in a manner whicb gave universal satisfaction; most of the people oalled Quakers, intending tbis afternoon to set out homewards immediately .after dinner, taking leave of thejiovernor and .Teedyuscung, at whicb time the king .addressing himself to us all, said, viz : iv'- "Now we haye made this good beginning ofthe work of peace, I desipe you may let it be known to all j your people far and near, I will do the same among our people, and I hope you will hear of no more mischief being done.. If I should hear of any being intended agaiiistypu,! willdo my utmosf-to give yoo notice^ofit, but do not let this cause you to be quite ofTy our guard, periiaps some of the Ohio Indians may come over the river, without my knowing ofit, but if I do know, you shall certainly be informed ofit. During-tiie Treaty, several Friends whocould not at tend it, were employed in- soliciting subscriptions, and after our return we-had concluded to prosecute the ap- plication,-~but met with an unexpected interruption, a 'reTJort being in- a few days brought us from Bethlehem, that" the Indians had soon aftep tbeir setting out from Fort Allen, made a canlicp and burnt all the goods pre- se^nted to tbem, and that all expectations ofany good ef fect fpom OUP pacific measup-es were blasted — this story vvas propagated with ipreat industry by many -who ap peared idesrrous of obstructing our proceedings, and be irig lold clreumslantially ¦by'tbe Mo'rivians who had it from an Indian Womai^'w'bp-bad left the Jndians and comedown to- Belhlehein. though some of us were so fiilly satisfied of the sliSfcerity ,of .Teedyuscung's inten tions when we parted with him, thalwe could notbe- lieVe it, jet we tbought it most prudent to defer the ur ging any further proceeding for the ppesent." About £1800 being then subscpibed in this city, we re mained without further intelligence, till about 12th, 10 mdinth,. We were infprmed that some Indiaris were com* to Easton with four op five prisoners, and advice that Teed)%scung and about one hundred Indians were On this side-Wyoming. We then thought it necessary to be prepared to give all the assistilnce in our power to promote, the vvork of peace. And our adversaries were not less industrious in contriving every obstacle and discouragement in theiivpowep, Governop Denny, who had ari-ived soon after the last Treaty, had on sev^ epal occasional conversations appeaped weU. disposed to our design, but on being now appUed to, discovered' a 326 PRbCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. [NovxH-nK different disposition: and could not by any means be en gaged in a free; eonference with us on the subject, but insisted on our reducing to wflting every thing we had to propose to him; We were afterwards informed this occasioned by some misrepresenlations made to him and his Council by Secretary Peters: we tberefore con ceded to caU a meeting of all the committee. [To be Continued.) METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER. Extract from the Meteorological Agister, takeri at the State Capitol — Harrisburg, Pennsyhania, .BI WiiLrAMt MussBAVE, Xibfarian. OCTOlBfiH, issi. J3 IJ £ M £ B i'l- 1 O' ¦fi :0. S 1 1 f a. .1 a' R 1 • .3 O 5 C .S»r, , 1 ta - '-¦« 1 a ^ V ^g 4) i'' s 1 to OJ ¦a X "^1 ^ \ .'c.l^Jffrmometer. Barometer. Saturday^ ^* # 61 S& .54 29.76 76 72129.74 W : 8i4hdfe:j Mond^i , Tu'es^f^ ;,y 52 68 69 63- 66 57 56, 59 w 3 Sii 73 72 67 54 46 48 ¦ 49 w 14 60 74 65: 66 , 40 26 20 28 SW Wednes^ ,4 i56 58 52 55 . 20 25 34 26 w )%'iH»|i »6 46 54 48 4'9 : 48 55 65 56 w Fridaylijjg ¦7 36 60 54 50 80 74 74 76 SW Safupdaiy 8 50, 60 62 57 72 53 40 55 s Sunday 9 64 64 52 60 30 30 43 34 w Monday 10 44 46 42 44 45 40 37 .40 NE Tuesday ll 40 Al 42 41 27 38 45 36 N Wednesd 12. 40 52 HS 46 60 60 66 62 NW Thursday 13. 38 57 6Q 51 , 70 60 55 61 w Friday..', M 60 72 60 64 60 66 76 67 w Salupday- y ^'1 m 54 51 90 86 87 87 E Sunday \, jS-l 63 60 58 85 79 77 80 SE Monday IT- @Q 6S 62 63 75 70 66 70 ,W 'fuesday . 18 52 ^ 58591 65 50 60 58 w WedneM ;19 48 53 52 51 66 64 62 64 w Thursdtaji 30 40 52 •51 47 70 70 70 70 w- Fpiday ,21 40 61 60 53 70 66 70 68 w Saturday. 23 50 to 60 56 77 77 75 76 SW ¦ Sunday 2; ec 68 68 65 67 58 52 59 SW Monday- 24 54 62 52 56 40 (50 63 .51 w Tuesday 23 M 59 48 50 85 87 «7 . -86 w Wednesd J26 44 65 58 55 93 rs 78 - 83 SWE Thursday 27 53 4«40 47 64 68 77 .ru . N E Friday- 28 35 38 37 36 75 80 84 , rs N , Saturday- 2!9 32 f54|43 43 90 95 92 92 B Sunday 3G 32 56(47 45 80 ¦63 57 66 Ii Monday . 3X 44 54 49 49 1 23 20 -as 22 E Mean temperature and height from..3 4ai1y observations. 'Hiermometer. Maximum on 2d. 67° Minimum on 28th, 36° Difference, 31° Mean, 51" ¦ Barometer. Maximi)OTon29lh,29.92,tM. Minimum on 5th,39.26- Diflferenoe, Mean, 00. 66, in 29,59 in On, the 4th Noon Thepra. at On the ,SSfh, Noon at Range in the month. 74° -the highest. 33 tbe lowest. 42 On the 39th, Noon Barom. at On the 4tb, Even, at Range intbe.month. 39,95 tn. the highest, 29.20 in tbe lowest. 00,75 Days of the month. Winds. 1128.' 2 days N 10 2r, 2 NE 1529 30 31, 4 E 16, 1 SE 4 7 8 22 23 26, 6 S W 12356913 141718 1920 21 24 25, 15 W 12, 1 NW The wind- has been 7 days East ^f the meridian, 22 days West of if . and 2 days North. There was rain on the 4, 8. 9, 10, 11, 22, 23, 27, olst, The.beaviesf rains on the 4th, 10, 11, 22, ,23di Frost on the 7th, 20, 21, 28, 39, SOth. This month was 9J° colder than last Sept. and 4° isol- der than Oct, 1830. This month has been (notwithstanding some heavy- rains) very favorable fop farmeps to finish their sowing, and getting in their abundant harvest of copp, potatoes and other vegetables. Frdm tlie Pliiladelphia Gazette. FitOCEEDINGS OF COUCILS. Thubsdat etehing, NoV. 10, 1831. SELECT COUNCIL.— Messrs, Hobb, Lrppriico-nr, and Nxrr presented -petitions for the 'introduction of Gas into the city, which were pefeti-edvlo a Select Cam- mittee of thpee members of each- Council, and Messrs. LiPPurooTTy Neff and PKTTri, of the Select Council, and Messrs. WE-rBEnii,!,, Moss andLssK*]! (^tb«bCom- mon Council,, wep'e syipointed the Committee. The following isa copy ofthe petition, To ihe Select and Common Counrils of the City of Philadelphia. : Your raemopalists, citizens of Philadelpliia, respect fully solicit- the attention ofyoup honourable bodies to the expgdiehcy and ppopriety of erecting, at the ex pense ofthe CarpQl^tipn, suitable works^ the supply of G-AS, fopli.^ht^f^g fhe public streets and ppivate hou ses. They aye impressed with Ihe belief, that the <^or- porat'ion Of Philadelphia, availing itself ofthe experi ence of other Cities in the United States and in Europe, may now embark in auch a project with decided advan tage, and witb a certainty-of avoiding every reasonable objection on the score of inconvenience or expense. They believe, moreover,, that vvhen Gas Works sliaU have been, erected on a- proper plan, the City may de rive sueh a pibfit from the sale of fight 'to private es- tablishmei-ts, as will repay the expense of lighting our streets in superior style, and at no very distant period, sink the capital Originally expended. If tbese views 'be correct, your honourable bodies will not hes itate to adopt a measure, sovimportant to the conveni ence and security of many private individuals, and so well calculated, by increasing the light of our streets, to aid the operations of the general poUoe. ¦Sfour memorialists, therefore, pray that this subject may meet the prompt attention of your honourable bo- dies'-^and they will, &c. Messrs. WbBBELi, GnovES an ! Lippincott present ed remonstrances against changing Drawbridge wharf for Steam Boat purposes. The annexed is one of them- Tb the Honourable the Select and Common Councils of theCiiyofPhiladklphia, The memorial of the subscribers respe'clfolly repre- sentsr— That tbey are in the habit of consuming annually large quantities of oordwood in their business, a con siderable povlLon of which they have bieen accustomed to purohasfr at the Dira«{bridge, that being the most convenient public landing to many ofthem, where they havebeen accommodated for several years paston fair mi.\ Pl^XGEGDINGS OF COUNCILS. 327 terms and entirely to theip satisfSiction. They therefore observe with regret that youp honourable bodies have Under consideration the propriety of changing said wharf into a landing for steam boats. 'Po this measure they think there are several stpong objections. They wUl briefly mention a few of them. First. The pubUc wharves already appropriated to steam boat landings tire more than sufficient fbr that purpose-. As Evidence of this, they wotfld remark that the want Wf oceupaney has rendered it necessary to reduce the rent of Race street landing dOit'mg ^''^ present season. ». , Second. A heavy ext»ense is nccessarUy inoupred in order to fit any of our wharves for steamboat landings. Betweenl5 and 20,000 dollars have already been expen ded on those now appropriated fbp that puppose, and it is found by experience that a pent commensOPate there with cannot be derived from them. As a ppoof of this, 1000 doUaps per annum was oftered for Race street as a wood wharfand refused, J4,363 78 was expended on it to fit it fop a steam boat landing, anji it now brings but ^50 pep annum. Third. It is believed that the cost of fitting the Drawbridge wharf Tor steam boat purposes, would not fall short of the whole of the otheps collectively which have been So altered, in addition ta which the culvert that now discharges its contents into the Drawbridge dock, must rendep the situation unpieasarit and h'lghly objectionable as a landing for steam boats. Pourth. The Drawbridge including the old Fish- hOUse yields an avepage annual income of neap 4000 dellaps,- while the three .steamboat landings-yield but 4i35.0 dollars. The ppesent revenue Of tthCBr^wbridge in case of a change, must be nearly lost to the city, as it is ^own by the slate of Race street wharf that an in crease cannot be calculated upbnv from steamboat's. ' Piflh, - The Drawbridge is the only landing fop wood within tbe city Umits, if it should be changed the sup ply of the very important apticie of fire wood mustbe draiyh entipely from the' county at an increase of at least 12f cents per cord fop carting, which on on 34.000 eocds (which is about the quantity landed at the Di^w- liridge) would operate as a tax of SOOO dollars per an num on the city, moreover many of'the persons who hdld landings in the county are knovvn to speculate in the article of wood, -Which would famish an additional opportunity to tax the city: but tbat is not the only evil "whieih would attend that System. The ico»der is necessarily tbe judge of quantity between the buy- -er and seller, it would therefore be bis interest to take as much and give as little Wood as possible for a cord; ^s the whole gain in the measure would then be his own. Thia latter evU is not ideal. Your mentoriaUsts might go-on to enumerate nther objections to (he contemplated altepation: but they think the fopegoing sufficient to induce youp honorable bodies to examine the subject thoroughly, after which they are persuaded you will concur With them in opin- - ion that the pubhc , good does not require any phange Iti the public landings at the present time, either fbr the aecommodation of ,the steain boats or otherwise. They: therefore pray, that the further conaderation of the subject irtay be dismissed and the Dpawbridjge land-, iilg permitted to continue as a wood wharf. The following letter was received from Robeit E. Griffith, Esq. which after being read, Mr. Dui.B;E, offered the annexed resolution whieh was ag¥eed to by both Councils. PaiEi,nEi,PHi4L, Oct. 1831., Sir— 4n the year 1813, 1 advanced, along witli other proprietors of ,f)roperty on BUckberrx "alley, it^^ tO 'iames Smith, Esq. then Treasurer of the CofjporatioD, to be repaid in four years w'lthout interest;,'th|^, others •who advanced, were I beliieve, all repaid at the ezpira-. tion of tbat period. The oeitifieate for my proiioitipn was eithei'^ngt taken up, or byspme means tifalifd, the ainoiiht yet cemaifls uncancelled, and stands at my cred it on the books of the Treasury, agreeably to tbe testi mony of Corn's. Stevenson, Esq. the present Tpeasuper. 1 beg ypii therefepe, to have the goodness to lay my claim before Councils, and to request the payment of the principal with such interest as is, in such cases allowed. With great respect, your obd't humble srev't, , ROBERT B. GRIFFITH. JoUir M- Scott, Esq. President of the Select Council. There is.stindirig onthe Books, ofthe pity Tpeas urer. at: the credit of ''Certificates of Stock, Loans made free of Interest" a balance of twenty-two dollars, which apipearstohave been loaned by Robert E. Griffith, Esq. ori the 26£h October, 1812. -- CORNELIUS STEVENSON, City Treasurer. C. T. O. October 19; 1831, Resolved, &c. T.hat the Mayor be and ho is hereby authorized to draw his wappants on the City Tpeasurer, in favop of Robept E. Griffith, fop the sum tif twenty- two doilaps, beirtg fbi| so much money' lent and advanc ed by him, in 1812. to be appUed with other sums, to the improvement of Blaokberry alley. The following communication was received from Mr. Timothy Caldwell, and was referped to tbe paving committee. • 7h the Honourable Select and Coriimon Councils of the City of Philadelphia. Gentlemen— I propose to dig out to the proper gra duation, Schuylkill Second street,' fpom the north side of Locust slpeet.. to' the south side of George street, and George street frOni the west side of Schuylkill Second jftreStj-toSchaylkill Third street, fpr the loom and clay contained therein* I w'Jl deliver the kelly, or black earth, and rubbish on tlie surface of the same to arty, place not exoeedlng the distance of .three squares that you may be pleased to dipec't, and 1 wiU'give satisfacto- py security for the, faithful perfofmanoe of the same, to be completed at an} time, op times that you may deem ppoper — and am, gentleman, very respectfully,^ your most ob't serv't, TIMO'Y CALDWELL. November 7th, 1831. Mr. WoBBELi as Gba'tPmart ot the Committee on un finished business, made the following report, rwhich was laid onthe table. The Committee appointed . to inquire and report whether any unfirtished business of the lastCoun^il, re mains tube acted on by the preserit Council, beg leave to report the foUowing Uems as remaining undisposed of^— No. J. Dec. 23., 183Q. ^Committee was appointed to inquire into the expediency of lighting the City with gas. (No report.) " - No.2. Jan. 2r, 1821. ^communication from Wil liam Rush,, Esq. relative (to the improvement of the Navigation of fhe river SchuylkUl. was peceived and refepred tea Committee, who' on tbe 6tb of October, 1831, made ar«port, recommending- the subject to the early' ,09nsid'^ralion of the next Councils., which was agreed to. ' ' ' No. 3. April 27, iSSl. A report from the commit tee- on the Drawbridge and Lombard street Lots, rela tive to the'pupcbase of a lot for City puijposes, was ,re- o^ved from Conishon Council andlaid on the table., No. 4, , Acs^nmunication from ,B|. Chew, Jr. relative to marsh lands on the west side of the Shuylklll, was received June 30. 1831, and referred to a cDtnmittee. (No. report.) No. S. June 16, 1S>?1. A Commmuuication fromrthe Marine Railway Company, relative tothe introduction of the SchuylkUl water, was received and referreid to the Watering Committee.' (No report.) .No. 6. „^ Conpiuniipatipn from J. ^, ^am.e.s, ref[iiest- 328 PROCEEDINGS OP COUNCILS. [MOTIKBSS ing to be relieved from payment of intepest on a bond to Fpanklin's Legacy, was peceived and referred to tbe Committee on the Legacy. - (No report. ) No. 7. July 14. A Communication from the Ken sington District, relative to a supply of Schuylkill wa ter for tbat District, was received and referred to tbe Watering Committee. (No report.) No. 8. July 14. The Committee on Independence, Washington and Franklin Squares, were instructed to inquire inlo the expediency of erecting Fountain's in" all OP any of tbem. (No pepopl.) , Noi. 9. July 21. A Committee was instructed to in quire into the expediency of removing-the old-Engine house, and iiiiproVing the lot corner of Chesnut and Schuylkill Front street. (No report.) , ' . - No. 10: August 11. A Committee was appointed to co-operate with the Wardens in raising a sloop sunk in the river Delaware, near South street. (No report.) No. .11. .August 25. A CommUtee was appointed tO inquire wbethep arty measupes ought to be adopted by Conncils relative to the speed of steam boats on the Delaware, (No report.) No. 12. August 25. An additional report from the Committee apppinted-to' inquipe into the, expediency of impiioving fhe City ppoperty on the Schuylkill, sotith of the Permanent Bridge, was read and laid on the ta ble. -, , • No. 13. Sept. 8. A Petition fpom sundry citizens ppaying alterations in the names ofthe stteists, running north artd south, west of Bpoad stPeet, was'read and laid on the table. No. 14. Septr 25. A Resolution relative to the Hose and Engine Companies running on the pavement, was read andlaid on the table. No. 15j. Oct. 6. An Ordinance to regulate the set ting and re-setting of curb stones, was read and laid On the table. , • , - The following Ordinances have been received from the Common Council, and- not disposed of in Select CouncU, , ' '\ An Ordinance relative to the Markets. An Ordinance relating -to the High street Market Place. An Ordinance relating to the Secpnd street Market Place. " , , - - - An Ordinance relating tp thecbrding of wood and rates of wharfage at the public landings, Mr, WoBBELt offered the atirtexed resolution which was adopted, arid Messrs. Wprrell, Fox, Sexton, and Fearon were appointed the committee. " . Resolved, That a'comriiittee of two members of each Council be appointed to distribute, dtiring the winter, the wood already purchased for' the necessitous poor. Mr. PETTiT.a's chairman of the coinmitlee on the re vised ordinances made the fpUoWng' report and resolu tions which were agrepd to, and Messrs. Pettit. Duane, Wetherill and Lehman,- were appointed the committee. The joint committee appointed to consider and re port whether' any. and if any. what measures ought to be adbpte'd relative to the subject ofa i-evision of "The ordinances'of the Corporation of the city of Philadel- phia.and the acts of Assembly.relating thereto," report: That they have carefiiUy considePed the matlep refer red to tbem, and are of opinion tbat the revision in question is highly expedient^ The measures which they think ought to be pursued ape embi-aced in the following resolutions, which are respectfully submitted, 1, Resolved by the Select and Common Councils, That a joint committee of two'iilembeps of each Coun cil be appointed, to wbom sball be peferred the follow ing items of unfinished business foUnd on the minuteis of of the late Councils, viz. First — A bUl entitled an ordinance relating to the mapkets. Second— A bill entitled an ordinance relating to the High street market place. Third — A bill entitled an ordinance relating to the Second street market place. 2.^ Resolved by tbe Select and Common Councils, that it sball be the duty of the said joint, committee to revise tbe ordinances ofthe City and the acts of Assem bly relating thereto, and they have authority to call to their aid the SoUcitor pr any other officer ofthe Corpo ration, and tbat they have leave to report by biU or oth erwise." Mr. XipriivcoTT as Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means reporied an ordinance authorizing the Mayor to borrow $35,000 reimbursable in 1863— the money to be appropriated to city expenditures. Mp. Wobb^u, offered the annexed resolution which was adopted, and Messrs. Worrell, Massey, Okie and Fritz, were appointed the committeei Resolved, Tliat a -committee of two members Of each Councils be appointed to inquii-e into and report'the origin and present state Of the funds held by this Cor- poration,.in trust by bequest or otherwise for the pur chase bf-wo'od for the City pf Philadelphia. Mr, WoBBELL offered the foUowing resolution which was agreed to. , Item of unfinished business — ^Petition of J. E. James, praying for release of interest to committee on Frank lin and Scott's.legacy. Mr, WoBBEit offered the annexed resolution which was agreed to, and Messrs. Worrell, Fox, Coryell and Mayberry were appointed the committee. Resolved, That an item of unfinished business (No. 4 in the reportof S.Cpuncil),, viz. a lettepfrom B. Chew, Jr., relating fo marsh lands on west side ofthe Schuyl- kill'be referred lo a special commiltee of two members from each Council. -Mr. Dn.iii£ called up for consideration the resolution he offered at a previous meeting relative to engravIng^ the Declaration of Independence, wbicb was amended to read thus: Resolved, &c. That the Committee on the State House and Independent Square, under whose direction the Hall of Independence is about to be restored, as far as practicable, tothe slate in which it existed on the 4th of J-uly 1776. be and they are hereby authorized to cause the declaration of independence with the signa tures thereto, to be engraved upon a plate of bpass M- such olhep' material as may be deemed suitable tothe purpose, in all pespects as closely as is possible in the style of the original writing, and to cause the plate So prepared to be inserted as a pannel or otherwise in the most appropriate part of the HaU of Independence: — and was passed. COMMON COUNCIL— Messrs. Patterson, Hood,Ba- ker, Oldenburg and Wetherill, presented remonstran ces against changing the Drawbridge wharf to steam boat pin-poses, which were referred to the committee on thatsubject. Several petitions were presented for the introduction of Gas Lights into the city which was referred to the same committee asthose presented to fhe Select Coun cil. The following communication was received from the City Commissioners, and was referred to the committee on markets. City Commissioners' Office, Nov. 10, 1831. To the President and members ofthe Common Council. Gentkirtea — The City Commissioners respectfully state to Couno'il tiiat by an ordinance of May 22, 1799, it is made their duty "to repair and keep in repair the mar ket houses. &c," and as the roof of tbe market house in High street, between Third and Foupth streets, is in a very bad state, they would wish that Councils would permit them fo have the said roof repaired. It should be done before the winter commences, as many of the stall-holders are determined to relinquish their stalls. This market produces an interest of more than twenty per cent, to the city, and in the opinion of tbe Commis sioners, ought to be attended to. By order ofthe City Commissioners, ROBERT H. SMITH, City Clerk. 183LJ NORTH BRANCH CANAL. 329 Mr. Baker, as chairman of the Paving Committee, made the three following reports and resolutions annex- -ed, which were adopted by both Councils. Tbe Paving Commillee to whom vw s pefepred the petition of a nlimber of persons pequesting EUzabeth StPeet to-be paved: Report, That Ihey have viewed^said stpeet and are of opinion it should be paired, and offer the following resolution: .' Resolved, That the City Commissioners .under the . superintendance of the-Paving CommittBe, ; pave Elizit-. beth street, and' .charge the same to apprjSJipiation No. 1. The Pairing Commiltee to whom waS referped the petition of a rtumbep of persons Pequesting "'Linden st, to be paved: Report, That they have viewed said street and are of opinion it should be paved, they therefore offer the following resolution: -, Resolved,' That the City Commissioners under the Superintendance of the Paving Committee, pave Shoe maker street, and charge the same tu-apppopriation No. 1. Mp. Hood, as Chairman ofthe Committee- to whom was'i-efepped tlie petition of Messrs. HoUingsliead, Piatt & Co. made the following peportand resolution, which wepe adopted by Common Council, but were laid on the table irt the Select Council fop the p.resent. The Committee to whom was peferred the petition of HoUirigshead,^Platt & Co. in relation to the exten sion andimprovement'of Clifford's alley, report — That it appears; the petitioners, are desirous ofex- tendingtheir wharves, about forty feet fiiPther east, on the north side of 4said aUey, so asto front the rivep on a line with Stephen Girard's on the south. And that. In making this improvement, they are anxious that Coun cils should direct, that the aaid alley should be extend ed in CDnjirnction with them. , Tliey (in theip jawn pe tition) ' propose to Councils^ tn complele it at their own expense; Councils allowing them a fair compensation, OP shoulJ'Cauncils deein it expedient to improve it un- dettheir own directions they propose paying six per cent., as a rent on the amount ofthe expenditures, or should Councils let It to tire highest bidder they are ready to make proposals for the same. To the last proposition your committee' would recom mend to CouiicilS'the propriety of a.dheping. And youp cominittee, (aftep viewing the ppemises) are of the opin. ion, that the- improvement contemplated by the peti tioner^, wHl ba of considierable advantage to th-*t neigfh- bouphood^ tn as much asit will have a tendency toIaciU- tate the passage of drays and other vehicles along tbat fi'ortt,- the passage from which is now, and has fop years - been much obstructed. And taking into cohsideration the range of warehous es, tbe petitioners contemplate erecting on that.front, and extending their wharves, out a suitabile distance. . Yourcommittee ape ofthe opinion, that whUeCdun- cils are certain of a sufficient revenue to cover, the amount of the'experiditures (which Will not exceed five hundred dollars), it is but justice to the parties concepn- ed to cause the said alley to be paved. ; , , Your commiltee tberefore beg leave to offer the fol lowing resolution: ^ ¦ ' Resolved, By the Select and Common Councils,^ that it is eiyiediept fo extend and improve 'Clifford^El alley, so soon as HoUingshead. Flatt & Co. are prepared fo extend their wharveanorth of the same. , ,Mr.vBix.EB, offered tbe annexed , Reso.t.ution which wsf passed t^y , the Common' Council, but was laid on ihelablein't^e Select Council. ^ ; ' Resolved, By the Select a'nd. Common CoUiicils. that the City Comm'issloners be, arid 'tiii^ ar6,hereb''y au thorised in conjunction with the Market Committee, to have the necessary repairs done forthwith to the roof of the Market-house in High street, between Third and Fourth streets, and that the expense thereof be charg ed to appropriation No. 14, Mr, SexToir offered a Resolution which was amend ed so as to read thus: — Vol. Vin. 42 Resolved, By the Select and Common Councils, that the clerks be dipected lohave printed 500 copies of the Rules and 'Regulations of Councils, fop the use of the membeps thereof, and that the expense of the same be chapged to appropriation No. 21: Which was passed by the Common CouncU, but was laid On the table in the Select Council. Mr. FniTZ as Chaipman of the committee to examine the minutes of the last Council, made the annexed re- port-whjcli was adopted. • The Comlrtittee appointed to examine the minutes of the last Councils, arid report any unfinished business, beg leave to report that tbey- have examined the mi nutes of , the last Council and .find the. following items of unfinished business, - . ^ ' litem No. 1. A committee was appointed in pur suance of the pecommendation of the City Commis- sioneps, in i-elatron to Chesnut street landing lOri the Schiiylkill, which committee have-not reported. Item -No. 3, .Thfe sulyect of the purchase, ofa lot for city purposes genepally,;-wa3 referred to the yearly consideration of the .next Councils. ' . . , ; Item No. 3. An ordinance 'in pelafioh to' Logan Squape,' was r-ead a secpnd time on the€th of XlOtober '1831, and laid on the table, ' "\ -Item No, 4. The communication of Wm./ Rush, Esqi was on the 6th of October 1831, refei-ped to the lariy onnsideration of the next Councils. All which is pespeclfully submitted. Mr. Fbi-tz offeped the following resolutions,' which were adopted by both Cobncils. and Messrs. Moss, Coryell, ^ocpelland Fox. wepe appointed tbe Commit tee, ori No. 1. — and Messps. Fpitz, Bakep, "Johnson and GiPoves wepe appoiiited the Committee on No. 2. Resolved, That Item. No. 1, be referped to a special Committee of two from each Council. . Resolved, That item No- 2,^ be referred to a special Committee of two from each Council Resolved, That item No. 3, be referred lo the Com mittee on Logan and Penn SqiiareS. '„ ' Resolved, That item No. 4,, be referred to Commit tee, on Chesnut, Mulberry and Sassafras street wharves. Mp. Bakeb o'aUed up fop,consi'd«PatiOn, the resolu tion sertt in by the Select Conncil relative fo the De- claratjon of Independence, which was agreed to; and Mp. Baker called for the ayes and nays on the passage ofthe rifesolution, which was agpeed tp; and the ayes were Messrs. Fritz, Okie.- Hood, Ryan. Oldenburg, Horn, Fe*r.on. Mayberpy. Cbpyell, Leip'ep, Wethepill, Moss; Sexton, 'arid, Pag,e-*1^. - , 'Nays — Messrs. Baker, Lehman ^rid Patterson-7-3 . Aj^reeablyfo Ordinance, the Select Council iippoint* ed Messrs. lliassey; Lippincott and Pettitj the Commit tee on the .Sin.kirtg Fund, arid tlie Common Council appointed tii'essrs. Oldenbupg, Moss and Sexton, on their part. Frotoi, the Berwaek- Gaxette. - PROSPECTS OF THE NORTH BRANCH CANAL. ¦ The North .Branch Canal is now in navigable order, from Nanticoketo the VVest Braricli, and we understand the Canal G6niinissioneit#u>ive giVenorders to the Col lectors.- to reeeiverTpUs at this place, and at Norlhum- bepland. r ,', . - . '- ~" Although fiAlih difficulty has beeRgencbuntefed. in fiUiifg the lovver end of the, Canal witlrayatep, owing to a vnlfut'n^stdke, in plac'trtg the feeder'at too giieat a distance from itii junction, -which may yet in dry sea sons be a Serious detpiment to the navigation; — ^yet the expectations of the friends ofthe canaUing system will be, we believe, fuHy realized. "The amount of tonnage which wiU t i ct. perton per mile, ''.':..-" .',--' • ; • 33 00 ToU for Boat at3 cents per.snile. ,, , ,- 3 30 4 days returning empty, including toll, , ,. ^ 22 30 - _ 1584 97i Leaving. a balance in favor of Canal naviga-. tion of . -• ' - _ J- $^ TT But as a return cargo, sufficient to .pay the expense of returning, may be i^fely calculated: upon?— the surti of #22 30 should therefore be added to the balance, in favor ofthe Canal, and we then hjlire a nett saving on the Canal of $25 07. ' order of the president and managers, to take into con sideration the subject' of the construction of the said Bail Road, and the prosecution ofthe work until com pleted, as authvrised by the charter; and Whereas, it satisfactorily appears lo the stockholders now convened, fi-om the reports of Moncure Robinson, and P.. VV. Bawle, Esqrs. engineers of the company, tiiat the DanviUe and PottsviUe Bail Road can b* made (in a less distance, on a niore favorable location, and witti 354 feet less ascent -arid descent, thanby-the first survey) for a reasonable sum. and '" a.superior manner, fitted in every respect for the application of locomotive power for the conveyari^ of passengers, and the trans- p'orlation of every kind of fonirage; therefoFej . Resolved, That the president andmaB^gers be request ed to .put under contract assoa»asppa6tic,uble,,with sk view'tp its speedy pompletion, so much of the eastern section of the 'Said Road, commencing at tbe point of connexion with the Mount Carbon Hail Road, atid ex< tending to fhe mouth of Ibe Shenandoah creek, and thence towards the Susquehanna, as far as-the present funds of.the compan;^ will, in the opinioh of the presi- deivt and manaigers, just'rfy- Resolved, That the president and managers be au- ihorised^to receive subscriptions for the balance of the; slock ofthe company,- authorised by law,-or so much thereof, as may be sufficient to compfete &e whole work. Resolved. That the president and managers Be au thorised and. requested to make application tothe le gislature, to:,be allowed five years in addition to the: time now authorised for the completion of the whole work— for permission to'-tranaport tEe mail and passen gers, or to receive such toU as may appear to the pre» sident^ apd managers peasonable fur thie same. And also for.pePmission, if at any lime hereafter, the tolls should not enable the company, after paying all repairs and other necessary expenses, to divide six pec cent, per annum on the capital stock expended, thai then, and io such case, 'l^c tolls may be increased by the company, sa that the dividends shall amount to ten peteent. per annum, and thai whenever tlie tolls shall exceed fifteen per cent^ per annum onthe capital expended, they sball be reduced so as not to «xceed that amount. -A letter from Mp. Wm. McCarty to, tbe raanagen of -the -company was read, In which he offerato contract for naaking-lbe whole road, at the estimate of Sie engi neers, andto subscribe fbr stock of the company to the amount^f fifty thousand dollars, to be received i» pant payment for the work. The following resolution offered by Richard Peters, Esq. was th,en unanimously adopted'. Bresolved, That the thanks of this-Bieetir^ be tender ed to the stockholders of DanvUle and Sunbury, fot their very liberal conduct, in pelation to the prosecu tion ofthis great work. (Signed,) DA.NIEL M.ONTGOMERT, Chairman. H. C. Cabev, Secretary. DANVILLE AND POTTSVitLB RAIL ROAD. ,;At a meetingof the stockholders of the Danville and Pottsville Rail Road Company, held agreeably to public DPtipe, on. Saturday, 12lh instant, pn mntipn pf Stephen Girard, Esq. Gen. Daniel Menfgpmery was called to the chair, and H. C. Carey, was appointed secretary;. . The following preamble and resolutions, moved by Richard Peters, Esq. were unanirirtously adopted, Where»sji the stockholders of the Danville and Pottsville Bail Ro»d Company, have been convened by for the RegiiterorPennijIraniK, SKETCHES OF WESTERN PENNSTI.TitNI4U NO. L that part of Pennsylvania, lyingf west ofthe Alleg^e'- ny mbdntHn, comprising tbe counties of Westmorelandt, Fayette, IJPashington, Greene, AUegheny, Beaver, But ler, Mercer, Crawford, Erie, Warpen. 'Venango, Arm' strong, Indiana, Jefferson and McKean, and papts of So'merset, Cambris, Clearfield, and Petter, is generally denpminated Western Pennsylvania. What is known by the name of the dividing ridge, or top of the Alle gheny mountain, passes through the foujr last named counties ; all tbe streams rising east of this ridge Sow ISSI.] SKETCHES OP WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 331 eastvardly, generally forming tributaries of the Sus quehanna; while those having their sources un the western side &ow westward, and find their way to the Ohio. The geographical division is strongly marked, and the term very appi-opriale. ¦History. — Ihere are men yet living wbb assisted in the arduous enterprise of settiing Ihis^^stensive and flourishing section of Our, commonwealth. '--The wpitep of this has seen and conversed with many ofthese ven- eral^le pipneeps, much pf whose lives has been spent in the privations and hardships incidental to new and re mote' Settlements, in contests with savageij often obliged to betake themselves to blockhouses foiv" safety, _and wlio for many years, encountered innumerable perils ; but who, through' perseverance and industry, have eaused the wilderness to blossom as the rose. , Long-' befope the revolution, this section of coUntpy was in the possession of the Fpencb, who built and oc cupied FOrt Do Quesne, at the junction ofthe AUegflie- ny and Monbri^gahela riveps, where Pittsburg now stands. This was theip principal fort. They had alsb anothe fort on French creek,' a tributary of the Alte- gfheny, called Le Beuf. Duping what we now call the did French War, the Bpitis/h government made numerous ¦attempts to dis lodge the French, and their Indian aUies, frpm Du Quesne; Ih the year l'755,GeWepal Braddpck.in making this attempt, met wUh his disastrous defeat. After a fatiguing march through the- wilderness, he had arrived within eiglit niiles of thefprt, wheri he- was met by a stronig force bf French and Indians. ' Ignorant him self of Indian wap&pe,; and perhaps too proud to take advice^ he drew u[) his army in the usual order- of battle, to contend With an enem'y^kiilking behind trees and logs. The result was what might have been expected; his men were slaughtered by an unseen foe. and a defeat the most disastrous perhaps that ever took place upon the continent; and a preeipitate retreat, leaving the wounded among their mercilesscpnqueror^. The brave but imprudent Braddock received a mortal wound. He was earriled about fifty miles by his mert, when he expired; arid his solitary "grave is yet pointed outto.,the'.tPaveller; in the mountainous region; near the line dividing thecounties of Somerset and Fayette. on the side of the national road. Iii this action our own Washington, then a young man, a Miajop at the head of the Virginia troops, first displayed that pru dence, firmness, coolness, and intrepidity, which after wards marked his charactep, and gave him a place among the fipSt of men. Aftep sustaining the furious onset, and doing all that man could do, to make head against the ovepwhelm'ng fopce of the enemy, he co vered the retreat, andsaved jhe army from total destruc- tion^_ On the theatre ofthis bloody and unfortunate affajr, a "flourishing Female Seminary is' now established. Light and playful steps tread tbe soil which drank tbe blood ofthe waprior; and the ploughshare of the hus bandman disturbs his mouldering uninterred bones. The fortress in dispute is now the scite ofa great and flour ishing cit^. The wilderness through which Braddock, with such toil and danger, forced his way, has been converted , into fruitful fields, and become the quiet habitation of civiUzed men. What a change in seventy years ! The wildest fancy would have fallen fap short of the reality; its parallel is only to be found in the same western regions, where art seems to have become ma- gic.i -and (he effects- of human enterprise, industry, and perseverance, indicate a power only short of omnipo tence. - . "The next, demonstration made by the British against -Fort.Du QOesne, was commanded by General Grant, at lUe h'ea.d of 800 -Scotch Higldsinders.' He marched to the top ofa hUl which "ovei looked" the fort.^nd there .imprudently beat a reveille in the heaping of the" French and Indians,, in the g^arrison. ' ;fbe..laltep unseen, sal- lied'oiit, flanked him. right arid left, attacked' and cut the troops to pieces. The unfortunate Grant was made prisoner. This hill is now known by the natn'e pf 'Grant's In 1763,rGen. Fprbes commanded'on fhe third expe dition ^gainst this place. Profiting bythe de,ar,boiight experience ofhis predecessors, be resorted to strata gem. On arriving near the garrison, he mapched his men in single file, and extended as much aS possible. The Indian-spies, fihdingwhat they supposed an inter minable line of troops approaching, hastened~tQ ,tbe garrison with the intelligence. . The- French^ adopting the sage maxim ofthe renowned Falstaff, blew up their works, arid mad&~a basty'retreat down the Ohio, leaving this impprtant statipn in quiet ppssession ofthe British. treaties were Concluded with the neigliboring -Indian tribesf tbe garrison rebuilt at considerabre expense, and named Fort Pitt in honor ofthe Earl of Chatham.* Af th'^'period emigration, frum the eastern sideof the mountains, began to be general, , Various inducements were held out to settlers by the government of Penn sylvania, bolh before the separation from Gpeat Britain and since. Redstone settlement, onthe Monongahela, ^ras the first. -Soon after pt)her settlements were fopm ed, ppincipaUy in what ape now Westmoreland and Al- legheny (iounties. :t>ittsb'Upg began to be built, ahd a town called -Hannahstown,^ the first seat ofjiistice of Westmoreland county, laid out, about 33 miles east of Pittsburg. A number ofhouses were erected, and it was the centre of a flourishing 'se.ttleHieiit,,when it was burnt, 81^ tlie inhabitants driven off-^fora time, by a marauding party of::savages. It was never rebuUt; tho seat of justice , wis transferred tb Greensbufg. about three mifes distant. The ruin^ are yet to be seen. ^The burning Of Hanii'ahslpWn, and the numberless depredations of the' Indians, did not much retard the current of e'a^gration. The osuntry was fine, and land to be had for little more than Iheexpense of surveying; and althoi^lijjseparated by almost inaccessible moun tains from the rest of the civilized, world; and though the pack horSe was for many years their only means of conveyance, they stUl persevered, looking forward to better times. Many venerable and worthy men are now Uving, in affluence, who endured these difficulties. Previous to tbe year 1773, all this section of country ' Hence tbe name of Pittsburg, 332 SKETCHES OP WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. [NovimbhH was^iiomprised in the single cotmty of Bedford. In tiiat year, Northumberland county was erected, which, with a large section east ofthe mountains, comprehended a considerable portion of Uie western, lying east of tbe Allegheny river. In the foUowing year, Westmoreland was erected, comprehending aU that part of Bedford sit uated west of the Allegheny mountain; being the first county, the seat of justice of which was situated west of the mountains. As the population increase^' new counties were erected, inrthe prder follewlng: > ' .. Washington, frgm Westmoreland in 1781 , Fayette, from ; ' "t- - «< ,?/..ir83. Allegheny, from " >-.,'.''' 1788.ments; and a peaceful, intelligent cpm- inunity now have their happy ,homes upon the very soil wbicb, within the memory of mpn now living, was the unimppovea,' uncultivated home of wandering, unsettled tribes, who'^roamed,, in glooriiy soUtude; prin predatery hordes, thrpugh the interminable fbPest,j: . . The physical features pf this seolibn of country are strong, and extremely various. In one.section we find the bold, picturesque scenery of mountainous regions, offen too wild to be reduped tO„ order, or made subser vient td the use of man.. In another, the fertile plain inviting to the husbandman from Us fertility, arid pleas ing to the eye of fhe*trayeUer, as thejjbodeofpeace and plenty. In a third, alternate hills and vallies. In pleasing variety, affording, together with a fpuiiful and generous EoU, the two richest blessings Of Ufe, good Wa ter and good health. In a fourth, vallies watered by beautiful limpid streams form a scene, which of all oth eps, the lover of nature the most delights to contem plate. Here, in a word, nature has scattered her boun ties with a liberal hand — has] equally removed it from the enervating influence of extreme fertiUty, and the hard sterility, whieh denies the labours of the cultiva' tor a full reward. Mountains. — The Allegheny mountain, as was be fore observed, bounds . this section of Pennsylvania on the east. When- we speak ofthe Allegheny moun tain in particular, we mean the great central elevation which. divides tlieeastern from the western waters, and of which all tbe others are biit spurs or branches; al though all are frequently Comprehended underthe gen- er.11'de'rt6'mination of AUegheny mountains; In almost,, all, respects this mountain differs from the others.' In approaching it from the eastward, it presents a bold and precipitous front, and from two to five miles will briitg the traveller to the Summit, from whence the - desent westward is scarcely perceptible. Much ofit migbt be called table-land; for even on' the summit, fracts of le vel, and frequently excellent land extends for mUes. Many fine farms are to be met with in these tracts; and, althoiigh it is what farmers denominate a-cold-soil, it well repays the labour of oultivation. But itis along the water courses that tbe genuine mountain features are to be seen. Rugged, precipitous hills-, rocks and precipices, pine, laurel, and every variety ofmountaia shrubbery, together with tbe roaring of the wild- and agitated stream, crowding at once upon the mind of the beholder, form a combination in the highest de gree, pictures.que anfl romantic. The Laurel HiU, is the first branch ofthe Allegheny on its- western -side; and ils dipection is parallel with; .and but a short distance from it. It forms the dividing line; between Westmoreland and Somerset- -counties, thence passing through Fayette county, it leaves the State.. Iri elevation' it falls but Utile short of the Allegheny. Steep, fugged, and rocky, it caonot be cultivated. Its scenery is wild, and its aspect generally dreary and forbiding. The Conemaugh and Youghip- ¦ gheny rivers h^ve broken passages tbrough it. The Chesnut Ridge is the next and last elevation enti tled to the appellation of mountain. It passes through In diana, West moreland and Fayette counties, to the Yough iogheny river, where it appears to terminate. In altitude and rugged features it falls far short of the I.,aurel Hill. The Allegheny rixejv and many of its tributaries, have their source in-wbat may be termed mountainous regions: regions having all the features of mountains except their regulap elevation. Rivers. — The Mlegheny, which traverses the north ern seption. of, western Pennsylvan:a, first claims atten tion. It rises in Potter county, whence, flowing in a north-western "direction, it enters the stale of New Yolk; thence inclining more and more to the soutb, it re-enters Penn,sylvania, at the N. E. corner of Warren county, and continues in a direclian nearly south, pas sing, through the counties of Warren, Venarigo, Arm strong, and Allegheny, unites with the lionongahela at Pittsburg, and forms the Ohio. The Ohio was considered by the Indians as the con tinuation of the Allegheny. The names are synony mous: Allegheny being a word in the dialect of the Delaware Indians, and Ohio in the Seneca, both signi. fying Fair river. 18S1,] SKETCHES OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA, 333 The> importance of the Allegheny, consists chiefly in the lumber busiaess, more than twenty millions of feet of which descend annually, fpom the vast pine for ests througb which it and its tributaries pass. -A steam boat, buUt purposely for the navigation of tbis river, of from sixty to eighty tons burden, plies regularly be tween Pittsburg and Warren, a distance of .about two hundred miles; and in. one instance ascended to Olean Point, in the State of New York, a distance from Pitts burg little Short of three hundred iniles^ This riter is universally admired for the iinrividled purity of its wafer; which is so transparent that the pebblei^ at the ^bottom may be frequently seen at a depth of twenty feel; for its smooth, yet lively current; and for the Clean pebbly cbannel.through which it flows. Its navigation is safe and easy; and it is areinarkable' fact, that, , although it is, -through a great part of its course, closely environed )>y high, steep, and frequently rocky hills, its channel .is itlmost enitirely free froni- rbcks. Its scenery is liigtily rolnantic, and in somef places assumes a wild grandeur, but rarely toibe met with. The country along its banks partakes of a great Tariety of features: some' of- it Is very fertile,and w6ll settled and improved, some steril, and incapaUe of cul tivation, and other parts are highly valuable on account of the fine timber with -which tbey are covered. The Mgnongdhel^ rises in "Virginia, whenc'e flowing northward, enters Pennsylvania,' fopmlng the dividing Une between Fayette ""and Greene, Westmopeland and Washington, counties, then enters Allegheniy county, in which it Unites with the Allegheny river at Pitts-" burg. Its current is m~ostly gentle, and its waters ra ther muddy.' It appears .at first view of equal size with the Allegheny; but itfalts liir short of the latter in the quantity of water- it discharges. The coUntpy through which fhe. Monongahela ineanders is perhaps the finest in western Pennsylvania. Large tpacts of alluvial soil skirt its borders, and the bills are generally easy of ascent, and well calculated for cultivation. Steain boats ply regularly on this river between Pitts-^ burg and Brownsville, in Fayette county, -about fopty miles. The name in the Indian dialect; signifies "the river of the falling in tanks." The Ohio, formed by the united waters of the Alle- ghehy and Monongahela, has but a Short course in wes- ferif F'ennsylvania. Passing through part of Allegheny, it enters Beaver county, thence, leaving the State, it pursues itscourseof a thousand miles into the farwestj tUI it mingles its waters with those .Of the Mississippi. It retains the general features 'of the Allegheny, rather than of the Monongahela, though the current is more gentle, and the water less limpid. This is decidedly the most important river in this section of country, formiiig as it does the great channel of -Communication with the vast and flourishing regions bf the west and south. Its width is from one third to half a mile. The Conemaugh, a tributary of the Allegheny, bas its source in the Allegheny mountain, whence it pur sues a north-western direction, till it meets the AUeghe ny, thirty miles above Pittsburg, (t is in many- places a rough, impetuous stream, of dangierous navigation. It is important, however, as being the solefieeder ofthe western section of the Pennsylvania Canal, which fol lows the valley ofthis river, almost throughout its entire course. About twenty miles from its mouth, this river receives the waters of a creek, called Loyal Hannah ; from wbich place the name of the river is absurdly changed from Conemaugh, to Kiskiminetas,— thus pro ducing confusion in the mind of strangers. Itmay have been the result ^of accident or misunderstanding; but, however-this may be, it is high time that the, name bf Kiskiminetaswasstrlcken from the map. The Tottghiogheny, the principal tributary of the MOnongiihela,' rises in the Allegheny mountain, near the'^aryland Une, whence pursuing 'a north'westem diretstioni^througlFFayette and Westmoreland oounties, it Unites With the Monongahela, a few miles above Pitts- Jjui^. It is difficult. to navigate, but affords fine -Water poWer, and flowsi^fpr, a considerable part of its course, through a highly fertile and floupishirig section of coun- •iry;';;. ''"'-¦ - . " 'fhete.ape many othep fine streams in this section of country, some of which ape navigable, for aconsiderable distance. Water powerja abundant, mills and otber manufactories !,re numerous, and to be met vi;ith in' all quarters. Nearly all these streams have clean Jiebbly channels, lively currents, and little or none of that 'grass, and other vegetable matter, which, putrifying, engen der a variety of diseases. Hence agues are almost un known in Western Pennsylvania, . The soil of the vaUies,' in the mpuntainpus rijgipris, is excellent, and well watered.. Leaving the mountains, the country cpnsists principally of ara~ble hUls, alternate vallies, or, as it is commonly called, rolling ground. However, near wafer courses, the hills are Frequently too iteep for cultivation, although possessing a fine soil, and clothed with the most luxuriant growth of finiber. Such hills; having the proper exposure, would be well adapted to the culture of the vine. This latter descrip tion, holds good generally, respecting the greater part of Westmoreland^tbe. western part of Fayette all Washingtort— Allegheney— ^Beaver, and Indiana, for the most parti may be pllcerd in the same olass. The three first iiamed counties, possess the finest.land, and'Wash- ington is generally supposed fo rank first in this respect. Mercej, Crawford and Erie, have large bodies of level land, of excellent quality; but better adapted tb grazing than grain^gVwirig. Butler, Xrmstrong^ Venango and Warren, have soiis~ro extFemely various, that it would be impossible to give them a genefalcbaracter. Whilst^ large bodies might almost 'be -pronounced worthless and other lacgebodjes ape valuable only fop the' timber with whieh they are poverei^; there are many extensive tracts, which wiU not suffer in comparison with any land in Perinsylvania'. . '• Tirhber.^^eve is no better criterion of soil than the timber whioh it produces. The soli best adapted to "small grain," wiU be found to produce abundance of white oak; yet almost invariably mixed plentifully with either hickory, chesnut, walnut, the other species of oaks, ash, or with several, or even all ofthese. But the white oak will predominate. On that best adapted to 334 TREE TRADE CONVENTION. [NoTSKaia Indian corn- hickory, walnut, cherry, or sug^ maple will predominate. Beech, maple, black ash, &c. indi cate good grass land; although hickory and the various ^ecies of oaks, except rock oak, frequemly abound on such soils. Pine lands cannot be said to begooi^fop any of the grains-^they produce, grass, when favourably situated, pretty well. Almost every species of timber abounds . on the Alle gheny mountain; except white oak. -The various spe cies of p'uie predominate, poplar, beech; sugar ma-. pie, chesnut and birch, are next in:ablm'dance. Some- kinds -of shtubbery are found which I have metwith no where else.-^^ild cherry abounds irt some parts, as also black, red arid rock oaks,'walntit; ash' and hickory: Pines, poplars and chesiiuls grow fp.buge size.'- In some places, where the soil is rich -and huinid| it is cover- ,-)-.-,,„ ed with a vegetation so dense and hixuriant as to, seem absolutely impenetrable^ Chesnut, and red, and rock oak predominate on the Laurer-HUI. On the Chesnut Rid^e, chesnut is most abundantj poplar, the oaks, and most timber usually found on high grouncls, also abound. It is heavily, tim' bered. .No pine is met with except alOnga few of the water-oours'es, "" - -"- ' Except in the mountiiinous regions, and in the nortli- easterri section, no pines, ppoperly so called, are found in 'West^ri Pennsylvania, , One Species, -the hemlock, skirts the borders of some of the, streams. Cedar is rapely metwith in any part. - In the vaUies, and aloi'g'.lhe watep courses, hickory, ash, sugar-maple, cherry, elnj, &c. &c;abouridi the'ma. jestic sycamope' skirls the bopdei'sJof most ofthe larger streams; Leaving the valles, the different species of oak. are fbund greatly pfed.6minanf.- Black Walnut abpunds in some places, arid alwayaindicates a soil of extreme fertUity, In the neighborhood of Lake Erie, beech and 'sugar maple predominate,. The soilis:yery good, but hard to clear, owingto the long, spreading roots ofthese trees. ' On the heads of the Allegheny and some of its tributa ries, there are inimense forests of White pine, from which the coiintry bordering the .6hio is supplied with boards and, shingles of ^the , finest quality, and at very low prices.; - ,' ' , > " ', The forest trees generally are of a largeslae, healthy and luxuriant in appearance, jind frequently as thick as tlley can stand. Wood is -Jilenty and cheap. Fruit trees are abundant, and the soil arid climate weU adapt ed to their fruiffulness. Grapes, in great variety are found growing spontaneously;, and some ofthem ai-e of excellent quality, and would b"e well worthy of cultiva tion. This branch- of rutlileconortiy'is begirining to at tract attention; and, so far 'as tested, ''the experiment bas been successful. "\ - , , In a word, whether we consider this section of coun try as regards its bold and variegated scenery; the fruit-' fulness of its soil; the purity of its waters; the salubrity of its climate; the veriety and vigorous growth of its vegetable productions, or the well cultivated fields, andthe pleasant dwelUngs of its industrious, virtuous and happy population, we find much to admire. The ardent lover of nature may rusticate with delight amidst its solemn, wild, and romantic scenes, the political econ omist may calculate with pleasure its vast resources; and the philanthropist rejoice in the view of this favoured abode of simplicity and virtue, of plenty and content ment. ¦: [To be Continued.) PROCEEDINGS OF FREE TRADE X!ONVENT-ION. ,,v; (Cordinued from pagf 261.) Mr. '•¦PoiifDEXTEB, of Mississippi, offered the folloW- ilfgsresplutions: (on IheSd day.) • - y^tiked. That we feel the strongeat atlscKment to the Union ofthe Slates composing the Confederacy of the United States; and that we pledge our lives, our fortunes, artd our sacred honor, to defend the saine- against aU enccoachments, infernal and external, which may threaten its dupation; which sentiment we cannot Ibe induced, by any emergenicy. to yield,- while the lib- ¦SePty of .the people is preserved, and the rights oithe parties to the compact respected according to the pro visions ofthe Constitution. - - ' 2. Reived, That all laws regulating labor by pen^ enactments, by bountieS,or monopoUes. are inconsistent witb the- principles of free GoveiiUment, and a palpable viola.tion of the inherent and inalienable rights ofa ftee peopLej ^.nd contrary fo the letter and spirit of the Constitution of the United Slates. ~ 3- Resohed, That the obvious and legitimate object of a written Constitution, istodefinethe powersof the 'Government; to limit theacfiort of the maj'opity, andfo. protecttlie rights of the minority from invasion, by a usurpation of 'powers not enumerated in- the grant.^ 4.- ResO(fied,>S]Chattheiay/ of Congress, entitled "An act in alteration of the several acts imposing duties on imports, ".passed on the 19th dity of May, 182^ is un- equal'in itsoperalion^on the' great interests Of the na tion; oppressive on Agriculture, Commerce arid Navi gation, that said act recognizes and iriiposes a system of taxation, falling -with peculiar '-njusiice on those who cultivate the soil, and supply, by their industry^ tbe exs port tpade of the United States, 'aiid on all others not immedhitely engaged in manufactures; that, in effect, it assumes a power unknown to the ConstitutioQ, to regu late labor ,by bounties and monopoUes, to the unlimited exercise of which power, a free people cannot, and ought not to stibmit, when all hopes of redress shall have vanished. 5. Resohed, That a solemn appeal be made to Jhe patriotism and justice of'-ihe people of the United States, to unite in obtaining such modifications of the existing Tapiff as maybe essential to all the important interesls^of the people; and calculated to quiet Ihe fears and satisfy the reasonable demands of every sec tion of the Union; and also, tbat ~a Memorial, of like import^be addressed fo the Congress of the United States, td be presented at their next session. 6. Resohed, That the preceding resolutions be re ferred to such Commiltee as may be appointid to pre pare the aforesaid Address an^ Memorial." i^ottrtA.rfay.-— Wednesday^Oct. 5th, 1831. At 13 o'clock the President took the Chair, when the minutes ofthe preceding session' were read. The following Delegates appeared and took their seats. From' Virginia, LittietontJpsher.— iVew York, Jumea Heard, E. D. Comstock, Silas M. Stilwell— Maryland, George Hoffman. — Massaehusettt, John Pickens.— &ufA CaroUna, Thomas Fleming — New J'ersey,R.F.Stocktoni —North Carolina, N. Bruner. — Conneeheu^, Roger Minot Sherman. The President laid before the Convention a comrau 1831.} FREE TRADE CONVENTION. 335 nication, addressed to him by Mr. James Ronaldson, of the city of Philadelphia, relating to the price of iron at two diffepent perioils, wbich letter, on motion, was laid upon the table. Mr. Mitchell, of South CaroUria, offered the follow ing resolution: Resolved, That the Federal Committee do inquire into the expediency of recommending the atioUtinn of specific and minimum duties, and the substitution ofthe- ad valorem duty on an aU-importa. Which resolution was, on motion, of, Mr. .Mitchell, referred to thg^General Committee; ' ¦ . - , Mr. JosES, of Georgia, offered the following resolu tion: ,' Resolved, Tbat this Convention accepts, with thank ful acknowledgment, the copies of Mr. Cambreleng's Report on Cpmmepce and Navigation, pre'sentecl. by John I. Mumfbrd," for the use ofthe 'CoDVe'h'iiori. -"- ' Mr. Stev'ess, of New' tork, moved to amend the same by stPiking,. out the, name of Mr. Caliibreleng, ib as to make it read "Report ofthe (!/Ommittee on.Com- , merce and Navigatron;" which was not agreed ,to, and then tbe resolution was adopted. The; Secretary stated that there were lying upon his table an invitation from ihe Frariklin Institute to each member of this Convention, to attend'its annual exhi bition of rarinufactures. - Mr. Pbe'stoit, of South Carolina, offered the follow ing resolution: ^ Resolved, Tbat a Comnfittee be appointed by^g President to wait UpOn the GeneftiilOonlmittee, now' in session, for tbe purposeJ6f aicertaming^at what timie they" will be ready to report.: ' "^¦. Which r^soli^ionai^a^eedloi. and ..> 'JlrpPBKs-poK.'and MrV,{lp>Lii^, of .¦Virginla,"were ap- poiided thaf'dpmniiflee. , ' In a short time,, Mr, Preston; fpbm the Committee last appointed, Peportedi that .they had waited fratsn^ the Genepal C<^ni mittee," and received fronl the jC^^lman infopmatiort thatthe Committee wouldbe'readyta re port in afew minutes.'or tp- ask furthep time. , Mp. Bags^'TT^ of Virginia, offered the following reso lution:, ' ' ^ Resolved, That a Committee be appointed ^to Oortfer with the Pennsylvania Ddegatipn, in reference to the raisiri'g ofi a fiind to pay the expenses incident to tbe meeting of tb'isConvention, - The resohition was agreed to, and the following gen'- tlenen were appoipted: ^ '. ': Mr. Bassett, sir'. Sedgwick, Mp. Carpenter, Mr. 'A;' Pl'Biftfefi, iflr. JoneS,*flf GeoVgia. " 7" Mp. GittA-riH, from thcGerteral COmmitfee; stated that 'tbat|c6mniittee was not yet ready to repppt.fbut would be pe^dy tcidb so at4 o'Olbck fhis aftepnoon, and according^'asked fiiplhertime; when it was; on motipn, .He»oted','Tha^fu^theP-tiirtebe granted, stud ibat'tiiiere be a recess of this Convention until 4 d'Clbck, P. M. Mr. Fbice, of Pennsylvania, stated that he liadrbeen requested by the Managers ofthe PerinayJSi'S»ftia kospi- tal. to inyile the irtdividual members ofthis Convention torisitthesaidinstituttpn, af any time it niay suit -their «onvenierice. ' : . 4 cfchek, P. M. The Ppesident announced the names ofthe followirig gentlemen, as having been invitedrby, bim to take seats within tbe bar of Conr.ention. - ',v ThejConsul General of Sweden. The' Charge d'Affaipa,;Of Denmapk. -, The Hon. Judge B.aldwin, of.the '^lipreme Court of the United State. The Hon. Jud§e Morgan; of Fhiiadelphia. Gen. Presfon'of Virginia. ^ ' The Hon. Warren %' Davis, Representative in Con gress, from South Carolina. The H"": '^¦'< Johnston, a Senatop from Lpuisiana. Mr. Bebbieh, frpm the General Cemmittee, reported the 4raft ofan Address to the People ofthe C, States; which having been read by him to the Convention, it was, on motion of Mr. Jones, of Georgia. Resolved, That the said Address be laid upon the table, and that 300 copies be printed forthe use of the members. Mr. Pbestoic, of South Carolina, moved, that when this Convention adjourn, it be to meet again at 10 o'clock to-morrow morning; which was agreed to, and, on motion. The Convention adjourned. i|V//A 7J«.y.— Tiiursday, Oot. 6lh, 1831. At 10 o'clock, the President "took tbe^chair, when tfae-friinutes of the preceding day Were read. ., Mr. JoBH, I. DoKALBSos, a> Delegate, from Mary land(^ appeared and,took his seat. ' ' , ' The, Pbesu^ht stated, that one of the members of the General Commilteehad informed liim, thatthe Ad dress torthe People of the United States, reported yes terday; wOiild-nojt he ready until 12 o'clock, and he sub mitted to the Cpn-cention;, the expediency Of a recess until that hourr '''''"¦ }¦'¦ ' Mr. PorHDEXTEB, of Mississippi, offered- the folio wing resolution :' > , „ - Resolved^ Tbat it be recommended to the Convention, that a committee bf six be appointed, and requested to attend in thecity of New "Yopk, and'exppessto the Con irention there to.be assembled on the 36fh of the'pre- sent month, in the name of this convention, a sincere desire to meet,, in the spirit -of conciliation, such Com mittee as'they may appoint .to confer on the modifications which ought to be, made in the existing'Tariff of ' duties, on goods, wapes and merchandize imported into the UnUed,,S^$^tjBS. ,so as to render the same,, as far as may be, equal in itsbperatiort, and .satisSctopy to the people of lli'e United ^tates; and submitthe result of such con - feranCe to tbe p'epmaneht Committee, appointed by tbe prieo'eding, resblution^ - » , -, Which' resolution was laid on thetable. 1 Mr. M1TCHEI.L, of Soutb Carolina, laid before the Conventiori a printed paper, addressed "I'o the Mem bers of the- Anti-Tariff Gonventipfr, at Philadelphia." dated at Chicleston. S. C^ ort the 24th of SeT>tember, 1831. and signed by ttenjamin FaneuirHiint, Delegate from St James. Santee; which- was ordered to be read. Tile secretary proceeded to the reading of the same, and after some progress therein , it was m.pved. by Mr. PBESTOjf, of South Carolina. ,yiat the further reading be dispensed with, and that ibe 'document be laid on The table. ' " ' , Which wirsgreScl. lo. ^- " ¦''' , ¦''J^B motion;- of Mr. Parsons', of Alabama, it wa.s then 'Resohedi Ihat there be a Pecess' of the Convention untU 1 o'-clock'. ~.;; ;-'\ ;- - : . ' " A coinrfiunlcation was fead from Mr.' John; Sarchel, of 'Philiidelphia, praetfcal Blacksraiih,6o;t^aining some infopmatfon on the subject of the-.prite of iron, in an- swfp to the' statement made in Hr.'Ronaldson's letlep, whlJEb wasyesttfpday laid before the "COrivefltion. Mr. Mitcu'el'l, of South CaPoUna.'mbved that tbe said letter be printed., ' , -• ; Mr.,A;P.^,in<£Eii, of South Carolina.proposed to add these wppds^'in "conjunctip'n with the lettep of Mp. Hunaldson,'.' which amendment was adopted by Mr. t^itchellaslniLodifibati^rt; and tUe-j^uestion having been pilt, tbe.re)^uii6n was not agreed lb. - _Mr, PpirpEiTBB thoved totadjourn, but subsequently withdrew th^^motlon, for th'e purpose of subniittingthe folliiwing,;jt^^lutions : Reioheg, That 10 o'clock, A. M. diily be the stand ing boup fop the meeting of this Convention, until oth erwise dipected. Mp. Jokes, of Geopgia, moved that the Convention adjourn; and on the question being put, it was not agreed to, Mr. Mii*EB, of South CaroUna, moved that the Con vention resolve itself into a Committee of the Whole, 336 MISCELLANEOUS [NoTBKBan upon the address' to the people of the United States; wbich was agreed to. _ , _ The Pbesident appointed Mr. Sedgwick, of Massa chusetts, Chairman of the Committee ofthe Whole, but Mr. Sedgwick not being at that moment present, Mr. .Banks, of Virginia, was appointed, and the President leit the Chair. After a short period, the President resumed the Chair wben Mr. Banks reported that the Committee of the Whole had had under consideration the Address to tiie People ofthe United States, committed tothe.Ti; that they had made some progpessin the same; and. had instructed their (jhai.rman to ask leaVe^tp sit-again. Upon the question of granting leave to sit again, it was unanimously agreed to. - The following names were announced by 'b^ Pi-esi- dentduring the'day, of gentlemen invited by him lOjOiike seats with"in- the. bar of the Convfentibn:- 'J; ,:•< Mr. lnghiim>iate Secpetary of the Treasury, - -Ji'.,,- Mr. Saul Alley, of New 'York, ,'i, ¦ '' /: c^-^/ Mr. 'WilliaihD. Shepherd, pf North Caroliha.- \ Mr. John Hare, Powell, of PhUadelphia. :?r' -^i On ibotion of Mr. Berrien, of Georgia, the-rCpn.vettfion' adjourn^;-. - , "' - ' , j,// - ; ... - " [To be Continued.] f-:;^ '''r' : Reported for the Pennsylvania Inquirer. BREACH OF PROMISE, , , ' District Court, Nov. 3d, 3d. 4th and i5i\b, before: Judge Hallowell artd a Special Jtapy.^ "' „ - '. -,., Arme Rees'ys.Mi^jS.u^. ,-.--,¦,¦- This was ari action brought -toTpgodver damages for a breach, of prbmise of marriage, and the circumstan ces and comrtiencement of the-acquaintai|pe of the parlies, as-detailed in evidence, appeared',ai»-follo.Ws; Miss Catharine Rees, sister, to tbe plaintiff, testified, that in August, 1829, while she and hep sister were tak ing a walk put Fourth street, they Were "aCcbsted-by the defendant and another gentlehian, whj> , JQjJneil, thein; that the defendant inquired where tbey re|M|^; and on, iheit- reply, informed them that he was a near; iieighbo,|irs that'tb^r stopped at the College GaplfJi, and got'soinofe Pe,Ereshiti"e(its. he remarking that &re was no harmin it, as" he was a neighbour; at.this gar den the other gentleman left ihem, when lh6;defend-, ant observed that the reason -pf his leaving, Iherri, was, that he did ir6t think it ^ight. to accompany Ihem ,^3 he was a married; man..-».dd!ng, so was 1 piice, but! buried, my wife, and always jlthltoght, I would wait ayeari-.but (addressing the. plai'iitiffi^ jt; have.;fail&nUli' lo'Ve. with you and changed ,,mymii)i,fhat the. defence was conducted in a novel st-yle'i as witnesses were incour^ aivd yet'none examin- ea-in.dfeferidantSs behalf; that iHi extraor^nary charac ter Ws only 'eq."&JI;ejt by the novel arid- unusual style of M;ooi»^,-pi!'aetJsed',Sy.!'the defendant.' - ' ' ;¦ Epr t)ie. ,#g^tyla%t> if^ w'as contended that the gase was not of the aggravated des'criptibn rejii'resented-by the piainfifT'scoiinseljthatlhe. defence did nof reqi^ the examination of -any testimony^ as> had been at, first anticipa.ted, tiie .plaintifi's case. bein^Veak and not re quiring any defence; that the;;g_rini^i4 and only im- polftant Witness ' on the behalf of tbe plaintiiE was her sisffef',^iable to a prejudice and bias, created Igr affection aiid'tjie tie.sof nature,,from which the purest could npt protect thein'se'lve^ that the case showed an almost «n«- <^of existence-, between -the sisters; wbo were always togetiher, on every occasion alluded 'to; that , the -fe^, nipny^oElbe principal witness eouU not - be correct; that however pure she be, yet it is tlie fallacycf opin- "'rt..to:Which.all buman-nature IS liable that persuades a bejiefiofjjhingpi, existing only in imagination, in which nessj" that the damages (if any) should be merely com. pensatory, arid only to such amount as the jilaintiff had sustained iiijuiy, and that, as the case presented itself, no great injury aocpued to the plaintiff, either to her health, hep'feputation. Or her ftiture prospects. His honour,, Judge HallOWell,.chapged the Jury that tbe case Was fully .made out by the pUiiitiff; tliat an en gagement and, promise of- marriage,,, and Subsequent breach |y the defendant, were dearly, '^stiablishfed, and the defendant should'arisw^er in dam«|es; the measure of which was the,pecu|iar province of the Jury. On Monday, the jury returned with a verdict for plaintiff, witb three hundred and fifty dollars damages. For plaintiff, —Johh M, Scott and S. Keemle; Es quires. For Defendant.— George, M. Dallas and S. Bush» E«q,uires. HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE FBESERVATIOir OF EVERT KIITD OF USEFUL IITFOBHATIOir BESFECTIHO TBE STATE. EDITED BV SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL,. VIII.-lirO. 22. PHItADELiPHIA, NOVEMBER 26, 1831. JTO. 204* ADDBESS OF THE FRIENDS OF DOMEStIC INDUSTRY. Assembled itt Conventional New York, Oct. 26, 1831, TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES. Fellow Citizeits: — A numerous delegation from several states in the Union have convened in the city of New Yoi-k, representing gpeat national inlepests, which they ape anxious, by the most efficient but peaceable means, lo defend and sup port. In addressing themselves to the people of the United Slates,, they invoke their candid attention to se veral topics of great national importance, without as suming any authority ultimately to decide them; con scious that their reasonings and opinions can have, and - ought to have, no other influence or force than belongs to their truth and soundness, A system of laws imposing duties for the encourage ment and protection of domestic industry, upon the faith of which a large portion of the people ofthis coun try have invested theip ppoperty, and given a new di rection to theip labor,and with a continuance of which ape completely identified all tiieip hopes of maintenance fop themselves and their faniilies,has been recently 'denoun ced as "distinguished by every characteristic which may define a tyranny, the most odioQs." The entire aboli tion of this system, vitally involving the interests of Farmeps. Mechanics, Manufactupeps, Mepchants, and all the laboping classes, has been demanded in a tone that offeps no hope of.condition op comppomise. A submis sion to such a demand, with op without the consent of tbose who must be the victims, would be mapked by such scenes of ruin and despair, as no one. not blinded true character win either appear on theip face, or may be made to appear by stating the facts wbich fasten that character upon them. And if the motives which are supposed to have influenced (Congress in their enact ment, are not facts which may be ppoperly inquired in-- to to give them this chapactep, the peason is, not that Congpess has executed an unlawful power, op veiled an unlawful puppose under a general law, but that the general power ieing given, to Congress to pass such laws,the puppose of the law. like its occasion, its dupa- tiort, or any other part of its charactep, is constitution ally refepred to the discpelion of Congpess. The ppesent constitution has been in opepation (wifh a success not more gpatifying to oupselves than siippris- ing to the rest of the world) for forty-two years. Twen-, ty-one .different Congresses, regularly elected and ap- po'mted by the people, and their agents, and the state legislatures, have successively assembled to enact laws under its authority. Seven distinguished individuals have been called by the voice of the country to the cha'u- of the Chief Magistracy, all holding, and some of them on various occasions, tiaving exercised the pow er of giving^ negative to such acts of Congress as, in their Opinion, transcended the just limits of legislative authority. During the same period a Supreme Judicial Tribunal has existed, not less distinguished for purity and talent than for dignity and importance, whose high function it properly is to pronounce its solemn judgment on the constitutional extent of the power of Congress whenevep any exepcise of theip powep is com plained of, and the case bpought duly before it. Most ofthese successive Congresses have passed laws similar in chapactep, in design, and in effect, to the acts now complained of;and all of them have unequivocally .sanc tioned theip ppinciple. Ail these Chief Magisfratesi in like manner, have, without doubt or hesitation, recog- by the strongest passions of our nature, could witness nised the existence of the power, and no question of without compunction. We address oupselves, then, to the enlightened patpi- olism of OUP fellow citizens in evepy part ofthe Union; and we earnestly entreat them to accompany us in the examination which we propose to , make of arguments and statements recently put forth; appealing to their clear discernment of truth, theip high sense of duty,and their calm mopal courage, to avert -the evils that now seem to threaten the prosperity and peace of the coun try; Of these topics, the first in order and tbe gravest in character, respects the constitutional power of Con gress to pass tbe laws whicb are th^ subject of com plaint. As a constitutional question, the inquiry is not wheth er the laws are wise or unwise, whether in their ope rations they, are always equal, or sometimes unequal, or whether individuals may not think them so wide a de parture from a just administration ofthe powers ofthe government, as to be, in an indefinite and loose sense, inconsistent with the spirit of the constitution. The true and real question is, do they exceed the power of the law giver, and do they, for that reason-, fail to be obligatory' We dissent from the notion that laws plainly unconsti tutional may yet be so framed as to escape the animad its validity has been revised in the Judicial Tribunals. It is under tbis weigbt of authority, and this length of -practice in its favor, and after the investment, upon the faith ofit, ofa capital probably amounting fo two hund red and fifty millions of dollars, that a disposition has now sprung up to deny the power altogether, and to propose, if its exercise be persisted in, a resort to such means of redress as threaten the Union. We cSnnot but persuade ourselves that before the American People abandon a system of laws, now of long continuance, passed at different times, by the constitu ted authorities,, with the full approbation of tbe whole - country; and especially, before they break up their Go vernment and return to a state of anarchy, on the ground that such laws are unconstitutional, they will give to that question a very careful and serious consid eration. Before proceeding to express the general views en tertained on this important subject, by the members of this convention, it is not altogether uninteresting to in quire how far admissions or concessions have been made by those who deny the existence of the power, notwith standing the general and positive terms in which that denial is expressed. It seems to us, indeed, that the plain object of the constitution, andthe strong reason ofthe case have dri- versionof the courts of law. If unconstitutional, their ven those who deny the power, even upon their own Vol. VIII. 43 338 ADDRESS OF THE TARIFF CONVF.NTION. [Notembxr mistaken view of its source, into the necessity of malting Bdmissions,which when mide, leave no ground for their argument. They deny that'COngress can rightfully lay duties fop the sole, or main purpose, of encouraging manufactures; but they admit, af the same time, that Congpess may lay duties fop revenue, and that, in lay ing such duties, it may so arrange them as incidentally to give protection to manufactures. They .admit. too, tbat Congress may lay |duties not designed for pe- venue, bftt designed to countervail the injurious regula tions of foreign powers. Are not these concessions in consistent with the main proposition? How can if be longer denied that Congpess may lay duties fop protec tion, after it is conceded that it may arrange duties with that view.' It cannot be true that the power was given for revenue only, andthat it ought tobe strictly con fined to that object, and true, also, that in selecting subjects of duties, regard may be had lo a difierent ob ject. An individual in society is the consumer ofa particu lar foreign article; he finds it heavily taxed by duties, while other articles, equally capable of producing re venue, are untaxed. Does it make any difference to him, whether the article necessary to him was seized on, as the main purpose of the, law, with the sole ob ject of ppotection,or whether it was only incidentally se lected in order to favour the manufacturer, while the commodities consumed by his neighbors, though equal ly fit subjects fop a tax for revenue, are passed ovep in this incidental arrangement' Will not every ingenious mind at once agree that if the- power lo lay duties was conferred on Congress for the sole puppose uf revenue,it is a violation of its trust to mingle any olher purpose with tbat, as miich as it would be lb substitute an entire new purpose for it.' Congress cannot look with one glance to revenue, and the other to protection, if the constitution limits its power to revenue alone. "When it is thus said that protection is a.fit object tobe regarded incidentally, in laying duties, but that the general purpose must still be revenue, who shall inform os how much, in the mo- tiveaof-Congress;'-must be the main purpose of revenue, and how much may be the incidental purpose of pro tection.' How higli may the incidental object rise, and the law be yet constitutional; or at what point will it have approached so near the main, or the only object of the duty, as to rendep the law void.' It may be answer ed, possibly, that the admission goes nu faplhep than this: that when Congress has alpeady resolved^o lay du ties, tberfit may, as a subsequent resolutipn. resolve to lay them on such a seleelion of articles as sball best fa vour manufactures. But would not such a subsequent resolution be wholly aside from the exercise ofa mere revenue power? Would it not be a clear imposition of duties for protection ? And might it not lead, practical - ly, to the same consequences, since, under this admitted power of selection and arrangement, the whole burden of the govepnment might be laid wUh a direct view to protection merely. . The oftier admission, that is, that Congress may lay duties to countervail the commercial relations of other states, seems to us stiU more decisive. This concedes, Bit once, Ihat the power fo lay duties is not a mere re venue power; ,for here is one admitted case, in which it may properly be exercised, which has no rela tion to revenue. Vet this is no particular or specified power. The constitution no more points out this as be ing a proper object, than it points out protection. If it he provided for at all, it is because it is eipbraced in the general words of the grant. It is there, or itjs no where. Laws laying duties to countervail the regulations of ofher slates, ape regulations of trade. They are not on ly like laws of ppotection, but they are, emphatically, themselves laws of protection. They have usually no oth er end OP design, than to protect the manufacturers or other interests of our own eitizens, from the effect of unequal competition or monopoly on the part of other nations. Congi:ess, then, upon this admission, may lay duties with the single object of encouraging certain de scriptions of domestic employment or industry; and it remains for those who concede this, and yet deny the general power,to show how it is,thatcongress has power, in its discretion, to protect some classes of industry, and no power, in the same discretion, and by the same means, to protect others. But the admission goes still further. It not only furnishes an analogy for the case in argument, but meetsand covers that identical case. The laws so much opposed, and wbose constitutional validity U so loudly denied, ape themselves no olher than so many acts passed to countervail ihe injurious . commercial regulations of foreign states. The United States have not been the first to reject the IbSory of free tpade. They have not intpoduced in lo fhe wopld hew modes of legislation. They have not originated a system of protection; far otherwise. At the very moment Ihey had succeeded fo throw off their colonial bondage.and had established their own iiidepen- dence, they found that their condition, so far as respect ed Commerce, Agricultupe and Manufactures, was but partially bettered by tbe change, because they found tbe ports ofthe leading states of Europe, shut up against their ships, and against their products. They offered free trade to all nations; but the nations, with one ac cord, rejected their offer. The subjects of other states were protected, as against them, by the laws of pther states; butthey were protected agaist nobody. It is un deniably true, Hiat this condition of things was one of the very causes which led to the adoption ofthe present government. It is unquestionable, as matter of historic record, that one strong motive for farming and estab Ushing the present constitution, was to organize a go vepnment that should possess the power of countervail ing these foreign regulations by adequate measures, and thereby protecting the labour and industpy ofthe peo ple ofthe countpy. Countervailing laws were accor dingly passed at the very first session of the first Con gress; others have been passed at various times sincof One and aU, they partake ofthe same chaiacter, they ape all countervailing laws, rendered expedient and ne cessary, by the policy pursued by other nations. Tbe Republic is now composed of thirteen miUions of peo ple; all the principal products of eight or nine millions ofthese tbipteen mUlions are, at this moment, shut out fpom the great market of consumption abroad, either by absolute prohibition or by high duties; and it is to meet this state of things, it is to countervail these for eign regulations, so injurious to us, it is to place our selves on some fooling of equality, it is lo rescue Ihe la bour ofthe American people from an inferiority, a sub jection, at once dishonorable and burdensome, at once degpading to its charactep, while it incpeafes its toils, that those very laws were opiginally passed, bave all along continued, and now exist. They are, therefore, countervailing laws and no other, in every just sense of these terms. Having made these remarks on what is conceded- by those Who deny the power of Congress to protect man ufactures, and on the effect of that concession, we pro ceed to present the view which this meeting entertains on the general constitutional question. By the constitution. Congress has power, "to lay and collect taxes, duties. imposls,,and excises;" It has pow er also "to regulate commerce with foreign nations," The power to lay duties is accompanied by one ex press qualification or Umitation, which is, "that all du ties shall be uniform throughout the United States." The power to regulate commerce has its limitation also, which is, that no regulation of commerce shall give preference to the ports of one state over those of anoth er; and there is another Umitation, which may apply to both clauses, namely, that no export duty shall ever be laid. Here, then, is a grant of power in broad and general terms, but with certain specific limitations, carefully- expressed. But neither ofthese Umitations applies, in l83l.] ADDKESS OF THE tARlFF CONVENTION. 339 arty mannei% to that exercise of the power which is now under considepalion. Neither ofthem, nop any olbep clause or word in the whole constilution, manifests the slighest intention to restrain the words so far as lo pro hibit dongiess from laying duties fop protection. The attempt is nothing less than to add a restriction which the constitution has omitted. Who has authopity to add this? If othep restrictions had been intended, tbey would have been expressed. When the business of limitation was before the convention, what was omitted was asmuch an exercise uf intention as what was ex pressed. It stated all the pestraints on Congpess which if intended, and to impose otheps now, would be, not to intepppet the constitution, but lo change it; not fo con strue the existing instrument, but to make another. The words of the grant being general, lo lay duties and to regulate comme'Tce, their meaning is to be ascer tained by reference to ihe common u-.e and import of language. No unusual signification is to be given to the tepms, either lo restrain or enlarge their import. Con- gress,in its disci'elion,is to lay duties and lo regulate trade for all the objects and purposes, fop which duties are opdiiiarily laid, and trade ordinarily regulated. ~ If such a thing was never before heard of as laying duties and regulating trade with a view to encoui-age, manufactures, then it might be said that the Convention did not con template such an exercise ofthe power by Congress. But it was perfectly known to the convention, and to the people ofthis country, that one leading object with all governments, inlaying duties and regulating tpade, was, arid fop a long time had been, the encoupagement of manufacturers. Tbis was einphat'ically true of En gland, whose language the convention spoke, and whose legal and legislative phraseology was theirs also. Every leading State uf Eui-ope was, af ihat moment, re gulating Us commerce for a purppse of this natupe. Such a puppose, indeed, had been long sought to be accomplished by some ofthe states themselves, by their t»fi-s had done tbe same. How ineffectual all their attempts were, for want of union and a general systeni, was soon seen, and felt, by the whole country; but they shew to what ends, and tu what uses the power to re gulate trade, was understood to extend. But not only in otber natinns, and in the states, before the adoption of the pre.sent constitution, as we shall have occasion to show hereaf er. but in the United States since, and in the administration of this very constitution, regulations of trade havebeen made, in almost innumerable instan ces, with no view to revenue, but with a sole and ex clusive regard to protection. > If our understanding of the Constitution, be not accord ing to its true meaning, that instrument has been grossly violated from the beginning. What are all the registry acts; wbaTthe bounties on the fisheries, but so many avowed efforts lo pvptect American Industry, un der the power of regulating trade? On what foundation does the whole system of tbe coasting trade stand? The American ship.builder, and ship-owner has enjoyed, from the first, and we think properly, not only protec tion in that trade, but tbe monopoly of it. He shuts out all foreign cOmpefilion.and be does so on the gpnund that the public good is promoted bj giving him this ad vantage. We think he is right in asking this, and the government right in granting it. Yet this is not free trade : it is prefepence; it ti protection;and protection ofa manu facture under the power to regulate trade. The laws giving this protection to the manufacture, and the use of ships, may be wise, and laws protecting other man ufactures may be unwise. But the first cannot be con stitutional, and the latter not constitutional. Ifthere be power for one, there is power for both. Both are drawn from the same grant, both operate by the same general means, and both regard the same object, the protection, namely, of American labor and capital, against foreign competition. If it be aaid that the navigation act ii founded in national policy, and that it is essential to na tional defence and national independence, we admit it, but we answer in the first place, that Congpess could not exercise a power not granted, merely because it might be useful or necessary; and, in the second place, we say that the same remark is true of the polioy of protecting manufactures. That policy, also, is essential fo national independence. Iron, hemp, and clothing for sailors and Soldiers are not less indispensable to na tional defence than ships and seamen. Not only in the general use of language, then, does the powep of laying duties and regulating tpade extend to the ppotection, by the use of such means, of doriiestic manufactupes, but such has been the constant interpretation of the consti' tution itself. We think, indeed, that when a general power is gi« ven to. Congress by the Constitution of the United States, in plain and unambiguous words, theip acts are . constitutional and valid, if they are within the scope ofthe gpanted powcp; and that, in considering the va lidity ofthe law, the motives ofthe legislature can ne ver be investigated. Having gpanted the powep, with such limits expressed as were. thought proper, its exer' else, within those limits, is left lo, the discretion of Congress. What is the true chapactep of the opposite doctrine? It is, Ihat the constitutionality of the law depends, not on its provisions and enactments, but on the motives of those who passed it. Is not such a notion new?. How are we to. ascertain the motives ofa legislature? By ppivate inquiry; by public examination; by conjecture? The law may be passed on mixed motives: some menv-< bei-s voting for reVenue; some fop ppotection; or one house may act with one view, and the othep house witb anothep. What will be the character ofsuch a law? According to this new theoi-y, if ihe 'motives be con stitutional then the act is: if the motives be unconstitu tional^ than fhe act is unconstitutional also. It follows, therefope, that a law passed by one Congress may be constitutional, which, if passed by another, though in the same words, would be unconstitutional. Besides, on this theory, a la w may be unconstitutional for its omis sions as well as its enactments; because in laying duties, articles may be omitted as well as articles inserted, from a design to favoup manufactupes. We may pursue tbis inquiry a step further. In order tu ascertain wbethep an act were passed ^rt' marily for pevenue, the construing power must be au thorized to inquire wheTher the revenue be necessary. Fur if it be conceded that Congpess has a constituliunal powep to raise an indefinite amount of revenue, such a concession will cover any system of impost that may ev ep be adopted. The right to raise' more revenue than the expenses of government requires implies,the exer cise of a power to tax under circumstances in which the raising of revenue cannot be a primary purpose, but in which a purpose to protect industry, or, in other words, what has been called the incidental object, may be ren dered, in effect, the principal object of the tax, al though veiled under the revenue power. For these reasons we say it follows as an inevitable consequence, under this view of the source ofthe protective power, that the constitutionality ofany system of imposts, pro- fessingto be directed to revenue, must depend upon tbe fact, whether that revenue be necessary lo the go vernment OP not. The statement of such a consequence is sufficient to show what endless difficulties must embarrass tbe ope rations ofthe government in defining the limits of tbis incidental protection, wbich has Been aUedged to ba the only protection that the constitution allows, and of itself affords, what we conceive to be, an unanswerable argument against referring the right to ppotect industpy exclusively tp that clause of the constitution which au- , thorizes Congress to lay im||)05t8, for the purposes i^re- venue. ^ To determine whether any proposed amount of re> 340 ADDRESS OF THE TARIFF CONVENTION. [NOVEKB ES venue be necessapy would, in a great number of cases, prove a fruitful source of vexatious and unprofitable con troversy. One party — conceiving it wise to improve the face of their territopy.'with expensive roads and ca nals, fo provide fortifications and munitions of war, and accumulate treasure in the expectation of national dif ficulties — would find good reason to maintain that a large revenue was indispensable to the nation. With this parly > high and burdensome rate of imposts, fully adequate to the most extensive protection of manufac-- tupes that has ever been asked for, would be a constitu tional application of the revenue power. Another par ty, more thrifty in their policy, holding that the expen ditures ofthe government should be graduated to the lowest practicable scale of economy, would contend that nothing should be raised by duties above the ordinary supplies necessary for the pay-of the public agents, 'With this class all the excess, above] the sum that they might hold to be necessary, would be the fruit of an unconstitutional taxT Who should judge between these conflicting opinions? If such were the limits up on the power of Congress, it wouldbe true, as has been said, that there might be acts in violation ofthe consti tution, which would elude the notice of the judicial tri bunals; but the evident absurdity of subjecting tbe right to exercise fundamental powers to so vague and intangible a standard of interpretation, furnishes one of the most satisfactory proofs, that np such intention ex isted in the minds of those who framed our constitution. Pursuing the investigation, it will be found that the difficulty attending this notion ofthe source ofthe prp- tecting ppwep dees riot end wUh the imppacticability nf detepminirig upon the raccessiiy pf revenue. It goes StiU deeper. It is affirmed, and no doiibt with- tputh, that a Peduction of duties upon the necessaries op cus tomary luxuries of a nation frequently increases the revenue. In such an event the defenders ofthe position that ihe power of Congress is limited to the supply of a necessary revenue, will find themselves unexpectedly put in possession ofa surplus income which, according to the assumed principle, they had no right to raise; and it will be apparent tbat the, people will be even more taxed than they were befope; fop tbe duty having been rendered productive of a larger amount of reve nue fo the government, a gpeater aggpegate sum will have been taken from tbe pockets ofthe people; and il wiU then be found that Congpess, instead of lessening the public burthens by theip peduction of dutie"s, WUl have only been encouraging the consumpiion of a great er quantity' of fhe taxed article. A large consumption With a small tax being, in this case, more than equiva lent to a small consumption with a large tax. And thus in spite of all the the precautions which the most scru pulous guardians of the constitution may-exercise, the public functionaries, against their will, and with the most conscientious desipe fo avoid infractions of the law, will oftentimes be fated fo discover that they have produced unconstitutional pesults. The only remedy for which would seem to be to abandon this intractable mode of taxation by imposts and resort to direct taxes upon the people. -" As long, however, as such results may follow the re duction of duties, it wiU be seen thata system which merely increases the consumption of imported commo dities without diminishing the revenue, will be, in effect the adoption of a poUcy for the encouragement of for eign industry.' And we might here pause and ask whether ic can be supposed tliat fhe founders of our government intended to give a power to Congress to adopt a scheme of pplicy directed to the encourage- ment uf foreign labor by a scule of low duties, withbul also allowing to that body a right, when they found it convenient to encourage doriiestic industry by a higher scale of duties' Let those who answer this question in the affipmative, show some peason for the opinion that the convention which framed the constitution sbould set more value upon a power to encourage for eign industry, under any possible necessity to exercise it than upon a similar power to encourage and protect our own. We think we have said enough to indicate the per nicious tendencies of the doctrine, sustained by" many eminent citizens of our land, whicb inscribes the right to protect domestic manufactures, solely fo the revenue power conferred by the constilution upon Congressj and have demonstrated that this error, if adopted, must lead the public functionaries into practical embappass- ments entirely irreconcilable witb a wholesome adminis tration of the laws. With a view to show that the protection of manufac turing industry is mainly referable, to the power to reg ulate commerce, and was intended lo be embraced by the clause ofthe constitution that invests the supreme legislature with the power, in addition to the sugges tions ihat we have already made, we deem it not un profitable, briefly to recur to the history of tbe country, from which we shall derive lights, that may guide us to the most unerring conclusions, in confirmation of our doctrine. The narrative of events from 1783 to 1787, tfie circumstances attending the adoption of the consti tution and the i-ange of its early operations, whilst yet in the hands of its authors, afford a mass of testimony that Congress has but responded to the expectations of the country in so regulating trade as to furnish the re quisite protection lo the expansion and growth of our own laboup. The regulation of commerce was not a new term invented by fhe framers of the constitution. It was at the time of fhe adoption of tbat instrument by the people a tepm familiar tu their apprehension and impressed upon their understanding, by the strongest comments thatthe history of oppression could furnish., The war of the revolution, that had just closed, sprang out of the conflicts in which the subject bad been presented in the countless forms which an engross ing topic of complaint maybe supposed to assume in the discussions ofan excited and rebelling people. The same subject had been canvassed in the British Parlia ment, until argument and declamation were exhausted. The mother country had regulated tbe commerce of the colonies, through a sepies of odious and unfeeling pestrictions, fop mope than a century, until the phrase had acquired the notoriety ofa hateful grievance. She had fetteped their trade by cruel prohibitions, and con trolled their laljor by systems of denial tbat reduced them lo the lowest stale of suffering; yet it is remark able, that, deeming this oppressive policy a lawful ex ercise of the prei-ogative of regulating commerce, the colonists submitted to these evils with ii resignation that indicated their sense ofthe duty of obedience to an acknowledged though misused power. All manufactures calculated to bring wealth into ihe country, were strict ly forbidden; tbe erection of forges, for example, was denounced as a nuisance, and these establishmenls were liable to be abated by. that name; it was declared un lawful to export the simplest fabrics, even of shoes or hats, from one province to another. Still the people didnotdeny the legaUty of these attempts to regulate commerce. But when the right was assumed to collect pevenue in the colonies for the benefit of the mother cOUnliy, thefirst assertion ofsuch a principle was met by open rebellion. The distinction was palpable enough, to every man, between these two pretensions of authority. It is worthy of remark, that Lord Chat ham, in 1765 in the British House of Commons, distinct ly defined the two branches of power, in terms that litepally apply to the subject we have been discussing, .ind which Miow how clearly they were brought to Ihe notice of the country; 'there is a plain distinction,* in his language, 'between taxes levied for the purpose of raising a revenue and duties imposed/or the regulation of trade, fop the accommodation ofthe subject; although in the consequences, sonie revenue might incidentatty arise from the latter.' Indeed, the whole tenor of the 1831.] ADDHESS OF THE TARIFF CONVENTION. 341 public discussion on those subjects, so rife at tbat peri od, throughout England and America, furnishes the most conclusive evidence that a specified idea was at tached lo the phrase incoppopated into our constitution, and that its scope waste include the idea oflevyingduties in such a form as to encourage and protect, or, _ at least, to control and direct the gpowth of domestic industry. The complaints against the articles of confederation, for which the constitution was substituted, embraced, among other thing;s, an objection to tbe fopms by which the legislation in refepence to tbe regulation of com merce was impeded; and it was a prominent .design of the new constitution to remedy this defect. The right to lay even prohibitory duties was freely admitted in the discussion upon the constitution; and we may safely affipm that the whole nation, at that day, regarded such a power as one of the necessary conclusions from the gpant that had been made. The subsequent action of the government coppoborates this idea. The first ap proaches ofthe people to their new rulers were made in behalf of the exepcise of a ppotecling powep in favor oftheir industry. They spoke of the injury they bacj sustained under the former order of things; of fhe ruin ous competUion to which thepoUcy ofthe mother coun try had exposed them; and demanded the'eslablishment ot a system of measures that should accomplish their fa vorite purpose of creating a vigorous domestic manufac ture. The unrestrained admission ofBritish goods had re duced our manufactures and artizans to absolute want: thefree entry ofBritish shipping had expelled our ves sels from the ocean. From Charleston to Boston this con dition of things was the subject of one loud and continu ed remonstrance; and the remedy for it was a promi nent object in the establishment of a new general gov ernment. The ship-builders and the ship-owners com plained that foreign bottoms brought to the ^ountry^ all that was imported, to their ruin; and they besought their fellow citizens to join them in measures of pro tection. The manufacturers and mechanics declared that it was of little importance to them in what bottoms articles were imported, since tbis unrcstpicted impopta- tion, In whatevep bottoms,thpealened to reduce them to starvation. Both had applied to their own state gov ernments for redress, but these governments, from want of concert, could give no effectual relief. Attempts had been made to amend the articles of confederation for the very purpose of conferring Ibis power upon Con gress; but these attempts had failed. Hence it was that the establishment of the present government was hailed with the utmost enthusiasm and celebrated in the principal cities, by all classes, with manifestations of hope and joy. The earliest legislation ofthe new government avows and adopts the ppinciples for which we have been con tending. The first important act on the statute book contains the following preamble; — ' Whereas it is ne cessary for the support of government and tKe encourage ment and protection of manufactures that duties be laid ori goods and merchandize.' This preamble was w.rlt- ten, supported and passed by those who had come re cently from the convention where the Cons'titution had been formed. They wepe carrying into feffect their own instrument. They seem, indeed, — for preambles are quite unusual,— rto have introduced thisfbr the pui^ pose of shewing tbe country that its expectations would be fulfilled, and that the manufactures of the nation would be protected. If, therefore, Ihe existing laws violate tbe constitution, tbe original act violated it. If this character of right be marred noW, it was marred r then, and marred by those who made it. If ppotection be unconstitutional, this law cappies un- constitutionaUty in ils front; and yet not .one member of the first Congpess appears to have thought in uncon stitutional. In the whole course of the debates, pro tracted through several weeks, no one expressed a doubt ofthe power of Congress to lay duties for protec tion; we may therefore affirm that tbe power was admit ted by all. Some articles were taxed for revenue only; some for protection only; and some for both. Tbe published debates show all this, and, we have already said, every Congress, from that day to this, has recog nized the same power. Every President, beginning with him who is justly esteemed the Father of his Coun try, bas sanctioned it, and most of tbem have recom mended ils exercise, in earnest te.rms. Indeed, it has been constantly exercised; protection has been given by the registry acts; it has been given bythe tonnage duty acts; it has been given by the acts regulating the coasting trade; it has been given to the fisheries; it has been given to the cotton of Carolina; to the coal of Vir ginia; to the hemp nf Kentucky; to the lead of Missouri and Illinois; tothe sugar of Louisiana, tothe iron ofthe middle, western and southern States; and it has been given tu the various artizans, mechanics and manufac turers. It is now forty-two years since this system of protection began, and it has never been intermitted or suspended, witb regard to many commodities, for a single hour. Is all this legislation now to be deemed unconstitutional? Are all these interests to be brought inlo jeopardy, and pephaps to ruin, upon this modern constPU.clion of tbe constitution I Not only bas Congress thus constantly exercised this power, but it bas thought itself, from the first, under peculiar obligations to exercise it. It has considered that it would be guilty of a plain breach of duty if it should not exercise it; and so it was declared in its first session. This policy was more earnestly enforced upon Congpess because the States bad suPrendered their whole power on this question, and were themselves, prohibited from exepcisiiig it by the constitution itself; since as they could not, as separate states, exercise it vveU, it was taken away from ihem and vested in the national legislature. It was said, therefore, and said truly, tbat it would be a fraud upon the States, if Con gpess, now the sole possessor ofthe power, should re fuse to exercise it. The constitution had declared, that no Slate should lay.any duty except for the mere pur pose of enforcing ils inspection laws. Is it conceivable, that the people would agree to deprive their own state governments of the power of protecting manufactures, by suitable regulations of trade, without consent of Con gpess, for any other peasons than because this power was intentionally transfepped to the genera] Govern ment? Tbe doctrine.now advanced, imputes the strongs est absurdity, both to the framers of the constitution and to the people. It supposes Ihem, instead of cre ating a new remedy for acknowledged evils, to have for ever abolished the poor but only remedy whicb alrea dy existed. It supposes, that instead of giving to Con gress, as was their avowed design, effectual power, to protect manufactures, they did no more than prohibit the States fpom exercising that power, and existinguish it as a thing to be deprecated everywhere and altogeth-v er. It supposes tbem to have imposed new shackles on their own limbs, and lo have surrendered tbemselves, thus voluntarily bound, to the mercy of their foreign competitors and i-ivals. We cannot yield our assent to opinions which ascribe purposes like these, or a policy like this, either to the Convention, or to the people. It only remains for us fo add, that fhe public judg ment has, at all times, affirmed the existence of this power, and approved its exercise. Even at tbis mo ment, there is no reason to doubt that qine-tenths of all the people hold the power to be constitutional. It ' is therefore, not only against the words ofthe constitu tion, against the manifest design ofthe nation in estab lishing it, against tbe uniform sense of Congress in pass ing laws under it, against the practice of forty years, nevep stayed or suspended, ag;iinst the opinion of every tribunal in the country, as far as we are informed; but it is also against the entire conviction of a vast ma jority of the people themselves, that these new, and what we think dangerous opinions, are now brought forward as the true doctrines of the constitution. 3421 tRADE OF tHE SUSQUEHANNA. '. I , [NpV£KBXI( It is an epppr to suppose that the regulation of com merce sbould necessarily iniply fhe denial of a right to restrict, diminish or prohibit any particular branch ofit. The suppression of any trade, injurious to the eommu- nify, is as much a national concern, and as valuable an exepcise of power, as the encouragement of olhep branch es; and, indeed, in practice it must often occur that . the conferring of special advantages upon one branch of trade may operate partially to the disadvantage of all others'. Such is often the effect of treaties that reserve to the vessels of particular nations free entry to our popts; the commepce with such nations is ppomoted to the diminution of tpade with otheps not embraced in the privilege. This, however, is a lawful, just and profita ble regulation of commerce: Commerce includes all kinds of traffic, whether sustained upon Ihe ocean in ships, or transported upon roaJs.rivers op canals: wheth er it belong >f o the system of domestic exchanges, or is conversant with fhe occupations of foreign countries; and it is the appropriate function of Congress to regu late it in such a manner as their wisdom may dictate, unUmited by any restpaints except those which the con stitution imposes on the power over the domestic inter course ofthe states. The regulation of our commerce with tbe Indian tribes has subjected the traffic, from time to tiirie, lo all such restrictions as the national legislature found it prudent to adopt; and yet this right of regulation has passed unquestioned, though it has been directly exercised to the diminution of any species of traffic that has been considered hurtful. It is nothing more than a regulation' of commerce to shape our policy, in reference to our intercourse with foreign nations, by such rule as shall increase fhe products of our own labour to any amount that may ren der them also the subjects ofa foreign trade, and there by extend our commerce to new regions, and give it new accumulations of commodities. The agricultural products of a nation are not tbe oply elements of ils trade; its maniifactures may- be as desirable to foreign communities, and their transportation and exchange .may become fully as valuable foundations of a rapid, enlarged and ppofitable commerce. Why, then, should the power to regulate commerce be supposed to be arrested at that middle point between the prosecution ofan old trade and the commencementof a new one that may eventually, be rendered more expansive, use ful and productive than any other? Such a restraint would seem to be utterly incompatible with the genius and character ofany vigorous community,, but especial ly witb that ofa young a~nd healthy nation. Before we leave this bpanch of oUr inquiry;- we are anxious to present the constitutional question in one more poirit of view. The best expositor of the consti tution is that instrument itself. The tenth section ofthe first apticle of the constitu tion provides that "no state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports Or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing ita inspection laws." The limitationwhicb is here set up on the legislation of the states is within the controul of Congress. The consent of that body releases any state from the reslriction expressed in this clause; and conse quently Congress may permit either or all of fhe states separately, to levy such duty upon Imports as they may think convenient: it may allow the state of South Caro lina, for example, to enact a tariff of the highest rates of duties, directed exclusively to the protection of any branch of industry that she may wish to foster. It will be observed that the terms of this clause of the con stitution absolutely forbid the idea that such a power is lo be exercised for revenue. The state that imposes tbe duty is inhibited from taking the avails into its own treasury, but must pay them over to the general gov ernment; whilst that government, on the other hand, bas the fullest power to levy and collect its own reve nues,' and consequently cannot be presumed to yield its consent to the state enactment upon considerations of that nature. That consent, therefore, is intended ta be given, if if be ever asked, from a conviction ofthe beneficial effect expected to-be produced in the state that levies the duty — op in othep wupds, of its value as a ppotection to slate labor. With such a power on Ihe part of Congress to permit a protective system to be enacted in tbe states severally, it would seem to be a solecism to suppose that Ihe exercise of a similar pow er was intended f o be denied to the national legislature itself, to whom has been emphatically entrusted the whole compUcated and interesting concern of regulat ing commerce. ,. In dismissing this review of the principles and prac tice of OUP government in theip relations to an important constitutional right, we take the occasion fo say that we contemplate the character of the present opposition to what we have endeavoured to exhibit as the legitimate powers of Congress, with regret; and if we could per suade ousrelves that it was destined to command the as sent of any large portions of our population, we would say that we view it not without alarm. This opposition appeals not to the discretion of Congress; it seeks no modification, , nor qualification, but demands an entire and absolute surrender of the principle. It is for the American people to decide whether this surrender can be made. For ourselves, we do not scruple to declare that in oup opinion, to give up this power would be to give up the constitution. If Congress be stpippedof this pperogalive and the restriction i^ainst ils exercise be still imposed upon the states, it is quite plain to- our apprehension, ihat the doom of our happy and prospepous constitution is sealed. We consider this question, therefore, as vital; and we look to tbe per petuation of the power which we have labored to de- fend, and its just exercise, to be indispensable to the ppeservation of tbat government which has conferred to. the people ofthese states innumerable blessings.. ITo be Continued.] SusanEHAB-iTAH TBADE. — That a vast proportion of the product of that extensive, rich and densely popula ted district of country bordering on the Lakes in tbe neighborhood of the sources of Ibe Susquehanna in the state of New York, is destined to be rendered tributary to the market of Philadelphia by tbe 'unmediate com pletion 'of the great connecting Gnk,. the Central RaiV Road, will be strikingly obvious on the slightest inspec tion of Ihe map of that region^ and a brief considera tion of the advantages of transporation which- will then- be afforded.— The Chemung Canal and Ithaca and Oswego Rail Uoad, connecting Seneca and Cayuga Lakes with the Susquehanna, will perfect the links of intercommunication with that magnificent stream whose- waters wiH roll the products of Ihe adjoining leKltory,, accumulating as ihey advance to the point of debarka tion, whence Ihey are to be conveyed to Philadelphia. Already are the inhabitantsof the neighborhood of Itha ca epdeavoring to anticipate Ihis obvious result. A> meeting has been recently held in the aforesaid place and resolutions adopted expressive of the propriety of constructing a rail road from Ithaca to the North River, called an extension of the Ithaca and Oswego rail road. Should this design prove successful, their intercourse with the city of New York will be established on a footing superior not only lo tbeir present circuitous me dium, but also to any which can hereafter be- offered to- another market. Now is Ihe period for exertion on the part of Ihose who ape interested in securing the com merce of that region. The local advantages now in possession of oup state metropolis must be immediately brought info practical operation or partially relinquish-. ed forever. The alternate is one which should waken our energies. The ever restless and enterprising dis position of the inhabitantsof our sister state iatoo well known to prevent us to doubt the seriousness of theie intentionsor the resources which may be called iota action furits accomplish.ment. Their capabiKties, judg ing from the pasty are limitlieit. Afttwr'tiSwrna/. 1B31.J EXPORTATION OF WHEAT. 343 From Ihe Montreal Gazette, EXPORTATION OF WHEAT. Statement of the Exports of Wheat and Flour from Ca nada, from 1793 to 1830, with an estimate of the Crdp and Consumption on the average of each five years, (assuming tbe consumption at nine bushels per head,) Years. 17931794 1795 17961797 Fhur 1 barrelzr: 5 biishek of Wheat. Barrels. Equal to WJieat Bushels. Total, Avepage, 17981799 1800 1801 1802 Total, Average, 10900 1370018000 4300 14000 60900 12180 9500 14400 20000 38000 2S200 5450068500 90000 21500. 70000 Wheal Bushels. 487000 414000 395000 r310631000 Wheat and Flour=' Wheat Bushels. ,304500 96000 4750072000 100000 100000 141000 110100 22020 1803 1804 18051806 1807 Total, Average, 1808 1809 18101811 1812 Average, .Total, 1813 1814 1815 1816 15432140671859010997 20442 1330106 266021 93C00 129000 217000 473000 1010033 541500483500485000 ' 24606 101000 1634606 326921 139500 201000 317000 660000 1151033 550500 1921033 110100 384306 79528 15905 42463 19476 1251910340 37635 131433 ¦36384 Total, Average, 1817 1818 18191830 1831 517 1317 1920 1135 77160 70335 9295054985 1022i0 397640 79528- 212310 97380 6259596700 138125 657110 131423 3585 6085 9600 5675 200043 2201696909 231543 2468533 493707 360892 438053 911403 182281 186858198469 176900 8858 363178 830358 370378 114966 151894 383758" 1309943 364809 399168 395849333495 97553 451302 1477358 164051 4789 1232 Total, Average, 38047 3054313085 45369 22635 148680 29736. 23945 5986 190235 152715 50440 226845 113175 000 000 000 000 000 295473 258560859600 5675 000 743400 148680 145660491791 37895 319048 318483 1232877 344575 23945 5986 Years, 1822 1823 182418251826 Total, Average, 1827 1828 1839 1830 1831 Hour 1 barrel= 5 Ifushels Whea Barrels. Epual to Wheat Bushels. Wheat Bushels. Wheal and ¦ Flour'= Wheat, Bushels. 4734746350 4190140003 33640 209041 41808 236235231250209505 200015 163200 1045205 309041 54033 35720 11783- 71749 Total, Average, 270115 178600 58915 358745 147285 4510 5896 671801 228635 U03842 220768 391420 117714 40462 590081 383530 53S760 214901 918031 396835 2149047 439800 661585 396314 99377 948836 1 Population, 1840005 War 1812 to 1815. ! Deficient Crops. Consumption, 1656000 Flour in the market 40*. Export, 326921 per quintal. Average Crop, 1983000 6 Population, 590000 2 Population, Consumption,Export, 245000, Consumption, 5310000 Export, 391255 2205000 , . 493707] Average Crop, 5701000 Average Crop, 26990007 Population, 729000 3 Population, 336000. Consumption, 6561000 Consumption, Export, Export,. 429809 3034000; , 361809| Average Crop, 69*11000 335895 554506 98325 535893 431658 Average Crop, ,3286000 8 Population, 898000 Lumber Trd. commencedl , , \ Consumption, 8082000 4 Population, 3950001 Export, 741000 Consumption, 355500o| Average Crop, 80823000 Export, 295473 •Assuming 1,8000,000 as Export for 1831. Average Crop, 38.50000 The crop of 1830 was nearly, perhaps quite 10 . 000,000 of bushels, or between a seventh or an eighth above an average. In 1831, about one-fifth more seed IS supposed to have been sown, but the produce was not generally so great in proportion as in 1830— hence this year's crop is variously estimated: some cal ling It only equal to last, others about one-tenth more or according to our figure, 10,000,000 to 11,000.000 bushels. 1956277 391255 1 o'n^'"^'~^^^ '° ^^2° "'¦^ fr""" "fficial returns, 1793 1801, are given in round numbers, and are sufficient ly accurate for aU purposes . 344 FREE TRADE CONVENTION. [NOTIMBXII PROCEEDINGS OP FREE TRADE CONVENTION. ( Continued from page^6i .j) iSixth Day— ¥riday, October 7th, 1831. , At 10 o'clock, the President took thb Chair, when the minutes of tbe preceding session were read. TheHon.C.C.CambpeUng.and Mr.Wm.B. Lawrence. Were invited to take seats within the bar ot the Convention, The President then announced the order of the day to be, that this Convention do resolve itself into a Com mitte ofthe Whole, fop the puppose of taking into con sideration the Addpess to the People of tbe United States, reported frorii the General Committee. Mr. Beppien of Georgia, moved that the Cominittee ofthe Whole be discharged from Ihe fupther considera tion of the said Address; which motion was seconded by Mp. Cheves of South CaroUna, and on the question being taken, was agreed to. ' The President then slated that the Address to the People of United States was befope the Convention. Mr. Gallalin. of New Ydrk. moved to amend the said Address, by striking out tbat part thereof which com mences with the words, " In justice to that body," in paragraph fifth, and whicb tepminates with the words. "stand uport oup chartered rights?" at the end of the eighth papagpaph. Upon this motion, the yeas and nays wepe called by many members, and were as foUows, YEAS: Massachusetts — ^Theodore Sedgwick, Joseph Ropes. Rhode isiinrf— WiUiam Hunter. New York— Jonathan Goodhue. Thomas R. Mercein, John A. Stevens. Isaac Capow, John Constable, James Boopman. George Griswold. Benjamin L. Swan.Geopge T. Trimble, Zebedee Ring, Albert Gallatin, Jacob Lo rillard. James G. Kingr, Charies H. Russell, Isaac Bron- son, James Heard, Silas M. Stilwell. New Jersey— C. L. Hardenbergh, J. C. Van Dyck,, J. Bayard kipkpatrick, Miles C. Smith. Henry Clow, Henpy 'Vethake, John R. Thomson, R. F. Stockton. Penmyfoamo— Edward D. Ingpaham, Samuel Spack man, Thomas P. Cope. ; » „ , Maryland— George Hoffman, John J. Donalson. North Carolina— Edward B. Dudley.^ South Carolina — Henry Middleton. — 35. NAYS: Jl&tne— Joshua Carpenter, Charies d. Clapp, S. H. Massachusetts— Henry Lee, T. S. Pomeroy, Samuel Swett Gideon tucker. John L. Gardner, George Pea- bodv Pickering Dodge, Isaac Newhall, Henry Williams, Edward Cruft, William Goddard, Ebenezer Breed, Thomas P. Bancroft, John Pickens. . „. . New rort— Preserved Fish, John Leonard, Edwin Bergh, H. Kneeland. New Jersey— John Potter. Pennsylvania— Joseph R. Evans, George Emlen, clement C. Biddle, J. M. Barclay, E. Littell. Samuel F Smith, Isaac W. iJorris, Richard Price, Henpy R. Watson, John A. Brown, Philip H. Nicklin, Condy Ra- Buet, wniiam McUhenney. , , „ . Maryland— 'William W. Handy, Arnold D. Jones. Firetmo— PhiUp P. Barbour, Henry E. Watkins, Richard Booker, James M. Garnett, Samuel L. Vena ble Thomas R. Dew, Walker Hawes, Philip A. Dew, John Brockenbrough, Thomas Miller, William 6. Over ton George C. Dromgoole. Randolph Harrison, Charies Yancey, Robert Hurt, Ferdinand W. Risque, Malcolm Macfarland, Thomas W. Gilmer, Burwell Bassett, H. H. Anderson, Josiah EHis, Charies Everett, Alex. Gor don Knox, Geopge M. Payne, James S . Brander, WiUi am Maxwell, Benjamin F. Dabney, R. O. Grayson, S. A. Storrow, Charles Cocke, John W. Jones, William O Goode, WUIiam Townes, John Dickinson, William B. Rogers, William P. Taylor, John H. Bernard, Linn Banks, William H., Rogne, James Lyons, John Tabb, James Jones, Thomas -,T. Giles, Archibald Bryce, Jr. James Magruder, Benjamin H. Magruder, WiUiam Daniel, Jr. S. H. Davis, Littleton Upsber. North Carolina— Joseph B. Skinner, Louis D. Wil son, James Iredall, .William R. Holt, Joseph B. G. Roulhac, William A. Blount, Joseph D. White, S. T. Sawyer, David Outlaw, Thomas S. Hoskins, John E. Wood, J. W^. Cochran, Nathaniel Brewer. South Cflro/jno— Zacbariah P.' Herdon, James G. Spann, P. W. Davie, James Cuthbert, Thomas Pickney, , T. D. Singleton, William Butler, -Joseph W. AUston, Henry N. Gruger, Charles Macbeth, Henry C. Young, A. P. Butler, H. A. Middleton, Thomas R. Mitchell, W. Wilkinson, Philip Tidyman, Stephen D. Miller, William Pope, Job Johnston, John D. Edwards, John Carter, Langdon Cheves, Joseph E Jenkins, Hugh Wilson, J. H. Glover, T. Pickney Alston, Edward Richardson^ WiHiari!i Harper, William C. Preston, Daniel E.Huger.Hugh S. Legare, John Taylor.Thomson T. Player, J, Berkley Grimball. James Hose, William Smith, Thomas WiUiams, Jr. Thomas Flemming, John Eraser. Georgia — Ell S. Shorter, Robert Habersham. Alexan der Telfair, John Gumming, Seaborn Jones,J. Macpher son Berrien. Alabama— John A. Elmore, Benajah S. Bibb, Enoch Parsons, Alfred V. Scott, John W. Moore, Howell Rose, P. Waters, Henpy Goldthwaite, Ward Taylor, Archibald P. Baldwin, William J. Mason. Mississippi — Geopge Poindexter. Tennessee — WiUiam E. Butler, Alexander Patton, — 159. Yeas 35— Nays 159. So the motion to strike out was not agreed to. Mr. JoHHSOir, of South Carolina, then moved to amend the Addpess, by striking out fpom the seventh para graph, these words — "they admit Ihe power of Congress to lay and collect such duties as they may deem neces sary fur Ihe purposes of revenue,and within these limits, so to arrange those duties as incidentally, and to tbat extent, to give ppotection to the manufacturer. ,They deny the right to convert what Ihey denominate tbe in cidental, inlo the principal power, and transcending the limits of revenue, to impose an additional duly, substan tively and exclusively for the puppose of affoaling that protection." Mr. Waters, of Alabama, moved to amend the amendment, so as to strike out only the words "so to ar range those duties as" — which would leave the language ofthe Addpess thus: "They admit the power of Con gpess to lay and collect such duties as they may deem necessary for the purposes of revenue, and, within these limits, incidentally, and lo that extent, lo give protec tion to the manufacturer." Some debate having arisen on this amendment, Mr. Edwards, of South Carolina, asked if it would be in order to call for the previous question, but the Presi dent decided that, according to Parliamentary proceed ings, such a motion would not be in order, although it would be in order according to Ihe rules of the House of Representatives ofthe United States. Mr. Edwabds then moved that Ihe rules of Congress should be adopted for this occasion; but the President' decided that no question not immediately relating lo the subject of the Address, could now be submitted, without a departure from Parliamentary order. Mr. Ltpws, of Virginia.'then moved to lay the amend ment, with the Address, on the table, for tbe present, wbich motion was not agreed to. Mr. JoHnsToir tben stated tbat, as be had accomplish ed his object by having his motion recorded on the journal, he would now withdraw it; and this having accordingly been done, the amendment proposed by Mr. Waters was no longer before the Convention. Tbe question having been put by the President, Shall the Address be adopted? 1831.] tREE TRADE CONVENTIOt*. 345 The yeas and n^ys" were called fop by many members. Mr. Hebkdoit, of South ;Ct"'oUna, stated that he should vote in favor ofthe Ad>li!ess, with the exception ofthe passage which Mr., Johnston had moved to strike out. The yeas and nays were as follows: YEAS. Maine — ^Joshua Carpenter-, Charies Q. Clapp, S. H. Mudge. MassacMsetis — Henry Lee, T. S. Pomroy. Gideon Tucker, Hopatio Byingtpn, John L.'Gapdnep, George Peabody, Pickering Dodge. Isaac Newhall. J, W. Rodg ers. Henpy Williams, Edward Cruft, William Goddard. Ebenezer Bried, Thomas P. Bancpoft, John Pickens. New Forft— Presepved Fish, John Leonapd. Edwin Bepgh, Jonathan Goodhue, Jacob Lorillapd, H. Knee land, Isaac Bponson, James Heapd. New Jersey — John C . Schenck, John Potter. Pennsyhania — Joseph ' R- Evans. Geopge , Emlen, Clement C. Biddle, Edwapd D. Ingraham; J. M. Barclay, B. Littell, Samuel F. Smith. Isaac W, Nopris. Richard Frice, Henpy R. Watson, John A. Brown, Philip H. Nicklin. COndy .Raguet. William McUhenney. Marylandr— 'Williarii W. Handy, Arnold D. Jones, ' George Huffman, James J. Domildson. Virginia — ^PhiUp' P. Barbour^ Henry E. Watkins, Richapd Bookep, James M. Garnelt, Samuel L. 'Venable. Thomas R. Dew, Walkep Hawes, Philip A, Dew, John Bpockenbrough, Thomas Miller, William G. Ovepton. George C. Dromgoole. Randolph Harrison, Richard Jones, Charles Yancey. Robert Hupt, Ferdinand W. Risque, Malcomb Macfarland, Thomas W. Gilmer, Bur well Bassett, H. R. Anderson, Josiah Ellis, Charles Eyepett. Alex. Gordon Knox. Geopge M. Payne, James S. Bpandep, William Maxwell, Benjamin F. Dabney, R. O. Grayson, S. A. Storrow, Charles Cocke, John "W. Jones, William O. Goode, William Townes, John Dick inson, William B. Rogers. WiUiam P. Tayler, John H;. Bepnapd, Linn Banks, William II. Roane, James Lyons, John Tabb, James Jones,- Thomas T. Giles, Apchibald BryCe, Jr. James Magpudep, Benjamin H. Magpudep, WiUiam Daniel, Jr. S. H.Davis, Littleton Upsber. -North CaroUna — ^Joseph B. Skinnep, Louis D.Wilson, James Ipedell, William R. Holt, Joseph B. G. Roulhac, Edwapd B. Dudley, William A. Blunt, Joseph D.White, S. T. Sawyer, David Outlaw, Thomas S. Hoskins, John E. Wood, J. W. Cochran, Nathaniel Bruer. South Carolina — Zachariah P. Herndon, James G. Spann, F. W. Davie, James Cuthbert,, Thomas Pinck ney, T. D. Singleton, William Butler, Joseph W. AUs ton, Henry N. Cruger, Charles Macbeth, Henry C. Young, A. P. Butler, A. H. Middleton, Thomas R, Mitchell, W. Wilkinson, Philip Tidyman, Stephen D. Miller, William Pope, John Fi-asep, Job Johnson, John b. Edwapds, John Carter, Langdon Cheves, Joseph E. Jenkins, Hugh Wilson, J. H. Glover, T. Pinckney Al ston, Edward Hichapdson, WilUiim Harper, WUUam C. Ppeston, Henry Middleton, Daniel E. Hugep, Hugh S. Legare, John Taylor, Thomson T. Player, J. Berkley Grimball, James Rose, WiUiam Smith, Thomas Wil liams. Jr. Thomas Flemming. Georgia — Eli S. Shopter. Robert Habersham. Alexan der Telfair, John Gumming, Seaborn Jones, John Mac-, pherson Berrien. , Alabama— John A. Elmore. Benjamin S. Bibb, Enoch Parsons, Alfred V. Scott, John W. Moope, Howell Rose, P. Waters, Henry Goldthwaite, Ward Taylor, Archibald P. Baldwin, WiUiam J. Mason. Mississippi^-Gieorge Poindexter. Tennessee — ^WiUiam E. Butler, Alexander Patton. — i 170. NAYS. Massachusetts — Theodore Sedgwiok, Joseph Ropes. Rhode /siznct— WUUam Hunter. Connecticut— Viogev Minbt Sherman. Ntw PbrA;— Thomas R. Mercein, John A. Stevens, Vol. VIII. 44 Isaac Carow, John Constable, James Boopmart, George Gpiswold, Benjamin L. Swan, Geopge T.Trimble, Zeb edee Ring, Charles H. Russell, Silas M. Stilwell. itew Jersey^-C, L, Hardenbergh. J. C. Van Dyck,, J. Bayard- Kirkpatrick, Miles C. Smith. Hfenry CJlow,**^ Henpy Vethake, John B. Thomson, R. F. Stockton. Pennsylvania— Samuel Spackman, Thomas P. Cope. —27. ¦ - '• So the Addi-ess was adopted. , Mp. Bebbieh, fpom the Genepal dortimittee, repopted the follpwirtg resolutions: 1. Resolved, That the Committee who were instpuct- ed to ppepai-ea Memopial to Congress, setting forth the evils Of the existing Tariff of duties, and asking the modification of the same, be discharged from that duty. Which resolution was agreed lo. 2. Resolved, That a Committee,,- to consist of one member to be selected from each State represented in this Convention, be appointed by the President, whose duty it shall be lo prepai-e a Memorial to Congpess, setting foplh the evils of the existing Tariff of duties, and asking such a modification of ihe same, as shall be consistent with the pupposes of revenue, and equal in Hts operation on the different parts of the United States, and on the various interests of the same: That it sball be the duty of the said Committee lo collect the evidence necessapy to support the said Memopial. to ppesent it to Congpess at its next session.- and fo attend personally at Washington, for the puppose of promoting the same. That the said Committee be< instructed to insist in the said memopial— That the present Tariff System is unequal inits opera tion, and-thepefore, unjust— that it is oppressive, be cause it iiiiposes burthens on the many fav fhe benefit ot the few — unwise and impolitic, since its tendency is to disturb the harmmy of the Union — that if is incon sistent with the principles of free Government, and at variance with that spirit of justice and mutual conces sion, in which the Constitution was' conceived and adop ted. — operating unequally and unjustly upon the diffep ent portions of this Union, having a direct and almost inevitable tendency to demoralize our people; and cal culated to ppoduce discontent among the people of the United States, by a numepousand pespectable~portion of whom it is believed to be unconstitutional and void; and, finaUy, that its effect is to diminish the productive pe- souPces of the countpy, and to lessen the amount of the necessaries and conveniences of life which are enjoyed by OUP people. , And that the said Committee be instpucted, more over, to express tbe willingness of the memoriafists to acquiesce' in such an interposition of the legislative powep. as shall be ppospective in its op epation, thereby avoiding any sudden revulsion which might operate with Undue severity on the manufacturing interest, but" leading to the desired result with the least possible in jury to the interests which have grown up "under the existing system °f protective duties. ' Mr. Shobteb, of Georgia, moved that the words, "and is, in many respects, infinitely more oppressive upon the poor than lipon the rich," be inserted after the words "our people,?' at the end of tbe third paragraph, which amendment was agreed to. Mr. LiTTS'Li. of Pensylvania, moved that the words "and voidi;' be stricken out from the third paragraph; which ameidment was also agpeed fo. Mr. Pbebton, of South Carolina, riioved to strike out from the resolution, that part which rendered it obliga tory upon the members to attend personally at Washing ton. ¦ " Which motion was rtot agreed to; but the resolution ' was so amended as to insert these words, or "by a sub committee;" so as to make it read, "to attend personal ly, or by a sub-committee at Washington, for the pur pose of ppomoting the same." Mr, PoufDExtEB, of Mississippi, stated, that his being 346 FREE TRADE CONVENTION, [NOVSMBIK at this time a member of the Senate of the United States, would pender it improper for him to act as a member of the Committee on the Memorial, when it was, on motion. Resolved, That Mr. Poindexter be excused from serv ing on said Committee. The question was then put onthe adoption ofthe resolution as amended, and the yeas and nays having been called by many members, wei-e as follows: YEAS. Maine— Joshua Cappenter, Charies Q. Clapp, S. H. Mudge. Massachusetts — Henry Lee, T. S. Pomeroy, Gideon Tucker. Theodore Sedgwick, John L. Gapdner, George Peabody, Pickering Dodge^ Joseph Ropes,-lsaac New- ball, Henry WiUiams, Edward Cruft, William Goddard, Ebenezep Bpeed. Thomas P. Bancroft, John Pickens. - Rhode Island — WiUiam Hunter. Connecticut — Roger Minot Sherman. New York — ^Preserved Fish. John Leonard, Edwin Bergh, Jonathan Goodhue, Thomas R. Mercein, John A. Stevens, Isaac Carow, John Constable, George Gris wold, Benjamin L, Swan, George T. Trimble, Zebedee Ring, Albert Gallatin. Jacob lorillapd, James G. Kinc. Charies H. Russell, H. Kneeland, Isaac Bponson, Jamfes Heard, Silas M. Stilwell. New Jersey — C. L. Hardenberg, ' J. C. Van Dyck, J. Bayard Kirkpatrick, Miles C. Smith, Henry Clow, John C. Schenck, John Potter, John R. Thomson, R. F. Stockton. Pennsylvania — Joseph -R. Evans. George Emlen, Clement C. Biddle, Edward D. Ingham, J..M. Barclay, E. Littell, Samuel F. Smith, Isaac W. Norris, Richard Price; Henry B. Watson, John A. Brown, Philip H. Nicklin, Condy Raguet, Samuel Spackman, Thomas P. Cope, William McUhenney. - Maryland— 'William W. Handy, Arnold D. Jones," George Hoffman, John J, Dpnaldson. Virginia— PhiMp P. Barbour, Henry E. Watkins, James M. Garnett, Samuel L. Venable, I'bomas R. Dew, Walkep Hawes. Philip A. Dew, John Bpocken brough, Thomas Miller, WUIiam G. Overton, Geopge C. Dromgoole, Randolph Harrison, Richard Jones, Charies Yancey, Robert Hurt, Ferdinand W. Risque, Malcolm Macfarland, Thomas W. Gilmer, Burwell Bas sett, H. R. Anderson, Josiah Ellis, Charies Everett, Alex. Gordon Knox, George M. Payne, James S. Bran der, William Maxwell, Benjamin F. Dabney, R. G. Grayson, S. A. Storrow, Charies Coke, John W.Jones, WUIiam O. Goode, Wiiriam ToWnes, John Dickson; WiUiam B. Rogers, William P. Taylor, John H. Ber- nard, Linn Banks, William H, iloane, James Lyons, John Tabb, James Jones, Thomas T. Giles, Archibald Bryce, Jr. James Magi-uder, Benjamin H. Magruder, William Daniel, Jr. S. H. Davis, Littleton Upsher. North Carolina — Joseph B. Skinner, Louis D, Wil son, James Iredell, William R. Holt, Joseph B. G. Roulhac, William W. Jones, Edward B. Dudley William A. Blount, Joseph D.. White, S. T. Sawyer', David Outlaw, Thomas S, Hoskins, John E, Wood, J. W. Cochran, Nathaniel Bruer. South Carolinor^ James G. Spann, F.^ W, Davie James Cuthbert,, Thomas Pinckney, T, D, Singleton William Butler, Joseph W. AUston, Henry N. Cruger' Charies Macbeth, A. P. Butler, H. A. Middleton, Tho mas R. Mitchell, W. Wilkinson, PhUip Tidyman, Ste phen D. Miller, WUIiam Pope, John Eraser, Jph John son, John D. Edwards, John Carter, Langdon Cheves Joseph E. Jenkins. Hugh Wilson. J. H. Glover, t' Pinckney Alston. Edwai-d Richardson. WiUiam Harper William C. Preston, Henry Middleton, Daniel E. Hu! ger, Hugh S. Legare, John Taylor, Thomson T. Play- er. J. Berkley Grimball, James Rose. William Smith, Thomas Williams, Jp, Thomas Flemming, John Com- ming, Seaborn Jones, John M, Beppien, P. Waters Henry Goldthwaithe, Ward Taylor, Archibald P. Bald win, William J. Mason. Mississippi — George Poindexter. Tennessee — WilliamE. Butler, Alexander Patton. — 189. - NAYS: SouilT Carolina — Zacbariah P. Herndorn, Henry C. Young. — 2. Yeas —169 Nays 2. So the resolution was adopted, in the words follow ing, viz: Resolved, That a committee, to consist of one inember to be selected from eacb State pepresented in this Con vention, be appointed by the Ppesidenf,_whose duty it shall be tj prepare a Memorial to Congress, setting forth the evils of fhe existing Tariff of duties, and ask ing such a modification of the same, as shall be consis tent with tfie pupposes of revenue, and equal in its op eration on the different parts of "the United States on the various interests of the same, that it shall be the du ty -of tbe said CommUtee to collect fhe evidence neces ary to support fhe said Memorial, to present if to Con gress at its next session, and to attend personally, or by a sub-committee, at Washington, for, the purpose of promoting the same. That the said Committee be instructed to insist in the said memopial — That the present Tariff System is unequal in its op eration, and therefore unjusf-^that it is oppressive, be cause it imposes burthens on the many for the benefit of fhe few — unwise and impolitic, since its fendencyis to disturb the harmony of the Union^^that it is consis tent with the principles of free government, and at variance with that spirit Of justice and mutual conces sion, in which the Constitution was conceived and adopted, operating unequally and unjustly upon the different portions ofthis Union, having a direct and almost inevitable tendency to demoralize our people, and calculated lo produce discontent among the people of the United States, by a numerous and respec table portion of whom, it is believed to be unconstitu tional; and finally, that Us effect is lo diminish the pro ductive resources of fhe country, and fo lessen Ihe amount of fhe necessaries and conveniences of life, wh'ich are enjoyed by our people — artd is, in many re spects, infinitely more oppressive upon the poor than upon the rich. And that tbe said Committee be instructed,moreovep, to express the willingness of the memorialists to acqui esce in such an inteppositicn of the legislative power, as shall be prospective in its operation, thereby avoid ing any sudden revulsion which might operate with un due severity on the manufocturing interest, but leading to the desired result, with the least possible injury lo the interests Which have grown up under the existing system o/'prolective duties. Mr. PoijfDEXTEB, of Mississippi, called up a resolution offered by him yesterday, and which had been laid on the table, relative to the appoinment of a Committee from this Convention, to attend the Convention to be held in New York on the 25lh inst. ; when the Conven tion proceeded to consider the same. It was then moved that there be a recess of the Con vention until half past 4 o'clock; which was agreeed lo. [To be Continued,) Bbewebt.— We have had occasion fopmerly to speak of Mr. A. Y. Moore's Brewery, in this place, as a man ufactory offering advantages not always available to those of OUP inhabitants who ape fond of that exceUeiri: bevepage which it yield.s. The present arrangements of the ppoprietop are sufficently extensive to afford a supply equal to tiie demands ofthe whole of our coun- ty, — Miner's Journal, 1831.] COMMERCE OF THE U. S. AND PENNSYLVANIA. 34T COMMERCE OF THE U.S. AND PENNSYLVANIA. Ofjthe annual report ofthe Secretary ofthe Treasu ry for 1830, including also a portion of 1829, we have made the following analysis, comprising the principal facts detaUed in that document, relating to the Com merce and Navigation of the United States, and of Pennsylvania. JSrAVTGATZOlir. TONNAQE of the United States on the 31st Decem ber, 1829. Vessels. There were built in Massachusetts, 183 Thnriage. 17,322.43 14,658,62 11,044.26 7.799.36 3,463.562.984.68 4,598.28 Registered — Permanent, Temporary, Enrolled and licensed — ',, Permanent,Temporapy, Licensed— under 20 Tons. Coasfing'Trade, Cod fishery. 526,312.54 123.330.34 586,069.54 3,287.42 18,390.05 3,907.82 650,143.88 588,356.96 22,297.87 Maine, 140 Maryland, - 129 New York, 60 New Jersey, 66 Virginia, 47 Pennsylvania, 24 Ofthese 24 built in Pennsylvania, 10 were registered vessels, viz. 4 ships, 6 brigs — tons 3,545.35, and 14 enrolled and licensed vessels, viz. 2 , schooners, 6 sloops —tons 1,052 88. Total tonnage 4,598.28. Vessels belohuiiig ik tbe Usited States — Dec. 31, 1829, and the number of seamen usually navigating the same. Registered, Enrolled. L.under 20 tons/ Total. Total Tonnage, - - . . $1,26,0,797.71 Ofthe Registered • Tonnage, 57,284.38 were em ployed in the whale fishery. Of fhe Enrolled and Li censed tonnage 490,468.05, are in fhe Coasting trade. 97,888.91 do Fisheries. 54,036.81 do Steamboat Navigatien, , Aggregate Tonnage of New Yopk, 261,704.33— of Boston, 144,523.06— of Pennsylvania, 77,728.72— of Baltimope, 45,509.22— of New Orieans, 44,751.04— of Portiand, 44,622.34— of Charieston, 13,074.58. The Tonnage of the United States, decreased du ring 1829, 480,594.06 tons: viz. in Registered, 162,- 476.44. Enrolled, 273,813.48. Licensed, 44,304.09. ToiTNAaB OF PEHHsxivAifiA-, Dec. 31, 1829. PHILADELPHIA. Registered — ^Permanent, 45,587.15 Temporapy, 4,569.59 Ships, 728 Brigs, 1,340 Schooneps, 555 Sloops, 57 Steamboats, 12 Total, 2,692 47 ' 211 4,554 2,991' 257 8,060 00 00 371 737 00 1,108 Navigated by 61,672 seamen. Vessels, Of these, 2, 889 1,970 775 1,551 5,480 3,785 269 11,860 Seamen, States. 19,305 belongto Massacliusetts, 1,746 741 716 730 532378 334 78 174 11,72.0 8,781 1,780 4,069 2,961 1.453 1,306 2,06^ 262 1,196 New York, Maine. New Jersey. Pennsylvania, Maryland. Virginia. N. Carolina, S. Carolina. N,, Hampshire. Of those belonging to Pennsylvania, there were Registered. Enrolled, Under 20tons, Total, Enrolled and Licensed — Permanent, Licensed under 20 tons — Coasting trade. 30,156.74 26,889,21 ¦ 272.45 Presquelsle — Reg. Per. 15.32 Tem. 82.88 Enrolled & Licensed Permanent - 98.20 332.12 77,318.40 410.33 Ships, Brigs, Schooners, Sloops,' Steamboats, 64 89 5.2 00 00 4 20 137 313 14 ,488- 00 00 7 16 0023 Total Tonnage df Pennsylvania, - - 77,728.72 Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, there were employed in the Coasting trade, 27,221,33— Steam boat navlga,tiori, 2,924.25. ' VESSELS BUILT in the United States in 1829. 137 Registered vessels, 28,876-74 tons. 666 Enrolled and Licensed do 48.221 .86 do 803 , Totallonnage built, ¦ 77,098.60 Ofthese, 44 were ships— 68 brigs — 485 schooners— 163 sloops, and 43 steam-boats. 205 Navigafed^by 4,069 seamen. During the year 1829, 148 States were LOST, vi;i. Registered. Enrolled S^ Ucensed. 00 ' 5 ' 4i 23 68 109 196 329 14 Ships, 10 Brigs, 36 Schooners, 25 Sloops, 8 vessels of the United Total, 10 41 .66 31 148 79 69 Vessels, 79— Tonnage 12,780— Vessels 96— Tonnafee 4,912. Total tonnage lost 17,692.83. ^. Of thess, 40 'vessels belonged to Massachusetts, 14 to New York, 18 to New Jersey, 14 to North Carolina, 9 to Pennsylvania and 7 to Maryland. Of the 9 vessels lost from Pennsylvania, 7 were re gistered, viz. 1 ship, 4 brigs,.2 schooners; and 1 schoon er and 1 sloop were enrolled vessels. Total tonnaffe 1,423,28, 348 COMMERCE OF THE U. S. AND PENNSYLVANIA, [NoTEKBZB Desirous ofascertaining what proportion, the losses of vessels bore, to the whole tonnage ofthe United States, as well as to that of different states, we entered ¦ into-the foUowing calculations — the result of which is such as to lead us to suppose, either that there must be some deficiency of information, or that the returns are not made with the same care in every district, or that the whole number of vessels, may not be reported. — We know of no law, which requires a report of vessels lost at sea — which certainly ought to be the case, if the government pretends lo keep a true record of the Tonnage belonging fo the United States. A coppect report of vessels lost or condemned, belonging to each district, within a, given period, would be a valua ble document fo merchants, insurers and the govepn ment itself; and a knowledge of the diffepent kinds of vessels, most liable to loss, might be the means of preservingmany' lives, by leading to the adoption of that construction, or kind of vessel, whicb, fpom ex- pepience, might be found the most safe. Fpom in- quipy at the Custom House here, we find, that it is their practice, when a vessel is not reported for a con siderable length bf tirtie, lo make inquiry of the owner, what has become of her? If she is said to have been lost, or condemned, she is of course, stricken from the list, and so returned to the department at Washington; in this way the Tonnage of the port is, from time to time corrected — and we observe by the tables, in the Treasury report for 1829j there is an allowance for corrections in the Tonnage ofthe United States, on pre vious statements of 514,451.86 torts. We therefore pre sume that the table whicb we have analysed, as vessels "lost during the year 1829," does not include a// Me vessels lost in ihat year — ^but only those reported in that year fo tbe government, and it probably also reports vessels lost in that year, vvhich were really lost in some former years. The fable showing the number of ves sels condemned, is probably in part, subject to the same remarks, although not to the same extent — as oup Consuls abroad are bound tO repoi-t, the cases wbich come under theip notice, op return fhe manifest to the government or tbe district to wbicb tbe vessel belonged . If a vessel is lost or condemned, in one district, which belonged to another district, she is we understand, takenfrom fhe Tonnage of her proper district; so that we presume in the fables, the vessels staled fo be lost or condemned, in any particular district, are the ves. sels, bona fide belonging to such district. In confirma tion ofthese remarks, we will notice the results of two districts, vi?. New York and Pennsylvania. The per centage of vessels lost in New York, during 1829, is only 00.49— while the percentage lost from Pennsyl. vania is 1,30. Now we can see no reason for this ap parently great difference in favorof New Yopk--as we presume, it is not to be found in the superior skill of the commanders of her vessels, over those of Penn sylvania, they being in all probabiUty equally capable; nor can it be found in the superior quality ofher vessels -, — as we suppose there cannot be much difference in favour of either, although by the table of condemned TOssels, tbe superiority would appear to be as much in favor of Pennsylvania, as the former calculation was aga'mst her. The percentage of vessels condemned in New Yoi-kis 1.13, while of Pennsylvanian vessels itis only 0.21. We make these remarks not for the pur pose of invidious comparison, but to show that some where, the informalion is defective, and that to render the reports of the Tonnage of the United States com pleat, well deserves the attention of the government, if such statements are to be made. We presume, a law requiring the owner ofa vessel, when he receives in formalion ofher being lost or condemned, or supposed to be lost, fpom hep not having reached her port, or beenheardof within a given time, to report to tbe pro* per Custom House, would aid vepy much in correcting these statements. The tonnage of vessels lost amounts to about 0.97 per cent, of the whole tonnage of the United Slates, at the Close of 1828, with the addition of the tonnage of the vessels built in 1839. Per Cent. The lost tonnage of N. CaroUna amounts to 2.37 Connecticut, 1.64 New Jersey, 1.61" Rhode Island, 1.42 Pennsylvania, 1.30 New Hampshire, 1.20 Massachusetts, 1.16 Maine, 1.04 Virginia, 0.73 Maryland, 0.63 New York, 0.49 S. Carolhia, 0.46 The number of vessels lost amounted to about 1 in evepy 77 ofthe whole number of vessels in the United Slates, as follows — Ships lost are about 1 in 77 of the whole No. of ships. Brigs do 1 in 38 do • brigs. Schooners do 1 in 77 do schooners. Sloops do 1 in 120 do sloops. 113 vessels'were condemned as UNSEAWORTHY du ring 1829— total tonnage 11,454.70, of which 27 vessels of 3,868 fortslielong to Massachusetts— 28 vessels or 4,- 117.01 tons to New York— 35 vessels or 1,176.01 to N. Jersey — 6 to Maine and only 1 to Pennsylvania, being ashipof 249.92 tons. The number of vessels condemned as unseaworthy is about one in every 101, and the per centage on the tonnage is about 0.63 per cent, ofthe whole. Per Cent. In New Hampshire amounted to 2.40 ofthe whole. New Jersey, 2.25 do Rhode Island, 1.83 do New York, 1-13 do South Capolina, 0.88 do Massachusetts, ¦ 0,62 do Connecticut, 0.31 do Pennsylvania. 0.21 do Virginia, 0.14 do Maryland, 0.12 do Maine, 0.25 do t83LJL COMMERCE OF THE V. S. AND PENNSYLVANIA. 349 The vessels condemned are about 1 in every 101 or 1 ship in every 43 ofthe whole number of ships. 1 brig 69 brigs. Ischopner 285 • schcpners 1 sloop 120 sloops. , There were Sold to Fobeionebs in 1829, 94 vessels, Viz. 14 ships, 35 brigs, 37 schooners and 8 sloops. — Total tonnage 14,093.22 tons, of which 1 ship, 4 brigs, 3 schooners, or 1,044.06 tons belonged to Pennsylvania — 17 vessels to Massachusetts — 23 lo New York — 22 to Maryland — 7 to Florida — 6 to X.ouisiana. 1830. The total amount of Tonnage wbich entered and de parted from the United States during the year ending September 1830 was asfollpws — Entered. Departed. American, 967.227 971,760 Foreign, 131,900 133,436 Tons, 1,099,127 I'ons, 1,105,196 Of the Foreign Tonnage entered there were of British 87,231 Tons. French, 11,925 Spanish,,; ...12,299 Portuguese, 137 Dutch 630 Hanseatic,. 9,653 Swedish, 4,136 Danish 1,234 -Russian,. - ..:.... 264 Prussian,..' 287 Haytien, .' 1,233 Mexican, , 2,718 Columbian, ,. 300 Brazilian,.. 406 Buenos Ayfean, 116 64 11 Total number of tons entered, 131,900 Ofthe tonnage entered and departed in 1830-^there was in the following districts. Entered, Departed. New York, 305,181 243,155 tons. Boston, 113,328 93,408 Mississippi, 118,636 142.334 PhUadelphia, 77,016 67,829 • Baltimore, 61,121 58,252 Charieston, 72,541 72,436 Portland, 26,812 38,730 Savannah, 36,378 58,787 • Andfrom Presque Isle, - 63 tons. The number of vessels (American,) and their ton nage and seamen employed (in repeated voyages) which entered,'and departed from the prinsipal dis tricts, were as follows^ TONNAGE. No. of Vessels. Entered. Dep'd. No. Seamen. New York, 1383 298,434 229,341 14,298 Massachusetts, 912 168,243 148,124 9,118 Maine, 535 69,363 91,629 2,949 Louisiana, 451 83,270 106,017 4,323 Pennsylvania, 365 72,009 63,022 , 5,907 N.Carolina, 235 27,757* -36,592 1,482 Vermont, 131 39,741 19,390 871 S. CaroUna, 115 50,859 53,464 927 Maryland, 90 55,317 55,030 908 The total from aU the U. States, 4745 vessels em ploying 43,756 seamen, tonnage entered 967,327, departed 971,760. During the year ending Dec. 31, 1830, there were registered in the U. States 6474 seamen, of whom were in Massachusetts, 2769 New York, 1214 Maine, 561 Pennsylvania, 448 Maryland, 389 Rhode Island, 240 Virginia, 234 S. Carolina, 194 D. Columbia, 111 Connecticut, ' 97 Louisiana, 87 N. Hampshire, 68 N. CaroUna, 68 Alabama, Georgia, 38 Vermont N. Jersey, 1 The amount of Hospital mobet coUected during the year ending Sept. 30, 1830,'was $53,739 05, viz: from registered vessels $28,796 38, and from enrolled and licensed vessels $23,942 67. — Contributed by 60,388 seamen, of whom 37,989 Were employed in registered vessels, and 23,399, in enrolled and licensed~-of which there were collected In N. York, $15,027 43 from 17,075 seamen. Massachusetts, 11,460 11 do 12,955 do Pennsylvania, 4,111 31 do 5,255 do Maryland, 3,998 47 do 4,050 do Maine. 3,856 40 do 5,551 do Virginia, 2,220 73 do 2,216 do Of that collected from Pennsylvania, $2,934 97, were from registered vessels, and $1176 34, were from en rolled and Ucensed vessels, contributed by 4082 seamen of pegistered, and 1173 seamen of enpolled and licensed The number of vessels whose registers were surren dered, and enrollment and Uc'ense taken for the coast ing trade, in the year ending Sept. 30, 1830, was 696, tonnage 74,569 47, of which 6 belonged to Pennsylva nia, tonnage 791 80. During the same period, 697 enrolled and licensed vessels of the tonnage of 79,878, took registers for the foreign trade— ofthese 7 vessels of 923 tons, were ot Pennsylvania. The registers of 34 vessels, tonnage 3524, In the same time were changed in consequence of alteration in the form or construction ofthe vessels— of these, 3 belong ed to Pennsylvania, tonnage 257. New enroUmentSj and licences were issued for 41 vessels, tonnage 3897, on account of alterations in the vessels; 3 ofthese belonged to Pennsylvania. New registers were issued for 873 vessels, tonnage 117,357, in consequence of change of owners; ofthese 64 vessels or 13,534 tons belonged to Pennsylvania! The enroUments and licences of 3.172 vessels, often. nage 142,964, were changed in consequence of new owners; ofthese 78 vessels or 5,033 tons belonged to Pennsylvania. * «* «» 350 COMMERCE OF THE U. S. AND PENNSYLVANIA. [NOTSUBSB COnXl^XERCE. IMPORTS into the United States during theyear ending Sept. 30, 1830. Merchandize free of duty, $12,746,245 Subject to ad valorem, 85,835,450 Specific, - - 23,295,225 $70,876,920 Total Imports, - Of wbich $66,035,739 were imported in American, and $4,841,181 in foreign vessels. Ofthe imports, there aprived In New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Maryland, S. Carolina, Maine, ^5,624.070 10,453,544 8,702,122 7,599,083 4,523,866 1,054,619 572,666 'iv.Z.^ S » 3 ^>B o 3 W^» K 3 O.P 5 = Sq.»30'q,.33=' Jf to O-O. n-B O.- g, ^o.-ss-s?. - r^ o. g .=. s p « o* OS-oH ¦a o "k M tO^ Oi -^ 00 IO M " ?-'ov'oo J-" {»*§ -t J» o},£S io*.wSo»^°>"°5-"'-» °>"-5' * 63 ^'H- t^yi'* S M o r^ -- ^ '¦- "• ' " ' The Imports from England were $22,755,040, from all Great Britain and dependencies $26,804,984; from France and dependencies $8,240,885; Mexico $5,235,- 241; Spain and dependencies $8,373,681; China $3,- 878,141; Brazil $2,491,460j Denmark and dependen cies $1,671,218; Russia $1,621,899; Argentine Repub lic $1,431,883; Sweden and dependencies $1,398,640; Netherlands and dependencies $1,356,765; Colombia $1,120,075; Portugal and dependencies $471,643; Tur key, Levant and Egypt $417,392; Hanse Towns, &C, $1,873,278; Hayti $1,587,140; Cuba $5,577,230. , During the same time there was imported, of Gold Bullion $115,267; of Silver do. $1,049,343; Specie- Gold $705,879; Silver $6,285,475-.— Total $8,155,964. There was imported of Raw Silk $119,074. . Ofiron manufactured there were imported $3,372,- 146, subject to ad. valorem; $2,291,284 specific, among-^ wbich were bar and bolt Iron hammered 68,7'52,943 pounds; rolled 138,981 lbs. nails and spikes 651,577 lbs. castings 1,157,256 lbs. sheet and hoop 2,326,796 lbs. pigs 23,499 lbs. Of Wool, unmanufactured 669,883 lbs. manufactnres of^ool $5,332,579, do. of cptton $7,862,326. ' Of Coal 1,640,295 bushels. Of Coffee 5,1,488,248 lbs, value $4,227,021. Of Tea 8,609,415 lbs. value 3,425,018. Of Sugar, brown, 78,576,388 lbs. value ^3,985,865. Distilled Spirits 1,692,344 gaUons. EXPORTS of foreign producefrom the United States in the year ending Sept. 30, 1830. Total value $14,387,479, of vrhich there were en- tilled to drawback $11,377,046, not entitled to (draw back $3,010,433. Exports of domestic produfse- Total value, $59,462,029, viz: the produce of the H" »j> ^^ o 'b-^'io'M'ks'Vila Cao'^ £2"SS &B "' 01-'«>*-0»0<0*-W^OO-,jCO>-'0 W ot mw _ a S „ S 2 §»S .s b^ — « ^m §—. .—I .,^ ^^ U fc— — U — ^ Q. B SA cb o IO nrnic«nnig'g'S,renS.reo»!j-3ogcoaioicna)OOOo»wrt(»rt2™35r y y i-'i.'.'-sj^^ " " a,"! ^ o>-»Oi Co'— if.-'ioco.^to'bi'co oo'^'ooe-"*^- i^'to'to'^'io O^Oi oo \P 09*03 !c. 00*0 "ito 5 o -5 «3, Oi^^o^*.., o^Oi^(00t03*0-'i-fr:>«*2,S Ot K> iO 03 OOU tO-^l-i 1^ 03 0--IO 0>J° ST There were exported of Gold Bullion, Silver. - do Of Specie Gold, Do" SUver, Of gold and sUver coin of American man ufacture, - $10,637 24,154 474,876 ' 731,955 $1,241,622 937.151 Total export, - - $2,178,773 Among the items of domestic exports, were the fol lowing manufactures of cotton. Of Printed and colored Piece goods, - $61,800 White do. - - . 964,196 Nankeen do. - - . - 1,093 Twist yarn and thread, - $24,744 All other manufactures of cotton^ 266,350 — 291,094 Sea, Forest, Agriculture, Mantifacture, Not enumerated. Manufacture,Others, - 347,228 - 309,249 $1,725,270 4.192;047 46,977,332 5,910;903 656,477 $59,462,029 $1,383,183 Ofthese $546,020 went to Slexico; $56,173 to China; $81,332 to Brazil;$13,016 to Cplombia,$249,980 to Chili; $1852 to En^^nd! $41,316 to Gibraltar! $23,783 tothe' British East Indies! and $6,743 to British American Colonies. The export of Cotton was 8,147,165 lbs. of Sea Isl and , and 390,311,937 lbs. of other kinds. Total va lue $29,674,883. The export of Flour, was 1,327,434 barrels; value $6,085,953, of which 335,120 barrels" or $1,538,617 went to England, and 149,966 bbls. or if728,534 to'Bri-< tish American Colonies; 196,736 bbls. or $1,042,853 to Brazil; 127,227 bbls or $594,209 to Danish West Indies: Cuba 77,598 bbls, or $367,379. The exports ofiron: Castings, '..' . . . ^35^403 Manufactures ofiron and Steel, - - 117 876 58 tons bar and pig, and 1,551,019 lbs. nails, 98*189 $309,473 1831.] QUAKER OBJECTIONS AGAINST WAR. 351 of Tobacco there were exported -83,810 hhds. of $5,576,365; of manufactured Tobacco and Snuff 3,228,- 556 lbs. OP $246, 747. The total value of exports of fopeign and domestic produce, was $73,849,508, of which. New York Exported - $19,697,983 Louisiana, do - 15,488,692 Massachusetts; do' - 7',213,194, S. Carolina, do - - 7,627,031 Georgia, do . 5,336,626 Virginia, do - 4,791,644 Pennsylvan'ui, do - - 4,291,793 Maryland, do - 3,791,482 Alabama, do - 2,394,594 Foreign ppoduce, , Domestic do. 14,387,479 59,462.029 Total value of exports, 73.849.508 Impopts, - - 70,876,920 Excess of exports. $2,972,588 THE QUAKER OBJECTIONS TO WAR. The testimony of tlie people called^Quakers. Given forth by a Meeting of the Representatives of said people, in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, held at Philadelphia, the 24th day of the First Month 1775. > Having considered with real sorrow, the unb.ippy contest between the legislature of Great Britain and the people of these colonies and the animosities con- seqtient thereon; we have, by repeated public advices and private admonitions, used pur endeavours to dis suade the members of. our religious society from join ing with the public resolutions, promoted and entered into by some of the people, which, as we apprehended, so we now find, have increased contention, and pro duced great discord and confusion. The Divine Prindple of Grace and Truth which we profess, leads all who attend to its dictates, to demean themselves as peaceable subjects, and to discountenance and avoid every measure tending tu excile disaffection to the King, as supreme magistrate, or to the legal au thority of his government ; to which purpose many of the late poUtical writings and addresses tu the people appearing to be calculated, we are led by a sense pf duty fo declare our entire disapprobation of them— r Iheir spirit and temper being not only contrary to fhe nature and precepts of the gospel, but destructive of the peace and harmony of civil society, disqualifies men in these times of difficulty, for the wise and judicious consideration and promoting ofsuch measures as would be most effectual for reconciling differences, or obtain ing the redress of grievances. From our past expepience of the clemency of the King and bis royal ancestors, we have grounds to hope and believe, that decent and respectful addresses from those who are vested with legal authority, representing the prevaUing dissatisfactions andthe cause of them. would avail towards obtaining relief, ascertaining and establishing the just rights of the people, and pestoping the public tranquility: and we deeply lament that con trary modes of proceeding have been pursued, which have involved the-colonies in confusion, appear likely to produce violence and bloodshed, and threaten the subversion of the constitutional government, and of that Uberty of conscience, for the enjoyment of which, OUP ancestors were induced lo encounter the manifold dangers and difficulties of crossing the seas, and of set tUng in the wilderness. We ape, therefore, incited by a sincere concern for tbe peace and welfare of our country, pubUcly to de clare against every usurpation of power and autherity, in ppposilion to tbe laws and government; and against all combinations, insurrections, conspiracies, and illegal assemblies: and as we are restrained from them bythe conscientious discharge of our duly to Almighty God, ¦'by whom Kings reign, and Princes decree justice," wc hope, through his assistance and favour, to be ena bled to maintain our testimony against any requisitions which may be made of us, inconsistent with our peli- gious ppinciples, and the fidelity we owe to the King and his government, as by law established; earnestly de siring the restoration of that harmony and concord which have heretofore united the people of these pro vinces, and been attended by the divine blessing on their labours. Signed in,, and on behalf of the said meeting, JAMES PEMBERTON, Clerk at this lime. The ancient testimony and principles of ihe people callea Quakers, renewed, with respect lo the King and Go vernment; and touching ihe commotions now prevail ing in these andother parts of America: addresied to the ' people in general. A religious concern for our fpiends and fellow sub jects of. every denomination, and more especially for those of all ranks, who, in the present commotions," ape engaged in public employments and stations, in duces us eapnestly lo beseech every individual in th^ most solemn manner, fo consider the end and tendency of the measures they are promoting; and on the most impartial enquiry into the state -of their minds, careful ly to examine whethep they are acting in the fear of God, and in conformity to the precepts and doctpine of OUP I.opd Jesus Christ, whom we profess to beHeve in, and-that by "him alone we expect to be saved fpom our siris. .' The calamities and afHjctidns- which now surround us, should, as we apppehend. affect every mind with the most awful considerations of the dispensations of Divine -Providence to mankind in general in former ages; and that as the sins and iniquities of the people subjected them to grievous sufferings, the same causes still produce the like effects. The inhabitanls of these provinces were long sig nally favoured with peace and plenty: Have the re- turns of true thankfulness been generally manifest t Have integrity and godly simplicity been maintained, an^ religiously regarded ? Hath a religious care to do justly, love mercy, and walk humbly been evident ? Hath the precept of Christ, fo do unto others as we would they should do unto us, been the governing rule of our conduct ? Hath an upright im,partial desire fo , ppevent the slavery and opppession of oup fellow-men, and to restore them to their natural right, to true Chris tian liberty, been cherished and encouraged ? Or have ppide, wantonness, luxury, profaneness. a partial spirit, and fopgetfulness of the goodness and mepcies of God, become lamentably prevalent ? Have we not, therefore, abundant occasion fo break off our sins by righteous ness, and OUP iniquities by shewing mercy lo the poor; and with true contrition and abasement of soul, lo humble oupselves, and supplicate the Almighty Pre server of men, to shew favour, and fo renew unto us a state of tranquillity and peace ? Mat. vii. 12. Daniel iv. 27. , Itis our fervent desire that this may soon appear tp be the pious resolution ofthe people in general, of all ranks and denominations: then may we have a well grounded hope, that wisdom from above, which is pure, peaceable, and full of mercy and good fruits, will pre side and govepn in the delibepations of those who, in these jjerilous times, undertake the transaction of the most iniportant public affairs; and that by their steady care and endeavour's, constantly to act under the influ ences of this wisdom, those of inferior stations will be 352 MIsqELLANEOUS. [NOVIMBXA incited diUgenfly fo pursue those measures which make for peace, and tend tothe reconciliation of contending parties, pn principles dictated by the spirit of Christ, who 'came not fodestrpy men's Uves, but to save them.' Luke ix. 56. James iii. 17. We are so fully assured that these ppinciples are the most certain and effectual means of ppeventing the ex treme misery and desolations of wars and bloodshed', I that we are constrained to intreat all those who profess faith in Christ, to manifest that they really believe in him, and desire to obtain the blessings'he pronounced to the makers of peace. Mat. v. 9. Hii spirit ever leads to seek and improve every op portunity of promoting peace and reconciliation; and constantly to remember, that as we really confide in him, he can, in his own time, change the hearts of all men in such manner, that the way ta obtain it hath been often opened, contrary fo every human prospect -.- expectation. Ex. xli. 29 and 41. xiv, 30. 2 Kings vi. 17. vii. 6. "^Esther iii. to vii, Isa, xxxvii, 36. May we. therefore, heartily^and sincerely unite in suppUcations to the Father of mepcies, lo gpant the plentiful effusions of his Spirit to aU, and in an especial manner to those in superiop stations, that they may, with sincerity, guard against and reject all such meas ures and councils, as may increase and pepetuate the discord, animosities, artd unhappy contentions which now sorrowfully abound. We cannot but, with distressed minds, beseech all such, in the most solemn and awful mannep, fo consider that, if by tbeir acting artd persisting in a ppoud, selfish spirit, and not regarding the dictates of true wisdom,. such measures are pursuecl as tend to the shedding of innocent blood; inthe day when they and all men sball appear at the judgment seat of Christ, to receive are- ward according to their works, they willbe excluded fpom his favour, and theip portion will be in everlasting misery. See Mat. xxv. 41. 3 Cor. v. 10. - The pecuUar evidence of divine regard manifested to our ancestors, in the founding- and settlement of tbese provinces, we have often commemorated, and desire ever to remember, with true thankfulness and reverent admiration. When we consider, that at the time Ihey were perse cuted and subjected -to severe sufferings, as a people unworthy the benefits of religious or civil society, the hearts ofthe king and rulers, under whom they thus suffered, wepe inclined to grant, them these fruitful countries, and entrust them with cbarteps of vepy exten sive poweps and ppivileges.^Thaton theip appival hepe, the minds ofthe natives were incUned to receive them with gpeat hospitality and friendship, and to cede to them the most valuable part of their land on very easy terms. — That while the ppinciples of justice and merCy . continued fo preside, they were preserved in tranquili ty and peace, fpee fpom fbedeSblating calamities of wap; and theip endeavoups were wondei-fuUy blessed- and ' prospered; so that the saying of the wisest of kings was signally verified to them. "When a man's ways please the. Lord, he maketh even his enemies to be at peace with him," Prov. xvi. 7. The benefits, advantages, and favoup, we have ex perienced by OUP dependence on. and connection with the kings and government, undep which we have en joyed this happy state, appear to demand from us the greatest circumspection, cape, and constant endeavops. to guard against every attempt to alter, or subvert that dependence and connection. The scenes lately presented to our view, and the ppo'spect befope us,we are sensible, are very distressing and discouraging. And though we lament that such amicable measupes, as have been ppoposed, both here and in England, fup the adjustment of the unhappy contests subsisting, have not yet been effectual; never theless, we should rejoice to observe the continuance of mutual peaceable endeavours for effecting a reconcilia tion; having grbund to hope that tbe divine favour and blessing will attend them. "It hath ever been our judgment and- principle, since we were called to profess the light of Christ Jesus, manifested in our consciences, unto this day, that fhe setting up, and putting down kings and giovern- ments, is God's peculiar prerogative; for causes best known to himself, and that it is not our business to have anyjiand or contrivance therein; nor to be busy- bodies above oiirstatiort', much less to plot and contrive the ruin, or overturn any of them; but to pray for .the king, and safety of our nation, and good, of all mem that we may lead a peaceable and quiet life, in all godliness and honesty, under the government which God is pleas ed to set over us." Ancient Testimony, 1696, in Se- WELi's History. May we thepefore firmly unite in the abboprence of all such writings and measures, as evidence a desire and design to break off the happy connection we bave here tofore enjoyed with the kingdom of Great Britain, and our just and necessary subordination lo the king, and those who are lawfully placed in authority under bim; that thus the repeated solemn declai-ations made on lbi» subject, in the addpesses sent to the king on behalf of tbe people of America in general, may be confipmed, and remain to be our firm and sincere intentions to ob serve and fulfil. Signed in and on behalf ofa meeting of the Repre sentatives of OUP peligious Society, in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, held in Philadelphia, the 30tb day of thefirst month 1776. JOHN PEMBERTON, Clerk. Dividends for the last six months. Mechanics' Bank, Farmers' and Mechanics' do Kensington do. Soutbwsitk do. Commercial do. SchuylkUl M. do. Penn Township do. Farmeps' do. , Bucks County, Northern. Liberties do. Per cent.. 4i 45 5 3i 4 4 4 5 Gepmantown and Pepkiomen Turnpike, IJ Erankfopd and Bpistol do. 1^ Cheltenham and Willow Gpove do. 3 Columbia Bridge, $3 50 per share West dies er fail Road, $5 do Bank of Gepmantown, 4 THE RECflSTEiR. NOVE3IIIER 26,: ISST. We publish this week two Quaker Fpoclaroations,, as documents of some importance in explaining the gpounds upon wbicb the society of Fpiends abstained from engaging in the wap of the revolution. One of" these Proclamations, signed by James Pemberton a» clerk, was issued by a meeting, held at Philadelphia in 1775, and the other in the foUowing year. They confirm the conclusive defence of that sect by Mr» Tyson, in his late Discourse before the Pennsylvania; Historical. Society,, published in this paper tbe week before last. We take the liberty oi recommending to" our readers, to compare the luminous view taken by Mr. Tyson in tbe text and appendix. With the actual- reasons avowed in these documents for the neutrality of Friends. The censure which has been cast upon their motives for not taking part in the revolutionary war,, being there nroved to be unfounded, we hope the historian of that era will do justice to thenu HAZARD^S REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. devoted to tub FBESERVATIOir OF EVEBT KIND Of USEPUt IIirOBllIATtOir BESPECTIHB THE STATE, EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL. VJII.-NO. 23. PHILADELPHIA, DECEMBER 3, 1831. NO. 205- - fllOM THE NATIOSAL GAZE-TTE. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. - The publica,tion wbich we recently made, ofthe opin ion ofthe Circuit Court of Pennsylvania, establishing the perfect legality of Branch drafts of fhe JBank pf the United Slates, and tbe power of the Courts to punish counterfeiters of them, has led us lo enquire inlothe na ture of those drafts, which we have now.the means of explaining to the entire satisfaction, we are sure, of all the community. '. ' It appears-that there was a doubt whether under the - -charter, bank notes, properly so caUed, ought to be issued by the Bank withoiit the signature of the Presi dent and Cashier. The right pf the Bank to issue notes not signed by these officers, that is, the rigbt uf binding itself to pay money by > notes signed by any persons duly authorized to 'sign them, c'buld notbe questioned, but thien there was danger tbat a rigid con struction ofthe clause against counterfeiting wbuld not apply to such notes, and they might . perhaps be coun terfeited wifbimpunity. Their issue, therefore, though legal, might be attended with some danger to the com munity. Ori the othep band, to confine the issues of the Bank to notes signed by the Ppesident s^nd Cashiep. would be to defeat the main purpose for wbich the institution was created — the supply of an adequate circulating medium.' This may be easUv seen. The presiding officer of a Bartk with twenty-five tiranches. who is at the same time Commissioner of Lbans.and Pension Agerit, finds ih his own appropriate duties of supervision, daily employment sufficient to occupy artd exhaust the most active mind and robust franie. To these duties is added the iirtchariical labor of signing his name to some inilliOns of notes. The total amount of notes in circulation is about eighteen or nineteen mUlions of dollars. The wear and tear of these is so great in such an extensive field of cipculition, that many millions become constantly unfit fop lupthep use and are cancelled. From tinie tb lime, . too, a particu lar plate is counterfeited; and then the whole iiiippes- sion must be withdrawn, and a new emission made from a new plate. ' , . j- . , , r. All this was to be done by a single individual after hii more urgent daily duties were finished. It became, therefore, physically impossible to supply the circula tion. For instance, the circulation is about 19 millions. If this officer were to sign 500 notes a day — a large allowance considering his other duties^ — for every day in the year including Sundays, it would take him neap ly six yeapstosign five millions of dollaps in five dollap notes, and before he peached the end ofthe five millions, the fil'st three millions' would be worn out »nd require renewal. This, moreover, wouldbe wholly useless if it were possible. There is no more security against counterfeiting in one man's name than in another; and there is great insecurity in this practice, because if counfiirfeilers succeed in imitating a particular note, it is impossible to wiUidraw it from circulation,- -because the individual cannot sign notes fast enough to replace those which bave been counte|rfeited. The tecupity is not in t^e name, for almost any counterfeiter can copy any name with sufficient accuracy- to deceive the gen- eckl observers who compose the community. The real Vol. VIII. 45 security is Mntlie excellence of the Workmanship, SO that few artists can imitate it— and then tn the dili gent pupsuitartd punishment ofthe counterfeiters. ,Ac- cordingly, no considerable -Bank in E-A^pe requires its notes to be signed by the chief officers. The Bank of England had. for its one pound bank notes alone, no less than one hundred and thirty signers. Finding it impossible to ETccomplish the object of its creation, the Directors of the Bank stated the difficulty to.Congress — and in the year 1823 a committee recom mended the passage of a law to authorize the signature by ofher officers. But nobUI was ever introduced, nor was the report called up or acted upon in any way. The subject was again presented in 1827. but never went beyOnd the committee room. The Bank having done all ils duty by submitting the. difficulty to Con gpess,- then had to decide whether' the business ofthe countpy should be, suffered to stagnate, and itself be come abortive, or whether it could find art efficient remedyfor'this-defect among its other powers. This was readjiy found. The 18l,h section against counter feiters embraces the case of counterfeiting "any order or check on the said Bank or Corporation op any Cash iep thepeof." The checks from the Branches, ort the Parept Bank are then protected against forgery, and as each Branch would thus supply what was Wanted by the community in its neighbourhppd, the necessary amount would in this way be furnished,' of paper which could not be counterfeited. , Many of the Branches are- ' therefope authopized, in case theip customeps want pa pep of a small denomination, to give them these small ,drafts. This is confined to the smallep circulation, for all the notes of a lapge denomination continued to be signed exclusively by the' Pi-esident' and Cashier ofthe Parent Bank'. " 'I'lie advantages ofthese dpaftsare, fipst, ^that in tbis way the community can obtain what Jhey can obtain in no othep way, a small cipculation univeVsal- ly receivable throughout the U. Statiss; second, Ihat the party who asks for them — and none ate of coupse given but to those whoask--genepaIly knows Ihe signatures of the officers of the Branchi;s bietler. than he does those of the Parent Bank, and can more easily change and renew them; and third-^that they are as legaV and safe, and Ihe forgery ofthem as purtisbable, as if they were signedby the-President of the Bankhimself. ^his course seemed to be a very obvious mode of re- pairing'the defect. . But least, by any possibility, there might be an objection td it, the plan was submitted to threeafthe'must eminent jurists in the Union, Mr. Bin ney, Mr, Webster, and Mr. Wirt, the Attorney Gener al; who saw no difficulty in it, and recommended its adoption. Their opinion closes in this way, "I am unable to discover any legal objection to tbe plan proposed; and since it will facilitate the exchanges of thecounlry, and, secure the Public and the Bank from frauds, it seems to me as expedient as it is law* ful." (Signed) , HoB. BissiT. 1 concur entirely in this opinion." (Signed) Diiri. Webbtib. "I can see no possible legal objection to the practice above stated, and concur entirely in tbe opinion." (Signed) wi,- \jr,»,. 354 ADDRESS OF THE TARIFF CONVENTION. [December It was aftepwapdi explained to the Secretary of the Treasury, who had no hesitation in assenting to it. The following is'a copy pf his letter tp the President ofthe Bank, dated Treasury Department, January 21, 18S8. "I have had the honor fo receive your lettep Of the lOlh inst. with its inclosures. As you stale that the amount of any of tlie drafts to whichit refers, which Way be received on account of the United States, will be paid in the same manner as notes signed by the President and Casbie'r of the Bank, I have felt no hesi tation in directing that such drafts be taken in pay ments tu the United States. The specimens which iaccoiripanied your letter ape herewith enclosed. ^'I have the honor to remain very respectfully your obedient servant, (Sigiied) R. RosH." ' Under these sanctions, the Bank has continued for years to issue these drafts, to the great convenience of the community. It remained only that some case should occur to present the matter lo the cognizance of the ju- - diciary. This was done in the recent trial of Shelmire, where the Court recognized at- ortce the legality of - these drafts, and the counterfeiter ofthem was duly con victed. ~ Judge Baldwin, in delivering the opinion of the Court, said — . "There is no pretence that there is any express or implied prohibition making them unlawful." And again: "It is in our oi>inion no answer to these views that the law has not expressly authorised the officers of ^the Bpanches to draw bn the Bank. It is enough fop ~this point that they are rtot ppohibited from doing so. It is an act. indispensable to the transaction of theip or dinary business in opder to meet the wants of the pub lic and others." — Again; "It is a matter of mutual convenience, whether the old debt or duty shall be ex tinguished by payment or taking paper. Whether, in the proniissoi-y notes of the Bank,, or orders br checks d.rawh upon it. They may be in large drafts op orders for remittance, or small ones for currency or circulation, and in any form, with op without opnaments, devices or marks. "-^And again: "We are bound to declare them to be within the wbPds, spirit apd meaning ofthe law, equally with the notes of the Bank, or the checks op .. orders of individuals." , The result pf the whole affaip is simply this: ,The Bank finding it impossible to furnish the necessary amount of currency, so long as all its notes wei-e'sisned by one single person, sought some other mode of ac complishing the object. They might haye employed other persons to sign the noies for the President and Cashier,- but then perhaps- the forgery of them might not be punished. The power of punishing for forged drafts was certa'm. Accordingly, instead of notes, drafts -were substituted. These drafts were advised by emi nent lawyers — agreed to by the Treasury. Department —and sanctioned by the Courts. They furnish a sound and universal circulating medium not otherwise obtain able, and the highest praise which can be bestowed on tbem is the very complaint of the pepson who has most objected to them^— "Circulating," says he. "as notes, and eonsidered every where equal to gold and silver (because they are voluntarily cashed' at every Branch, and erroneously received at every Land Office and Custom House-) they have given to the Bank its, apparent prosperity." This seems to be the very model of a currency, containing all that the community «ould desire; and we think that 'the Bank should be rather applauded than reproached for affording so great and substantial a benefit to the country, > " We are told that Mp. Garrett of New-Garden, has one acre of grape vines, now three years old; that, by ,lhe advice of friends he took the fruit to Philadelphia, instead pf making wine; that they were fine, attracted much attention and sold readily; and that, from the vine yard of an acre he reaUzed about 200 dollar^, — "the grapes sold at from IS-to 25 cents a pound." ADDBESS 07 TBE FRIENDS OF DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. Assembledin Conventional New York, Oct. 26, "1831, TO TBE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES. [Continued' from page 342. ] You are next invited to examine the subject in its con nexion with the principles ofan enlightehed political economy. The system which we maintain rests up on the following principles:^-^ All the means of human enjoyment, and all the accu- ntulafions of wealth, are the product of human labor. National happiness and national wealth are. therefore, ppomoted in proportion to the active industry of the community; and that industpy is in proportion to the in ducements tolabor, apising from fhe amount and certain ty of its remuneration. The immediate instrument for caUing labor into action is capital. Capital is necessary to furnish the laborer with the means of applying his la bor to advantage, whether in the simple fools -of agn- culture and some of tbe mechanic arte, or in the coni- • plicated and extensive machinery, appUed to certain branches of manufacture, the moderate improvements in which have added so much to the productive power of man. . , . It is a settled axiom, that the industry ofa nation is in proportion to the capital devoted to its maintenance. It is, tberefore, thought fo be a wise policy to mulliply the inducements to apply capital lo employment of the labor athome, ratherthan to the purchase abroad and, traffic in cominodities of foreign production, by which the capital of the country is made lo set in motion for eign labor. This is founded on the principle, universal ly admitted, that tbere is in every nation, a power or capabUity of labor beyond that aclually put forth; and that its effective industpy is proportioned to the stimu lus appUed in the shape of capital. This constitutes the American System. It invites the appUcation of Amer ican capital to stimulate American industry. It impos es a restriction, in fhe form ofan impost duty, on cer tain products of foreign labor; but so far as relates to Americancapital, or .Smerican labor, it simply offers se curity and inducement to the one.and gives energy and vigor to the other. The purpose ofthe protective sys tem being thus directed to the utmost expansion ofthe industry of the nation into every channel of domestic competition, it would seem to be manifestly erroneous to call such a system restrictive, inasmuch as the avenues of labor in the internal organization ofany community are much more numerous and extensive, than those which belong to foreign trade: whilst on the other hand, there are no restrictions so severe upon Ihe occupation of our citizens, and none that so irresistibly impel labor into so small a number of channels as those that are cre ated by the capital and industry of older nations; when concentrated and brought into, competition with the ca pital andjndustry of a young pfsople, in their first at tempts' to possess themselves, of the arts that create and accumulate wealth. A natioUithat is devoted to agri culture only, and is dependent upon foreign labor for its, manufactures, presents the spectacle ofa people whose industry is confined to the single occupation of cultiva ting the soil, and transporting its products abroad, and is always subject to be disturbed by the policy of those. on wbom it; depends for the purchase of< its products; but the saine natiori, when encouraged in.the attempt to supply itself with manufactured fabrics, releases ita labor from the restpaints of its previous straitened con. ditio.n, and is seen rapidly diversifying its pursuits until they finally cover the whole space that was originally divided between itself and the people that supplied it with the mainufaclures. It is true, that a different system of poUtical. economy is maintained by a certain school of thcpretical writers. 1831.J ADDRESS Of THE tARIFF OONVeNTION. 355 It is contended by them, that restriction upon the im portation of foreign commodities, under any circum stances, is a mistaken economy; — that foreign manufac turers should be allowed freely lo bring in their wares, although- they wUl receive from us nothing in exchange, but the precious metals. This is the system, which has been lutely called enlightened. We, on ihecontpaty, believe it to be founded on mistaken, views: and that a practical application ofit Would paralyze the industryof tbe countpy. ' The fundamental principle inthis system, is oue which we deem totally erroneous. It considers- the profits of capital, as constituting the only source of national wealth. It assumes the fact, that the wages of labop are barely sufficient to support the laborer, but leave him nothing for accumulation. Now, whether this may op may not be true, in the fully peopled coun-. tries ut Europe, it is palpable to the slightest observa tion, that in reference to labor in the United States; it Is absolutely and totally false. Such is the abundance of the means of subsistence in Ihis fayored countpy, that the laborer is able to accumulate capital out ofhis sur- filus eapnings. We every where see caphal accumula ting in connexion with labor. Labor is not with us, as the theory supposes, the mere instrument of capital, the mere hand-maid to furnish the profits ofthe capitalists: it is, on the contrary, an intelligent, active principle — the partner and ths sharer in the increase of wealth, prodiiced by the united action of both. We have no class in America corresponding with the operatives the human machinesof Europe. We, therefore, totally deny.tlie correctness of I he position, that "Ihe'queslipn relates exclusively to the application of capital." ' We deny, that "the power ef government is limited to its transfer frpm one employment to another." By increas ing the stimulus to labor, resulting from ihe application brcapital, to home production, additional capital can "be generated by an ael of legislation. " It is said, that 4his system "oppresses the many fop the benefit df the few." We, on Ihe contrary, believe, that whUstit be nefits all, its highest recommeridatipn is found in its be. neficial action upon the many — the laboring classes, the working riien.- Ifthere is any one principle in political economy, which is perfectly well established, it is, that the profits of capital employed in any one branch of in dustry, cannot,fi)r any length tif time, exceed tbe aver age rate in other employments, il being the constant tendency of free competition lo equalize profits. It is, thepefoi-e, an argument altogetbep fallacious to suppose. that this system favors capital devoted to one branch of business more than that devoted to another; or benefits any one class of individuals, to the prejudice of exclu sion of others. It is also said, that "it is equally untrue that such a system gives greater employment to-labor." We dissent frpm thisdpctrine, and are fprtified by tbe opinion ofthe author of " The \^ealth of Nations," whose language we think itis useful to quote: "The capital of the manufacturer,^',says this writer, "puts im mediately into motion a much greater quantity ot pro ductive labor.and adds a much greater value fp tbe land and labor of the society, tban an equal capital in the hand.s of any wholesale merchant.'*7-r" After agricul ture, the capital employed in manufactures, puts into motion the greatest quantity of productive labor, and adds the greatest value to the annual .produce. That lyhich is employed in the trade pf exportation has the least effect of any ofthe three," "The capital empfoy- ed in the home trade ofany country, Wiljtgenerally give encouragement and support to a greatep quantity of ppo- ductive labor in that country, and increase,the value of its produce, more than an equal capital emplpyed In fo reign trade pf ccnsumptipn, and the capital employed inthis latter trade has, in both these respects, a stiU gpeater advantage over art equal capital employed in the carrrying trade." "That part of the capital ofany country, which is employed in tbe carrylng,trade, is al- togistUitr Withdrawn from supporting the productive la bor of that particular country, to support ihat of foreign countries." In accordance with these positions, we maintain the efficiency of labor, to add to the power and riches ofa country, against the theories of later writers who attril(' ute every thing-, to capital. In fact, we consider it the most.important andvaluable feature in our. system, that it tends direcfly to increase the effective power aAd re-- muneration of labor, thus muUiplylng the means, the comforts and enjoyments, of the laboring classes, and raising them, in the scale, of civUization and social' lifer This political effect bn the pharactep of society, may be consideped its highest recommendation. It is thus made-to give strength and permanency to dur free in-- slitutions. ' . , The peculiar advantage ofthe United States consists- In the abundance, and cheapness of feptile lands, afford ing an easy subsistence and high remunepation to labor. We consider the system of establishing manufactures, and the arts amongst us, as distpibuting and equalizing- these peculiar advantages, through all the departments- of industry, and through all classes of society. , ' This effect, we believe, to be deducible from the sys tem, according to the most approved principles of po-^ litical economy. But we consider all speculations on this subj.ect. founded on the ultimate tendencies ofhuman action, and the averages of contending principle, as ve ry uncertain gu'ides in • legislation, compared , to the surer test of experience, and those practical results- which are obvioirs to the senses. Mistaken and 'preposterous assumptions of the merits- of what is called Fpee Trade, have undep the active de lusion of British influertce, afforded pretexts latterly to the opponents of the protective system, which it is pro per to dispel. It is not longsince no one believed intl^e power of propeUing, boats by stearin, and every one be lieved that the British debt vvas to be paid off by the sinking fund;— similar mistakes exist as to Free Trader -^As a municipal ppinciple, thepe is no question of the gpeat advantages of Fpee Trade. The United StateSr in their coasting tpade and domestic exchanges, affupd tbe mpst stpiking illustrationsof them ever witnessed-— but, as between foreign natiOris,there is no free tpade — there never was — there never can be — It Would contra vene the arpangements of Providence, which distpibute mankind into diffepent communities; separated original ly by confusion of tongues; and prevented from all rush ing together into themost favored latitudes, by foc'al-at- laphments, and foreign antipathies, which ape the germs of national preservation, by rideans of national emu lation. Much ofthe suffering which it is alleged is felt in cer tain portions ofthe United States, (if their cgmplaints have, in fact, any foundation,) is tobe attributed to the very circumstance that they are placed in the circle of twenty-four- comniionweslths; enjoying the most com plete freedom of trade, the operation Of which has been to expose those whphave ript the inclination to employ their labor to the fuU extent of its capacity,' to Ihe se vere rivalry of more industrious and thrifty communi ties, living under the protection of tbe same general go vernment. ^. Nations are adversary to-each other; their commercial intercourse is regulated by treaties always made with s view to relative advantages, and to provide for tbose hostilities wh'jph are of perpetual recurrefii^. The vex atious provincial tariffs which formerfy-lfettered inter course and almost destroyed traffic. In thft interior of nations. Suggested the idea of that free trade, which has since been misunderstood and egregiously misapplied^ by mere speculative writers. The tariff acts, which even now impose duties on the winerof Spain, at ppo- vincial borders, and on those of Prance at ci^ gates, are gpievancea, for which free trade is a happy substitiite but tbe principle is entirely municipal and in no re spect applicable, without disadvantage to independent nations. The vessels of the United States ace navigj^- 336 XbDRtiSS OF THE TARIFF CONVENTlOI^. [DZCIK<1!1I ted with fewer hands, and make their voyages in short er periods, thanothers;— whence, what is called the reci procity principle, originating in the first treaty between the united Statesand Fpanoe, has been wisely proffer ed by the United States to many other nations, because, it is supposed that oup navigation would supplant theirs. ' But the aptificial systems of England, France, Spain. and the other naljons, with which the United States have most intercoupse, render it extremely improbable, ' that any approximation to the fopting pf-free trade, should ever be arranged between them, even by treaty. For us tP attempt while they reject it, wpuld be a cum- plete suppender pf oupselves as a veluntapy saci-ifice to the policy and cupidity of fopeign govepnments; lo cpe ate a govepnment for tbe. benefit of otheps and not for ourselves. A tariff of duties on commepce between New Yopk and New' Jepsey,- would be as injurious, as unconstitutional. Fpee tpade between these states, and among all the states of the Union, isthe mainspring of general welfare; — and one ofthe sti-ongest links of the chain Ihat connects them; but free trade between New York and Liverpool, would puin fhe fapmeps of England thpough OUP superabundant bread stuffs, and the man ufacturers of the United States, by the superior capital and proficieney /of England in manufactures, and the degpaded state of the opepatives. An unpestrioted in tercourse between two nations, reduces ,the labor of one to the same scale of compensation with the labor of the olher; and such a consequence is certainly tobe depre cated by the nation, whose labor stood highest on the scale. Tbis consideration forfns a striking argument . against the poUcy ofsuch a system, between foreign slates, while, on the other hand, it is no less desira ble that, amongst the separate communities associated under.thesame government, this reduction ofthe high er labor, to the scale ofthe lower should take placej in asmuch as the inlepests of these domestic communities ai'e equally the objects of the protection and solicitude of theircommon govepnops. • The freest of fpee trade is, after all, but a chartered ' Ubertine. The United States could not shape their coasting trade vvith England, vvithout disadvantage: — the most extravagant advocates of free trade (it is be lieved^) bave nevep- yet dreamed of sharing oup pivep Ipade With foreigneps. To throw -open the Ohio artd Mississippi, the Hudson and the Delaware, to British, Frencb, and' Diifch nagivation, would be'of no advan tage to OUP own. England could not open her maritime coal tpade, the great nupsery of herseamen, to the en terprise" of New England, without losing at least one half of it. She even refuses us a passage through the Sf. Lawrence, although we own part of that rivep. The gi-eatest commercial nations of the middle ages, the Hanseatic League, and Holland, the maritime wonder ofthe WBfrld, became such by the exclusive enjoyment, ofthe fisheries.and fhe trade to India and other monopo lies, ^ich they maintained at the charge Of long and bloody wars. England stptick the vital blow at Holland, not So much by naval victopies, as by her navigation act. The commercial and the militapy marine of fhe United States, have risen to eminence upon similar in terdiction. With free tpade, we should have nelthep the one nop the other, but be a poor, dependent, pas toral people. ¦ It is only about ten yeaps since the ppo- ject for reducing the duties, was first suggested in En gland, in a petition "tO parliament, from the -mepchants and traders of London. In 1815, some slight and cau tious reductions were accopdingly made, but iii nothing to eft'ect the commepcial monopoly and maritime ascen- deujcy df Great Britain, Her-colonial commerce is most ly exclusive. The freedom ofthe ttade of the Susque hanna pivep is now in dispute' between the states of Ma- , rylapd, Pennsylvania and NewTork, So intractable is free trade in fact, while fruitful of speculation. Within afewyeai;s Russia, mislead by this' delu.sion, and Hoi- land, under' the influence of England, made experi- ijdents of free tr^de, which Bussia soon found intolerable and abandoned, and which has contributed to reducing Ilolland from once being the richest nation of Europe, to being one of the most impoverished and indebted. In fine, fhe dogmas of free tpade, Avhich are said to be taught in some colleges, may sepVeto inflame youthful imaginations, but, as they have never actuated a practi cal statesman, they can never rinislead any well informed mind. What is called the Amepican System, is the sys tem of Europe; it is the universal system — and (if the experience and common sense of mankind be any standard of right) is the' true and only system of inter-, couPse among nations. It is doubtless true, that during' the last half century, a more enlightened philosophy has been applied to the affairs of mankind; that political economy is much bet ter undepstood, its principles more fully developed, and more judiciously~applied. Tbe sense and experience of men, hath gone far to correct the erroneous legislation of former limes; and to develope and multiply the true soupces of national wealth. Butthe modern theopy is not content with the attainment of pracf'ical benefits mepely; it seeks, by an unqualified application of cer tain general principles, to produce a thorough revolu- tionin the business of nien, andthe relations, of nations. It is against these extremes, of visionary good and prac tical mischief, that we desire all men of sober judgment lo make a" stand. We ask them to look at the present condition-of our country, and to examine the operation of the present system upon all its great interests. Above all, we ask tbem to look at the practice of all foreijgn na] tions, rather than the speculations of their writers. They will then find that those who have taught us this theory pf free trade, are loo Wise to practice it; that they contiiiue to act , and to legislate upon Ihe system of protecting their own industry, though some oftheir writers and orators,- recommend to all other . nations to abandon, it. A reference to our own experience is,however,th&best criterion by which lo test the correctness ofthe system which we support. It is not new; Ihe principle was ap plied, as we have already staled, lo our navigation, from the establishment ofthe Federal constitution,' pro- hibitirtg foreign shipping frdm Ihe coasting trade alto gether, and imposing a high discriminating duty on foreign tonnage. If this discrimination bas been aban doned,, in respect to tbose nations who would consent to a system of recippocity,it involves no surrender of tbe principle; Trade can only be carried on between nations by mutual agreement; and mutual protection leads to re ciprocity, as the only equitable arrangement The me chanic arts bave also been the subject of protection froni tbe establishment of the government; and it can not be doubted that fo this circumstance they owe, in a great measure, their success; a success which haa made the mechanics of the United States one of the rhain pillars pf our national strength. Agriculture has likewise had a full share ofthe benefit of this protec tion; and in truth it may be said, that as our govern ment commenced its career with tiie estabUshment of the germs ofthe protective system, so it has continued ever since, gradually nurturing and invigorating them; until they have reached their ppesent growth. Some interruptions have occurred in the march ofthis policy, but these interpuptions owe theip origin to accidental circumstances, which dictated the necessity of relaxing the system fop the benefit of other interests, Ihat'were more immediately Concerned in avaiUng themselves of tbe advantages of foreign trade. These, however, are to Be regarded not -as proofis of the usefulness ofthe system, but as exceptions growing out of the pressure of temporary accidents. The events that foUowed the French revolution gave a new and unexpected direc tion to the enterprise of our citizens. The distrirbe'd state of the continent of Europe, and the prevalence of universul wars throughout the nations of that quarter of the globe, placed the United States in the position of the only neutral, amongst many belligerents, and so ob- 1831.] ADDRESS OF THE TARIFF CONVENTION. 35t vlously opened the way to commercial wealth to onr citizens, that all other interests sank into insignificance compared with those which were concerned in pushing a foreign commepce into evepy |egion, where the strife of Ihecpntending parties excludea the competition ofthe belligerents themselves, and left to the United States, the undisputed monopoly of the trade. To this foplu-. nate conjuncture of circumstances, is to be ascribed the most rapid gppwth that has ever been traced in the his tory ofany empire. The United Slates not only be came Ihe medium of the commerce ofthe world, but their peaceful position attracted the emigration of all those who had the means and the wish to escape Euro pean troubles. Amongst the advantages that have resulted to us from this state of things, we have suffered one evil, the ef fect of which is not pbUtepated, even at this day. Ac customed fop twelve op fourteen years tb commercial speculations of unparalleled activity and success, we were taught to think that our national prosperity was inseparably connected with the prosecution of that kind of trade in which our citizens had been engaged, and we were thus insensibly educated in the opinion that the great interests of our commonwealth, would be al ways concerned with a foreign commerce exclusively employed in tpansporting abroad, the products of oup . agriculture, and receiving returns in the manufactured commodities of other nations. There ivas another circumstance that gave great au thopity to this delusion. The cotton manufactupe of Gireat Britain was rapidly arising into the gpeatest activ ity and vigop. It was in ppocess oftime discovered that the raw material fop this manufactupe could be ppoduc- ed in the United States, under mope favorable circum stances, than in any, other part ofihe world. At first; but two OP three of oup states wepe employed in fhe cul- tivation,!lHd the demand from England was even gpeater than the supply. The profits ofthis cultivation, there fore, were almost unlimited. The portipnS of terpitory employed in the gpOwing of cotton wepe sm^ and the comrtion opinion was, that but few district^ in com- papison with the gpeaf extent of oup supface, could be apppoppiated to the culture. In the meantime, the cot ton fabrics were diffused ovep Eupope, and took the place of large quantities of those manufactured from wool, silk and flax. Every yeaP demonstpated fhe in creasing importance ofthis manufaclure.both in Europe and America, and the demand still continued to outrun the supply, : These circumstances had their influence. in impressing upon our citizens, an exaggepated idea of the permanence and value of Ihis soupee of agpicultupal wealth, and, along with it, the value ofthe tpade which was concerned in the transportation of it. It persuaded our planters lo believe, that they possessed an inexhaus tible source of riches: it unfitted them for sober calculi-, tions upon the effects-that would follow the eStension of the culture of cotton, over the fertile regions that yet lay in wildepness behind them:' and it equally disinclin ed them to foresee the possibility of the manufacture it self reaching a term at which it might become stationapy and which was, therefope, eventually to set a limit upon the demand, af the very period wben the supply woiild be increased in an almost infinite ratio, by, the spread of population over other states of our Union, even more propitious than Iheir own, to the production ofthe plant. It may, therefore, be considered a misfortune,, copse- jquent upon tiieir former prosperity, that our citizens were almost irresistibly led by it irito delusive estimates of the true and permanent sources of national wealth. It was one result of this state of things that, whilst our countrymen were intent upon gathering the harvest which the distracted condition of the wOrld had strewn before them, they were unmindful ofthe future, and ne glected to "treasure up the elements of strength ^nd prosperity, which lay hiddert in the bosom ofthe nation; and which, as they were independent of foreign legisla- 1 tion or external accidents, were most likely to furnish the means ofa stable and enduring-happiness. Troubles soort afterwards broke out at home. A war threatened, and our citizens were suddenly called lo meet' a tpemendous emergency. Our commerce was put in fetters by non-importation acts and embargoes; and the cpisis that succeeded, found us without the most ordinary resources bf an independent people. Our ar mies went to the frontier clothed in the fabrics of the enemy; our munitions of war Were gathered as chance supplied them from the four quarfQp ofthe earth; and the whole struggle was marked by the prodigality, waste and privation of a thriftless nation, taken at unawares, and challenged to a contest without a necessary armor of a combatant. When It pleased Heaven to rescue us from the immi nent hazards of this doubtful and disproportionate con flict, we saw around us a nation of eight millions of peo ple, possessed of a territory nearly equal to Ihe conti nent of Europe, rich in the ungathered resources of ev ery kirtd of wealth — -just emerging from a war of two years and a half, with an enemy who had never assem bled an army of more than thirty thousand men — and .ye.t deranged in alUits channels of industry, exhausted, . and on the verge of bankruptcy. Nothing buf the most perverse neglect of the fundamental precepts connect ed with fhe proper administration of the concerns of a commonwealth, could have produced such -a result! These disasters opened our eyes to some importi^nt facts. They demonstrated to us the necessity of ex tending more efficient protection, at least, to those manufactures Which were essential to fhe defence of the nation. They proved to us the value of a national cur rency,* and the duty of .protecting it from the influence of ^foreign disturbance: and amongst othei^ things of equal moment, they made us acquainted with the fact, that the British manufactupers could find a lapge, and, if necessary, a complete supply of cotton from other soils than our own. AU these matters came into review before Congress, at the close of the war. A propep occasion for their dis cussion apose when the question was submitted, as lo the reduction of the war duties. The return of peace made it necessary for the legislature to lake off the tax es that had been imposed for defraying the expenses of the wap; and in thispeduction of duties, lo what it was considered should be a permanent standard, Ihe cotton planting interest upged with great force and ppopriety, the necessity of retaining such a duty^ as should exclude frpm the Amepican mapket, all fabrics made from the cotton ofthe East Indies. It was an anomoly apparent to every citizen of the United States, that our govern ment, possessing so many facilities for supplying Eu rope with cotton, shpuld, neVertbeless, allow a trade that threw in upon us vast quantities of cotton cloth, :pppduced at the distance often thousand miles: that our most common household supplies sbould be furnish ed from sUch a quaptep.' Nothing was mope generally acknowledged, than the duty of the government to ppo tect the cotton gpower, against such a competition; and this argument was addressed lo the nation by the cot ton growing states, even with tbe conviction, at that time prevalent among tbemselves, that its success would be to give tbem what may be termed a species of mono poly in the supply. The duty was retained; and it is important fo know, that, being designed for the protection of the cot-i ton grower, it was graduated to a scale precisely ade quate -to that purpose. J^if interest required the ex clusion ofthe Eastlndia fabric, but was supposed to be hostile to the attempt ofthe American citizen to manu facture the material; the duty, therefore, was , adapted lo the fipst puppose, but notto the latter. It banished the foreign manu.facture-iit did not ppotect the home being thus accurately adjusted to the wants and wishes of the planting interest, without professing to serve any other, 35S FREE TRADE CONVENTION. [DxCIHVSIt This placed our commerce on the most favourable footing for tbe cotton grower that could be desired; and the nation, having 'thus performed ils duty to fhis val uable interest, turned its attention to other branches of industry. The tariff of 1816, it may be remarked, was a meas ure that met the approbation of Ihe large majpr'ity of the people in every section of the Union. No paplial nor local considerations were embod'^d against the op eration of either its principles or policy. The southern states were even ifwye fopwapd than their northern con- fedei-ates in recommending the policy and defending it in the councils ofthe nation. By ibis tariff various manufactures were attempted to be estabfisbed in the "United States. Tlie want of skill and capital, exposed tbese infant institutions, to a fierce and vindictive com petition fi-om the manufactupeps of Gpeat Britain; and in three years, almost every capitalist who bad ventured into tbis field of entepprise, was bpoken up. The heavy loss and distress that visited this endeavoup to establish manufactupes,'subsequenily urged the subject ofa more extended protection upon congpess, and the result, af^ ter various struggles, close and elaborate inquiry, and a careful attention to the expanding means of tbe coun tpy,- was the establishment of a vigorous system, which has diffused health and strength, into the indiistry ofthe nation, and added to the wealth of every class'of the pommunity. [^To be Continued.] I PROCEEDINGS OF FREE TRADE CONVENTION. ( Continued from page 346 .) Half past four, P. M. '- The PBESinriiT took the Chair announced the ap pointment, by him, under the resolution of this day, of the following Commiltee onthe Memorial to Congress, viz: i Albept Gullatin, of "New York, Chairman- Charles Q.. Clapp, of Maine. Henry Lee, of Massachusetts. Wil liam Hunter, of Rhode Island. Roger Minot Sherman, of Connecticut. C, L. Hartienbergh, of New Jersey. Clement C, Biddle, of Pennsylvania. Geopge Hoffman, of Mapyland. Thomas R. Dew, of Virginia. James ,Iredell, of North Carolina. Willim Harper, of South Carolina. John M, Berrien. o^Georgia.. Enoch Parsons, of Alabama. WiUiam E. Butler, of Tennessee: ' . A motion was then made that th'is Convention do now adjourn which was not agreed f o. Mr, Poisdex-teb's resolution, which was before the Conventiori this morning, was again called up for, con sideration; when it was moved and seconed that the same be indefinitely postponed. Upoii the adoption of this resolution, the yeas and nays were called by Mr. Poindexter, and Were as follsws: YEAS: Maine — Joshua Carpenter, Charles Q. Clapp, S. H. Mudge. ilfaMac^tuseHs— Henry Lee, T. S. Pomeroy, Gideon Tucker, George Peabody. Isaac NewhaU, J.W. Rogers, Henpy "Williams, Edward Cruft, John Pickens, New York — Preserved Fish, John Leonard, Edwin Bergh, Jonathan Goodhue, Isaac Carowr, John Consta ble, George Griswold, Benjamin L. Swan, George T. Trimble, Zebedee Ring, H. Kneeland. James Heard. New Jersey — Henry Clow, John Potter. Pennsyhania — Joseph R. Evans, Clement C. Biddle, J. M. Barclay, E. Littell Samuel F., Smith. John A. Brown. Philip H. Nicklin, Condy Raguet. Mairyland--Wi\\iam W. Handy, Arnbld D. Jones, George Hoffman, John J. Donaldson. Virginia — Henry B. Watkins, Richard Booker, Sa muel L. Venable. Thomas R. Dew, Walker Hawes, Thomas Miller, WiUiam G, Overton, Geopge C. Drom goole, Randolph Harrison, Richard Jones, Chaples Yan cey, Robert Hurt, Ferdinand W. Risque, Malcolm Mac farland, Thomas W. GUmer, Burwell Bassest, H. R- Anderson, Josiah Ellis. Charles Everett, Alexander, Gordon Knox, James S. Brander, Benjamin F. Dabney, R. O. Grayson, S. A. Storrow, Charles Cocke, John W. Jones, William O. Goode, WiUiam Townes, William B. Rogers, John H. Bernard, Linn Banks, William H. Roane, James Lyons, Thomas T. Giles, Archibald -Bryce, Jr. James Magpudep, Benjamin H. Magruder;, WUIiam Daniel, Jr. S. H. Davis, Littleton Upsher. North Carolina— Joseph B. Skinner, Louis D. Willsony William B. Holt, S. T. Sawyer. Suath CaroUna— Zathariiii P- Herndonj. James G. Spann, James Cuthbert, Thomas Pinckney, T: D. Singleton, William Butler, Joseph W, AUstOn, Henpy N. Cruger, Charles Macbeth, Henry C. Young, A. P, Butler, H. A. Middleton, Thomas R* Mitchell,. Philip- Tidymanj Stephen D. Miller, WiUiam Pope, John Era ser, Job Johnston, John Carter, Langdon Cheves, .Joseph E Jenkins, Hugh Wilson. J. H. Glover, T- Pinckney Alston, Edward Richardson, William C-Pres- ton, Henry Middleton. Daniel E. Huger, Hugh S. Le gare, John Taylor, Thomson T. Player, J. Berkley GrimbSIl, James Hose, W'llliara Smith, Thomas WU- fia-ms. Jp. Thomas Flemming. Georgia — Robert Habersham. Seaborn Jones. Alabama — John A. Elmore, Benajah S. Bibb, Johit W. Moore, P. Waters, William J. Mason- — 127 .. - NAYS: Massachusetts — Theodore Sedgfwiek. ^ Conneeticut — ^Roger Minot Sherman. New York— John A. Stevens. Albert Gallatin, James, 6. King, Charles H. Russell. Isaac Bronson. New Jersey— C^ L. Hardenbergh, J. C. 'Van Dyck, Mites C. S.niith. John R, lliompson, R. F. Stockton. Pennsyhania — ^Richani Price, Henr^ R Watson, Sa muel Spackman, Thomas P. Cope. n'rgfnto— Philip P. Barboup, Jame»M.Garnett,Jtohn Dickinson. North CaroUna — Joseph B. G. Roulhac, Edwapd, Bv Dudley, WiUiam A. Blount, Josheph D. White, David Outlaw, Thomas S. Hoskins,. Nathaniel Bruer. _ South C&'o/ina--— William|Wilkinson,WilIiam Harper- ^eoj^jo-^EU S. Shopter, John.M. Beppien. Alabama— ¥,noch Parsons. Howell Rose, Henry Goldlbiyaite, Archibald P. Baldwin. Mississippi George Poindexter. (Tennesiee— William E. Butler, Alexander Patton. Yeas 137-- — : — ^Nays 97. So the resolution was indefinitely postponed. The Secbetabt stated that there had been placed in his possession by Mp. Duff Gpeen, printer to Cortgress, a number of copies of the last Annual Treasury Report upon the commerce and Navigation of the United States, for distribution amongst the members of this Convention: that the number now in his possession was equal to tbree for tbe Delegation of each State repre sented in the Convention, and would be delivered by bim to any persons authorized to receive the same . Mr. Bassett, of _ V'fg'rtia, from the committee ap pointed on the 5th inst. to confer with tbe Pennsylva nia Delegation, made a verbal report, in substance as follows: That the Committee had had a conference with the Pennsylvania Delegation, that that Delegalioni^ with a liberaUty not expected or desired by this Convention, had, in consideiation of the fact that all the olher mem bers of this body had incurred great personal expenses in the discharge ot their duties from which those resid ing in Philadelphia were exempt, insisted upon it as due to the Pennsylvania Delegation, to permit it to defray all the expenses incident lo the sessions of the Convention: and, further more, the Pennsylvania Del- egation desired- it to be understood, that they would, at an early day, cause to be published, at their expense,. the. journal of this Convention, and transmit a copy- to -each member. Mr. Bassett concluded his report, by offering the following resolutions: 18S1.] PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. 35d Resolved, That this convention' express their sense of the polite and kind attention ofthe Pennsylvania Dele gation, for the arrangements made for their convenience and accommodation, and tender them their most sincere and cordial acknowled.nmenfs. Resolved, That the Delegation from each State be requested to take measures for ihe publication, within such State, of the ppoceedings of this Convention. Which pesolutions wepo, unanimously agpeed to. On motion of Mr, Shorter, of Georgia, the letters of Mr. Ronaldson and Mr. Sarchet, and the proceedings of the nieeting in Lauderdale Counly, Alabama, were referred to the Permanent Committee. Mr. Sbdgwick, of Massachusetts, offered the foUow ing resolution: ^ Resolved, That the thanks bf tbis .Convention he- presented to the President for the ability, fideUty, and impapiialily, with which he has executed Ihe duties im posed upon him by the Convention. The Pkesideht having ca'Ued Mr. Bassett to the Chair, retired from his seat and the question having been put by the Chaipman, the resolution was unani mously agreed to. .\fter the President had resumed tbe Chair, Mr. BBocKENBBonoB, of Virginia, offered the follow ing resolutions: Resided,' That a unanimous vote of thanks be pre sented to the citizens of Philadelphia, for Ihe kindness and hospitality with wbioh they hare treated tbe mem bers of this Convention. Resohed, That a unanimous vote of thanks be pre- -sented to Mr. Condy Raguet, for the ability, zeal, and fidelity, with whichiie has executed tbe duties of Sec retary; and that, for his exeplions in the cause of Tpee Trade, the membeps ot this Convention consider them selves pledged to recommend his papier. "The BAirirXB OF THE CoirsTiTUTioir," to the patronage bf the citi.t zens of their respective States- Which resolutions were agreed to; and there being no further business before the Convention, it was mov ed to adjourn. > The Pbesideitt then rose and delivered an Address to the Convention, after which he declared that body to be adjourned. Hne die. (A true copy of the original.) CONDY RAGUET, Secretary. From the'Philadelpbia.Gazette, PROCEEDINGS OF COUNCILS. Thubsdat evesihs, Nov. 34, 1831. SELECT COUNCIL,— Mr. Masset presented a petition for repaving Church Alley, which Was referred ?,ip>i, thanked the xipmpariy forthe Tio'nop they -were disposed to do him;, but said that he could scarcely deem himself entitled to such praise fop ¦ having succeeded in a case, whepe such eflicient me"ans had been afforded liim, in ihe kind confidence and friendly partiality- of his employers. The formep had beento bim an invaluable lever, and he had found in the latter, the strongest incentive to use the best exer tions in their service. He hoped, at least, to be aUoWr ied to divide any credit which might be ascribed to his iffbrls, with the gentleman tp whoSe zealous' co-opera tion and efficient support. Be was more deeply indebt ed. He meantthe Treasurer and Secretary of the Com pany, Mr. E. R. BmiiiE. ' ^' On this senriiTi.ent beirig dran'fc, Mr. Biddle, in el few jieat and appropriate remarks, returned his Thanks -to the company, and -trusted the day wa:s not distant, when tbe impro:vement,~^by the instrumentality ofwhicb they had been assembled around the festive board, at Tamaqua, would be, extended to the Susquehanna! He begged leave under the influence ofTiis feeling, to pro pose, " OuF Union with Cattawissa and our Cattawissa Ericnds." Colonel Joseph Paxtost, of Cattawissa, retupned the Ihanfcs of his townsmen fop this remembrance oj' Ihem, and hoped, wifh the gentleman who had last spoken, that a similap occasion might.-epe lonp^, assemble a large portion .ofthe preseiiit company.^at Cattawissa. Under - ihese circumslances he would offer — "The Little SchuylkUl and Susquehanna Rail Road;" TSiv. Thomas Biddie of Philadelphia, gave— 1' " The, Ppojector of the improvements' of the Little SchuylkUl Company-^Dr. Isaac Heisteb," On this toast beingcheered by thecompany, , Dr, Heisteb rose and said-^ •; "In tendering my sincere acknowledgments for the flattering inanner in which my name has been mention ed, I h'aVe to regret the absence on this -joyous occa sion, of one -who is entitled to a full participation in the cbmpUmenf- with whicli I have been honored, -The gentleiilan to whom, I allude, is Professor List, whose enterprise and public spirit are well known, and who is now on his homeward voyage from Europe, where he- has, at his own expense, spent the last yeap, for the purpose of introducirtg the 'American anthracite, As- ',BOcialed as he was with me, from the commencement, in designing and accomplishing the ppeliminai-y api-ange- merits .of ibe_ Little SchuylkUl improvement, 1 take great pleasurein acknowledging hOw much the success ful result of opr labors was indebted to his talents, iii- genuit-y and perseverance, 1 arti, however, fully sensi ble, that^whatever merit may be due the original pro jectors of the enterprise, this company is more indebted to the abilities and zeal of other individuajs, for ils com- pletipu. The business of the fprmer, althpugh not ull- ,attendtd with difficulties, was pnly tp sketch tbe cut- i'm^Sf while it deyolved on tji'e latter, with the skill of- mcre accom'plished artist, to fill up artd intpart Ufe animation to the picture — the construction; of S rail the and animation to the pit road— the location ofa town at each of ils exlremities, andthe mining bfCoal, were indeed objeicis embraced inthe original design.'' Merely, however, to say, that thfs'gehepal plan. With its numerous incidental improve ments, hasbeen well executed, presents biit a faint idf^i 'of the ingenuity displ-ayed in maturing its details, and the indefatigable industry with whiclr it 'has been so. far acct-.mplished. From the^omeni tife company was definitely organized, the "Treasurer ahd Secretary, in the capacity ofan agent alsoj-entered op his duties; 4nd alfliougli' these were new and diversified, he discharged them with a tact for 'business, peculiarly his own, and with _a zeal and success no less honorable to himself than satisfactory to the company. As soon as prior en gagements permitted, the eminent professional gentle man, whom the company hall the good fort'iirte to en- g-age as engineer in chief, joined'lnm at Port Clinton, and i;p fime was lost in locating the main rail road. It was -put under contract,' to ^e graded for a double track, on the 7th of-^July last year; and.we now liave the satisfaction of beholding how much may be accom plished ia the shortperiod' of sixteen months, 'by sci ence and skiU combined with art and industry. By their resistless power, " the wilderness h©S.^-been'm^de to smile, and the desert to'blossom.'' Before their march, the dark and almost impenetrable thickets through which the Tamaqua had wound its course for unnum bered years, have disappeared; and the river himself.'in obediencfe to their united efforts, has abandoned his ac- cuslorned channel, to make room for the construction of a work which will rank high among the public im provements of the countpy; He would offer as a toast — "Professob List — His-exerlions to introduce anthra cite into -the European markets, deserve oup thanks." When fhe sentiment ppoposed by Dr. Heister had been drank, Mr. RoBissoir rose to say, that he could not resist the temptation of ;stating- to the company a fact, of which some of them, perhaps, were not apprized.. Few per^ sons could now be sceptical as to the great faciUties and fhe immense accession lo its wealth and power, which its canals- and rail roads, »-ere to confer on this favored state. There was, a gentleman seated at this table, to whom, more lh.\n to aivy other, his fellow-citizens were indebted, for having very early attracted attention to the last nained species of improvement. At a time when nothing which could be referred to as a model existed in our country, and when public attention had scapcely'been directed to Rail Roads, he had maintain ed, ina most interesting pamphlet embodying many striking facts, in illustpation ofhis argument and views, theip superior and extensive application. He would add nothing more; for he observed the company had al ready anticipated him ; but would.-satiiify himself by na ming Mr. Washiitgtoh Smith: ftr. Smith, in his usual.happy manner, returned his thanks to the company. In the course of his remarks, he stated the astonishing fact, which his inqulfies, in regard to the Internal Improvements of Pennsylvania, had enabled himto ascertain, that as much as Mir^v- seven milliont', of dollars had, since the formation of fts constitution, been invested in Internal Improvements, and that there were already not less lhan sixty-seven Rail Roads, of more or less extent, within its^ limits. He iidverted very happily tu the foresight of the late Gov. MirFLis', and Dr. Wm. Smith, who at a very ear ly peripd had suggested spme pf the most important impppvements pf Ihe State, and ameng pthers, tlie plan, notyet cpmpleled, pf a'cpnnexion between the great Northern Lakes, and the SchuylkiU; He concluded by offering as a sentiment — - " The Union pf the Great Northern Lakes, and the SchuylkiU,'? ¦ , : Mr, Natkass, of Philadelphia,- after some prefatory 1831,] UNION cAnAL of PENNSYLVANIA. 363 remarks, in which he adverted very happily- to the lib eral entepppize of the gentleman who formed the sub ject of them, gave, as a toast, "Thomas BiDDDE, of Philadelphia, whose liberaUty is- as extensive as the resources of SchuylkUl county." This- sentiment was received, by the company, with gpeat applause.. When the cheering had ceased, Mp. Biddib observed, That, o-vepwhelmed as he wSs, by the unexpected compUm'ent which had been paid him, he could do littie mope than tendcp, in return, his thanks— that if there had been any thing in his course to appi-ove, it was ascribable fo his having been brought up it the foot-stool of those great men,, who had been accustomed to look upon the interests of Pennsylvania, a? their own best interests— that it had been early im pressed upon him, that prosperity- was not to be enjoy ed alone, slnd that he who would be prosperous himself, could pursue no more certain rule of action lhan to unite as far. as possible, his own welfaBei;wifh''t;he wel fare and ppospepity of others. He was sure that the jo'y of the company, on this festive occasioti, would not b« the less, if tiiere mi,ngled_wjth_lt a recollection of those patriots now no more, to whom w-ewefe indebted for so many blessings; and wpuld propose, as a toast, the memory of a citizen of Perinsylvania, whose forecast pf mind, and valuable services bad been befpre adverted, <8-^he meant " Thomas Mipjiiij, late Geverner of Pennsylvania." In the. evening, a Ball Was held atthe Hotel of Mr. Geobge -AoDENRiED, in that elevated and commanding village called F.ast Tamaqua, which owes its existence to' the entepppize of Mp. Bibd Pattebsos. A profu sion of fhe good things belonging to such occasions,hac! been provided. They had fpr music,, a part of Johnson's celebpfifed band. The only drawback upon the plea-; sures of fhe evening, was fhe absence of ladies from the .depots of . fashion in the court'ty and neighboring dis tricts, who if was understood were ppeveiitedfrom at tending, by the-inclemency of tlJeaftepnoon. Finally the whole affaip went off extrem^JyiwelK The Little SchuylkiU Rail Road' has been fairly and prosperously, put in Op'eration witfiin the time, and at an amount not exceeding the'- original 'estimate of the Chief Engineer. The work hasbeen executed in'-su- perior style; and there iscVery prospect that the pro- prfeforsiwvll realize all the advantages, from it, 'which their most pleasing anticipations hai^e pictured to them^ It .was ctfufemplated to load a boat. With Tamaqua coal, on Tuesday" last — the arrival ofwhicb, in the city,- we have no doubt will be duly announced by our breth ren- ' , ' Among other'prominent individuals, not mentioned i% flie foregoing account, we were pleased to recognize our old, frfend and pioneer ijn the Susquehanna and Schuylkill connexion, Mr. Chbistiah Bbobst, whose firsf' excursion upon the Rail Road, we ape happy id know, was of much more pleasant term'ii)f tioiithan that which he experienced on board the " Codobus." — Harrisburg IntelKgencer. BEFOBT 0» THE '. ' TJNION CANAL COMPANY OFPENN- ' SYLVANIA. To THE Stockholdebs, It has again become the duty ofthe Managers ofthe. Union Canal Company; fo lay before the Stockholders, the annual report of fhe business intrusted to their charge. . In doing so, they enjoy the satisfactipnp^ iri- fopming them that the plans fop supplying the summit leyel with water, carried into ^ect fo'p tbe fipst time during.tbe past season, have thus ..far proved entirely successful'-^the supply has been abundant, and the nav igation has, not been suspended for a," single bouP, on any part ofthe line from a deficiency of wafer, nfrtWitb- standinglhat a.heavy draft fl-om the summit,became nCi cessary for maintaining the required depth in four short levels near Myerstown, from which a laiige quantity es caped tlil-ough the fissures in the limestone rocks uhder the Canal — the loss of.water was such as lo induce the Managers to direct the resident, Engineer, to make fhe necessary preparations for planking thp parts,' which in his opinion require'd^uch precautioii-. He accordingly, purchased and prepared the materi als for planking two short^evel?, and parts of two oth ers, in tbe whole about two miles in length,, wbich.will be completed when the navigation ceases tor the win ter. — - ^ ¦ , The great reservoir, particularly referred to in the' last annual report, has fully'answered the purpose for which it was :jcpnstriicfed, and the supply of Water ex- 1^ ceeded all &peclations-T-as it didnofat arty period of {he'.seaspfl, fall below the coping of the dam, except when 4rawn down for pupposes hot immediately con- nectedwilb the navigation. The grading of the rail Poad, and the basins at Pine- Gpovo-ape finished, and the rails and rail road iron peady to be laid, down— all- further operations have beenSus- pended until the period when an increase of the coal trade at Pine Grove, will justify additional expendi tures — this may not take place until the private lateral roads shall be completed, , The increase of trade on the Canal, is manifested by an-increase of tolls, which, forthe year ending, the 1st November, 1831, amount-^to ,$59,137 22 cents, an aug- mertfaliort Of upwards of 70 per cent, on the tolls ofthe last year, a'hd rriore lhan 150 per cent, on the tolls of' 1829, 'With a corresponcling increase of tonnage— ^fur- i n'Tshihg'in the opinion of the board, adequate grounds to justify an expectation) that at no distant period, the income of-the company will be sufficient to make am ple remuneration to the Stockholders, for their liberal / advances of capital, without continuing the extra aid obtained under certain legislative grants. In fact, when it is considered that hitherto, but little advantage has: been derived from the state worksjarid thafthose works when in full operation, must, from their immense Texr tent, supjjly the Union Canal with an additional tradeof* great amount and value, it will be conceded 'that fhe re'- sult here anticipated, cannot but be reaUzed witbiri a 'very reasonable period. ~ - ' ' The burden of several of the boats engaged in the transportation of .produce and merchandise on the~ca» nalifurnishes addttionarproof of the capacity of the canal tjf^i^Enrnmodate the internal trade of fhe sfate.- The Mo,nle2uma carried 121Q bushels of wheat, equal "to 30i-, tonsVa'B4i*i?-e Farmer, 1196 bushels of wl,ieat;. e^ualfo 29 lous i8"cwt., together with niany others which rtiight be nneptioned, of like biirdert. ' The list ofartjcles tri^ao^j^^^i^e cana 85,053- bushels of hjfu<(Js^s,ca-il%a'yg"J but the commencement a^^im'gofiaiit west: biiancli."bf,tlve SiisqjiH^CJ*S'>'*.ff^ The M%iiagers corigrsS^te-tf^ St64„ ing able lo,,vnfppm them that the Wprk maybe cpiisider-' ed as cpmplcle, (the parts hej-ein befo^ referred l^tcf excepted) and tbfit no; addittortal ex-peff^jfer??. >,-.!* b^ incurrediUntil if becpmes necessary tp epect,a. moPeper"-' manent feedjertban. the one now in use, between the water works and tive summit level. ;f\,i;..; Fop a statement of the financial concerijei^f the;; com pany, the amount of tortnage, andftolls fop thepast year;. the' Stoekholders ape raferped to the seVepal statements- hereiinto annexed.' All of which is most respectfully- siibroitted, • ¦ . - WILLIAM R-EAD^Fresidentv PUladdpliioi^ Nov., I5th'> 1831, .''' ^ ' ' 864 Escheat costs. I [Decembxb S-TATEMENT ofthe Tonnage which passed the udion , Canal, from fhe fipst of November, 1830, to Novem ber first, 1831. - " ,. T.I ^..'i' Weighing Thns. ^,^u"^ A „ ^^'^°^ ''"'¦^1=' M33 1% 0 0 Wheat and Rye, 257,565 bushels, 6,439 3 2 0 Whiskey, - 12,763 barrels, i,595 7 2 0 5'°",',,. . - 5,110 15 3 14 Coal (bituminous) 85,053 bushels, 3i835 2 3 0 Lumber, 13,303,000. fee^ 13,303 110 Shingles, 6,292,000 feet, , 3,146 5 3 0 Staves, 83 0 2 0 Gypsum, 6,996 12 0 F'sh. 12,263 barrels, i,635 2 17 Salt, . 61,920 bushels, 1,54S 8 3 23 Merchandize, 6,389 6 3 0 Sundries, consisting of Corn, Flaxseed, Clover Seed, Cotton, Tobacco, Lea ther, Limestone, Butter, Lard, - Heriip, Bricks, &c. - - 3,755 ) 4 0 22 -Total amount of Tonnage, 59,970 16 2 10 Amount of Tolls received during the same period, 59,137 dollars 21 cents. ^ LAW CASE. COURT OF C0MMON PLEAS, Oct. 27, 1831. ¦Before Judge KING and a Special Jury. Hans H. M. Byers, as well for himself as the Commis sioners and inhabitants ofthe district of Southark, vs. WilUain Price. This was an action of debt, brought by tbe plaintiff against the defendant, who was a pawnbroker,- in the d'lstpict of Southwark, to recover the sum of one hundred dollars, averred to have been forfeited by him, in conse quence of demanding and receiving a higher rate of in terest, than is.provided and sanctioned by the ordinan ces pf the said, district. It appeaped in evidence, that a ypung woman, whose charactep was respectable, Jn the spring of li829, pawn ed; on behalf of the plaintiff, cSl-tai'n articles of clothing belonging to bim with the defendant, who advanced on them four dollars, -but neglected to deliver to her a cer tificate of the pledge. That, six months '^ftepwapds, she paid to the defendant, on account of the goods, fifty cents, and, three montbs after such payment, called up on the defendant,- to get4he goods, and inqured what was the amount ofthe principal and interest to redeem them. The defendant repUed, "five dollars and fifty cents." which she accordingly paid tq^him; making the whole amount of interest which she paid tb him. tWo dollars. She did not, however, obtain all the goods. It further appeared, that by the -sixth section of the Ofdi- dance fop Regulating Licensed Pawnbrokers, passed the 26th of December, 1823, the defendant was author ized to charge for his advance of four dollars, fop nine months, only ninety-nine cents, instead of iwo dollars. The clerk'of the district proved that the defendant was, in 1839, a Uc^Ased pawnbroker. After argument of counsel, Judge King remarked to the'juTy,"ilhat ilfth'e young woman was to bebelieved on her oath, it was too plain ti case to' admit of doubt. The defendant's conduct was unjustifiable; he had charged a most exhorbltant interest, and had,, thepefore. cleaply forfeited the hundred dollars which, the ordinance im posed, and justly too, for such an act. The ordinance allowed him most liberally for the use ofhis money, and he ought to have been content with it. Pawnbrokers were a description of persons that required to be care. fully watched---lhe poopep classes ofsociety wepe often times at theip mercy— ignorance of the law, or the fear of exposure, frequently prevented individuals from nrostcUting them for tiieir impositions, and it was, there- fore, but right, for conrt8,ef justice tp punish .them whenever it appeared they bad taken advantage of the poverty or ignoranee of others. It vVas a mistake t.o suppose that a pawnbroker was not bound to deliver a certificate of the pledge without its being demanded of hitn by the owner. It is his duty in every case, be- .sides making the regular entry in his books, to offer a certificate, and if he neglecfs to do so. he brings himself within the law, and fbrfeits,lhe sum of fifty dollars. A verdict for .the plaintiff in this case, might perhaps, prove a salutary lesson to pther pawnbrekers, and pre vent the perpetration of similar impositions. The Jui-y, without hesitation, found fop the plaintiff for the penalty of one hundred dollarsaiid costs. Doran for plaintiff. Solomon for defendant. ESCHEAT COSTS. Many of our readers are interested in this subject- either as defendants in the suit, witnesses or Jurors. The' Courts which were held at Doylestown, during the last summer, necessarily incurred considerable expense, forthe fees ofthe Deputy Escheator, Sheriff, Witnesses and Jurors. It was supposed by many, that the Com monwealth would be liable for'all the cost, as fhe pro secutor in the Case, and being defeated in the action- Mr. Ross, in order to ensure the speedy payment of the various- expenses attending the trial, addressed the Ao- ditop General upon the subject, to whicb he received the foUowing reply. It Will be seen the Auditor Gen eral is of opinion, that the state is not Uable for the cost accrued; but the informer, Reynolds, entered upon the inveStiigation of the matter with a full and disfinc't knowledge,, that he would be answerable for the cost in case of defeat; the Commonwealth being merely the agent through which the suit was conducted. Auditor Generars Office, ', Nov. 16th„.183,l. Deah Sib— It has not been the^practice in this Offiee to pay costs in escheats, where tbe escheat has not been sustained. This practice bas never, that I can discover, been departed from. It was adopted^no doubt, to pro tect the Commonweallh from paying costs at the dis cretion ofany one who might choose to .file information of an escheat on frivolous op untenable grounds. It may be said that this ppactice js not sustained by the act of 1821, tpansferrihg-the duties of Escheatop Gener al to the Auditing Depaptment, Inopderto arrive at a correct decision on that clause of the 3d Section ofthe act of 1821, which says, that the costs are to be paid out ofthe State Ji-easury, it willbe necessary to exam ine the formep law, on the subject of escheats, and the ppactice under those laws. The 13th Section ofthe act of 1787, which designates the fees to be allowed iik cases of escheat, says nothing of the fund out of which, those fees are to be paid, but here the practice has set. tied the matter. If an escheat was sustained, the Es cheator Gfeneral adjudicated thfe case, made payment ot the costs, paid the informant his money, and paid the, residue into the State T,resury;bUt in no case can I find that he has drawn on the "Treasury to meet a case where, the escheat wa^ not sustained. The whole tenor of the law on esche.its, and the payment of costs and fees under Ihem appear to be confined to .those cases.where the escheat has "oeen sus tained; whete it has not been sustained, the lawisen~ tirely silent, the costs have not been paid by the State» and of course every one bore theip own shape of loss.. The act of 1821, takes the old laws and the practice under them, and transfers the duties to the Auditing Department, Tbe whole amount ofthe money arising from the escheat, is paid into the State Treasury. The- Auditor Genepal takes up the matter, judges of the le-. gality ofthe costs»and if correct piys them by his war.. rant on tlie State Treasury; the whole transactian being- still predicated on the escheat haying been sustained^. and the money paid in. The words in- the 3d Seqtioa 1831.J FAJET-TKVILLE SUFFERERS— FINANCES OF THB STATjE. 365 of the act of 1821, fiaidout ofthe Slate Treasury, &c. means this and.nu mpre,.fhat as the money apising frpm the escheat has been paid into tiie State Treasury, and , mingles with the general fund, it'is not-ngcessary.fpr the Auditor General to draw his warrant specifically on the monies paid in, but on the Treasury as a general fund, of which the monies arising from the escheat forms a part. ¦ In a case of escheats the state is not, properly speak ing, a party in the suit; but only tlie agent through whom the informer is enabled to sustain an -action, and so it must have beep considered by the legislature, at the passing of the act of 1821. If it had not been so considered, they would have provided some protection against frivolous suits, but the words ofthe act are im perative; the Auditor General shall issue his commis sion of escheat on information being filed, and there can be no doubt that it was supposed to issue at the risk ofthe informer, ' , It is b-y the act of the informer that this cost has accru ed, and justice would-say that Iheinformep should be liable. Nop could Mp. Reynolds complain ifhe is irtade to pay'the costs in the present case, as he had the com mission issued undep a full knowledge, and with a pep- feet undepstanding that ifhe failed, the state would pay rio costs, but that he would be individually liable. Youp's respectfully, DAN'L STURGEON. Thomas Ross, Esquire, Doylestown. . FAYETTEVILLE SUFFERERS. The citizens of Fayetteville liave removed the Veil of mystery hung over fhe amount collected in this city and elsewhere, for the relief of the suffepeps by the con- flagpation in tbat town, on the 29th day of May last. The whole amount received fpom all parts ofthe Union, was $92,297 88, from the following States and Territo- ries-T- Mass^chusetts,Maine, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania,New Jersey, Mapyland, - Distpict of Columbia, Vipginia, Nopth CapoUna, South Carolina, Georgia,Tennessee,Ohio, Louisiana, 814,518 69 125 00 2,067 64 290 00 3,002 40 10,648 51 12,731 00 805 49 6,820 79 870 00 8,040 88 11,406 34 9,100 37 4,102 72 45 00 1.158 02 1,119 50 5,050 00 The largest contributions from Cities and Towns wepe as follows: Thiladelphia.' - / - New Yopk, Boston, -" *" - Baltimope, - -. Charleston. S. C? Charleston Neck, 5- New Cleans, - - ; Norfolk, Va, - - -i Savannah, Geo, Richmond. - ¦ Petersburg, , - Citizens of NeW Haven. Con, and Officers and Students of Yale College, , - Columbia, S. C. Raleigh; 11.857 43 10,393 54 9,708 25 5,762 79 -4,552,37 759 20 -.. 5,050 00 17-3,500 00 3,,264 60 ;ii931 50 -: i,702 00 . 1,573 31 1,540 00 1.500 00 Hartford, Con. and towns in its vi cinity, - - 1,424 09 Wilmington, - - 1,294 20 Newbei-n. - - 1,226 53 Lowell, Mass, , - '" - -1,200 00 Augusta, Geo. - - 1,200 00 Salem," Mass. . - 1,032 37. Cincinnati, - -, 1,007 22 Natchez, Miss. - - 949 50 Washington City, - «10 00 From the JJarrisburgti Chronicle. .Z Z\ FINANCES OF The state. We extract the annexed items from the Auditor Gen eral's peport for 1831.. Summary Statement of the Receipts at the State Treas- upy, commencing on the first day of December, 1830, and ending the thirty-fii-sf day of Octobep, 1831. Dolh, Cts. Lands and Land Office fees, 103,329 18 Auction commissions, 12,100 00 Auction duties, 126,.504 85 Dividends on bank stock, 106,498 50 Do. bridge, canal and tiirnpike stock, 34,398 12 Tax on bank dividends, 30,572 9S Do. offices, 7,464 53 Do. Writs, &c. , 18,979 89 Fees, Secretary of State's offiee, 448 60= Tavern licenses, 40,146 94 Duties on dealers in foreign mepcbandize. 51,445 3S State maps, 446 36 Coltiitepal inheritances, 19,062 81 Pamphlet laws, 81 88 Militia and exempt fines, ' ,1,381 41 Tin and clock pedlerS' licenses, ^2,029 33 Hawkeps' and do. do.- 1,593 60f Escheats, 20 00 Canal tolls, 38,241 20 Loans, 2,199,948 54 Premiums on loans, . 103,-196 91 Commissioners ofthe internal Improve ment Fund, ' 125,000 Ot> Old debts and miscellaneous, _ 11,057 66. 3)033.978 57' Balance In Treasury on 1st of Dec. 1830, 149,430 79? 3,183.409 36, Surhmary Statement of the payments of the Treasury,, commencing, on Ihe first day of December, 1830, and, ending on the thirty-first day of October, 1831. Dolls, Cft„ Internal Improvement, Expenses of government,. Militia expenses. Members of courts martial. Pensions and gratuities. Education,Interest on loans. Internal improvement fiind^ State maps. Penitentiary at Philadelphia, Do. near Pittsburgh Conveying convicts. Do. fiigitives, Pennsylvania claimants,.. Defence of the stale,. Miscellaneous, 2,335,373 72 195,306 91 20;515 72. 2,343 28 22,226 84 11,185 13 .i91,525 00 362,682 40 329 fs 3,745 53 2,624 25 1,177 9S 596 06 56 55 107 50 9,138 94 ^3,058,926 54 Balance in Treasupy on 1st Nov. 1,831, 124,482 82 3,183,409 3& CiifAL Tons. — The following is a statement of the Canal Tolls, received on different portions, of tbe Penn- 36l6 MISCELLANEOUS. [DaeiXBEs sylvania canals. It falls considerably short of the esti mated amount, not from any miscalculation, but from the unforseen accident ofthe spring freshets, doing sd nmchdamage to the whole western division, as tojceep it idle five or six mohths of the biisiness part of the year. . , Eastern Diviston — From -Middletown tp Dun- Dolls. Cts. can-'fe Island, - .- - . - - *13,707 43 Susquehanna Division — Including-the bridge at Buncan's Island, which yielded S3,977 80, 6,193 78 Juniata Division — From mouth of Juniata to Huntingdon, . - -|V - - 4,443 98- Delaware Div'isim-r-'Fcom Bri^til^to Easton, 899 43 Western Division — From Johnstown toPilts- tiurg, - - - - - - - 12,998 58 38,241 20 TAXES ON UNSEATED TOWN LOTS." The -Venango Democrat stat'es,,fhatat its last term In September, the Suppeme coupt decided upon a case la- ken fpom Venango county that an unsealed town lots is the subject of taxation, and-liable to be sold by the county tpeasurep fop taxes, in tiie same manner as un- seated lands may be Sold under the acts of assembly for the sale of unseated lands, fop arreai-s of taxes. The Democrat adds, ."This decision puts fo rest the doubts that heretofore existed upon that subject. Ma ny eminent lawyers had enteptained stPong doubts- in deed had expressed a diffepent opinion; but.the law, as now settled, we believe is conformable to the-best in- iepests of the countpy, if not a strict literal constPuction of the acts of assembly." QHj-Caathe Editor furnish the Charge ofthe Coupt? ; ^.' '.:' ' NEW BITUMINOUS COAL MINE. We have been shown some specimens of Coal, taken from amine lately opened by a Company in Philadel phia under fhe superintendance of Mr. Young, Which for purity and beauty, equals.at least, any Coal webave ever seen. The Coal is of a granular fopmalion, and appears to beformed of. such equal proportions, of the, anthracite and bitiibiinous, as to render it highly valua ble for burning in grates. We saw some put into, a grate, which burned brilliantly, and did .not omit the least perceptible sulphuric or other offensive gas; .This coal, like the anthracite, does not become fine by, expo- sftpe to the weather, as the bituminous does. While it a^ears to possess all fhequalities of igni1.on that cba- ?acferizes that mineral. -Twenty tons of this coal left hepe in a Cartal Bo»t. for Philadelphia, on Monday'last, where it will undoubtedly meet with a ready sale at a **' The"mtne from which this coal is taken, is in Stoney Cpeek VaUey, six miles from Greensburg, where Stoney Creek-empties into the Susquehanna, and fourteen miles fi „m ftAn-isbure. The vein is said to be 5 feet in di- arte",and'it if presumed fhe quantity of coalis'abun- danl, and perhaps inexhaustible; The company are now dfgg ng for coal in several places in the jaller.:..From tie success that has thus far attended the digging for coaUn Dauphin countj, it bids fair-to rival any part of Pennsylvahia. Seyeral mines of the best of coal are 'riready opened on Short Mountain, and acl.v^measures are taking to constructj a Rail Road frorri thence to ?b^ Susquehanna, of iliUersburg. The Geographical «""uation of these mines and the advantages of franspor- !t"on which the Pennsylvania panal, and the Susque hanna River afford, must greatly enhance heir vaue pverthisfe, of probably,- every other section of the atate And It can scarcely he doubted, that Dauphin couriiy. in a fW years mUst rival that of any Other por tion of'the interior of the^state bollrfbr its mamifac-, tirres and ttade.-Fmnsyhama Teltg'-aph.. ' MISCELLANEOUS. Pab-tbidges.- At a meeting of the inhabitants of Oxford and- Lower Dublin Township, held at Sandy Hill, on' Monday evening,"the 7th inst. Daniel Walton was cal led lo the. ChVir.j.and Jacob -firiyder appointed Secret tai-y. The following resolutions were submitted by Mr. Samuel Cornell, which after a brief discussion, were unanimously adopted: — Resolved. That in the opinion of this meeting, there areat preserit no more patridges in this neighborhood than are necessary for ppocpeaf ipn. ^ Resolv.ed, That we will neither shoot, ensnare, or iw, any manner kill any Partridges during Ihe present season} and that we will use all -proper means for theip protec tion during the approaching winter. , Resolved, "i'hat we will rigidly enforce the law against every person whpr may be guilty ot shootihg any Part ridges on our property this season. Resolved, That the proceedings ofthis m.eeting be srened by chairman and secretary, and published. D.\NIEL WALTON, Chairman^ Jacob Sktdee, ,, Sec'ry. " " - WlI^KESBABBE. Canai Pbospeots.— On Th^irsday last arrived from: Philadelphta direct, in nine days, the Canal boat "Lu zerne," Capt. Buskirk. Thjs is the first complete trip, performed between Wilksbarre, and Philadelphia, by way ofthe canal, and cannot fail.9f tending to confirm the pleasing anticipations of the sanguine advocates of the North Branch Canal. The frequent breaches in the Canal, and other obstacles have so long delayed fhe navigation o'f it, as to damp' in some measure the ardent confidence of ils promoters, and .cast a sliadow over the bright prospect df success; but this fortunate arrival must reanimate ouP spirits, and dispel every apprehen- iioii. ' We are happy to state, that the most active exertions are m'aking to , finish the division of the Canal iiowun- dep contract, as soon .as poss'ible. This the interests of the state and of ouron ih the cost^qf fuel andiidii'se rent at this place. This statement, which is coProbora|ed by frequent praetice, is entitled to full reliance^ and the result is as coiftlusive asthe knowledge of itis important f? those who are engaged in business elsewh^ue, under less favorable {B'.rcumstances, — ^/Knersf Journal, ^ DoNDArp, jSus^rueftanna Co. Nov. 18. The Glas^ Factory, belonging, to Phelps, Phinny & Co. in this borough, i.s now in the "full tide of succesS= ful" operation."- .Duping tfie week ending Monday the 14lh. Ibepe were made fifteen thousand twenty-five hundred feet, or 350 boxes 8 by 10 glass. -' The quality ofthis glass is represented to us by blowers and others to be ofthe very fii'st quality. There are erected for the different processes of glass making, five buildings, the largest of which is 120 fSet by 40----anOther ot which is'60 by 55. TlTe buildings are all conveniently located, and the furnace, flatten ing ovens, drying ovens. &c. probably for durability of materials, and strength of workmanship, are not surpass ed by any in the country. ' It is a inattep of nfiucb credit to the entepppize ofthis company, and of much intepest to ourcitizes generally, that this factoryhas been established. On the first of April last, the limbed, of which the buildings are con structed, was growing in the forest; Ihe stonewas ly ing in tlie quarry ;¦ the clay unburnt inthe earth, and the sand, the principal artible in the manufacture, un- fpied in Ihe.lakes. It is for the encouragement ofsuch enterprizes, as this that the friends of home industpy aim. Twenty years ago, neaply all the gl?ss used in this country 'Was imported from abroad, and.that, too at an expense ex ceeding the ppesenf price of more than four fold'.-^ Eyery thing that tends to" bri'njf into use our hitbeptO untpiedsojjpces of wealth must .be an advantage to our citizens — more especially when the wood df our forests, and the sand ofoup lakes, give a new impulse to the industry "of our inhabitantB. A few days since, curiosity induced us to call at the factory of Messps. Geobge Fabeb Se Sons, in Woodst, to examine "theip- machinery fop making Cotton and HoPse Cai'ds, and we wepe greatly siirprised and grati- e'd". They have , in ,ope™-'°n sixor eight machines, each turned by, a small boy. Each ofthese machines supplies itself wilhr the wire from a rqel, pierces the holes In the leather foijf he teeth, forms the teeth, in serts them in the holei^ and gi^es the necessary angle, at the rate of from one huqdred and six|y to two hun dred teeth per minute., , "• ( The rapidity and accuracy with which these machines operate are truly surprising, and surpass any thing that we haveever witnessed. The machinery, we are told, .is different fpom and less complicated lhan that in.vented by Whittemppe, and the cards manufactured by it, we are assured, are preferred, by some of pur manufactur ers here, to any brought from llie eastwai'd, Messrs. Fab^r ,& Sons, intend to erect a steam engine todnyetheirinaobinery in tlje spring Pittsburg Gpz. Stea'vv Papeb.— There is now bein'g erected "m Ihis borough, by "a Company of our citizens, a Mill House, 150 feet long, 50 wide; and thpee stories in height, in which itis eontemplaled to place eight ma chines,- for the manufactupe of Straw Paper. Itis situ ated on the site of Uie eld paper mill, and will require nearly all tiie Water power of tbe FalUng Spring, This extensive establishment is ejtpected to-be in operalion early-fthe Ensuing spring — when dis- - bupsements fop^the paW-,material,' Workmen, tpansporta-, " tion, &c. ofan iminense amount drawn fpom a distanOe for the product of its labour, will diffuse wealth and ac tivity in our community'. We wish tbe enterprisinB proprietors success in their undertaking. • " ' {.Chambersburg flepositery. In Chester Counly on ^e farm of Thomas H. B. Ja cobs Lsq. of about 150 aires,, he has a stone barn, 100 feet^long. with stabling under the whole, divided in the most conyeriierit manner, for stall feeding, milk-cows. oxen, horses, colts, sheep, &c. It has two fhieshinK floors, one smooth as any baU rootb in Richmond, and here, .young and old, at HarVest Home, «tripit on liffht fan astic toe'' to "the sw|et sound of tamborine"and t'"^ P^Aeplantatidn jidjoinirig, belonging to Mr. J. a. Remington, there -are -two new elegant stone barns, the length of the two exceeding 100 fbet. - While we boast of ouivf arming, we must repeat again and again, the secret of our "prosp.erity. It is a regular rotation of crops, makitfg'a little ofmany articles, rather than attempting tfl make ibucb out of one; pemember- ing the Scotch proverb, that "many a mickle makesa muckle ;— together with heavy Uming— iiMiufr-LIM. ING. Many fapms hepe, of an hundred acres, have ha^ from 3 to 6,Q00 bushels Of lime eacb, within the last ten years. ¦ - . - - 368 MISCELLANEOUS. Dicehbek We wish the Price-current makers in aU our cities, would state the price of lime pep bushel — or if by the cask, mention the number of bushels Ihe casks hold. When the Valley Rail Ro'ad shall be completed, Ches ter County will pour a mUUon of bushels into the eity for exportation, if there is a demand abroad; and when Anthracite Coal comes dawn to its minimum . [ ViUage Recorder. WEATHER-SNOW. By the following notices, it appears that the storm which visited Philadelphia but lightiy, on the 21st arid 22d, was much more severe in other places. On Monday night and Tuesday morning last, snow fell at this pl^pe, (Towanda', Bradford co.) about a foot in, depth, and the pleasures of a sleigh ride were en joyed by a goodly number of oUr ciiizens on Tuesday and Wednesday. BeooutieiDj Nov. 34. The Stobm. — ^The storm of last Monday night and Tuesday morning, was as unexpected as it Was violept. It commenced in the eariy part of the eyejiing, with what was considered rather a warm heavy rain. To wards 10 OP 11 o'clock, fhe wind blew a hurricane fpom the nopth west, accompanied with'toprents" of snow, which was driven into heaps in some places on tbe road, fo tbe depth of one or two feet. So fierce was the wind, that large trees and saplings, in great num bers, wepe twisted off, and others blown out of root, which, togethep with fhe innbmepable limbs of trees thrown on and across the public roads, they have l>.een for the last two or three days pendered almost impassa ble. Much damage, weleapn, has been done fo timber and orchards, — Perry Forester. -< Gebmastovvjt. — ^Ice, cne-fourth of an inch, in thick ness, and the ground considerably frPzen — pn ^f,tnpday mopning last, (20th.) We-had, quite a copious fall of snow, on Monday fijghl and yesterday morning, fiut/op thS rain, wbich in part accompanied it^ the ground would have been co vered sevepal inches. The w.eather is very rough and chilling, and bespeaks -the near approach of tbe north ern blast, PoTTsyiEiE, 22d Nov. ¦Snow.. — On Tuesday last fhis part Of the countpy was visited with the first snow which has fallen during fhe present season. -The stopm commenced be,fppe dawn, and continued with intepvals of raip throughout the day.' Tjie depth of tiie snow was sevepal inches, — the mountain fops "and, pflfrequented spots continue to dis- ' play a wh"ite «pvering. On fhe Broad Mountain, .a dis tance of^ive miles above us, sleighs were abroad, one of which visited our borough and peturned.home, iJeer are niiffliepous in our neighborhood. LEWISTOWK.-T-On Monday night, 21st, we had a se vere snow storm— snow fell during the night ten inches deep. SoMEBSET.— Snow fell iu this bopojugh, to the depth of four OP five inches, on the 21st andl22d. WiiKsBABBE.- Snow fell in this -vicinity, on Tues day mot-rting last, 22d. A more delightfrtl season of pleasant weather, than was embraced within two.months previ9,us to Monday the 21st inst. we believe has seldpm'been known in this climate. On Ihe evening of that pay, it comniericed - raining' witb a southerly wind, but before mornirig. the wind veered round to' the north-west, arid it began lo •now quite fast, the storm raging with great fury. Which continued till the next night.: It was quite an unexpect ed sight to awake and find the' hills covered with a white mantle, it being the first warning of winter's ap proach we have had. As yet we have not heard of any damage on the, river; but on the sea-cost, if the stqrm extended there, we think some injury mnst have accru ed.. The weather now is more mUd, although the ajr is very piercing. — Columbia Spy. ' HABBisjiunG, Nov. 23. TJie Storm.— It commenced raging on '¦ Monday last, 21st, about five o'clock, P. M., jvind B.'W. and contin ued without ceasinguntil about 11 o'clock, when the wind changed to-the N. W'. A heavy fall of, snow com menced before ?12, and continued with high wind until about 8 o'clock, on Tuesday morning. This mopning the snow and ice, give our streets the appearance of winter. Beileeokte. — On Monday n'gli' last, snow fell in this region of country, to tbe depth of three or four inches, Ey referring to the Register of fhe .winter weather which we published in our 2d vol. pages 23 and 38J, from the first settlement to the year 1828, we find the following notices, which show, that the late severe weathier in November, is not unprecefiented. "1809, Nov- 34. ^-Strange lo fell to future geherations, snow about one foot deep, and tolerable good sleighing, a circumstance not known for many years if ever, in this land. ' 25. — Sleighs and sleds in market — this morn ing at sun rise, the river Schuylkill, above and below the permanent bridge, was frozen over; a similar circumstance has not occurred for many years at so early a period.' 30.;— -Skim ice. 1810, January 19. — ^Lowest tide for 14 years. 20. — Ice in the Delaware for the first time this season — beipjg fhe most open recollected for many years,' there not having even been skaiting on the ponds. 21. — Delaware closed^^boys skaiting on it and the ice did not disappear till llth February. November 1. — First snow, also on 2d,3d and 4th. 1812, November 19. — Snow. 1828, November 14. — SUghtsnow." 1831, December 1. — A snow storm commenced last evening, and covered the ground — nearly all disappeared during the day. Onthe 22d of February last, the ice irj the Ohio and MonoBgahela rivers 'moved so as fo permit the com mencement of navigation for the season. Since that daj;,nine months have elasped,and during th'is time nav igation has continued without interruption. Ctphebiiti} SiATEs.^At Delaware Water Gap, 20 miles above Easton, in Bucks coUnty, where the rocks are piled up 1,200 feet high, James M. Porter has a manufactory of Cyphering Slates, operating by water power. They are smoothed, framed ready for sale, superior to-imported ones, each in two minutes. Last year il made 4,300-dozen slates; and wiU finish 5,000 dozen the present year. Printed every 5 AFURDAY MORNING by'-WlLLIA^H F. GtU- DES, No. 9 Lihvai-yBlreet. Philadelpliia; where, and at the PUB. LIGATION OFFICE, IN FRANKLIN PLACE, second rieor tiack of the PosLOflice, (back i-oom) subscrint'.ons will be thankfully re ceived. Price FIVE DOLLARS per an-riai, payable annuaUy by lutocriberg i-eaiding in or ncav the city, or where there is an agent. Other gubsci-ibers pay in advance, ' HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PEJ^NSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PBESEBVATION OF EVEBT KIND OF USEPOL INPOBMATION BESPECTINO TBE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL.. Vm.-XO. 24. PHILADEIiPHJA, DEC 10, 1831. XO. 206- FVom fte 'West Chester RepiMicati. GEN. WAYNE'S TELESCOPE. _ We notice with pleasure, thata valuable reflecting Telescope, the property of the late distinguished Ma jor Gen. AK-rttoN* Wayne, has recently Ijeen present ed by his son the Hon. Isaac Waikb, to the Cabinet of Natural Science of Chester coUnty. Ccl. Wayne hav ing intimated his desipe of presenting the above instru ment to some public institulipri in the native country of his illustPious fathep, the following correspondence took place between bim and a committee appointed for that purpose on the part of theChester Counly Cabinet. Hon. Isaac Watne: Bear Sir — Some ofthe members of.the "Cabinet of Natural Science, of Chester courity." have more lhan once beard it kindly as well as particularly intimated by you, that you desired to bestow upon some pubUc institution, of fhe county ofyour illuslrious father, the very Telescope which was his own,his used and gjrproved inslpumertt — and ybur partiality for the borough of West Chester, and its inhabitants emboldened the Cabinet, at their stated meeting on Saturd-jy last, (the 17th,) to appoint the subscribers as a commiltee to correspond OP coiifep with you on the subject. There ape thpee incorporated literary institutions in Wesl Chester, in all of which the .subscribers have an interest, the "West Chestep Academy," Ihs "Chestep Counly Athenaeum," and fhe "Cabinet of Natural Sci ence." Without ppesuming to direct ,the course of youP bounty, we would pespectfully say that in oup opinion the latiep institution presents considerations wbich we beg leave to submit. It was formed a few years since by the voluntary association of a few gentlemen animated with a desire lo improve them- 'selves in Natural Science, which in its wild extent em braces the knowledge pf all created things iri "the eapth PP in the heavens," and to collect a museum of specimens and models, and of books and iUustpalive in- Btpuments: alpeady is collected a valuable museum of nature in her botanical, animal and minerological pro ducts, some very valuable books, and other articles of curiosily'and utility; and we contemplate to add to oup means of knowledge, as oup abiUties shall wappant it, some other necessary aids to investigation, such as op tical and astronomical instruments — in this laoint of light we ¦ should consider and cherish the Telescope of General Wayne, notonly as a reUque of that great'man, and shining ornament ofoup country, and as sacred to his memory, but as a highly prized addition to our means of knowledge. , . „ , , ,. The Cabinet found their effects and donations to increase in interest and value so rapidly that, nearly a year ago, a Charter of Incorporation was obtained to se cure perpetual succession, and the protiection of their property; and If you should, in your kind and patriotic disposition, think us not unworthy ofyoup bounty, we can only promise thankfully to receive, carefully to pre serve, and faithfully fransmit to posteri^, fhe choice- and approved Telescope 'of Gen, Wayne; We would be glad to have the Kl^erty of engraving upon it, the venerated name ""of its former owner, and ^ Vol. VIII. 47 ^ that of the kind giver, in suitable terms: in this, how ever, we shall be entirely governed hy your will. With perfect respect, we subscribe ourselves, WILLIAM DARLINGTON, ISAAC-DARLINGTON, ROBT. B, DODSON, West Chester, Sept. 17, 1831, Committee. Wayncsborough Farm, Sept. 25, 1831. Gentlemen— Your address of^he_17th inst. I yester day had the honor lo receive. Every relique of the late Major Gen. Wayne_.has been, and ever will be, very precious in my estimation. The Telescope, which I shall, speedily, have fhe plea sure to tpansm'it, is not amoiig the least of the highly prized mementos of fhe General; and what stronger ppoof could! offep fop the sincerity of this assertion, than the transfer of that instrument lo the'"Cabinet of Naiui-al Science," locrted in the beautiful boi-oiigh of Westchester, so distinguished for the worth, talent, and enterprise of its inhabitants. I am perfectly, convinced, gentlemen, that you will "thankfully receive, carefully preserve, and faithfully transmit to posterity, 1he;chosen and approved Teles cope of Gen. Wayne." 1 very cheerfully give my assent to your e.ngraving upon the Telescope fhe commemorative words which you have mentioned, and permit me to tender my grateful acknowledgments fpr this additional evidence of respect towards the General, as well as his son. I wish all possible' prosperity tp your literary and sci entific institution, to vou, gentlemen, individually, and the other membeps of the Cabinet, each of whom I flat ter myself, will consider me truly and sincerely hi» Friend, and obedient servant, I. WAYNfi. Wm. Dablington, ") Isaac Dabiiboton, S. Esquires. Kobt. B. Dodson, j Committee of Cab'i ofNat'l S6ience, Stc. West Chester, Nov. 24, 1831. • Deab Sib, — ^It becomes our grateful duty, by order of the "Chester Counly Cabinet of Natupal Science," to exppess to you the deep sense which is enteptained, by that institution, ofyour munificence, in presenting to it the valuable reflecting Telescope, heretofore, a favor ite instrument of yOup father,' the late Majop General" Anthony Wayne. Kest assured, sir. that the Chester 'County Cabinet will faithfully ppeserve a donation which will constitute, at once, a'memento ofthe distinguished services of the sire, and the patriotic liberalty ofthe son; and we can not fop a moment doubt, that oup successors will contin ue to guard it, as a precious relique ofthe Hero, and Patriot, whose name for ever adorn the annala of oup- republic, and reflect a special lu&t^ upon, this, his own native county of Chester. , Witb sentiments ofthe highest respect and esteem, we have the honor to h9 your friepds and fellow citizens^ WM.. D ARLINGTON^ ISAAC D.\RLJNGTONv BOBT. B. DODSON, Hon. Isaac Waxke. Coramiltee of C. C. C, Chester county, Pa. 370 ADDRESS OF THE TARIFF CONVENTION. [Decehbeb ADDBESS OF THE FRIENDS OF DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. Assembledin Conventionat New York, Oct. 26, 1831, TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES. [Concluded from page 358. ] We ask the attention to another topic. Revulsions in trade are unavoidable: the balance of supply and demand cannot always be regulated with precision- There is a tendency, growing out of the ppospepous commerce, Ip push success lo an extreme which pro duces reaction. To these periods of embarpassmenf, of general stagnation, and severe pressure for money, the United States have been pecuUarly subject. We attribute tbis in a great measure, to our havin,g depen ded, in so gpeat a degree, fop our manufactures, upon the nations of Europe, Impoptalion is induced more frequently by the necessity or hope of the manufactu rer to find a market, tban by actual reference to tbe wants or means of the community. A reduction in the prices of exports, following an excessive importation causes a slate of exchange which leads to an expopta- tion of specie; the moment this exportation touches tbat portion of tbe precious metals necessary to sustain the money circulation, the operations of the banks become emhaprassed, and distress and dismay are spread thpough all classes of the community. We believe that the system which fupnisbes a nation with miinufactures, essential to its daily wants, from its own industry, is the best possible security against vio lent fbanges in its ciippcncy — changes which paraUze alUndustpy, and disturb all trade; and We therefore sub mit to the experience and judgment of tbe American people, whether the protective system is not, in this particular, more advantageous to the country than that nrhich, after deluging our markets with foreign manu factures, draws from us, in return, not a useless commo dity, but the instrument by wbich our exchanges are performed, the: very basis of our bank circulation, the essential ppinciple of commercial confidence. Mistaken opinions in regapd to the effect of the tapiff upon the prices of comniodities Used in the United States, upon which the protective system has been brought to heap, have furnished some popular ob jections againsl the wisdom ofthe policy. It has been said that the effect of a duty is iiecessapily to incpease the price ofany article upon which it is laid to the full amount of tax,. It would be easy to show, by a minute survey of the wbole field of American industry, that, so far from this being true, the invariable operation of the tariff has been to IdWer the price lo the consumer of every article that hasbeen successfiilly manufactured under the protection. Such a survey would require more detail than the purpose ofthis address allows, but we propose fo examine the operation ofthe tariff upon some of our most important staples. In the article uf cotton, itis admitted, that oup man ufacture has arrived at such perfection, in the produc tion ofthe coarse fabrics, that they are not only furnish ed at a little more lhan one half ofthe cost which the mported articles of the same kind bore a few years ago, but they are produced as cheaply at the present time, as our foreign rivals, under all the excitements of Amer ican competition, are able to furnish them. They have had a constant and increasing demand for several yeaps, for expoptation as well as fcP home consumption. None but the finer qualities are now imported, which are lit tle, if at all afi'ected by the minlmumduty. The price of Paw cotton has fallen but a cent a pound within the last four years, whilst the ^jpice of cotton goods — of sheetings, foe instance, of mope than three yards to the pound — has fallen nearly foul^ cents a yard within the same period. Satinets, of wool and cotton, are made at les's than one half the price of cassimeres, and ape more durable. Cotton flannels formerly imported from Chi na, at from fifty to sixty cents a yard, are now made, of a better quality, here, at frpm fifteen to twenty cents. Indeed we might enumerate every species of manufac ture in which this material enters as a component part, to show that both iri the character ofthe article and the cheapness of its price, the country has been a great gainer since the enactment ofthe system that has pro duced its fabrication. To the 'cotton planters of fhe United States, the sys tem has undoubtedly yielded the most decisivgadvanta- ges. It has created a certain valuable market for about one-fifth of her crop, and it has encouraged the con sumption of large quantities oftheir staple, in fabrics to whichit never would havebeen applied, if tbe manu facture bad not been carried on in our own country. The establishment of cotton mills amongst us has had the most visible tendency, to induce bur manufacturers to apply cotton to uses whicb both fhe policy and the position of foreign manufactures, would have forever forbidden them from adopting. Tbis fact is conspic u- ously seen in the application of cotton to sail clotb,and to aU those articles of heavy clothing, in' which it has late ly been substituted for wool. It is now manufactured into carpets, blankets, cordages, twine, net work, and a variety of otber commodities, that may be said-to be exclusively of American origin. Cotton being a pro duct of our own soU, we have naturally an interest to extend its appUcation to new uses, above what migbt be expected frofn other nations wbo are mere purcha sers pf the, article, and whp are as much, if not more concerned in preserving, and ppomoting the use of wool and hemp j in the fabrics to which we have applied our cpttpn. ' Let us next consider the article of Iron, and we will introduce the notice of it with a quotation from that masterly repctrf of the first secretary of the treasury, whicb, forty years ago, recommended prohibilory du ties, in favor of manufacturers of tbis apticle; — "fop" says the report, "tbey are entitled to pre-eminent rank. None are more essential in their kinds, none so exten sive in theip uses. Thev constitute, in wbole or in part, the implements or tbe materials, op botb, of almost ev epy useful occupation. Tbeir instrumentality is every where conspicuous. It isfortunate forthe United Stales, that they bave peculiar advantages, for deriving the full benefit of this most valuable roatepial, and they have ev ery motive to improve it With systematic care. It is to be found "in various papts of the United States, in great abundance, and of almost every quality; and fuel, the chief instpument in manufacturing it, is both cheap and plenty," This report, which isa treatise onjpolitical economy, al least eqtial to any thing that has appeared since its publication, states tbat tbe average price of iron before the revolution, was about ^xty-foar dolhirs per ton, and that at tbe time of that report it was about eighty dollars. Soon after, it appears to bave risen to ninety-five dollars, and in 1S14, was as high as one hun dred and fifty doUars. After the ineffectual tariff of 1818, which ruined numbers, 'mduced by its vain pro tection, to make investments in the mamtfacture ofiron, it rose from ninety to one hundred an-d five dollars per ton. Under fhe influence ofthe acts ef 1834 and 1828, it has declined to its present prices of from seventy-five lo eighty-five dollaps per ton, and there is every reason for the confident belief entertained, that if otir own map>. ket be protected against the formidable and incessant endeaVours ofthe British manufacturers to control it, the price ofiron will, before long decline at from fifty to sixty dollars per ton. Such is the irpefutable proof ofall recent experience. Cut nails, which in 1816, sold for twelve cents per pound, ape now sold for less than half that sum. under the permanent security offive cents per pound, which has given our manufacturers tbeir own market. "The United States, (says Hamilton's report before mentioned) already in great measure, supply 1831.] ADDRESS OF THE TARIFF CONVENTION. 371 themselves with naUs. About one miUion eight hun dred thousand pounds of nails and spikes,, were import ed into tbe United States, in the course of the year ending the 4th of September, 1790. A duty of two Cents per pound, would it is presumable, speedily put an end to so considerable an importation. And it is in every view proper that an end should be put lo it." Bar Iron which sold at Pitlsbupgh in 1829. at $122, sells there now at $95. Castings which were $63, are now 50 per ton. Such are the ppactical results, pro ving the operations of Ihe tariffs on the markets for iron.- The duty by the law of 1816, was so inadequate as to cause nothing hut ruin lo those concerned, and en hancement of ppice to the consumep. The act of 1818 was some amelioration; the acts ot 1824 and 1828, which increased the duly, decreased the price. Hammered bar iron, under a duty of twenty-two dollars and foply cents a ton, is at a lower price than when under a duty of nine dolkirs a ton, and improved in quality from five to ten per cent, by the gpeater care and skill which more extensive investment has naturally created under more certain protection. The efforts of the EngUsh manufacturers to destroy the American manufacture of iron, and possess themselves of our market, have oc casioned extensive bankruptcies amongst them in En gland, and reduced the price of irOn considerably be low the cost of manufacture; insomuch that a con vention of iron manufacturers, recently held there, re solved- t.o reduce the quantity made, twenty per cent. throughout the United Kingdoms. With the control of our market, they- would infaUibly regulate both the price, and the quantity of tbe iron in this country — thiriy-one establishments of which have appeared in Western Pennsylvania alone, since the last tariff acts. The influence of protection upon wool, while il has been most beneficial uponthe farming states, has had no tendency that we are aware of, to injure the planta tion stales. The nunibep of sheep in the United States, il computed at about twenty millions: and their incpease at about five milUons since the act of 1828, which g^ve a great Impulse to fhe stock. The fapmers of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New 'S'ork, and other wool-grow ing states^ have an interest in this national property, ta ken at fifty-five cents per lb. nearly equal to the capital o{ the plantation states, in the cotton crop ofthis year, reckoning at thirty miUions of dollars. There is no doubt that within three years to come, the farming ca pital in wool, win be more valuable tban the planta- tation capital in cotton. Without protecting duties, American wool would be reduced one-half in quantify and in price. The large flocks wbicb now cover the immense and inexhaustable pastures of the United States, most of them more or less of the fine Spanish breeds, would be again slaughtered, as has been here tofore the case, for want of due protection, and- Ihis great capital in fleece sacrified lo that of cotton, witb enormous loss to one interest, and with no possible ad vantage to the other. For like every thing else, wool len goods have fallen from twenty to twenty-five per cent, since the last tariff. The immediate effect of that act, by calling a large number of additional clothiers in to active enterprise, was to cause a decline in prices, ruinous to many of those before engaged in the occupa tion. Undep the influence of the improvement in the price of wool,woolIen manufacturers have ralUed again, but, at least as respects them, the charge of monopoli zing prices is a cruel mockery. The advantages ofthe tanflT, in its operation upon wool, have tbus far been confined almost exclusively to the farming interest; the manufacturers have yet all their way to win, andthe effect of that cortlpetifion, which is the result of protec tion, cannot be known until it has had longer time for operation. The finest cotton and woollen manufactures are not much made in the United States, but we may assert without fear of contradiction, that nine-tenths of tbe American people, who do not affect foreign luxuries and fashions, may be clothed with woollen, cotton, fur. and leather fabrics of their own cpuntry, better and cheaper than either could have been pbtained abraad, if the tariff had never been enacted. The greatest mistakes prevail in this respect; it is continually said, tbat hats, cpats, buots and other articles of dress, are dearer here than elsewhere. Such is not the case with all those who ape independent of foreign fashions. Thpse who enjoy superior wealth, and study superior elegance, are at liberty to gratify their caprice, af that additional expense which sucb a gratification costs in all countries— in none more than in Great Britain, where the opulent and noble are in the habit of paying more'exiravagantly fpr French, Asiatic and other luxu ries. than,some of our opulent citizens choose to pay, in like manner, for luxuries imported from abroad. Whilst we assert that it has been fhe effect ofthe protective system, to benefit tbe consumers by giving them manufactupes cheapep than they had them before, we ape wiUing lo admit that prices have had a corres pondent fall in the same apticles abpoad; but this fall of price abpoad has been ihe result of the competition of American labor. It is impossible-to advert to the fact, that the United Slates export lo foreign markets, six times the quantity of domestic manufactures that they exported in 1826, and al present furnish incomparably the largest share ofthe home demand, without perceiv ing the tendency of such a competition to reduce the price ofthe same articles amongst all those nations who' aim in supplying us. But we hold it f o be a common error, to consider tbe comparative cheapness of the foreign and domestic commodity, a test of fhe value of the system. Even if it wete true, that the domestic product were not redu ced in price, and were tu be procured only af a higher cost than the foreign, still the benefit of the system would be found in the fact, that it enables the domestic consumer tb afford tbe higher price for the manufac ture, and thereby tn furnish, himself on better terms lhan he could bave done when obliged to depend upon the foreign import.fd commodity— -that, in other -words, the increase of price, if it has taken place, cannot be called a tax upon tbe consumer, if the same system which has increased the ppice, has also incpeased his means of paying it. That this incpeased ability to pay- has occurred to a most beneficial'extent,is evident in the invigorated condition ofoup agpiculture in the last three or four years, during which period the value of the la bor ofthe farmer, and with it the value of bis land, it is well known, has risen some twenty or thirty per cent. This augmentation in the value of agricultural labor and capital, can be ascribed to no other cause, than to the increase ofthe manufactuping classes, and to the rapid growth of our home market under the protective sys tem. During this period, there have been no wars to create a demand abroad fbr our grain, but on the con- trapy, all the ppoducing nations have been exerting their industry lo the utmost, and maintaining a rivalry against our own citizens, which .would have visited them with the most disasterous consequences, if they had not found a steady and valuable mapket at bome. "The fact, too, that agpicultupal products have risen whilst manufactur ed goods bave fallen, furnishes the best proofs tbat tbe fall of prices is to be mainly attributed to tbe competi tion of domestic labor. The loudest complaints of oppression proceed from the South, particularly from South Carolina; but that tbese complaints are not owing to thetariff acts, is un questionably proved by the fact, that their public press, their memorials to congress, and otber mediums of complaint, were as much burthened with them before those acts, as they have been since. In the acquisition of the extensive and fertile territopies annexed to the United Sates, by the . purchase of Louisiana, the lands and property of the plantation states, could not fail to be depreciated by a vast accession of lands, at least as fertUe, for aU similar purposes. But it is inconceirable 372 ADDRESS OF THE TARIFF CONVENTlOlJt [DXCIMBEK how a steady market for at least two hundred thousand bales of cotton a year, liable to a fluctuation from fop eign influence, can be injupious to the cotton gpowing states; and. certainly, isthe inhabitants of fhe less ex uberant and more industrious latitudes ofthe central and eastern stales, were not, from the influence of climate, or some other cause, less liable to excitement, and less addicted to complain lhan their southern brethren, they have had much greater cause for it. The article of sugaj" is a production ofthe planting states, receiving the full benefit of the .ppotecling sys tem. If any application ofthe system opepaleg as a tax on consumption, if would apply to the duty on sugar. It is true, fhe cotton planters of South Carolina will not admit, that protection to the cultivation of sugar is any offset to their own fancied oppressions, but it is appa rent that the lands and capital devoted to the cultiva tion ofthe sugar cane, ape so much of both withdpnwn from fhe cultivation of cotton, reUeying the culture from the eff'ect of over production, the only evil which it has any reason to fear. The bread stuff's, lumber, and nearly all the other sta ples ofall the grain growing slates are excluded from European markets by ppohibilopy duties. , Whilst the export of cotton has quadrupled, "ihaj of bpeadstuflTs has diminished in a much gpeater ratio, with pelation lo the population ofthe states that ppoduce them. If instead of spending theip, time in unavailing complaints, they had not confopmed lo cipcumstances. and lupned Iheir attention to manufactures, /Aeir gpieveances would have been infinitely gpeatep than any of which the southern' states have ever complained: Nothing could relieve the fapmirginterestsoifthe middle states, but the'yown manufaclures and the manufactures ofthe eastern states. They alone supply that market which Europe denies. In addition to the incalculable consumption of breadr EtuflTs, bythe manufacturers of the gpain-growing states, what is equivalent to a miUiun of barrels of theip bpead-i stuffs, is imported every year into the eastern states; a relief, without which, the susceptibility of these states, would have been tried to a degree of endurance far be yond that exacted from their brethren ofthe south. It cannot escape observation, that while their sufferings are announced in most eloquent language, and in unin- tepmitting remonstrance, yet there has been so little spe cification of the supposed causes, that it is denied by many, among themselves, that they suffer at all. There is even prood reason lo believe, that within the last five years, the interest on planting capital has been mope ppoduclive fo tbe ownep, lhan the inlerest ofthe same amount of capital employed fo manufactupes. The stales of New'York, Pennsylvania and Ohio have invested a capital of enormous amount, which may be reckoned as at least fifty millions, within the last ten years, in what are called internal improvements, ca nals, rail-ways and other facilities of transportation. Thia capital depends entirely upon domestic industry for its fruits. It would4ie a dead loss to foup mUlions of people who have expended il. and might as well be abandoned at once, without the ppolective duties of do mestic industpy for ils returns. Foreign commerce can yield it little or no service; and lo destroy those guapds which secure lo it the home market, would be to ren der it altpjfether a useless expenditure. ' Furelgn ccm- merce would in this way, lese pne nf its mpst productive resources. In our review upon the operation ofthe tariff, upon the various inlereats ofthe several states.it must nevep be lost sight of,, that the oncTfiflh ofthe coltpn crop which is cpnsumed at bume, Ipr which we may estimate Ihe sum paid at sis milliuns pf dpUars, Is, in the cpurse pf a very shprt time, worked up by manufacture, to at least thirty millions of dollars, whieh is the worth ofthe raw material wrought into the yariiius articles produced by manipulation: thus one«firth ofthe cpop of cotton manu factured, becomes as valuable as the whole cotton crop, In the short space of six months after its purchase; and, in the mean time, diffuses competency and comfort amongst large numbei s of the laboring classes ofthe community. The policy of the protecting system is happily and amply illustrated in Ihe gpowth and ppospepity of the United Slates. The union teems with ppoofs of its wis dom.. All that HamUton's masterly report predicted of its benefits, has been unfolded, and its progress beyond the most sanguine anticipation. All the objections re futed in hjs argument, have disappeared itTexpei-'rence. The antagonists of the system, not long since declared that it vvould infaUibly diminish, if not destroy the re venue, and compel a resort to loans and taxes, fop the support of government — theip ppesent complaint is that pevenue is excessive. Redundant importatioBs, some year ago, imposed the necessity ofa loan; the manufac tuping establishments now spreading thpoughoUt the United States, sustain theip agriculture, have revived their commerce, have vastly increased theip coasting trade, and domestic exchanges, and have mainly con- tpibuled in an abundance ofthe ppecious metals; Ihey ape tbe stablest pledges of independence and permanent peace, and the most accessible objects of taxation and productive resources in case of need. It was said,thal high duties would demopaUze the com mepcial character ofthe United States, and the evils of smuggling are still insisted on, and depicted in themost prominent colors. We know of no smuggling; nor do we believe that it exists to any considepable extent. It is fpue, frauds have been practised upon the revenue laws fo a degree that demands the notice of government; but we are happy to have this opportunity lo bear testi mony to the high and honopable cbaracter of our mer chants, and to say, that where frauds have been discov ered, they have had their origin with those, who are alien. lo oup dime, oup laws, and all the considepalions connected with our welfare. They are frauds that ef fect, comparativel}', but a sniall portion of tbat vast amount of labor that owes its support to the protective system. Il was ajfirmed, that this system would undermine commerce and ruin navignticin; but they flourish and prosper beyond all expectation. It was to create a mo nied aristocracy! if aiistocpacy be possible with oup in stitutions, it certainly has not found an abiding place amongst maaufacturers. It was to inflict a class of pau pers upon our population: no such class exists among the industrious. It is still denounced as taxing the ma ny for the benefit of ihe few: but Ihe many, with the powep in their hands to change it, are its sturdy friends and supporters, proving that they, at least deem them selves gainers by the system; whilst the few, on the oth *, er hand, never cease to fell us of Ihe grievance of being subject to the majority.- A rapid increase of population, dwellings, cuUure,of the comforts of life and the value of ppoperly, wherever manufactures prevail, bespeak their capacity to diffuse happiness and wealth. The new industry Ihat has been brought into existence, has induced the consumption of increased amounts of Ihe productions of the land, and has added to the prosperity of evepy class of agricultu rists. During the last six years, under the benefit of protection; four hundred sugar plantations have been added to the three hundped ppeviously existing in the state of Louisiana, which now supplies two thirds of the demand of the whole Union. In the mean time, the price has been continually falling, and thepe is eve. py peason to believe that, within a short period, besides furnishing the home market, our planters will have a supplus for espoptatioi^. Oup warehouses, workshops, and storts, abound with excellent and elisgant wares of American fabrication, al most excluding those from abroad. Silver and plated ware, the richest glassware, porcelain, household furni ture and pleasure carriages, every article of woollen and cotton clothing, copper, brass, and tin wares, hard. wares, arms ofall sorts, saddlery, and every thing else 183L} ADDRESS OF THE TAlilFF CONVENTION. 373 made of leather, drugs paints, and oils, tools, utensils, and implements of all sorts, every kind of machinery, fpom the smallest instrument of cutlery, to a steam en- ' gine; nearly every thing that can be made of wood; iron, wool, cotton, glass, furs, and precious metatS; whatever ministers to comfort, and most of the luxu ries: all the substantial and ornamental means of habita tion, subsistence, transportatiun by land and water, clothing and defence, ape tP be seen in every street, of every town, in evepy stage of process and transition, frum the raw matepials, which ape abundant and excel lent, tothe removal of the finished apticles to distant places of purchase. The principal commepce among the sevepal slates of the Union, is employed in the transportation of domestic manufaclures, and managed by domestic exchanges, which have increased above all computation within the last few years. They ensure domestic tranquiUty, provide for fhe common defence, and promote Ihe general welfare, by bonds stponger tban any poUtical lies; infinitely slrongep than apmies op navies. Protection to these resources is, as it were the providence of our political being, ever guarding the in dustrious citizen, while adding lo the. nation's wealth. Without that Providence not a laborer, nor an artizan, whatever his calling, but' would be straitened and brought to ruin. Distress would be intense and univer sal. Stop the loom and the- plough, would work in Tain; the ship would be unfreighted, and universal stag nation -would succeed to tbe present healthful aetivity of our land. Is there an American who would raise hii ruthless hand against the system which ppevents such a calamity' who would recolonize his country from an unnatural disgust tor its own production and morbid preference for those of £urope?.who would bow before tbe woolsack of Englartd^, but spupn the golden fleece of his own suit? Aversion to manufactures has engendered of late, Mtter local prejudices in parts of those states iu which they do not flourish. Nut long ago, their promotion was in universal favor. .When the; venerable supvivop ofthe framers of the constitution, tpok the oath of fidel ity to it, on commencing his illustrious presidency, tbe whple nation thought that he ppoved his patniolismby being clothed in a suit of American broad-cloth. To doubt the conStitutionaUty of protecting manufactupes was not then conceived. Even to question the policy of ppomoting Ihem. was limited to very few. The statesmen and the patriots of the South, wepe among the foremost to vindicate bolh. The general pacification of 1815, exposed our mar ket, ta the overwhelming force of English capital and skill, with more fearful odds than we had to contend against in the hostilities then closed with Great Britain. The inflexibility Of her restrictive system, and the ex uberant resources of our country for manufactures, alone enable us to withstand the great influx ol our fabrics, and constrained us to protect our market by that sys tem, which has led to our present prosperity. It is the cotton growing states who would subvept this prosperi ty,, and lay us once more prostrate before the power of our rival? Those state's, who, for the article of cotton, enjoyed a duty which did not merely ^romo/e, but abso- tvtely ereafetf its culture? a tax upon all other states, wliich was represented as a grievance by the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, in the very infancy of our gfovernment? a tax which diverted labop and capital into new channels for the exclosive benefit of Uiose states, at the expense of all the rest? a tax wbich had not tbe remotest connexion with the revenues of the country, but was imposed merely fop protection' Is it, above all others, the stale of South Carolina that can complain of a protective impost, while she enjoys a heavy duty on indigo, which she has ceased to produce, 'and which, tberefore, all the manufacturing states pay, lender circumstances aggravated by the fact, that while they ape obliged to submit to this tax on an article in dispensable to Iheir manubctures, the very state for whose benefit it was imposed, declines to cultivate the article? By a special resolution of this convention, an inqiiipy was dii-eoted into the moral infljienee of our manufac- turesi-"in compUance with which we feel authorized to say, in- a word, that the imputations sometimes cast uppn the morals of manufactuping Communities, have proved, according to the expepience ofthis country, to be with out the slightest foundation. On the contrary, it is be Ueved, that the moral and religious education of those employed in manufactures is, at least equal, if not supe piop, to that of other classes ofthe community. In concluding this addpess, we would take occasion to observe, that the ppefcnt posture ofthe affairs ofthe United States, impresses upon us tbe necess'ity of decla ring what we believe to^e the seiiti.ment of the. friends of American industry, in reference to a great question which must in a short, time, occupy tl(te attention of congress. Up to Ihis period, the reven^ of ibe go vernment has not exceeded its wants. Th'e debt bas required a system of duties, tbat would supply at least ten millions of dollars every year towards its extinguish ment. That debt, under the present couPse of liquida tion, will soon cease to exist. The nation will tben na- tupally expect some deduction of duties. Papticipating in the common feeling on this suBject, we cannot close this addpess, without respectfully submitting to public consideration, the expediency of applying that reduc tion to such commodities,, as are incapable of being brought withih the scope of the protective system; hold ing it, as we do, to be indispensable to the best interests ofthe American people, that Ihatsystem should be sus tained and preserved, without diminution, in ils appli cation fo every branch of domestic industry that may be benefitted by its influence. _ Thus, fellow-cilizens, we have submitted lo your con sideration our views ofthe construction upon the gpeat question of protection. If it be the tqie one, you will- sanction and sustain it: if it be otherwise, let it be reject ed; for the constitution is the suppeme law. We have also, submitted oup view of Ihe tpue policy of this countpy. We have staled and urged those ppinciples, on which the system of protection rests, which we beUeve to be supported by the maxims of a sound philosophy, the experience of mankind, and our own. Itremains withyou to determine, whethep that system of protecting your own industpy, under which you have long advanced, and ape now prospering, shall be continued or abandoned; whether you will hold fast to that which your experience has ppoved to begood, or yield yourselves the victims of rash and untried theory. That neariy five hundped ofoup fellow citizens should convene, fpom sections of the country, more tban five hundped miles apart, to consult on. these engpossing sub jects, is itself an argument of the deep solicitude felt by the countpy at large, in their discussion. To have separated without vindicating them, would have been a desertion of the trust committed to us. Their impor tance, required that fulness of consideration, which an enlightened and reflecting people have a right to de mand. It has been our study, fo adhere to the utmost accuracy in our statement of facts, and to exercise the most perfect candor in our arguments. We therefore, invite the strictest scPutiny to what we submit j whilst we are sensible that, with the advantage of more time, than the session ofthe convention hasaffordqd, it might have been presented in a more finished form, Deeplv impressed with the gravity ofthe subject, and the mo'- mentous aspect of our national concerns,' we trust tbat our language has never departed from, that tone of con ciliation whicb becomes citizens of the same country. differing from their brethren upon great questions of national policy. . But let us bear constantly in mind, that tbe Union, the happiness, the peace and power of our beloved country depends on its domestic industry, without 374 PENNSYLVANIA LEGlSLATUfiE— STATE OF THE WEATHER. [DzciHssk which, these United States would cease to be an inde pendent nation. Let those who acknowledge this gpeat bond of union, let them nevep forget that "united we sfand.and divided we fall," that sugar, and iron, hemp and lead, wool and cotton, and olher productions of our diversifid soil, elaborated by our own indefatigable industry, and pro tected by our own fpee govepnment, ape, in effect, the government that holds us together, ancl make us one people; that the home market is the palladium of home itself in all its moat endearing and ennobling political and social relations; without which we have no common country, but should be reduced to the condition of dis membered and defenceless prqyinces. Lef'it therefore, be the instinct uf all who acknowledge its cause as their own, to stand together,' like the fathers ofthe revolu tion; witb no local jealousy, no impolitic preference of one part of our system to an6ther,but maintaining a uni ted and inflexible adhepence to the whole. Spontaneous conventions Uke the present, originated our glorious revolution, and our admirable constitution. May the Almighty Power that presided over their delib erations, and that has never yet failed te guard these United States, shed the gpifcious influence ofhis pro tection, upon our labops ! WILLIAM WILKINS, ofPennsylvania, President. Jakes Taelmadoe, of N. York, , -J Vice Geobox Bkake, of Massachusetts, 5 Presidents. Hezekiah Nues, of Marylatld, "Y RoBEBT TiiioTSON, of N. Yopfc, I Secretaries Joshua W. Piebce, of N. H. ^-Secretaries. Chables Paiits, of Vermont, J Signed, also, on the part of all the members of tbe eonvention — being from Maine 4, New Hampshipe 20, Vermont 8, Massachusetts 62, Rhode Island 30, Con necticut 61, New York 146, New Jersey '47, Pennsylva nia 100, Delaware 7, Maryland 34, Ohio 3, Virginia S, District of Columbia 1. — Total 535. PENNSYLVANIA LEGISLATURE. ' SENATE. Philadelphia City. William Boyd, David S. Hassinger. PtiUadefyhia County. Jesse'R.Burden, Joseph Taylor. Chester and Delaware. John KerUn, WiUiam Jackson, Montgomery. John MatheyS. Northampton, Wayne, Lehigh and Pike. Jacob Kern, Walter C. Livingston. - Berks and SchuylkiU. Jacob Krebs. Daniel A.Bertolet. Dauphin and Lebanon. Jacob Stoever. Lancaster. Samuel Houston, John Robinson. York and Adams. Ezra Blythe, Henry Smyser. Cumberland and Perry, Jesse Miller. Franklin. David ("iillerton. Bedford and /Somerset. 'WiUiam Piper. ¦ Northumberland and Union. Samuel J. Packer. Centre, Clearfield, Lycoming, Potter and McKean. Henry Petriken. Luzerne and Columbia. Jacob Drumheller. Bradford, 'Tioga and Susquehanna. Reuben Wilber. Huntingdon, Mifflin, Juniata and Cambria. Thomas Jaekson. Westmarelfmd. John KUngensmith. JBeaver and Butler. Moses SulUvan. Allegheny. William Hays. Washington. Thomas Ringland. Fayette and Greene. WUUam G. Hawkins, Solomon O. Krepps, Erie, Mercer aad Crawford. Thomas S. Cnnningbim, Armstrong, Indiana, Jefferson, Warren and Venango. Philip Heehling. BorSE OF BEPBESEirTATITXS. Philadelphia City. Samuel B.Davis, Charles H.Kerk, Joseph HemphUl, Paul S. Brown, John W. Ashmead, J, H. Campbell, Thomas 8. Smith. Philadephia County. James Goodman, Daniel K. Miller, Richard 'Peltz, Thomas J. Heston, Franklin Vansant, John Felton, WiUiam Hinckle, Jacob'^ Collar. Bucks. Robert Ramsey, Aaron Tomlinson, Christian Bartles, Daniel BoUeau. Delaware. Dp. Samuel Anderson. Chester. Thomas Asbbridge, Arthur Andrews, Ben- jaihin, Griffith, E. F. Pennypacker. Montgomery. PhiUp Hoover, John Shearer, John Ei Gross. Laneaster. John Lovett, John Strohm, James Mack- ey, Michael Kaufman, James Whitehill, Tbomas H. Burrows. Berks. John Wanner, John Pottieger, William High, Henpy Boyer. Schuylkill. Samuel Hunfzinger. Lebanon. David Mhchell. Dauphin. Christian Spayd, John Fox. Northampton, Wayne and Pike. Thomas Fuller, Sam uel Stokes. George Kelchner, Philip Lynn. Lehigh. Peter Kneppley, John Weidar. York. John Rankin, John H. Donnell, Andrew FUck- inger. Adams. Christian Pickring, Andrew Marshall. Franklin. James Dunlop, Thomas G. McCulloh. Bedford. Benjamin Martin, George James. Cumberland. Michael ConckUn, Samuel McKeeban. Perry. John Johnston. Somerset and Cambria. Daniel Weyand, John Geb- hart. Northumberland. Ebenezer Greenough. Miffiin and Juniata. Andrew Brattan, Wm. Sharon. Centre and Clearfield. Bond Valentine, John Irvine. Huntingdon. John Potter, Henry Beaver, Lycoming, Potter and MeJ^m. William Piatt, Geo: Crawford. Columbia. Uzal Hopkins. - Luzerne. Albert G. Broadhead, Nicholas Overfield. ' Union. Philip Rhule, Henry Roush. Bradford and Tioga. John Laporte, John Beecher. Susqudumna. Almon H. Read. - Westmoreland. James Findley, Jacob D. Hathiot, James Moorhead. Allegheny. William Kerr, Robert T. Stewart, John Walker, Andrew Bayne. Washington. WUUam Waugh, Wallace M'Williams. WiUiam Patterson. Beaver. Samuel Power. John R. Shannon. Armstrong. Hugh Ried. Indiana and Jefferson. WiUiam Houston. Butler. William Pupviance. Mercer. Walter Oliver. Crawford. John B. Wallace. Warren and Venango. John Galbraith. Fayette. Rpbert Fatterspn, William F. Cnplan. Greene. Andrew Buchanan. Erie. Jehn Itiddell. [Harrisburg Paper. From ihe American Daily Advertiser. STATE OF THE WEATHER. Mr. PouLsoir — In answer to an inquirer in your paper of yesterday, I hand your the following extract from my diary ofthe state of the weather in the month of Novem ber. 1829 and 30, which if you see proper to publish may answer his purpose. KOVXKBXB — 1839. . 1 Early A, M. rain, 10 o'clock clear and pleasant. 2 Clear, spring Uke. 3 Changable, cloudy, heavy atmosphere. 4 and 5 Clear and pleasant. 6 Cloudy, raw and some rain. f Drizzle and rain till 4 P. M. then clear. 8 Cold, high wind, evening calm, 9 Hazy, damp.- 10 A. M. warm, P. H. cold. 183L1 LIBRARY OF FOREIGN LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. 375 11 Clear and cold. 12 Cloudy, raw and cold, snow towards evening. , 13 Clear and cold. 14 Rain moderate. 15 Clear, calm, very fine. 16 Cloudy. 17 Rain all day. 18 Cl^ar and fine. 19 Clear and warm, P. M. cloudy, cool. SO Clouds wild, looks snowy, evening clear. 31 Cloudy and changeable all day. 23 Same. 33 A. M. rain, warm, oppressive, thunder. P.M. clear, cold and windy. 34 Clear and cold. 35 Cloudy. 26 Rain, snow, sleet, heavy snow in the evening. 27 Cleap, cold. raw. 28 Sun shines but damp and raw. 39 and 30 Cloudy and damp. NOVEMBEB — 1830. 1 Wind Southwardly — weather mild and hazy— some rain before 7 o'clock, A. M.— mild aU day. 2 'Wind Southwardly — morning foggy— weather quite mildr 3 Wind Southwardly — damp and foggfy «arly.^rain more or less duping Ibe day. _ 4> Wind Westwardly — weather pleasant. 5 Weather pleasant. 6 Wind Westwardly — weather pleasant— damp in the morning only. 7 Wind N. E.-r-weather mUd generally — damp in thie mopning early. 8 Wind N. R.-— cloudy, and mild early — drizzling rains occasionally during fhe day, although but little fell — in the afternopn more unpleasant. 9 Wind N. E.— dull weather — ^in tbe evening rain. - 10 Wind N. E. — rain mope or less through the day. 11 Wind N. E, — mild in the mopning — raw in the afternoon — rain in the evening. 13 WindJI.N. E — rain more op less duping the day. 13 Wind N. E. with rain — last night wet and stopmy — heavy psuns this evening. 14 Wind N. E. — rain last night and this morning — weather rather mild and damp. 15 Weather damp and mild. 16 Wind S. E — weather damp, mild and Uke spring in feel all day. 17 Wind Southwardly— spring feeling weather all day; evening very damp. 18 Wind Westwardly— early was damp, afterwards pleasant and mild-^-evening mild. 19 Wind Eastwardly — weather cloudy — rather mild, part of 1 0-day. 20 ¦ Wind Northwardly,- rain in ' the morning — the sun out a short time in tbe aftepnoon. 21 Wind Easterly, damp weather generally. 22 . Wind Eastwardly early — rain last night — this morn ing mild and damp— -the weather to-day has been not unlike one in April, showery with the wind S. most ofit. 23 Wind E. and N. E. — early damp and mild — after wards raw- and unpleasant. 34 "Wind N. E. — E. with rain, more or less last night — to-day raw and unpleasant. 25 Wind N. B. — B. with rain — a great deal has fallen —a stormy day. 36 Wind N. W. weather clear with a freshness in the air — seasonable. 3r '38 39 2 30 Wind N. W, weather very pleasant and seasonable. Wind —. weather dull — evening drizzling. WindN. E. with rain — a wet day — very .unplea sant. Wind N. E. rain last night — rain this morning — quite unpleasant. DXCEHBXB — 1830. Wind Westwardly & Northwardly— weather cloudy — afterwards clear and pleasant^ 'W'ind variable— rather pleasant — ^rather a damp at mosphere. Wind Southwardly — weather mild like spring- pleasant. WindN. W. — early in the morning milder than later in tbe day,, when it became more seasonable. Wind w'eather not pleasant. Wind Northwestwardly blowing a gale which be gan last night— snowing fast at 8 o'clock, A. M. the grppund sUgbtly covered at 9— rain — general ly stormy. Wind N. W. — the coldest morning we have bad this season — last night windy — to day at times. Wind N. E. weather raw — generally stormy- rain freezing sUghtiy on the limbs ofthe trees. Wind vapiable, S. W. and W. with sbme rain. Wind N. W, weathep windy; seasonable. Wind Westwardly, weather dull generally — it did not freeze much last night. Wind Westwarely, weather pleasant all day. Wind Westwardly, weather unpleasant, 9 o'clock, A. M. — afterwards N. £. with hail slightly faUing. Wind N. K.-^wilh rain. Wind Southwardly; with heavy rain-^mild like spring — weather in the aftepnOon clear-^wind N. W. and high. Wind N. W. — weather raw and unpleasant, not withstanding the sun was out. Wind N. W. — quite a winter's day throughout. Wind S, W. — weather cloudy and rain. Wind i with rain. Wind N. E. — weather cloudy. Wind N. W. — a winters day-— snow last night — ^re- t mains on tbe ground all day. ind N. W. — a very cold day — thermometer at 8 above zero." Wind S. W.!— weather cloudy, with the feel of snow, at 8 o'clock, A. M. — afterwards clear and seasonable*. Wind variable — weather more moderate; Wind Southwardly— weather mild like springi— exceeding damp and foggy — a heavy gale of wind last night, witb rain, from S. E. — the even ing foggy and extremely damp. Wind Southwardly — ^weather very foggy and ex- ^ ceeding damp early — mild generally. Wind -, with pain — a wet disagreeable day. Wind Southwardly— weather pleasant and not cold. Wind S. W. — weather more like a morning in April, lhan a winter's one — pleasant. Wind the ground is a Utile crusted by frost tbis mopning — the weather however is not cold 7 o'clock, A. M. — the day did not prove pleasant as it progressed — ^rain in the afternoon. Wind S, E, — Southwardly, - with heavy rain, be tween 8 and9o'clock in the morning, thunder and lightening, although not much— a great deal of rain has fallen — a very high tide to-day. OfNovember, lS30,,my account is not so exact nor perhaps need it be, for upon reference to my gene.al notes of that "month, I find that rain was almost an every day visitor, and that all the dry or pleasant weather of the whole month would not make one week, which no doubt willbe fre^ in fhe m'md of every one who had much out door business, during that period. R. Saturday. Nov. 19, 1331. 31 FROU THE NATIONAI. GAZETTE. LIBRARY OF FOREIGN LITERATURE & SCIENCE'*- At a meeting ofthe subscribers to the Proposals for the formation of a Public Librapy of Foreign Literature and Science, held at the Hall ofthe Philifiopbical So ciety on Monday, November 21, 1831. Dr. Delancey, Provost of the University of Pennnsyl- 376 LIBRARY OF FOREIGN LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. [Decekbek vania, was called to the Chair, and Frederick Fraley, appointed Secretary. The object of the meeting having been stated by tbe Chairman, fhe Committee which had been appointed at one of ibe'primapy meetings and to which bad been re ferred Ibe subject of the organization of a Fopeign Li brary Company, submitted Ihe annexed Report and Constitution as explanatory of the views of the gentle men who had called this meeting, when, on motion, it was Resolved, That the report ofthe Committee togeth er with the Constitution, andthe proceed'uigs. of this meeting be published in all the newspapers of this city. Resolved, Tbat when this meeting adjourn, it will adjourn to meet on Monday .next the 28th inst. at 4 o'clock tn the afternoon. Adjourned. WILLIAM H. DELANCEY. Chairm-in. F. Fbalet, Secretary. REPORT. The Committee to whom was referred the subject of the organization ofa Foreign Librapy Company, pespects fully report — That aftep examining the Constitutions and Laws of other Institutions of a similap charactep, they have ppe- paPed artd now submit the sketch ofsuch a plan as in their opinion, will meet the views ofthe gentlemen by whom they .were appointed, and wbich, they hope, will receive the apppobalion of the subscpibers genep- ally. They have avoided deta'd as fap as possible, be lieving if lo be the apppopriate duty of DiPectors bere- aftep fo be diosen, to make such special pegulations and arrangements as may be necessary. The tille ofthe Company, the number, mode of election, and, of stock and amount oi annual contribution, together with the terms of forfeitupe, ape particularly regulated by the Constitution which the Committee have prepared. In relation to these matfers.they have endeavored|to be sufficiently expHcif to enable the Directors lo kno'w on what terms it is desirable for them to obtain from the proper authorities a Charter for the Company, but have not thought it expedient op within the scope of their appointment lo go further. They therefore submit the accompanying Constitution for adoption, and recom mend that the Stockholders proceed to the election of a Boapd of Dipectops, whose dul;y it shallbe, as soon as convenient, to obtain an Act of Incopporation. The Committee take this opportunity to state what they suppose lo be the objects of the individuals who have promoted the plan of a Public Library of Foreign , Literature, and to correct misapprehensions which they are led to believe, exist. Theplan ofa Fopeign Libpapy originated in no spirit of opposition to, any existing in stitution, but merely in the wish to supply a deficiency thatliad long been felt and regretted and which none of the public Institutions of the city, from the limited resoupces at their command, are able to pemove. So far was fhe idea of opposition, in-Ihe opinion ofthe Commitlee, from the minds of those with whom this de sign originateii, that the wish was, if possible, to attach the new Library to some one or other of the public collections in this city in such a way as to save expense and ppomote mutual benefit. This idea ofa connexion is now mentioned by the Committee, not as a part ofa matured project, but simply as an indication of the feel ings and, wishes of those by whom tUby were appointed. It is a matter about which the Committee give no other opinion, than to recommend it to Ihe consideration of the future Board of Directors who will be better quali fied to judge of its expediency. It has long been matter of general regret, as well on account of residents as nf strangers, that no extensive coUection of foreign books is to be found in our city, and it is with a view to remove this source of self re- ppoach thatthe present plan has been suggested. ,In French literature, the deficiency has been most sensibly felt, tbe fact being undeniable that there is not a co.-n- plete collection of tbe French classics at this time ac cessible to the pubUc. This remark is not intended, only, or even principally to apply to the familiar works of French belles lettres, which the Committee are aware can generally be procured witb comparative faciUty, but to such as may be called the secondary classics, with the merits of which every student is acquainted, and which certainly are not in- this countij' the objects of easy acquisition. The contemporary publications, forming in tbeiiiselves a valuable body of historical and polite Utepatupe, are scarcely to be found, and when imported always command prices that place taem be yond the peach of the generality of peadeps. The valuable scientific wopks, which the French press is daily fupnishing, are equally difficult of access. By means of an association like the present, with funds ex clusively appropriated lo a Specific object, purchases may be made fo an extent fap exceeding that to whicli individuals can go. and a numbep of volumes soon ppo- cuped whicb will give the institution pepmanent reputa tion. Not only may Ihose ofthe French classics be ob tained which are not now in other public institutions, but with the assistance ofsuch an agent as it is presum ed can easily be commanded in Europe, a supply of the best contemporary works can always be secured. The demand for Spanish books is, the Commiltee have every reason to believe, daily increasing in direct pro portion to tbe diflSctilty of meeting it. The standard productions of Spanish literature, especially the poets and draniatistSj are to be rarely met with, an4 always from theip papity command a high ppice. In Eupope it is believed they caabe obtained on much more reason able terms. As thepe is comparatively little contempo rary liierature in the Spanish language, the attention of tbe Company will of coupse be principally directed to the acquisition ofsuch ofthe classical works as they can obtain. There is, however, one descpiption of con- tempopary works in the Spanish language which con stitute an important exception to this remark. The Commitlee refer to the ofiicial and olher publications illustrative of the condition and resources of Ihe Span ish Amepican republics, wbich are valuable in every point of view, and which can only be securely preserv ed by the care ofan Institution like the one now recom mended. The official press of Havanna, under the be neficial patronage ofthe present colon'ial authorities, bas recently given tothe wopld a sepies of political and his- topical publications, a few copies ofwhicb have reached Ibis country and ape of peculiap value, particularly as books of reference. Witb some qualification the same remarks apply to Italian liierature. The Committee have no means of ascertaining what is fhe demand for works in. German, nor how'' far the want of Ihem is supplied by Libraries alpeady in exist ence. II is believed, however, tbat thepe are many of our feUow-citizens who have either acquipecl, or are now engaged in the -study of that langua^re who have no authopized access to Ihe only extensive collection of German works in this city, and the Committee see with pleasure among the subscribers to the present plan, the names of several individuals known to be proficient in this depaptment pf literature, whose interests will ne cessarily be represented. IVepe no object to be attain ed but lo enable sUidents to become familiap with the Gepman works of criticism, particularly on Ihe aneient classics, a project directed to that end would deserve the favor of the literary public. In this particular, the labors of the critics and historians of Germany have gain ed for them unrivalled reputation. When, in addition, it is borne in mind that, besides the peculiar and mag nificent •productions of the last century, men of genius both in literature and science from the same portion of mankind are daily conlributing to the stock of intellec tual imppovement, it fopms, in tbe opinion ofthe Com miltee, no unimpoptant recommendation of any design calculated to afford faciUties of which tbe student is at present destitute. It has never been doubted that if a plan similar to that 1631.] FiiANKLlN INSTITUTE. 877 which is now proposed, were to be submitted to the pubUc, it would be successful, and the Committee avail themselves of this opportunity to exppess the pleasure with whicb Ihey have perceived the generous patronage that has already been extended to it. A sufficiently large number -of subscribers to put the work into opera tion bas been obtained without any extraordinary exep- tion. It is believed tbat many more will connect them selves with the Institution as soon as it Is organized, and thatthe support which is expected wiU not be confined to mere subscriptions to the stock, b«t wUl extend to donations and voluntary contpibutions from those who may be induced to feel an intepest in the scheme. In fixing the price of the shapes at thirty dollaps, the committee have been guided by a wish to meet the wishes and convenience of the Sbbsoplbers, so far as it has been in tlteir power to consult them. A smaller cum than thai which they have recommended would in theiropinioa be inSafiicient. They would in conclusion suggest to the Directors the expediency of making the price of the shares payable in three equal instalments, one on the firsf of December, one on_the first of Feb- ;-(jary. and the third on the first of April next. W. B. R^ED, ALEX, DALLAS fiACHB, !?. J.A ROCHE, Committee. Conslitulion o^ the Pennsyhania library of Foreign LitenUure and Science. Art. 1. This Association shall be known by the name and title of .the Pennsylvania Librapy pf Foreign Litera ture and Science. Art. 2. The price of a share of stock in the Library shall be thirty dollars, and eyery person paying the same in tbe manner hereafter to be regulated by the Executive Bpard shall be entitled to the privileges pf membership. Art, 3. The Ofiicers of tbis Associatipu shall be a President, twp Vice Pr-esidents, a Seorefapy, whp shall alsp-act as Treasurer, and twelve Directors, all of whom shall constitute ah Executive Board for the management efthe affairs of tbe Institution. Art. 4. The Executive Board shall have power to create and seU new shapes of tbe stock of the Libpary, on sucb terms and conditions as tbey may from time to time deem expedient — shall establish regulations for the purchase, safe koeping and use of the books, appoint and remove tbe Librarian and other agents of the Company. They shall hold'stated meetings once a month, at such times and places as they may think ppoper, and have power lo fiU,,fny vacancies that may occur among the . ofliicers of the Institution. They shaU have the power to give tbe use of the Li brary to any person not a stockholder, for any time they may 4thiak ppoper, not exceeding a year, and shall have power to regulate the terms on which the Librarian may admit strangers to the same privilege. ; Tbey shall report their proceedings to the association at tbe stated annual meetings of the stockholders, which shaU be held on the third Monday in November in every year, when the officers for the ensuing year shall be Ohosen. Art. 5. It sball be the duty of the Secretary fo call special meetings ofthe stockholders whenever the Ex ecutive Board direct, nr twenty of the stockholders re quest it. Art. 6. The annual contribution to be paid by the stockholders shall be three dollars a year, payable on the third Monday in November. Art. 7", The Executive «oard shall bave power to establish a system of fines and forfeitures for improper detention or injury of books, and for neglect to pay the annual :contribUtioB, provided that no share of stock shall be forfeited' until the arrearages of fines and con- VoL.Vni. 48 tributions with interest sball amount to the par value of the share. Art. 3. Any stockholder who shall in addition to the priqe of his share pay fo the Treasurer the sum of Thirty Dollaps, besides all fines and arrearages, shall be releas ed from al! contpibutions during his life: and any stock holder paying in additiort to the price of his share the sum of Sixty- Dollars, shall receive, a certificate exoner ating the saidshare from all further contributions for ever. At-t. 9. The stock of the Association shallbe trans ferable, provided no person shall bte considered as en titled td.the privileges of membership by assignment until his name be submitted to the Executive Board and approved by them. Art. 10. The Treasurer shaU give bond forthe faith ful performance pf bis duties in such sum and with such sureties as the Executive Beard may direct. FRANKLIN INSTITUTE. The committee of Premiums and Kxlubitions wish to make the following additions and corrections to their report of tiie late exhibition, published in the National Gazette ofthe 31st ult. It was there stated th.it the premium on post paper w'as not strictly due; from the additional observations ofthe Judges pii Statipnary, which they hereto annex. they are pleased to have it in their powep to add the fol lowing words; "Premium No. 19, is due to Robert Donaldson, of New York, for specimen No. — , being ten reams (part of one hundred manufactured) ofthe best white veUum quarto post paper, which the judges report to be the best presented at this exhibition, and better than any they recollect ever seeing at any of the preceding ex hibitions, and fully entitled to the premium." It was also stated by the committee tiiat the iron wire, screws, fee. deposited by Hardman PhiUps, were m'anufaclupedfpom:the ore with cok«u The annexed letlep front Mp. PhiUps wiU shew that Ihisstatetnent was incorrect. His prompt and candid denial entitles him to the thanks of the commiltee. In justice to themselves they deem it proper to state that his letter lo the Actuary faccompanying his specimens) bad pass ed into the hands of one of the members; of the sub committee on iron, and was not recovered until that gentleman subsequently found it among his papers while attending the Convention in New York. They had taken all possible measures to ascertain the fact, and had peceived Ihe information-from a highly respect able gentleman whom they beUeved to be Mr. Philips' agent in this city. Unwilling themselves to mislead tbe pubUc and convinced that neither Mr. PhiUps nor his friend ever had any such object in view, they take the earliest opportunity of correcting the error, and at the same time they have great pleasupe in leapning fpom so authentic a source as that of Mr. Philips' lettep, that thepe has actually been made within this commonweallh •' aboUt'twenty tons of pig metal by means of coke as the only fuel." They hope that at fhe 8tb exhibition of the Institute to be held on tiie 2d of October, 1832, the Messrs. Valentine's will come fopward lo estabUsh theip cliiim to the Gold Medal ofthe Institute, to which theip talents and entepppize will probably entitle' them. By order of the Committee of Premiums and Exhibi tions, WM. H. KBATING, Chairman. November llth, 1831. Second R^ort of llie Judges on Stationary. The Undel-signed, members of the committee of judges on books, papers, stationary, fee. presented atthe late exhibition ofthe Franklin Institute, would represent to the. committee of Premiums and Exhibitions, that tbisy believe some mistake or misunderstanding has taken place in relatjon to the relative merits ofthe pa- peps presented by Mr", Donaldson and bjr the Brandy wine Manufacturing Company. They wish to be lin- 3l8' BKETCHGS OF WESTERN PRNNSVLVANtA. . [DBCIli»nest among . the bpanches ofa neighboping, tpee, in , ;which Ihe gunner awaits the appj-oach of theunsuspect- ing animal to its favorite lick. Many deer are killed in this mannep. About, fhe year 1813,-when salt, in consequence ofthe war, was extravagantly b [To be Continued.) We have been pepmitled to extract from the, MS. Sermon, delivered by the Rev. Dr. Skii^iixii, on oc casion of the death of Db. Wilsoi— the foHowing brief sketch of that eminent Divine, ' REMINISCENCE Or TBI iateRet. Db. JAMES P. WitSON. While. ministers of a certain class, possessing ^ttle intellectual furniture, besides a b^re knowledge qf the essential truths of the gospel, ape with warm spirit!', with a most exemplary zeal, and with much succes", constantly employed in applying those Irulhs lo' the hearts of theirfellow men, they ape sometimes dilippsed to hold in too, liltle esteem, the labpi-s of ihose of their brethren, whose, t|i^te,,:te,;^ning, and sense of duty, in cline them to deep research into, the principles' of things, to careful analysis of complex subject", to cri tical investigation, and minute exegresis of the, sacred ^^9^h 'u elaborate inquipy into ec'clrsiastic'al antiquities and the opinions and, productions' of early, days, anii to thelcnowledge^and solution of all the most subtle'ob- jectiohs tjbat have at any time been urged by lierelics and unbelievers, against the Ipue chpistian faith; as if without such vast labops at the fountains of wis'dom.tlipse less curious divines could have been suppUed with soino of those s-weet streams, of vhich they ape content -to drink, without consideping to whom next lo God tliey ape most indebted for the privilege. When our friend fell asleep, in what pulpit of this land, was a mart tobe found so enriched as himselfi wU|i the fruits of ijbjsse patient, and at this day too unusual reaches of mind. Ou?ears never listened to a preacher whose common di». (iourses discovered as rich tressiires of re'condite learn- ing. And what more.supprlscd ut than the extent and variety of his acquisitions, was the ease and.simpliclty, and nice exactness, with which on aU occasions hp used them.. In proportion to'the deplli and difficuliy' ofys 3^ RBMINISCBNCB OF THB LATB DB. JAMB3 t<. WlLSftM. [OMUtBU subjects, bis tongue was loosed and moved nimbly and tpipp'mgly, as in, its favorite sphere, expressing the most subtle distinctions and discpiminations of thought; pupsuing, the most refined and complicate argumenta lions; collating, criticising, paraphrasing, scriptures greatness, where it is no sooner received than if be- hard to be understood; reciting out of.ancient.and un common books, histopical testimonies,- and statements of doctrine; without the assistance uf notes, and yet with a fluent precision and perspicuity of language which no such assistance could have improved. Another recollection of him, which deepens exceed ingly our sense' of the loss we sustain byhis departure, is,lhat wilb his great elevation in ofher respects he unit ed in a pare degree what tpanscends all olhep excellence, and is the highest ppoof of true gpeatness, a catholic and charitable spirit. We never knew one who scrutinized more severely the evidenqes of doctrine; and be was consequently, when convinced; not liable to be soon shaken in mind; nor did he lightly este'em the truth which wllh so much diligence and honesty he had ac- quipcd, or think it unimporlant that otbeps should be ignorant ofit, much less thai they should pervert or fal sify it. But bis reading was too vaplous, his observa tion too wide, his.acquaintance with the histopy of the ological strifes, too ample, his persuasion too lively, thai the differences among religious parties ape rather referable to a sectarian than a Irulh-seeking spirit, and while they anathematize one another, may be consistent with the existence,in some degree, of reaLpiety in both, and their ultimate reconciliation in heaven-^he|was in a word, too sound-minded and enlightened a man to be a fierce champion of an ecclesiastical shibboleth, or to eliminate tbose whom- he might suspect of having no readiness in framing to pronounce it right. He was among the worthiest of those ministers ih our own de nomination, who espousing no side, in our debates about orthodoxy,, are wiUing to let those debates pro ceed so long as they threaten no schism, but when that danger is seen, throw in their influence, as a balance wheel in a vast machine, whose movement without such a regulator would piesently stop with a terrific crash and damage. Such was tbe spirit ot this high souled man; and who of us can consider the presei^t state, might we npt almost say crisis, of affairs in our church, without sighing deeply in his spirit, that the voice wliich he could raise, were he now inthe midst of us, is not to be heard again till time shall be no longer. Nop was it merely in his high plaee as a minister of Christ that he singularly honored his Master; he was distinguished by simplicity as his disciple, not less than by gifts as his representative'; and It is when these two exist in union, tbat they become worthy of admiration. What a charm is there in gifts when. simplicity exercises them; and how venerable is simpUcity when it invests illustrious gifts. Never have we seen the person, in whom simplicity dwelt in an equal degree. Whether in hii pubUc ministrations, or in ppivate Ufe, this gpeat man was unassuming as a little child, claiming no dis tinctions above thcplainest Individuals, and appearing to be conscious of no superiority to them in understand ing and knowledge. And su<5h exemplifications of tii« Spirit of Christ are 'not so common amongst us that we shall suffer little by this privation: HovV oftert doei^the church, not to say the world, cpncede reputafioW for comes manifest there was a mistake, by tiie immediate taking on of statellness whicb it occasions? Such a transcendent Instance of the reverse of this weakness was not to lie lowly rated by true judges of excellence, and by them at least the loss ofit wUl not be unlament- ed. Wifh such rare simpUcily in such a man, it was unavoidable that other great virtues should be united: In two of which especially, he was almost excessive.. How did juctice as beaming from his example rebuke Ihose -Inconsistent reUg^onists, who by their pious, would fain make atonement for their dishonest deeds^ and how did his generosity, a kindred principle, put to' shame those covetous professors who nphoard treasure for themselves, as If orphans and widows and the child ren of want, had ceased from among men. Time fails us to speak ofhis other high excellencies; tbe strength and calmness of bis feeling, his gravity and cheerfulnesst his ease, pleasantness and exhaustless resources in conversation; and his most exemplary manner of life in his family. We shall leave his defects to be reported by tbose who would remind us that human nature is, imperfect; only begging them if they censure his exci-^ tabiU^, and bis too great confinement at home, to imi tate his nobleness In retraction; and to remember what an invalid he was for the last twenty years, hOw open bis door ever stood to visiters, and what a good use he made of retirement. It being our purpose by these re marks to stir and strengthen in our minds a just sense of the dispensation which has taken him from us forever, we choose rather to remember, to what a height of excellence be attained, than that he did not rise be yond it. It does not alleviate the sadness of the event we de plore tbat it occurred not unexpectedly, but by means ofa very lingering iUness which slowly enfeebled his frame, until it could no longer perform tbe least function of Ufe. On his own account indeed we rejoice that the days of his patient suffering are ended, but he had not yet numbered three score years and ten, and the force of his mind was never greater than at the moment of his expiration. He departed ppematupely In the fuU strength of all. his intellectual powers, and that disease should bave so long Interfered with the use of those powers before his hour came, only gave cause in a less degree for tbe same grief which his death more loudly calls for. But let us now cease from recollections of what we have lost, whether by tbe infirmity ofhis years, or the too soon completion of them, to secure in our breasts, if possible an' indelible stamp, of the precious lesson of his dying conduct. Having protracted his pastoral labours untU his breath becaihe almost too short for the purpose of continuous utterance, he reluctantly concluded, as^e was wont to say to his friends, that his work for the Church and his God was done, and all that remained l«Sl.} LAW 0A6B. 9S1 for him now was to prepare Tor his change. And how seriously did he set himself-to that most momentous of all the undertakings that mortal man are concerned with; tbhooslng as the scene of it,, a country retreat, and there amid the quiet, for which he always pined, ordering his vonversation and reading, his prayers and meditations with constant reference to the great event — whereby, while he establisbed his own heaat in the faith of tiie gospel, the hope of immortality, and confidence In the fullness of God's forgiving mercy, he becapie so instinct with these divine' themes, that with the pen ofa ready writer he indited for the edification of mankind a trea- itise on each of them. His favourite books now were those ofthe most spiritual and heavenly strain} where- 'ofthe Samts' rest of Baxter was aliAost always found with the Bible, upon the stand beside him. Of that work especially he would speak in strong terms of com mendation, at the same time remarking, "tbere is no %ook to be compared with the Bible, and if I might ^irefer one part -of that blessed book before others, I -would -say I love the Psalms the be^t; [ can always find in them something more expresave of my feelings, than my own language." At the kst communion-service of the church within whose bounds he resided, which was Jiut a little while before his death, he took part in -the distribution ofthe sabred symbols, andin a manner which revealed his conciousness that he should never so officiate again — solemn from aserise of a near eternity ,-and with a heart enlarged with the love of Christ and -the hope of soon being with him — he addressed his fellow worshippers on the great tbings oftheir common faith, far beyond his strength. His soul henceforth apread her wings for the world of rest. He said to a Aiend "I have a strange difficulty, and you wiU pur- liaps think strangely of it, I am at loss what to pray for" ^and added in a most solemn tone and With his eyes lifted to heavien, "God knows I am wiUing that what ever be pleases shall be done." His triumph too over the fear of death was complete. "I have," said he "been looking the'case between God and myself, over and over and over again; and tjbough I see enough to justify God in casting me off a thousand times and more, my conviction of my interest in Christ is so firm, that I cannot make myself afraid; the only thing I fear is that Ihave npt fears enough." He remarked on the last Sabbath evening ofhis life, "I am almost home, and I thank God that I am— I went astray from him, but Ih his rich mercy he brought me back. I am unworthy of the least ofhis mercies, and if I may Ue down beside his footstool,, or ifhe will even put me under it-^I will take the very lowest place in heaven." He needed some refreshment, and when the cup ivas handed to him, he took It and said, "O God bless this cup — I think I have a covenant right to it." A few hours before he died he asked a brother in the ministry, tb pray for him and specified this petition, "Pray that God will do with me just as be pleases." Mark the perfect man and behold the upright; for the end j>f that man is peace! We mourn for him, but not oh his own behalf. Such a life, and sucb a death, to those who beUeve the fsriptures,' are equivalent to an assurance from heaven, that he tiovr shares the beatitude of that holy wi>rld. We sorrow that be has left us, but nbt as those who have no hope. "For If we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so tbem also who sleep in Jesus will God bping with him. For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we who ape alive and remain to the coming of the Lord, shall not prevent them who are asleep. For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout,- with the voice of the arch-angel. and with the trump of God; and the dead in Christ shall rise first. Then we wbo are aUve and remain, shall be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord In the air, and so shall we be ever witb the Lord." From the United States Gazette. LAW CASE. The Commonwealth,'^ Indictment for the murder of vs. Cher husband, Edward Clue, by JOANNA CLUE. 3 means of poison. This case ^was tried before the Hon. Judge. King, and his associates, holding a Court of Oyer and Termi ner, for the city and county of Philadelphia,, in the month of April last. The jury could not agree, and under the circumstances stated in the following opinion, the court discharged the jury without rendering a ver- dlci. ' , _ . The present sessions of the. Oyer and Terminer for the city and county of Philadelphia .were held by Chief Justice Gibson and Judge Kennedy, of Ihe Supreme Court. The. defendant was again arraigned for the same offence. Sbe pleaded the circumstances of her former tiiaf, and the discharge of the jury as equivalent lo an acquittal. The commonwealth demurred to the special plea of the defendant. The case was argued by the Attorney General Mi chael W.,Ash, and C. J. jack, Esqrs. for the Common wealth, and J. Swiff and J. Randall, Esqrs.' fot the de fendant. A wide range was taken in the argument, and every thing that,' reason or precept could suggest, was pre sented to the Court. Both sides. In the course ofthe argument, bestowed Well merited encpmlums on the judicial leapning and purity of motive which govepned the learned judge who dischapged fhe jupy, and not the slightest blame can be imputed eithep to,fbe counsel ofthe commonwealth, or to the court, fop discbapging the jury. Yesterday Chief Justice Gibson 'delivered the opin ion of the court as follows: OPINION. ¦It is npt intended to treat the question presented by this demurrep, in the various aspects in which it has been viewed-at tlie argument. The subject has been exhausted by several of the most learned and able judges of our country; and bad we even the vanity to deem oupselves competent to shed ntyr light on it, an attempt to do so would have been prevented bythe press of business that has occupied our attention du ring the short period that has been affopded. But we have meditated no such attempt. Our object is not to produce new arguments to sustain or overthrow onr decisions,- but to repose on them so far as tbey go, as all-sufiicient and incontrovertible authorities. HappUy the Commonwealtb vs. Cook, covers the ground ofthe argnment here; and on the authority of that case we mean, to rule the present. Although its principles may noi be in accordance wifh fhe decisions in our sis ter states, and in the courts ofthe union, it is neverthe less, as it regards Pennsylvania, the lawof the land; and we submit it without reluctance. By this remark, I am far from wishing to intimate a doubt of its solidity. Sit- 3«3 LAW CABB. Oscs;«9«:B,' t^gat the time in. another courtj I. took no pajrt in it; but hi^djt b.een brought before the qo^rt inb^nk by, reason or'doubt, or hesitation on the part of the emineiit men by whom it was decided, it would with the excep tion ofan inadvertent expression of thft Chief Justice presently lo be noticed, have received from me a hear ty concurrence. I'he confidence I put.in the s^ndness oftheir judgment is unshaken by any thing dispoverable in the decisions that have since been made. Why it, should be thought that the citizen has nu other assu rance but the arbitpary discretion of the magistratje, fop the enforpement of the constifufipniil principle which prctecfs^liim'fpom being twice put jn jeopardy of life or member forthe same offence, I ani at a loss to imagine. If discretion is to be called in, there can' be no remedy foi; the most palpable abuse ofit, butan Interposition, of the power to pardon which is obnoxious tp thf vei;y same objection. Surely every right secured by the constitullonj Is guarded ^by sanctiohs more imperative. But In those states where the principle has no higher sanction that what is derived from tiie common law, it is neyerthe'less, the birthright *jif~t^e cilizen, and conse quently demandalile as such. , But a right which de pends upon the will of the magislpate is essentially no rigbt at all; and for this reason the common Taw abbors tbesexercise ofa discretion on matters that may be sub jected to fixed^and definite rules. , I take it on grounds of reason as well as ofautbority, then that a prispnep, of whom a jury have been dischapged before verdict gi ven, may bepleading'the cipcum'stanceslnbai- of anoth er trial, appealed fpom the. order of .the court before whichhe stood, to the highest tribunal in the land. Nor do I understand- how he shall bV said not to have 'been in jeopardy, before the jury have returned a ver- d"i»t of'aoquiMal. In fhe legal as well as the popular sense, he is in jeopardy the instant he is called to stand on his defence ;,from that Instant every moment of the -Commonweallh, is an attack on -his life, and it is to 'serve him io the hour pf his utmost need, that ihe lawi humanely adds to.lhe joinder ofthe issue, a prayer for 'self'dcUveranoe. The argument- mos.t therefpre be, that he is not put ^< of jeopardy,unless by a verdict -pf ->acquitt;>!; and fbat4o try him a second time, having re mained In jeopardy all along, 'is not to put him in jeopar- 1^ twice. In this aspect, it must be obvious that the argument isan assumption ofthe whole ground in dis pute, if their ppisonep bas.been Ulegally de|);ived pf rhe-means of deliverance from jeopardy, every dictate ^of justicerequires that he be placed on.ground as favor- .able as he could possibly have attained by the most for tunate determination ofthe chances. The Commonwealth V. Cook, then, establishes that rthe court may dischsPge the jury ofa prisoner capitally iindiotedlonlyina caseof absolute necessity, lo bonstl., tfute which, if is necessary Ihat thepe be some othep in- gpedient besides mere inabiUly to agree. The addj- .tibnhl ingredient on which reliance is placed here,- was the supposed disqualification for further consultation of atwo'oflthe- jurors by extreme sickness which It was be lieved endangered thiirllves. The facts which appear on the' pleadings ape these. The jury retiped to copsid- ;erof the verdict on Saturday evening al half past ten o'clock, and returned fo the bar at ten o'clock in the forenoon ofthe Monday following, deolaping they were 'not 'Kkely to agree; and two of themoomplained of be- jngunwell, one of whom expressed a belief that ifhe -were much longer confined in the state of privation in -•whichhe was placed, his life would be' endangered.. 'iUeing then sworn, he deposed that he was seventy-six ¦years otage; that his health was greatly impaiped by an '(attack of Ulness from which he had been relieved but a 'monthibefope;that he was so feeble fi-om privation and rsuffeping as not to walk without assistlince, and he fipmly believed that if he wepe kept any further time in the Male- of restriction andprivation iti whicb be then was. •Ills Hfe would be put in danger. The other jupop also testified that he was quits Ul; thata bilUous fever with which he had beencOpftned afi^w monlh^precedmg, had left bis frame de.biljta.ted; and that he firmly behev. ed his heaUh ,would be in dangfer' were he 'IMlger kept m the state of privation and restriction in which he then Was. A pespectable physician who bad been ordered to visit the indisposed jurpi% in conseqtience ofthese represen- tatinns, deposed -that he had attended one ofthem a mpntii befpre ih a disease pf the bfalnj and -that his life wpuld be put in danger by his being retainedin the'state of privation and restriction in which hewas thenpl(U^d,ai it might prpduce a pefurii of Jhe disease. That the life ofthe otherjupor was not in immediate danger, but that he was ill, and h'ra health would be endangered, were he to remain in a state of restriction and privation. Ja consequence of this examination, the jury were dis- cbapgediat half past 12 o'clock of the same day, with- oijt the consent of the j^risoner, and having been kept together during thirty-eight hours without nieat, drink, or refreshment.* But previous to their d'tscharge, and wheri they had been so kept together foe twentyfour hours, the court, witii the assent of the Uommonweallh and the prisoner, ordered tiiera refreshment ort condi tion that a majority ofthem woiild consent to receive'it; butthe refreshment so ordered was refused. The prisoner not only consented to the granting of food, and refreshment atall times, but after fhe condi tion of the two jurors was made known, prayed the coupt fo allow whatevep should be necessary, especial ly to ihoSe who were indisposed. Fpom t-he facts thus stated.r it distinctly appears that the jury were kept without fpod and pefreshment, against the prisoner's consent; and tbat in consequence ofthe illness of two ofthe number o.casiOned by abstinence,, and wliich might conse-quentlyhave been removed by the adminis tration of nourishment, tiiey were discbaPged against her consent. It is evident that the coiipse pursued by the judge was thonght by bim to be dictated by a passage in the opinion bflhe Chief Just'ice in the Commonweallh pt. Cook; and it is but jiist.lo say, that viewing the matter as it was ^perhaps his duly to do, it is not easy to see how the result at which he arpived,- could have been avoided.. "But a case may arise,''? the Chief Justice hadi,said 6 SePRt. & R. 5S7, "ia whicb a jury,,may find! great difficulty in agreeing, and some of ^hem may be so exhausted as to put their'bealth in danger. No one can think top a moment, that Ihey are to be starved to death." God forbid that so absurd andin- human a principle- should be cantendcd fop. The, mo ment it is made to appear. to the wiurt by satisfactory evidence, that the health ofa. single juryman is so af fected as to incapacitate him lokdo his duty, a casb o> HBCEssixT HAS ABisEH whlch authoriscs the court to drscharge the jury." It is evident from this, that the exhaustion .of a juror frpm privation was viewed by the Chief Justice as a case that might legitimately arise; and undoubtedly tbe supposition is coii» iie Lancaster Gazette. ANTHRACITE COAL. The increasing, demlhd fer this invalu&ble fuel, has ticcasipneda clese and%ener»l seapch fop it thpoiighout the whole extent ofthe region through which it is known or suspected to extend, and several discoveries have been recently made, in situations very convenient to fhe Susquehanna riveP, and much neapep to the map ket than the mines that bave heretofope been ppincipally relied upon for a supply. We perceive that, a seain of this foss-ahas lately been opened in stoney creek valley, .5x miles from Green's mills, which, fi-om he descr.p. tion of its dimen3ions,.ppomises to be valuable. S.fev'efal veins were traced in the same .neighborhood, we pre sume on fhe same modntain, about ttiree years since by Doctor Kughler, but no vein of sufficient extent was discovered to warrant mining uritU he arnved in tbe iieiBbborhood of Pine Grove. The coal now found, we Derceive, is pponounced ^aiiUBflpus, irt the paper which gives an account ofit. Thfjt is a mistake. There no bituminous coalin that regiort, Uiit it must be remarked, that the Anthracite ofthe Short-mounfain, is snecificaliy Kgbter than that of Luzerne cpunty, ignites freely, and answers for ^mitb'8 fires and te burn m grates, and indeed'far every purpese, belter tban that of Luzerne, OP Schuylkill counly. , ,. The Short-mountain, is nothing more or less than a continuation ofthe Broad-mountain-^nd its*brtipt ter mination in Lykens' vaUey eleven miles fronrthe Sus- quehanna appearsifo bfe Ihe Western leriiilnaliOn of the numerous veins df coal that are distinctly trdced frofii Mauch Chunk, by 'PottSville, to the brink 6f file pre cipitous descent in wbich thfe mountain is lo^t iti Ly- ken's valliey. The mountain as It extends westward gradiially nar rows, ppesepvingfop many miles- an elevation o¥ abdiit eight hundred and fifty feet abovf ,lhe Valleys between which it rises. Sevepal veins of coal have been openefl upon the south and north side, and one which has re cently been opened irt Bear Gap, about eight hurtdped feet below, the summit of'the ridge, yields about Aire feet diameter of pure coal, and can' bfe worked abdut three hundred feet perpendicttlar, to where the cOal breaks into day upon the, south side of the mdUhtairi, promising an unbroken body of that dimenSiondbfdt-pih and diameter,' for many miles in length. Tliis singular- depositejwh'icli is~perhaps orie of thie gpeatcst-in'llre worM, a'nd which pPOmUes'fbom the pe- culiarify of situation a facility of mining not met witjl iii our State, deserves a particular descpiption. The mountain at its term"mation is one solid, unbroken mass,, about a mile across, widening gradually upon the top- from a level of a"oodt forty-yards, iis a perfect plain about a mile anda half in diameter. ^11 at'On'ce tfati plain, sinks in iKe centpe, longitudinally igvith the moun tain, formirtg a deep swamp valley in Its' biclsdiij, which extends North East fite or six mUes, irtftbe open air. The -cage-containing the coal exhibited a solid body of fire. It shows very clearly that tbis coal does pot require great draft to it-rand with the aid of a well constpucted -grate, (diffepent fPom any now in use,) it may "be made to throw out a greater quantity pf heat, than can be de- Tived by fhe present inode'of burning it^ Our churches may be warmed by a suspended grate, with a conduotop to carry off the gas^— 4it a trifling expense, arid made ' perfectly comfortable.— ^Sdc/on paper. AirTaBA.ci*rE--Cb:i£.— Theadvantages of this mineral are daily developing'tbemselves. Artiong tbe new uses -to which it' has been applied is that of colouring hats. "IMessrs. Boas & Co. of this place, have erected afurnace ¦fbr thafvpurpose^ .nearly s'lpiilaP to those in use for burn ing wood, ^oal has -breen used for some time, past for :platiking, but webelleve fhi&is die fipst time it has been -supplied to colouring hats. Besides the saying in price fhe heat made by a coal fipe is found to be mope unifopm and regular tban wood, which is a gpeat desideratum, as a slight] variation in the^ temperature of tbe fipe is in- jdpious to tbe hats. Half a bushel of Coal is/ound to be suiBficient for colouring for twenty hours. . Beading Chronicle. • THE REGISTER. DECE.UBER 10, 1831. . On Thursday the Legislature met. Mp. Hawkins was elected Speaker ofthe Senate, andMp. Lapopte of the House— at 13 o'clock on Wednesday, the Govern or's Message was delivered. We have received a co py of it. Its great length, and a wish to present It en tire, compels us to postpone its publication until next week. During the past week the weather bas been extreme ly severe. On Sunday last some snow fell. The nav igation of the Delaware has been Interrupted for sever al days by the floating ice^nd on Thursday was com pletely closed between the city a-id island, so that per- sonshave been crossing upon the ice. The SchuylfciUlias , been fast for some days. The supply of fuel has been unusually small— and oak wood has been sold at 10 to $13, and hickory as high as $iS. The supply of coal neiirly, if not entirely disposed of. On Thursday riight there was a fall of snow— and a few sleighs wepe in motion yesterday." The weather somewhat modepated,but with apprearames df mopesnow- Years In wbich the navigation of the Delaware waa ~ obstructed by ice in December. 1681 Dec. 11, Frozen overin one nights ' IJ'30 do 30, River full of ice— free on the STlh. 1721 do 19, do 1724 do 15,. do 1725 do 21, do ir30 do 31, do 1731 do 14, do 1740 do : 19, do not nar igable till 13th Mc*b. 1745 do 28, Frozen up.. 1747 do 15, FuU of ice. 1751 do 17, do 1753 do 29. Closed, 1758 do 28,, FuU of ice. 1759 do 21, do . 1761 do 17, Interrupted for seKrat days p^st. 1764 do 27, ^o do 1767 do 24, do -do - 1769 'do 31, do da 1771 do ,23, FuU otice. 1780 do ^— March 4th river opened after' being- closed nearly 3- months. 1783 do 26, Closed; 1784 do 22, At a stand. - 1786 do — Stopped — :day not mentioned. 1788 do 23, L-arge qnantltleB of ice— ^26th skut- ingon S'chuylkill. 1790 do 8» River closed. . 1791 do 33,' do 1796 do 6, Susquehanna — men and horaes crosa ~ on the ice'. , do 23, Delaware closed. 1797 do 1, SchuylkiU fast— Delaware fullofice- 1798 do 13, Ice in Delaware — operi on 15th,, and. again closed on 17th.. 1802 do 19, Hlverfast. 1804 do 18v FuU of ice. 1806 do 18, do 1808 do 8, Skim ice in the docks. 1810 do 18, Frozen from side to side, broke up> on 19th. 1811 do 25, FUU of ice. 1812 do 9, SchuylkiU fast— Dela ware full of ice.. 1814 do 15, Much floating ice, 1818 do -^ Obstructe'd— .^d^y not mentioned. 1835 do 38, Some ice. The river may bave been closed in other years hot mentioned, but we have no account of it— 1797, seems. to be the earliest occurrence mentioned^, viz. Dec. 1st., Printed every SATURDA-f MOItNIN,G by.'WlLLIAM,F. GED-. DES, No. 9 Ubrary Stireet, Philadelphia; wbere, and at tbe PUB LICATION OFFICE, IN FRANKLIN PLACE, second door back. of the Foit Office, (back room) lubieriptioni will be tbankfally n- cei-red. Fiiee FIVE DOLLARS per an'i'iBi, payable annnall^ by lubicriberi reaiding in or near Ihs city, or wher* there il aa, agent. Other lubstriheri pay in advaace, . HAZARD'S REGISTER OF PEJ^NSYLVANIA. DEVOTEB TO THE PBESEBVA-TtOIT 01 EVEBT KIITB OT USEFUL IWEOBMATIOS BESPECTINO THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD. VOL.. VIII.-XO. 25. PHILiADELiPHIA, DEC. 17, 1831. JTO- 207- GOVERNOR'S kESSAGE. Dec. 7. This day at 13 o'clock, the Governor transmitted lo both branches ofthe Legislatupe, the following MESSAGE. To the Senate and House of Representatives ofthe Com monwealth if Pennsylvania. Feuow Citizeits: Among the many arduous and responsible duties en joined upon the executive by the constitution, there is none which, in its faithful performance, calls for more careful consideration and serious reflection than that of arranging the detaUs, which,that it may answep the design intended, ought to enter into the annual message usual ly tpansmitted tothe General Assembly atthe opening of its session. It was doubtless tbe design of those, by whom it was deemed to be of sufficient Importance to make it a sub ject of constitutional dipection, thai every such docu ment should be so fpamed and adjusted as to contain a succinct, but faithful narrative ofthe true state of the commonwealth, exhibiting distinctly and without dis guise, to the reppesentatives ofthe people and to those whom they pepresent, aU such ppominent acts and mea supes adopted and Ipansacted in the coup.se of the ad ministration of its affairs as immediately affect the pub lic interests or require legislative action. and recommend ing the adoption ofsuch measures,fop theirdeliberalions as in the opinion ofthe executive will best tend to pro- mute fhe genepal welfape, and fo ensupe the prosperity and happiness ofthe people. In approaching the performance of this difficult un dertaking, I feel myself reUeved from much ofthe em barrassment whicb a different state of cipcumstances would hove occasioned, by the consideration Ihat what ever aspect tbe stale ofthe commonwealth may present to the view of otheps, I feel myself wapranted in decla- ring it as my deliberate opinion, that there has not been a period in the history of Pennsylvania, taking into con sideration its prosperous condition and its magnificent future prospects, when there was greater cause for mutual congratulation, and for devout aspirations of Eraliuide tothe great Dispenser of every blessing, than that which the unexampled state of prosperity ofthis rich and flourishing commonwealth now presents. What citizen of Pennsylvania does not feel the honest clow of patriotic pride and unfeigned satisfaction in the contemplation ofthe eminent advantages possessed by his native or adopted Slate— in its abundant resources— the elevated position it occupies amongst its sistep 'states ^its numerous benevolent arid charitable institii- tions-i.its extensive public improvements, finished and in progress towards completion, giving assurance ofan ample and speedy retupn, sufficientto compensate fop all thedisquietudoand uneasiness which the unavoidable delays, the heavy expenditures, and the many difficul ties and embarrassments, tbat occurred in the course of their construction bave occasioned- Its vast and almost uniimited agricultural, commercial, manufacturing and mineral wealth— ils healthful climate, its rich,, luxiirl- ant soil, its extensive and well estabUshed credit, and ita citizens enjoying every wherein rich profusion all the necessaries and all the comforts arid conyeriiencies Vol. VIII. 49 of life. With advantages such as these, and in a state of unprecedented prosperity, such as is distinctly seen and felt in every section Of this highly favoped common- wealth.the language of complaint ought not to be heard, and povepty and want, the consequence sometimes. In deed, of accident or some peculiap casualty (which the humanity of oup citizens will not sulfep to remain long unreUeved.) but mope frequently to be traced to indo lence and vice, ought rarely to be seen within our bor ders. Extending our views beyond the Umits of our own state, we have abundant cause for unaffected felicita tion and profound gratitude, in the contemplation of our increasing greatness as a people, whose progressive imppovement has beeri rapid and extensive beyond the example ofany other nation, and fhe dignified and en viable supepiopity of whose government,insfStutions and laws, in compapison with those of every other country, furnishes a subject for universal admiration and respect abpoad, and inspipes a laudable patriotio pride, venera tion and confidence at home. Blessed with peace and tranquility, and a disposition to cherish and preserve them — ^With an extended commerce rendering tributa ry lo us the resources of other nation's, and enhancing lifie value of our own productions,a rich profusion of agri cultural products commanding generous prices,liberally rewarding the toil and labor of the induslpious farmer; a sound currency circulating freely, and without impe diment OP loss in every section of fhe Union; an over flowing treasury and a public debt nearly extinguished. Our domestic industry encouraged and protected, and possessing a sufficient guarantee in the opinions here tofore entertained and expressed, by the venerable pa triot at the head of the general government, that inter nal improvements, ofa national character, will not be permitted to languish; we may indeed appreciate with becoming confidence and with feelings of patriotic ex ultation, the unexampled success which has attended oUr republican form of government, fopmeply considep ed an experiment of doubtful efficacy, to sustain itself against all the variety of changes and embarrassing per plexities to which, in fhe course of its manifold politi cal probations, if would necessarily be exposed; but since proved by the unerring test of-tlme and the ex perience which a combination of adverse circumstances, the consequence of occasional popular commotions, but more recently of a ppotpacted -and vindictive wap with a powerful foreign nation, has furnished, not only to possess the capacity lo secure toils citizens a greater amount of true happiness and enjoyment, and of tem poral bliss and ppospepity than is confepped by differ ently constituted govepnments elsewhere, but also to coirtbine fhe stpength and energy, necessary for nation al security and protection, with the firmness and stabil ity whicb eminently fit it for every vicissitude to which govepnments are ejcposed in the ever vapy ing course df events. ' But whilst we are indulging in congratulations with regard to the general prosperity of our common coun- tpy,'.and adveptirig to the extensive artificial imppove ments constpucted and in progress in our own common wealth, may I not be permitted, af the same time, with , tbe sensations of unaffected exultation and deUght, 1 which the deep interest all must feel in the subject, 3S6 GOVERNOR'S MESSAGB.- [Decemsbb cannot fail lo Inspire, to direct your alterifioft \o, and to congratulate you upon its recent extraordinary moral .improvement, exemplified in the, gradual, but clearly*perceptible, decrease of cfime of every grade- and description, and especially in the manifest diminur tion of the number of -dotims to that most degrading of allvlces, intemperance, the genetrix of crime; and to which most vices owe theip depraved origin: but upon which the philanthropic efforts of fhe wise and the good every where, aided by- the foPce of pubhc opin ion, have stamped fhe seal of 'fepfcibllion and doomed it fo such an overwhelming measure of odium and in effable contempt, as even the unfortunate votary, with habits the most inverate and confirmed, cannot assume the hardihood to brave op to resist. "The entire pro hibition of'the use of ardent spirits to pepsons employ ed upon the public works,, now, constructing by th^ State, would, there is reason to believe, greatly aid in £till fupfhep extlppating this loathsome and destructive moral contagion from amongst us,-be attended with tbe most happy consequences to the indviduals, themselves, and produce results highly beneficial lo their employers and to the Slate. ' A kirtdred evil to that of intemperance, however, equally ruinous to the morals aud destpuctive of the comfopf and happiness of the community, is the ppac tice of seUing fopeign lottery tickets, and the di-awing of lottep'ies within this commonwealth, which. has been. permitted to progress for many yeaifs,' and is still tolera ted amongst us; no successful effort h.aving hitherto been made to arrest it. And so long as we shall have a lottery drawn within the .State, by authority of law, we must exipect a continual influx of tickets ujion us from other states, the sales of which willbe cloaked and con nived at. Under the legalized sales of tickets ofthe Union Canal Lottery. And such is the infatuation pro duced upon the community, by his fascinating and allu ring enticement to adventure, that until tbere' shall no longer be a vestige ofa lottery auihorized by law, tolerated in the State, the several acts of assembly, pro viding sevepe penalties against the venders of foreign OP unautboi'ized lottery tickets, will remain a dead let ter, and will nbt be enforced against offenders. The Union Canal Company having heretofore transferred tile right accruing to ihem, undep the several acts of assembly authorizing the' lottery, to Archibald Mcln- tyre, a citizen of the State of New York, and the con tract of transfer having recently been renewed with the transfei^ee, for two years, from the first day of January next, I would pecommend that after the expiration of that period, op sooner if practicable, such arrangements with the company, should, if possible, be made, con sistent with good faith, as would relieve the Common wealth, from a great and apparently interminable mo ral evil. It is beheved that by expunging from the stat ute book the last act to be found there in favor of lotte ries, a great and lasting benefit would accrue to the coinmunity at large, as the foundation upon whiqh the mischief rests, woidd then be entirely epadicated; and by providing for a rigotdus pppsecution of the laws al peady in force against the venders of fopeign tickets, and of tickets issued in our own Slate, without the au- Ihority of law, an end would soon be put to a grieyous and grovvin^ moral malady, and the cobimunity would be reUe'ved from a species of taxation, which, although voluntary, is of the most onerous, oppressive and ruin- bus kind. -, , ¦ As a grain growing State, Pennsylvania is not excell ed by any Of her sister States; and'much has been done by former legislatures to encourage an increase of her agricultural productloris, by making liberal apppoprla- tions fop opening avenues to market, by means of artifi cial dr turnpike road?, and for Iheprection of firm and, substantial bridges: and much is still in progpessto be done further to facilitate the intercourse between the interior of tbe State arid, its principal citie#, by means of canals arid raU roads; which tvill ndt fail to hare a beneficial tendency in favor of extending and diffusing the business of agriculture more generally througbout the state, and of infusing Into our farmers a spipit of laudable ambition to excel as well in the quaUty-^sin the quantity of theip ppoductions; by means of ,whioli the genepal wealth of the State, as well as. that of indi viduals, wiU be greatly increased. ^ It is believed, how ever, that the condition of our agricuHupists might lie StiU further improved by fostering and encouraging, by judicious legislative enactments, the culture 6Pa|;reat- er variety of producliorts. and the improvement, as well in the art and mannep of producing as In the kind and quality of the thing produced. It is generally suppo sed, that neither the soil nor the cUmafe of Pennsylva nia are adverse to the culture of the vine or fhe mul berry tree, and that both wine and silk mSght. irta-^shott time, with proper attention, and the aid of legislative encouragement, be raised insucb sufficient quantities as to furni^, if not a part of our staple for exportation, at least an adequate supply for home consumption. Be sides there is reason to belike that the former. If suc cessfully cultivated, , would, in addition to the advanta ges It would confer upon Ihe producer, have a salutaiy moral influence upon society, by lessening, in a great measure, the sum of human misery in tbe dimunition ofthe use of ardent spiplts, as a substitute for which it would in all probabiUty be used, and thus aid the phi-. lahfhropic efforts Of fhe friends of temperance iri spee dily removing fpom Ihe community, one Ofthe most de- plopable and destructive calamities witb which the hu man family evep was afflicted. _ , _ Would not the encouragement of societies in each county, to give effect fo the objects I have mentioned, and lo be formed upon such principles and under such regulations, as the legislature should prescribe, give a healthful and vigorous impetus to agricultural enter prise, and stimulate, in the industrious practical farm ers of own State, a laudable spirit of emulation to sur pass each other in the art of producing, artd in the va riety, the superiority and abundance of their produc tions.' To awaken an interest upon this subject, small annual-appropriations might be made, lo be distributed among the several societies, and by them dealt out in the shape of premiums, to such as should merit Ihem, which would not fail fo excite a wholesome emulation among a valuable class of citizens, and add to the wealth and pposperity ofthe country without injurious ly, affecting the pubUc treasury. _ The imppovement of the mind should be the fipSt cape of the Ariiepican statesman, and the dissemination of leapning and knowledge ought to fopm one of the principal objects of his ambition. Virtue and InteUi gence are the only appropriate pillars upon which a Republican Government can securely rest: without these, Uberty itself would soon degenerate, into licen tiousness, and our free and liberal institutions, so highly cherished by ourselves, and so much admired and re spected by the wise, and the patriotic of olher nations, would be Ingulphed in anarchy, and become the re proach of their friends arid the derision ofthe enemies ofthe equal rights of man In every quarter ofthe globe. Under these .-impressions, no opportunity has been omitted earnestly to press upon the attention of the legislature, the indispensable necessity of establishing by law a general system of common school educatien, by means ofwhicb, in the language of tbe constltutlbn, "the poor may be taught gratis,"' and that the benefits and -the blessings resultirig therefrom, maybe extended to the rising genepation, Indiscpiminately and universally. - It is cause for no ordinary measure of gpatification, that the legislature, at its last session, considered this subject worthy of its deliberations, and advanced one step towards the intellectual regeneration ofthe Stiite, by laying a foundation for raising a fund to be employ ed hereafter in the righteous cau;ie of a practical, gene ral education; and it is no less gratifying to knd.w,' that public opinion is giving strong indications bf liavilig 1831.] GOVERNOR'S MESSAGE. 387 undergone a favorable change in reference to this mo mentous measure, and by its gradual but powerful work ings, isfast dispelUng the grovelUng faljaoies, but too long prevalent, that gold is preferable to kno'wledge, and that dollars and c^nts are of higher estimation than. learning. Tjbis powerful lever, b;^ which the actions of men are principaUy regulated, is fast approaching a crisis in relation to this much agitated question, and there i% reason to believe, wiU speedily induce legisla tive action in reference to it: not, it is hoped, howe- er, too speedily for maturing a well digested system, possessing that degree of perfection by which it will be rendered generally acceptable to the people, and have a tendency to realize the apdent hopes and fond antici- patioris ofitsmany wapm and zealous friends. A sys tem that would not have sucb a tendency, bat would be! received with dissatisfaction by the people, would have the unhappy effect of blasting for a time,- the anxious expectations of the advocates of general education; of reviving former prejudices, and of retarding for many years, the progress of intellectual improyement. in order therefore, that a system, the most pepfect that can be devised, and one that will be best adapted to fhe views and wishes of our constituents, may be ppojected in tlje first instance, should any difficulties occur, in tbe course ofyour deliberations in relation to-the subject, or in regard to the most eligible plan to to be adopted, I would suggest for your considepafion fhe p^-opriety of appointing a commission, to consist of 4 or more ta^lented and intelligent individuals.known friends ofa liberal and enlightened systeiri of education.whose duty itshouldbe to collect all ^e information, and possess themselves of all ihe facts ap4 knowledge, that can be obtained from any qu^ter, having a heaping upon, op connexion witb the subject of education, and to arpange and embody the same i,n ^ pepoPt, to be , transmitted to tbe legisla ture at tbeir next session, for examination and final ac tion thereon. Such a course, there is reason to believe, yould tend more than any other, to eljcit much .vafuable information tbat could not otherwise be obtained, would facilitate the progress and final completion of fhis much desired work; and would not fail to secupe for it a grea ter measure of protection than could under other circum stances-be attained. The policy ,of a protecting tariff, and the encourage ment given to works of intepnal improvement, of a na tional character, by the genera] government, are favor ite measures with the people of Pennsylvania, and| the former is esteemed by Ihem as being identified with their best interests. The constitutionality of these measures is not questioned here, nor is there any doubt entertained of tbeiP entire expediency; and mu(^ as we may regret that complaints, with regard to tbe suppo sed oppressive character, and bearing of one of tbose measures, should obtain elsewhere; yet from the uni versal prosperity that Is admitted to abound in every part of our happy country, there is reason to doubt whether the prevaiUng discontents are weir founded; and we ape admonished tg restrain our sympathies in behalf of our complaining brethren, lest in lending ourselves to aid in relieving them from an imaginary oppression, we put ourselves in a condition to be se riously oppressed. Upon these all engrossing ques tions , of national pdllcy, the voice ofPennsylvania has been, repeatedly expressed through her Stale legisla ture, as well as by her representatives in congress, and so long as she shall continue td place a proper estimate upon her own' ppospepity, and the success ofher infant manufacturing establishments, she will not cease to cherish the same sentiments in favor of measures indis pensable to the successful fostering and enoauragement of her domestic industry and enterprise. The policy of abolishing imprisonment for debt. Is a subjeet which has for some time past occupied the at tention of the humane and philanthropic portion of our citizens, and has awakened a deep interest in many parts of the Union, to hare tbis harsh feature eradica ted from the jurisprudence of our country. Pennsylva nia has always been remarkable for the mildness ofher laws, and has uniformly bqen in advance of her sister States in all legislative enactments founded upon the principles of humanity, or having for their object Ihe security of personal liberty— hence it is, that she can lay a rightful, claim to the proud, distinction of having been the first State in the, Union, to have virtually abo lished imprisonment fop debt, by the mild provisions of her insolvent laws. A citizen ofPennsylvania, who has not been guilty of fraud, and compUes wiih the provi sions ofthe several acts made for the i-eliefof insolvent debtors, cannot noiy be imprisoned for d*bt in this Slate: with this legislative arrangement, both debtor and creditop appeap to be satisfied; and how faP a fur ther exemption of the person ofthe debtop, from execu tion OP imppisonmenl for debt, would peally benefit the indigent class ofoijr citizens, is, a question worthy of grave and serious consideration. Short credits are, i-t is believed, essential accommodations, without which the comforts ofthe, poor man would be gpeatly cuptail- ed, and although by exempting his pepson fi;om execu tion altogether, in certain ca.se.s, his immunity from re straint would be enlarged, yet it can scarcely be doubl ed, that, from tbat very cause, his difficulties to obtain credit for even the necessaries Of life would not fail to be grejtiy incpeased. To guapd the public against frauds, and to confine the provisions of the law,/o the honest poor, would be attended, with no inconsiderable difficulty: should the subject, however, be presented for youp consideration, it will doubtless receive the at tention to which its importance will entitle jt. Although our State can boast of as mild, as pepfect and as efficient a code of laws as an enlighted course of legislation could ppoduce, op as a well pegulated com munity could reasonably desire'; yet there are com plaints, and it is beUevedmarty ofthem arevvell found ed, not indeed of any defect in the laws, but of vexa tious delays occurring in the judicial administration of fhem,not ascribable to aiiy want of abiUty,fideUty,indus- try or zeal in those whose duty il is to administer them, bpt owing principally to a defective organization or ar rangement of the Judiciary System itself, and an inju dicious distribution of duties to be performed, and Of thepubUc business fo be transacted, among the several tribunals charged with their exeguiion. This is a sub ject of too grave a character amd altogether too impor tant In its consequences fo everyone of us, tobe passed -over lightly or treated with indifference. The highest judicial tribunal in the State,the court,in the last resort; from wbose decrees and judgments there is no appeal; and whose decisions and the principles establish edTjy tbem, are to constitute the laws ofthe land, and to con tinue to be binding upon us and our posterity to the remotest generation; has become so conipletely surchar ged with business, arising from the nature of the du-- fies that have been heaped upon it by the revival of the circuit court system, the natural increase of a spirit qf litigation consequent upon a rapid and exWaordinarily increasing population, and the manifold arid diversified pursuits in which that population is engaged, that the whole ofthe time of the judges is indispensably devo ted to the hearing and hurried decisions of causes— I say Ihe hurried decision of causes, because from the in terminable mass of business before them, which is con tinually increasing, and upon which their unwearied Industry and untiring efforts can make no impression, there is no time for research, examination or reflection ^the supplicating, anxious appeals of the suitors impel the judges to an exertion of aU their energies, to rid the docket of its cumbrous and oppressive load, and de cisions are, and necessarily must be' bastily made, to enable them to progress with the celerity which the necessities ofthe country, and a desire to despatch the public business require. Hence the frequent difference of opinion Ihat but too often manifests itself upon the bench, tending to cpeate doubt and uncertainly as to 388 GOVERNOR'S MESSAGE. [DaCl^HBEB what the law really is, and which wUl, it Is tobe feared, ultimately lead to a want of confidence in o'up judicial decisions. It is due to the judges that they should be measupably relieved from an excess of labor; it is due to their reputations as jurists, and lo the chapactep of theip decisions, that Ihey should have some leisure for reading and reflection; but above all, it is due to the good people of the Slate, in reference to the security and protection of theip pepsons, theip pcputations and properly, that the judiciary bpanch of fhe Government should be so const itut ed, "as f o afford tbem that security and protection, by a prompt, vigorous and- wholesome administration of the laws. It is to the. General Assem bly that the people anxiously look for relief in fhis im portant particular — some of the existing evils have been attempted to be pointed out— -and there is every confi dence that the remedy will be appUed. Standing armies have always been considered as dangerous to liberty, and will not be tolerated in a fpee countpy — a well regulated militia is the only kind of military force to which fr«emen should resort for de fence upon any erriergency, either of invasion or rebel lion; but to make that species of force effective, In Pennsylvania, would require a change In its opgariiza- tion and the mannep of its discipUne, entipely different fpom tbose wbich now exist. It is Universally admit- ed that the ppesent system is generally defective in its ppovlsions and its details, and oppressively burden some to those upon whom it operates, without accom pUshing any adequate, useful purpose. Volunteers sbould be encouraged by every honora ble incitement tending to induce an increase of that valuable and efficient portion of our mUilary strength — immunities should be granted, privileges confer red, and every facility afforded and provisions made for the prompt organization and complete military equipment of all Who are wiUing to enrol themselves in corps of that description. It is altogether questionable^ whether any thing can be done to render tbe militia, as sucb, a better disciplined op mope fopmidable force, than it already is, without the sacrifice of more tiirie and the intro- .ducflon of a more rigorous enforcement of military tactics and discipline than in a state of peace would be «ithep useful op necessary. More knowledge of the military art, it is believed, would be acquired in one ¦week of actual service, than is obtained in years by the ordinary militia trainings as af ppesenf practised. It is gratifying bowevep fo learn, that a miUlary spirit -honorable to our citizens,- has recently been awakened in many parts df the state, and that a laudable desire f o invigorate tbis apm of our defence, and to cause a more perfect system to be provided than has hitherto obtain ed, has been genePidly manifested. Much valuable information will in all probabUIty be -speedily elicited from that source, and sbould the Gen eral Assembly feel disposed to apply Ihe panacea of legislative reform, in accordance with public expecta tion in relation to this subject, it will give me much pleasure to co-op.erate with them in any measure that -will tend to reUeve the system from its objectionable features and those who are embraced within its provis ions from its present onei'ous and useless exactions. In compUance with the directions contained in the sixth section ofthe act of the 31st March last, entitled **an act to continue the Improvement ofthe state by canals and rail-roads," public notice was given in news papers published at the seat of government and in the city of Philadelphia, that proposals wduld be received at the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, until a certain d^y mentioned in the notice, for loaning to -the commonwealth for Internal improvement pur poses Ifae sum of two mUlions four hundred and eighty- three thousand one hundred and sixty-one dollars and eighty-eight, [cents, (tbe sum authorized by the act aforesaid lo be borrowed,) reimbursable at any time after the cxinratiun of twenty-five years from the first day of July thert next. Among the several pro posals received (copies of wbich will be laid before you) that of fhe bank of Pennsylvania, containing an offer to take the entire loan af a premium ofsix per cent. or one hundred and six dollars in money for every one hundped dolls.of stock to be created undep fhe act.bear- ing an interest of five per cent, was accepted, by which transaction the Stale will receive the very liberal boun ty of one hundred and forty-eight thousand nine hun dred and eighty-nine dollars and seventy one cents. ofthe loan thus made, the sum of one miUion six hun dred and ninety-three thousand two hundred and sixty- foup dollaps and seventy two cents has been received and applied to the repayment of the temporary loan authorized by act of 13lh January, 1831 — ^for the relief of certain turnpike roads, as directed by Ihe act of 31st March last — towards paymerit of interest which became due on loans on the first day of August last, as authori zed and directed by the last mentioned act — in disburse ments for work done under old contracts and for pay ment fop labour performed under new contracts, in pur suance ofthe directions contained in the same act. The reports of the commissioners of the infernal improve ment fund, and of the board of canal commissioners, win shortly be laid before you, and will exhibit, in detail, the several disbursements, made out of the suras drawn on account ofthe loan albpesaid,fpom which it will appear tbat the payments on contracts, authopized prior teethe passing of fhe act- of the 21st March last, amounted to a larger sum lhan had been anticipated, whicb will induce - the necessity of a pro rata deduction from tbe several specific appropriations authorized by that act. The loan of three hundped thousand dollaps, au thorized by the act of SOth March last, entitled "An Act authorizing a loan of moneys to be invested in the internal imppovement fund, to be applied to the pay ment of i-epalrs, damages, and other demands upon said fund, and for other purposes," was, after due notice given, also taken by the Bank of Pennsylvania, that in stitution agreeing fo pay one hundred and six dollars in money fop every one hundped dollars of stock to be cpeated undep the said act, heaping an intepest of five pep cent, that being the beat offer received for the en tire loan, was accepted, yielding to tbe Commonwealth fhe fUpfber sum of eighteen thousand dollars, in the shape of a premium or bounty, to be applied in aid of the general inlerest fund. The whole amount of this loan bas been drawn and expended upon the several objects, and for the several purposes, to which, by the act aforesaid, it was directed to be applied. The sea son having been unusually hiimid and rainy, breaches in the canal, where the banks had not yet become fipm, were more frequent than would have been the case in an ordinary season; besides, some of the streams were raised by sudden freshets to such height, as to cause great injury and destruction, not only to the works in their Immediate neighbourhood, but also to the dams erected upon them, which caUed for a larger expendi ture of monev for repairs, tban would ^otherwise bave been required. As there is no fund left, tberefore, to meet tbe claims for repairs, or for damages along tbe several fines of canal and railway, or for the payment of wages of superintendents, collectors, supervisors, and lock keepers, an immediate duty will devolve upon the General Assembly to make such provision to meet the several enumerated objects, as in Iheir wisdom they shall find to be expedient and necessary. The finances of the commonwealth derived from the ordinary sources of revenue established for the supports of Government, and those pledged for the payment of the interest accruing upon loans, do not vary materi ally from those of the last year. By an act of Assembly passed tbe fourth day of April last, the Auditor General and State Treasurer are required to close their financial year on the last day of October, instead of the last day of November of each year, as had been heretofore es- t»briBhed by law, In consequence of which alteration 1831.] GOVERNOR'S MESSAGE. 389 their accounts transmitted to the clerk of the House of j the State, and some of them had been actually made, Uepresentallves, atthe present session, will exhibit the financial transactions at the Treasury for eleven months only, and not for an entire fiscal year, as formerly. From the reports made by these officers it will appear that the balance in the Treasury on fhe fii-.sf day of No vember last, was one hundred and twenty-four thousand four humlred and eighty-two dollars and .eighty-two cents; the receipts into the treasury for eleven months from the 1st of December, 1830, until fhe 31st of Octo ber, 1831, exclusive of loans, but including tbe premi ums paid upon loans, amounted to seven hundred and nine thousand and thirty dollaps and three cents; fhe disbupsements fop the same period, excluding the sums for internal improvement fund and for internal improve ments, but including the sum often thousand foup hun dped and twenty-five dollars and eighteen cents paid to turnpikes and to commissioners for improving the pub Uc ground at Harrisburg, amounted to three hundred and seventy-one thousand two hundred and ninety-five dollars- and sixty cents, leaving an excess of receipts over ordinary expenditures of three hundred and thirty- seven thousand seven hundped and thipfy-four doUaps and fopty-lhpee cents; for tbe disposition ef this sum and the balance of one hundred and forty-nine thousand four hundred and thirty dollars and seventy-nine cents which remained in the Treasury on tbe first day of De cember, 1830, amounting in the aggregate to the sum of four hundred and eighty-seven thousand one hun dred and sixty-five dollars and twenty-two cents; I would respectfully refer you to the several reports of the Auditor General and of the Commissioners of the internal improvement fund. The magnificent enterprise in which Pennsylvania is now engaged in the construction of her stupendous wopks of internal improvement; (he magnitude and ex tent of her loans, to enable her successfully to prose cute those works; and the necessity, that has occupped, to resort fo the enactment of pevenue laws to secure the establishment of a permanent fund for tbe payment of interest; ape all of them subjects In which the people have a deep interest, and about which they have a just claim to be correctly and minutely informed, Tbe alarms and apprehensions, however unfounded, which the imposing grandeur, the extent, the diffusiveriess and tbe supposed expensiveness of the works, as they enter into the grave discussions, and are introduced in to the serious speculations of the day excile, and the gross misrepresentations to which they are not unfre quently most unjustifiably subjected, will furnish a suf ficient justification, it is presumed, for submitting to the people, through the medium ofthe executive mes sage, transmitted on the present occasion to their repre sentatives a brief account of the origin and progress of the system of internal improvement adopted and prose cuted in this state — and it is the more gratifying that the occasion, of entering upon the performance of that part of my duty to our common coristituents, happens at a time when the pubUc works have been so far pro gressed in, that a large proportion of them are now in full operation, and are givirig earnest of extensive fu ture usefulness; when others of them, of considerable extent, will be in a condition fop active business eaply in the next season; and wben tbe pesidue of those under contract will, it is confidentiy believed, be finished and in operafion, in all the next season or early in the sum mer of eighteen hundred and thirty-three. To make the subject pla'm and intelligible to every capacity is my earned desire, and for tbat puppose it will be necessary to commence witb tbe movements of the people themselves, to which, it is beUeyed, the scheme of improvement is indebted for its origin, and to enter somewhat minutely into the legislation of the State, which succeeded those movements, commencing with that whicb look place in the session of 1836, and tracing it down to the present time. AUbough surveys_ and arrangements prepapatory to the commencement of a system ot imppovement wepe in progress; yet it is beUeved that the celebrated Canal Convention which assembled al Harrisburg in the month of August, 1825, gave the first impulse lo public sentiment in favour of commencing a system of internal improvement, within the State, upon an enlarged and extensive scale. By that convention, composed of one hundred and thirteen members, representing forty-six counties, and combin ing as much talent, respectability of character, and there is reason to believe, as much genuine patriotism as could be found in the same number of individuals, any wbere, resolutions were adopted, declaring it, , among other tbings, lo be the opinion of the convention, " that the improvement of the commonwealth would be best promoted, and the foundations of her prosperity and bappiness most securely established, by opening an entire and complete communication from the Susque^ hanna to the Allegheny and Ohio, and from the Alle gheny to Lake Erie, by the nearest and best practica ble route, and that such a vvork is indispensably neces- - sary to maintain the cbaracter and standing of the Slate, and lo preserve her strength and resources." Other resolutions were passed by Jhe convention, in which they expressed their views in relation to the manner in which the public works ought fo be prose cuted, &c. And so entirely did public opinion coincide with the views of the convention, in reference to the propriety of making, in the language of Ihe resolutions, "a vigorous and un'ited exertion for accomplishing without delay the connexion of the Eastern and West ern waters," that at the very next session ot the General Assembly an act to provide for the commencement of a canal lo be constructed at the expense ofthe State, and to be styled " The Pennsylvania Canal," (approved the 2Sth February, 1826,) authorizing the commissioners appointed by a former act immediately to locate and contract for msking a canal and locks and otber works necessary thereto from the river Swatara, at op near Middletown, to or neap to a-point on the east side-of Ihe river Susquehanna, opposite fhe mouth ofthe river Juniata, and from Pittsburg to the mouth of the Kiski- minitas, and also as soon as they should deem it expe dient and practicable to construct a navigable feeder of a canal from Frencb creek to the summit level at Con- neaut lake, and lo survey and locate the route of a ca nal from thence to Lake Erie, andthe sum of three hun dped thousand dollaps was appropriated for carrying the provisions of the act into effect. And by act of the 1st April of the same year, the Governop was authorized to borrow, on the credit of the commonwealth, the sura of three hundred thousand dollars, to be vested in the commissioners of the internal improveriient fundi to be applied to the construction of so much of the Pennsyl vania canal as was then auihorized by law to be made or constructed. In pursuance of the provisions ofthe several acts just recited, there were in that year (1826) put under con tract by tbe board of canal commissioners twenty-two and a half miles of canal on the Susquehanna and twen ty-four miles on the Allegheny river, making a total of forty-six and a half miles — the disbupsements forthe construction of which for that year, including prelimi nary surveys, &c. amounted to one hundped and fopty- one thousand and seven hundped and thirty-one doUars and thirty-eight cents. This legislative effort of the session of 1826, laid the foundation of a system of infer nal improvement, which, as might easily have been foreseen, coidd not fail ultimately to lead lo the ex penditure of large sums of money on the part of the State for that object. No alarm, however, appears to have been excited in tbe public mind in regard to what had taken place, but such, on tbe contrary, was the calm and sUent acquiescence on the part of the people, that at th'e succeeding session ofthe legislature, another and examinations had been directed in some parts of I act was passed and approved by the Governor on the 390 GOVERNOR'S MESSAGE. [Decevseh 9th April, 1827, entitled "an act to provide for the further extension ofthe Pennsylvania canal" — by which the board of canal commissioners was auihorized and required to locate and contract for making a canal up the valley of Ihe Juniata fpom the eastepn section ofthe Pennsylvania canal fo a point af or near Lewistown — also, a canal, locks, and other works necessary, thereto, up the valley of the Kiskiminetas and the Conemaugh from the western section lo a point at or near Blaips- ville — and also a canal, locks, and othep works necessa ry thereto, up the valley of the Susquehanna, from the eastern section of the Pennsylvania canal to a point at or neap the town of Northumberland-^also, to com mence operations on the feeder from Frencb creek lo the summit level af Conneaut lake, and to contract for so much as might be adapted .toeither of the routes in contemplation for connecting tbe Pennsylvania canal -with. Lake Epie, for which latter object tbe sum of one hundped thousand dollars was ,apppopriated. The act furfhep dipected, that if it should appeap, af ter suitable examinations, that a navigable canal could be constructed between a point at or near Philadelphia or at Bristol, op any intepmediale point between Bristol and the head of tide water and a point at or neap the bopough of Easton, then with the consent of the go vernor tbe board of canal commissioners were authoriz ed, during the then ensuing season, to locate and con tract for making a port'iipn of said navigable communi cation, the. expense of which, should not exceed one hundred thousand dollars. Numerous other surveys and examinations were authorized to be made, and the sum of one million of dollars was appropriated to be applied in the manner and for fhe purposes mentioned in the act. In pursuance of the directions contained in the act just recited, there were put under contract in that year eighteen miles of canal on the Delaware firom Bristol upwards; forty miles on the Susquehanna from the eastern division to Northumberland; forty-four and a half m'lles on the Juniata fpom its mouth to Lew istown; fifty-one miles between BlaipsvHle and Pitts bupg, and nine miles ofthe Fpencb creek feeder; making an aggregate of one hundred and sixty-two and an half miles of canal; the disbursements on account of which for that year amounted to nine hundred and thirty-one thousand nine hundred and seventy-five dollars and n'laety-one cents. I have been thus particular in referring to the seve ral works directed to be put under contract by the act of 1837, because it was the commencement ofa scheme of diffusive and unconnected works of improvement, and without -expressing any opinion with regard to the wisdom ofthe measure, (which at this time would be altogether unavailing,) I would simply refer those, who now object to that course of improvement, and insist that tbe legislation of 1831 in reference lo our pubUc works, should bave been arrested, to ihat period, as the one at whicb a successful intervention to slay the further progress of the public works, migbt have been attended with consequences of a less injurious charac ter tban could have been the case at any time since. Whelhep the policy adopted by the legislatupe -in pass ing the act of 1827 was sound op othepwise. Is not now the question. Tbe people sustained^ and evinced theip satisfaction with the measupe by again electing a ma jority of representatives to "the Genepal Assembly, fa voupable to a continued pepseverance in further extend ing and prosecuting wopks of internal imppovement; and on the 24th March, 1838, another act was passed entitled "an act relative to the Pennsylvania canal, and to provide for the commencement of a rail-i-oad, to be constructed at the expen|e of the state, and to be styled the Pennsylvania rail-road." By this last mentioned .act the board of canal commissioners was authorized to contract for making canals, locks, and other works, from the commencement of the Pennsylvania canal, at or near the niouth of the river Swatara, to Columbia, in Lancaster county, from Lewistown to the highest point expedient and practicable for a,canal on the Juni ata; from a point at or near Northumberland fo Bald Eagle on the West Branch; from Northumberiand to the New York state Une on the North Branch; from a point af or near Taylor's ferry to Easton; and from Blairsville to the highest point expedient/and practica ble for a canaL on fhe Conemaugh; providing, how ever, that only ten miles fpom the river Swatara to Co lumbia, not more than twenty-five not less than twenty, on the West Branch, and not more than forly-five,, nor less than fifteen miles of each of the other sections, should be ^ut under contract during that year- The raU-road across the AUegheny mountain was directed to be located, &c. with a view of connecting the Juniata and Conemaugh sections of the Pennsylvania canal, and the rai|-road- from Columbia to Philadelphia was direct ed to be put under contract within tbat year, witb a view to its completion within two years or as soon thereafter as practicable: the act authorized, further ex-- aminations and surveys, and a loan of two milUons of dollars. In virtue of the provisions of this act, there were put under contpact in 1828, ten miles and an half of I he Fpencb Creek, feeder, twenty-six and a half miles communication with lake Erie above referred to, | in regard to a more Spring and Fall lhan any ofthe New Yopk canals would affopd. Much of the produce of that gpeat and produc tive Slate would find vent to the eastern and southern markets by the Pennsylvania canal, and the salt and plaistep that would be brought into this State from tha Slate of New York, and tiie coal and iron that would be taken from Pennsylvania into that State in return, would it Is beUeved abundantlyjustlfy the enterprize. Theimprovement ofthe navigation of the Mononga hela by meansof a slack water navigation from near. Pittsburg to Brownsville in tlie county of Fayette, and the final extension of the canal from Easton to Carpen ter's Point on the Delaware, are subjects, it is beUeved, . too important to escape the altcntiori ofthe legislature. Having pointed out the eminent advantages which would result from the imppovements contemplated in the regions ofthe West and of the North, and suggest- - ed the propriety of improving the navigation of the Monongahela and of the extension of the canal from Easton 'along the line of the Delawape to Carpenter's Point, it remains for you, to whom the revenues of the commonwealtb have been committed, and by_ whom they can alone be approppiated, to dipect when, in what mannep, and to what extent those works shall be com menced and prosecuted with a vle^ to their final com pletion. The act of incoppopation. long sought for by -the citi. zens of York counly, granting them the. privilege Of constructing a rail i-oad to ibe Maryland line, might, it seems to me, be extended to that enterprizing people, without the danger of compromising the iiilerests of the State of Pennsylvania — when all are to bear their proportion of the ptibUc burdens, it is but reasonable that all shduld participate in the,pub]ic benefits. I have received, during the recess ot the legislature, from tbe Governors of the States- of Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine, communications enclosing Re- siilullons of their respective State Legislatures, copies of >vhich will be laid before you. All the duties enjoined upon tbe executive by the ^ laws or by resolutions of the legislature, have been promptly dischapged. With Ihe assurance of a most cordial co-opepation with you in all stich cnhstitulional measupes as you shall in youp wisdom deem it expedient lo adopt for the public (rood, I commend you to the dipection and guidance of Ilim >vho alone can lead you in the course, of youp de liberations, to wise and happy results. GEO. WOLF. Harrisburg, December 7, 1831. INDICTMENT FOR . MURDER. Commonwealth vs. John Pinchback. This case', which was attended with some cipcum stances, partaking sufficiently of the marvelous to ex cite some little interest,' came on tq be tried at the late Coupt of Oyep and Tepminer, held by Chief Justice Gibson and Judge Kennedy'. A sliopt account of it is as follows. , ' ' Some time in the month of Mapch, 1827, a man by the name of Richapd BapkcP, between fifty and sixty yeaps of age, was found at an eaply boup in the morn ing, in an expiring state, on the payment in Shippen stpeet, and neap an Oystep Cellap kept by a man named Smith Gpowel — was removed to the Hospital just in tinie to breathejiis last. Deceased had been several days in that neighhourhodd, whepe be had some ac quaintances among a eertain class, which he had made sevepal yeaps befure, on a former visit to the city. With some of these, It seems he had the reputation of being acquainted with the black art—a, conjuror, and was re ported also to have large sums of money, which he carried secpeied undep the patches that coveped papts of his dress^ He was seen at an early hour in the evening wiiu i»fcc 1^..* «v".» .W.V...— .-, jJPevious to his decease, in a stale approaching intoxica- early and late navigation in the | tion, and later at a dance house, which ha lefl in com. 39« LAW CASE, lUMcmm-BM^ pany with the prisoner, and one Davenp^t (against ivhom a BUI was also found,) and retired to the cellar of Smith Crowel, who has likewise been since indicted. Baker s sudden decease, and certain suspicious circum stances related by a woman, together with the depar ture from Ihe city of the persons report seemed to im plicate, induced the pohce immediately to set on foot inquiries. But the most strict search and examination could illicit rto evidence sufficient lo charge any person with the murder of Barker, and here the matter drop ped. It being generally supf^nsed he came to his death in the course of nature, pi-ecipitated, perh-jps, by the debauch in which he hadbeen engaRed. Morethan four' years having elapsed, and when aU surmises and suspicions that may have existed in the minds of some, had longsince sl|ept, andthe individuals towards whom they were pointed,,having returned tothe city, and one of them at least, pursuing a prosperous course of life, the attention of the public was again roused to the snbject in the following manner. A woman who might be 25 years of age, of respecta ble appearance, dressed in deep mourning, calling her self Lucinda Barker, artd the wife of the deceased, came to this city Ihe forepart of last summer, from Ihe western part of the slate of New York, as she said, to search out ihe mUrdeVers of her husband, it having been revealed to her they were here; and going among those who knew some circumBtances connected with the affaip at the time,,siicceefled in having the prisoner and Crowel arrested (Davenport being in pi-is,)n al Au burn,) and true biHs were returned by the Grand Jury against all three, for the murder of Itichard Uapker, by administeping laudanum. -'Fhe account Lucinda Bap- ker gave on her examination as a wimess in the case, and in which she was pepmitted at hep own desire, by all parties, to tell her story in hep own way, was to the following effect. "I am the widow of Richai-d Barker, deceased. ] married him in the state of New York; be would, if living, he about forty-seven years of age: we lived at ^ one time opposite Hudson, then at Manlius Square — tben in the city of New York, .ind Mfter on a tarm in Anandagua county, which his fathep assisted, him to. We bad sevepal childpen most of whom were put out. My husband, for some lime previous lo his last visit to this city, led a trading, iovinst kind of life-^-he would be away several months together; he had been gone a longer' time than usual— I could hear nothing of him. It was reported that a man had died on the canal that might be him — I heard also some rumor about one uf his name who died in Pliiladelphia;.but I knew not whether he was living or dead. I was distressed in mind, and determined lo visit hisTather, whp lived seve ral hundred-Tniles off — he could tell me riothing-r-he said he might be dead, he might he in England (his I fathep was an EngUshman.) 1 bad Ipavelled a long way, and hail spent all my money. OP Should then ''"ve pur sued fuplhep. I peturned, being unhappy in mind I prayed a great deal, and asked my fpiends to pray with me, that his-late might be Pevealed to me. 1 had pray ed one night to a late hour, caUing frequently on his name, when at last, a square figure-like, dressed in a white shroud entered the room — it stood before me, and pronounced my name three times— it said Lucinda, Lucinda, Lucinda, pursue my murderers, you will learn Who they are from the police of New York and Phila delphia. 1 answered quickly and repealed it, I will, 1 will, while I have strength and life, and then it vanish ed. They have talked hePe of my dreams, and, the pa- Seps have published about.it — it was no di-eam; yes, 1 ave had dreams tort, but this was not a dream, I was awake as 1 am now; I both saw atid heard what I state to you — am Inot upon my oath? I cain't be mistaken, I can't have forgot— no, that's impossible." When asked_ what kind of a voice it was. she- said it was an "inner ' voice." What's cuplous Is. that from some facts that appeaped in the couPse of the trial, it is altogether un certain whether the debeased was in fact this woman's husband. An indenture was found in his posse.«sion, by which he had apprenticed a sun, by the name of Geppge Barker, to a man in Erie, Ki-ie ciiiinty, Pennsylvania. She said she had no son residing there. One of her .sons was called Geopge W. Barker,, and was appren ticed in.nne of the western counties in the state of New York. The testimony mary Ann Windsor \1o«elmUnion Kernsville dodododo dodo dododo do 1828. ¦> 1839. y 1830.5 O-WKED BT George Effe, F.sq. Iliickleyb Brooke, Wm. Darling, ¦ieyferl & Schwartz, J. U. Schneider, Esq. J. V. R. Hunter, Reuben 'rrexler,- .loiies, Kern, & Co. N.-V. U. Hunter, Geo. Reagan. Esq. Jones Kern, & Co. PORGES. Charming Forge, Gibralter Forges, Dowel do S\xpenny - do Birilbbni-oiigh, Speedwell,North Kill, Green Tree, Vloselm,(2 FoPges) UockUnd,Union, Spring, I "ley. >few Bistriet, i)islrict.(2 Forges) Mount Pleasant, iy»Ie,Etockland, Pine, George Kge, Esq. Seyfert & ScliwartZj Joriafhan Seidel, George Z .charias, Heirs iifM Brooke, Daniel' Yocem, a. & /. Seyfert, Keen & Bur.kart, N. te. J. Hunter, J. U. Schneider, Geiii'Ke Reagan, J. S. Mariolctte, J. S. Sprarigi W. Scliall, Reuben Trexler, (3 Fopges,) », 0. Schall, D. Oyster, J. Rutier, ,3,7701 14.516 i" £¦ c c 23,822 15,000 15.00015,0.0 1u,50j10,80012,00., 11.300 4,500 6.000 ,4,590 9,006 9,000 5,0003,0007,500 3,450 3,000 1J600 7,500 4,500 3,000 3750 3,000 3,0005,300 9.6003,100 2 500 8,500 y '~ it ri •o •a- i l,63t/ 323,6-22 3.568 I.OOO 1.2uO 1,700 1,050 1.3,0 1,350 650 643700 ,250 0000 0000 0000 00 00 0000 Oo00 0000 00 00 00 00 00 95 ,700 500 500 360252 330 750 00 00 106 ,^3.000 21.000 21.000 16,890 14.226 11.65(j 12.500 8,600 SjO'ift 3,500 3,000 14,4113587 00 00 00 00 0000 0000 000000 00 Oo 0000 00 ,60 ODbo 9.000 13,000 7,0005,500 10',50C11,000 5.000 2,500 13.0,00 6.000 5,600 6,005,0004,0007,000 io;ooo 3,500 3,4001 10,000 ^'2 — 60 -o ¦ z 150,000 78.5J0 78,500 9^,00046,.-iO0 36.000 47,000 49,000 2,000 15,000 3,000 9^,550 175,000 65,000 56/MO81,000 86; 000 33,000 17,000 10^,000 5,000 35,00036,00033.00026,000 53,00078.000 35,000 16.500 79,000 001 , 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0000 00 00 00 00 * t\r\ /in 00 000000 800 000000 750 205300 150 300 450 00 375300 340 486720340 000000 00 00 1960 1000 600 00 30O 0000 750 00 600 0000 0000 0000 381.3661,731,550 150 00 700,1 00 61605150 398 MILITARY STATE CONVENTION.— PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATURE, [DieaHBM From-the American Sentinel. ' STATE MILITARY CONVENTION. , Pnpsuant tn public notice, the Field, Staff, aud Com- mis..\vssrs. Shannon, , McCulIough, Fuller, Findlay, Smith, Greenniigh, and Ramsey. Claims — Messrs. Ramsey, Stewart, McWiUIams, Pi- «tt, Campbell, Collar, and Sliear.ep. Agriculture — Messps. Oliver, Kepp, Potteigep, Pick ing, Kneppley. Lynn.^and Hinckle. Education — Messrs. An.lerson, . Stokesi Houston, Vansaiii, Kerk. Dunlop, and Buc:hanan. Domestic Manufactures — r.Vlessrs. Dunlop, Wanner. Qayne, Kuileau. Mackey, Donnel,' and Griffilh. ^' Accounts — Messrs. Hilntzingep, Sheai-ep, Ried,(Arm- stronff,) Irvin. MCKeeban, Weyantl, and Porter. Mililia System — Messrs. Davis, Power, McWilliams, Patterson, "(Fayelte,) Gross, Mathiot, and Bnchanan. Election Districts — Messrs. Boyer, Hoover, Felton, Whitehill, Weida, Bariels, and CuckUn. Banki — Messps. Peltz, Itiildle, Bpown, Bpafton, UpniHliead,'Beechep, and Mooiliead. ' , Estates and Escheats— ^y^essrs. Waugh. Goodman, Fox, Coplan, Marshall, Riirrowes, and Mitchell. Bridges^ Stale and Turnpike Roads— Messrs. Geb hart, Johnston, StPohm, Tomlisoii, Maptiii, Stokes, and Spayd. Cor/lora/ions— rMessPs. Read, (Siisque.) Goodman, Hhule. Aslibriilge, Rankin, .lames, and High. Inland. Navigaiion and Internal Improvement — Messps. Hemphill, Read, (Su-tjue.) Power, Crawford, Beaver', Galbraith," Heston, Walker, Oliver, Valentine, Over- field, Kelchner, and Pupviance. Local Appropriations — Messps. Hopkins, Andrews, Gebhart, Flickinger, Sharon, Keir, and Ried, (Arm; strong.') Pice and Immorality — Messps. Tomlinson,' Penny- packer, Kauffman, Roush, Fox, Hoover, and McKee- btn. To compare Bills and present thfm io the Governor — Messrsr Miller, Piatt, and Lovett. Library — .Messrs. Kerk, Roush, and Hinckle. On the Public Buildings— Messrs. Vansant, Ash- bridge, Bratton, Picking, and Wanner. OFFICERS ELECTED. Clebe. Francis R. Shu nk had - - 80 votes. F. R. Shunk was then declared duly elected, and nominated as his assistant, Thomas J, Gposs, which was agreed to. The Iiouse then proceeded to the election of othier officers, whereupon it appeared, that for printer ofthe English Journal, -^ Henry Welsh had - -77 votes. For printers of ihe Bills, Hugh Hamilton and Son, bad 78 votes. For printer ofthe German Journal, Jacob Babb had, - - 70 votes. For Sergeant-at-arms, James Smith had, Tfot Door-keeper, Tbomas Wallaee had 78 votes. 78 votes, feLECriON OF U. S. SENATOR, The following is the result of the various ballotlng's, which termii^aled in the selection of Geobge M, Dal las, Esq, F.RST BALLOT. Geopge M. Dallas. 34 Richard Rush. 33 H. -A. Muhleribepg, 17 Samiie-l B. Davis, 2 Jesse R. Bupden, 18 John Sergeant, 1 Joseph Hemphill. '27 SKCOND BALLOT. Geopge M. Dallas, Si , Joseph Hemphill, 27 H. A. Muhlenberg, 17 Ri'chard Ru^h, 33 Jesse R. Quidcn, 18 Samuel B. Davis, 2 THIRD BALLO'I". George M, Dallas, 35 Joseph H.emphill, 26 H. A. Muhlenberg,. 17 Richard Rush, 33 Jesse li. Burden, 19 Samuel B. Davis, ^ FOCRTH BALLOT. George M. Dallas, ' 37 Joseph Hemphill, 26 H. A. Muhlenberg, 15 Richard Rush, 33 Jesse R. Burd^^n, 19 Samuel B. Uavis, 2 On motion, ,the Convention adjourned till thpee o'clock, at which time it met and proceeded lo ballot as fullows: FIFT^ BALLOT. Genpge M. Dallas 37 Joseph Hemphill, 25 H. A. .Muhleribepg, 13 Richard flush, 33 Jesse R. Burden,' 21 Samuel B. Davis 2 SIXTH BAfjLO I-. , ' Geopge M. Dallas, 38 Joseph Hemphill," 24 H. A. Muhlenberg. 11 liichai-d Rush, 33 Jesse R. Bmden; 21 Samuel R. Davis, 2 SEVENTH BALLOT. " Geopge M. Dallas, 44 Joseph Hemphill, 27 U.A. Alulilcnbci-jf, 13 ' Riciiai-d Rush, _. 3J5 Je»e R. BuiUcu, 13 Samuel B. Dayis,*^ , 2 EIGHTH BALLOT. ^ George M. DaUas, 54 Joseph Hemphill, 31 Uciii-y A. Muiileiiuerg, 9 Kicuaid Rush, 33 Jkssc Xi. iiurueii, 4 baiiiuel B, Davis, 1 NINTH 'BALLOT. Geopge M. Dallas, 62 Joseph Hemphill, 38 bauiuel b. Davis, 1 - R.cliai-d Rush, 31 "TENTH BALLOT. Geopge M Samuel B. Dallas, 63 Davis, 1 Joseph Hemphill, Riciiapd Rush, 38 30 ELEVENTH BALLO T. Geopge M. Samuel B. Dallas, 67 Davis, 1 Joseph HemphUl, Ricuard Rush, . 34 30 CHIMNEYS. One ofthe greatest annoyances to human comfopt, in the cool seasuu ot the year, is a smoky chimney, in an occupied i-uoiii of any description, eitlier kitchen, par lor or sitting-room; and to construct a chiiiiiiey which would carry smoke, has beeii found in ppaclice. one uf the most ppieca'nous objects uf mechanism. So little has the theory of smoke and. draft been understuud, that if ever a chimney was constructed 10 draw well, it was evidently a matler uf accident; fOp no meciiaiiic seemed to have any rule for coiislpucting chimneys, which would ensure a good one. We have been ex tremely gratified within a few days, by the inspection of a flue, and a set of fiie-placcs, constructed upon a plan entirely new, in principle, invejited by Mr. Hehbt Aktis, a respectable mtrchant of our bopough. We had nut the pleasupe of seeing Mr. Antis' niudel; but we saw the practical, effect of hia discovery, by a cliim- ney and fipe-places in operation, in the house of Mp.' Joseph WaUace, in Front slpeet, the success of which is complete, and triumphantly sustains Mr. Antis* theo-* 400 MISCELLANEOUS. [OzeSHitifl ry on the subject. His theory is, that cold alniospherlc air tends to the coiitre ot gpavity, tiUit meefiwilh some obstpuciiun, whicli gives it another dh'eclion— ^thal healed up magnified air, is exactly vertical in motion, following the surface uf .solid matter by the dense sur rounding atino!<|ihrre— that hence the flue to carry it off, siiuuld be perfectly vel'tic:>l. and in no place of smaller dimensions than at the bottom op fipst inlet. — That it matteps not how many inlets thepe be to it, pro vided the apea ofa cposs-sectlon ofthe flue be equal to those of all the inlets combined. It may be greater, bill must nevep be smnller. He, Ihei'efope, starts a single flue, from the celfar. regulating the size to cover the area uf all the contemplated Inlets, from bultum to tup. He carries it up, all the way'uf the same Mze, in exact perpeniiiculap "direction — nor need the wall be mure tiiaii the width ofone brick, in thickness. Wher ever he warns a fire-place, tie attaches jambs ofthe usual shape, leaving the common perpendicular wall of the flue, fur a back, throwing an arch across, at the proper pla.:e, in the usual t'urm, covering il tight to the back w'alL Immediaiely opposite op beUiw the covep- iiig uf'.fhe apch, he leaves a hni'izonlal apeptupe in the flue, the wliule width of ibe fire-place, from jamb lo jamb, in size accui ding to calculati.n previuusly made. and acc'JpilIrig lo tile height of the apch, which fop jambs fpom 24 to 30 iriclies high, must not be less than three indies, perpendicular irt the opening. There seems to be piiilosu[>liy in this thebry; and ppactice, so fap as ipicd, ppi'ives that there is Iriilh in il. And we have 110 duubt'the plan will on a little farlhep trial,, be unuePsally adopted, by builders. Beneath each gi-aie, filed in a fii)e>place, is an open ing left, which descenils ubllquely into the flue. In this upeniiig on a level with llie hearth, is a fine grate fixed through which the ashi-s de>ceii(l,, frum the grate above. And such is the effect, that while a strung current of air is ppuiliiced, by the heal from the fire in the grate, through the horizontal aperture above, a moderate draft is al»o maintained in the oblique one below, which carries ofi' all the dust, so thai fi om a coal fipe, not a particle of dust escapes into Ihe poum. He also affixes a valve lo each inli-t, hur.g in such an inge nious nianiiep. that the meie pulling a small biass knob, closes- it entirely; and thus in case the chimney should take fire, all the cui-peuts of aip may be slopped in a muraeiil, and ihe fire tiles at once. Not a particle of sout can tvep enter yoiip poum op yOiip fire-place; (or that, as well as the ashes, all'descend to the bottom of theBue, in Ihe-celUP, whePe an opening with a slieet- ipon dooP is constructed, fpom' which these apticles can be taken, and ibpougU which a sw.^eep may enlep and perform his duties; without distut-bing the business, or amusemenlK, or quiet of ariy part of tbe family. Where necessapy, he also capries up side flues in the jambs, by which aip can be inlpoduced, lo regulate Ihe tempera-, tupe of your room, or the force ofyour drafts^ The advantages of this improvement ape. 1. Fewer materials are used, which- cheapenrthe work. - ' i 2. Less room is engfrossed by dead brick-work. 3. No annoyances from soot or a-ihes, in your rooms —not even when a sweep ascends to clean nut your flue. 4, Power to regulate the temperature ofyour rooms, without opening doors or windows. 5, Perfect security agaifst smoker In every room in' your house, — Harrisburg Paper. The Beaver Argus of Friday last, says:—" Winter has set in upon us unusually early this season. Beaver Cpeek, on the 30ih ult. was frozen over sufficienlly havd lor a man to cross on it, and we have tolerable good sleighing. Our oldest inhabitanls say they have never experienced such severe weatlier thus early in the season, in this part of the country." The Wheelmg Times of December 7» says— «« Since eur last two steamboats hare arrived from Pittsburg— and one departed yesterday down the river. The river is full of ice," ¦ 'The Norristown Herald of yesterday says!-4The SchuylkiU is fpAzcn ovep for miles in eXIent. On Satur day a person arrived here from Phoenixville. a distance of 10 miles, which be accomplished without any diffi culty on the ice. Cleabfikld, December 1. . Cold wxatheb. — Winter is here with all ils welcome and unwelcome train of attendants. The river is fro zen over and can be crossed on the ice — the ground is covered with a mantle of snow, arid affords, we suppose, excBllent sleighing, for our eaps have been greeted wiih Ihe siimid of Uie bells. At this seasmi of iIk: \eap, the like has not been witnessed by the oldest iubabltaiit. — Banner. HusTiironoy, December 7. The weather fop the last fouP op five days has been as sevepe as we genepally experience in the dead of winter. On SaUii-day and Sunday we had a fall qf snow to the depth of two up three inches, in tli'is neighbour hood; but the high winds have drifted it very much. _ The canal attuis place, is completely closed up with ice; and Hie Juniata river, also, is veiy near being closed. — Gaz. At no corresponding season within 30 years, has been experienced such cold weather as commenced ten days since; and sfillcoiiliriues. — Millim. Maxich Chvuk, Dec. 1- The thermometer al 6- o'clock this morning was at 12 Fahrenheit, a furelastc of what may be expected. HlRnisBonsi December 12. The Susquehanna was frozen over al this place, on the night of D,ecemb.ir 7, earlier than at any period since 1796. Wilkes-babbx, Dec. T. We have clear wintery weathtp aiid good sleighing. The North Branch canal is closed with ice, and the prospect is, that it will not be navigable ag^iii Ib'is season. Ebie. Dec. 2. Show Stobm.— On Sunday evening last, commenced a snow storm, wliich we are told by some of the earlyr settlers of ibis place, has never been equalled within theip i-ecblleciibn. The snow continued tailing, except al very shopt iiilepvals. until Wednesday morninii, ac companied with high blusttring wind, which did con siderable c)i>ma;;e to the shipping in llSe Lake and in the Bay. The extent ot. damage is not known, as several vessels which bad cast anchor neap ihe piers soon after the storm commenced, broke loose from their mooriiiga during ihe night of Mondtiy, and have not been heapdof since. 'The snow is Supposed to have . tallea about thpee feet, and is very much drifted.- On I'uesday and W cdnesday, the- mails hatl to be caitiid on horseback, it being impossible to get along with sleighs. The travelUiig is now good, and the bells are jin,,,Ung mer rily. The storm extended as far as we have been able to hear fpom, to the east and west, Al Buffalo, tbe har bor is closed, and sevepal vesseb laden with mepcban dize to come up the lake, are completely embapgoed. The laPge schooner America, uf Cleaveland, laden with goods, went ashore at Dunkirk, on Tuesday night and bilged; — Observer. The severity of theweatlier has' continued through out the week — A fall of snow on Wednesday sufficient lo produce a little sleighing — Thursday night and Fri day cold very severe — Rivers both closed-^Influenza prevalent throughout the city and countryr-^Wobd still high and learee. [Philadelphia.] HAZARD'S REOI8TER OF PEJ^NSYLVANIA. nXVOTEn TO the TRXSEIlTATIOir or EVEBT Kliril op useful IRI-OIIMATION BESPXCTfBO THE STATE. BDITED BY SADIUEL HAZARD. VOL; VIII.-JfO. 26. PHILiADELiFHTA, PEC. 24, 1831. JTO- 208. AUDITOR GENERAL'S BEPOBT OP THE FINANCES OF THE COMMONWEALTH. POB TBE',TEAB 1831. Ncu L LANDS, FEES ON LANDS, &c. Amount of purchase money with ^ iritereist thereon, , f9l,102 68 Fees on warrants and patents, 10,567 92 OFFICE FEES. Surveyor GeneraPs Office, 1,203 00 Secretary ofthe Land Office, 455 58 103,329 18 No. n. AUCTION COMMISSIONS. Samuel W. liijipincott, '^ *2.000 OQ Richard F. Allen, -. SamUel/C. Ford, John Jennings, Mahlon GUUngUam, Moses Thomas, '-'¦'•. - CbarleaJ. Wolbert, John b.-6oodvvin, Archibald Murphy,^, Joseph Thomas, George Biter, - 2.000 OQ 2.O0O 00 2,000 OO 2,009 00 1,000 00 300 00 300 JOO 200 00 soq'oo IQO Ofl No. V. DIVIDENDS ON BRIDGte, CANAL AND TURN PIKE STOCK. Harrisburg bridge, *6,750 00 Alleghehy,, 3,200 00 Mobongahela, 2,400 00 Columbia, 2,250 00 Northumberland, 1,500 00 Lewisburg, 800 00 Conemaugh, 405 OO WUkes-barre, ^7S 00 DanviUe, 350 00 Nescopeck, ' , 320 00 Schuylkill bridg* at Pottstown, 240 00 Schuylkill nayigaVion company, 2,750 00 Cbambersburgh arid Bedford turn- 12,100 00 No. ill. AUCTION DUTIES. Bichard F. AUen, ; Mahlon GUlingbiim^ Samuel C. Ford* John Jennings, Samuel W. Uppincotfi Peter Grahtlm^ Moses Thomas, Henry C. Corbit, George W. Bichards, Henry Erwiii,, C. J. Wolbeft, David Lynch, George Riter, P.M?Kenna, T. B. Freeman, JoWd. ^ioodwio* Archibald Murphy, ,830,016 67' 22,065 23 21,974 04- 19,610 25 13,^95 15 , 8,419 5% 3,438 29 , 2,99i 01 1,939 52 847 SS 49d 47 402 67 261 04 .26116 241 30 B\ 77 43 22 ^ __- 1^6,504.85 pike road company. Centre,.Middletowri and Harrisburg, "Vork and Gettysburg," Bedford and StOystown, Lancaster, Elisfab'elhtoWn and Middletown, Pittsburg and Steubenville, , Easton and WUkes-'barre, Brie and Watci-foril,' Susquehanna and Yopk borough. 5,650 63 2,400 00 , 1,260 00 1,200 00 1,000 00 550 00 360 00 312 50 '200 00- 125 00 34,398 12 '¦¦yis:' No. VL No. IV. DIVIDENDS ONBANK STOCK. Bank ofPennsylvania, #90^00 00 Philadelphia Bank, ^ , H'^3^^ Farmew' and Mechamo«» Bank, 3,416 00 ¦ . I 106i4g8 50 Vol. VIII. TAX ON BANK DIVIDENDS. Bank of North Ariierica, , |I4.000 00 Commercial bank of Pennsylvania, 3,840 00 Bank ofthe Northern Liberties, 3,200 00 Bank of Chester county^ 2,520 00 Mechanl,cs' bank, of the" city anij_ county of Philadelphia, Bank, of Pittsburg, Southwark bank, Easton bank. Farmers' bank of Lancaster, Chambersburg bank, Harrisburgh bank, Kensington bank, Carlisle bank, Bank of Montgomery coiinty, Monongahela bank of Brownsville, Northampton bank. Bank of Gettysburg, Lancaster bank, Huntingdo,n;¥ank, Farmers' baril: of Bucks county, Wyoming ba^k. No. VTI. TAX ON OFFICES. John M. Snowden, register and re corder of AUlgheny counly, $SS 34 Geo. B. Porter, formlsr ptwtlumo- tary of Lancaster coupty, 1,577 23 Christian Bacbman, pMtikoAotary of Lancaster eeunty, 19108 2.343 SS 2,311 00 2,000 00 i,606 5$ 1,483 40 1,186 69 1,014 56 999 92 967 61 ^40 03 , 57188 525 17 501 27 421 38 358 65 "1. 103 06 73 25 nn «.yn nf. SI 402 AUDITOR GENERAL'S REPORT- ^A^AVAJttUXli William Whiteside, register of hoils. cts. Lancaster county, ^ 190 47 F. A. Muhlenburg, former do 950 69 Jacob Fry, jr. pPotlionofapy, Mont gomery county. ' 103 79 Wrii.POwell, register & recorder do ISO 00 John Lisle, prothonotary District Court, Philadelphia co. 1,943 34 Bichard Palmer, prothoriotapy C. Pleas, Philadelphia co. 1,458 58 J[pelBiSulhfrland, deputy att'y. .' general, pbUadelphiaJco.. 109 50 ' Peter Fpailey, ppothonotapy, re gister and recorder of Schuyl kiU county, 734 62 . ¦ ^ — ^ 7,464 53 NO. VIIL TAX ON WRITS, &c. Per act of 6th of April, 1830. John B. Clark, register and recorder, Adamsoounty, $71 PS WUiiam M'Candless, prothonotary, Allegheny, 505 13 John M. Snowden, register and re corder do. 367 15 , Simon Torney, prothonotary, Arm strong, 96 00 Frederick Rohrer, register and re corder, do. 86 25 James Logan, Prothonotary, Beaver,- 88 27 David Johnston, register and re corder, do. ,, .. 112 52 Job Mann, prothonotary, register and recorder, Bedfopd, , ; -251 '23 John Addams, prothonotary, Berks, 270 87 George Smith, regisfer.'jdo- 53 ,83 John Miller, recorder, do, 162 50 Darius Bullock, late ppfhonotary, - Bradford,. 35-00, WUUam Purdy. prof. Bucks, 223 34 .\ndrew Heller, register, 57 72 Michael Dech, recorder, do. 384 61 William Stewart, isrot. B ufler, 22' 07 Philip Sqoin- prothonotapy, register and recorder; Cambpia, 100 00 James Gilliland, ppot. Centre, 53 35 WUIiam L. Smith, late do. 44 87 WiUiam Pettit, register and rec. do 169 75 John W. Cunningham, prothonotary, Chester, 299 73 Robert Ralston, register, do. 62 56. Nimrod Strickland, recorder, do. 387 03 Jacob Eyerly, prot. Colunibia, 120 00 John Cooper, reg. and recorder, do. 103 31 Edward A. Reynolds, prot, reg, arid recorder, Crawford, , 140 00 John Harper, prot. Cumberland, 193 08 John Irwin, reg. and recorder, do. 182 36 John Roberts, prot. Dauphin, 229 89 Samuel Pool, reg. and recorder, do. 207 58 Heriry Myers, prot. reg. and rec. Delaware, 124 78 Edwin J. Kelso, prot. reg. and rec. Erie, 214 85 Henry W. Beeson, prot, Fayette, 144 06 Alexander M'Cle^n, register and re corder, do. 138 23 John Flanagan, prot. Franklin, 361 8X Paul L Betich, reg. and req. do. 174 71 Willam T. Hays, prot. Greene, 120 00 Jesse Lazear, reg. and rec. do. 100 00 David R. Porter, prot. reg. and rec. Huntingdon, 267 24 James Corbet, prot. reg. and rec. Jcffienon, 35 00 WiHiam Bankt, prot. reg. md rec. Iridianti. , 280 00 James S. Law, reg. and rec. Juniata, 62 00 Christian Bacbman, prot. Lancaster, 393 34 William Whiteside, register, db. , 76 IS Jacob Peelop, recorder, do. 233 77 Adam Ritscher. prot. Lebanon, 103 40 John Ubler, register, do. 33 46 John Sblndle, recorder, do. 84 39 John Wilson, reg. and i-ec. Lehlgb> 150 35 Henry Pettebone, prot., Luzerne, 199 82 Isaac ,Bowman, reg. and rec. do. 224 07 Joseph "Wood, prot. Lycoming, 129 50 John Vanderbelt, reg. and fee. do. 154 27 William S. Bankin, ppot. Mepcer, '' 78 81 Sariiuel'Holstein, reg. and rec. do, 148 92 Richard Chadwick,' prot. reg. and rec.M'Keaui 85 00 Abraham S. Wilson, protMifflin, 189 15 Joshua''Beale,-reg^ and rec, do. 130 00 Jacob Fry, jr. prof. Montgomery, 188 43 William/i>bwel|,-reg.' and rec. do, 254 14 William' L, Sebring, prothonotary, Northampton, x 184 SS . George Hess, jr. register, do.- 40 74 Edward Y. Bright, prot, Northum- ; berland, 140 00 Solomon Shaffer, reg. and rec. do. 131 25 George Stroop, piot. Perry, 97 00 John M'Kechan, reg. and rec. do._ 101 85 John Lisle^ prot. District Court,PbiIa- delphia, 1,090 77 Richard Palmer, do. CommoirPleas, do. ."sge 01 John Humes, regisfei^ do. 255 11 AlexapderM'CaraheP, rec. do. 2,697 57 Charles B. Seaman, prof. Pike, . 50 00 Peter Fralley, prot., reg. and rec. SchuylkiU, 856 15 Chauncey Forward, prot. reg. and ¦ rec. Somerset, 183 50 Asa Dimock, prot. and'register, Sus quehanna, , 147 so WiUiam Jessup, recorder, 115 00 Jonah Brewster, prot. reg. and rec. . Tioga. ^ 170 00 Joseph StUIwell, prot. Union, 97 17 Samuel Roush, reg. and rec. do. 108 15 Arhold Phiinmep, prot. reg. and rec. Venango, 63 25 Robert Miles, -prot. reg. and rec. Warren, 165 38 Thomas Officer, prot. Washington, .186 97 John GpaySon, register, do. 40 74 William Hoge, -recorder, do. 188 18 Solomon Moore, prrt. Wayne, S7 61 James Manning, reg. and rec. do. 86 81 Randall M'Laughlinj prothonotary, Westmoreland, , 265 7S Alexander Johnston, reg. Sc rec. do, 206 12 Jesse Spangler, register, "York, ' 55 78 Charles Nes, recorder, York, 83 42 WiUiam Duane, plot. Supreme court. Eastern District, 165 86 Samuel A, Houston, prot. Supreme court, Lancaster district, 108 64 Alexander Jordan, prot. Supreme court. Middle district, 190 00 Leonard S. Johns, prot. Supreme court, Western district, 261 41 DOLLS. CTS. -18,979 89 IX. FEES OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE'S OFFICE. Amount of fees received and account ed for by Samuel M'Kean, Secre tary of tbe Coinnnnwealtb, 448 60 1831.] AUDITOR GENERAL'S REPORT— REVENUE. 403 No. -X. TAVERNjLlCENSES. dolls. CTs. Wm.S.Cobean, treasurer of Adams Gouniy-,' $683 55 "WiUiam Woods, David Johnston, Benjamin Adams, Thomas Henry, late David Hays, former Thoriias R. Gettys, James Williamsr fortriet Andrew Irvine, - -~ ¦' ¦ '- John Buchman, '' ^Panels M'Bridei James Thompson, late Cornelius M^onald, , John G. Lowry, Benjamin Parker, Gerhard PhiUp GuUch, Alexander Irvine, late Hugh M'Williams, Joseph Douglass, Thomas Atkinson, former Hiendricks Wejse, John &elker, William Eyre, Thomas Moothead, jr, Alfred Meason, Jojsepb Pritts, Hughr Greenfield, farmer WUIiam M'Clelland, Isaac Dorland, Bleaney Adair, Andrew Barnett, Henry Brenner's luymrs, Thomas Harper, Solomon Gaogewere, Sharp D. Lewis, Thomas W. Lloyd, ^ Jonathan Smith, " '- Wniiam Mitchell^ Hent^ -Schneider, Peter Pomp, Peter Lazarus, John Wilson, Philip Peltz, Olivers. Dimmick, Burrel Lyman, Joseph Hammer, Jacob Neff, Davis Dimock, jr. ElihriHill, Samuel Aurand, Myron Parks, "Walter W. Hodges, WUUam Pier, late Saihuel M'Farland,, Bichard Lancaster, Nathaniel B. Eldred, late Samuel Kubns, Allegheny Armstrong - Beaver do. ' do. Bedford do. Bradford Bucks - - Butler ' do. - Cambria ' Centre- Chester Clearfield] do. Columbia Crawford do. Cumberland - paophin Delaware £:rie Fayette FrankUn do. . Greene - Huntingdon -Indiana Jefferson Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh LuzerneLycoming Mercer - Mifflin MontgomeryNorthariipton "Northumberland PerryPhiladelphia Pike Potter SchuylkiU Somerset SusquehannaTiog^ Union ' ' Venango Warren do. Washington. Wayne do. Westmoreland 3,423 54 ¦^234 08 600 00 103 62 61 50 726 67 200 00 42 28 1,062 23 106 59 150 00 217 36 43 08 1,209 61 100 00 132 00 S7;i 44 158 84 90 05 864 65 990 03 400 14 280 08 •;16 90 2,024 48 224 00 158 84 1,097 19 328 13? 33 44 3,202 16 571 44 735 29 597 31 502 45 158 84 649 05 1,362 50 1,175 16 623 18 511 07, 9,708 71 ,' 284 24' 9 50 261 36 451 21 232 01 108 68, 692 17 108 64 142 50 - 94 00 683 55 39 80 146- 64 761 16 John G. Lowry, ' Centre James M. Petrikin, former dd. - Benjamin Parker, Chester Alexander Irvine, Clearfield - Hugh M'WiUIams, golumbia Joseph Douglass, "Crawford Hendricks Weise, Cumberland John Kelker, Dauphin William Eyre, Delaware Thoriias Moorhead, jpi, ' Erie Alfred Meason, ' Fayette Joseph Pritts, FrankUn Daniel Spangler, late do. Hugh Greenfield, former do. William M'Clelland, Greene Isaac Dorland, Huntingdon Bleaney Adair, Indiana - Andrevr Barnett, , Jefferson Hehry Brenner's, ad'mrs. Lancaster Thomas Hai;per, Lebanon Solomon Gangewere, Lehigh Sharp b.Lewis, Xiazeme . Zurah Smith's executor 'do. "fhomas W. Lloyd, Lycoming David "T. Porter, Mercer Jonathan Smith, late do. Aaron Hackney's executors do. Jonathan Colegrove, WUIiam Mitchell, Henry Schneider, Geopge PipePKlate PeterPolnp, Peter Lazarus, John "JVUson; Philip Peltz. W'lUiam Moulder, late Oliver S. Dimmick, " Burrel Lyman, Joseph Hammer, j;acob Neff, bavi3.Dimock, ji*. Elihu Hill, Samuel Aurand, Mypon Papks, Waltep W. Hodges, WUIiam Plep,-late Samuel M'Farland, Nathaniel B. Eldred/ Samuel 'Kubns, Cornelius Stevenaon, John Bacon, late George Weitzel, William Graham, jr. M'Kean, Mifflin Montgomery do. NorthamptonNorthumberland Peppy , Philadelphia. do. ' Pike Potter Schuylkill SomersetSusquehanna Tioga Urtion"Venango 'Warren do. Washington Wayne Weainforeland crfy of Philadelphia do.' City of Laricaster City of Pittsburg DOUS. CTS. 69 93 60 00 1,444 51 70 02 300 30 210 70 682 53 1,600 32 422 53 291 29 23 10 1,606 54 144 55 460 00 239 55 1,324 58 586 29 31 69 1,044 22 305 94 425 73 581 63 274 05 250 49 733 63 313 76 141 52 17 26 434 93 1,100 00 6 77 1,039 89 360 86 286 38 3,578 59 -210 70 119 58 19 00 772 32 190 10 301 18 46,75 446 28 73 04 159 52 164 68 763 33 180 89 630 33 20j031 27 600 00 562 66 1,928 7S 40,146 94 No. XI. DUTIES ON DEALERS IN FOBEIGN MERCH-V,N- DiZE, David Johnston, William Woods, Benjamin Adams, Thomas Henry, late Thomas H, Gettys, Andrew Irvine, Alpheus Ingham, late John Ruchman, Andrew Apple, late Francis M'Bride, James Thompson, late Copnalius M'Dgnald. Ad^ms County, $499 33 Armstrong 244 71 Allegheny 682 45 Bearer 350 00 do. 306 23 Bedford 237 51 Bradford 30 81 do. 100 00 Bucks 822 50 do. '¦¦ ' 35 00 Butler 222 83 do. 100 00 Cambria 99 50 No. XIL STATE MAPS. William S, Cobean, "Tr. Thomas Henry Thomas R. Gettys, Hugh M'WiUiams, John Kelker, , Thomas MOorhead, jr. Daniel SpilrigUr, late Bleaney Adair, Thomas W. Lloyd, Peter Foinp, Peter Lazarus Philip Peltz, Elihu Hill, Samuel Aurand, Myron Parks, , Samuel M'Farland Samuel Kuhni, Alexander Mahbii, state treasurer 51.445 38 Adams CO. $57 00 Beaver 3 75 Bedford 9 50 Columbia 33 25 Dauphin 19 51 Erie 25 00 FrankUn 23 75 Indiana 4 75 Lycoiriing 36 75 Northampton 18 00 Northumberland 9 50 PhUadelphia 80 7i Tioga 4 75 Union 9 50 Venango ^8 50 "Wasbingtett S3 2il Westmoreland, 23 75 teasurer 25 00 446 2$ 404 AUDITOR GENEBALtS REPORT- REVENUE. [DscxxSEn No.- COLLATEHAL David Bright, treasurer of Alexander Vanhorn, John, Buchman, late Andrew Apple, former Isaac ("Rhomas, Hugh Sl^'WiUiam^, Hendricks Weise, John Keiker, WiUiam Eyre, Joseph Pritts, Isaac, Dorland, Bleaney Adair, , John H. Dufthman, ^eniy Brenner's ad'mrs,. Thomas Harper, Solomon Gangemisre, ' William Mitchell, Henry Schneider, George Piper, late Peter Fotnp, . Peter Lazarus, John Wilson, PhUip Peltz, SainuelAurand,Samuel M'Farland,' Jacob Bayler, XIU. INHERITANCES. Berksco.Bucks do.do, Chester Columbia Cumberland Dauphin Delaware ,:,, Franklin - HuntingdonIndiana Lancaster do. Lebanon LehighMifflin >Iontgomery. .lyiontgomery NorthamptonNorthumberlandPerry Philadelphia Union "Washington York $704 32 475, 00 298 39 5 si 298 90 .6 23 184 93 134 38 544 85 147 46 70,42 14 74 257 St 00 09 30fr 04 274 62 100 87 SIX 29 16 13, 329 80 t^ 46 23 16 14,334 84 10 92 J108 85 IS 01 19,062 81 No. XIV. PAMPHLET LAWS William S. Cobean, Tr.. of Adams co. Isaac Thomas, BenjaD^in Parker, late Hendricks Weise, John Kelker, PW>el Spangler, late Henry Brenner's ad'mrs. George Piper, Feter Pomp, PlAlip Peltz, Joseph Hammer, Samuel Aurand, Sainael M'Farland, Chester do. ^ Cumberland ;* pauphin - , Franklin ' -Lancaster ^:Montgomery" Northampton Philadelphia Schuylkill Union 'Washington,,. 81 88^ No.XV: MM'ITIA AND EXEMPT FINES. JSt. W. sample, jr. late insjjector se- eon#brigade, fourth division, under acJkofl822, 60 00 Dan'iel Sharp, inspector first brigade, fitBt division, under act Of 1828, 500 00 Jlijin Davis,-inspector first brig^e, se cond division, under do. , 125 00 Henty Paub,inspe.cti}r. second i;ri. rade, second divisiop, under do. :rohn Buchm»n, late tr. of Bucks co. John Kelker "William Eyre, PhiliDPeltz^ J^hii£urtz, former. 305, 00 7 60^ 12 01, 3 80 Dauphin Delaware Philadelphia 87 40 Somerset ¦ 280 60 ¦ 1,381 41 No. xvr, "HN AND CLOCK PEDLERS' LICENSES. Wiltiam Woods, tneuKiierofAnegheny CO. $46 60 Tbomas K. Gettys, Bedford 57 00 Andrew Irvine Bradford S7 00 Jlohn G. Lownr, Centre 57 00 Benjamin Parker, Chester 85 50 Hugh M'WilKam^ Columbia 171 00 Hendricks Weise^ Cumberland 114 00 < JohnKelker, Dauphin 85 50 Thomas Moorhead, jr. Joseph ]^ritts, Henry Brenner's ad'mrs. Sharp D. Lewis, WiUiam Mitchell, Peter Pomp, John Wilson, PfciUpjPeltz,Josepli Hammer Jacob Neff, Davis Dimock, jr. i- -, Samuel M'Farland, Nathaniel B. Eldred, Samuel; Kubns, Erie FrankilinLancaster LuzerneMifflin Ifopthamptan: Perry Philadelpbiai 'Schuylkill. ,*< Somerset Siis^uehannaWashington . 'Wayne Westianoreland Bichard Palmep, prothfflnotafy Common PJeas, EMladelphia, •- - 43 63 117 00 285 00 137^60. 28 50 57 00 28 50t 171 00 57 00 SS 50r .57 00 57 00: 114 00* i7 ,00. 60 00 2,029 33 No. XVII. HAWKERS' AND PEDLERS', UCEN&ES WiUiam S. Cobean, ir. of Adams co. John G. Lowry, . Centre Hendricks Weise, Cumberland John kelker, Dauphin Joseph Pritts, Franklin Bleaney Adair, hidlana Henry Bpenner's ad'mrs. Lancaster Tbomas'Harper, Lebanon So-lomon Gangewere, , Lehigh Sharp'B. Lewis,. : , j„. - Luzepne Thomas W. Lloyd, \, Lycoming Peteppomp, ,<.r,- Nopthampton Peter Lazapus, ' Kopthumheiihuid Philip Peltz, Philadelphia Oliver S. Dimmick, Pike Joseph Hammer, SchuylkiU Samuel- Aurand, Union Nathaniel B. Eldred, Wayne Samuel Kuhnsi ^ Westmoreland.;, $15 20 15 20 15 2a 131 A^ 65 20 15 20 229, 90 30 40 . 69 35 38 95 .. 15 sa IS 20 -15,20'815 90 -45 60 i-15 20 -e ,a5 2Q 760 22^80 1,593 £& No. X"Vin. ESCHEATS. George W. Harris, deputy escheator in- the case of the estate of WilKam Wanless, Dau- - phin county,. SO 00 N0..XIX. CANAL TOLLS. John Kevin, collector- at Middletown, E. Dmsion - . 713, eg Thomas C. Beed. H^rris^ntig, do. 12,993 77 Robert Scott, jr. Duncan's Island, Susquer hanna Divlsioni , ', : 3,977 81 David Brinneman, Leechburg, Westenii Di vision, 2,579 44 Jqhn Leech, tete^i, do, do., 992 50 Thomas Johnston, BlalrsvUIe, do, 6,780 00 WilKam Br Foster, AUegheny town, do. 2,215 00 JohnEawJer, Pittsburg Aqueduct, do. 431 64 Jacob Fritz, Juniata Aqueduct, Juniata Di vision, , ' , 4^ 60 LeviBeynoId^Lewistotviado. 4,402 38 Elijah I?. Dpan, Nortbttmheii«nd« Sji«squ$- hanna Division, 2,214. 97 WJUiain F. Swift, Bristol, Delaware Divi sion, 899 43 38,24% 20 f No. XX. ^~~ LOANS. Bank of Pennsylvania) temporary loan per act of 12th January, 1831, $250,iOOO 00 Oflice of Discount and Deposit at Harris- lasi.] AUDITOB GENEBAL'S BEPOBT— EXPENDITUBES. 40l» burg, temporary loan in anticipation of the permanent loan per a^.of: 21st March, 1831, 230^000 00 Bank of Peoasylnailia, loan per act of 21st March, 1831, . i;444,948 54 Bank of Pennsylvania, loan per act of SOth March, 1831, _ 275,000 00 -2,199,948 54 Conveying fugitives,. Pennsylvania claimants, Defence of the state, Miscellaneous, 1314 15 16 DOLLS, CTS. 596 06 56 55 107 50 9,128 94 Balance in the titttitury Novembei^ 1831-, on the 1st of 3,058,926 54 124,482 82 No. XXL PREMIUMS ON LOANS. Bank of Pennsylvania, six per cent, on $l,444,i94ft 54 ofthe loan per act of 21st MarelblSSl, Bank of Pennsylvania, six pec cent. On $275,000. of the loan per act of 30th Marbh, 1831, $8«,696 91 16,500 00 103,196 91 No.XXIL COIdMISSIOlfEBS OF THE INTERNAL IM- r PBOVEMENT FUND. Amount paid by them to the State Trea surer, Iveing the sum appropriated to the reUef Of -sundry turnpike road- eompa- aies, by t,h» 4t1i section of the actof21st March, 1831, - - $125.000 00 No. XXIIL , OLD X>EBTS AND MISCELLANEOUS. Samuel AlUson, :eixeGiitor of Matthew AUt- «on, on account of a bond to'the Common* - wealth for land' late of John Nicholson, de- eeased, 161 94 Stephen Girard, on account of Solomon Markl^'S bond for do. 98 10 Stephen Girai^ for lands late of John Nich- jt)ISitn» deeeased, s'ltuate in Schuylkill eoOAty, and sold to him by the Secretary of the land-office^, and the: Survey or 'Gene ral, agreeably to the provisions of the 'act of 28lte March, 1814. 10,000 00 JiAM^Haelcney, commissioner for the sale of reserved tractsin the-town of Warren, 90^ 00 John Batton, agent for the Susquehanna lot- . teiy, per Bt^ert Allison, attorney fpr the' Commoiuwealth. 572 00 Executors of-Martin Beilly,: former sheriff of Bedford ,county, on account of court fines, -- i- -... ,ris9 62 Joseph GaBtmings, fines imposed on sun dry petsansfor riding, ooithe -towing path , of-*e BennsylvaniaCanal, 8 00 JohnSmarti do. ^ 0° * 11,087 66 $3,183,409 36- No. L _ INTERNAL IMPKOVBaftaVTS. TUBNPIKES. Washington !(rid Pittsburg', BW 733 3S Washington and WiHiamsport, 3,333 '33 Somei^et and Bedford, 3 19;, Milesburg and sWtbsport, 2,446 35< Harrisbu^, C'arltsle and Cham bersburg, . per act of 21st of I March, 1831, $21,702 53 Chambersburg, and - - *' 4i4.n,saIary, 200 00 Disbursements, 13 20 -515 72 4,844 63 AcconsTAar Defaatkexit. Auditor Generals salary, 1,400 00 Clerks, 3,000 00 Printing annual report for 1830, . 80 00 Contingencies, 698 37 5,178 37 Land OmcE. Secretary ofthe Land Office,salary ,1,400 00 Clerks, 3,820 00 Contingencies, ^S'3 14 Sobtetob Ginxbal's Oftice. Surveyor General's salary, 1,750 00 Clerks, 3,114 16 Contingencies, 363 79 MiSCELLASEOOS BXPXNSXS. Wardens ofthe Port, 1,944 42 Jesse B. Burden, chairmfin of the joint committee of the State Li- braty, S20 00 WiUiam Musgrave, state librarian, 180 00 Printers and others for publishing, &c.the Governor's proclamation to convene the le^slature in No vember, 1829, , 33 50 Robert Dickey and Isaac Hbves, ''^ ' taking care ofthe State Capitol, during the recess of the legisla ture, for 1830, 60 00 Witnesses in the case of the Wal nut street priionli^Fbibidelpb'w, .42 50 Samuel RIngwalt, first bp'igade, fourth di-< vision, salary,- Michael H. Spangler, first brigade, fifth d"iyl8ion, disbursement, Jacob Sanders, second brigade, fifth di- sion, salary, 154 50 Disbursements, 705 35 313 20 216 66 530 00 Thoriias C. Miller, late do. disbursements Joel Bailey, first brig^ade, sixth division, salary, 375 00 Disbursements, 363 46 859 85 :i2 91 Jeremiah ShappelV second hrlgadej sixth division, salary, John H. Keller, first brigade, seventh di vision, salary, 300 00 Disbursements, 392 00 -738 46 250 00 6,173 14 5,227 95, Jacob Hartz. second brigade, seventh di- v"lsion, salary, 205 00 Disbursements, 139 64 -692 00 John Ludwig, first brigade, eighth di vision, salary,- - 275 00 Disbursements, 391 79 394 64 Isaac Bowman, second brigade, eighth di vision, salary, .:, " - - \, ..',c..300 00 Disbursements, 533 85 -666 79 Robert Fleming, first brigade, ninth di vision, salaiy, 125 00 ' 'Disbursements, 79 ,10 -833 85 John Hopton^ jr. second brigade, nirith division, salary, 350 00 D'libursements, 256 82 -204 10 Ephraim ,B. Gerould, late do. disburse. ments, Heniy Barnbeart, first brigade, tenth di vision, salary, 230 00 Disbursement, 243 91 506 82 13 00, -473 91 1831.] AUDITOR eENERAL'S REPORT— EXPENDITURES. icn DOLLS, CTS, John Hasson, second brigade, tenth di vision, salary, 243 S3 Disbursements, 46 05 289 38 Edward Armor, first brigade, eleyenth division, salary, 453 60 George M'Feely, late do. disbursements, 25 10 Jacob Heck, second brigade, eleventh di vision, salary, 200 00 Disbursements, 130 37 —330 37 Samuel Davidson, first brigade, twelfth division, salary, 210 00 Disbursements, 177 84 — -¦ — 387 84 Alexander Hanna,second brigade, twelfth dirision, -salary, 252 00 John Hitchman, first brigade, thirteenth Frederick Keefer. drums and fifes. DOLLS. CTS. 53 50 $20,515 72 division, salary,! Disbursements, 220 00 419 61 Joseph Enix:, second brigade, thirteenth division, salary, 200 00 Disbursements, 462 23 John Parke, first brigade, fourteenth di- -639 61 -662 23 vision, salary. Disbursements, 265 00 453 12 Benjamin Adams, late do. disbursements. Lot Lantz, second brigade,fourteenth di- ' vision, salary, 135 00 Disbursements, 528 93 -718 12 40 36 Andrew M'Farland,first brigade, fifteenth -663 98 division, salary. Disbursements, 300 00 966 84 -1,266 84 Robert Orr, jr. second brigade, fifteenth division, salary, 290 00 Disbursements, 156 83 B. G. Goll. first bpigade, sixteenth divi sion, salary, , ^ '345 20 Disbursements, 585 40 -446 83 Edward A. Reynolds, second brigade,slx- teenth division, salary, Disbursements, -930 60 280 00 744 20 -1.024 20 Andrew Christy, third brigade, sixteenth division, salaiy, 285 00 Disbursements, 646 96 NO. IV. MEMBERS OF COURTS MARTIAL, Per Act of n April, 182S. Colonel WiUiam M'Eibbon, 87 77 do. Tbomas Watson, 157 20 do. James Logan, 71 43^ Lt. Col. John Calhoun, 157 20 Major James Sample, 109 17 . do. David Ramsey, 134' 80 do. Robert Opp,jp. 13Q 80 Captain William Colmery, 73 46 do. Moses Proudfit, 73 46 do. John Douglas, 114 80 do- A.M'Intosh,'^ 114 80 do. William ()rr, 114 80 do. Samuel Barber, 122 47 do. Alexander M'Cain, 114 80 Lieut. Jesse Hitchcock, 60 80 Ensign John M' Cormick, 83 40 Daniel Stinartli judge Advocate, 450 00 Matthew Stanley, late inspector second brigade, third division, per act of 23d February, 1830, 166 12 - — ^2,343 28 NO. V. PENSIONS AND GRATUITIES. Amount of pensions and gpatuitles' by special acts ofthe legislatupe, and underthe power vested In the boapd"^fop the' reUef of officers and soldiers of the revolutionary war, 22,226 84 Dickinson College, Westepn Univepsify, Washington College, NO. VIL INTEREST ON LOAlSfS. Holders ofthe 5 per cent, loan of 1821, 46,300 00 Do. loan of 1824, 30,000 00 Do. loan of 1825, 7,500 00 Harrisburg Bank and others, on loan per act of 1st of April, 1826, 7,725 00 Clieorge B. Porteri former adjutant gen- , eral, compensation and expenses while - . settling accounts between- the United . States and this Commonwealth, per act of 29th March, 1824, Nathaniel Brooke, late inspector first bri gade, third division, per act: of 6th April, 1830, David FbiUipSr keeper ofthe Arsenal at Headville, sa,lary, Thomas Atkinson, late. do. - . do. Lewis Flitt, do. at Harrisburg, do. Do. storage and hauling of arms, Philip Klinev hauling arms, William Tidey, transportation of a field ' piece, ^ George Enos, transportation ot arms, Alexander Hanna, do. George W. Tiypn, repairing arms, Thomas Bringhurst, colours, &c. Peter Klipstine, do. WiUaiu Berrett, do. >931 96 NO. VL EDUCATION. 3.000 00 .„ 2,400 00 e. 500 00 Litution, • 5,285 13 -^ 11,185 13 91,525 00 700 00 427 46 7S 00 96 30 100 00 18 79 T7S 18 00 7 50 25 00 386 04 464 00 160 00 204 50 NO. VIIL INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT FUND. Auction duties, 99.602 39 Premiums on loans, 81,097 94 Dividends on bridge, canal and turnpike stock. Collateral inheritances. Escheats, State Treasury, Canal tolls. 31,458 12 9,753 13 20 00 110,000 00 3(3,750 82 -362,682 40 NO. IX. STATE MAPS. Benjamin Tanher, for Maps furnished per re solution of twenty-eighth March, 1825, 329 7S NO. X. PENITENTIARY AT PHILADELPHIA. Salary of Officers per ninth section of i the act if 23d April, 1829: Samuel B. Wood, warden, 1,500 00 408 AUDITOR GKENESAL'S KEPOET-BXPBNMTUKES. [Ox^Ewmot DOLLS. CTS. 600 00 425 00 247 22 ' 125 00 300 00 125 iaK*> large share to fhe gencraUmppovement,added to the extent of the Union bythe puPchase of the valuable Territory of Florida, and finaUy'acquired the means of extinguishing fhe heavy debt incnrred in siiiitaining Ihe late war, and all that remained of the debt ofthe revo lution. , The anxious hope wFlb which the people have Tooke* forward to t'his pei-iotli not less lhan the present state of the public minds and the real interests of the communi ty »l largBi recommend the prompt applicDtion ofthese means to that gi-eat object, if "rt canbe done consistent ly with a proper regard for other impoptant considera tions. Of these means, ashas alreadv been shown, the sharea oivni-d bv the Guverrtment in the Bank of the Uniledl Stales are an indispensable part; and. that for the reim bursement ofthe debt w"tthin the period contemplated. il will be necessary to effect a sale ofthem forasum riot less tlian eight miirions of dollars. I'he stock cpeated by the United States fbr ttiefr sii6- scription to the Bank, having been actuaUy paid previ ously to the Ist of J-uly last, their inlerest in tiiat insti>- tiilion had eeased to be nominal merely, and the shareii form a part of the fiscal resources applicable to the pub lic demands. The objects connected with the early velmbursement of ll»e public debt are more important thui th» interest of the Government as - mere stockholder; and it ia thereroi-e respectfully recommended to Congress to au thorize the sale of ihose shares for a sum nut less than, »,000,WO ot dollars. A sale of so large an amount in the public market could not be expected lo. produce more than the par v#lue, and if attempted under circunistances calculated to shake public confidence in the stability of Ihe insti tution, would, inall probabiUty, prove wholly aboptive. Fop tliese peasons, it is deemed advisable lo effect a sale to the Bank itself,.r-a measure beUeved to l>e pras^ licabie on terms satisfactory both lo the United Slates -and that institiiliim. In submitting this proposition to the wisdom of Cnn- gress, it is not intended that ils adoption shnuld he founded on any pledge forthe renewal ofthe charter of the Bank. Considering, however, ihe connexion of the propusilinn with the bank, and viewing the whole subject asa necessary part of I he plans for the improve ment and management ofthe revenue, and for Ihe sup. port of public credit, the undersigned feels U his duty ,to accompany it with a frank expression ofhis opininnt. - The act of Congress to establish the Treasury De partment makes it the iduly of the Secretary of the TPeasury to digest and prepare plans-for the support of public credit,and fop the imppovement and management 1831.] B.\NK OF THE UNITED STATES. 411 of the revenue. The duties ertjoined. as well by this act, as by the subsequent One of ihe lOtli of May, 1800. requiring the Secretary '«to digest, prepnre and lay befope Congress at the commencement of every ses- •lon. a report on Ihe subject of finance, containing esti mates of the public revenue and pubiiotexpendituies, and plans for improving of increasing the revenues, fpom time lo lime, fop the ptipposeofgiunf; informalion to Congress in adopting modes fOp raising the money requisite to meet the public expenditure," have been supposed to include not merely life appHcation of tli'e resources ofthe government, but the whole subject of the currency and the means of preserving its sound ness. On Ihis stippositlon, thefirst Secretary ofthe Treasu ry, in his memorable reports of January and December, 1790. pecommended a national bank as "an institution of pi-imapy importance to tbe finanoes,..a"i-.d ofthe gi-tat- «st utility in llie operations eonneeted with the support of public credit;" and various communications since made to Congress show that the same views Were en- -remain on the farm until Ihey gel fat; I know uf no pattnepship between Dean and Roseman; Rose man was never a fanner while 1 knew him. [In relation to another delendant-^Mr. Johnson — Mr. Shaffer deposed as follows:] Johnson was selling mutton and lamb last Saturday; I do not know whepe he got il; he sold by joint op pound, as olhep butcbeps do; I bought mine for my own use: Johnson told me if the butphers should take him up, or if any accident should happen, he Would go to Paul SpulL to bellcensed as a farmer; . he meant by a license, that Scull ,Wo(ild lease him a farm if -Ue got found out; we had this conversation when' killing together; John son bought cattle of Scull; be said he knew he had no right to sell in the Jersey market, but ihat the matter was all fixed wilb Scull; Paul Scull is willing to license me as well as Johnson; Barnes and-Scull were in part nership last year. George Kline, sioom, — I know George Roseman; should call him a butcher; he lives in CarfldeR,- and stands in the Jersey market; sells beef same as other butchers; has no f:irm ; raises no cattle ; buys all his cattle; he bought a lot of Tun.bleslon; he kills al Paul's Ferry. [In relation to Barnes, another defendant, Mr. Kline deposed as follows:] 1 know Barnes; he is a butcher; I never knew him to own a faj-ir; he lives at Paul'sFen-y, (;amden; buys his cattle so'melimes in Jersey, and sometimes on this side of the river; I was once in his employ, and have fire-' quently got up af the dead hour of night, toi drive cat- tie up to Kensington, and thence across the river, to prevent the butchers from seeing; 1 have done so not less than twice. Cross examined. — ^A farmer is a man who owns a farm, and raises his produce from the ground- [To a qae.-tieh by Defendant's counsel^ witness said he never heso-d t>f Cincinnatus.] Daniel Hotizmah, affirmed. — -Boseman is, I presume, a butcher; he has bought cattle in Salem county, where I also have purchased. ( WiUiam Pi^pk, sworn— 1 know Roseman; always understood he was a butcher; have seen him in market selling beef. CrosS'examined.-''l know of no fund raised by the butchers to carry on Ibis prosecution; there is a butch er's society; the members pay 12| cents per montbi I do not know what is done with the money. James Read, affirn,ed.—l have known Roseman fin- nearly twenty-five yeirs; he lives Bear Camden, and follows bulcheping, 1 have seen stock driven to Rose- man's; I know he moved from Camden; I believe h^ swopped his farm fop a Iiouse and lot in'Camden; bas three lots; they are putting buUdings on one; lots are lapge enough to put half a dozen caltleon; not togpazr however; ihey are building lots. * George Lowry, sworn, — I know Roseman; he ia a butcher; he buys his catile sometimes in Jersey, and sometimes on this side of the riven; be slaughters gene- raUy in Camden; I know the Johnsons; [other defend ants,] thpy foltow butchering; kill sheep, lambs and calves; wilt sell by ihe half pound, if you want it; I saw them in market last Saturday.. tGeorge Srouse, sworn — 1 lived with Mp. Barnes about a month, six months ago; he bad no farm; fciUed at Camden^ was a butcher, and employed me to assist him. I lived with Roseman five years; he had a farm, but sold it some time ago; he bought cattle all about Ihe country; some on this side the river, which be took over and slauglitertd; I have brought tlie meat to mar ket, and sold it; I never knew Roseman to riuse cattle on bis fiiim. 18S1.J LAW CASB, 413 Cross-examined. — Roseman's farm was five or six acres, and a swamp; never knew him to have any other fspm, except where he bought eattle; wben cattle are bought, grass to feed Ihem is also purchased; the best ape taken and killed, and the otheps left to improve; sometimes a part of a lot is left three or four months; all butchers do so, and draw cattle to kill, as the'y want. (The examination of witnesses on behalf of ihe prose cution, waa here closed.] OK PEHALVOrilErSHIIAIIT. Paul ScuU, i/tffirmed — I am a farmer or grazier; I own five hundred and fifty acres of land; some I use for gra- ¦ing, and some ior tilling; I raise Indian corn, wheat, rye, fcc; have from seventy lo ninety acres in corn every year; Mp. Roseman has bought cattle of me; bought the gpass also to feed Ihem on; cattle to run from time of purchase to New Year's; some poor, some in good order; none fat; Kosenian has cattle on my grass now; be bought them in July, to run till Christ mas or until the end of the season; 1 have known farm. ers purchase cattle in the winter and sell them al theip alalia without running out lo graze; I never ofi"ered to leaiie a farm to Chpistian < Shaffer; butchers comm'unly buy their cattle at a drove yai-d; 1 have known Rose- , nian for ten years; he sells beef in tbe market; I have not seen bim brming for the last ten years, as 1 Uve so iar off; I have not seen him s'uptpintend a fapin; fie bought cattle of me some y^aps ago; and I saw the same cattle on bisfapm;. I consider him a farmer; I have sold him fifty-eight bead ibis year} never saw him kill; his slaughter bousig is in Camden; 1 lieard of^lhis prosecii- tiou in jerteyi every body in Jersey knows ofit; 1 never have sold caltle to regular butchers; I frequently tend market; there is bee! generally sold on the stall; the stall j(,No. 20 Jersey Market) is taken in the name of John Barnes and myself; I bought apples to-day; some time last winter 1. was up. with poultry; I nevep knew lEloseman lo stand at that stall; don't recollect that I ever spoke to, any person about makirig them farmers; Boseman bought Ibe grass with the cattle; 1 never sold glass with cattle when ihey were taken away immedi- stelvj last year 1 furnished John Bai-ncs with becff he kiUed the beef for me; I had about eighty head last year; he acted as my agent; 1 gave him a certain share of tlie profits. [To tlie question, *' What is fhe dtft'er- ence between a-grazier andafai-mep'" witness replied: " 1 do not think there is any diffei-ence. Joseph Bona parte is a farmeis— if he came to market and sold his beef, he would still be a farmep. The-Jersey fapmers do not think tbat Roseman and the other defendants have violated »he privileges of farmers; they complain that the Philadelphia butchers interfere with-tbem."] John Dtan, affirmed— 1 call royeelf a farmep; I haw about Ihrie hundi-ed acres; Roseman bas bought cattle of me; some time in Ust June he came lo my house to purchase; be walked into the meadow, as he wanted to see the quantity and quality of the grass; I marked out tbe tround allotted to cattle; we bajgained, and I said 1 would not put otber cattle on the grass; hewastodraw from the lot as he wanted. Cross-examined— This is the only sale I made to Rose man: he is a farmer and a butcher too; I have never seen bis farms 1 have seen him sell beef; 1 have sold cattle to Ibousands. Jt is common for butchers to allow their cattle to remain until ihey draw ihem; I have sold cattle to butchers in Philadelphia, not fat; sold them to Roseman, and allowed them to graze, to the ex- clusiun Of other catUe; norenl; made no distinct charge ior grass* do not know where Roseman lives; 1 drove the catile purchased by Roseman, part of the way to Cam. den; Roseman had tbe privilege of putting olher caltle on litie grass, . - J. Uxley Reese, affirmed^l have known Roseman fop two years; have sold bim caltle; sold him a cow which he took to hia farm six miles from Camden; I saw hve UT ^x other cattle grazing therej the cow was poor, and he took ber up to fatten; the farm was on the road from lladdonfield to Mooreslown; Roseman Uves in Plumb- street, Camden; keeps house; in September of last year he traded his fapiri fop a lot in Camden; be follows seU- "mg meal and farming; he took a ftirm of Gilihope this fall, on a lease. Arthur Green, affirmed— I sold Roseman forty head of cattle on the eighth of June last; the caltle were not all fit lo kUI ; Roseman waa to have a certain portion of grass fop the cattle; lo be taken away as he wanted them. Joseph Gilmore, sworn — Mp. Roseman has leased land of me; sixteen acpes sown in corn and turnips by Rose man; I let il lo him lastmorith, rince this suit commenc ed; Roseman lives in Plumbsireet, Camden^kills at the ferry; his lot in Camden is forty by sixty feet; no lur- , nips gPQwinKAn it; I saw him have cattle in pasture, he foUows butcWirig; 1 rented him the sixteen acresabout Ihe leventhorlwelfth August-- he went on it immedi ately;, he took lion Saturday, and began to sow on Monday.- ' --- . William Goodin, affirmed— I am a farmep and graizep; I bave near fbup hundred acres of land in Salem coun ty. N. J; 1 have been in the habit of selling cattle to Mr. Roseman for better than nine yeairs, I have sold him some Ihis season; they ape grazing on the island, of whichtbey have Ihe exclusive privUege; the island con tains ninety two acres: 1 do not consider myself at Uber ty U) putriiy own cattle ihei-e until Ihey go off; they were bought in June, and have the whole season lo run; the carlle were poor; Mr. Roseman has dpawn six head a moitth ago; I have always dealt with him in "the same way: the cattle were poop when I sold ihem; I should place him as a farmer or grazier; I suppose he Was a grazier; I expect 1 have sold Caltle to regular butcheis on the same terms; I believe ^t is the general mode of selUng; 1 don't know of a single instance of a farmep who had land of his own pupchasing caltle and leaving Ihem lo be fattened ou land belonging to others; I suppose myself a farmep and grazier; 1 suppose Mr. Rob-emaii boughljhe cattle fop his own purpose as a butcher; it is hkely I called him a butcher; I suppose I, called him a butcher. . ... Jacob Ludenhar.-i affirmed-^'Mt, Roseman js irt the habit of buying poor cattle; he has bought two cows thisyear; he bought from Mr. Keen and Sarah Smith; 1 believe he is always ready to buy poor cattle; lam a grocer and live in Camden; Mr. R's slaughter house is in Camden; he has lived in Camden about two years; not always in the same house; he lived in FeUenal street; he had no objection to buying poor cattle; I have seen him at hia, stall in the mai-ket; I have not known him to be engaged in farming for the two last yeaps. Elijah Dallett, noorn—l have sold Mp. Roseman twenty-eight acres of land ; if is four tnUes from Camden, near the shope: next March wUI be three years since I sold it; 1 have knowledge that he sold it to Baker or Barkep; I think I gave tbe deed to Mr. Barker, and not to Mr. Roseman; Mr. Roseman sells his laUow to me; I have known a farmer to sell as much tallow to roe as Roseman. David Woelpper, sworn— -I have known Mr. Roseman ten years; IJiave seen him in market; be is a butcher; I bave heard great complaints among the farmers themselves on the subject;it is quite common for butch ers to buy cattle and leave them to fatten; it is not at aU uncommon fop butchers to have gi-azing fields; I do nol considep such as farmersjl have about twenty-seven acres of land, and feed about twentyiiead of cattle; the commissioners would not grant me a stall in tbe Jersey market, or among the farmers; Ihave known Roseman frequently to buy caltle in Silem counly tit to kiU; I would call Mr. Girard a farmer lo a certain extenl; I haie never known a farmer tograze bis cattle and teed and seW them, 1 never knew a man who merely kept a field for Kiazine, called a fapmer iii my lite. HmryBoraeffl swom-1 have two hundred and twen- 414 LOGANlA?! LIS BABY. [DxeMiixtf ty acres, and feed one hundred and fifty head of cattle; lam a butcher; I never knew a- grazier op a farmep 10 buy cattle; I have bought five hundred head of cattle and let them go to get fat; I am not a fapmep; it is a custom pei-fectlj' undepstood, that when butchers buy poop cattle, tliey run to improve; it is the very distinc. tion between butchers and farriiers; 1 have known Mr. Roseman in market fop seven or ten years; he is a butch er; cuts up and sells asl do; there are heavy complaints made agSinst his encroaches, mad'e hy citizens as well as by the butchers; the Pennsylvania farmers are not pleased with Roseman; "i?o«emon the butcher," . 'is al- waysfspoken of;-! caU myself a gpazicp as to what I do in faitenirig cattle. - ' WUUam- Cooper, offirmed—1 sold Roseman thipty-six head of cattle; Roseman has six acres oUand at Mount Meadow; 1 can't say whether he is a far^r op a butch er; 1 nevep saw him engaged in farming operations; I have sold to regulap bulchepsas well as lo Roseman. It was contended on the papt of the Fl..intiff — 1. That the defendant was nota_/"arma- vvithin ihe in- (endment ofany of the ordinances made in regard lo the Jersey maiket. That he owned nO farm and raised no produce for the purpese of bringing it ts market. That the cultivation of the earih was not bis principal occu pation, and it was not llie objeta lo which he aevoted his time and attention. That inasmuch as ihe defen dant, Roseman, was in the constant habit of exposing butchers' m''eat to sale in the Jersey market, which, ac cording to the evidence, was not paised upon his farm, thai he was acting in violation of the ordinance ofthe 29th of September, 1822, iind was liab'le_to the penalty inflicted by ordinance No. 145 upon persons occu-pyihg stands in the market not appropriated lo his use. 2. That the defendant, Roseman, was a iutcAer in the disguise oT a fapmep. "Ib-at' all the evidence went lo sliew Ihat he was constanily in the, habit of purchasing large numbers of caftle — of slaughtering them in Cam den. 4ind of bringing them to the Jersey market, and«x- posing the meat to sale there. That the testitnoiiy on the part of the prosecution had nol only'shovwn that in June, a short time prior to the inslitutiort of the pro- ceedings against fhe defendant — that he had purchased ninety-one head ofcaiilefrom Tumbleson^but that the w,(n. s-< ¦ produced on the part of the defendant b:mself had proved, that the defendant had within a slioi-l time. (say withirt six months of the lime ofinstituting the pi-o- ¦ecution) purchased more lhan t«o hundred head of catile x>( different perspns; that he had no lands of his own or underlease upon which Such numbers of cat tle could be -glazed, and that a? it wasevident that the greater part of them had been killed and sold in the Jepsey market, the vocation of the defendant was sub stantially that of butcher and not that of a farmer. 3. Tbat he was*not an flgeni. That it was not pre tended that be was a Jersey farmep selling-the produce of other Jersey fiipmeps with his own produce. That he was not an agent op pepson employed by any pep- sod renting a stall or stand, who did not find it conve nient to attend lo the market personally. The counsel fop the defendant faUing to invalidate these positions, tbe Mayop gave the following as his de cision. DECISION OF THE MAYOR. The defendant, is chapged with ooeupying a stand in the Jersey Market not appropriated to him. The Le gislatupe has in several sets of Asseftibly. designated Ihe portions of the m»pket houses that may be occupied by country people, and those appropriated to butchers. In pursuance ofthe aulhorilj vested in them,, and in accordance with the spipit ofthe nets of Assembly,; the eoiincilii have enacted vavious opdinanoes, assigning places and establishing regulations for persons of diffep ent occupations, attending the markets. The market house, occupied by defendant has been the subject of special provisions. The ordinance of 29lli of March, 1798. ' appropriates this mapket house fop the inhabi tants of New Jersey exclusively." Uy the ordinances of the 26lh of September 1822, It is enacted, -"Thai the Chy Commissioneps shall rent the- siall and eve stands in the Jersey market house in High street, -to farmers of New Jersey, for Ihe puppose of ex- posing'^he produce of their farms or gardens for sale, and lo none others, any existing ordinance lo the con trary notwithstanding." By Ihe brdinance of the 28th of March, 1822, It is en acted, "That if any person shall use or occupy any stund or space .Within the Uniits of the markets of this city. other than that whioh Is or may be appropriated for such person, he sball forfeit the sum offive dollari^licc.'" The question raised if, as to ibe profession or occupa tion of the defendant. If not a fapmep of New Jersey, lie is plainly excluded by the ordin-ances; nor does the circumstance ofhis having rented under rhe City Com missioners affect the law or his pight undep it. The pi-ofession or occupation ofa man should be de termined by his habilual engagements, orfrom the bus iness by which he derives his support and income. It is nol aUeged that defendant owned or cultivated a f.to malte such .pro visions as- most effectually fo render the institution beneficial to the public, consistently with the design of the founder\ This was granted and an act aocnrdingly passed, vesting the whole in the libaapy company, the Directops of which, with James Logan and such two other fpustees as he mi'ght appoint, -to be trustees, to m^tie by-laws. &c provided the books be always kept separate, to be called "The Loganian Library," and fop continuing a succession of three Inisfees, composed of the descendants of the said James Logan, the elder. or of persons appointed by such descendants. In ca,se ofthe minority ofsuch descents, or of theip not residing within seven miles of Philadelphia, t^e survivor or sup- vivops shall supply vacancies. The present oldest male ' defendant is Albanus Logan, Esq.. who, with James Bn^th, Jp. Esq., are the associate Ipustees. ^ .The ap pointment of a third, from some cause, has thus far been deferred. -By the above arrangement it will be per ceived, that the Directois of the Library Company of Philadelphia are always u majopity. and the circum stance of the descendants of thefuunder retainingan intepest in its management fop any bad purposes is ef fectually guarded ag.iinst. though- the honop is one with whioh they may justly be gratified. It surprises many to be told that there is no charge fop using this valuable collection, and yet it is literally true. "The orily requisitions are, that the borrowep de posit with ihe librapiari double the value of what he borrows, which deposit is subject to his order on the retui'n of tlic book, and that he peturn op renew his book at stated pepiods. As the Loganian Libpary is thus placed on a perma- ment footing and is free to all, and has moreover alpea dy a large income from its accumulated funds, it be comes an interesting question for llie reading public, to whom it in fact belongs,^ whitliep izno^Ao- institution shall be formed of a similaP chapactep, or whether the funds shall be concentrated fop mutual benefit. In for eign and classical books (as well a* in standapd English works ) and in the best qlJ medfcal authors, it is par- ticularly-rich: all must acknowledge that when these can be had for nothing, it is only necessary to supply such as.ar= wanljng. -T-'he additions made to the Loganian Library of late years are extremely valuable. Mr. Mackenzie's be quest, and the very large collection of Pape and cui'ioiis. books purchased from his executors on very favorable terms, while it has more than doubled thenumbrrs,hHS also made it so complete asto furnish most ofthe stock authors both in the living and dead lanf<-uage.s. The number of French books is not precisely ascertained, but a perusal of the catalogue, it is believed, would as tonish many who have S.night in vain fop what was so heap at hand, wilhoul knowing tint there was a cata logue distinct from tliat ofthe Library r;ompany. The above remarks were hastily Ihown together at the request of several gentlemen who are convinced that a public benefit will accrue from a mope general knowl-i edge of the fact, that there is an extensive libr.iry of choice books belonging to the public, from which they can read without incurring any expense whatever. S. LAW OF PARTNERSHIP. Interestiwo to RKSTAonATKcns. — A case was de cided at Philadelphia . lately, by which one of a parly of foup persons, wh" had spent the evening at a public house, w-as compelled to pay the whole b 11, his companions having neglected lo " poity up" their pro- poptions of the expenses. The case is Pepopted in Ihe ' Bulletin. The defendant held, Ihat as he had not drank the whole, nor ate the whole that was ordered, but only a fourth part thereof, he was -pesponsible for payment only in that ratio. The Judge was of a different opinion. A company assembled at a public house, can be considered by the landlord only as one person; they have 'joined them- selvos'togetlier, and he has no pight tu put Ihem asun der. He cannot say .to one, as he enters, "youmay drink," and 'to aaother, "you shall ntit," nop ask any one whethep he has money to pay for his reckoning. One may treat artothep, for What he knows, or he may treat the' whole. It is a papfnership fop that night, and what pight has the landlord to inquire who finds the capitalj They ape equally, accountable lo him forthe whole debt. It is not enough that one pay« his part, he must ta,ke care that the whole is ptiid, that is his con cern, not the landlord's. When the paptnership dissolves, whethep it be at midday op at midnight, every partnep is pesponsible for the debts contracted In the partnership. If one man breaks a glass, it is nothing to the landlord who broke it; be can charge it to the company, as well as its son- 416 MISCELLANEOUS. DacsitflilC tents, ahd tbey -must settle Ihe matter with the indi vidual. One man t«i"e=n sug gested that a-short side cut, and-a''<'U--Tef lock into the river at Forty Fort, woiild be a gpeat advantage to those interests. Believing, as the boapd do, that the addition al tonnage would amply justify the expense of the pro posed side cut, they therefore do not hesitate to recom mend to the fegislature its adoption. The wbole amount of work, authorized by the act ot the 21st of March, 1831, which has been put under con tract Is estimated fo cost $3,603,983 26^. The aggre gate of the estimates of work done, ".ad? P^"?'?^"/, °" the 1st, 15th, and 25th ofNovember, is $579,662 22i of Which $499,133 25i has been paid, and $80,528 97 is retained from the contractors, aa security for the faithtul performance of their engagements. ,,-„„.!,„ That more work has not been perjformed during the past season, is attributable to the time required lo or ganize efficient corps of engineers,and for them to niake the necessary plans and locations P^e^'ou* to the let- tInKSi to a scarcity of laborers, caused by the general prosperity of the country, and, the great amount of work in market in Pennsylvania, and 'hroughoiit the United States; to an uncommonly wet, and (on many ot "the lines east of fhe mountains) sickly- season, and to numerous abandonments of contracts. . r ,i,„ Although tbe quantity of work done falls short ofthe previous expectations of the boards yet they have the satisfaction to state,and they do it with great confidence, that what. has been done is well done. The quaUficatlons of the engineers now in the service ofthe State, and the style ofthe work that is being done under their plans and directions are greatly' supeplor to eithep the one or the otber at the commencement of the cSnal and rail road system of Pennsylvania. The contpacts are full and explicit, and the board beUeve that on all the lines they are Uterally interpreted and their conditions ri gidly enforced. Nothing has beeri left to discretion or construction that was susceptible of specification, and all sub-contracting by canal and rail road speculations is banished from the public works, ' . The work authorised by the act ofthe 21st of March last, which has been placed under contract, is estimated at $3,603,983 26; and the work yet to be put under contract is compufe,d to 'cost $1,808,259 40, The pre sent condiUon and progress of the work iriduces the board to beUeve, that the balance ofthe appropriation now a-iraUable will be. exhausted on some ofthe Unes by the .middle of next January, and on all of them within tbe month of April next. ",'. In addition to the unexpended balance ofthe appro priation made, by l:he act ofthe 21st of March, 1831, jt is estimated, that during the ensuing year there will be required about $70,000 for paying off contracts on the old Unes, and -$1,995,679 30 for the Unes.of canal arid rail road which have been placed under contract the past season, being the estimated balarice required for tbe completion ofthe work now under contract; and also $800,000 for the contracts yet to be entered into — inakingr ari aggregate sum of $2,865,679 30 that will be wanted for the experiditures of the next year. OLD LINES OF CANAL. ~ The Delaware Division from Bristol to Easton Is 59J miles. At the last annual reportof fhe'Canal Com missioners, December 21, 1830, in speaking ofthis divi sion Ihey say that, " the filUng of the canal for naviga tion In its whole course, commenced in October, 1830,"^ and that, " twenty -five miles are navigable," but they add that "a part ofthe work first constructed bas pro ved defective and requires extensive repairs.'' This last observation has been verified by the fact that since that time, the two Supervisors on the Delaware divi sion have expended $97,339 51 on repairs, and introdu cing feeders, and the whole Une is not yet r^ady for navigation. The opigirial plan and construction .of large portions ofthis division bave proved to be 'exceedirigfly defective, and. although every exertion has been rriade jttraaghout the year, by the officeps on the Une, to fill Ihe whole canal with water, yet their efforts have here tofope proved unsuccessful. The twenty-five miles of canal between New Hope and Bristol, was open for navigation on the 20th of last March; and has continued in good ordep,thpougliout Ihe season, with but two or three weeks interruption, caus ed by the falling of the water in the river from which It was supplied; but fop the want of a connexion with the upper portion ofthe canal, this part ofit has been al most uselsss. The wafer fpom, the head of fhe canal at Easton, has within a short period reached New Hope, and confident expectations are enteptained that Ihe whole line wiU yet beiiUed, ready foran active nayiga- tion next season. The porous nature ofthe soil along the Delaware, has demonstpated the fallacy of the original design, of feeding the entire 60 miles of canal from the Lehigh. Hence it has been found necessary to introduce other feeders: One for conveying into the canal, the waters of Dupham creek, about ten miles below Easton; it is 1890 feet long, arid 12 feet wide at the bottOn): and another ' near LumberviUe, by which the water of. MUton creek Is conveyed Into the canal, it is 1509 feet long. Tem porary feeders have also beeri constructed on sectiona 54 and 61, which will not be required when the repairs ofthe canal are completed. 422 BEPOBT OP THE CANAL COMMISSIONEBS. [Decxubes The want ofa sufficient supply of water at the low est stage of the river, had become so apparent to the board,,thatattheIr session 'm Philadelphia, on the 6th of May last, they passed the {ol]qvfing resolution: "Besolved, That the supervisor having charge ofthe lower portion of the Delaware division be required, un der the direction of the principal assistant engineer, to construct a wing dam at Wells' falls! on the Delaware river, in such manner as not to obstruct the navigation of the river, and erect a water wheel with such pther fixtures as may be necessary to supply the canal with water from the combined locks, near New Hope to Bristol." In passing the foregoing resolution, the board ex pressly disavow any intention on their part, of impeding tbe natural navigation of the river; or j)f infringmg the compact between tbe states of New Jersey and Penn sylvania. But inasmuch as the former state had by law, granted power to the Delaware and .Raritan canal company to take water from the river Delaware, by a navigable feeder, to supply the sumnjit le-velof their great canal; and had also authorised another company to construct, and fill with water frpni, the river, a wide canal, six milea long, for propeUing machinery at Tren ton, the board conceived tbat the state of New Jersey had, thereby,, giyen such a construction to the compact, as would justify Pennsylvania in erecting a water wheel to sppply ^ portion of her canal. That work is now in such,.progress as to ensure an ample supply of water hereafter, between. New Hope and Bristol. WhUe it has become the duty ofthe board, injustice to the public, as well as to themselves, to, expose the defects in the construction of the Delaware division; and also the erpors tbat have been committed on othep lines: They likewise, feel it to be incumbent on them, to declare tbeirbelief that the source ofthe evil, is not to be sought in any want of zeal, or faithfulness on the part oftheir predecessors in office, but in the law pass ed tli.e 16th of April, 1,8^7, ,whioh limited the pay of en gineers. , Engineers, like aU other men who seek employment, will genepally be found where their talents are best ap preciated, and hence it should not have been expected, that those who were In the receipt of from three to five thousand dollars a year, would enlistin tbe service of Pennsylvania at the Uniited salary sbe pffered. The fopmer board of canal commissioners, in theirre- port of the 25th of Dec. 1827, complain of the ef fect of tbat law by stating, that they were ''suddenly ideprived of the most valuable assistance," and "could aiotibiitentertain a painful sense of the responsiblity of itbeir situation, and of tbe consequences that might airise from any error on their part," And they also add, *hat "it is believed that the ocganlzatlonof the engineer .department, upon a regular and well digested system, as necesssry to ensure economy of experiditure and ex cellence of construction. This object,' say they, "has «iotyet been -accomidished, nor is It beUeved to be practicable, while the provisions of the act of the 16th of April, -1827, eontinue in force." The present board do not wish to be understood, as ifinding fault with the law as it now stands; for the in- erease of engineers In the United States has enabled them to surmount the difficulties complained of by their predecessors: But the effect of that misjudged econo my bave been seriously felt by this board in the difficul ty of putting the canal in navigable order — by the pub lic, in being subjected to vexatious delays, and by tbe commonwealtb in the cost of construction andjof repairs, *nd the loss of Interest on the money expendedl The North Branch Division, from Nanticoke dam to Northumberland, is 55 J mUes. Although this divi sion was reported as finished last fall; yet it was not until the 27th of September that the supervisors ofthe line succeeded In passing boats the whole distance over It. Since then the navigation has been uninter- /Kupted, and boats have .arrived at Wilkesbarre, direct from Philadelpbia, a distance of 216. miles. ,The chute in the Nanticoke dam has been altered, and construct ed in such a manner as, it Is believed, will afford entire safety to the descendihg trade ofthe river. .$55, 752 56j have been experided 'ia repairs, &.C. since, the 1st of December, 1830. MUSOT ilNE OF THE "WeST BrANCH DIVISION, from tbe head ofthe pool of Muncy dam to Norfhumbepland Is 24i mjles. This' division was reported navigable in November, 1830; but the unusual floods of the past season, undermined the Muncy dam, and It had to be rebuUt; which has been effected in water that was from 15 to 23 feet deep, (being the excavation made bythe over-fall ofthe dam) and under great embarrass ments, from a succession of freshets in the river. It is now being completed, and is so well executed as to give entire confidence in its future permanency. Hence there has, as yet, been but littlenavigatlon on this line. Tbe bridge over the West Branch ofthe Susquehan na, at the town of Northumberland, was finished about the 21st of May, 1831, from which time to the 24th of November, the amount of tolls received on it has been $740 50. The expenditures on the line, since the 10th of De- ceriibsr, 1830, for repairs, &c. (including the amount paid on the new dam) have been $20,CS?5 96J. The SusauEHANNA Division, from Northumberland to the south end of Duncan's Island, is 39 miles. The navigation upon this division was closed by ice on the 10th of January, 1831, and re-opened on the 25th of March last. "The trade upon it has sufiered very little interruption during the past season, es:eept for a short period, owing to a want of water, caused by a failure Of tbe Shamokin dam. The board avail themselves of the present occasion, to record their, decided disapprobation of having h'lgh dams in the Susquehanna river. Had low dams been originally adopted, it would have avoided the immense expense, risk, loss and vexation, which have been Con sequent upon these fi-eat and unstable structures. The Shamokin dam is 9^ feet high above tbe botlsm qf the river, and 2783 feet long; and the chute in it is 62 feet wide, and. as now extended, is 650 feet long. "This "hopeful structure" has been twice built, and as often unfaithfully, executed! A want of skill or vigilance in the officers superintending tbe construction, and of in tegrity iri the contractors, is too manifest to be paUiated. On the 21st December, 1830, the dam and chute had cost $64,217 27; and the repairs tbat have been done and are being done upon it tbis season, will add about $18,000 to the cost. A lapge amount of ppoperty was lost and Injured in descending the, chute last spring, and the ice remov ed about 180 feet Of the dam, and materially damaged other portions ofit. It has been undergoing a course of alterations, and repairs: but the first contractors for repairing the dam abandoned the job, and the work had to be re-let, which, with the continued high water ofthe river, has delayed its completion. The chute is finished, and, is beUeved, will hereafter render the pas sage ofthe descending trade of tbe river perfectly safe and easy. The repairs ofthe dam are nearly completed, but truth requires the board to state their opinioni that its |iermanency Is still insecure. The amount expended s'mce the 10th of December, 1830, on tbis division from Northumberland lo tlie first lock below Berry's Falls, for repairs, &c. (including the Shamokin dam and chute^) has been $17,564 86, The Harrisburo line of the Eastern Division, from Duncan's Island to Swatara is 24 miles, The na vigation of this Une was not suspended by ioe until the 10th of January, 1831, and the canal opened again on the S2d of March; since which time It has continued In good order the whole seasort. Tbis short line has giv-en an earnest of what may be expected from all fhe others, when they shall have been effectually repaired. , The bridge oyer the river Susquehanna at Duncan's 18S1.] BEPOBT OF THE CANAL COMMISSIONEBS. 423 Island is built on the Lattice principle. The final esti mate of the cost amounted to $74,853 30, of whicb $72,854 85 have been paid, the balance amounting, to $2,000 45, Is retained, as the work is proved to have 'been very unfaithfully executed. The board passed a resolution on the 28th of December, 1830, directing it to be repaired, and a contract was soon afterwards ex ecuted; but about the 24th of August, the contractors relinquished the job,having done very little towards the fulfilment oftheir engagement. The bridge is now being repaired by the supepvisor upon the line, in such a manner as will, it is believedj remedy -many of its origi nal defects, arid render it safe and dnrable. Tbe repairs on this line, including ten miles of the Susquehanna division, since the, 10th day of December, 1830, amount to $97324 12^. The Juniata Division, from Duncan's Island to Huntingdon, is 89 miles. The canal as far up as Lew istown, beingthe lower half ofthis line,, kept open for navigation untU the 10th of January, 1831; and the na vigation was open on the 25tb of March, to Newton Hamilton, which is 69 miles above Duncan's Island. One ofthe abutments ofthe dam in the Long Nar rows was irijured, and the towing path ofthe canal for soriie distance below it, was broken through in several places by an unusual freshet in tbe spring; About the 25th of April, th^ two aqueducts over the river at Shaver's ford and at Jack's narrows were finish ed, and shortly afterwapds boats appived at Huntingdon from Philadelpbia, a distance of 255 miles. Since tbat time the navigation has been uninterrapted, except fop a few weeks;' which was occasioned by trie breach ofa large culvert near Waynesburg, and the sinking of one branch ofthe dam at North's Island, which had been underminded bythe over-fall ofthe water. The cul vert was rebuilt with great promptitude, and botb the dams have been repaired. The towing path througb the long' narrows, has been raised and strengthened; and water ways have been constructed round the locks: sb that when a fevv other repairs are made which are yet necessapy, arid which can be done duping the ensu ing winter, the whole line will be in good order for an actirie trade between the east and west, next season. The experiditures for repalrsj &c. ori the 89 miles, sirice the 1st of December, 1830, have been $66,- 976 SSi. The Western Division, from JohnstoWri to the Monongahela river, at Pittsburg, and iricludirig the branch and out-let lock into the Allegheny river, is 105 miles. The canal from BlairsvUle to Pittsburg, con tinued open for navigation untU the llth of January, 1831; and the trade commenced again upon the Whole division on the 7th of April last»—;*~ The tunnel at Pittsburg aod out-let locks into the Monongahela, are finished ready for navigation. This tunnel is soUdly archfed throughout with sand Stone; laid in hamriier-dressed rartge vvork. • The tunnel tbat was excavated through a hiU at a loop ofthe Conemaugh, about ten mUes below BlairsvUle, lias given much trouble, by the rock falling from its roof. Hopes were entertained that as soon as the roof would, acquire the form ofa gothic arch, it migbt be- coine permanent; but these hopes were disappointed. Large masses of stone continued faUirig, which often interrupted the navigation, and pendeped a passage through the tunnel extremely dangerous. The board, therefore, gave directions to have so much of it arched as bad manifested svmptoms of giving way. The larg est portion of the work has been done, and the most dangerous places have been secured. The residue of the arching wiU be finished during the ensuing winter. Dani No. 4, atthe tunnel, required extensive repairs,- which have been made, and they are done in a substan tial manner. , . j - The whole western division was kept mgood navi public Works of the state. Continued wet weather, fbr several weeks prior to the 7th July, had saturated the ground, and filled Ihe streams with water, when an un precedented rain fell upon a narrow strip of country parallel with the Conemaugh, and only a few milea distant from it, which in four or five hours, swelled the' small tributary streams on .lh,e south side of the river into irresistible] torrents, which in their headlong course, swept off fences, bridges, mill dams, saw mills, and houses, and suddenly raised the river to an extraordi nary height. Atthe mouth of Tub Mill creek, there were about 14,000 yards df embankment, and, a great amount of protection wall carried away fponi the canal.,. M'Gee's run bore off a towing path bridge. Stony run swept away the aqueduct over it;- and several small towing path bridges, walls and ^embankments, along the Kiskiminetas line, were throiyn db.wn, car ried away, or destroyed, Butthe most" serious effect produced by the flood, was the destruction of a large dam over the river at Leephburg. Immediate measures were taken to rejj,air.the injuries sustained by the pubUc works, and proposals were re ceived from coritractors&r repairing the old dam,ahd also for bulldinga new one, 1400ftrfurtherdqwn tbestream. Upon op^nflig the proposals; and calculating the value bf tbe bids, it appeared tbat about as miich was asked fop repairing the old dam, (when taken, in connexion with the abutments and tbe guard lock wbich required to be rebuilt) as for building a new dam and all things connected with it; hence the bOard deCidied upon hav ing a neiv dam erected. The reasons which governed the board in their de cision, were, tbe extent of the breach in the old dam and that tbe foundation was washed outto a greatdepth; that the old dam vvas gf-ossly defective both in plan and construct'ion, andap.ortion of what was yet,alanding was greatly shattered; that tbe same cause which bad effected the preserit breach might again occur, and re move the remainder of tbe dam, at a tiriie when an im mensely iricpeased commerce would proportionably magnify the evU; that one of the abutments required Immediate re-building, and that the other one, being constructed of wood, must soon perish; that the guard lock was so unfaithfully executed, as also soon to re quire re-building; thatthe site chosen, fpr the new dam affording rock fpr one ofthe abutmentSj that the prin ciple upon which the new dam was proposed to be constructed, afford'ed entire confidence in its strength aind stab'ililifjand lastly, that very little, if any, saving .xraal&'^e effected, either in time or expense, by adopt ing a temporapy patch work plan, instead of a radical remedy. /The new dam has a base of 96 feet with the thread of the stream, sloping on both sides to, the comb; it is 28 feet high fponi th.e bottom ofthe river, and 23 feet high fpom low water mark; and has^ wier 450 feet long.. The abutriient andguard lock, were built by contract ors, and the dam itself was erected by the tbree su pervisors upon the western divisio.n. The board take great pleasure in bearing testimony to the unre mitting diligence of those gentlemen, , liilessrs. Leck^y,- Knott and Jameson— This great stpucture was urged forward by tbem with such system, energy and perse verance as to be completed, (except some gpavelling,) in 68 days fpom the time the first timber was laid down. All the other injuries sustained by, the flood.have been effectually repaired, and there is now no obstacle to the future use of the western division., , ,, , , The vvbole amount of money expended for .repairs, $ic. between Johnstown and Pittsburg, including tbe Leechburg dam and guard lock, since the lOtb of De cember, 1830, Is $73,217 61i. The French Creek Feeder, from near Bemis' mill to the lower end of the feeder, by Conneaut swamp, is _.i;iT«,.io,. .,nHl thf. 7th of Tulv last, when the preat- 19* miles. The present situation ofthe feeder renders ,^fd?sSrC«ed«^»t Ke*^^^^^^^^ »*.399 85 has been upended du- 4.2*. BEPOBT, OP THE CANAL COMMISSIONEBS. Decsxiixb FrfnohiJ*?^"*'!,^?' '" '""""S the aqueduct over fdlndi,^' ^^i:,^"^^'"^'"'*^'"E ='°™e Cher repairs deem- ed indispensable for the preservation of the canal. wiSi tw 7'"^;" * summary ohhe old lines of canal nrdin. ' J ''^"'' ""^ *«- «"">' expended on them for fon o^J.^"^f'"''*'"'^'"'""J"'eP=''f' within theyear, and for additional structures to render them more per- Delaware Columbia tern di ¦Harrisboi S usque . Berry's Susqueha lock at North Bra WestBpa Juniata di Westernd French Ci dlvlslor line 0 vision, J Une, tianna t .Falls, nna divi Beppy's rich div ich divi vision, IVlsIon, eek fee fthe Incl 0lo sion. Fall ision sion, der, » ,Jf" o c • - r '"-a !>. ^13 ^ ¦--y". ¦; 1 • ,, . , H fl *.. M o IO ;5S^lgSI S ,B !S s % •»-¦ N*"*- _ -¦ iS. • ¦s ^ --1 Ol MOi M to ti & *.cooipot ^ JO » .^ o m W to t0,'0 -si ; Ot "03, "lO 03 ¦y ^'S «o ~^ CO •*( .cOt% ,5j.^{, C3 ,/ 1=1. »; O . 's c ^ *- o, o, CO *^-;, *..„, ,^,„,,^-^,., , §.,, ¦aa 00 Ji"g' g S' • "S p^ V - - .so.'sifiiifi! ifeiJ. »i'i!J ;;<,?/,- w s *.-^fc'»^'»^Pf c^'-T**''''^ o'- ¦ cd'oo'o. "V »-i1t>SWaJ<|i3.i,',iu,! -W-- C3Cft st:s^Si*''S'-'T.^^'«s-' K.; " -iga. ¦**l ¦00 --1 o os'tj- *oi V<£,!r,vcJ.KUl!t: • ?y *; .<«°°1t'»rj,l;^j,^fi:S,'.;i®> :; ."3 ' It wiU be perceived by the above table, that the ordi nary repairs on 426i miles of canal,bave cost $92,708- 84, while the extraordinary expenses incurred within the last year -have amounted to $260,9^5 74. This last sum belongs more properly .to the cost of construction than the expense of repairs, being principally incurred in making necessary new works, andin remedying the defects of old works, which requiped lapge expendi tures to render them useful and permanent. Tho. ag gregate estimates of the supervisors; for ; ordinary re pairs, &c. within the ensuing year, amount to about $100,000. But as the works have aU been recently cpnstpuoted, it would be unwise to expect a total exemptiori fpota partial fallupes; (It Will, therefope, be necessapy to provide fop casualities to which all new works of this kind ape siibject. Finding that the apppopriatlon for making repairs on the canal, and for other purposes, would prove inade- qjiate lo meet all the demands upon thatfund, the board of canal commissioneps, on the llth of November last, dipected so much of the fund as was then in the treas upy, to be paid to the supervisors having the charge of the Leechburg, Muncy, and Shamokin dams, deeming the completion of these structures of vital Impoptance to the whole canal system. Hence there is a deficiency for other objects, Intended to be paid out of that appro priation, some of which are ofan urgent nature, requir ing the speedy interposition ofthe legislatupe. While the board ape not disposed to' doubt the wis dom of making specific apppopriations for the construc tion of tbe several lines of canal and pail-road, yet they would respectfully suggest the propriety of makine- a general provision for repairs, that may become neces- ' sary. A hmited appropriation niay often not be ade quate to meet extraordinary exigencies, and for want of power in the fiscal officers of the governmertt to grant relief, may be attended with disastrous consequences. A combination of luntoward circumstances during tbe past season pre vented the use of the greatest part of the canal, and hence the toll received for 11 months, ending on the first of November last, amounted only to the sum of $38,241 39. A want of correct information, respecting the, power and capacity of Ihe canal, and distrust in its stability, caused the usual number Of arks lo be constructed, which, with a favourable state of water in the rivers throughout the season, cOnveyed.fo market the ^great est poption ofthe produce of the country. In May last, : the trade between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, began to take th-e route of the Schuylkill, Union and Penn sylvania Canals, and was becoming quite active; wben on the 7th of July the disasters, already detailed, took place along the Conemaugh and Kiskiminetas rivers, since which tiriie the trade by tbat route bas been en tipely suspended. Full confidence' is entertained, that neither of tbe above causes will operate hereafter, and tbat in ordinary seasons the public may calculate upon having an uninterrupted navigation, fpom ibout the 15th of March^ to fhe 15th of December: or nine months in every year. . - From preparations, which are making by the citizens along the several lines, to employ tbe canal next season, calculations have been made by the collectors, of the probable amount-of toll which may be. expected during the next year. These estimates amount to $161,000; the board believe it will be safe to place it at $150,000. The tolls charged on the Pennsylvania canal were revised by .the board of canal commissioners,on the 9th of last A-pril; they are now as low as justice can require, or prudence can warrant. A copy of the rates of toll in tabular form marked B. accompanies this report. Numerous water poweps have been, and are being,' created by the Commonweallh, along the several divi sions of canal and slack water. It is respectfully sug gested that an authority vested in fhe board, to dispose of so much of the supplus water as cannot be requiped fop fhe pupposes of navigation, would multiply manu factories, ppomote the pposperity of the country, and add much to the revenue of the state in rent, for the use of the vvater, and in tolls on the additional tonnage arising tbepefrorifi. Under the act of the 6tb April, 1830, appeals were taken from fifteen decisions on the eastern; forty-two decia'ioDjs pn the Juniata, and one hundred and seven decisions bn the~Delaware division; made by the canal commissioners upon claims for damages, occasioned by the construction of the canal, to the apppaisers appoint ed undep the said act. The amount offered bythe ca nal commissioners, and the amount awarded by tbe ap praisers, appear from fhe following statement: Eastern division. Juniata division, Delaware division. Number of| Amount appeals. offered by Canal Com missioners. 15 42 107 $1,505 00 1,428 00 10,115 00 Amount award ed by the ap- praisera. $3,437 00 11,693 00 31,975 SO The awards by the appraisers upon the eastern divi sion, were made in the year 1830, and directions were given by the board to the superintendant, to pay the amount awarded to the claimants respectively. The awards upon the Juniata and Delaware divisions, were made bythe appraisers during the past season; and tbe record required by the act to authorise the canal com missioners to carry theip proceedings into effect hasnot yet been received. The sum of $33,863 25 has been paid within the last year for damages, on the following divisions ofthe Penn sylvania canal and rail ^road : 1831.} BEPOBT OF THE CANAL COMMISSIONERS. 42B French creek-feeder, - - - Western division, . - . - Juniata division, . - . . North branch division, . - . West branch division, - - - Eastern division, - - - - Delaware division, . . . - Columbia and Philadelphia rail road. $10 00 2198 00 2107 61 7508 50 328 00 ,4,829 OlT 16,832 14 50 00 $33,863 25 By an act of the 4th of April, 1831, the canal com- m'lssioriers are required, should they deem it practicable and expedient to construct a chute or sluice in ihe Shamokin dam, on the east side of the river, for the passage of river craft, or to adopt such other measures as they may deeria best calculated to insure and preserve the safe navigation ofthe river at that place. The board, in the discharge of this, duly, have adopt ed the plan bf extending fhe walls of the old sluice, making tbe whole length of the sluice as now construct ed, six hundred and fifty feet, and pendeping, as they believe, the navigation entirely safe, at a much less expense than it could have been effected on the east side ofthe pivep. The West Philadelpbia canal cpmpany, on the 14th Instant, ppesented to the boapd a plan of the proposed canal, navigation round the westei-n abutment of the permanent bridge over the river Schuylkill, at the city of Philadelphia, to be submiited to an engineer oP en gineers; to be appointed by the canal commisslonei-s, agreeably to the projt'uslona of the 1-Sth section of tho act incorporating the company. The board therefore appointed Moncure Robinson and D. B, Douglass, en gineers; to make the pe-survey and exartiinatlons requip ed by the said act. By the act of the 4th of April, 1831, the canal com missioners are directed to enquire, and ascertain, wheth er the fifth section of the act of Pennsylvania passed the 19th day of February, 1801, vi^hioh declares llie Susquelianna down lo the Maryland lin,e, to be a public highway, has been violated by the erection of dams; the dams constructed on this river, under the authority of the state ape four in numbep, two on the main river, and one on each of its North and West branches; these darns vapy in height counting fpom fhe bottom of the river, from 8i to 12 feet^ sluices arc left in three of them, ami a chute constVucted in the fourth, for fhe accommodation o^ the descending trade on the piver. Considerable damage however has been done during the last spping freshets, to craft passing through two of those sluices, but^such Improvements have since b^^^p made as will for the future render the deseendfiig navi gation entirely, safe. This^ bchig effected, the canal commissioneps ape of opinion, ihat the law of the 19th February, 1801, has not been violated. By the act of the 25tb March, 1831, the sum of 120 dollars is approppiated to the repair of that portion of the public road, on the south side of the river Lehigh, which was injured or destroyed by the dam across the mOuth of the said river; upon examination it appears, thatthe sum appropriated is inadequate for the pur-, pose, and It has been suggested that a change of the location Of the road could be advantageously made, and that the object of the act would thereby be more ef fectually obtained. . . ' , , ... - In obedience to the directions of the reso ution of Ihe 30ib of March last, a survey has been made by the ' engineer, upon the division for a side cut from tlie Ju niata division of the Pennsylvania canal, to the Juniata river, neariy opposite the mouth of Tuscarora creek; the "river bank oRposile the mpulh of that creek was fbund to be '^'^^::;^:^t^^st ^"e"" iueVer'y, and may b^ con^dered favourable Th. /iciaricc between the towing path ofthe canal, and the Kn.Sr« P'OP?"?.^ '^ 300 feet, and the dif- VIII. •i(4' ference of le^elr between the surface of the canal and fhe river is 15 feet, fo be overcome by two combined locks of 7-4 feet Uft each. Owing to the proximity of the canal lo the rivep, the ppoposed cut will be on a line diagonal to the canal, and a basin of 100 fept in lerigth, and 50 feet wide," must be excavated on the berin side of the canal to admit of boats turning. The whole work is estimated to cost gll,452 32. On the 6ih of April last the superintendent upon tha Juniata division was directed to make the necessary ex- aminations, under fhe act ofthe 4th of April, 1831," authorising the board to settle with James McNamee, late a contractor ou'section 37, of the said division, for retained percentage, and materials delivered, and to pay the amount which may appear to be due. The su perintendent reported to the boapd on the 8fh of June, that the sum of S378 73 of petained percentage pe. malned unpaid, but that no othep papt of the claim was founded In justice. The sum reported to be due was then directed to be paid. In obedience to the act of the 25th of Mapch last, the boapd on the 29th of Mapcb dipected the supei-in- tendent upon the Susquehanna division, to contract immediately wifh some fit pepson fop the construction of a chute in Snyder's dam on Penn's creek. A con tract was accordingly made soon thereafter, but was abandoned in September, because the sum of two hun dred dollars appropriated by the act was insufjeient to meet the cost of Ihe necessary repairs. Subsequent cffeps have been made fo other persons, deeply inter ested inthe navigation of Penn's cpeek, but the boapd have not found any person willing to undertake Ibe re pairs of the chute for the sum approppiated. As a conclusion to the report of the board, detailing their proceedings in theyear that has just elapsed, they thought it proper to lake a concise retpospect of the rise and progress of the public canals and rail-roads of Pennsylvania, exhibiting the systematic and unwaver ing efforts ofa great state, proceeding steadily, through a series of years, in the prosecution of a gigantic sys tem of improvement, whicb, when completed, as now- authorised by law, will be about seven hundred miles in length. On the 10th of Febpuapy, 1824, a report was made to the House of Representatives, by a committee of that' body, vecommending a supvey from the termination of the Union canal, at Middletown, along the vaUeys of the Susquehanna, Juniata, Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas and Allegheny pivers, with a view to a continuous canal, fpom Philadelphia to Pittsburg-. March S7lh, 1824, a law was passed, authorising the gqjpernor to appoint three canal commissioners, to ex- jjbpe the following routes, to ascertain the practica-^ BiUty of constructing canals on the lines designated. ', 1. From Harrisburg to Pittsburg, by the waters ofthe Juniata and Conemaugh .rivers, also, the route by the West Branch of the Susquehanna and Sinnemahoning, with the waters of the Allegheny river; and also, the country between the Schuylkill and fhe Susquehanna, thpough the great valley of Chestep and Lancaster counties. 2. From a point on the river Schuylkill, in Schuylkill county, by Mahonoy creek, the river Susquehanna, the Moshannon or Clearfield and Black Lick creeks, the Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas, and Allegheny rivers, to Pittsbupg. Febpuary 2d, 1825. — A majority of the canal com missioneps pepopted Ihat-they had suPveyed about four hundred and eighty miles, between the Schuylkill river ' and the soupces of the Juniata and Conemaugh, on the Allegheny mountain, duping the ppevibus season; and that in their opinion, a canal was practicable from east to west, and ought to be^underlaken immediately by the State $6,351 27, were expended on tliese preli* minary explorations durirtg the year 1834. ApriUlth, 1825.— A law wsa passed dipecting tha Governor to appoint a board, of five canal commigsioA- 426 BEPOBT OF THE CANAL COMMISSIONEBS. [DicxicaxB eps, wbo wepe required to explore and supvey pontes for canals. 1- From Philadelphia through -Chester and Lancas ter counties, and thence by tlie West branch of fhe Susquehanna and fhe waters thereof, to the Allegheny and Pittsburg. 2. From the Allegheny to Lake Erie. 3. From Philadelphia, by the Juniata to Pittsburg ; and From thence fo Lake Erie, 4, jrom Pbiladelpliia to the nopthern boundary of thp state, towaj-ds the Seneca or Cayuga lake. .5. A route through Cumberland and Franklin coun ties, to the Potomac river. 6. A route by fhe Conococheague, or Monocosey andConewago, to the Susquehanna. ' 7. A route through the county of Bedford, to"^con- nect the route of the proposed Chesapeake and Ohio canal, uTith the Juniatn. December 30, 1825, and February 3, 1826," the ca nal commissioners reported tbat four routes were level led and surveyed, that is: ' t 1. The sevepal summits on the route by the West Brancb of the Susquehanna. 2. Between the Sinnemahoning and Toby's cpeek. 3. Between the heads of the West Brancb and Two Lick cpeeks. 4. Between Clearfield creek and the Conemaugh. And connecting these with the surveys of the pre vious year at the mouth of the Juniata and at fhe Alle gheny mountain — and also the Juniata summit, and thence by the Conemaugh, Kiskiminetas and Alleghe ny to Pittsbupg. ' Aftep-giving a preference to the most northern and Juniata routes, they- slate, " ihe board do not hesitate lo say. that fhe practicabiUly of a communication by one or other of the routes propcsed,' which shaU an swep all valuable and usefnl purposes, is satisfactopily ascertained;" and they conclude with recommending the beginning of the work by the commonweallh. The sum of $5,575 93 was expended in 1825 for making preliminary surveys, and for expenses of the board of canal commissioners. Pebruary 25, 1826, a law was passed directing about 54'miles of canal to be pot under contract, to wU: From the west end of the Union canal to opposite the mouth of the Juniata — and from the mouth of the Kis- , kiminetas to Pittsbupg. These poPtions of the line being common to all the routes proposed, were deeined most proper to commence upon. April ioih, 1826, the governop was required by law to appoint four addditional- canal commissioners, thus increasing the board lo nine in number. December llth, 1826, and February 6lh, 1827, fhe canal commissioners reported, that they had continued tbe surveys and examinations of canal routes. 1. To connect Ihe Susquehanna and Potomac rivers. 2. From the mouth of the Juniata, up that stpeam and thence to the mouth of the Kiskiminetas by a canal and portage. 3. From tbe mouth of the Kiskiminetas to the mouth of French creek. 4. A feeder from French creek to Conneaut lake. 5. From the mouth of the Juniata, by the West Branch and -Sinnemahoning, to the head ol Clarion rlv- 6. From Northumberiand to the New York line. By that report, it appears that they had put under contract 22J miles of the. canal on the Susquehanna, and 24 mUes on the Allegheny, being,464 mifts ,alto- getber,'and they recommended the opening of a corii- munlcation between fhe Eastepn and Western divisions by a canal and portage poad on the Juniata poute: and also; a canal up the SusquelAinna to Nopthumberland, and by the North branch to the New York line: and also, by the West Bpanch to Bald Eaglej they li'siewise brought into view, connections between the Delaware and Susquehanna, the Ohio, and Lak« Erie, and a canal poute from the tide waters of the Delawape up that stpeam. The disbupsements for the year 1826, were For preliminary surveys. Including expenses of tho board of canal commissioners, , $15,032 74 For construction of canal, pay of acting commission er?, engineeps,'&c. $126, 698 64 Appil,9, 1827, theiLegislature directed a canal to be constructed frorii the Western termination of the East ern division, HP the Susquehanna to Northumberland, and up the Juniata.to Lewistown, and from Blairsville to join the western division at the mouth of the Kiski minetas, apd also to commence a feeder from Fpench creek to Conneaut lake, and a canal on the Delaware between Philadelphia and Easton.. December 25th, 1827. — -\ report was made by tbe canal commissioners, showing that they had continued the preliminary surveys. 1. From Easton, up the Delaware, to Carpenler'a point. 2, From the Delaware to the ScbuyJkiU, at Philadel phia. 3. Fop a rail road from Philadelpbia to Columbia. 4. An estimate for a canal, from the Maryland line, up the Susquehanna, to Columbia. 5. Fpom Columbia to Middletown. 6. From Pittsburg, by the Beaver and Shenango, to Conneaut lake. -7. From Conneaut lake to Erie Harbor. , 8. From the Allegbeny piver to Conneaut out-Ief. 9. From Meadvijle, by .French creekj^ fo Erie Har bor. 10. Another survey along the North branch. 11. Between Bonnet's branch of Sinnemahoning and Sandy lick. 12. Between Ihe West branch and Two Lick creeks. In reference to the two latter surveys,' the board used this emph.itic remark: "They are therefore compeUed lo say, in the most explicit manner, that a navigable communication, between Ihe eastern and western wa ters ofPennsylvania, sufficienlly permanent to justify the expense^ is wholly impracticable." ' The board also reported, that they had put under contract, 18 miles of canal on the Delaware division,' from Bristol upwards. 40 miles on fhe Susquehanna, from the eastern divi sion- to Northumberland. 44| miles on "the Juniata, from its mouth to Lewis- town. 51 miles between Blairsville and Pittsbupg, and 9 miles of the Fpench cpeek feeder; mating 162J miles of canal contracted fop in 1827 The expenditupes of the yeap 1827, amounted to for preliminapy supveys, including the expenses of the board ot canal commissioners, $18 355 37 Construction of canals, pay of officers, damages, ^e. 913,620 54* March 24, 1828, the legislature directed an extension of the canals along the Conemaugh, Juniata, Delaware and North Branch, not exceeding 45 miles on each stream; 25 miles on the West Branch, ten miles be tween Middletown and Columbia, and the French creek feeder to be carried to Conneaut lake; and also, the road bed to be prepaied of 40 miles, twenty miles a- each end for a rail road between Columbia and Phila, delphia. Deceinber llth, 1828, by the report of the canal commissioners, it appears that, in obedience to lawt preliminary surveys were made, ¦ 1. Of the Ohio river, from Beaver to Pittsbupg. 2, Of the Monongahela river, from Pittsburg to Brownsville. , 3. Of the AUeghenyJiijier, from the mouth of the Kiskiminetas to tbe mouth of French creek. 4. For a portage road over the Allegheny mountain. 1831.] REPORT OF THE CANAL COMMISSIONERS. 427 5. For a canal throngb Kishacoquillas valley, 6, For a rail road fpom Happisbupg lo Chambersbupg, and thence by Gettysburg to York, 7, Several surveys between the Susquehanna and the head waters of the Schuylkill and Lehigh rivers. ' 8. Another survey from Easton to Carpenter's point. 9. Another survey ofthe West Branch, to.the mouth of Bald Eagle. Their report also shows that they had put under con tract during the preceding season, 10} miles of the Fpench creek feeder. 26} mlleaaof canal, from BlairsvUle up the Cone maugh. 45 miles on the Juniata. 23 miles on the West Branch. 45 miles on the North Brancb, 35} miles on the Delaware. ,^ "*¦ 10 miles between Middletown and Columbia. 195} miles of canal contracted for in 1838; and also. 40} mllfes of road formation of fhe Columbia and Philadelphia raU-road. Preliminary surveys expenditure included In the next year. The amount expended in 1828. for construction, and pay of officeps, &c. $2,785,612 24. Appll 22, 1829, s law was passed, requiring the canal commissioners to enter irito contracts for those sections on fhe Delaware division, and on the North Brancb di- • vision, which had not then been-commenced, and mak 'ing H their duty to cause as much of the contpacts, then made uponthe difTepem tines of canal and rail way, to be completed within the year^ as sbould^be ppacticable. By an act of the 16th April, 1829, the'leglslature ap pointed a board of nine ciinal commissioners, to serve for one year fpom the fipst Monday of June thereafter. December 18th, 1829, the canal commissioners re ported that they had caused other surveys to be made f road bed formation upon the Allegheny Portage road, ' ' "• 8 227, of canal on the Eastern division between Middletown and Columbia. 38 102, of canal and slackwater, upon the Franks- town line ofthe Juniata division. " 3 48, of feeder do; upon do. '• do. 16 316, of canal and slackwater upon the Wyoming line of the North Branch division. 203}, of feeder do. upon do. dp. 41 68, ot canal and slack water upon the Lycom ing line of the West Branch division. 200, the Lewisbupg cposs cut. 22 88, of canal and slack watep upon the Franklin line of the French creek division. 22 240, of the Beaver divlsipn; Jfi6- 3114, placedundercontracfin 1831. The amount expended in Ihe year 1831, up to Ihe Ist Of December, is $1,199,827,96. The whole sum received by the freasuper of^ the canal commissioners, up to fhe date of theip last report, is i$10,288,309 59 From which deduct the sums refunded, 41,743 13 The actual amount received by'lhe frea super, fop canal pupposes, al the date of tbe last report of the canal commission ers, Dec. 21, 1830, gl0,246,566 46 Amount received by the treasurer of the board,fromthe date ofthe, last report, up to the Ist of Dec. 1831, ^ ^2,092,702 37 From which deduct amount' refunded, and a balance in the treasury on the 1st of January, 4,780 21 2,087,922 16. The whole amount received for canal purposes, up to the 1st of December 1S31, Deduct the wholeamount disbursed up to the 28th February, 1831, as per tbe ^12,334,488 63 428 BEPOBT OF THE CANAL COMMISSIONERS. [DECEUBin settled ofthe canal commissioners,^ , accounts by the Auditor General, 10,677,683 76 Balance, Amount disbursed from the 28th of February to the 1st of Decem ber,^ 1831, $ Amount advanced to su perintendents and su pervisors, - for which accounts are in a train, for settlement, 01,656,804 86 1,199,837 96 249,449 83 1,449,277 79 Balance in the treasury upon the 1st Dec. 1831, $207,527 07 Signed by order of the board. Attest, JAMES CLARKE, President. FRS. R. SHUNK, Sec'y. Hanisburg, December IS, 1831. ARTICLE OF AGREEMENT, entered into this day of- one thousand eight hundred and by and between the Commonwealth or Pennsilvania by , superintendent on the Division of th^ Pentisylvanla canal, of the one part, and of the other part, Witnesseth, That the said do ppomise and agpee to dig-, embank puddle and construct, in a substantial and workmanUke manner, all that part of the Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, known and designated as tbe section, upon the plan of the -^ line of said Divlsioij, in the folloiving manner, to wit: " The canal banks to be so constructed, that the wafer may at all places be at least forty feet wide at the top water line, twenty-eight feet wide at bottom, and four feet deep. Eachof the banks shall be at least two feet above the-top water Une, and such a slope shall be pre served on the inner side of the banks, both above and below the top water line, as that every foot perpendic ular rise shalhgivean horizontal base of eighteen inches, the towing path shall be on the river side ofthe canal, its siirface shall be at least fen feel wide, and the bank: Apposite the towing path shall be at least seven feet wide, and both banks shall have a declination fromthe inner to tbe outep edge thepeof, equal to half an inch fu.- - evepy foot of supface; the banks shall be constructed of pure, solid and compact water proof earth, and they shall be made smooth and even, with a slope on the out- ermost side, not less than is above mentioned. And iti is further agreed, for the purpose of giving to the bank the necessary connexion with the earth upon which; tbey are to be erected,' that all tbe grass, tre is, busbies, and slumps, on the space to be occupied by the canal banks, together with all logs, brush, roots and vegeta ble matter ofall descriptions, shall be wholly removed at least fifty feet from the centre of ihe canal; and It is further agreed that all necessary grubbing shall be exe cuted" according to the directions of the engineer ap-j pointed by the canal commissioners ofPennsylvania, and wben required that a puddle ditch shall be excava ted under the seat of each bank, ofsuch breadth and depth, and shall be carried up to such alieight within the embankment, as may be designated by the engi neers. And the said to be paidfor completing this contract as foUowss For grubbing and clearing, the sum of Fop all necessapy excavation within the banks of the canal, puddle ditch and towing palh be the same earth, gravel, loose stones, clay, loam or sand, per cubic yard., Fop embankment, when removed over one hunffped feet, and to be measured in the banks, per cubic yard. For cemented gravel or hard pan, strictly such, per cubic yard. Fop solid op blast Pocfc^ pep cubic yai-d. Fop detached rocV meaifuring more than one cubic foot, and for slate ropk, pep cubic yard. Fop puddling, per cubic-yard. For vertical wall, per perch of 25 cubic feet. ^^ Fop outside slope wall, peP perch of 25 cubic feet. It is understood by the parties, that under fhe term excavation, are included all drains that may occup on the section; aq^ under the term embanknient, is included the filling in of bridges, and that in all cases the earth for embankment shall be taken from sucb places as may be dipected by the supeplnfendenf op engineep on the line. It is also understood that no allowance shall be made forthe bailing of water. It is furthep agpeed, that any items of work, tbat may necessarily occur on fhis section, "ot already specified in this contract, shallbe estimated bythe engineer, and paid for accopdingly. And il is furthep understood by the parties that all stone quarried from the bed of the canal is the ppopepty of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and not of the contpactor, and may be disposed of by the superintendent as he may think pro per; and that all timber, buildings or fences on tbe track-of the canrf, -are the property of the -landholder, and the said contractop lo be responsible for tbe safe keeping of the sariie from the deppedationaof handstand laborers. The payments to be made in tbe following manner: On or about the day of . next ensning the date of this contract, the said engineer shall estimate the quantity of work done, and upon his certificate being presented to the superintendent, tbe amount thereof shall be paid, deducting therefrom fif. teen per cent. ; and on or about the day of each succeeding month, within the limits of this con tract, the like estimate shall be made, ceplificafe grant ed, and payment in like ppopoption made tbepeon. The fifteen per cent, directed fo be petained to be withheld until the contpact is completed, unless the board of ca- jial commissioneps sball dipecl the same op any papt thepeof to be sooner paid: And furthep, at the expira tion of the stipulated period forthe completion of this contract.if the whole work shall be finished to the satis- -factjrin of the said Euperintenclent,the said engineer shall estimate it, and within twenty days after the presenta tion of his cerfifioate''tothe.Kuperintendent the balance which may remain due shall be paid. It is further agreed between the parlies, that when the superintendent on this division shall give notice in writing, or by public advertisement, that the sum of money appropriated towards the expenses of this divi- * sion, for the present year shall have been expended, that any subsequent labor performed under this con tract, shall nojt be considered as Inoui-ring'a debt! against the state, contrary to the true intent and meaning Of -the 7th section ofthe act of 21st of March last. , And the said do further promise and agree,' that will fpom time to lime during the progress of the work conform to such deviations from the ppesent Une ofthe canal, and to such alterations in the form, slope, and di mensions ofthe banks, towing paths or any other part of the works; as the said engineep may direct. And it is mutually agireed, that the decision of fhe said engineep shall be lijial and conclusive, in any dispute which may arise between the said pai-lies. ") And the said do further agree, that will not re-let or trans fer said contract, or any part thereof, to any other per- 1831.] IMPRO"^EMENT FUND. 429 eon or persons whatever. Andthat will person ally s'nperintend the work during its progress. It Is further agreed between the parties, that in caSe the work upon this section shall not be commenced within days from this date; or if at any subsequent period the said should, in the opinion ofthe su perintendent or engineer, pefuse op neglect fo prose cute this contract with a force proportioned to the quantify of work to be done, an4 the period within which it is to be completed;or shall sub-contract or re-let said section or ,sny part thereof; or shall not give per sonal superintendence to the work, the said engineer shall have power with the consent of one of the canal commissioners to determine that this contract has been abandoned, and such determination shall put an end to this contract, and exonerate the commonwealth from every obUgation thence arising; and the superintendent may iriimediately proceed to dispose thereof in the same manner as if it had never existed. And to avoid disputes, as well as interruption and hindrance to the regular and peaceable ppogpess ofthe diffepent parts of the work, and to ppevent unriecessary injury to the rights and property of the neighbors in the vicinity of the canal, the superintendent, engineer, or assistant en gineep will dismiss from the sepvice, eVery quari-elsome dlsordeply pePson,and such as shall be addicted to habits of Intemperance, or who shall wantonly commit any un necessary trespass, eithep upon fhe pepson, land, or ppo perty of citizens living, tpavelllng, op Wopking upon op near the wopks of the said canal, to be guUty of otber offensive misconduct; and every contractor sball dismiss all similar persons employed under him, whenever thereto dipected by the superintendent, engineer, or as sistant engine^. And tbe "said do promise and agree to finish and deliver op this contract on or before the day of in the year 183 This contract not to be binding on fhe common wealth, until approved by the board of canal commis- siorieps. In witness whereof, the said parties have hereunto set their hands and seals tbe day and year first above mentioned. Witness, [L. S.l Superintendent. [L. S.] [L. S.] ^ [L-S,J Extract from ihe 6ih Section of the act ofthe 25th of February, 1826. "No extra allowance shall in any case be made for the performance of any such oontract'beyond the sum stipulated therein. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE INTERNAL IM PROVEMENT rCND. Office of the Commissioners of the Internal "l Improvement Fund, 'Oec. 17, 1831. 5 -To the Speaker of the H. of K. gjj In compUance with a resolution of the House of Reppesentatives of the 15lb inst, requiring the Commissioners of the Internal Imppovement fund, to " furnish to the House, a statement of the moneys dis bupsed by Ihem, undep the ppovlsions of fhe act of As- sehibly, entitled " an act authorisirig a loan of money to be invested in fhe Interna"! Imppovement fund, tobe appUed to the payment of pepaiis, damages and other demands upon said fund, and for othep purposes, "pas sed 30th March, 1831: and if no part thereof was paid in satisfaction of damages assessed, that they state the reasons therefor"— the Commissioners of said fund beg leave to state, that the sum of jg300,000, appropriated by said act, was paid over to them, and has been applied to tlie purposes intended, as detailed in their report to the Legislature, on the 13th inst. i, from which it ap. peaps, that $290,000 were paid to the treasurer of the Board of Canal Commissioners, on accounts dpawn by the Governor, and ^lO.OOO retained fbr the payment of the salaries of Lock-keepers and Toll-collectors, of which last sum a balance of $963 23 remains in their hands. ^ The Commissioners of the fund, upon a careful exa mination of the several acts of Assembly, relative to disbursements fop canal and rail road purposes, came to the conclusion, that fhe act of 3dth March, 1831, did not constitute three disbursing officers, nor did it re quire 'of them to make direct payments, on account of pepaips, damages op salaries of officeps,, excepting those of Lock-keepers and Toll-collectors. Fromthe com mencementof the system, it was evidently fhe inten tion of the Legislature, that the board of Canal Com missioners or their subordinate officers, should be the agents for the payment of all rtioneys connected with the -conslruclion of the Canal; and the Commissioners of the Infernal Improvement fund, are not regarded in the light of disbursing officers, eilber by-ffie act con- stUuling them a board, or by any of the subsequent acts imposing farther obligations, — Their duties are bf a charaoteP entipely different as will appear by an exa mination of the acts of" Assembly. The act of fst of April, 1826. " establishing an inter nal improvement fund," constitutes the Secretary of the Commonwealth, the Auditor General and the State Treasurer, as Commissioners. The sole object of that act was the creation of a fund, for the payment of in tepest on loans, that were or might be authorised for the constPuction ofthe Pennsylvania Canal, and it does not appear that any further duty was intended to be impos ed on the Commissioners than the management and superintendance of that fund. As the act creating the Commissioners precisely defined tlieir duties, all sub sequent acts enlarging their powers, must be construed strictly in accordance with the object of theip ccriistitu-, tion. The act of 1st of April, 1826, entitled "an act au thorising a loan for the commencement of the con struction of the Pennsylvania Canal and fop olher purposes," Is the first in which we find an enlapgement of the original powers of the commissioners of the in tepnal imppovement fund. That act requires the Go- vernor lo borrow the sum of g300,000, to be paid to the commissioners, to be by them "applied in the man. ner and for ihepuiposes hereinafter directed." The 4th section of the same act prescribes the manner, and dipects "that it shall be the duty of fhe commissioneps of fhe internal improvement fund to cause such sums fo be paid ouf of the moneys so borro«-ed as aforesaid, as shall be found necessary far the construction of so much of the Pennsylvania Canal as is now authorised by law to be constructed, on warrants drawn by the Governor, on the Commissioners of said fund, at the request of the board of canal commissioneps, to the treasurer of said board, who shall pay out the same, &o. It thus appears that at the commencement of the system, the commissioners of the fund were passive agents in tbe disbursement of moneys for the con struction and incidental expenses of the canal; and all the subsequent acts, by which the proceeds of loans were vested In them, make-tlie same provisions with regard to the mannep in which the money shall be op- plied to the purposes intended. The 18th section of the 9th Appil, 1827, says, "all such sums shall be drawn and accounted for," as directed by the Acts of 25th February and 1st April, 1826, both of which de. clare that moneys shall be paid on governor's warrants. The acts of 24th March and 18*h December, 1828, provide that the money shall be applied in the manner directed by law. The Acts of 23d AprU, 17tb Novem ber, and 7th December, .1829, prescribe no particular mode of payment, and therefore the practice under for- 430 IMPROVEMENT FUND. [Dece«ber mer laws was continued. The Act of ISlh March, 1830. Uses the expression," to be applied as directed by law," and the act of 21st March, 1831, Is silent on the subject,. With regard tothe payment of damages the several aOts of Assembly are equally explicit in making it fhe duty of the Canal Commissioneps, optheip subordinate officers. The first act on this subject was passed on the 25th February, 1826.— The 8th.sectIon of that act, after prescribing the mode in which damages shall be ascertained, directs that they shall be paid by the Board of Canal Commissioners. The Acts of 10th April, 1826, authorises the canal commissioneps to lake acquit tances or releases for any claims to damages. The 8th section of the act of ?th April, 1827, provides a mode of assessing dariiages. and directs that «' the acting ea nal commissioner shall and he is hereby required to pay to ihe said petitioner the full amount of damages and costs assessed as aforesaiS'," which has been transferred to superintendants by the act of 6th Appil, 1830. The act of 16tb April, 1831, requires the canal commission ers to report to the Legislature the amount paid for damages, — Tbe Stb section of the act of 24th March, 1828, requires the canal commissioners to lake acquit tances for damages. In addition tu the.se positive pi-o- visions, the 13tb section of the last mentioned act clear ly shows that the Legislature never intended that the commissioners ofthe fund should be disbursing officers. The 2d section of the act of 16th April, 1827. inadver tently had dipected the salaries of Engineers and otbers to be paid by the treasurer of fhe internal improvement fund, instead of the treasurer of the Board of canal commissioners, but the 13th section of the act of 24th March, 1828, corrected the error, and directed that the amount so paid should be refunded to the commis- sloneps-of the intepnal improvement fund. If any doubt could exist, after the^provislons ofthese several acts, relative to the proper authority for the , payment of damages. It must be removed by tbe act of t6lh April, 1830, whioh is very positive on the subject. The 5th section of that act directs the Canal Commis sioners, to ascertain the amount of damages, and to make an offer of such sums to the persons aggrieved, as they-shall think reasonable; and in case of non-ac- -ceplance, the 6th section cpeates a board of appraisers, to whom the matter shall be submitted, and whose de- oision shall be final. The boapd of apppaisers ape required to make a record of their ppoceedin.gs, a copy of which shall be delivered tothe board of Canal Com missioners, "to bebyihem^ carried into effect accordingto law." This is a positive injunction, on the Canal Com missioners, to pay all damages, and the act of SOth March, 1831, contains no provision wh'ich by any rule of construction, would operate to change the practice. Tbis last mentioned act vests jn the Commissioners of the Internal Improvement fund, the sum of g300,000, to be by them appUedto the purposes described, with out specifying any particular mode. It must be infer red that the legislature intended that it should be appUed in the manner prescribed by the act of 6th April, 1830, and it was so applied. The sum ot ®290,- 000 as before stated, was paid over to the Canal Com missioners on Governor's warrants, as directed by law, to defray the expenses of fhe different objects contem plated by the act; andif Is presumed their report lo ¦the Legislature will contain a detailed statement of amount paid for damages. Taking all these things into view, the commissioners of the fund, did nol considep themselves as directly disbursing officers, for any of the purposes mentioned in the act of SOth March, 1831, with the exception of the salaries of Toll-collectors and lock-keepers, The resolution of the 8lh of January, 1880, made it fhe du ty of the commissioners of the fund, "to pay the sala ries of collectors and lock keepers, on the Pennsylvania <;anal, out of the moneys arising from the tolls collect ed on said canal" Undep this resolution the commis sioneps made direct payments, and as the act of 30_th of March last, prescribed no other mode, the Commis-, sioners considered themselves bound by the then ex isting practice. The same reason did not apply to the other purposes of the act Damages are classed among repairs, and the construction of a towing path along the foot ofthe Nanticoke dam. The impossibili ty of the Commissioneps of the fund, directly disburs ing money for these latter objects, must be evidept at first aight, and the act makes no distinction in favour of Independent of the positive provisions of law, the Commissioners of the fund would remark, that many difficulties and inconveniences must arise from direct payments out of their fpeasury." Each of the members comppislng the boapd have to attend, to the duties of their several offices, and those duties generally ape suf ficientto occupy the gpeatep portion oftheir time ; but if other poweps be superadded, particularly the direct disbursements of money, in all probabUity the Commis sioners will be overburthened with business, and unable fo discharge the functions of their offices, either with satisfaction lo themselves or to the community. — They would furthep obsei-ve, that no advantage could .possi bly arise by constituting them disbupsing officers. Agents of the Canal Commissioners are placed, on all the Unes of Canal, who give security fo the Common wealth, for the faithful performance of their duty, and wbo-bave personal cognizance of matters, requiring the disbupseroent of money. These agents can bestow their time and attention on matters entrusted to their superintendance, with advantage fo the Commonwealth, and with satisfaction to fhe individuals, who have claims for damages, arising from tbe constPuction of the Ca- ¦ nal. Tbe Commissioners therefore hope, that no alter- laflons will be made in the existing laws relafive to the Improvement fund. Very respectfully. Yours, &c. SAMUjiL McKEAN. DANIEL STU.-tGEON, A. MAHON, Commissioners . DIED. In Lehman, Luzerne county. Pa. on Fpiday, the llth November, Abrabam Pike, aged 87. Tbe deceased was amongthe first seftlei-s of the Valley of Wyoming, and was in the memorable battle of 1778, witb the To ries and Indians, and narrowly made his escape, after being wounded, by swimming down the river 3 mUes to Forty-fort, where he was taken into the fort by his companions who had survived the general massacre. He was captured by a party of ten Indians, in March 1779, together with two men and a boy, and was taken up the Susquehanna about 60 miles,* where the In dians firsf halted and encamped for the night; the pris- oneps were secured by the savages, and Pike was placed between two large Indianis, and as soon as he found they were asleep, he cautiously arose and un loosed his companions, made a simultaneous attack on the savages, and left seven ofihem dead on the ground. They then collected what provisions ihey could and returned to the Valley, after experiencing all the hard ships incident to the season. Since that lime until bis death, he has resided in the VaUey, celebrated for bis heroic deeds, and respected for his sincere attachment to his country. — [Communicated for the Susquehanna Democrat. • Mouth of Meshoppen creek, 40 miles from Wilkes barre. I knew " OLD Pike," as he was caUed, welj. I won der how he lived so long. For many years that I was acquainted with bim be never was sober one minute longer lhan be could get Uquor enougli to stupify him self. He was doubtless brave as a total absence of fear could make a man. Several times he came to me to 1831] BANK OF U. STATES. 431 Wood Lawn, 5th Deo. 1831. Dear Sir — ^Your friendly letter on the subject-of the Bank of Ihe United States, hasbeen rece'ived by, the course of mail. The opinion whicb I formed of the constitutionaUty and expediency of the Bank of the United States when I was a member of the Se- -nale, was the result of a careful examination of the constitutlpn of the United StAtes, made' without any preconceived opinioris. That opinion Is recorded in two speeches which I made in the Senate in the year 1811. Since that time I bad no occasion of reviewing the question. My opinion remains unaltered. I was Secretary of the Tpeasupy mope than eight years, and during that time I had ample evidence uf the great util ity of the Bank of the United States, in managing fhe fiscal concerns of the Union. I am pepsuaded than no man, whatever bis precon ceived opinions may be, can preside over the Treasury one year, without beings deeply impressed with the ex pediency of the Bank -of the United States, in conduc ting the finances of the Union. The provision in the, constitution which gives Congpess the power to pass all laws which may be necessary and proper to cappy into effect the enumerated powers; gives Congress the right to pass the Bank bUl, unless a law most proper to carpy into effect, the power to collect and distribute revenue, sbould be excluded by that provision. The opponents of the constitutionaUty of the Bank, place great stress upon the word necessary, contained in the grant of powep, and insist that no law can be necessary, but such, that without which fbs. powep ,cDuld not be cap- vied into effect. Now this construction appears to me to be indefensible. It does seem to me, that the words "necessary and proper" cannot exclude a law that is most proper to carry the power into effect. Yet the unconstitutionality of tbe bank can be pronounced on ly upon tliat construcUon. It does appear to me Ihat the.l'ramers of(lhe constitution never could have Intend ed to exclude fhe passage of a law most proper to carry a power into effect, because it migbt be carried imper fectly into effect by another law. My construction of the grant of power fo pass all laws which may be neces sary to carry the enumerated powers into effect, includes the power to pass all laws which are necessary and proper to carry the enumerated powers Into effect in fhe most gerfecf and complete manner, and not in an incomplete and Impepfecf mannep. I have not seen a . complete developement of the Pi-esident's plan of a Bank. It is possible that by his plan the transmission of the revenue may be effected, but fhe safety of the public deposits cannot be effected by the President's plan. The advantage of this secu rity fo \he public is incalculable. If ought not to be relinquished, unless It can be satlsfacfopily.'proved that the Baiik of the United States is unconstitutional. This I think, cannot be satisfactorily shown. . My speeches are recorded andean be rorpubUsbed If neces sary. They contain the result of the best investigation _ I was able to give the subject. I am persuaded 1 could not improve upon It now, ifl had the means of investi gating the subjeet, which I have not. I am. Sir, your friend, &c. WM. H. CRAWFORD. Charles Jared Ingersoll, IJsq. SR relate bis adventures, which I was lo minute down for pubUcallQ,! : But he could remember nothing till he got "in eacb cheek a highland gUI," and then he be came So noisy and obstreperous it was impossible to make out a connected story. Pike was born in Ireland, and came with tbe British army a soldier, to Boston, at the beginning of the Re volutionary war. His brother was in the same regi ment. The dog of an officer attacked his brother, who in self defence struck, him; when the enraged officer made some threat which was answered by a passionate declarallon that he would kiU his dog and him too if they attacked him. For this a Court Mar tial awarded the poor fellow 600 lashes, under the in fliction of which he died. Pike swore vengeance, if In his power; but no opportunity presenting, he desert ed, and fixed himself at Wyoming, where he performed the deeds related by the paragraph above. He told me the wbole band, and prisoners, overcome wifh fatigue, bad sunk Into sleep, ,exEei»*^'^e old In dian who kept guard. He sat, his back towapds Pike, on a log, hovering over the fire, nodding,, yet holding in his hand a deer's head, which he had been picking.— Loosening himself. Pike seized the old man s spear, and thrust it through him. He gave one deep groan and fell into the fire. Springing then to his companions be cut their fastnings— seized the guns^and put them ag-,ae and tomahawked two Indians before the others became aroused to their danger. All this was the work of a minute. One of bis companions Instead of aiding, half dead with affright, remained on his knees praying. Several of the Indians wepe kUled and otheps wounded. Finding theip arms gone they fled. One, many years afterwards, was seen by tbe late Judge HollenbaCk, in the Genessee country, who spoke of the affair, and showed fhe scar of a desperate wound he had received on the neck. Another, badly wounded perished in the wilderness. I think but two escaped, and Pike came into the settlement with the arms of the enemy as Ins trophies. Evepy body, of coupse, liked to hear him tell his story and to treat him. A sbunder headed man might have been overthrown by so much flattery and whiskey as were voluntarily proffered to " old Pike TBB Indian Killeb."— VilUige Record. THE REGISTER. DECEiUBER 31, 1831. During the late severe season, an unnsual number of aged and respectable citizens have been removed by death — among the most prominent of th'ese was Ste phen Girard Esq. Banker and Merchant — and ppobably the most wealthy individual in the United States. Much anxiety has been manifested, to asceptain the mode in which he has disposed of his Immense property, but as the will has not yet been made public, we deem it use less to record the numerous reports in circulation — it is generally, however, understood, that the city and pub lic institutions, will receive a large portion ofit. His funeral was attended yesterday, by an immense concoupse of citizens, and diffepent societies. We sub join a short sketch of this distinguished individual, from' the Pennsylvania Whig, also the proceedings^ of the Select and Common Councils, HIsremains were intepped in the burial gpound of the Trinity Church, N. W. corner of Sixth and Spruce sts. ]«R. GIRARD. We find, in the Perinsylvania Whig of Wednesday, the subjoined particulars of the life and character of fhe late Stephen Girard. "Mr, Girard commenced with 'small beginnings,' At fipst a cabin boy; then a mate of a ship; then keeper of a small tap shop, where he retailed dpams and segars; he successively rose to the rank of tbe first merchant, and the most opulent banker iri the countpy, 'Industpy and fpugallty,' was his motto; business was with him a passion; and Uke all who devote themselves with enthu siasm to any pursuit, he was gifted with genius for hia profession. "At the time, or rather just prior to the expiration of the charter of the old bank of United States, 1811, Mr. Girard bad instructed Barings to purchase for him 433 MISCELLANEOUS. lUXCXHB,^;^ $1,200,000 worth of its stock;andvvUh this he commenc ed banking urider the superinlendehce ofthe late Geo. Simpson,; the Ciishiep of tirat institution, to whom he confided its transactions. This was in 1812, since which his bank capital lias increased to five milUons.'' "Mr, Girard was in the. 84th year of liis age, accord ing to his own account, given to tfie father ot the editor ofthis papep." ', "Mr. Girard wasa native of Bordeaux, in France, where he has still living, we believe, a brother and sister. He has tliree nieces married in this cltyj and several nephews likewise. "In the Yellow Fever in 1793, Mr. Girard was distin guished for "his active benevolence at the Bush Hill Hospital, in ministering to the sick, and. devising plans forthe prevention- and pestriciion of contagion. "We understand the business of Mr, Girard wiU suf fer no jnterpuption by his death; that his Bank will con. tinue Its opepations; and his buildings o.n his Market- street Square progress to an imposing, elegant and usefujicompletion. "TT^e habits of Mr. Girard were exclusively those of the man of business. He had no pleasures, but in the pepformance of active duties, always to be found busy inj his compting poom, op bustling on his farm, for he was also fond of Agricultupe; feeding his own cattle, cui-ing his own beef, and even bestowing his altenfign on the culfui-e of a vegetable gai-den, the ppoduce of which hie caused fo be taken to market. His fruits and his flowers were also of fhe most choice kind. But in his lijinds, for his was the touch of Midas, every thing was turned into gold; and fruits, flowers, vegetables, ships, houses, lots. Bank, and all, contilbuted in llie erid^to'poup millions in his lap. Like all men of im mense wealth,, it was his, peculiar delight, to cast his eyes over theaggregate of h'ls millions. But he took mostplcasure in adding house to house, lot to lot, until he could count his squares uf buildings, and found it Inipossible to cotint the number of hjs deeds, parch ment's and warrants. To the Schuylkill Navigation Company he was an efficient friend, in the hour of need as well as to the Chesapeake Canal Co, and olher pubi lie works of vast importance, and lasting utility." Thursday Afternoon, Dec. 29, 1831. SFCCIAL KEETING. .SELECT COUNCIL.— Mb. Doane offered the foi- ^ lowing preamble and resolutions, wbi^h were unani mously adopted, and Subsequently unanimously adopt ed by fhe Common Council. The members of the Select and Common Courtcih,, ofthe city of PhUadelphia. learn with deep sorrow, Ihat theip venerabW and esteemed fellow citizen, STE PHEN GlllAIlD, has departed forevep from the scene of his long and memorable usefulness: Contemplating the hiimility of his, origin, and contrasting Iherewilh the ultimate variety and extent ofhis wealth and works, the mind is filled with admipation of the man. and pro foundly impressed with the value of his example. Numerous and solid as the edifices are, whioh he con structed in thecity sind precincts of Philadelphia,/lhey will conslilute but a transitory record of what he was, when compared with fhe moral influence that must arise from a knowledge of the merits and mea-iis, by which he acquired his immense estate. Those merit and means were probity of the strictest kind, diligence unsurpassed, perseverance In all pursuits, and a frugali ty as remote from parsimony as from extravagance. The goodness of his heart was not manifested by osten tatious suj^scriptions OP loud professions— but when pestilence stalked .abPoad, Stephen Gjrard risked his life to preserve from its ravages the most humble ofhis fellow creatures; and whenever sorrow, unaccompanied by immorality, approached his doop, it was thrown widj: open: bis person, his habits, and his home evinced his love of whfit was simple, and his disregard of ostenta tion. Above all men most able to revel in luxury, or to roH In a splendid equipage,- he fared af all times alike, and wiihin a few days of his death, rode in the style of a plain farmer; rather than that of $ rich bank- er, he was a devoted friend to those ppinciples of civil and Peligious liberty, which fopm the -basis of the poli tical fabi'ic of his adopted country; and when In the course of the last war the credit of Ihat courttpy was impaired, he mainly contributed to arrest the threatened consequences: To say all this Is" but to aver what all those of mature age in this city must know or have heard. Risohed, That the Clerks of the Councils be and they are hereby instructed to cause the respective halls f 0 be hung with mourning, as a mark of respect to the memopy of Stephen Girard, Esq. COMMON COUNCIL,— Mb. Morrat offered the annexed preamble and resolution, wbich were agreed to. Philadelphia, Dec. 29th 1831. Whereas, in the death of Stephen Girard, Esq. the ciiy of Philadelphia has sustained the loss of one of its most distinguished and useful citizens, to whose ptiblic spirit and enlarged views during a long life, this community is deeply indebted for many and important public benefits. Therefore resolved. That as a mark of the respect and consideration entertained for the memory of this public benefactop, the members of Councils will meet at the Council Chamber, at 10 o'clock, on Friday morn ing, the SOth inst. and from thence proceed as a body to'attend the funerat of our .leeply lamented and dis. tin^uished fellow citizen. The different plans and estimates relative to Wills' HospirAi, wepe referred to the Commiltee on that sub ject, with direclions to report which in their e.slimation is the most worthy ofthe first premium, and Ihat which desepves the second premium offered by these bodies. Councils adjourned fo meet on Saturday evening ws.t.^-Phila. Gaz. • Another public loss lias likewise b.-.-en sustained during the present week, in the death of the, Rev. Joseph Sanford, Pastor of the Second Presbyterian, Church. On Wednesday, notwilhslanding tbe snow storm at the time, his funeral was very numeroasly attended, by the members ofhis congregation and oth ers. His remains were conveyed to the chof ch bf which he was lately pastor, where, a funeral sermon was deliv- cr«d by the Rev. Dr. McAuley. Art interesting sketch was given of thr, I'lfe and laboups ofthe deceased,which, (or some othep) account of this excellent man, we hope hcreaftep to record. His body was then conveyed to the burial ground in Apch st. and interped in|the family vault of one ofthe elders ofthe church. The present number, with the Index which accom panies it, closes the 8lh volume of the Register — and completes the fourth year of our edi^rial career. Were it in our power to say that the encoupagement afforded, kept pace with the rapidity with which our pages accu mulate, we should feel, upon approaching the labours of a new volume — ^much invigorated. One more appeal to the public, would we niake-^upon its success will depend the continuance of the Register, beyond the period to bp embraced in the volume, upon which we . propose to enter, the ensuing week. We respectfuUy invite subscriptions. The previous 8 volumes can still l>e furnished, either bound, or In numbers. Price of the former $3 per vol. — of th^ latter f5 per annum. ip»\v*.ii •