\ YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Bought with the income of the ALFRED E. PERKINS FUND AN ACT TO ERECT FARTS OF THE COUNTIES OF nilSl'ERSOJI, BlTRIillYCTOIV, MB MIDDLESEX INTO A NE*VV COUNTY, TO BE CALLED THE COUNTY OF MERCER. Mercer. Whereas the inhabitants of the townships of Trenton, preifebie. Ewing, Lawrence, and Hopewell, in the county of Hun terdon; of the township of Nottingham, in the county of Burlington ; and of the townships of East Windsor and West Windsor, in the county of Middlesex, have, by their respective petitions, set forth, that they are subject to many inconveniences and burdens, by reason of their great distance from the seats of justice in their respective counties, and have prayed that a new county should be erected — therefore, Sec. I. Be it enacted by the Council and General As sembly of this State, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That all those parts of the counties of Hun- Boundaries of terdon, Burlington, and Middlesex, contained within the the county of following boundaries, viz: beginning on the river Dela ware, at the mouth of Crosswicks creek, and at the ex treme western point of the division line between the town ships of Nottingham and Chesterfield, in the county of Burlington, and running thence up said creek, along the middle of the same, and as the same runs its several courses, to the boundary line of Monmouth county; , thence northwestwardly along said line until it strikes the boun dary line of the township of East Windsor, in the county of Middlesex, which divides said township from the county of Monmouth; thence running along said line between East Windsor township and Monmouth county till it strikes Rocky brook ; thence down the middle of said brook to a new road leading to Milford ; thence along said road eastwardly to the westerly line of Louis Biggs' land; thence' along said line northwardly to the middle of Millstone river ; thence down the said river, along the middle thereof, the several courses of the same, to the line dividing the counties of Somerset and Middlesex; thence southwest- wardly along said dividing line to the, line of the county of A ling that diligent 3 have to ; was not im John L. Black, ton Lip- >r of the WARD. the prep- engaged !ld afford od. He ,e several ress they pat what larrative ut there 2 Jurisdiction, rights, &c, of the county of Mercer. Representationin council and assembly. Division of Mercer into townships, and boundariesthereof. Corporatenames of town- Hunterdon ; thence along the line dividing the counties of Somerset and Hunterdon, to a point therein where the same crosses the road called the Pennington road, leading from the village of Rocky Hill to the village of Pennington ; thence continuing along the middle of the said road, the va rious courses thereof, to the Delaware river, at Titusville ; thence down said river, the several courses, and including the islands belonging to this state, to the place of begin ning, be, and the same is hereby erected into a separate county, to be called the county of Mercer; and said lines shall hereafter be the division lines between the counties of Hunterdon, Burlington, Middlesex, and Somerset, and the state of Pennsylvania, and the county of Mercer, respec- 1 tively. Sec. II. And be it enacted, That the said county of Mer cer shall have and enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers, rights, privileges, liberties, and immunities which any other county in this state doth or may enjoy ; and that the said county of Mercer shall elect, in the same manner as other counties in this state do, two members to represent said county in the general assembly, and one member to. represent said county in the legislative council, of this state, and no more, until otherwise regulated by law. Sec. III. And be it enacted, That the said county of Mercer shall be divided into seven townships, namely : the present townships of Trenton, Ewing, Lawrence, and Not tingham, to be called by those names, respectively; and all that part of the township of Hopewell included within the bounds of the said county of Mercer, to be called the township of Marion ; and all that part of the township of East Windsor included within the bounds of said county of Mercer, to be called the township of East Windsor ; and the township of West Windsor, to be called the township of West Windsor ; and that the inhabitants of each and every of the said townships be, and they are hereby constituted a body corporate and politic in law, by the following names, that is to say: that the inhabitants of the town ship of Trenton shall be styled and known by the name of "the Inhabitants of the township of Trenton, in the county of Mercer ;" that the inhabitants of the township of Ewing shall be styled and known by the name of "the Inhabitants of the township of Ewing, in the county of Mercer;" that the inhabitants of the township of Lawrence shall be styled and known by the name of " the Inhabit ants of the township of Lawrence, in the county of Mercer;" that the inhabitants of the township of Marion shall be styled and known by the name of " the Inhabitants of the town- 3 ship of Marion, in the county of Mercer;" that the inhabit ants of the township of Nottingham shall be styled and known by the name of " the Inhabitants of the township of Not tingham, in the county of Mercer ;" that the inhabitants of the township of East Windsor shall be styled and known by the name of " the Inhabitants of the township of East Wind sor, in the county of Mercer;" that the inhabitants of the township of West Windsor shall be styled and known by the name of "the Inhabitants of the township of West Windsor, in the county of Mercer;" and that the inhabit ants of each and every of the said townships, respectively, shall be, and they are hereby vested with, entitled to, and authorized to exercise and enjoy all the franchises, powers, privileges, immunities, and authorities, and shall be, and hereby are made subject to all the provisions of the laws for the time being for the regulation and government of the inhabitants of the other townships of this state. Sec. IV. And be it enacted, That the judges, justices of juriadiction of the peace, sheriffs, and other officers within the limits of judges, justices, the counties of Hunterdon, Burlington, and Middlesex, as ^ty'JJfM*! the same stood before the passing of this act, shall con- cer. tinue to hold, exercise, and enjoy their several and respec tive offices and appointments, witlj the powers and privileges thereto belonging, within said limits of said counties, re spectively, until the second Monday of April next ; and all courts at the time of the passing of this act existing and being within the aforesaid limits of said counties shall con tinue to have and exercise, respectively, jurisdiction within the same until the said second Monday of April next, in the same manner as if this act had not been passed ; and that from and after the said second Monday of April next, and until their respective terms of office in and for the coun ties of Hunterdon, Burlington, and Middlesex shall expire, all persons in office at the time of the passing of this act resident within the bounds of the county of Mercer, and all and every of them, except the sheriffs, clerks, surrogates, and prosecutors of the pleas, shall hold, exer cise, and enjoy their respective offices, with all the power, authority, privileges, and emoluments thereto belonging, within the limits of the county of Mercer, as officers of said county, as fully and effectually to all intents and purposes as if they had been elected and appointed to their said offices, respectively, within the said county of Mercer; provided proviso. however, that all judges of the court of common pleas and all justices of the peace shall take and subscribe the official oaths or affirmations required by law within the said county of Merger, on or before the first day of May next, and be- ling that diligent s have to t was not im John 1. Black, rton Lip- jr of the WARD. the prep- i engaged lid afford iod. He le several ;ress they •eat what narrative but there 4 Suits pending not to be af fected. Proviso. Sheriffs of Bur lington, Middle sex, and Hun terdon to exe cute writs until sheriff is elected for Mercer. fore they act in their respective offices as officers of said county of Mercer. Sec. V. And be it enacted, That all actions, suits, ap peals, prosecutions, and other legal proceedings commenced, or that may be commenced or depending in the su preme court of this state, or in any court, or before any justice of the peace within the limits of the counties of Hunterdon, Burlington, and Middlesex, as said limits stood at the time of the passing of this act, before the said se cond Monday of April next, shall be in no wise affected by this act, but the same shall and may be prosecuted in the respective counties, and before said courts, in the same man ner as if this act had not been passed, any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding ; provided, that in all such causes pending in the supreme court, where the defendant in any transitory action does at the time of the passing of this act reside within the limits of the county of Mercer, or where in any local action the cause of action arose within the bounds of said county, either party may, at his election, on application to the said court for that purpose, have the venue in said action changed to the said county of Mercer, and the cause tried therein, as if the said action had originally been commenced in said county.' Sec. VI. And be it enacted, That from and after the said second Monday of April next, and until a sheriff shall be elected for the county of Mercer, and enter upon his duties, all writs to be executed within the townships of Lawrence, Ewing, Marion, and Trenton, or either of them, which are by law to be executed by the sheriff, shall be directed and delivered to the sheriff of the county of Hunterdon, and shall be executed by said sheriff, in person or by his deputy or under-sheriff; and in case of the legal disability of said sheriff, then said writs shall be directed to the coroners of the said county, and be by them exe cuted ; that from and after said day, and until the time aforesaid, all writs to be executed within the limits of the township of Nottingham shall be directed and deli vered to the sheriff of the county of Burlington, and shall be executed by said sheriff, in person or by his under-she riff or deputy ; and in case of the legal disability of the sheriff, then said writs shall be directed to the coroners of said county, and shall be executed by them ; that from and after the day aforesaid, and until the time aforesaid, all writs to be executed within the limits of the township of West Windsor, or within the limits of the township of East Windsor, as the same are fixed by this act, shall be directed and delivered to the sheriff of the oounty of Middlesex, and shall be executed by him, in person or by his under- sheriff or deputy ; and in case of the legal disability of the sheriff, then said writs shall be directed to the coroners of said county, and shall be executed by them ; and said she riffs and officers shall, respectively, make returns of said writs to the courts to which they shall be made returnable, and shall be responsible, respectively, in their official capa city, as sheriffs and coroners of the said counties, for the due and legal execution and return thereof. Sec. VII. And be it enacted, That all that part of the township of East Windsor, as the same was bounded be fore the passing of this act, not included within said county of Mercer, be, and the same is hereby attached to, and made part of the township of South Amboy, in the county of Middlesex ; and all that part of the township of Hope well, as the same was bounded before the passing of this act, not included within the said county of Mercer, be known by the name of the township of Hopewell, in the county of Hunterdon ; and that the inhabitants of said township be, and they are hereby constituted a body corporate and poli tic in law, by the name of " the Inhabitants of the township of Hopewell, in the county of Hunterdon," and shall hold their first town meeting at the tavern now kept by Titus Egee at Woodville, and afterwards where the said inhabitants shall determine according to law. Sec. VIII. And be it enacted, That the jails of the coun ties of Hunterdon, Burlington, and Middlesex be, and they are hereby constituted jails for the confinement of all pri soners of the county of Mercer, until a jail shall be prepared in said county of Mercer ; and the sheriff or other officer having the lawful custody of any prisoner within said county of Mercer is hereby authorized to confine such prisoner in the jail of the county of Hunterdon, Bur lington, or Middlesex, according as such prisoner is arrested, or resides at the time of his arrest, in either the former limits of said counties, respectively ; and the keepers of said jails are hereby respectively required to receive and safely keep every such prisoner so delivered to them, in the same manner and under the same penalties as they are or may be by law required to keep and provide for the prisoners of their respective counties, until such prisoner shall be de manded by the proper officer or officers of said countyof Mercer, or by other due and legal authority ; and said keepers shall be entitled to receive from the board of cho sen freeholders of the county of Mercer such fees and compensation for the support of the prisoners of said county, as are or shall be allowed by law in other cases. Corporate names of cer tain townships in Middlesex and Hunterdon. Jails of Hunter don, Burlington and Middlesex constituted jails for Mercer until a new jail is prepared. ling that diligent s have to t was not im John A. Black, rton Lip- jr of the WARD. the prep- i engaged lid afford iod. He le several ;ress they •eat what narrative but there 6 SEe. IX. And be it enacted, That the first town meetings Times of hold- hereafter to °e held in the townships of Lawrence, Ewing, ing first town Trenton, Nottingham, and in the township of Marion, as raunty^fMer- the same is bounded by this act, shall be held on the se- cer. cond Monday in April next, and at the same places at which they would have been held if this act had not been passed; and that the next town meetings in the townships of East Windsor and West Windsor, as the same are bounded by this act, shall be held on the second Monday in April next, and at the same places at which they would have been held in the former townships of East Windsor and West Windsor in case this act had not been passed : Time and place an(^ tnat ^e town meetings in said townships of the county of future town of Mercer, respectively, shall thereafter be held annually on the second Monday of April, at such places as the elec tors of said townships, respectively, shall from time to time appoint under the existing laws of this state; and that the annual election for city officers in and for the city of Trenton shall thereafter be held annually on the second Monday of April, at such place and upon such notice as is required by the charter of the said city. Sec. X. And be it enacted, That the chosen freeholders of the several townships of the county of Mercer, and their freeholders of successors, shall be, and they hereby are constituted a Merctedincor" body politic and corporate in law; and they shall be styled and known by the name of " the Board of Chosen Freeholders of the county of Mercer," and shall have, hold, use, exercise, and enjoy the like rights, powers, and authority, and be subject to all the provisions of the laws for the time being, as the boards of chosen freeholders of the other counties of this state are or shall be entitled and subject to ; and the said board of freeholders shall Time and place meet at the house now occupied by Joshua Hollinshead, in °f first meeting the city of Trenton, on the day appointed by law for the next annual meeting of the boards of chosen freeholders in other counties of this state, and afterwards at such times and places as they may appoint, or shall be required by law, until a courthouse shall be provided for said county of Mer cer. Sec. XI. And be it enacted, That the courts of corn- Time and place ™on pleas, courts of general quarter sessions of the peace, ofhoiding the anc| orphans' courts shall be held in and for the county of courts or the - T * , , . . rl_ ,» -r-. . . J county of Mer- Mercer on the, third luesday of December, the fourth cer- Tuesday of March, the fourth Tuesday of June, and the fourth Tuesday of September, in each year ; and that the circuit courts and courts of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery shall be held in and for said county at the re- spective times of holding the said courts of common pleas ; and that until the seat of justice for said county shall be determined, and a courthouse built or procured for said county, or until another place in said county shall be pro vided therefor by the board of chosen freeholders, the courts shall be held at the state house in the city of Trenton ; and all writs and process which may be issued out of the said courts, after this act goes into operation and before the fourth Tuesday of June next, shall be tested of the day on which the same are issued respectively, and in the name of one of the judges of the said courts, and shall be made returnable at the place where said courts shall be held ; and it shall be the duty of the present sheriff of the county of Hunterdon to give notice of the time and place of holding said courts, by publishing this section in a newspaper published in the city of Trenton, and in a newspaper published in Princeton, for four weeks, successively, after the passing of this act. Sec. XII. And be it enacted, That all judgments already obtained, or that may hereafter be obtained in the courts of said counties of Hunterdon, Burlington, or Middlesex, upon any action, suit, or proceeding actually commenced or depending before the second Monday of April next, shall be of the same force and effect within the former limits of the said counties, respectively, as if this act had not been passed ; and writs of execution or other legal process may be issued thereon, and directed to the sheriffs or other lawful officers of the said counties, re spectively, who are hereby authorized and directed to execute the same within the limits of said county of Mer cer, in the same manner they should by law have done in case this act had not been passed ; and that upon such judgment or judgments a writ or writs of scire facias may issue, as allowed by law in other cases, directed as afore said, and thereupon such further proceedings shall be had therein as the party prosecuting the same would have been entitled to in other cases, and in the same manner as if this act had not been passed. Sec. XIII. And be it enacted, That the militia of the said county of Mercer shall form a separate brigade, to be called the Mercer brigade, and shall be attached to the third division of the militia of this state ; and the militia of the present county of Hunterdon' shall form a separate brigade, to be called the Hunterdon brigade, and shall be attached to the fourth division of the militia of this state ; the militia of the county of Burlington shall form a sepa rate brigade, to be called the Burlington brigade, and shall be attached to the first division of the militia of this state ; the militia of the county of Middlesex shall form a sepa- ling that diligent Sheriff of Hun s have to terdon to pub lish notice thereof. t was not Judgments, in im John certain cases, in the counties 1. Black, of Hunterdon, Middlesex, and Burlington to 'ton Lip- be in force in the county of :>r of the Mercer. WARD. Militia of Mer cer, Hunterdon, Middlesex, and Burlington con stituted sepa rate brigades. the prep- i engaged lid afford iod. He le several jress they •eat what narrative but there m Times and pla ces of holding election to de termine in what township in Mercer the seat of justice is to be located. Mode of con ducting elec tion. Officers of elec tion to be sworn Qualification of voters. Proceedings of officers of elec tion at the close of the polls. rate brigade, to be called the Middlesex brigade, and shall be attached to the third division of the militia of this state ; and said several brigades shall be subject to the same laws as the other brigades of this state. Sec. XIV. And be it enacted, That an election to de termine in which township in said county of Mercer the seat of justice shall be, and in which the courthouse, jail, and other public buildings shall be erected, shall be held in the said township of Marion at the place of their first annual town meeting, and in the other townships of said county of Mercer at the places herein before appointed for holding the next annual town meetings in each of the townships in said county, on the first Tuesday in June next; that the clerk of each of the said townships shall give notice of the time and place of holding said election in his township, by advertisements set up in three of the most public places in the same, at least four weeks before the said time, and by causing the said notice to be published in at least one of the newspapers published in Trenton and a newspaper published in Princeton. Sec. XV. And be it enacted, That on the day herein before appointed for that purpose, between the hours of ten and twelve o'clock in the forenoon, the officers of the se veral townships of the said county of Mercer, who are by law required to hold elections for members of the legisla ture, sheriff, and coroners, of this state, are hereby required to open the election to determine in what township the seat of justice of the said county shall be located ; which elec tion shall be conducted, continued, and concluded, in all re spects, according to the same rules and regulations, and under the same restrictions and penalties, as are pre scribed by the laws of this state regulating the elections of members of council and assembly, sheriff, and coroners, in this state, except so far as the same are herein altered or supplied. Sec. XVI. And be it enacted, That the officers hold ing or conducting the said election shall, severally, before they receive any vote, take the oath or affirmation prescribed by the laws of this state regulating the election of members of council, assembly, sheriff, and coroners, in this state? Sec. XVII. And be it enacted, That no person shall vote at such election for the seat of justice in the county of Mercer, who did not at the time of passing this act re side within the bounds of said county. Sec. XVIII. And be it enacted, That the judges and in spectors of the said elections in the several townships of said county, at the close of the polls, shall carefully count the votes received at said election, and make a certificate, un- 9 der their hands and seals, containing the whole number of votes taken in their respective townships, and the number taken for each township voted for as the seat of justice for said county ; and shall, on or before the hour of three o'clock in the afternoon of the Saturday next after the day of elec tion, transmit and deliver to the clerk of the inferior court of common pleas of said county of Mercer their respective certificates, together with the list of voters whose votes were taken at the said election, which certificate and list shall be filed by said clerk in his office ; and said clerk shall, in the manner prescribed by the law regulating elections, faithfully count the said votes ; and the township in said county having the greatest number of votes so taken shall be the township wherein the seat of justice for said county shall be selected, as herein after provided ; and it shall be the duty of the clerk of said county to transmit a certificate, under his hand and seal, of the township so chosen to the board of chosen freeholders of said county, at their then next meeting, which certificates shall be entered in words at length on the minutes of said board, who shall thereupon select and determine the particular site or sites in said town ship where the courthouse, jail, and other public buildings shall be erected. Sec. XIX. And be it enacted, That the clerk of the said county, judges, inspectors, and other officers of the said election, shall be entitled to the same fees that they are entitled to for like services by the laws of this state regu lating elections ; and the clerk of said county, for any extra service required by this act, shall be allowed such further sum as the board of chosen freeholders of said county shall deem just, to be paid by the collector of said county. Sec. XX. And be it enacted, That the board of chosen freeholders of the said county shall, upon the call of their director, or upon their own adjournment, from time to time, as often as occasion may require, meet together at such place as they may appoint for that purpose ; and said board, or a majority thereof, are hereby authorized, in the corpo rate name of said board, to contract for and take a deed or deeds for land on which to erect the courthouse, jail, clerk's and surrogate's offices, and other public buildings, and to erect said buildings, or to purchase or otherwise pro cure and provide the same ; and also to order money to be raised by tax, to be assessed on the inhabitants of said county, for the purpose of defraying the cost of purchasing said land, and of building, purchasing, or otherwise pro curing and providing said public buildings. Sec. XXI. And be it enacted, That, to raise money for the purposes mentioned in the last section, the assessors and B Fees of officers. Board of chosen freeholders au thorized to pur chase lands for public build ings. County tax to, be raised for the purpose. ling that diligent ¦s have to t was not am John A. Black, jrton Lip- or of the WARD. the prep- j engaged aid afford iod. He le several I ;ress they >eat what narrative but there 10 Proceedings on completion of public jail of Mercer county. Until sheriff of Mercer is elect ed, sheriffs of Hunterdon,Burlington, and Middlesex to summon grand jurors. Mode of select ing first jurors ofMercer coun ty- collectors of the several townships in said county shall, in their respective townships, from time to time, as occasion may require, assess and collect such sums of money as the board of chosen freeholders of said county shall direct, in the manner county taxes are assessed and collected. Sec. XXII. And be it enacted, That it shall be lawful for any three or more judges of the said county of Mercer, at the request of the director of the board of chosen free holders, when in their opinion the jail erected or procured in and for said county is finished or prepared so as to be safe for the confinement of prisoners, so to certify in writ ing, under their hands, to the clerk of court of common pleas of said county; and the said clerk shall then enter said certificate on the minutes of said court, and deliver a copy thereof to the sheriff of said county, and thereupon it shall be the duty of said sheriff to remove all prisoners of said county that may then be confined in the said jails herein before provided for the safe keeping of said prisoners, to the said jail of the said county of Mercer, there to be con fined according to law; and such removal shall not be deemed an escape, or in any wise chargeable to the sheriff of either of said counties of Hunterdon, Burlington, and Middlesex. Sec. XXIII. And be it enacted, That until a sheriff shall be elected for said county of Mercer, and shall enter upon the duties of his office, it shall be the duty of the sheriff of each of the counties of Hunterdon, Burlington, and Middlesex, or in case of the death or legal disability of either of them, then of the coroners of the county in which such disability exists, to summon according to law from that part of the county of Mercer taken from their respective bailiwicks, before each term of the courts of the county of Mercer, grand jurors to attend said courts, as follows, viz : — the sheriff of the county of Hunterdon to summon ten, the sheriff of the county of Burlington to summon five, the sheriff of the county of Middlesex to sum mon nine ; and also, at least ten days before the commence ment of every term of the courts to be holden in said county of Mercer, it shall be the duty of the sheriffs of said counties of Hunterdon, Burlington, and Middlesex, in person or by deputy, to go to the office of the clerk of said county of Mercer, and there, in the presence of said clerk, and in case of his absence or disability in the presence of one of the judges of said county, between the hours often o'clock in the forenoon and four o'clock in the afternoon, said sheriffs, or so many of them as shall then and there attend, shall select, from among the freeholders of the county of Mercer qualified to serve as jurors, taken from their late 11 respective bailiwicks, the names of as many such freehold ers as the clerk or judge shall deem necessary to be sum moned as jurors at the next ensuing term of any of the aforesaid courts ; and the names so selected shall be writ ten on separate pieces of paper, and put into three separate boxes ; and such part of the jurors to be summoned shall be drawn from each of said boxes as said clerk or judge shall deem necessary and proper ; and said drawing shall be conducted according to the provisions of the act entitled, " A supplement to the act entitled an act relative to juries and verdicts," passed the tenth day of November, seventeen hundred and ninety-seven, which supplement was passed the ninth day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six; and the further supplement thereto, passed the seventh of March, eighteen hundred and thirty-seven ; and the several persons whose names shall be so drawn shall constitute a general panel of jurors to be sum moned and returned by the said sheriffs or coroners, re spectively, each sheriff summoning and returning those within his late bailiwick to the next ensuing terms of said courts ; and the said sheriffs or coroners and clerk shall make, or cause to be made, four complete lists of the names so drawn, and certify the same under their hands, one to be delivered to the sheriff or coroners of each of said counties, and the other to be filed by said clerk in his office ; and it shall be the duty of the present sheriff of the county of Hunterdon to attend as sheriff at the terms of the courts of said county of Mercer, until a sheriff shall be elected for said county, and shall enter upon the duties of his office. Sec. XXIV. And be it enacted, That hereafter the county of Hunterdon shall elect, in the same manner as other counties in this state do, three members to represent said county in the general assembly, and one member to repre sent said county in the legislative council of this state, and no more, until otherwise regulated by law. Sec. XXV. And be it enacted, That the present members of the legislative council and general assembly of the counties of Hunterdon, Middlesex, and Burlington shall severally be and remain the representatives of the said re spective counties in council and assembly until the session of the next legislature of this state, and be entitled to and exercise all the privileges, powers, and immunities, as mem bers of the legislature of this state, as fully in all respects as if this act had not been passed. Sec. XXVI. And be it enacted, That this act shall take effect, in the said county of Mercer, on and after the ninth day of April next, except where it is otherwise provided by this act ; but nevertheless it shall and may be lawful for Sheriff of Hun terdon to attend Mercer court. Number of re presentatives of Hunterdon county in the legislature. Present mem bers of the le gislature from Burlington, Hunterdon, and Middlesex not affected. Time of act tak ing effect. ling that diligent ¦s have to t was not am John k. Black, yton Lip- or of the .'WARD. the prep- i engaged aid afford iod. He le several ijress they >eat what narrative but there 12 the joint-meeting, at any time before that period, to appoint a clerk, surrogate, prosecutor of the pleas, judges, justices of the peace, and all other necessary and proper officers for said county of Mercer, who shall enter upon the duties of their office on the said second Monday of April. Passed February 22, 1838. Part of the coun ty of Somerset annexed to the county of Mer cer. Boundariesthereof. Township of Princeton erect ed. Corporate name A supplement to the act entitled, " An act to erect parts of the counties of Hunterdon, Burlington, and Middle sex into a new county, to be called the county of Mer cer," passed the twenty-second day of February, eighteen hundred and thirty-eight. Sec. I. Be it enacted by the Council and General As sembly of this State, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That all that part of the township of Montgo mery, in the county of Somerset, which lies south of the fol lowing line, to wit : beginning on the Millstone river, where the boundary line between the counties of Middlesex and Somerset crosses the same, continuing down said river to the original southeasterly corner of a tract of land called the Van Horn tract, and thence running westerly along the original south boundary of said tract, and continuing on in the same course to the middle of the road called the Pennington road, leading from the village of Rocky Hill to the village of Pennington ; and thence westerly along the middle of said road to the boundary line of the county of Somerset, shall he, and the same is hereby attached to and made a part of the county of Mercer, and shall be sub ject to all the laws which the county of Mercer now is or may be subject to; and said line shall hereafter be the boun dary line between the county of Mercer and the county of Somerset. Sec. II. And be it enacted, That all that part of the town ship of Montgomery described in the foregoing section, to gether with so much of the township of West Windsor, in the county of Mercer, as lies within the borough of Prince ton, shall be, and the same is hereby erected into a sepa rate township, to be called the township of Princeton, in the county of Mercer, and that the inhabitants thereof shall be, and they are hereby constituted a body politic and cor porate in law, by the name of " the inhabitants of the township of Princeton, in the county of Mercer," and shall be, and they are hereby vested with, entitled to, and autho rized to exercise and enjoy all the franchises, powers, privi- 13 leges, immunities, and authorities, and shall be, and are hereby made subject to all the provisions of the laws for the time being for the regulation and government of the inha bitants of the other townships of this state ; provided how ever, that all elections for township officers within the said township of Princeton shall be conducted by ballot, and de termined by a plurality of votes. Sec. III. And be it enacted, That the judges, justices of the peace, and other officers within the limits of that part of the township of Montgomery described in the first section of this act, and hereby attached to the county of Mercer, shall continue to hold, exercise, and enjoy their several and re spective offices and appointments, with the powers and pri vileges thereto belonging, within the limits of said county of Somerset, until the second Monday of April next ; and all courts at the time of the passing of this act existing and being, within the aforesaid limits of said county of So merset, shall continue to have and exercise jurisdiction within the same, until the second Monday of April next, in the same manner as if this act had not been passed; and that from and after the second Monday of April next, and until their respective terms of office in the county of So merset shall expire, all persons in office at the time of the passing of this act resident within that part of the township of Montgomery hereby attached to the said county of Mer cer, and all and every of them, shall hold, exercise, and enjoy their respective offices, with all the powers, privileges, and emoluments thereto belonging, within the limits of the county of Mercer, as officers of said county, as fully and effectually to all intents and purposes as if they had been elected and appointed to their said offices, respectively, within the said county of Mercer ; provided, that all judges of the court of common pleas and all justices of the peace shall take and subscribe the official oaths or affirmations re quired by law, within the said county of Mercer, on or be fore the first day of May next, and before they act in then- respective offices as officers of the county of Mercer. Sec. IV. And be it enacted, That all actions, suits, appeals, prosecutions, and other legal proceedings commenced or depending in the supreme court of this state, or in any court, or before any justice of the peace within the county of Somerset, as the same stood before the passing of this act, before the second Monday of April next, shall be in no wise affected by this act, but the same shall and may be prosecuted in said county, and before said courts, in the same manner as if this act had not been passed, any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding; pr,o- vided, that in all such causes pending in the supreme court, Proviso. Jurisdiction of officers therein, limited in So merset. Jurisdiction of officers in Mont gomery town ship transferred to Mercer coun ty- Proviso. ling that diligent •s have to t was not am John A. Black, yton Lip- or of the 'WARD. Suits pending not to be affect ed. /the prep- 3 engaged aid afford iod. He ae several Proviso. jress they >eat what narrative but there 14 Sheriff of So merset to exe cute writs until election of she riff of Mercer. Jail of Somer set to be used by county of Mercer for cer tain prisoners. Time and place of town meet ings of township of Princeton. where the defendant in any transitory action does at the time of the passing of this act reside within the limits of that part of the said township of Montgomery hereby attached to the county of Mercer, or where in any local action the cause of action arose within that part of the said township, either party may, at his election, on application to said court for that purpose, have the venue in said action changed to the said county of Mercer, and the cause tried therein, as if the said action had originally been commenced in said county. ' Sec. V. And be it enacted, That from and after the second Monday of April next, and until a sheriff shall be elected for the county of Mercer, and enter upon his duties, all writs to be executed within that part of the township of Mont gomery hereby attached to the county of Mercer, which are by law to be executed by the sheriff, shall be directed and delivered to the sheriff of the county of Somerset, and shall be by him executed in person or by his under-sheriff or deputy; and in case of the legal disability of said sheriff, then said writs shall be directed to the coroners of said county of Somerset, and be by them executed ; and said sheriffand coroners shall, respectively, make returns of said writs to the courts to which they shall be made returnable, and shall be responsible, respectively, in their official capa city, as sheriff and coroners of said county of Somerset, for the due and legal execution thereof. Sec. VI. And be it enacted, That the jail of the county of Somerset be, and the same is hereby constituted a jail for the confinement of all prisoners arrested or residing at the time of their arrest within that part of the township of Montgomery hereby attached to the county of Mercer ; and the sheriff or other officer having custody of any such pri soner or prisoners is hereby authorized to confine him, her, or them in said jail ; and the keeper thereof is hereby re quired to receive and keep every such prisoner so delivered to him, in the same manner and under the same penalties as he is or may be required by law to receive and keep the prisoners of his own county, until such prisoner shall be demanded by the proper officer of the said county of Mercer or by other legal authority ; and said keeper shall be entitled to receive from the board of chosen freeholders of the county of Mercer, such fees and compensation for the support of the prisoners of said county as are or shall be allowed by law in other cases. Sec. VII. And be it enacted, That the first town meeting hereafter to be held in the said township of Princeton, shall be held on the second Monday in April next, at the house now occupied by Simon W. Vleit, in said township ; 15 and that thereafter the town meetings in said township shall be held annually on the second Monday in April, at such place as the electors of said township shall from time to time appoint under the existing laws of this state. Sec. VIII. And be it enacted, That all judgments ob tained, or that may hereafter be obtained, in any of the courts of the county of Somerset, upon any action, suit, or proceed ing actually commenced or depending before the second Monday of April next, shall be of the same force and effect within the former limits of the said county as if this act had not been passed ; and writs of execution or other legal pro cess may be issued thereon, and directed to the sheriff or other lawful officer of said county, who is hereby authorized and directed to execute the same within the limits of said county of Mercer, in the same manner as he should by law have done in case this act had not been passed; and upon such judgment or judgments a writ or writs of scire facias may issue, as allowed by law in other cases, directed as aforesaid, and thereupon such further proceedings shall be had therein as the party prosecuting the same would have been entitled to in other cases, and in the same manner as if this act had not been passed. Sec. IX. And be it enacted, That an election to determine in which township in said county of Mercer the seat of justice shall be, and in which the courthouse, jail, and other public buildings shall be erected, shall be held in said town ship of Princeton, at the place herein before appointed for holding the next annual town meeting in said township, on the first Tuesday in June next, and that the clerk of said township shall give notice thereof, in the manner prescribed in the fourteenth section of the act to which this is a supple ment, for the clerks of the other townships in said county ; and all legal voters who, at the time of the passing of the act to which this is a supplement, reside within the limits of said township of Princeton shall be entitled to vote at said election. Sec. X. And be it enacted, That all the provisions of the fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth sections of the act to which this is a supplement, in regard to the other townships in said county and their officers, shall als.o apply in all things to the said township of Prince ton, and the officers thereof, and be obligatory upon them. Sec. XI. And be it enacted, That until a sheriff shall be elected for the said county of Mercer, and shall enter upon the duties of his office, it shall be the duty of the sheriff of the county of Somerset, or in case of his death or legal disability, then of the coroners of said county, to summon according to law from that part of the county of Somerset Judgments, in certain cases, to be of force in the county of Somerset. Times and pla ces of holding election to de termine in what township in Mercer the seat of justice is to be located. Provisions of former act ap plicable to township of Princeton. Duties of sheriff of Somerset in selecting first jurors for coun ty of Mercer. ling that ¦ diligent •s have to t was not am John A. Black, yton Lip- or of the JWARD. £ the prep- i engaged ild afford iod. He ae several ;ress they >eat what narrative but there 16 taken from his bailiwick, before each term of the courts of the county of Mercer, two grand jurors to attend said courts; and the sheriff of the county of Middlesex, or, in case of his death or legal disability, the coroners of said county, shall summon seven grand jurors, in the manner and for the purposes mentioned in the twenty-third section of the act to which this is a supplement, instead of nine grand jurors, as provided by said section-; and until a sheriff shall be elected for said* county of Mercer, and shall enter upon the duties of his office, the like duties imposed by said sec tion upon the sheriffs of the counties of Hunterdon, Bur lington, and Middlesex, in regard to attending at the clerk's office of said county of Mercer, and selecting and sum moning and returning petit jurors, shall be, and are hereby declared to be incumbent and binding on the sheriff of said county of Somerset ; and the clerk of said county of Mer cer shall put the names of such petit jurors into four, in stead of three boxes, as provided by the said section, and shall also deliver to the sheriff of the county of Somerset such list as he is thereby required to deliver to the sheriffs of said counties of Hunterdon, Burlington, and Middlesex. Sec. XII. And be it enacted, That the poorhouse farm, Pom-house in with the buildings and improvements thereon, and all other the township of rea] an(j personal estate belonging to the township of Hope- long to town- well at the time of the passing of the act to which this is a we?UndIMerS- suPP'ement> snau hereafter belong to the .inhabitants of the cer, inpropor- township of Hopewell, in the county of Hunterdon, and to tion to tax paid. the inhabitants of the township of Marion, in the county of Mercer, in the proportion of the tax assessed to the inhabit ants residing within the limits of each on the last duplicate, and shall be owned and held by them in common ; and the debts due to or from the said township of Hopewell, in the county of Hunterdon, at the time of the passing of the act to which this is a supplement, shall be received and paid by Towhompau- the said township of Hopewell and the said township of persin said Marion, in the proportion herein before stated; and the chIrngSeaDle?re paupers who may be chargeable to said township of Hope well at the time the act to which this is a supplement shall go into operation, shall thereafter be chargeable to, and sup ported by that one of said townships of Hopewell and Ma rion within the bounds of which their settlements were re spectively acquired, or in which said paupers may have re sided at the time of acquiring their respective settlements. Sec- XIII. And be it enacted, That this act shall take ingminto effe'ct.0" .effect at the saine time as the act to which this is a supple ment. Passed February 27, 1838. PREFACE TO HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. Several histories of Burlington County have been published, yet there was a feeling that none of them fully covered the whole ground. To supply this want the author, by diligent research, hopes he has in some measure succeeded. Imperfections, omissions, and errors have to some extent undoubtedly crept in, but the labor has been conscientiously performed, as it was not for this day only, but for all coming time. The author feels indebted for valuable assistance to Dr. Joseph Parrish, William John Potts, Esq., Hon. Edwin Salter, Richard F. Mott, Leah Blackman, Judge Clayton A. Black, Mahlon Hutchinson, Esq., Capt. William H. Shaw, Judge William Parry, Judge Clayton Lip- pincott, Barclay White, and Franklin Woolman, Esq., and Charles Lippincott, author of the " Lippincott Genealogical Tree." E. M. Woodward. Ellisdalk, N. J., Nov. 30, 1882. PREFACE TO HISTORY OF MERCER COUNTY. There is no better mode of gathering material for the history of a State than by the prep aration and publication of the history of its several counties. The publishers who are engaged in such work ought to be encouraged in their arduous and expensive labors. The county of Mercer, which has been organized as such only forty-five years, would afford a very limited scope to its historian if he were to confine his researches to such period. He would hardly do justice to his work unless he runs back to the original settlement of the several townships within the territorial boundaries of the new county, and describes- the progress they have made in all the departments of civilization. In doing this he will sometimes repeat what the histories of the original counties contain, while for some historic matter, when the narrative cannot well be divided, he may wisely refer the reader to those histories. Separate histories of Trenton and of Princeton have heretofore been published, but there iii iv PREFACE. has been no full history of Mercer. County published. The " Historical Collections of New Jersey," by Barber and Howe, in 1844, in a volume of five hundred pages, was useful, but it could give only a few pages to each county. The county of Mercer is remarkable for the large number of eminent and distinguished men which it contains. Our limited space has compelled us to omit even the names of many distinguished scholars and divines, most of whom are or have been connected with our higher , institutions of learning. With our thanks to the local historians who have explored the several townships, we make no apologies for not having done more than what we now respectfully submit to our readers, believing that the older the book grows the more it will be valued. John F. Hageman, Princeton, N. J., Deo. 11, 1882. HISTORY OF BURLINGTON AND MERCER COUNTIES, NEW JERSEY, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MANY OF THEIR Pioneers and Prominent Men. BY MAJOR E. M. WOODWARD AND JOHN F. HAGEMAN. ILLUSTRATED. PHILADELPHIA: EYEKTS & PECK. 188 3. PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., PHILADELPHIA. CONTENTS. BTTIRLIir^GhTOIsr OOTJ25TT'X". CHAPTER I. II. Ill, IV V, VI, VII VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII, XIV, XV, xvi.—: XVII.— XVIII, XIX, XX. XXI, XXII. XXIII, XXIV, xxv, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, XXXI, XXXII.- XXXIII, — Location — • Geographical Nomenclature — Geology — Pines — Streams, Etc. . . 1 — Aboriginal History 3 — Land Titles and Early Settlement of the County 6 — Civil Government 13 — Colonial Wars 17 — The Revolutionary War .... 21 — List of Soldiers in the Continental Army — State Tropps and Militia from Burlington County ... .31 — War for the Union . 35 — Old Roads and Courses of Travel in Early Times — Steamboats on the Delaware — Colonial Post-Offices of Burlington County — Canals and Railroads — The Legal Profession and Distinguished Men — The Medical Profession .... ¦The Press of Burlington County . l Burlington County Civil List Agriculture — Burlington County Agricultu ral Society ...... Mount Holly Insurance Company — Burling ton County Timber Protecting Company — The Grange Movements — Burlington County Lyceum of History and Natural Science 105 Executions that have Taken Place in Bur lington County — Finances — Indebtedness — Population of County — Marriages, Births, and Deaths — Consolidated Statis tics of Schools — Electoral Vote of New Jersey 108 —Burlington Township and City . . . 109 —Societies, Associations, and Benevolent In stitutions 129 —Northampton Township (Mount Holly) . 175 -Bass River Township 226 —Beverly Township and City . . . 231 —Chester Township 247 -Chesterfield Township 275 — Cinnaminson Township .... 291 — Delran Township 305 -Eastampton Township .... 312 —Evesham Township 316 -Florence Township - 327 -Little Egg Harbor Township . . .332 -Lumberton Township 343 -Mansfield Township 352 -Medford Township 360 CHAPTER XXXIV.- XXXV.- XXXVI.- XXXVII.- XXXVIII.- XXXIX.- XL.- XLI.- XLII.- XLIII.- XLIV.- XLV.- -Mount Laurel Township -New Hanover Township -Pemberton Township and Borou -Randolph Township . -Shamong Township -Southampton Township -Springfield Township .. -Washington Township -Bordentown Township, Borough, -Westampton Township -Woodland Township . -Willingborough Township gh and City . PAGE 371379390 410413418435 449452 500 506 509 MBECEE COTJ-rrSTTir.. CHAPTER XLVI, XLVII, XLVIII, XLIX, L, LI, LII, LIIL— LIV. LV, LVL LVII, LVIII, LIX, LX, LXI, LXII, LXIII, LXIV, LXV.- LXVI, LXVII, LXVIII, LXIX.- LXX.- LXXI, LXXII, 523 525 526^529 530531 533 536537 539 ¦Location, Boundaries, Area, and Physical Features Aboriginal History — Land Titles and First Settlements ...... ¦Organization — -Townships, Cities, Villages, and Population ¦Places of Historic Interest .... The Seat of the State Government and of National and State Institutions The Seat of High Educational Institutions . •Administration of Justice — County Court- House — Offices and Jail — Court Officials . Highways — Railroads — River and Canal Navigation . . -Manufactures ...... -Statistics — Banks — County Finances — Agri culture — Public Schools .... -The Press 540 -Religion — Churches — Religious and Benev olent Societies ...... 545 -The Bench and Bar 550 -Medical Practice and Physicians . . 571 -The Revolutionary Period — Battles of Tren ton and Princeton • -The Late Civil War . -Princeton .... -City of Trenton . -The Borough of Chambersburg -East Windsor Township -Ewing Township -Hamilton Township -Hopewell Township -Lawrence Township -Millham Township -Washington Township -West Windsor Township 585594595 664 748 756 781 794 816843858 861S68 ILLUSTRATIONS. Applegate, E. T. R facing Armstrong, Thomas D. . " Assanpink Bridge Baker, Caleb . Baker, William ...... facing Bishop, William ..... between 172, Bispham, Charles ...... facing Blaok, Charles " Black, Joseph H. ..... . " Black, George . .... lt Black,, John ....... Black, John, Jr " Black, Thomas ...... " Bonaparte, Joseph ...... " Bordentown Female College ..... Borton, Uriah ...... facing Braddock, R. S between 86 Brainard School-House ....... Brewer, J. H. facing Buckman, John ...... " Burlington Library House ...... Buzby, R. ....... . Calvary Presbyterian Church ..... Carr, Joseph facing Chambers, Robert . . . . . . facing Coleman, James B. Collins, Isaac ..... Conrow, Clayton .... Conrow, Darling .... Conrow, Nathan H. Cubberley, David W " Curlis, William B " Curtis, J. S. Darnell, Job between 378, Darnell, David " 378, Davies, Edward facing Davis, James M Dayton, William L facing Deacon, Henry C between 166, Dean, Jesse " 746, De Cou, Isaac Dilatush, Joseph Y between 816, Dill, John R facing Dippolt, Charles Doane, Bishop Douglas House, the Duffell, S. T Eagle Pottery- Works .... between 692, Edge, Thomas G facing Ege, Ralph " Eldridge, Alexander Ellis, Charles between 270, " 304, " 304, facing PAGE 768 ' 210'670 ' 842 . 742 ¦ 173 - 224'778 ' 780 . 360 * 447 • 350 < 448 i 499 ' 488 '' 506 , ,87" 187r 745 t 174r 132~ 522h 298- 94' 748 ' 811 • 271* 305- 305.305.866 841 359 " 379'379"808'584/ 561 , 167- 747 - 814 » 817 743 , 585 " 151 - 670 • 815 • 693 ' 694' 839 - 814 ' 81* facing between 746, between 692, facing Emley, Oliver H. P. Etruria Pottery Evans, Ezra . Evesham Friends' Meeting-house, Mount Laurel Exton, Adam . Fell, Peter First Presbyterian Church, Trenton Fish, Benjamin Fox, George .... Franklin, G. H. . Friends' Meeting-house, 1785 Friends' Meeting-house, 1685 Friends' Meeting-house, 1845 Friends' Meeting-house, Westfield Friends' Meeting-house, Mount Holly Friends' Meeting-house and Academy, Moorestown Garwood, Robert F Gaskill, Job H. Gauntt, Franklin . Golding, Moses Green, A. B. . Green, George S. . Greenwood Pottery Company Grubb, Edward B. . Grubb, Gen. E. Burd Gulick, John S. Haines, George Haines, John C. Haines, Joseph C. . Haines, Joseph F. Haines, Nathan Haines, William Haines, S. W. Hall, H. B. Hall, John Hamill, S. M. Hammell, John Hancock, Thomas . Haven, W. D. Headquarters of Col. Rahl Hendrickson, David T. . Hendrickson, E. L. Hewitt, Charles Hough, William A. Hulme, Joseph K. . Hunt, Abraham, Residence of Hunt, Elisha . Hunter, Samuel R. Hunter, Washington Hutchinson, M. Irick, Gen. William Job, A. F. facing facing facing facing facing facing between 166, facing facing between 270, facing PAGE 387 - 692 • 324' 375 " 746 - 747'718 « 700" 148'' 581 ' 146-146. 149, 297 / 189- 258'308'409' 89' 695' 791*'732 , 693 ' 165' 45- 661' 88- 268- 351-311-135-327- 812' 92" 721 » 854 . 810 . 167' 682- 668' 806 » 792 . 684 - 793 . 388' 669 • 271309 - 310 " 70- 435' 781 - ILLUSTRATIONS. Jones, Samuel Lalor, William S. . Lippincbtt, Clayton Lippincott Coat of Arms Lippincolt, Thomas Lippincott, VVilace Lippincott, W. R. . Longstreet, H. H. . Maddock, Tliomj-s . Map Delaware River from Burlington to Map of Indian Reservation , Map, Outline, Burlington County Map of Willingborough Township and West showing Location of Lands, 1680t90 Map, Outline, of Mercer County Map, Site of Trenton in 1714 . Map, Town of Burlington, 1696 Matin k, Asa . Matlack, Asa . Matlock, Clarkson . Matlack, William McCosh, James McCully, J. S. McGill, Alexander X. Mcllvaine, Jasper 8. Mcllvaine, William R. McPherson, Joseph Merrill, Ewan ,,. Milnor, Thomas , . Mitchell, John Moore, Cyrus Moore, Randolph H. Morris, Thomas E. . Mott, Gerskom Odenheimcr, W. H. Ott, Joseph Parry, "William . . Pearson, Charles L. Phillips, Joseph M. Phillips, William W. L Powell, B. B. Price, W. £. . Bead, Zachariah Reed, Alfred . Riggs, George Risdon, Theodore H. Robbins, George P. Robbins, George R. Roberts, David facii Trenton " between 414, Fronlisp Hampton, facing between 108, PAGE 274583. 267, 222379 ¦ 304- i sos- go. 690* 56- 415 « ieee • 510 , 523 4 664' 109i facing between 742, facing between 172, facing faoing 269 " 306 ' " 270 > 629 -, . 689'641 . 787 ' 790 - 713 - 69- 173"168' 348 - 672' 344 " 152- 691 * 301-745 - 843' 682*346-166' 86 .", 570 ' 173 225-581 ' 581-272. between 744 facing between 172, faeing between 580, " 680, facing Robison, C. B. Rogers, Samuel -W. Rogers, William D. Sehanck, S. M. Scobey, Kinneth Scott, Stacy H. Scudder, E. W. Sholl, Joseph Shreve, Alex. Shrove, Joseph Smith, Charles P. . Smith, John K. Smith. Richard S. . Stockton, Commodore R. F Stockton, Samuel . Stokes, Ch.arles Street, J. Fletcher '. Stryker, T. J. . Sykes, George Taylor, A. W. Taylor, James Thompson, L. P. . Trenton Iron Company, Works of Trenton Rubber- Works . Tulane, Paul Union Steam Forge-Works Van Syckel, B. Voorhies, Maj. Vroom, Peter D. Wall, Garret D. Wall, James W. , Warrington, Joseph Weart, S. S. . White, William H. Whitehead, William Whitehead Brother?, Manufactory Wikoff, James H. Wilkins, Joshua B. Wills, Zebedee M. Wills, Samuel . Wills, Henry W. Wood, Isaac Wood, William Woodruff, Aaron D Woodward, E. M. Yard, E. B. . Yard, Edwin M. Yard, William S. Y/oung, William of PAGE facing 662 u 170" S77 • facing 568. u 813' between 172 173 < facing 566 • (i 169- a 38# > . 91- . 734' " 730 * k 171- ¦ " 659 between 388 389* . 522ir 246 i facing 701 n 358- - , 78- facing 689' it 493. a 683 ' tt 697- it 660 494 a 567 u 815 •• 557 '• 65 it 164 J . ¦87- n 837 = between 816 817 ' facing 805, " 804 > tt 578 • tt 345- a 325. " 5041 u 506 ^ between 74-1 745 " 744 ,745 . 555 facing 1 ' tt 867 between 732 733* " 732 733 faoing 741 I mW JERSEY JEuqa.vzd expressly for i]t-is WorJc Eng *by AU -Pitchy f/pllM^'r-v-^L-a^.S HISTORY OP BURLINGTON AND MERCER COUNTIES, :n"ew jersey. BURLINGTON COUNTY. CHAPTEE I. LOCATION— GEOGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE- GEOLOGY— PINES— STREAMS,, ETC. During the glacial epoch the polar ice, now con fined within the frigid zone, extended southward and covered much of the northern portion of our conti nent. The great ice-sheet was several thousand feet thick in New England and New York. Near its southern limit, in our State, it diminished to less than one thousand feet, and did not cover the higher crests. Beginning on the eastern side of the State at Perth Amboy, it extended to the Delaware below Bel- videre, about forty miles northward of Trenton. The southern half of the State was an island, with its coast line several miles farther west than at present, and Cape May, as also a large portion of Atlantic County, was beneath the ocean. On the western side there was a broad bay, which extended north to the mouth of the Delaware, at the present site of Trenton. Dur ing the melting of the great glacier, the resulting floods, charged with enormous masses of floating ice, scraped the earth and rocks from the mass beneath it, and spread it in the wide valley that hemmed in the swollen river of that time from Trenton southward to the distant sea. A portion of this displaced mate rial forms the soil of that portion of Burlington County adjacent to the river ; but all that eastward of the river slope has been dry land since and prior to the glacial epoch, and was the terra firma of the rude chippers of flint to which reference will be made, — land that nourished an arctic fauna and flora, forests now peculiar to the wilds of British America, and in which the ancestors of the Eskimos of to-day hunted the extinct mastodon, the reindeer 1 and musk-ox, and found in the chilly waters of the ancient Delaware and along the dreary sea-coast both the walrus and the seal. The first recognition we find of the bounds of Bur lington County is in the act of Assembly, 1694 ; but its limits were more definitely settled by the act of Jan. 21, 1709-10, declaring that the line of partition between Burlington and Gloucester Counties begins at the mouth of Pensauquin, alias Cropwell Creek ; thence up the same to the Fork ; thence along the southernmost branch thereof, sometimes called Cole Branch, until it comes to the head thereof; thence upon a straight line to the southernmost branch of Little Egg Harbor River; thence down the said branch and river to the mouth thereof; thence to the next inlet on the south side of Little Egg Harbor's most southerly inlet ; thence along the sea-coast to the line of partition between East and West Jersey • thence along the said line of partition by Maiden head and Hopewell to the northernmost bounds of the township of Amwell ; thence by the same to the river Delaware ; thence by the river Delaware to the first-mentioned station. This surface was reduced by the act of March 11, 1713-14, establishing Hunterdon County, making the Assunpink Creek the northern boundary, and still further by the act of Feb. 22, 1838, erecting Mercer County, and making Crosswicks Creek from its mouth to Keith's province line the northern boundary of Burlington County. It is now bounded north by Crosswicks Creek, which sepa rates it from Mercer County; northeast by Keith's province line, which separates it from Monmouth and Ocean Counties ; southeast by the Atlantic Ocean ¦ southwest by Little Egg Harbor or Mullica River' which separates it from Atlantic County, and by Pensauken River, which separates it from Gloucester 1 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. County ; and on the northwest by the Delaware River. Its most southern latitude is 39° 28', and most north ern, 40° 11'; its extreme eastern longitude from Wash ington is 2° 41', and most western 1° 52'; its greatest length, northwest and southeast, fifty-two miles, and breadth, east and west, thirty-one miles. Its area is 551,553 acres, or 861.77 square miles, which includes 14,137 acres, or 20.09 square miles of bays, inlets, etc. Starting from the Assunpink Creek, the head of tide-water, there is a gravelly, bluffbank, which varies in height from twenty to one hundred feet, and finally disappears near the town of Burlington, being re placed there and thence by almost continuous level, sandy shores, terminating at Cape May. The whole county is alluvial, composed of sand, gravel, loam, and clay, variously blended. The diluvian of the Delaware Valley above the Falls through long periods of time, when the volume of the river, fed by themelt- ing glacier, was far greater than it is now, was spread over a strip of about fourteen miles in width and par allel with the river, forming with the aggregations from the sea a very fertile loam. Strips of sand, and sometimes masses of stiff clay, are found in this loamy belt, as also rounded hills, stratified gravel. East of this belt is a mass of sand, overlying clay, and extending for nearly forty miles to the marshes which border the sea-shore. This sandy district seems like a great plain, sloping gently from its cen tre towards the Atlantic and the Delaware, with rounded hillocks a few feet in height, and furrowed by streams of water which give it drainage. Between the loamy belt that borders the river and the sand district proper there is a long narrow strip, where the clay, approaching the surface, mingles with the sand, forming a tolerable soil, producing oak. A like belt extends along the bay coast and up the Mullica or Little Egg Harbor River and its branch, the Atsion River, and then bending to the northeast, and within a few miles of the first-mentioned belt, extends until it meets a like but broader strip that runs back to the coast. The whole sand district is known by the name of " The Pines." In the eastern portion of The Pines, and partly in Ocean County, are situated the East and West Plains. It is remarkable for having been entirely bare of trees ever since the country has been known. Some spots are entirely bare of vegeta tion, but most of it is covered with a low growth of bushes and dwarf pines and oaks of one or two feet high. An object as tall as a man can be seen for miles across these plains. They are barrens. In the southeastern part of the county, bordering the prin cipal tributaries of the Little Egg Harbor River, are located the two great deposits of bog iron ore in the State. The most western of these is connected with the waters of Atsion River, and most of its branches, extending from near the sources of these streams in a tolerable wide bed southeastward to Landing Creek. The length of the tract, within which the bog ore is found in nearly all the tributaries, is about twenty miles, while its average breadth is about three miles. The other, or eastern tract, lies along the Tulpe- haukin or Wading River and its several branches. It covers an area quite as extensive as the former. Several minor deposits of bog ore are confined to the limits of the marl region, one on Talman's Creek, a tributary to the Rancocas, another on the south branch of the same river. Gordon1 says there were in Southern New Jersey " fourteen furnaces, includ ing cupolas, and fourteen forges, mainly dependent on bog ores for their supply. These furnaces and forges are all abandoned now. The leanness of the ores and the amount of sulphur and phosphorus in them, together with the cost of charcoal, their only avail able fuel, have led to their discontinuance. The ore is still being deposited, and, if of value, could be dug in considerable quantity. In time it may be utilized. Independent of the value of the pine timber in this extensive tract of land, which is cut into valuable lumber or burned into charcoal, the great wealth of this section is its cranberry bogs. The peat lands and savanna lands — the cedar, whortleberry, and maple swamp bottoms, — which but a comparatively few years back were of little value, by grubbing, ditch ing, sanding, and planting now produce from one hundred to one hundred and fifty bushels, an average crop, of cranberries, worth this year (1881) three dol lars a bushel. Already our bogs supply more than half of all raised in the United States, and only a fraction of the land suitable for the culture of this fruit is yet improved. The clay deposits of this county are extensive and valuable. There is a belt extending from the Raritan Bay to the Delaware at Bordentown, therice, follow ing the bank to Kincora, it recedes inland, and passing the Rancocas a mile above Bridgeborough and the Pensauken some distance above Cinnaminson bridge, coming back to the Delaware again at Gloucester City. Clay for the manufacture of bricks and tiles is found in many parts of the county, and bricks have been burned for local use in very many yards scattered through the county. On the Delaware, where the facilities of cheap transportation are unequaled, there are a number of yards where bricks and draining tiles are made, and their manufacture might be increased indefinitely. The marl region, which occupies a strip of country from six to fifteen miles wide, and stretches from the Atlantic below Sandy Hook to Salem on the Dela ware, passes through the county between The Pines and the Delaware. It is found at various depths from the surface, and in beds sometimes thirty feet and more thick. The earliest use of it was in 1768 in Monmouth County. It was not, however, generally used until the beginning of this century, but it is now ' "A Gazetteer of the State of Xew Jersey," by Thomas F. Gordon, 1S3I. Philadelphia. ABORIGINAL HISTORY. highly prized as a fertilizer, and immense quantities of it is yearly dug. The streams of Burlington flow either northwest to the Delaware or southeast to the Atlantic. The shed or dividing ridge which separates these waters crosses the county line at the head of the Tuscomsco, a tributary of the Atsion River, and, curving to the north, leaves the county nearly east to the starting- point. Those emptying into the ocean are the Mul- lica and Wading Rivers and Shoruds and Westecunk Creeks and their tributaries; those flowing into the river the Crosswicks, Black's, Craft's, Assiscunk, Ran cocas, and Pensauken, and their branches. The streams are generally crooked and sluggish, and the larger are navigable for ten or twelve miles from their mouths. Burlington County is well supplied with pure water. Springs and streams abound, and there are very few spots where water cannot be obtained by digging wells. In boring an artesian well on the stock farm of Pierre Lorillard, Esq., near Jobstown, at the depth of three hundred and fifty-six feet con siderable wood was found.1 In boring another for the Hon. A. K. Hay, at Winslow, a gum log one foot in diameter was found at the depth of three hundred feet.2 Along' the Atlantic coast, "surface wells" sunk to the depth of from three to twelve feet supply good water, but driven or tube wells of from twenty to forty feet yield a bountiful supply of most excellent water.3 The chief cities and towns are Mount Holly (the seat of justice), Burlington, Bordentown, Pemberton, Moorestown, Crosswicks, Tuckertown, Vincentown, Beverly, Florence, Wrightstown, Juliustown, Med- ford, Jobstown, Recklesstown, Columbus, Fields- boro', Lumberton, Evesham, Jacobstown, Jackson ville, Delanco, Edgewater, Riverside, Palmyra, Riverton, Bridgeborough, Cookstown, and Haines- port. CHAPTER II. ABORIGINAL HISTORY. When the great ice-sheet that covered the north ern portion of our State during the glacial age . gradually melted away, vast masses of gravel were carried down and deposited beyond its foot. Of such is the coarse, unstratified gravels that form the bluff at Trenton. In this gravel, at depths of from five to forty feet, and often with great bowlders above, Dr. Abbott, of Trenton, and such competent geolo gists and archaeologists as Professors Whitney, Shaler, Parkman, and Carr, of Cambridge, Mass., as well as others, have found numbers of rudely-chipped stone 1 Annual Report of State Geology, by Prof. George A. Cook, 1879, pp. 138,139,141. a Ibid. • Ibid. implements, which are believed to have been made by that earliest race of men, known in Europe as the paleolithic or river-drift folk. Of this gravel and its contained relics of a vanished people, Dr. Abbott has written that, in his opinion, the Delaware River, " now occupying a comparatively small and shallow channel, once flowed at an eleva tion of nearly fifty feet above its present level, and it was when such a mighty stream as this that man first gazed upon its waters, and lost those rude weapons in its swift current that now in the beds of gravel which its floods have deposited are alike the puzzle and delight of the archaeologist. Had these first comers, like the Troglodytes of France, had con venient caves to shelter them, doubtless we would have their better wrought implements of bone to tell more surely the story of their ancient sojourn here, but wanting them, their history is not altogether lost, and in the rude weapons now deep down beneath the grassy sod and flower-decked river-bank we learn the fact of the presence in the distant past of an earlier people than the Indians."4 Dr. Abbott's arguments to prove the existence of man as early at least as the concluding stages of the last glacial epoch are almost conclusive. He re marks that "just in proportion as these relics — stone implements generally — are rude in manufacture and primitive in type they are more deeply imbedded in the soil." 5 " When, also, we consider that the sev eral conditions of glacial times were largely those of Greenland and arctic America, and that there is un broken land communication between the desolate regions of the latter and our own more favored land, and, more important than all, that there now dwells in this ice-clad country a race which, not only in the distant past, but until recently (if they do not now), used stone implements of the rudest patterns, it is natural to infer that the traces of a people found here, under circumstances that demonstrate a like condi tion of the country during their 'occupancy, are really traces of the same people." Professor Dawkins6 says, "These facts can hardly be mere coincidence, caused by both peoples leading a savage life under similar circumstances. They afford reasons for the belief that the Eskimos of North America are connected by blood with the paleolithic cave-dwellers of Europe." Dr. Rink, in his "Tales of the Eskimo," London, 1875, says, " The Eskimo appear to have been the last wave of an aboriginal American race which has spread over the continent from more genial regions, following principally the rivers and water-courses, and continually yielding to the pressure of the tribes behind them." The peculiar implements which are characteristic of these gravels are quite different from the ordinary " relics" of the later Indians, and must not be con- * American Naturalist, June, 187G. 6 Nature, vol. xi. p. 215, Jan. 14, 1875. London. ' Cavc-llunting, l.y W. Buyd Dawkins, p. 358. London, 1S74. HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY, founded with them. They are all large, rudely chipped, and present either a well-defined sharp or cutting edge and a point or both. No trace of a polished or ground surface is ever found upon them. The art of polishing stone originated with the later Indians. These implements "maybe described as being usually of large size, longer than it is wide, thick in the middle and sharpened at the edges. One end is more or less pointed, and the other, which was doubtless intended to be held in the hand, is thick and rounded. Their most distinguishing character istic is that both sides or faces are chipped into a shape more or, less convex and symmetrical. An im plement of this description, it will be seen at a glance? is entirely unlike the ordinary Indian axe or toma hawk, made of polished stone, and very generally provided with a groove around the middle, intended to hold a handle made of twisted wythes." 1 It is such objects as these, found under the circum stances mentioned, that warranted Dr. Abbott in .re marking of the bluff facing the Delaware at Trenton " that the accumulation of these gravels was gradual, and considerable time may have elapsed from the date of the first or lowest of the gravels before addi tional material was brought from above. Beyond the limits of these gravels stretched in every direction a vast area of habitable ground, as I have mentioned, with a fauna adapted to supply man with every need, and how natural that the primitive American should have gone to these then accumulating beds of shingle to select and chip into proper shape the pebbles that thus worked upon constituted his only known weapons, — the same the world over : Europe, Asia, Africa, and America ! " No cataclysm drove him from the spot, and all those years that the ever-increasing beds of sand, gravel, and bowlders were accumulating he dwelt here, familiar, it is now known, with the mastodon, and likewise with the bison, reindeer, musk-ox, and the fauna of the present time ; and when the last of these transporting floods had wholly passed away, this primitive man was America's sole occupant, and left upon the surface of the latest stratum of sand and pebbles that floods from a once glaciated valley brought from the mountains beyond the same rude implements of stone that his ancestors had lost in the underlying gravels beneath his feet." 2 Leaving this question of our State having been in habited by man of a glacial age, we come to the red Indian of the Northwest, and the universally accepted conclusion of his partial Asiatic origin. He presents to us just such a type of unprogressive life as the nomads of the Asiatic steppes. He exhibits no change from his precursors of the fifteenth century, and perhaps the forests of America may have shel tered him, just as they have sheltered and pastured i Prof. II. W. Haynes, Boston Soc. Nat. History, Jan. 10, 1881. 2 rroc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, p. 124, 1881. its wild herds of buffalos, for countless centuries since the continent rose from its ocean bed.3 Heckewelder, the Moravian missionary, records the following tradition in the history of Indian nations : The Lenapes (Delawares) resided many hundred years ago in a far distant country in the western part of our continent. For some reason they determined to migrate eastward. After a very long journey they reached the Mississippi, where they fell in with the Mengwe (Iroquois), who were likewise in search of new homes. The Lenapes sent a messenger to the Alligewi (Allegheny), who were a powerful nation inhabiting the country east of the river, who refused them permission to settle in their neighborhood, but expressed a willingness for them to pass through their country. The Lenapes commenced crossing, but when the Alleghenys discovered they were a numerous people (not to be counted by thousands), moved by fear, they fell upon the advance of the divided host, slew many, and threatened the others with annihila tion should they persist in the passage. The Iroquois, who had witnessed the attack, proposed to join the Lenapes in a war of conquest and extermination, and to share with them the conquered territory. The united force crossed, a great battle was fought, a long and bloody contest ensued, the Alleghenys aban doned their country, and fled down the Mississippi never to return. The conquerors divided the country, the Iroquois taking the lands about the great lakes and their tributary streams, the Lenapes those to the south, whence these gradually moved eastward, even to the Atlantic coast. Until the white man came the Delaware, or Lenapewihittuck {i.e., the river of the Lenape), was in the very heart of their settlements. At the time of the first settlement of Europeans in America the Lenapes were the head of the Algonquin nations ; by a succession of wars with the Dutch, the English, and the Iroquois, they were compelled some time about 1670 to yield to the latter and become a " nation of women," — i.e., a nation without power to make war or peace on their own account, or to sell lands. In this condition they remained until 1755, when they threw off the yoke of the Iroquois; and, in alliance with the Shawanoes, Mingoes, etc., were en abled to place themselves at the head of the Western nations, and contest with the white man the soil east of the Mississippi. The Lenni-Lenape nation was composed of the • Minsies, Monseys, or Muncys, the Wolf tribe, north of Stony Point, N. Y., with territorial jurisdiction ex tending through the Minisink country of Pennsylva nia and New Jersey ; the Vnulactos, or Turkey tribe, south of Stony Point; and the Unamis, or Turtle tribe. " It is stated, in a publication bearing date 1648, « Tor an exhaustive treatlBO on this subject, see the recently pub lished work by Dr. Abbott, entitled "Primitive Industry : Illustrations of the Handiwork in Stone, Bone, and Clay of tho Native Races of the Northern Atlantic Seaboard of America," p. 500. Salem, Mass. : Goo. A. Bates. ABORIGINAL HISTORY. that the natives in this section of the continent were under the dominion of about twenty kings; that there were twelve hundred under the two Raritan kings on the north side next to Hudson's River, and those came down to the ocean about Little Egg Bay and Sandy Barnegate; and about the South Cape two small kings of forty men apiece; and a third, reduced to fourteen men, at Reymont. So that there were probably .not more than two thousand within the province while it was under the dominion of the Dutch." > It would be in vain to pretend to give a particu lar account of all the different tribes or nations of Indians that inhabited these provinces before the Europeans came among them, there being probably a tribe in some parts for every ten or twenty miles, which were commonly distinguished by the name of creeks or other noted places where they resided. Thus there were the Assunpink (Stony Creek), the Rankokas, the Mingo, the Andastaka, the Neshamine, and the Shackamaxon Indians. Those about Bur lington were called the Mantas (Frogs) ; but these and others were all of them distinguished from the Western Indians, who were a more warlike people, by the general name of Delawares. There is no doubt that tribes came from long distances to make au tumnal visits to our sea-coast, probably to feast on oysters and clams. " The aboriginal inhabitants of New Jersey appear to have had an eye for the pic turesque in landscape scenery, although facility in procuring food and safety from attack were the ob jects mainly in view in settling at any point; still we find that wherever the scenery is commanding, as in the northern mountainous portion of the country, at such grand localities as the Delaware Water-Gap, we discover these remains in abundance ; but as we go inland they are less numerous, as the hills de crease and the rivers dwindle into brooks. Yet so abundant were the Indian villages . . . that almost every brook that harbors a fish has now lying among the pebbles on its bed or in the turf upon its banks flinty arrow-points or delicate fish-spears." 2 The Indians and whites lived peaceably together for many years, the Indians being very serviceable to the settlers from the game they caught, and the skins and furs they procured and sold to them. The first serious disturbance occurred in 1755, but as soon as a hostile feeling became apparent the Legislature ap pointed commissioners to examine into the cause of dissatisfaction. A convention was held at Crosswicks for the purpose in January, 1756, and in March, 1757, a bill was passed calculated to remove the difficulties which had grown out of impositions upon the Indians when intoxicated, the destruction of deer by traps, and the occupation of lands by the whites which they ' had not sold (Neville's Laws, vol. ii. p. 125). During 1 Collections, of the New Jersey Historical Society, vol i. pp. 24, 25. 2 Stone Age in New Jersey. Charles C. Abbott. Washington : Gov ernment Printing-office, 1877. this year and the early part of 1758 the Delaware borders of the province were in much alarm from the hostile feeling prevalent among the Minisinks, and in thirteen months twenty-seven murders were com mitted by the Indians in those regions. A constant guard was kept under arms, but it was not always able to check the predatory excursions of the sav ages. In June, 1758, Governor Barnard, of New Jersey, consulted Gen. Forbes and Governor Denny, of Penn sylvania, as to measures best calculated to put a stop to this warfare, and through Teedyescung, king of the Delawares, he obtained a conference with the Mini- sink and Pompton Indians, protection being assured them. The conference took place at Burlington, Aug. 7, 1758. The result was the holding another at Easton, October 8th of the same year. At this con ference the Northern Indians, the " Munsies" or ' ' Mini- sinks," and the " Opings" or " Pomptons," released all lands claimed by them within the limits of New Jersey for the sum of one thousand Spanish pieces of eight. These Indians were permitted by the Mingoes or United Nations to settle on the branches of the Susquehanna. A conference was held with the Indians south of the Raritan River at Crosswicks, Feb. 20 (O. S.), 1758, at which Teedyescung, king of the Delawares, was summoned from the headquarters of the tribe on the Susquehanna River, and he with twenty-seven other Indians met the commissioners accordingly. The com missioners appointed by Governor Francis Barnard were Andrew Johnston, Richard Saltar, Charles Read, John Stevins, and William Forsters. The result was that the Delawares agreed to release all their claims to lands in the colony of New Jersey ; and they appointed five Indians — Tom Stare, Moses Totamy, Stephen Cal vin, Isaac Stelle, and John Pampshire — as their at torneys. The tract of three thousand and forty-four acres which the Delawares agreed to accept in lieu of their claim was in a place called Edge Pillock, in what was then Evesham township, Burlington County. It was bought from Benjamin Springer for the sum of seven hundred and forty pounds sterling, and was held by the State in trust for the Indians. A house of worship, several dwellings, and a mill were subse quently erected, forming the town of Brotherton ; and as the selling or leasing of any portion of the tract or the encroachment of the whites upon it was pro hibited, the greatest harmony appears to have pre vailed between the Indians and their neighbors. The Delawares lived on their reservation till long after the Revolutionary war. They were known as the Brotherton Indians. The minutes of the Assem bly in 1796 show them petitioning for the appoint ment of a new commissioner to take charge of their lands and mill, and lease them for their benefit. In 1801 the Indians petitioned to have their lands sold, and the proceeds given to them to enable them to 6 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. remove to New Stockbridge, Oneida Co., N. Y., where they had kinsmen. James Ewing, John Beatty, Abraham Stockton, William Stockton, and Charles Ellis were appointed commissioners fpr the purpose by Governor Joseph Bloomfield. They visited the Indians and obtained the written assent of a majority of the adults, only sixty-three of whom were living. The property was sold the next year. In 1822 a petition was received by the Legislature of New Jersey from the remnant of the Delawares in New York, announcing that the grandchildren who had adopted them in 1802 had been cheated into con veying a pre-emption right in their lands to the State of New York, had sold a greater part of it at two dollars an acre, and removed to Green Bay, Mich. They did not wish to follow them, and having an op portunity to purchase for two thousand dollars a tract of land thirty miles long and ten miles broad, Owned by a tribe of Indians, about five hundred miles west of New Stockbridge, they asked that certain bank stock which had been purchased for their benefit by the New Jersey commissioners be deposited in the Utica Bank until they desired to use it. The petition further pointed out that they had re ceived no compensation for their rights to hunting and fishing in New Jersey, which were expressly re served in the deed by which they sold their rights in New Jersey lands in 1758, and they prayed that com pensation be made to them therefor. The bank stock was transferred, but the negotiation for the land fell through, and the Delawares once more quartered upon their grandchildren, then at Green Bay. From Green Bay, in 1832, they sent their chief, Bartholomew S. Calvin, with a power of attorney, to settle their hunting and fishing claims. One of the attesting witnesses was the Rev. Cutting Marsh, who certified before a justice of the peace that he "saw the chiefs and principal men of the said party of the Delaware nation of Indians execute the same, they being duly sober and in condition to trans act business." The result of Calvin's mission was that, although no legal claim could be substantiated, the Legislature in March, 1832, in kindness and through compassion for the wanderers, directed the treasurer to pay to him two thousand dollars for the extinguishment of this last remnant of Indian claims. Chief Calvin, in a communication presented to the Legislature the same month, said, " Not a drop of our blood have you spilled in battle, not an acre of our land have you taken but by our consent. . . . Naught save benisons can fall upon her from the lips of a Lenni Lenape." The purchasers of the Indian lands at Brotherton resisted the tax-gatherer at the very beginning, and asserted their right to exemption under the act of 1758. In 1803 the property-owners carried the tax question to the Supreme Court, which decided that the assessment was unlawful. Evesham township was unwilling to lose the tax on three thousand acres of land, especially when the owners had the benefit of taxation, school taxes,*road taxes, etc. The following year the Legislature enacted a law repeal ing the provision by which this land was exempted ' from tax. The Supreme Court and the Court of Errors of New Jersey then both decided that the lands were subject to taxation. In 1812 the Supreme Court of the United States held that the act repealing the law exempting the land from tax was unconstitu tional. It nevertheless appears that from 1814, two years after this decision, down to 1877 taxes were regularly levied and collected on these lands.1 In the latter year the land-owners brought the matter before the " Court of Errors and Appeals of New Jersey," which decided the lands were subject to taxation. CHAPTER III. LAND TITLES AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. Soon after the discovery of America the Spaniards and Portuguese explored the northern Atlantic coast as high as Labrador. Florida was occupied by the Spaniards in 1512, and its boundaries, as given by the charter of Philip II. to Menendez, extended from Newfoundland to the twenty-second degree of north latitude, which was the first grant by a European monarch of the soil of New Jersey. Verrazzani, an Italian and a worthy successor of Columbus and Americus Vespucius, in 1523, while in the service of Francis I., of France, coasted the American continent from the thirtieth to the fiftieth degree of north lati tude, landing and communicating with the Indians in several places, and by virtue of discoveries made by him and some French navigators, Henry IV. gave to Des Monts the lands lying between the fortieth and forty-sixth degrees of north latitude, thus the soil of New Jersey nominally coming under the French flag. Passing by the voyages of Sebastian Cabot, under the patronage of Henry VII., of England, and of Martin Frobisher, and the unsuccessful attempts to establish settlements in America by Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh, we come to the times of James L, who, in 1606, granted letters patent to the London and Plymouth Colonies for that portion of the continent stretching from the thirty-fourth to the forty-sixth degrees of north latitude, divided into two nearly equal districts. Under this and another charter, given in 1620, the permanent settlement of Virginia and New England was commenced and prosecuted. Under the Plymouth title the territory of New Jersey was for the third time granted by a king. Under the hope of discovering a northwest passage 1 Brief of John P. Stockton, attorney-general State New Jersey. • LAND TITLES AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. to Asia, which until our own day no disappointment seemed to have power to extinguish, Henry Hudson, - a distinguished English navigator, made several voy ages to the shores of America. While in the service of the Dutch East India Company, in 1609, he en tered the Delaware Bay in his ship " Half-Moon." Proceeding up it until he was satisfied it was not the sought-for passage he returned, and following the coast of New Jersey, anchored within Sandy Hook on the 3d of September. Two days afterwards he sent a boat's crew ashore, who penetrated some distance into the woods within the present limits of Monmouth County. The next day upon the return of a boat manned by five men, who had been engaged all day in exploring New York Harbor, and whicii had passed the Kills and was between Bergen Neck and Staten Island, it was attacked by twenty-six Indians in two canoes. They were repulsed by the Dutch with fire-arms, with the loss of John Colman and two wounded. Colman was buried the next day on a point of land which was named by his countrymen after him, and which is now probably called Sandy Hook. This was un doubtedly the first fight of the Europeans within the limits of New Jersey.1 Different Dutch mariners visited America, but it was not until 1621, when the great West India Company was formed in Holland, that they really undertook to plant colonies in North America. In 1623, Cornelius Jacobse May, in com mand of one of their ships, with settlers, fully pro vided with means pf subsistence and with articles of trade, visited the coast from Cape Cod to the Delaware River, then called the New Netherlands.- Entering Delaware Bay he gave his name to its northern' point, the southmost extremity of New Jersey, — Cape May. Exploring the bay and river, he landed and built Fort Nassau on Timber Creek, which empties into the Delaware a few miles below Camden. In 1631, when De Vries arrived, he found none of his countrymen who had preceded him, they having deserted the fort, which was in the quiet possession of the Indians. De Vries, whose object was to colonize, plant tobacco and grain, and establish a whale- and seal-fishery, erected a trading-house and fort on Lewis Creek, State of Delaware. Under extenuating circumstances the Indians the next year massacred the whole colony. De Vries returned in 1632, and soon after, finding the whale-fishery unsuccessful, departed with the colonists for Holland. Thus at the expiration of twenty-five years from the discovery of the Delaware not a Euro pean remained upon its shores. In 1637 the Swedes appeared upon the Delaware. Their first expedition consisted of the "Key of Cal mer," a ship of war, and the transport " Griffin," with i Hudson re-entered the service of the London Company, and in 1610 sought again a northwest passage through Davis1 Straits. ""' His crew mutinied, abandoned him, his only son, and some half-dozen of his men who continued faithful. They perished amid the fields of ice in the vicinity of the bay which bears his name. a number of settlers, who mostly located on the western shore. Other ships soon followed, and in 1642, John Printz, an officer of the Swedish army, arrived as Governor of the colony. He erected a fort, and built a church and several dwellings on Tinicum, Island. New Castle, Del., was laid out by them, and named Stockholm, and a fort was built at Christiana, where Wilmington now stands. The Dutch, however, had not abandoned their claim to the South or Delaware River, but, after re monstrating with the Swedes against their intrusion, for some years occupied the shores of the river in common with them. Judge John Clement, of Had- donfield, in " A Sketch of the Life and Character of John Fenwick," published by the Friends' Historical Association of Philadelphia, in 1875, on page forty-five, says, " About thirty-five years before this time" {i.e., 1640) "a colony of English came from New Haven, and having purchased the land of the Indians made a settlement on Varken's Kill (Salem Creek). They soon found the territory was claimed by the Eng lish earl, Sir Edmund Ployden, under a grant of King Charles I., of England, although in reality under the dominion of the Dutch and Swedes. • They swore fealty to Sir Edmund as the ' Palatine of Al bion,' and were the only people within the territory who recognized his authority. The Dutch and Swedes were annoyed by the English being settled so near, and a military force was sent from New Amsterdam (New York) to drive them away. Their houses were burnt, their cattle and goods confiscated, and them selves made prisoners. They were, however, per mitted to return to the place again, build themselves other houses, and some continued there until the ar rival of John Fenwick and his. company." The Dutch, who had re-established themselves at Fort Nassau, below Camden, and built a fort at the Hoarkills, in 1651, built and settled around Fort Casimir, at the Swedish town of Stockholm, now New Castle, Delaware. The peaceful relations be tween them and the Swedes did not long continue. Printz, who had in vain remonstrated, in 1654 de manded the surrender of the latter fort, which was refused. Risingh, the Swedish commander, by strat agem soon after succeeded in capturing it, and. the ¦ Dutch were driven from the western shore of the river. The Dutch, however, had powerful aid near by in the settlements of their countrymen at New Amsterdam, now New York City. The Swedes had evidently misunderstood the temperament and power of that brave old soldier, Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch Governor. Keeping remarkably quiet until he had everything prepared, early in September of the next year, with seven ships and between six and seven hundred men, a formidable army in those days on this continent, he fell upon the Swedish posts and settlements, carrying everything before him with the rough hand of war. Forts, houses, and plantations were laid waste, cattle killed, and inhab- 8 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. NEW JERSEY. itants plundered. The officers and principal men were carried prisoners to New Amsterdam, and thus terminated in 1655 the Swedish authority on the Delaware. But Peter's time soon came. Ten years afterwards, 1665, Sir Robert Carr and Col. Nichols, with a fleet and troops appeared before New Amsterdam and took Stuyvesant as unexpectedly and unprepared as he caught the Swedes. Brave old Peter fretted and fumed, and then discreetly hauled down his flag. Sir Robert then sailed to the Delaware, and by a ju dicious expenditure of a little gunpowder forced the submission of the Dutch, and this terminated forever their rule in that region. Many of the Dutch and Swedes, however, remained in the country, and both shores of the Delaware were studded with their plan tations. Three Dutch families were settled at Leasy, or Lazy Point, near where Burlington City now is, and one Yegou in 1668 " settled a house of entertain ment for travellers" at the same point. Prior to the conquests of the Dutch, Charles II., of England, made an extensive grant of territory in America, called Carolina (March 24, 1663), to his brother the Duke of York, and the expedition for said conquest was made to obtain possession. On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York conveyed to John Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret a certain tract of land in America, "hereafter to be called Nova Csesarea, or New Jersey," done no doubt by request of the king. Lord Berkeley was a soldier of distinction, and com manded the army against the Scots in 1628. He was made Baron of Stratton in 1658, appointed lord lieu tenant of Ireland in 1670, and ambassador to the court of Versailles in. 1674. He was appointed by the king one of his Privy Council, but was detected in the basest corruptions and forced to resign. He was placed at the head of the Duke of York's establish ment, but his intercourse with the duke was inter rupted by similar transactions, and disgrace followed their exposure. Sir George had been a naval officer of high reputation, was appointed Governor of the island of Jersey, which he defended in the most gal lant manner against the Parliamentarians, and surren dered only at the command of King Charles II. He was created a baronet in 1645, and had offices of honor, trust, and profit bestowed upon him. He was expelled from the House of Commons as a participant in leg* islative bribery and other dishonest practices. He was appointed treasurer of Ireland, and continued in that position by the king while charged with the most disgraceful abuse of office. Both these men were no torious for their peculations and breaches of faith wherever connected with the operations of the gov ernment. But public opinion had no influence with His Majesty against them, no matter how palpable the proof. They had followed him into exile after the death of his father and during the Commonwealth. They had adhered to his fortunes, and remained faith ful during the dangers that surrounded him even when it was beyond his power to remunerate them for the services rendered. However commendable such sen timents may be in private life, they should not be indulged in to the injury of the government. Lord Berkeley, becoming dissatisfied with the pecu niary prospects of his colonization scheme, conveyed to John Fenwick, March 18, 1673, his undivided moiety of New Jersey, for the sum of one thousand pounds sterling and a royalty of forty beaver-skins annually. Edward Byllynge, it was soon discovered by his cred itors, had furnished the purchase-money. This led to much bitter controversy, but all parties being Friends the contest was kept within control of the society, and settled according to their rules. William Penn was chosen arbitrator, and discharged the duty faithfully to all concerned. The decision was that Fenwick did not really own more than one-tenth, and that the balance should be used to pay Byllynge's debts. Fenwick located his tenth along the Dela ware River between Oldman's and West Creeks. He had studied law at Gray's Inn, London ; was a major of cavalry under Cromwell, and was detailed as com mander of cavalry to attend the execution of Charles I. Byllynge was a brewer of London and an officer in the army of the Commonwealth. William Penn,GawenLawrie (or Laurie), and Nich olas Lucas became joint assignees of Byllynge's in terest in New Jersey for the benefit of his creditors. One of their first movements was to make a partition of the province between them and Sir George Carteret, which was effected by a deed, quintipartiie, dated July 1, 1676, directing a straight line to be drawn through the province, from north to south, from the most southerly point of the east side of Little Egg Harbor to the most northern point or boundary of the Delaware. To the divisions were given the names of East and West New Jersey respectively.1 The as signees, under the pressure of circumstances, sold a considerable number of shares of the undivided moiety to different purchasers, who thereby became proprie tors in common with them. These proprietors agreed upon a form of government, comprising many of the provisions of the instrument formed by Berkeley and Carteret, together with others originating with them selves. The Constitution or form of government thus made, and from which have sprung many of the ex isting institutions of the State, was entitled "The Concessions and Agreements of the Proprietors, Freeholders, and Inhabitants of ,the Province of West New Jersey in America." The original, beau tifully engrossed on vellum in a well-bound quarto, is preserved in the office of the surveyor-general of West Jersey at Burlington. This instrument was witnessed and signed by the following proprietors, freeholders, and inhabitants of West New Jersey, March 3, 1676 : 1 Learning and Spicer's Collection. LAND TITLES AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. Gawen Lawrie. John Pledger. Matthew Allen. Francis Belwicke. Wm. Penn. Rich. Wilkison. Bernard Devenish. Will. Luswall. Wm. Emley. Christopher Sanders. Thomas Stokes. John Snowdon. Joshua Wright. Renear Van Hurst. Thomas French. Rich. Tenemore. Nicholas Lucas. William Johnson. Isaac Marriott. Gruma JacobsOn. William Haig. Charles Bagley. John Butcher. Tho. Scholey. William Peachee. Samuel Wade. George Hutcheson. Tho. Wright. Richard Matthews. Tho. Woodrofe. Tho. Gardner. Godfrey Hancock. John Harris. John Smith. Thomas Eves. John Petty. Francis Collins. Thos. Pierce. John Borton. Abraham Hewlings. William Kent. Will. Warner. John Paine. John Newbould. Benjamin Scot. Joseph Ware. Eleazer Fenton. John White. Thomas Lambert. Isaac Smart. Samuel Oldale. John Roberts. Thomas Hooton. Andrew Thomson. Will. Black. John Wood. Henry Stacy. Thomas Kent. Anthony Woodhouse. John Gosling. Edward Byllynge. Henry Jenings. Dan. Leeds. Tho. Revell. Richard Smith. Richard Wortsaw. John Pancoast. Edward Nelthrop. Christopher White. John Penford. John Maddocks. Many of these names were signed long after the Daniel Wills. John Forrest. date affixed. Thomas Olive. James Vickory. In 1675, Fenwick sailed from London in the ship Thomas Rudyard. William Rumsey. "Griffin," Robert Griffiths, master, with his family William Biddle. Rich. Robinson. and a company of Friends, and after a pleasant Robert Stacy. Mark Reeve. passage landed near the old fort " Elseborg," and John Farrington. Thomas Watson. named it Salem. This was the first English ship that William Raydon. Samuel Nicholson. entered the Delaware with emigrants, and no others Rich. Mew. Dan. Smith. followed for nearly two years. Percival Towle. Richard Daniel. Among the purchase rs of West Jersey lands were Mahlon Stacy. Will. Penton. two companies, one of Friends in Yorkshire, the other Tho. Budd. Will. Daniel. of Friends in London. In 1677 commissioners were Samuel Jenings. Robert Zane. sent by the proprietors, with power to buy lands of John Lambert. Walter Peiterson. the Indians, to inspect the rights of such Europeans Will. Heulings. Anthony Page. as claimed property, and to order the lands laid out, George Deacon. Andrew Bartleson. and in general to administer the government. Of the John Thomson. Wooley Woollison. , commissioners, those for Yorkshire were Joseph Edw. Bradway. Anthony Dixon. Helmsley, William Emley, Robert Stacy, and Thomas Rich. Guy. John Derme. Foulke ; those for Lond 3n were Daniel Wills, Thomas James Neville. Tho. Benson. Ollive, John Penford, and Benjamin Scott. They William Cantwell. John Pain. came in the " Kent," Gregory Marlow, master, being Fospe Ontstout. Rich. Buffington. the second English emigrant ship to enter the Dela Macbgijel Baron. Sam. Lovett. ware. They arrived at New Castle 16th 6th month Casper Herman. Henry Stubbens. (August, 0. S.), 1677. Two hundred and thirty of Turrse Psese. Will. Willis. their passengers landec near Raccoon Creek, where Robert Kemble. George Haselwood. the Swedes had a few houses, and in these and in John Corneliesse. Roger Pedrick. tents and caves the new -comers took temporary lodg- Genat Van Jumne. William Hughes. ings. The commissioners at once proceeded to Chy- Wm. Gill Johnson. Abra. Van Highest. goes (Burlington) Island, to settle the terms of pur Mich. Lackerouse. Hipolitas Lefever. chase with the Indians. They were accompanied by Markns Algns. Will. Wilkinson. Israel Holmes, Peter Rambo, and Lacy Cock, Swedish Evert Aldricks. Andrew Shenneck. interpreters, and by their help they bought three Hendrick Everson. Lause Cornelious. tracts from the Assunpink to the Rancocas, from Ran Jilles Tomesen. Sam. Hedge. cocas to Timber Creek and from Timber Creek to Claas Jansen. Will. Massler. Oldman's Creek. Paul Docquet. John Grubb. The Yorkshire purch asers chose from the Assun- Aert Jansen. John Worlidge. pink to the Rancocas, which was called the first tenth ; John Surige. Edw. Meyer. and the London chose the second tenth, from Ranco Thomas Smith. Tho. Barton. cas to Timber Creek.1 For mutual protection and James Pearce. Robt. Powel. Edw. Webb. Tho. Harding. i Smith's Hist. AV. J., pp. 92 to 98. 10 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. assistance they agreed to build a town in company, and the present site of Burlington City was chosen. Towards the last of October, 1677, some of the heads of families that came in a ship to Wickaco (near the Old Swedes* Church, Philadelphia) arrived at and settled in the neighborhood of Burlington. Their names were Thomas Olive. Morgan Drewet. Daniel Wills. William Penn William Peachy. Henry Jenings. William Clayton. William Hibes. John Crips. Samuel Lovett. Thomas Eves. John Woolston. Thomas Harding. William Woodmancy. Thomas Nositer. Chris. Saunders. Thomas Fairnsworth. Robert Powell.1 These passengers having arrived late in the fall but few were able to build themselves log houses before the winter was much spent. During the interim they lived in wigwams built after the manner of the In dians. Indian corn and venison, traded for with the Indians, was their chief food. Of the passengers who arrived in the " Willing Mind", we have not the names of those who settled at or near Burlington. In the same year, 1677, probably in November, the flie-boat "Martha," of Burlington (Yorkshire), ar rived with one hundred*, and fourteen passengers. Some of the heads of families that settled in the vicinity were Thomas Wright. William Wood. Edward Season. Thomas Hooten. George Miles. William Oxley. Richard Harrison. John Lynam. Nathaniel Luke. Richard Dungworth. Marmaduke Horsman. Thomas Schooley. William Goforth. Samuel Taylor. William Black. William Ley. The families of Robert Stacy and Samuel Odas ; also Thomas Ellis and John Batts. Twenty of the passengers, perhaps more, were living forty-five years afterwards.2 In December, 1678, the "Shield," from Hull, Daniel Towes, master, arrived at Burlington, being the first ship that ever came so far up the Delaware. She made fast to a tree, and the next morning landed her passengers on the ice, so hard had the river sud denly frozen. In her came William Emley, the second time, with his wife, two children (one born by the way), two men and two women servants. Mahlon Stacy, his wife, children, and several ser vants, men and women. Thomas Lambert, his wife, children, and several men and women servants. John Lambert and servant. Thomas Revell, his wife, children, and servants. Godfrey Hancock, his wife, children, and servants. Thomas Potts, his wife and children. John Wood and four children. Thomas Wood, his wife and children. Robert Murfin, his wife and two children. Robert Schooley, his wife and children. James Pharo, his wife and children. Susannah Fairnsworth, her children and two ser vants. Richard Tattersal, his wife and children. Godfrey Newbold. John Dewsbury. Richard Green. Peter Fretwell. John Fretwell. John Newbold. Barns, a merchant from Hull. Francis Bar wick. George Parks. George Hill. John Heyres, and several more.3 The same year, 1678, there also arrived a ship from London, in which came William Hewlings. Thomas Kirby. John Petty. Jonathan Eldridge, with Abram Hewlings. others. About this time, and a few years afterwards, arrived at Burlington the following settlers from England, John Butcher. William Brightwin. John Bourten. Thomas Ellis. John Woolman. Benjamin Duffeld. William Cooper. John Skein. Samuel Bunting. Thomas Mathews. John Day. William Biddle. Thomas Raper. Henry Grubb. Thomas Gardner. Seth Smith. James Satterthwait. John Stacy. John Payne. John Warrel. Charles Read. Chris. Wetherill. Richard Basnett. Samuel Furnace. Roger Huggins. William Butcher. John Budd. Walter Pumphrey. Richard Arnold. Thomas Eves. Samuel Cleft. William Biles. Anthony Morris. Francis Collins. John Dewsbury. John Antrom. John Ladd. Thomas Wood.4 ' Smith's Hist. New Jersey, p. 99. 2 Ibid., p. 103. John Shinn. The following notice of the early settlement of Burlington by the English, communicated to the His torical Society of Pennsylvania by John F. Watson, was copied from the original autograph of Mrs. Mary Smith, a Friend, who arrived with the primitive col onists when she was only four years of age : » Ibid., p. 109. 4 Ibid., pp. 109-110. LAND TITLES AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTY. 11 "Robert Murfin and Ann, his wife, living in Nottinghamshire-, Eng land, had one daughter horn there in the year 1G74, the 4th of the 2d month, named Mary * (the writer of this account, who married the first Daniel Smith, of Burlington). After that they had a son called Robert. " Some time after it came in their minds to move themselves and fam ily into West Jersey in America; and in order thereto they went to Hull and provided provisions suitable for their necessary occasions, such as fine fluur, butter, cheese, with other suitable commodities in good store; then took their passage in the good ship, the 'Shield,' of Stockton, with Mahlon Stacy, Thomas Lambert, and many more families of good repute and worth ; and in the voyage there were two died and two born, so that they landed as many as they took on board. And after about sixteen weoks1 sailing, or on board, they arrived at Burlington in the year 1678, this being tho first ship that ever was known to come so high up the Delaware river. Then they landed and made some Mich dwell ings as they could for the present time, some in caves and others in palisade-houses secured. With that the Indians, very numerous but very civil, for tho most pnrt brought corn anil venison and sold the Eng lish for such things as they needed, so that the said English had some new supply to help their old stock, which may well be attributed to tho good hand of Providence bo to preserve and provide in such a wilderness, "I may not omit some English that came the year before, which landed lower down the river and were gotten to Burlington, who came in some small vessels up to Burlington before us, and was bo consented to by the Indians. "The first comers, with the others that came near that time, made an agreement with the Indians for their land, being after this manner: From the river to such and such creeks, and was to be paid in goods after this manner, say, so many match-coats, guns, hatchets, hoes, kettles — two full boxes — with other materials, all in number as agreed upon by both Indians and English. "When these goods were gotten from Eng land and the Indians paid, then theabove-mentioned people surrendered some part of the land to Bettle themselves near the river, for they did not dare to go far from it at first. " I must not forget that these valiant subjects, both to God and their king, did buy their land in old England before they entered (upon this engagement), and after all this did submit themselves to mean living, taking it with thankfulness, mean and coarse, as pounding Indian corn one day for the next day, for there was no mill, except some few steed- mills, and (we) thought so well of this kind of hard living that I never heard them say, ' I would I had never come!' which is worth observing, considering how plentifully they lived in England. It seems no other than the hand of God so to send them to prepare a place for the future generations. I wish they that come after may consider these things, and not be like the children of Israel after they were settled in the land of Canaan, forgetting the God of their fathers and following their own vanities, and so bring displeasure instead of the blessings of God upon themselves, which fall and loss will be very great on all such. "It may be observed how God's providence made room for us in a wonderful manner in taking away the IndianB. There came a distem per2 among them so mortal that they could not bury all the dead. Others went away, leaving their town. It was said that an old Indian king spoke prophetically before his death, and said, ' the English should in crease and the Indians decrease.'1 " 1 Mary Smith was found drowned with her horse in 1739, near the Long Bridge, in Northern Liberties, Philadelphia, — supposed to have occurred while attempting to water her horse ; that was then the direct and only "road to Burlington." 2 This was the smallpox, which from the manner of their treatment, by sweating and then plunging into cold waters was very fatal. Thomas Budd, who owned a share of propriety in West Jersey, and ancestor of a large family there, who arrived at Burlington in 1708, in a pamphlet describing the country about nine or ten years afterwards, says, in re gard to a conference at Burlington with the Indians shortly after he came into the country, one of them, in behalf of the rest, in a speech, said, "And as to the smallpox, it was once in my grandfather's time, and it could not be the English that could Bend it to us then, there being no English in the country; and it was once in my father's time, they could not send it us then neither ; and now it is in my time, I do not be lieve that they have sent it us now ; I do believe it is the man above that hath sent it us."* The disease was brought among them by the Dutch. * Mary Smith was aBcertainly a Christian as the Indian was a heathen. They both, however, agree as to the source from whence came the dread ful pestilence. The heathen though arrives at his conclusion through a more Christian view than the Christian does. Perhaps the Christian did not recognize the fact that God mado the Indians as well as the whites. Mahlon Stacy, whose veracity we hardly think will be doubted, in a letter to his brother Revell, written in 1680, says, "... I have traveled through most of the places that are settled, and in some that are not, and in every place I find the country very apt to answer the expectation of the diligent. I have seen orchards laden with fruit to admiration, their very limbs torn to pieces with the weight, and most de licious to the taste, and lovely to behold. I have seen an apple-tree from a pippin kernel yield a bar rel of curious cyder; and peaches in such plenty that some people took their carts a peach gathering. . . . They . . . hang almost like our onions that are tied on ropes. " As this letter was written but two years after the first occupation of the country by the Eng lish, these orchards must have been planted by the Indians, Dutch, or Swedes, and our forefathers must have found their new homes a pleasant land to live in. In the same letter Stacy speaks of cranberries, with which " an excelleut sauce is made for venison, turkeys, and other great fowls," and which makes' "better tarts than either gooseberries or cherries ;" " of great shoals of herrings in the shallows," and "other fish, such as rocks, catfish, shad, sheep-heads, sturgeons;'' "and of fowls plenty, such as ducks, geese, turkies, pheasants, partridges," etc. Burlington at this period — 1680 — was the only town in West Jersey except New Salem, in Fenwick's col ony. Let us glance at East Jersey : Bergen, the old est European settlement in New Jersey, was a com pact town which had been fortified against the Indians, and iti 1680 contained seventy families. Newark was settled in 1666 by emigrants from Connecticut, and in 1682 contained one hundred families. Elizabeth, which received its name from Lady Elizabeth Car teret, was the third settlement made in the State, and the first by the English. In 1682 it contained about five hundred inhabitants. Shrewsbury, whicii was first settled by emigrants from Connecticut in 1664, had in 1682 several thousand acres under cultivation, and a population of four hundred. About 1678, Thomas Olive built a grist-mill near the Rancocas, the first in West Jersey. In 1679, Mahlon Stacy built a similar mill where Trenton now stands. In 1681 the first colonists to Pennsylvania arrived in three ships at the present site of Philadelphia, and it was not until the next year, 1682, that the city was located. In 1682-83, William Penn built a stately pile of buildings that cost nearly thirty-five thousand dollars, on the west shore of the Delaware, a few miles above the town of Burlington, which was called " Penn's Palace." There he often entertained In dians, and held treaty covenants, religious meetings,3 etc. The popular belief that the historic log cabin of the frontiersmen was introduced into America by our English forefathers is erroneous. The journal of 3 Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, vol. xi. p. 101. 12 HISTORY" OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter, two Dutch Lab- adists, who visited the colonies in 1679-80, a transla tion of which was recently published by the Long Island Historical Society, states,- in speaking of Mah lon Stacy's house at " the falls of the South River, Trenton :" " Most of the English and many others have their houses made of nothing but clapboards, as they call them there, in this manner: they first made a wooden frame, the same as they do in West phalia and at Altona, but not so strong; they then split the boards of clapwood, so they are like coopers' pipe-staves, excepting they are not bent. These are made very thin with a large knife, so that the thickest end is about a pinck [little finger] thick, and the other is made sharp, like the edge of a knife. They are about five or six feet long, and are nailed on the outside of the frame, with the ends lapped over each other. They are not usually laid so close together as to prevent you from sticking a finger between them in consequence either of their not being well joined or the boards being crooked. When it is cold and windy the best people plaster them with clay. Such are most all the English houses in this country, except those they have built by people of other nations." Near Burlington, Dankers slept at the house of Jacob Hendricks, which he describes as " being made according to the Swedish mode," of logs. As has been shown, titles to land in New Jersey are derived from the English crown. Individuals were forbidden to purchase land from the Indians without the consent of the proprietors. Deeds from Indian claimants are held by some of the .present owners; but unless patents or surveys were also ob tained, the legal title rests upon possession, and not upon the deeds. The proprietors were careful to pur chase the land of the Indians, and in West Jersey no grants or surveys were allowed until the Indian title was extinguished. Every foot of soil claimed by the Indians has been obtained from them by fair and vol untary purchase. In West Jersey the " concessions and agreements" of 1676 regulated the government and the mode of acquiring title to land. "Head-lands" were to be granted . to settlers, and commissioners were appointed to regulate the setting forth and dividing them. Afterwards commissioners were elected by the Legislature. The quantity of land appropriated in this way does not appear to have been large. It was originally intended to run out the province into tenths, fronting on the Delaware ; but this was never fully carried out, counties having been established as soon as the convenience of the inhabitants demanded it. In 1678 the proprietors resolved to constitute a proprietary council of repre sentatives, elected yearly from among themselves. At first the number was fixed at eleven, afterwards at nine, five of whom were chosen from Burlington. According to an ancient usage, the proprietor of a thirty-second part of a hundredth has the right of voting.and being elected. The owner of any specific number of acres, having no interest in the undivided remainder, has no right to vote. Many of the origi nal proprietors never came into the province; and in consequence of their heirs failing to claim rights, only about twenty persons are now known to be pro prietors. They meet annually at Burlington ; but as the unloeated property is of little value, and is be coming less and less every year, it is probable that in time they will cease to act, and the State will by law provide for the preservation of their valuable records. A dividend of each proprietor's share was first fixed at five thousand two hundred acres, but it was soon enlarged to twenty-five thousand acres. Six ad ditional dividends have been made, assigning, in all, thirty-five thousand acres to each. Titles in West Jersey are derived from some one of the original proprietors of the hundredths. Regular deeds of conveyance are made either of a fractional part or of a specified number of acres. A proprietor upon presenting his title to the Council obtains an order for a warrant, which authorizes the surveyor- general to survey a specified number of acres from any of the unappropriated lands. Upon the return of the survey, and its certification by the surveyor- general to the Council, it is by them inspected and approved, and ordered to be recorded. A rule was adopted at an early date that surveys should not ex tend to both sides of a navigable stream. Prior to 1700 surveyors were sent by several of the proprietors into the southern part of the State, who ran out (as tradition is, with a mariner's compass, and often on horseback) surveys of from five to twelve thousand acres each on the most accessible rivers and creeks. An allowance of five acres in the hundred was made for highways, which accounts for the fact that lands were so long taken in this State for roads without compensation to the owner. In 1719 an act of the Legislature was passed, di recting that the surveyor-generals of East and West Jersey should hold a public office in Perth Amboy and Burlington, where all surveys should be recorded. Formerly, when it became necessary to prove title, the regular chain of deeds, in some cases even from the king down, were produced in evidence as the only valid foundation for the survey. In process of time the courts took judicial notice of the original grants as matters of authentic history, and since the act of 1787 (Title Limitation, 3, Nixon's Dig.) the record of a survey duly inspected and recorded is received as prima facie evidence of a good title. Until the act of 1838 surveys were proved by producing a witness who could swear that he had compared the copy with the original record.1 1 Extracted from Collections of New Jersey Historical Society, vol. vii. Tho Constitution and Government of the Province and Stuto of New Jersey, by Lucius Q. C. Elmer, LL.D. Newark, 1872. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 13 CHAPTER IV. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. The government of New Jersey was first established by Berkeley and Carteret, who claimed to derive the right from the grant of the Duke of York. They framed in England a Constitution, which was signed by them Feb. 10, 1664, under the title of "The Con cessions and Agreement of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of New Csesaria or New Jersey, to and with all and every the Adventurers, and all such as shall settle or plant there." * Under this instrument, which was republican in its character, a government was commenced, and with some interruption, occa sioned by the Dutch conquest and other causes, con tinued until the partition of the province into East and West Jersey by means of the quintipartite deed of 1676. After this the government of the two prov inces was distinct until the surrender of Queen Anne in 1702. West Jersey was governed according to the pro visions of " The concessions and agreements of the proprietors, freeholders, and inhabitants of the Prov ince of West New Jersey in America," dated March 3, 1676, and signed by William Penn, Gawen Lawrie, Nicholas Lucas, and one hundred and forty-six others. Of this instrument Mr. Richard S. Field, in a dis course * read before the New Jersey Historical Society, says, " A more beautiful fabric of free government was never reared. It should be forever embalmed in the memory of Jerseymen." "No man nor number of men upon earth," such is its language, " have power or authority to* rule over men's conscience in religious matters; therefore it is agreed and ordained that no person or persons what soever, within the said Province, shall at any time hereafter, in any way or upon any pretence whatever, be called in question, or in the least punished or hurt, either in person, privilege, or estate, for the sake of his opinion, judgment, faith, or worship in matters of religion." Never was there a more comprehen sive act of religious toleration, and never was it vio lated, either in its letter or its spirit. Following Mr. ¦ Field, " No tax, custom, subsidy, assessment, or any other duty whatever was, upon any color or pretence, how specious soever, to be imposed upon the inhabit ants of the Province without the consent and au thority of the General Assembly. It would seem as if, with prophetic spirit, they had foreseen the very form in which tyranny would assail them. So dear to them was the right of trial by jury that their language in relation to it almost savors of refinement and borders upon excess. The justices were to sit with the twelve men of the neighborhood, to assist them in matters of 1 Learning and Spicer's Grants and Concessions, p. 12. W. Bradford, Philadelphia, 1758. 2 Collections of New Jersey Historical Society, vol. ill. Bichard P. Field, 1849, New York. law, and to pronounce each judgment as they should re ceive from the twelve men, in whom alone, it was de clared, the judgment resided ; and in case of the neglect or refusal of the justices to pronounce such judgment, then one of the twelve, by consent of the rest, was to pronounce their own judgment as the justices should have done, — language prompted, no doubt, by the bitter recollection of the way in which the rights of juries had so often been trampled upon in England by overbearing judges. Members of the Assembly were to be chosen by ballot, to receive instructions at large from those who sent them, and to covenant and oblige themselves to be faithful to their constitu ents by indentures under their hand and seal. They were to receive for their services a shilling a day, that thereby they might be known to be the servants of the people." These concessions were declared to be their com mon law, their great charter ; they were to be read at the beginning and the dissolving of every General Free Assembly, and they were also directed to be writ on fair tables in every hall of justice in the prov ince, and read by the magistrates in solemn manner four times every year in the presence of the' people, "it being intended and resolved, by the help of the Lord and these our Concessions, that every person in habiting the said Province shall, as far as in us lies, be free from oppression and slavery." " Precious words! And how should our hearts overflow with gratitude to God that now," over two centuries " since this pious purpose was first announced, we live to see it realized. There is not to be found in the whole history of our country, rich as it is in interesting scenes, an incident so beautiful as the first settlement of West Jersey by the Quakers." Nor were the settlers of West Jersey satisfied with the mere declaration of their rights and privileges. They were always ready to assert and vindicate them whenever they were questioned or assailed. Thus when the agent of the Duke of York at the Hoarkills persisted in exacting customs of all vessels ascending the Delaware to New Jersey, the Quaker settlers re monstrated against it so earnestly that the duke, wearied by their importunity, referred the matter to commissioners. To the commissioners they then ad dressed themselves, and in support of their claim to exemption delivered an argument couched in the language of intelligent freemen, and breathing the very spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty. This argument was attended, as it deserved to be, with triumphant success, and West Jersey became a free and inde pendent province. The concessions provided among other things that the management of the estate and affairs of the province be committed to commissioners appointed by the proprietaries, with power to divide and sell the lands, to lay out towns, and generally to govern the province according to the concessions until March, 1680, after which the one hundred pro prietaries were to be divided into ten divisions or 14 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. tribes of men, each division to elect one commissioner annually. Some of the Governors were appointed by the pro prietors and others by the Legislature, which latter body appears to have appointed all the other officers necessary to carry on the government. Under the proprietary government the courts of West Jersey consisted, in the first place, of a court for small causes, held by a single justice of the peace, having jurisdic tion only in actions of debt under forty shillings, with a right of appeal to the County Court.1 County Courts, or Courts of Sessions, as they were called, were first established by act of Assembly for Burling ton and Salem, in 1682. They were to be held four times a year by the justices of the peace in each county. They seem to have had unlimited jurisdic tion in all cases, civil and criminal, with this single exception, that they could not try offenses of a capital nature. It. is an interesting fact that up to 1693 there was really no tribunal in West Jersey compe tent to try offenses of a capital nature. The first set tlers—the peaceful Quakers — appeared to be almost unwilling to suppose that such a horrible crime could be committed in their community. It was, however, provided that whenever a person should be found guilty of murder or treason, the sentence and way of execution were to be left to the. General Assembly to determine as they in the wisdom of the Lord should judge meet and expedient.2 These Courts of Sessions were the great courts of West Jersey, and for a long time there was no appeal from their decisions. In . 1693,3 however, a Supreme Court of Appeals was erected, consisting of one or more of the justices of each county and one or more of the Governor's Council for the time being, any three of whom, one being of the Council, were to constitute a quorum. This court, as originally organized, was strictly an ap pellate tribunal, but in 1699, during the administra tion of Governor Hamilton, its title and constitution underwent an essential change.4 It was then called the Provincial Court, and was composed of three judges, to be chosen by the House of Representatives, and one or more of the justices of each county, of whom any three of the said justices, in conjunction with two of the said judges, were to be a quorum. It was to be held twice a year in each county, to have original as well as appellate jurisdiction, and when the matter in controversy amounted to twenty pounds there was to be an appeal from its judgment to the General Assembly. In 1693 a Court of Oyer and Terminer was established for the trial of capital crimes, to be composed of a judge appointed by the Governor and Council, assisted by two or more jus tices of the county where the crime was committed. There are no traces of a Court of Chancery in West Jersey under the proprietary government. Law was i Grunts and Concessions, p, 600, 3 Ibid., p. 517. ' Ibid., p. 404. * Ibid., p. 663. probably administered in all their courts upon very equitable principles. It must be remembered that nearly all the disputes arising among the Quakers — and nearly all the first settlers were Quakers — were kept within control of that society and settled accord ing to the rules of the same, — equity. The laws enacted by the provincial- government of West Jersey do not appear to have been printed until such of them as were extant were collected by Learning and Spicer. They were sent in manuscript to the counties and read at public assemblies of the people. None of these laws are now in force. We now come to the period of the surrender. The claim of the proprietors to exercise the powers of government had been for some years questioned ; a quo- warranto was actually depending in the Court of King's Bench, the object of which was to test its val idity, and the increasing number and conflicting views of the proprietors rendered the possession of such powers of doubtful utility. Difficulties arose, and the proprietors joined those of East Jersey, and an absolute and unconditional surrender of them was made to the crown. Upon the assumption of the government by Queen Anne, in 1702, Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, a grandson of the illustrious Clarendon and a^cousin of the queen, was appointed the first royal Governor of the united provinces of East and West Jersey. He was a weak, corrupt, and tyrannical man, who dis graced the sovereign whose representative he was, and dishonored the noble ancestry from which he sprung.5 He was appointed to hold office during the pleasure of the crown. The commission and instructions accompanying it, drawn with great care and ability, contained the Con stitution under which the government of the prov ince was administered, with but little variation, until the adoption of the Constitution of 1776. They con tained the main features of the British Constitution, as improved by the revolution of 1688. The execu tive power was confided to the Governor, with the advice of twelve counselors, appointed occasionally by the crown, but more commonly by the Governor, six of whom resided in each division of the colony. The legislative power was vested in the Governor, the Council, and a General Assembly. The Assembly was convened, adjourned, and dissolved at the pleas ure of the Governor and Council, and elected by vir tue of writs issued. by their authority, two by the inhabitants and householders of the town of Burling ton, and ten by the freeholders of West Jersey. No law could be passed without the Governor's assent. In 1709 they passed an act reciting that the present Constitution was found inconvenient, and to remedy the same enacted that after the dissolution of the pres- 5 Upon Ills removal from office he was thrown into jail by his exasper ated creditors, from which he was not released until tho death" of his father, the Earl of Clarendon. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 15 ent Assembly the representatives should be chosen by the majority of votes of the freeholders in each county having one hundred acres of land in his own right, or be worth fifty pounds, and that the person elected should have one thousand acres of land, or be worth five hundred pounds. Two were to be elected for each of the towns of Burlington and Salem, and two for each of the then four counties of West Jersey. Perfect equality was preserved between the two divis ions of the colony. Hunterdon County was established in 1714, but continued to choose -representatives in conjunction with Burlington until 1727, when it was authorized to choose two, and the town of Salem was deprived of its separate representative. In 1725 an act was passed requiring the sheriff and other officer to whom a writ of election was directed to give public notice of the day and place of election, and on that day, between the hours of ten and twelve, to proceed to the election ; that he should not declare the choice upon the view, — i.e., from a vote by holding up of hands, — nor adjourn without the consent of the can didates, but should, if a poll was required, proceed from day to day and time to time until all the electors then and there present be polled, and he was required to appoint a clerk, who should set down the names of the electors and the persons they voted for. This mode of election continued for some time after the Revolution. The polls generally closed the first day. In 1789, in consequence of the rivalry between East and West Jersey as to whether the seat of the United States government should be temporarily at New York or Philadelphia, the polls were kept open in some of the western counties three or four weeks. Voting by ballot appears to have been introduced after the Revolution. It was practiced in some of the counties in 1779, but was soon discontinued. In 1783 and 1790 the election by ballot was restored and required in some, and in 1797 in all the counties. From the surrender (1702) until 1776 there were but. twenty-two Assemblies, some of which continued but one and others eight years. In 1768 an act was passed that a General Assembly should be held once in seven years at least. The Assembly first elected after this act was dissolved at the end of three years; that convened in 1772 dissolved itself in 1776. The number and duration of the sittings of the several Assemblies were very diverse, there having been on some occasions five or six within one year, and on others there was an interval of two and once of five years without an Assembly being convened. All the provincial officers of the colony and counties, even the clerks of the Assembly, were appointed directly by the crown or by the Governor and Council. For several years the proprietors in England had much influence in the appointment of officers. Occasion ally the officers appointed by the Governor and Council were superseded by direct appointments from the crown. The Governor and Council were empowered to erect such courts as they should think necessary, and to appoint judges and all other necessary officers and magistrates, and were instructed not to remove any.of the judges or other officers without good cause, to be signified to the crown, and not to express any limitation of time in the commissions. By virtue of their power they granted patents establishing and alter ing the boundaries of townships, constituted municipal and other corporations, and established and regulated ferries, and by ordinances established courts of jus tice, defined their powers, appointed the times and places at which they should be held, and regulated the fees. Lord Cornbury, the first Governor, promulgated an ordinance in 1704, and of it Richard S. Field, in his interesting account of the provincial courts of New Jersey,1 says, " He is entitled to the credit of having laid the foundation of our whole judicial system, and laid it well." Justices were to have cognizance of cases to the value of forty shillings. In each county there was established a Court of Common Pleas and a Court of General Sessions of the peace, each with quarterly terms; and for the province, a Supreme Court, to sit once in each year at Perth Amboy and at Burlington. In 1714 the Supreme Court was required to hold two terms yearly in each place, and courts for the trial of issues were appointed to be held yearly in each county. The constitution and powers of the courts remained the same, except that in 1724 the jurisdic tion of the Common Pleas was restricted so as to ex cept causes wherein the right or title of any lands were in any wise concerned. The jurisdiction of these several courts remains to this day as established by the ordinance of 1724. The only material changes since made in the system first established have been the establishment of an Orphans' Court in each county, and the giving to the Circuit Courts orig inal jurisdiction in all cases at common law, includ-' ing cases where the title to land is in question, and equity powers in mortgage cases. The original in structions provided for appeals from the courts to the Governor and Council in cases where the sum exceeded one hundred pounds, with an unlimited ap peal to the king's Privy Council where the sum ex ceeded two hundred pounds. Lord Cornbury provided by ordinance that the Governor or Lieutenant-Gov ernor for the time being and any three of the'Coun- cil should constitute a Court of Chancery. Governor Franklin in 1770 issued an ordinance by which it was ordained that His Excellency William Franklin be constituted chancellor, and empowered to appoint such masters, clerks, examiners, registers, and other necessary officers as should be needful in holding said court. The constitution and powers of this court re main unaltered, except that the Governor is no longer chancellor. The office of register has been abolished, 1 Collections of New Jersey Historical Society, vol. iii., 1840. 16 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. and the appointment of a clerk conferred on the Gov ernor .and Senate. No appeal was provided for until 1799, when the Legislature enacted that an appeal might be taken to the Court of Errors and Appeals. The ecclesiastical jurisdiction was reserved to the Bishop of London, excepting only " the collating to benefices, granting licenses for marriages, and the probate of wills," which were assigned to the Gov ernor. By virtue of this grant he became ordinary- of the province, having all the powers in regard to the estates of deceased persons which in Eng land belonged to the courts of the bishop and arch bishop. As judge, therefore, of the " Prerogative Court," he had sole and exclusive jurisdiction of mat ters relating to wills, to administrations, and to guar dianships, with no superior but the king and his Privy Council. It being inconvenient and almost impossible for the people in all parts of the province to resort to the Governor, especially when he resided in New York, he appointed deputies, called surrogates, to act for him. Michael Kearney, in 1720, was commissioned surrogate- of the province. He had full power to swear the witnesses to last wills and testaments, and to admit administrations on the estates of persons dying intestate, and administer the oaths to executors and administrators for the due execution of their offices, and take their bonds in his name, to call to account and reckoning with executors and adminis trators, and their accounts to examine, approve, allow, and discharge, and quietus thereupon to give and grant, and the balance of said account to receive, for which he was to be accountable to him. Afterwards one was appointed for each division, and as occasion required one for two or three counties, and sometimes more than one in the same county. They were re movable at the pleasure of the Governor. The pro bate of wills and other official acts were generally in his name and under his hand and official seal. The acts of these surrogates were recognized as valid by the courts. When disputes arose they were settled in the Prerogative Court. In 1784, Orphans' Courts were established, and pro vision was made for one surrogate in each county. The original jurisdiction of the ordinary remained as. before ;• until 1820 it was restricted to the granting of probates of wills, letters of administration, letters of guardianship, and to the hearing and finally de termining of disputes that may arise thereon. In these matters it is still concurrent with that of the Surrogates' and Orphans' Courts ; and from all orders and decrees of the Orphans' Court an appeal may be taken to the Prerogative Court. In 1822 the appoint ment of the surrogate was given to the joint meeting, and so remained until the new Constitution provided for his election by a popular vote. The Supreme Court was invested with plenary jurisdiction in criminal as well as civil cases. Until about 1794 it was the practice of the sheriff, by virtue of a writ, to summons grand juries for the county in which the Supreme Court sat, who inquired and made presentments, and passed on indictments for offenses committed in that county. Other criminal cases were brought there by the attorney-general, or on special leave by the defendant. Trial by a jury of the county in which the offense was alleged to have been com mitted or the cause of action arose were quite fre quent. Special commissions of Oyer and Terminer until 1794 were issued for the trial of felonies in the differ ent counties when considered necessary, and regularly at the times of the yearly Circuit Courts. The com mission continued in force a certain specified time, — a few days or several months. Clerks of the courts were appointed by the Governor, to hold office during his pleasure. One or more clerks of the circuit at tended the sittings in the counties, and kept their own minutes.1 The Oyer and Terminer as well as the Circuit were regarded as branches of the Supreme Court, and the proceedings therein subject to its control. The sheriff, justices of the peace, the mayor and other officials of any corporation within the counties, and all officers of the courts were required to be at tending on the chief justice and other justices going the circuit at his coming into and leaving the several counties, and during his abode within the same ; and the practice, as it was in England until the introduc tion of railways, was for the sheriff1, with as many justices and other gentlemen on horseback as he could conveniently collect, to await the arrival of the judge at the county line, and escort him to his lodgings. At the opening and closing of the court from day to day the sheriff and constables, with their staves of office, escorted him from and to his place of lodging to the court-house. When sitting in court the justices of the Supreme Court wore a robe of office, and com monly a wig. In 1765 the Supreme Court promul gated a rule requiring counselors (excepting those of the people called Quakers) practicing in the Supreme Court or any of the courts on the circuit, when ap pearing in court, to " be habited in the bar gown and band commonly worn by barristers at Westminster and on the circuits in England, under a penalty of a contempt of this rule." It continued to be observed until 1791, when upon a petition of the leading coun selors the rule was rescinded. Justices of the Supreme Court appear at first to have been appointed without any express limitations, but were removable for cause, made known to the king. Chief Justice Morris, as early as 1738, w'as commissioned during good behavior, and this appears to have been afterwards the usual tenure until 1776, when it was changed to the very questionable term 1 A book containing such minutes of the Oyer and Terminer and Circuit Courts held in most of the counties from 1749 to 1762 is preserved in the dork's office of Middlesex County. COLONIAL WARS. 17 of seven years. Sheriffs were first appointed " during our pleasure," but in 1747 an act of the Legislature was passed limiting the term of office to three years, and rendering them incapable of holding the office again for three years. In 1714 an act was passed to raise money for build ing and repairing jails and court-houses. It also au thorized the election of two freeholders to serve for one year, who together with the justices of the peace of each county, or any three of them, one whereof constituting a quorum, should appoint assessors and collectors. The board thus constituted continued to have the care of the county business until the act of 1798 incorporated the freeholders alone. Some of the townships were established by patents which authorized the choice by the inhabitants of constables, overseers of the highways and poor, as sessors and collectors. An act in 1717 required the inhabitants of all the townships to elect annually as sessors and collectors of taxes. Constables, except in the patent townships, were appointed yearly by the Courts of General Sessions of the several counties.1 CHAPTER V. COLONIAL WARS. The story of Burlington's part in these wars, like that of the State, is almost lost to history. The gen eral movements of the regiments, the names of a few of the officers, and perhaps men, a few letters, treas ured among family papers for many generations, and an occasional item are all that time's destroying hand has left to remind us of the first wars of our fathers. It can readily be supposed, among the Quaker element that constituted the preponderating part of the popu lation of this county, that the raising of troops was not looked upon with any favor, in fact they expelled from their society all those that openly favored it. Yet it must be remembered that the young men of the community, those capable of bearing arms, were the first generation of Americans, reared in a new and wild country, used to traversing the woods with the axe or gun in search of deer and other game, the very class of people, had it not been for the moral restraints in which they had been reared, that would with ardor have embarked upon an expedition prom ising novel and exciting scenes. It must be remembered the first settlers witnessed in " Old England," as most of them affectionately termed their native land, long scenes of strife and war, and not a few had been soldiers in the civil wars that disturbed the kingdom. William Biddle, who settled 1 Extracted from Collections of New Jersey Historical Society, vol. vii. The Constitution and Government of the Province and State of New Jersey, etc., by Lucius Q. C. Elmer, LL.D. Newark, 1872. 2 on the banks of the Delaware near where Kinkora now is, the exemplary Christian and a leader of the Friends, had served with gallantry as a major in Cromwell's army, and Maj. John Fenwick, as equally sincere a Christian but somewhat belligerent Friend, commanded the cavalry at the execution of Charles I. Cromwell's iron government and successful wars, the battles of his generals upon his death, the restorar tion of the Stuarts in the person of Charles II., in 1660, the attempt of Charles to seize almost absolute power, which resulted in the national liberty gained in the famous Habeas Corpus Act in 1679, the acces sion of the Catholic king, James II., to the throne of England, the descent in 1688 on England of the Prince of Orange (William III., husband of Mary, James II.'s daughter by Anne Hyde) with a Dutch fleet and army, the landing of James II. in Ireland, and the decisive battle of the Boyne in 1690, which overthrew Catholicism in the British Kingdom, the union of England and Holland under the same prince, William III., who was stadtholder, captain, and admiral-general of the republic, and the intrigues and designs that followed, — these were the stirring events that transpired during the lifetime of many of the first settlers, and hardly a ship arrived from Eng land that brought not rumors of wars," of treaties, alliances, or leagues between the ambitious monarchs of Europe in which England was not interested. To obtain a proper insight into the feelings and thoughts of the early settlers these events, in which they were naturally more or less- interested, must not be over looked. As early as 1704, Governor Lord Cornbury, in his message to the Assembly, advises a bill for regulating the militia, and the year prior we find the names of Col. Richard Townley and Capt. John Harrison.'2 May 4, 1702, England, under Queen Anne, who succeeded William III. in 1702, declared war against France. The latter actively prosecuted the same against the northern provinces, penetrating as far as the Merrimac River, and burning the town of Hav erhill. Upon the entreaty of New England the con quest of Arcadia, Canada, and Newfoundland was contemplated in 1709. The quota from New Jersey was fixed at two hundred troops. The Assembly acted with spirit, appropriating three thousand pounds and encouraging the enlistment of volunteers. These men were divided into three companies without field- officers. Capt. John Harrison and First Lieut. John Ruydiard are the only officers whose names we can ascertain. Whether any New Jersey troops partici pated in the attack and capture of Port Royal, Nova Scotia, by Col. Nicholson, in the early part of Octo ber, 1710, we know not. Animated by his success the colonel again urged upon the ministry the reduction of Canada, which had been strongly recommended 2 Journal and Votes of the House of Representatives of New Jersey, 1703. J. H. Lyon, Jersey City, 1872. State Doc, pp. 20-28. 13 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. by Ihe Indian allies as the only effectual means of securing the northern colonies. Governor Hunter, of New Jersey, summoned the Assembly in July, 1711, and, the cause being popular, they promptly appro priated twelve thousand five hundred ounces of plate (dollars) in bills of credit, and resolved to raise three hundred and sixty men besides officers. The provin cial troops, numbering three thousand men, with one thousand friendly Indians, under the command of Col. Francis Nicholson, marched from Albany towards Canada the latter part of August, and reached Fort George. Here learning that the expedition against Quebec of veteran regiments of Marlborough's army and provincials under Gen. Hill and a vast fleet of transports and men-of-war under Admiral Sir Hove- den Walker had met with disaster among the rocks and islands of the St. Lawrence, Nicholson was forced to return to Albany. On March 31, 1713, the treaty of Utrecht established peace between Great Britain and France, and terminated a merciless war upon the northern frontier. This long war was conducted on the part of England in America with magnificent designs, little energy, and less skill. George, Elector of Hanover, great-grandson of James I., succeeded Anne, Queen of England, in 1714. He was the founder of the House of Hanover, and was succeeded by his son, George II., in 1727. A misunderstanding having existed for several years between England and Spain in the West Indies, war was declared by the former in 1739. Admiral Ver non, with a fleet and a body of troops under Lord Cathcart, was dispatched against the Spanish islands, and aid was asked from the American colonies. New Jersey on this, as upon other occasions, showed the same alacrity in aiding the mother-country, and promptly passed a bill for raising, transporting, and supporting her quota of troops, but some of its details were un satisfactory to Governor Morris. He delayed his as sent to the bill, and it is doubtful if the troops of the province participated in the expedition. A masked war having been carried on between Eng land and France, war was declared by those nations in March, 1744. This is known in American history as " King George's war." The next spring Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, conceived the design of capturing Cape Breton and Louisburg, the stronghold of the French in America, and the rendezvous for their numerous privateers that infested the Atlantic coast of the provinces. Unaided by the English,1 1 George II. was too much occupied at home to assist the colonies. Charles Edward, son of tho Pretender and grandson of James II., as sisted by tho Court of France, landed in Scotland in August, 1745. Joined by a number of partisans, he caused his father to be proclaimed King of England at Pnrtli and Edinburgh, assuming to himself tho title cif Prince of "Wales and regent of the three kingdoms. A victory over ¦the English troops rendered him master of all Scotland. Ho invaded England, and advanced as far as Derby, spreading terror and consterna tion in London. The king was obliged to recall tho Duke of Cumber land, with his troops, from the Netherlands. That prince drove hack tho Pretender, retook Carlisle, and defeated the rebels at Cullodeu. Charles with six thousand provincials under Mr. Pepperel, a trader of Piscataqua, after two months' siege, their courage and fortitude was crowned with success, and Pepperel was rewarded with a baronetcy of Great Britain. New Jersey voted two thousand pounds in provisions to aid the siege. And Burlington County actively participated in the war at this early period, at least we find in the " Records of Chesterfield Monthly Meeting," at Cross wicks, the following item : " 10 mo. 5, 1745, Whereas it appears to this meeting that Thomas Cadwallader is concerned in Privateering Vessels contrary to our antient Testimony and the Discipline established among Friends, and it appears he hath been tenderly cautioned and dealt with from time to time in order to bring him to a sense of his undue liberty, but he refusing to give Friends such Satisfaction as the offense requires, therefore this meeting appoints Isaac Horner and Marmaduke Watson to draw a paper of Testification against the said Thomas Cadwallader & his practice and to declare him out of Unity with us as a Society until he shall give Satisfaction in this meeting Suitable to the offense, and bring the Same to next Monthly Meeting for approbation." Thomas Cadwallader lives near Trenton, in the old county of Burlington. In June, 1746, Governor Hamilton convened the Assembly of New Jersey, and it resolved to raise, equip, and support five hundred men to aid in the conquest of Canada. A bounty of six pounds was offered, and so popular was the enterprise that in less than two months six hundred and sixty men were enlisted. Five companies were formed from these to make the New Jersey quota, and a sixth com pany was transferred to the province of New York. That the " war fever" had spread to the young mem bers of the Society of Friends is evident by their own testimony, and only goes to prove that the young men of Burlington in olden times were as ready to fight as the present generation proved when called upon by their country. In the records above referred to we find that in 1746, 1756, 1757, and 1758, Samuel Hor ner, Joseph Thorn, Jr., Aaron Quicksall, Francis King, John Scholey, and Ralph Woodward were testified against and duly expelled from meeting for "going on an Expedition and taking up arms." The troops reached Albany September 3d, where, in consequence of the failure of arrival of the British regulars, the proposed invasion of the French prov inces was abandoned. They were under the command of Col. Philip Schuyler, and remained until the next autumn, overawing the Indians and protecting the frontier. Troops in camp, if not in proximity to the enemy and are not kept under strict discipline, are always dissatisfied and sometimes restive. In April, Edward concealed himself in tho mountains until ho could escape to France. Gen. Hugh Mercer, who was killed at Princeton during our Revolu tion, was a surgeon at the battlo of Cullodeu. COLONIAL WARS. 19 1747, the Jersey companies mutinied and determined to march off with their arms and baggage. The pay promised by the crown was slowly remitted, and the troops demanded their arrears. To keep them quiet Col. Schuyler dispatched an express to Governor Hamilton, who recommended to the Assembly to provide for their pay, but the House, not fearing the loss of their votes, as in our days, decided that, hav ing expended more than twenty thousand pounds in equipping, transporting, and feeding them, they would appropriate no more money. Col. Schuyler, however, was more generous and patriotic, and advanced many thousand pounds from his private funds to supply the wants of his men. No further military movements of any moment took place in America during the war, which was termina ted by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in October, 1748. The war, through the incapacity and misrule of the British government, was a perfect failure. The north ern colonies, which entered into it with zeal, were sadly disappointed in the expectations from and promises of England. Their troops, raised, equipped, and transported at great expense, were kept inactive, waiting impatiently for generals, orders, or regular troops from England. The fruits of the only success of the war, the brilliant expedition of Shirley and Pepperel, which resulted in the conquest of the island of Cape Breton and its capital, Louisburg, were re stored to the French, and the very object of the war, the right of the British to navigate the American seas free from search, was unnoticed in the treaty of peace. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was but a hollow truce, and was scarcely regarded by the French in America. Eager to extend their territories and to connect their possessions in Canada with those of Louisiana, they established a chain of forts along the Ohio and Mississippi. English traders were arrested and sent to France, and Governor Dinwiddie, of Vir ginia, sent George Washington, a youth of twenty years, to the West to gain information. The English monarch, deceived and insulted by the Court of Ver sailles, sent orders, in 1754, to the American Governors to repel the encroachments by force. The English, by coldness and apathy, had alienated the Indians, and prudence required that their affections towards the colonies should be restored, and to cope with the French successfully some confederacy of the colonies was necessary. A convention of the colonies assem bled at Albany in 1754, for the purpose of forming a league with the Six Nations and concerting measures for united operations. Dr. Franklin there Offered his celebrated plan of union, which is known in all our histories as " the Albany Plan of Union." It was adopted by the convention but rejected by the Col onial Assemblies, but not many years afterwards was rendered instrumental to the achievement of our in dependence. Franklin was not really its author, as it is little more than a transcript of the design sketched in the preface of " A Description of the English Province of Carolana, by the Spaniards called Florida, and by the French, La Louisiana," published in 1722, and written by Daniel Coxe, after wards one of the judges of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. He was the son of Dr. Daniel Coxe, at one time a resident of Burlington City. Washington marched to the Great Meadows, the French erected Fort Du Quesne, hostilities actually commenced, and Great Britain prepared energetically for the war. In June, 1755, Gen. Winslow, of Massa chusetts, with three thousand troops of that colony and three hundred British regulars, conquered Nova Scotia. In July of the same year, Braddock, through presumption, arrogance, and ignorance, met with an ignominious defeat on the Monongahela. New Jersey apprehended no danger from the French and Indians on the Ohio, but appropriated, early in 1755, five hundred pounds to assist the royal troops. She cordially approved of an expedition against Crown Point, and raised five hundred men to join it, appropriating fifteen hundred pounds for their support. Peter Schuyler, an officer of deserv- ingly great popularity with the embryo soldiers, was appointed colonel, and the battalion was soon filled, and flint-locks were secured from Virginia. The bat talion moved to Albany, where it joined the army under Gen. William Johnson, who, late in August, 1755, marched to the southern shores of Lake George on his way to Ticonderoga. Gen. Dieskau,1 march ing from Quebec to attack Fort Oswego, learning of this movement changed his plan and moved direct upon the American camp. Two detachments sent forward to annoy him were defeated, and he assaulted Johnson's fortified camp. Dieskau, who was unques tionably a general of military skill, was defeated, wounded, and taken prisoner. Johnson had sent out a scouting-party that, gaining the enemy's rear, seized their baggage, and attacked so vigorously'from be hind trees the retreating army that they fled panic- stricken.2 The defeat of Braddock's (now Dunbar's) army was followed by the merciless savages, who ravaged the country even to within thirty miles of Philadelphia. They burned the houses and villages, and murdered men, women, and children. Many of the terror- stricken inhabitants fled into Jersey. Four hundred Jerseymen, raised, equipped, and supported by funds advanced by the wealthy inhabitants, were sent to the defense of Easton, Schuyler's battalion was re called for the defense of the river frontier, and ten thousand pounds was voted to defray expenses. During the winter of 1755-56 forts and block-houses were erected at favorable points on the Delaware. Governor Shirley was appointed commander-in- chief, and it was decided to raise 10,250 men for the 1 Baron John Hermand Dieskau, lieutenant-general French army. 2 The House cf Commons presented Johnson with five thousand pounds and the king conferred upon him the title of baronet. 20 niSTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. campaign of 1756. The plan resolved upon was too extensive for the means possessed, and served only to dissipate the strength. In enlisting troops in New Jersey indented servants were received into the ranks, which gave such offense to the inhabitants that the Assembly threatened to disband the regiment, but the emergency of the occasion caused them to appropri ate fifteen thousand pounds for their maintenance. Gen. Abercrombie, who had superseded Gen. Shir ley, soon gave place to the Earl of Loudon. Mont calm marched against Fort Oswego with the French, Canadians, and Indians. His superior artillery soon forced the garrison, sixteen hundred in number, to surrender. One-half of the New Jersey regiment, which formed part of the garrison, were made pris oners and sent to Canada, where they were released at the close of the campaign on parole not to serve for eighteen months. The regiment was, however, recruited to its original strength of five hundred men early in the ensuing spring, 1757, and placed under the command of Col. Parker, as Col. Schuyler was under parole. A company of rangers under Capt. Gardiner had been kept in service during the winter to protect the river frontier from the incursions of the savages. In September, 1757, the Assembly voted one hundred rangers for the same service during the ensuing winter. Each officer and soldier was fur nished with a blanket, a half-thick under-jacket, a kersey-jacket lapeled, buckskin breeches, two check shirts, two pairs of shoes, two pairs of stockings, a leather cap, and a hatchet. A demand was made in January, 1757, for one thousand men from New Jersey, but the Assembly refused to vote more than five hundred. In answer to Governor Belcher ] that they should authorize a draft, they peremptorily declared by a vote of twelve to seven "that they were determined not to oblige or compel any of the inhabitants by force to serve as soldiers."* On the 4th of August, 1757, Montcalm, at the head of nine thousand men, invested Fort William Henry, on the southern shore of Lake George. The place was garrisoned by three thousand men, including the unfortunate Jersey regiment under Col. Parker, was well fortified and supplied, but Lieut.-Col. Monroe was compelled to surrender it within six days after its investment. The Marquis de Montcalm, who sub sequently with Wolfe died so gloriously at Quebec, stained the laurels of his triumph by permitting his Indian allies to fall upon and massacre nearly fifteen hundred of the unarmed prisoners. Maj.-Gen. Webb made strenuous efforts to relieve the fort by arousing the militia of New York and New Jersey. New Jersey promptly dispatched one thousand men, and three thousand more were put in readiness to march. Webb was thus enabled to hold Fort Ed ward, and the progress of the enemy was checked. 1 Jonathan Belcher, aged seventy-six years, died Aug. 31, 1767. The New Jersey regiment with other prisoners were released on parole not to serve again during eighteen months, and being thus rendered useless were at the ' instance of the Assembly disbanded. In 1758, Gen. Abercrombie, with six thousand three hundred and sixty-seven regulars and nine thousand and twenty-four colonial troops, among which were the troops from New Jersey, made an attack on Ticonderoga. It was garrisoned by five thousand men. The troops of New Jersey and Con necticut formed the rear-guard in the attack. Aber crombie was repulsed with the loss of two thousand men, chiefly killed. In 1759 each colony, instead of being required to furnish a specific quota of troops, were directed to raise as large a force as was in its power with the greatest possible dispatch. Arms, am munition, tents, and provisions were to be furnished by the crown, and the expense of levying, clothing, and pay was to be borne by the provinces. Thus inspirited, the Assembly of New Jersey, instead of raising reluctantly five hundred men, doubled that number, and to fill the ranks in season offered a bounty of twelve pounds per man, increased the pay of the officers, and voted the sum of fifty thousand pounds for their maintenance. They at the same session ordered barracks to be built at Burlington, Trenton, New Bruns wick, Amboy, and Elizabethtown, of capacity each for the accommodation of three hundred men. This complement of one thousand men New Jersey kept up during the years 1758, 1759, and 1760, and in the years 1761 and 1762 furnished six hundred men, be sides in the latter year a company for garrison duty, fot which she incurred an average expense of forty thousand pounds per annum. In 1759, New Jersey, in which the fencible men in time of peace would have been about fifteen thousand men, had already lost one thousand men, and yet voted to raise one thousand more. Its yearly expendi ture for the service of the war was equal to five dol lars for each living being in the province. (Bancroft, vol. iv. p. 319.) In September, 1759, Wolfe's forces captured Quebec, and during the same year Amherst obtained possession of Crown Point and Ticonderoga. One year later Montreal capitulated, and the whole of the French pos sessions surrendered to his Britannic Majesty George The Indians saw the French driven out of the coun try, and themselves in danger of becoming wholly dependent upon a power which already commanded by its forts the great lakes and rivers, and they felt that an immediate and mighty effort was necessary to restrain the tide, which, if unimpeded, would spread itself over the continent, overwhelming their race in its course. A secret coalition was formed among the tribes covering the whole western frontier. Their plan was deliberately and skillfully projected, and the set tlements of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia were simultaneously invaded during harvest. All the THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 21 forts Immediately fell into their hands, except Niagara, Detroit, and Pitt. This was in 1762, and hostilities continued until October, 1764. Governor William Franklin, on the approach of the savages to the Dela ware, ordered out the militia, remanned the fortifica tions, and built several new block-houses. Yet some of the Indians crossed the river, made their way through the lines, and massacred several families. The Assembly provided for raising two hundred men for the defense of the province, and appropriated ten thousand pounds for their support. They afterwards raised six hundred more men, who joined the Northern army. In July, 1764, an army of one thousand one hundred men, among which were the New Jersey troops, under Bradstreet, reached Niagara, where the Indians asked for peace, and a treaty was concluded with many of the tribes. CHAPTER VI. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. The great pecuniary advances of the colonies during the late wars revealed to the British ministry the ex istence of a wealth they had not suspected, and they were seized with an inexpressible desire to subject that wealth to the use of the mother-country. They hoped that those who had expended millions for de fense might also be compelled to pay millions for tribute. Lord Grenville, the first commissioner of the treasury, conceived the idea of relieving England by the taxation of her colonies. The passage of the revenue act, which almost destroyed commercial in tercourse with the French and Spanish colonies ; of the Stamp Act in 1765, which deprived the colonists of their most essential rights as subjects of the crown and as men, and of other baneful and tyrannical acts aroused a spirit of resistance among the Americans that in years terminated in an appeal to arms. As early as 1765, Judge Joseph Borden, of Borden town, was appointed by the Assembly of New Jersey a delegate to the Continental Congress that assembled in October of that year at New York, and in 1768 he was chairman of a committee of the Assembly to con sider and answer the circular letter from Massachu setts. From a sincere desire to obtain a redress of grievances, by petition to the king and Parliament, the colonists, through oppression, had passed to a determination to maintain their rights by force of arms, and when the government of England and the East India Company united to force the importation of teas into the colonies, it developed the most deter mined spirit of resistance from New Hampshire to Georgia. In no colony was this spirit more firmly displayed than in New Jersey. On the 8th of February, 1774, the Assembly, on the proposition of Virginia, ap pointed from its members a standing Committee of Correspondence, with instructions to obtain the most early and authentic intelligence of all acts and reso lutions of the British Parliament or the proceedings of the ministry which might affect the liberties of America, and returned " the thanks of the House to the Burgesses of Virginia for their early attention to the liberties of America."1 Early in July, 1774, the inhabitants of the several counties of New Jersey assembled at their respective county towns and adopted resolutions strongly disap proving the course of the mother-country, and nomi nated deputies to meet in convention to elect delegates to the Continental Congress about to convene at Philadelphia. The convention met at New Bruns wick on the 21st of July, 1774, elected delegates to represent them in Congress, among whom was Richard Smith, of Burlington City, whose course was equivocal. The convention also appointed a standing Committee of Correspondence, consisting among others of Joseph Borden, Robert Field, Isaac Pearson, and Abraham Hunt,1 of Burlington County. The first Continental Congress assembled at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, on the 5th of September, 1774. A body of greater men never adorned our annals. Lord Chatham, in a conversation with Franklin, said " they were the most honorable assembly of men ever known." The better to enforce their resolutions the Congress recom mended the appointment of committees in the sev eral counties and towns, who, soon after appointment, under the names of Committees of Superintendence and Correspondence, assumed no inconsiderable por tion of the executive power and duties in the sev eral colonies, and became efficient instruments in aiding the progress of the Revolution. The New Jersey delegates reported the proceedings of Congress to the Assembly of their colony Jan. 11, 1775, by whom they were unanimously approved, and the same gentlemen were requested to represent the colony in the next Congress. The Committee of Correspondence appointed by the convention met at Nevv Brunswick May 2, 1775, when considering the extraordinary con duct of the British ministry and the acts of hostility that had commenced in Massachusetts, directed their chairman immediately to call a second provincial convention or congress at Trenton on the 23d of May. A number of important measures were adopted by this body, among others the organization of a militia force, to consist of one or more companies of eighty men, in each township or corporation, and the imposing of a tax of ten thousand pounds. By an act passed August 15th, " minute-men" were organ ized, the proportion of Burlington County being two regiments and one company of rangers. These " minute-men" were held in constant readiness on 1 Minutes of the Provincial Congress anil Council of Safety of New Jersey, 1775-76, pp. 1, 2. Naar, Day & Naar: Trenton, 1879. State Document. 2 Gordon's Hist. New Jersey, p. 156. 22 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. the shortest notice to march to any place where as sistance might be required for the defense of this or any neighboring colony.1 Their uniform was a hunt ing-frock as near as may be to the uniform of the Continental riflemen. The chief measure of this provincial convention or congress was the perpetuation of the authority they had assumed by providing that hereafter there shall be an election held in September of each year for new members. They also appointed a Committee of Safety, among whom were Isaac Pearson and Joseph Borden. The Provincial Congress elected in Sep tember convened in October. They were chiefly em ployed in war measures. Men capable of bearing arms, who were requested to enroll themselves by the first military ordinance, were now directed to do so. They were directed with all convenient speed to fur nish themselves with a good musket or firelock and bayonet, sword, or tomahawk, a steel ramrod, worm, priming-wire and brush fitted thereto, a cartouch-box to contain twenty-three rounds of cartridges, twelve flints, and a knapsack. They were also directed to keep at their respective abodes one pound of powder and three pound of bullets. Fines if not paid were ordered to be collected by warrants of distress levied on the goods and chattels of the offender. In case of an alarm, the "minute-men" were di rected to repair immediately to their captain's resi dence, and he was to march his company instantly to oppose the enemy. "At a General Meeting of the Freeholders and other Inhabitants of the City and County of Burlington, in New Jersey, qualified to vote for Representatives in the Legislature, held at the Court House on Tues day, tho 14th of February, 1775. " Peter Tallman, Esquire, in the Chair. '.' The Association entered into by the General American Congress, convened at Philadelphia on the 5th of September last, was read and approved. " Resolved, That in pursuance of the eleventh Article of the said Asso ciation, a Committee of Observation for the City and County be now ap pointed, for the purposes in that Article mentioned ; and the following persons were accordingly chosen, viz.: James Sterling, Colin Campbell, William Smith, and Jonathan Hough Esquires, John Coates, Thomas Fenniniore, Thomas Reynolds, Esquire, Joseph Budd, Jonathan Middle- ton, Joseph B'orden, Esq., John Wood, William Newbold, Isaac Pearson, Esq., Randle Mitchell, William Lewis, Peter Tallman, Esq., William Potts, John Black, Joseph Read, Esq., Peter Shiras, Thomas Budd, Jun., Charles Read, Esq., John Evans, Josiah Foster, Joseph Stokes, Esquire, John Cox, Abraham Hewlings, Baldwin Wake, Esquire, Samuel New ton, Jacob Perkins, John Leek, Eli Matthis, and William Pharo. " Resolved, That the said Committee shall bo and continue for one year from this time, unless the measures of the next General Congress shall make an alteration necessary. "Signed by order of the meeting. " Peter Tallman, Chairman" June 24, 1775. The Burlington County Committee of Observation met at the house of John Imlay, in the township of Mansfield, Peter Tallman in the chair. The committee passed a series of patriotic resolu tions, which among other things approved of the proposition of the Provincial Legislature to raise ten thousand pounds in the State for defensive purposes, 1 Stryker's Officers and Men of New Jersey, p. 333. condemned the infamous acts of the British ministry, and rejoiced at the unanimity of Burlington citizens in opposing said acts, and requested and enjoined all persons not to injure or molest any one for political offenses but to have them insured a fair trial and then punished, etc. The first call of the Continental Congress on New Jersey for troops was on the 19th of October, 1775, when they asked for two battalions of eight companies each. The colony promptly furnished them. Israel Shreve was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and John Shreve ensign of the second battalion of the first es tablishment, as it was designated. They were father and son, and resided in Mansfield township, near Georgetown. Part of this battalion, in three weeks from the call of Congress, was ordered to garrison a fort in the Highlands, on the Hudson River. On the 27th of November the rest of the battalion were ordered into barracks at New York.2 On the 8th of January, 1778, it was ordered to Albany, N. Y., to report to Gen. Schuyler, but want of sufficient arms and cloth ing delayed its march. It was subsequently joined by the First and Third Battalions, and participated in the expedition against Canada, in which Gen. Mont gomery had previously been killed3 and Arnold wounded.1 The following very interesting letter, addressed to the Hon. Francis Hopkinson, in Congress, by Lieut.- Col. Shreve, gives a very good idea of the services of the battalion. It is in the possession of Oliver Hop kinson, Esq., and was never before published : " Mount Independence, October 3d, 1776. " Sir, — I have not the honour to be Personally acquainted with you, But from my youth have been acquainted with your Hon'd father, Col. Borden, — I have Lately understood you are a member of the Grand Council of the United States, Beg lieve to Communicate to you the state of things here, especially the slate of tho 2nd, N. Jersey Rcgt., Com manded by Col. Wm. Maxwell, Esq in this Regt. I have the honor to be Lt. Colonel. I joined the northen army ye 3d day of May Last, before the walls of Quebec, with the Last Division of our Regt. the Col. and the other part of the Regt. had been there some time ; when I arrived I found the Army very weak, and in want of almost everything. In cluding those I took down, the whole Army fit for duty was just 1025— 900 Invalids, everything carried a Bad Prospect, until Generals Thomp son and Sullivans Brigades arrived at Sorel in Thomsons Brigade came four fine Regts. from Cambridge, those Regts. as soon as they arrived almst, by Gen. Arnold's orders, were Inoculated for tho Small Pox, as was Col. Stark's Regt. a few Days after, all without the least occasion, as it was then an easy matter to keep it out of the Army, this Rendered those Regts. more of a Burden than Bervice to their Country. About this time Gen. Thompson was ordered to Three Rivors, with 1600, all from Middle Colonies, 220 of our Regt. this Small army was unfortunately Defeated. Col. Maxwell was second in command, and first after the Gen. was missing. He wisely conducted the retreat by Loading our people through the woods, Round the enemy that had marched a strong party up the Road, ahead Laid in wait for our people, and consequently saved the Remains of our party, and if there was any merit Due to any, it ought to be to him who conducted the Retreat, although we see the honor given to others, who do not Deserve it. " A short time before this provisions was so scarce that half a pound pork and pint of unbolted meal was served out for two days. I was sent z Adjt.-Gen. Stryker's Jerseymen. s Storming of Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775. 4 At the same place aud time. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 23 to command a post nt Borthier, had the oversight of Grinding Wheat for the Army, and (charge) of a few Beaves for my party and fared something Letter. Finally the Army left Canada, Bringing out almost Every thing belonging to the Aimy. But made a shocking figure, by sickness, occasioned by Inoculation mostly, some other Disorders pre vailed its true, the Army here at present Consists of 17 Continental Regts. Including ono at Crown Point, and 12 of tho five months Bounty Regt. (as they are called) The llcgta. some by hard service, others by sickness are reduced from 300, down to Less thim 100 fit for duty, our Lines are Extensive and strong, with several Redouts. But still near the Point on Ticonderoga side, is ns yet in my opinion too open. Three Large Row Gallics mounting 12 gnnB ench, just Gon down the Lake to join the fleet, this addition I think will make our fleet able to Cope with theirs, so Soon nnd water Craft Enough to transport an Army suf ficient to Attempt our Lines. Some gentlemen have their fears, and seem to Expect them Every Day. this is Contrary to my opinion, and has been for some time. *' Now I will Endeavor to Give you a State of Regt. It was raised fur one year, was full about the middle of November Last. Our Col. and Regt was esteemed by all the Generals that have commanded here this campaign (of which we have had a great variety) until the present old Gentleman Come, who has ndt iised tho Col. and Regt. so well as I could wish, and I Believe the Reason, Col. Maxwell was older in Commission, and. Consequently Commanded his favorites, for this Reason was sepa rated from the other Southern Regt. and placed among the Eastern troops, on this Woodey hill, Ilowever Col. Maxwell is more of a Gentle" man than to dispute with the Gen. So as to cause an uneasiness in the Aimy. " Sir, we are astonished to think Major Wood is preferred to a Regt. over the head of Lt. Col. Ervan, Major Morris, and many others who men-it far more than he can. He has done Little or no Duty in the Army, had the Command of the Battoes at Three Rivers, and Saved them, this might be done through fear more than Good Copduct, how ever he scratched his Log, run Down to Congress, made a Good Story and Got a Regt. this is to often the case. 11 Sir, we understand 85 Regiments are to be Raised on a new Estab lishment, the officers of our Regt. are very anxious to know whether this Regt. is to Continue in the new arrangement or not. If it is to Con tinue would be very Desirous to know the Terms of Inlistment, so that we might have an opportunity to engage as many of our old hands as we Could, before their term is out; As wo expect to march them home as soon as we are not wanted here. I think one man that has weathered through this Campaign is worth almost ten that havent. Most of them will Inlist again provided they can go home to See their friends while the regiment is filling up. " I Beg Leave just to remind you that I am the oldest Lieut. Col. in the service, from tho Middle Colonies, and when a vacancy among the New Jersey troops presents, I Beg I may not be forgotten. " I am Your Humble Servant, " Israel Shreve." The regiment remained at this post until Nov. 5, 1776, when it was ordered to New Jersey for dis charge. The Provincial Congress of New Jersey, on the 2d of July, 1776, adopted a constitution and instructed the delegates in Congress to join in declaring the united colonies independent of Great Britain, and on the 18th of July assumed the title of the convention of the State of New Jersey. William Franklin1 was 1 William Franklin, the only and natural son of Benjamin Franklin, was born in 1731. He whb postmaster of Philadelphia at one time, and served as clerk in the House of Representatives of Pennsylvania. He was a captain in the French and Indian war, and fought bravely under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga. He visited England with his father, and was appointed Governor of New Jersey in 1763 by Lord Fairfax. Until the period of the Revolution he was very popular with the people. His conduct caused an estrangement with his father, which lasted for ten years. After he was exchanged he became president of the board of directors of the Associated Loyalists. He went to England at the close of the war, where he resided until his death, in November, 1813, enjoying a pension of four thousand dollars per annum. Ho left a natural son, William Temple Franklin, who edited his grandfather^ the royal Governor of New Jersey at this time. To strengthen the Tory element and oppose the patriots he summoned the House of Assembly, in the name of the king, to meet in June. But the Provincial Congress declared him an enemy of the cause, and ordered his arrest. Col. Heard executed this order, and brought him before the Provincial Council, who sent him under guard to Governor Trumbull, of Con necticut, who confined him in jail. William Liv ingston was elected the first Governor of the State.* Upon the reorganization of the Continental army upon the basis of eighty-eight battalions, Congress called upon New Jersey, Sept. 16, 1770, for four bat talions, termed the Second Establishment. In this the command of the Second Battalion was given to Col. Israel Shreve, and in it we find Ensign John Shreve promoted to a second lieutenancy. The militia of New Jersey was organized in 1775. At various times during the war this State, by reason of its situation on the coast, and its lying between cities in possession of the enemy, was continually open to the incursion of British troops and the rav ages of refugees and Indians. It was also the theatre of many battles, skirmishes, and forage expeditions, greatly to the annoyance of the inhabitants, as well as dangerous to the established government. It was found necessary, therefore, to embody, as occasion required, a certain quota of volunteers from the militia of the different counties. These men were held liable to duty when needed, not only in this, but also in adjoining States. These organizations were called "New Jersey Levies," "Five Months' Levies," but generally designated as " State Troops." 3 The first act to organize the infantry branch of the State troops was passed Nov. 27, 1776. We shall have occasion to speak of them hereafter. The year 1776 — glorious ?76 ! — has been truly termed " the time that tried men's souls." The aus picious opening of the struggle was followed by a series of defeats and disappointments in. that year that nearly crushed out the life of the infant nation. Washington, anticipating the march of Gen. Howe works, and died in Paris in 1823. A work published in 1802 says, " Gov ernor Franklin in point of person is above the common size, with the eye and figure of a veteran. Although subject to the gout, he appoars to be strong and athletic, and was accounted one of the handsomoat men in America." Had he joined the patriot cause he probably would have attained an illustrious position among the galaxy of the Revolu tion. But he preferred a life of inglorious comfort to an eternity of fame. 2 William Livingston, LL.D., was born in New York in 1723, and graduated in Yale College. In 17G8 he edited the American Whig, in NewYork. He afterwards became a distinguished lawyer, and signal ized himself by his writings against the encroachments of Great Britain. Soon after his removal to New Jersey he was chosen a member of the first Congress, in 1774. He was appointed a brigadier-general of militia, Oct. 28, 1775. Ih 1770 he was elected Governor of New Jersey, and such were his acknowledged talents and republican virtue, and tho love of the people for him, that he was annually elected to that office until his death. He was a delegato to the convention which formed the Consti tution of the United States, and an author of much ability. He died in Elizabothtown, July 25, 1700. 3 Adjt.-Gen. Stryker. 24 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. NEW JERSEY. upon Philadelphia, crossed into New Jersey. Mov ing slowly, breaking down the bridges, obstructing the roads with fallen trees, taking up positions, dis playing lines of battle, he had the address to prolong a march of ninety miles for nineteen days. Arriving at Trenton with about three thousand "ragamuffins," as the Tories with some propriety called them, with nothing that could be dignified with the name of cavalry, and with a splendidly- equipped army of twenty thousand under CornwaUis following him, Washington, as the last alternative, after destroying the bridges on the roads along the river, collected the boats on the Jersey shore, and on the 8th of December crossed the Delaware to the Pennsylvania side. As the last boat reached the shore at midnight, a division of the British army with all the pomp of victors marched into Trenton. Corn waUis immediately threw out detachments to recon noitre the river above and below his position, and soon after advanced strong columns to Coryell's Ferry above, and Bordentown below, thus threatening to cross at two points and envelope the American army or march directly upon Philadelphia. All the boats upon the river for the distance of seventy miles having been secured upon the Pennsylvania side, CornwaUis awaited quietly the formation of a bridge of ice to cross his troops over and march triumphantly into Philadelphia. At this time the British had complete possession of New Jersey. Their troops were stretched from Bur lington and Mount Holly to Trenton, and from thence to Princeton, New Brunswick, -and Amboy. They marched up and down the Delaware and through the country without any molestation. CornwaUis looked with contempt upon the weak and scattered forces of .Washington, and although he was bent upon the cap ture of Philadelphia as a paramount measure, both he and Howe retired to New York. CornwaUis had even applied for leave of absence and made arrange ments to sail for England, and when Col. Rail asked for reinforcements, said to the messenger, "Tell the colonel he is very safe; I will undertake to keep the peace in New Jersey with a corporal's guard." On the 10th of December a detachment of Continen tal rifles passed through Bordentown, from the White Horse tavern, where they had been stationed, they re- movingthe plank frorh the drawbridge over Crosswicks Creek. Moving down to Burlington, they crossed over the river to Bristol. The next day Count Donop, at the head of a Hessian battalion, numbering some four hun dred men and two brass field-pieces, marched through Bordentown to Burlington. They stacked their arms in the streets and commenced cooking their dinner, but a number of Continental gondolas in the river opening fire upon them, they thought it better to with draw.1 1 History of the Chuvch in Burlington, Eev. George Morgan Hills, D.D,, page 315. Dr. Odell, a noted Tory, in a letter speaking of their arrival, says, — "After giving tins Parole I remain'd unmolested at homo till about the middle of last month (December;, when a body of Hessians under the command of Count Donop came to Burlington, intending to take Post with us for tho Winter. Some of my neighbors thought it advisable to meet the commandant on his approach to the Town and to request him to spare the Inhabitants from Insult and their property from pillage, they requested me to go with them and assist in this charitablo Address as an Interpreter. I did so, and had the pleasure to find that I had a pretty good prospect of being of real service to my peaceable neighbors. But five Gondolas lying in the River began to cannonade the town in order to prevent the troops taking Quarter with us. Many houses were dam aged but nobody hurt. The Hessian Commandant however having with him no heavy Cannon, thought proper to retire that night to Bordentown intending to return with Artillery sufficient to make good his quarters. In the meantime tho' I believe every candid man will wonder why we Bhould be punished for having been left defenceless and for having so licited safety from the King's troops in our defenceless condition, even supposing us to have assented to those incisures which had brought the Troops into the country and even to our Doors; y<-t true it is, that as soon as it was known on board of the Gondolas that the troops had left us, the Town was cruelly insulted and from day to day kept in alarm by these River Tyrants. Mr. Lawrence, young Mr. Ilawlings & myself were in particular pursued by two captains & a number of armed men. We made our escape & were under the necessity of taking refuge among t lie King's TroopB, and as the design of taking Post at Burlington was soon after given up, I have been obliged to leave my wife & 3 children (the youngest not five weeks old) and to ramble as a Refugee — God knows when to return." The Hessians remained near here until after the battle of Trenton, but the gondola-men, "those River Tyrants," kept them a respectable distance from the town, thus protecting the patriots from plun der, and having an opportunity of levying contribu tions on the Tories. About the same time a Hessian brigade, two thou sand strong, entered and occupied Bordentown, Count Donop making it his headquarters. The American army at this time was stretched along the Pennsyl vania shore, from Coryell's down to Kirkbride's Ferry, opposite Bordentown. Tentless, but half clothed and fed, they lay there on the hard frozen ground, the last hope of the young nation. Gen. Dickinson, with some New Jersey militia, was posted opposite the city. The Americans had full possession of the Del aware, and their galleys, armed with ship guns, were continually moving upon the river watching for the enemy. Such respect had the foe been inspired with for their guns that they kept a continual watch upon them, and never approached the shore in force while they were near at hand. Who can doubt but what the communication between the inhabitants of Borden town and the patriot army opposite was quite frequent? Doubtless all the movements of the enemy were duly reported, and if the discipline in the army was not strict undoubtedly the boys stole over at night. The galley-men had pretty much possession of Burlington, and frequently landed to search for Tories, and no sooner did the Hessians appear in the town than they opened fire upon it and drove them out. On the night of the 19th a snow-storm almost stopped the navigation, and drove the guard-boats down the river. They were up again on the 23d, and on the memora- THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 25 ble 26th a large number of gondolas, galleys, and flat- bottomed boats came as high as Bordentown, some going beyond. Gen. Putnam, who had been placed in command of Philadelphia by Washington, and upon whom Con gress had conferred almost unlimited power for the defense of the city, being acquainted with the design upon Trenton, unknown to AVashington, on the 22d sent Col. Griffin, with four hundred and fifty Penn sylvania militia, across from Philadelphia into New Jersey to make a diversion in favor of the Trenton en terprise. Griffin was ordered to proceed to Mount Holly, for the purpose of attracting the attention of Count Donop at Bordentown. His orders were not to fight, but to retreat when the enemy should appear. When Donop received intelligence of this movement he put his whole force of two thousand men in motion, and so successful was Griffin, and so dilatory was the count in his marches after the retreat of the Americans, that it was two days before he returned to Borden town. Donop arrived there late on the afternoon of Christmas-day. Early the next morning the news of the disaster of Rail came. His troops may not have been in good condition to meet an enemy, but an en terprising officer, if he did not deem it prudent to fight, would have moved towards Trenton and ascer tained the extent of the disaster. Donop,1 however, who was in command of all the troops below Trenton, immediately commenced his retreat, mpving out the Reeklesstown road to the old York road, and by an indirect route joined Gen. Leslie at Princeton. After the defeat of the Hessians at Trenton, a troop of British light-horse and some infantry, in all about six hundred, escaped to Bordentown. The infantry probably brought the news of the disaster to Donop, and most of them eventually joined him. The light- horse after crossing the drawbridge moved into a field and were concealed in Double Gulch Hollow, in the Park, until near night. As the road was clear for the continuance of their retreat, and as their horses were fresh after the few miles they had moved that day, it seems quite probable the object of the officer in command was to ambush any party of Americans that might follow him. When Count Donop marched to oppose the ad vancing column of Col. Griffin, Col. Charles Read, of the Second Battalion, Burlington militia, who had been detailed as colonel to command a battalion of State troops, was in the neighborhood of Black Horse, now Columbus. Desponding at the gloomy prospect of the cause and being deficient in political fortitude, he submitted to and received from the enemy a pro tection. Count Donop, in his diary and his report to 1 Count Donop was mortally wounded while gallantly leading his com mand to the assault of Fort Mercer, New Jersey, on the 22d of October, 1777. He lived three days, during which the kindest attention was bestowed upon him. He was thirty-seven years old. " It is finishing a noble career early, but 1 die the victim of my ambition, and of tho avarice of my sovereign," were his last words. Maj.-Gen. Grant, says Gen. Mifflin (referring to Col. Griffin) advanced his rebel corps to the bridge on the Moorestown road, three miles from Mount Holly, where he met Col. Read, called him a " damned ras cal," and took him prisoner. Tt has long beeirsup- posed the Col. Read referred to by the count was Col. Joseph Reed, adjutant-general to Gen. Washington, who was known to have contemplated submission at that time to the enemy. This fact, however, which disproves one of the charges made against Col. Jo seph Reed, has been brought to light through the researches of Adjt.-Gen. Stryker, of New Jersey. Washington, victorious at Trenton, again crossed the Delaware into Jersey on the 30th of December. At the same time the Pennsylvania militia moved oyer, Gen. Mifflin occupying Bordentown with fifteen hundred, and Cadwallader, Crosswicks, with two thou sand one hundred. The whole of the enemy's line of cantonments along the Delaware was broken up and driven into the interior. Lord CornwaUis, who was ordered back into New Jersey, concentrated the main British army in the neighborhood of Princeton. Upon being apprised of Washington's movement, and know ing the troops from New England were entitled to their discharge on the 2d of January, he advanced upon Trenton. The battle of Assunpink followed, victorious for the Americans. CornwaUis knew the surging Delaware was in Washington's rear, and be lieved that on the morrow, with the veteran reinforce ments that were hastening up, he could crush out and capture the raw militia. But the morrow's sun glis tened on Washington's bayonets on Princeton's heights, and the thunder of the conflict bore the first* tidings to CornwaUis that his rear had been turned. God blessed the patriots, and the battles of Trenton and Princeton conjointly now constitute in history one of the "seven great battles of the world." Thus Washington in ten days, by a succession of the most brilliant and daring manoeuvres on record, lifted the young nation out of the depths of despondency, and turned the tide of misfortune and despair to victory and glory. He who but a short time before led the last remnant of an almost lost cause struck with astonishment and surprise both frieud and foe. He who was distrusted by friends and despised by the foe became the pride of America and the wonder of earth. During the winter of 1776-77, Washington estab lished his quarters at Morristown, and by vigilance and enterprise drove the enemy from New Jersey, ex cept at New Brunswick and Amboy. Many strag glers from the army, particularly immediately after Princeton, passed through Burlington County, some times amounting to one hundred a day. During the first half of the year 1777 a large Continental army was concentrated in New Jersey, Washington fearing the enemy would again attempt to march through the State to Philadelphia. Frequent mention is made of troops being at Bordentown. Mrs. Margaret Morris, 26 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. a lady of Tory feelings and prejudices, residing at Burlington, in her journal says, — " February 4th. To-day eight boats full of soldiers sailed up the river to jt'in the forces. They appeared to be merry." " April 17th. A number of flat-bottomed boats went up the river and landed troops at "Bristol.*' •' June 13th. The soldiers at Bristol beat to march, and sailed up the river." " June 11th. Before daylight the alarm-guns at Princeton, Trenton, Bordentown, and Bristol were fired, and answered by those below. Tho gondolas, barges, and flat-bottomed boats pass up the liver." In July the British troops evacuated New Jersey, and sailing for the Chesapeake, marched overland by way of Brandy wine, and on the 26th of September Lord CornwaUis, at the head of the British and Hes sian grenadiers, entered Philadelphia. On the 8th of May, 1778, an expedition commanded by Capt. Henry, of the British navy, with about seven hundred troops under' Maj. Maitland, ascended the Delaware. After destroying much shipping they landed at Bordentown, burned the houses of Judge Joseph Borden and of Col. Joseph Kirkbride, on the Pennsylvania shore opposite. (See history of Bor dentown.) Soon after this expedition, Sir Henry Clinton suc ceeded Sir William Howe in command of the British army. The determination of France to succor the colonies with a fleet rendered it unsafe for the enemy to longer hold Philadelphia, lest their shipping might be blockaded in the river. To move by water to New York might give Washington an opportunity of reaching that city by forced marches ahead of them. Therefore it was decided to march through the Jerseys. That Washington was aware of their intention is shown by the following notice, inserted over three weeks in advance of the movement in the New Jersey Gazette of May 27th : "The militia of this State are desired to be particularly attentive to signals, as a movement of the enemy is soon expected." A little before dawn on the morning of the 18th of June, 1778,1 they evacuated the city, and before night the motley crew of British regulars, loyalists, and Hessians, and a vast crowd of camp followers had crossed the Delaware and were encamped in Jersey. Gen. Maxwell, with the Jersey Brigade of Continental troops, had been sent prior to this to take position at the difficult pass near Mount Holly. Gen. Dickinson was assembling the militia with great energy, and had already commenced the destruction of the bridges, the felling of trees across the roads, and other impedi ments to delay their march. Gen. Clinton moved with great deliberation, passing through Haddonfield, Moorestown, Mount Holly, Slabtown, Columbus, Bordentown, Crosswicks, AUentown, Walnford, and Imlaystown. Maxwell retired before him, and Dick inson and Cadwallader hung upon his flanks and rear in small, light parties, capturing all stragglers and marauders, and annoying him from favorable points. ' Lossing'a Fleld-Boolt, vol. il. p. 147. Before daylight on the morning of the 23d of June,5 a large party of light troops (foot) passed through Bordentown and out the White Horse or Trenton road to the drawbridge. At this time all the Conti nental troops and the great body of the militia were north of the Crosswicks, though but few on the line of it. The First Burlington, Col. William Shreve, and First Hunterdon, Col. Joseph Phillips, were sta tioned to guard Watson's Ford, where the Camden and Amboy Railroad bridge crosses-the creek, and the regi ments of Cols. Frederic Frelinghuysen, Henry Van- dike, and John Webster remained to hold the bridge. Gen. Dickinson had some redoubts thrown up north of the bridge, and the flooring had been removed and the draw raised. Under cover of darkness the light troops approached, and, having ripped the planks and weather-boards from a neighboring barn, proceeded with zeal to repair the bridge. The militia were got under arms and double-quicked to the bridge, but the picket who had been stationed there opened upon the enemy with such spirit as to drive them back with the loss of four killed and several wounded. The militia remained under arms the balance of the night and most of the day, but no further attempt was made to seize the bridge. The position at the bridge is a most ex cellent one, as is the line of Crosswicks Creek gener ally, on either side, for defense. If Washington, then marching to intercept the movement of the British to New York, could have taken position on the north bank of this creek, he would have had a much more advantageous position than at Monmouth, and a pro longed battle of manoeuvring and detached fighting would probably have taken place before the enemy could have forced a passage over one of the few fords, or turned the left of the position near the Pines. The British, finding it inadvisable to dislodge the militia, left a sufficient guard to hold the positions at the bridge and ford, to prevent the Americans from crossing in their rear and annoying their trains. Moving on an old road, they entered Crosswicks by a long abandoned road that wound through the meadow near Braislin's brick-yard, and entered the main road in the rear of the town. The main body of the British under Lieut.-Gen. Earl CornwaUis entered Bordentown early in the day. Plundering and burning Col. Lewis' grist-mill on Black's Creek, they followed the advance to Cross wicks. The column halted in the road behind the village. A field or staff officer rode forward to re connoitre, and halted his horse on the brow of the hill overlooking the bridge, on the field where the creamery now stands at the cross-roads. Col. Caleb Shreve, who was on that side of the bridge, imme diately entered the old red house now standing on the corner diagonally from the creamery and opposite the Friends' grounds, and from the side next the bridge fired at and mortally wounded him. He was after- • Gen. Sir Houry Clinton's official report. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 27 wards carried to a house at the east end of the village, the same now occupied by Mr. John Braislin. If the colonel had been discovered he would have been shot and the house burnt to the ground. The militia and farmers of the country had gathered in considerable force on the opposite side of the creek, in what was then known as Woodwardville, now North Cross wicks. They had already torn up the flooring of the bridge and were cutting away the sleepers. The enemy at once advanced light troops to drive them from their work, when a brisk skirmish ensued. The Americans having a small field-piece, it is not probable the enemy showed themselves in large bodies within its range. There was no occasion for their doing so, as if they wished to increase their fighting force the safest and most effective way was by the strength ening or extension of their skirmish line. Their light troops scattered along the brow of the hill kept up a sprinkling fire, but the brave fellows continued at their work, and soon all but the last sleeper was gone. A young man named Clevenger determined to com plete the work of destruction, and, with axe in hand, stood bravely to his task. He soon became the target of the British skirmishers, but the whizzing of the balls only strengthened his arm and quickened his blows. He needed not the cheers of the Americans to urge him on, for he faltered not in his task. The last sleeper was cut and fell splashing into the water amidst the cheers of his comrades. His victory was won, and turning to seek shelter a musket-ball entered his brain, and he fell back into the creek, yielding his life for his country's independence. His name is not borne on the muster-roll of any regiment in the service of his State. He was a volunteer fight ing for his country without hope of pay or reward. Another column of British troops lay in camp near the old York road and the Recklesstown pike. Upon hearing the sound of artillery they moved towards whence it came. These troops and CornwaUis' col umn were very likely massed behind the village, under shelter of the houses. The Americans' field- piece very probably was posted on the brow of the hill, some distance above the bridge, in position to rake the road extending along the westerly side of the Friends' ground. It is probable in the attempt to fire up this road or over the meeting-house at the troops in rear of it the ball struck the wall that so long remained in it, and the scar of which can now be seen. It, is probable the firing soon ceased on both sides, as nothing could be gained by its continuance after the bridge was down, without the British in tended to force a passage, whicii they showed no in clination that day to do. During the skirmish two or three of the enemy besides the officer were shot. Col. Elias Dayton, of the militia, had a horse shot under him at the forks of the road, near the crest of the hill.1 During the day the whole British army 1 Lossing's Field-Book, vol. i. p. 323. was concentrated here. The column of His Excel lency Lieut. -Gen. Knyphausen, with the provisions and baggage-trains, bat-horses, and reserve artillery, extending in a line nearly twelve miles long, moved out on the Ellisdale road and bivouacked somewhere between Crosswicks and the Iron Bridge road. The best position for a bivouac in that neighborhood is Sat- terthwait's Level, which possesses all the requisites of defense, with space, wood, and water. That night their videttes extended as far as Walnford, their officers and men moving continually on the road. Two of them came to the farm-house of Alexander Howard to inquire as to the residence of some noted Whig. Mr. Howard received them on his porch, in his flut tering robes, was exceedingly polite, but very ignor ant as to the whereabouts of the individual sought. They informed him it was quite refreshing to meet with a gentleman, for they had just been over to the house on the other side of the road, where they received from an old lady the greatest scolding they ever had in their lives. The lady referred to was Mrs. Steward. She was a stanch patriot, who believed the times tried the women's as well as the men's souls. Early the next morning the column moved forward, passing through Ellisdale, then called Gibbstow.n, to Waln ford, on the Crosswicks. Here the bridge had been broken down, and the sappers and miners worked hard for two hours to throw another across. Heavy trees were felled for sleepers, and smaller ones with branches were placed over them, with a good coating of dirt foif a roadway. The division was all day passing this point, and was accompanied by a large crowd of camp followers. A number of officers dined at the house of Richard Wain, near the Mills. Gen. Knyphausen arrived rather late, and finding the table full, ate in the shed. Pigs' feet was the principal dish served, and when he finished he for a moment contemplated in silent admiration the vast pile of bones he had left. Then with his knife sweeping them off the table, he remarked, " I am done." It was the general impression of the Wain family that he was. Watson, in his Annals, says, "He used to spread his butter on his bread with his thumb." But we must not judge the general by his Hessian eccen tricities.2 We can well understand why an army of eleven thousand men should have a train of nearly twelve miles long. During the passage of this column through the Jerseys they visited nearly all the houses on the road, and took therefrom one-half of all the blankets, sheets, and provisions, and many of the 2 He was a nativo of Alsace, then and now one of the Rhenish prov inces. His father was colonel of a German regiment. The general was bred a soldier, and served under Frederick I., father of the Great Fred erick. He commanded all the mercenary troops in America, and was considered an excellent officer. At this time he waa about sixty years of age, medium height, slender and straight, and was remarkably amia ble and simple-minded. Polite in manners, gentle in deportment, ho was much esteemed by tho British officers. He died on the frontiers of Gormany about 1796.— Losting'a Field-Book, vol. i. p. 132, and vol. ii. p. 104. 23 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. cattle and horses. A Mr. Lawrence, who* lived near Walnford, was thus treated, but it is said the Hessians divided fairly with him. Perhaps they could afford to do so. At the house of John Thorn, near the toll- gate of the Crosswicks and Recklesstown turnpike, after cleaning out his cellar, they attempted to force their way to the upper rooms, where the women had fled in terror. But old John Thorn manfully defended the stairway and saved them, carrying to his grave the scars of their sabres. This march of Knyphausen appears to have com pletely deceived the militia, who were somewhat dis posed to take suppositions for facts. Having but an imperfect knowledge of the composition of the long line on the Ellisdale road, the rear of which probably did not reach the bivouac until midnight, they sup posed Clinton, baffled in his attempt to cross at two points, was moving up the creek with his whole army. He, however, that night lay near Crosswicks, con cealed from view so completely that his fires could not be seen. The next morning, the 24th, the Amer icans were found to have abandoned their position. Naturally strong, even with the advantage of number and discipline, Clinton could not have forced the pas sage without considerable , loss if properly resisted. The Americans' gun would have to have been silenced and themselves driven beyond range before the bridge could have been rebuilt. Full of fight and spirit the day before, they would have given him trouble if they had not been withdrawn. Deceived though the prob abilities are they moved up the creek to a point near where the iron bridge now stands, where the enemy had cut a road down to the creek and made show of crossing, doubtlessly to deceive the militia. From "A Tale of the Revolution," founded on tra ditions in the Bunting family, and preserved by Mrs. Henry Hance, the manuscript of whicii the author has been kindly placed in possession of, we gather the following interesting facts: The house of Bunting stood where Samuel Vandegrift's house now is. Some time during the day of the fighting the main army under Gen. Clinton arrived, they in moving across the fields destroying and trampling under the corn and other grain. A portion of them lay during the day and night on the lawn leading down to the little creek, on the westerly side of the village, stretching from the present road at that point around nearly to the Recklesstown road. Sir Henry Clinton made his headquarters at Bunting's house, and in the evening got gloriously drunk. We will now quote the writer's account of the affair, which, we have been informed, is strictly true: "But she (the mother) was not al lowed to indulge in her sad reflections for many moments before she was summoned to the room be low to supply bucket and clothes and all things neces sary to remove the mud from the august person of the British general. He, it seemed, had an attack of nightmare, caused by the carouse of the evening, and probably imagining that the Yankees were upon him, started from his bed, and rushing through the door, which was open on account of the heat, dashed down the hill, and before the astonished sentinel could de cide whether he had seen a ghost or not, his noble commander was floundering knee-deep among the mud and mallows of the little creek. The plunge awakened him, and his loud outcries brought officers and soldiers rushing from the tents, in the full ex pectation of finding themselves attacked by the rebel army. The shouts and curses, the confusion, the rushing here and there of half-dressed men formed a scene at once alarming and ridiculous. But the pause being at length discovered, the discomfited gen eral was borne back to his quarters, and with Mrs. Bunting's aid was cleansed, and, stupefied as he still was, placed again in the clean, comfortable bed which he had occupied; order was restored in the camp, and silence reigned unbroken till reveille aroused the slumbering host." Young Samuel Bun ting, who was serving under Washington, came home that day a little while before the arrival of the Brit ish at his mother's house, and burnt his uniform up in the kitchen fireplace. During the day, in his old farm-clothes, he fraternized with the soldiers, counted the guns and regiments, listened to the drunken con versation of Sir Henry, and during the uproar es caped from the house, and under cover of the dark ness passed through their lines, swam the creek, and carried what information he had gathered to the American army." During the night it rained, and the reserve of the British guard stationed at the bridge crossing occu pied the Friends' meeting-house. The old flint-lock musket was not well adapted for use in rainy weather, and drawing their loads to cleanse and put them into serviceable order, they struck the muzzles on the benches, the marks of which are plainly visible to this day. Soon after daylight the enemy commenced reconstructing the bridge, and passing over a sufficient force to hold the position, completed it, when the whole army, unencumbered by trains, crossed and moved out beyond AUentown,1 covering the position of Knyphausen, who lay at Imlaystown with the trains. A portion of CornwaUis' army bivouacked on the farm of Robert Montgomery, a man of peace; three of whose family though were officers in the army. Before they left they fired several rounds at his house, one of the balls of which is still imbedded in the wall. The house and farm is now occupied by Bennington Gill, Esq. The glorious battle of Monmouth was fought on the 28th of June, 1778.'2 It being harvest-time, as soon I This name is derived from Nathan Allen, who in 1T03 purchased five hundred and twenty acres of land of Robert Burnet. The tract com- monced where Abel Chafferty's mill now stands. Ho was a stanch Quaker— Hist. Dis. Presbyterian Church, AUentown, by the liev. George Swain, 1877, p. 11. 2 The author is indebted to J. O'Heir, ordnance Bergoant U. S. A., in charge of post Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, for the following inter esting item : Molly Pitchor.tho daughter of Johu Hauun, of AUentown, THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 29 as the service of the militia could be dispensed with they were permitted to return to their homes to gather the crops. With willing hands and gladdened hearts could they work in the fields they had so materially assisted in driving the plundering foe from. In the general orders issued the day after the battle, Wash ington says, " Gen. Dickinson and the militia of this State are also thanked for their nobleness in opposing the enemy in their march from Philadelphia, and for the aid which they have given in harassing and im peding their advance." That the county suffered from straggling soldiers and camp followers of the British army is evident from the following advertisements, taken from issues of the New Jersey Gazette after the battle : "The. public are requested to be cautious nbout purchasing or re ceiving Bank notes or Tickets from strangers, disaflecttd or straggling persons, numbers having fell into the hands of the enemy in tlieir pass ing through this Stale. The managers of the United States Lotteries are requested not to pay any prizes Ac." July 22, 1778. "Stolen. Kine silver Tea spoons from Captain Joseph Clunn house." Nothing can more plainly show the disturbed state of the community than the following item, taken from Hill's '' History of the Church in Burlington," page 318 : " In 1779 it is stated that there has been a total cessation of public worship in the provinces of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and almost every mission ary driven out." When the British marched to Monmouth, Col. Israel Shreve was stationed with his regiment, the Second New Jersey, Continental army, near Mount Holly. Moving on to the battle-field he skirmished with and harassed from cover the British to such an extent that, upon their passing near his residence in the neighborhood of Georgetown, they burned it with all the outbuildings and ripening grain. The following incident illustrates the insecurity of property and danger to life, even at a distance from the enemy's lines : A party of armed Tories, or "Pine Robbers," on the 15th of August, 1780, says the New Jersey Gazette, "came to the house of John Black, Jr., in Springfield, Burlington County, and robbed him of a considerable sum of hard money, also sundry wear ing apparel. From Mr. Black's they proceeded to the house of Caleb Shreve, Esq., taking with them a cer tain Mr. Lloyd as a guide, or to prevent his giving information to the neighborhood. They robbed Mr. Shreve of a small sum of hard and Continental and the wife of a cannoneer named John Maban, who obtained her sobriquet from her cnrrying "water to the soldiers of her husband's bat tery during battle, lies buried in the old cemetery at Carlisle. The fol lowing is the inscription upon the tablet erected over her grave : " Mollie M'Cawley, Renowned in History as Mollie Pitcher, The Heroine of Monmouth, Died January, 1833, Aged 79 years. Erected by the citizens of Cumberland County, July 4th, 1876. money, but did not take anything else. From Mr. Shreve's they went to the house of Mr. Cleayton Newbold, whom they robbed of a small quantity of plate, a gold watch, and money. From Mr. Cleayton Newbold's they passed to the house of Mr. William Newbold, when observing a number of people about the house, they feigned themselves to be Whigs and in quest of horse-thieves, and did not attempt to rob." Col. William Shreve, of the First Regiment, Burling ton State Troops, who resided near Recklesstown, aroused the inhabitants and pursued them to the Pines, where, at Borden's Run, they were brought to skirmish, wounding two and capturing one, besides several firelocks and most of the plunder. An account of a skirmish with the noted outlaw, "Captain" John Bacon, at Cedar Creek bridge, Dec. 27, 1782, was published in the New Jersey Gazette of Jan. 8, 1783, and being considered authentic has been copied extensively into historical works. We prefer, however, giving the official account, never before published. In reporting this action to Governor Livingston, Col. Israel Shreve, dating his letter at "Mansfield, Dec. 28, 1782," says, "This evening a party of horse and foot returned from the Sea Shore after several days search after Bacon and his party. Our party consisted of 6 horsemen and 20 foot. Not falling in with him where they expected, the party returned by way of Cedar Creek Bridge in Monmouth County. While refreshing at a tavern near that place, Bacon and his party appeared at the Bridge. Our people attempted to force the Bridge. None but Lieut. Benj. Shreve got over, the second horse being killed on the bridge." In a postscript Benjamin Shreve is referred to as " Capt. Shreve," and Capt. Thomas is also mentioned, but Capt. Richard Shreve's name does not occur. In a letter to the author, S. H. Shreve, Esq., who furnished the above says, " I think that Benj. Shreve and not Richard Shreve com manded at Cedar Bridge. Richard Shreve was I know at first captain of the Troop, but I do not think he was at Cedar Bridge. I remember hearing my grandfather Benjamin speak of the fight. When the charge was made, he did not notice that he was not supported by his men until he was in the midst of the Refugees, when he saw his only chance of es cape was by boldly pushing through their line, which he did, and though pursued and frequently fired at, he evaded them, owing to the fleetness of the spirited horse whicii he rode. His horse was slightly wounded by buckshot, and he was obliged to make a long de tour through the Pines tp rejoin his company." Young William Cook, Jr., of Cook's Mill, now Cookstown, was killed in the attack, and Robert Reckless, of Recklesstown, a youth of nineteen, fell mortally wounded. Ichabod Johnson (for whom a reward of twenty-five pounds had been offered) was killed. Bacon, for whom a reward of fifty pounds had been offered, was surprised and killed on the 'evening of April 3, 1783, near West Creek, Burling- 30 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. ton County, by a party commanded by Capt. John Stewart, of Arneytown. In April, 1777, Lewis Bastedo, an active Whig, was riding along the Ellisdale road close to where that village now stands. When near the lane of Alexander Howard he discovered two armed men lurking in some laurel-bushes. Recognizing them as enemies who intended to ambush him, he fired and instantly killed Nicholas Williams, a noted Tory, and jumping from his horse rushed upon Thomas Fowler and disarmed and captured him. 'In August, 1782, Maj. Thomas Fennimore, collector of Burlington County, was attacked and robbed of considerable public money by refugees from Egg Harbor. Capt. Douglass went in pursuit of the rob bers, and attacking killed fourteen of them before they could get to their boats. From the records of the Chesterfield Monthly Meet ing, Crosswicks, we extract the following : "1 mo. 4 tli, 1776. John Decow produced «. paper condeming his being guilty of bearing of arms in a military manner which was read and received. " The Preparative Meeting at Bordentown informs that Jas. Lawrie son of Thos. Lawrie lias entered into Military services by taking a Cap tains Commission and enlisting of men for the purpose of besiring arms. Joshua Furman and Stacy Ports are appointed to visit him and inform him thereof as they find their minds engaged and report to next meet ing. "3mo, 7th, 1776. Stacy Potts reports he visited Jas. Lawrie, Janr. agreeable to appointment and he justified his conduct in acting in Mili tary services, therefore for the clearing of Truth and friends we disown him from being a member of our religious Society untill he comes to a sense of his errors manifesting the same in Life & conversation and condemns it as our Discipline directs and further the friend reports that he informed him it was likely he would be removed out of the parts, and we should not have an opportunity to inform him of the further proceedings of the meeting therefore he now notised him of his right of appeal and he reply'd he should not appeal. "The Preparative Meeting of Mansfield informs that Joseph Pan- coast, Jnnr. is guilty of acting in Military services and justifies himself therein. "5 mo. 2 1776. Chesterfield Preparative Meeting informs William Lewis and William Montgomery have been concerned in bearing arms in a Military way &c. " Anth. Sykes informs this meeting that William Shreve and Barzilla Kcwbold have been concerned in Military services, &c. "G mo. Gth 1776. Upper Freehold preparative meeting, informs that Saml. Wright llartshorne hath been active in Military services and re fuses to make satisfaction, &c. " Bordentown preparative meeting informs that Wm. Dean and Shad- loke Butler hath entered into military services and doth not condemn their conduct. "8 nio. 1st, 1776. The meeting House in Trenton belonging to friends having been used by the Convention or Congress of this Prov ince to meet in and also the Soldiers in passing through from Pennsyl- vnniato Amboy and Woodbridge have been Quartered therein therefore this meeting appoints Isaiah Robins, Amos Middleton, John Bullock, Benj. Clark, and Benj. Linton to inspect into the case and see bow far our ancient Testimony against wars hath been maintained and sup ported and report to next Meeting. • " 9 mo. 5th 1776. The Committee appointed to enquire into the use lately made of friends Meeting House at Trenton and how far tho Tes timony of friends against war has been supported now reported that they find the said Meeting House has been used by the Provincial Con vention to sit in and also by tho Soldiers Btationed or passing through Trenton as a Barrack, that in the firBt instanco the key was delivered to those wh.o desired it, in the second that friends submitted to its being taken to prevent tho breaking of the Doors which was threatened, and the friends there remonstrated against such an use of their Meeting House as inconsistent with our Religious Principles against wars and Fightings this committee is of the judgment that the key should have been denied and not delivered altho the consequences might have been the Violation of the House as the Testimony of friends would in the Judgment of this committee have been thereby more fully maintained which is submitted to tho meeting by (the committee aforesaid) which being considered the Meeting recommends it to friends in future to bo very careful in the support of our Religious right and Privileges and to arrest and maintain them on all occasions with a decent firmness without fear of danger therefrom remembering that sufferings is when they are permitted to come upon us in the dischargo of a good con science towards him whom we wish to servo preferable to favour and in dulgence at the expence of our stability and growth in the Truth. "Chesterfield Pre Mee, informs that Gabriel Allen has been concerned in Military Services Ac. "3 mo. 0th, 1777. The Pre Mee of Upper Springfield reports that Caleb Shrove, John Wood, John Black, Joshua Shreve, William New- bold, Jos. Newbold, John Middleton & Wm. Wood, Juur. had been vis ited on account of being concerned in Military services, and that they seemed to justify their conduct therefore Joshua Gibbs, Alex Howard, Wm.Coppeithwait & Garvas Pharo are appointed to endeavour by fur ther Christian Labour if possible to bring them to a just sense of their Transgression and report to next Meeting. "4 mo. 3 1779. A Testification was produced to this meeting against* Joel Middleton for bearing of Aims in a Military way. "The Preparative Meeting of Stony Brook informs that Job. Oldden hath administered the oath in the course of his office as Coroner under the former Government and also been so far concerned in promoting Military Measures as to he a Committee man in the present time of Com motions, &c. "Ebcr Decow Produced an acknowledgment condeming bis hiring a person to bear &c. "The Pre Mee of Chesterfield that Henry Lippincott hath been con cerned with the Military and Signed their Association for defence. "1 mo. 1st, 1778. Anthony Woodward, sou of William produced an Acknowledgement of his being so fur in the spirit of War as to carry Arms &c. "G mo. 4th 1778. The said meeting likewise informs that James Combs has paid fines in lieu of personal service in the war and has hired a man to go to war in h:s room a~ud neglects attending our religious meetings &c. " The said meeting also reports that Daniel Thorn has been concerned in bearing of Arms in a Warlike manner pressing of waggons and hiring a man in lieu of personal service, &c. "Benj. White produced an acknowledgement condemning his devi ating from the rules of Friends by being a waggon master iu carrying on war, &c. "8 mo. 12, 1777. The Committee who were appointed to enquire how far Friends have through fear or from lucrative motives Baulked our Religious Testimony against war report, John Thorn has taken the Test, paid fines and hired a man to go out in the Militia, Isaac Field has paid a fine for his servant in lieu of personal service, holds an office iu the present unsettled state of publick affairs and is supposed to have taken the t#esf, Isaac Kowgill (Cowgill) has taken the Test and holds offices of Trust in the present unsettled state of publick affairs, Edward Brooks Junr. hiis taken the Test, Marmaduke Watson has taken the Test, Jas. Taylor has taken the Test, John Wetherill has paid a fine for his boy in lieu of personal service in the Militia and after his Goods were sold he paid the money and took them again, Fretwell Wright, Caleb Ogborn, John Elli3 and Barzillar Furman are appointed to Treat with them &C." " A number of tho inhabitants of the township of Chesterfield having convened (upon short notice) at Colonel Hoaglaud's, iu Bordentown, on the 3d instant, and taking into tlieir serious consideration the great evils arising from a most pernicious trade and intercourse that has been, and now is, carrying on with the enemies of the United States, by tho disaf fected and unfriendly inhabitants of this state, which, if not speedily prevented, must provo very injurious to the peace, happiness, and inde-. pendence of the union, " Whereupon, Peter Tallman, Esquire, being chosen chairman, the following resolutions were unanimously entered into: " 1. We will to our utmost detect and bring to justice nil who may be anywise concerned in the pernicious traffic, and use every lawful means to prevent and suppress it, to which end we will, to the utmost of our power and influence, strengthen the hands of all officers, civil and mili tary, in the discharge of their duty, and support the full and vigorous execution of tho laws. "2. We will give every assistance to those who are vested with au thority to restrain and punish all suspicious persons traveling without LIST OF SOLDIERS IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY. 31 proper passports or certificates, or carrying British goods or other prop erty made seizable by law. "3. We will avoid, as far as possible, all intercourse, communications, and dealings with such as may be concerned in trading with the enemy. " 4. We will give every support and assistance in our power to those who shall exert themselves in bringing to justice all persons concerned, directly or indirectly in trading with the enemy, and treat as mean and -designing every insinuation that such endeavors are in the least degree inconsistent with honor and good citizenship, or that they are not highly becoming and praiseworthy. "5. We will, from and after this time, publish in the New Jersey Ga zette the names of every person that shall be convicted within this town ship, violating the law for preventing an illicit trade and intercourse willi the enemy in order that they may be publicly known, and treat wj^th such a degree of contempt as their crimes deserve. "G. In prosecuting these objects we will discountenance all acts of oppression and violence and whatever may be inconsistent with the peace and good order of the community, and not resort to force except where the same shall become indispensably necessary. < . " Petee Tallman, Chairman. Bordentown, Aug. 3rd, 1782." Charges of the above kind were very numerous during the Revolutionary war. "5th mo. 4th, 1780. The following frionda are appointed to collect the suffering of fi lends for our Religious Testimony against war and produce them to the Monthly Meeting when collected." This, if now in existence, must be a mine of information. "4 mo. 5th 1781. Said Meeting informs that John Wilson hath been active iu Military service, Struck a man in anger, has bought Distrained goodB, taken strong liquor to excess, and bath been gaming. Amos Wright and Isaiah Robins are appointed to treat with him, etc. "9 mo. Gtli 1781. Said Meeting informs Robert Woodward bears Arms in a Military manner, being so situated he can't be spoken with, there fore this Meeting disowns him the said Robert Woodward from being a member of our Religious society until he comes to a sense of his mis conduct and condemns the same as Discipline directs. "1782. A Testification was produced to this Meeting against Saml. Parker, for not producing a certificate he had from Little Egg Harbour Monthly Meeting, bearing Arms as a Guard to a place of Execution Gaming, and taking Spiritoue liquor more than was necessary &c. "Said Meeting informs Anthony Reckless and Anthony King had en gaged themselves in the Military service &c. "2 mo. 6th, 1782. Extracts from the Minutes of the last Quarterly Meeting was produced to this Meeting in respect to collecting and mak ing out accot's of the suffering of Friends for our religious Testimony against war. Arising the appointing of a Friends or two to enter such parts of the Extracts of tho Yearly Meeting that may be needful in the Book of Discipline & Concerning the remedying the disorders which have appeared in our Meetings of Business which was read and Friends desired to pay duo attention thereto, Jas Lawrie & the clerk areap- pointed to enter such parts of the extracts that may be thought needful in the book of Disciplin. "The Friends appointed report they visited Benj. Shreve in respect to his bearing of Arms in a Military wa}', he informed them he expected to continue therein, therefore this Meeting disowns him, &c. "7 mu. 8, 1783. Benj. Clark on behalf of the Comt in suffering cases report that in the case of Saml. Worth, Jr they had represented the cir cumstances of his case to the Governor and Counsel who had taken iuto consideration and released him by remitting his fines, etc." We will close the incidents of the Revolution with the subjoined letter, the original of which with other valuable papers was placed in our hands by the Hon, George Sykes shortly before his death. It is not only interesting and amusing, but valuable as show ing the state of affairs at that period : " Dr. Coll : "You doubtless have heard of the dissentions that have subsisted this sometime past between tho Whigs & Tories about collecting the Militia Fines. They have occasioned such a Battle on Saturday last as perhaps never was recorded in history. As I expect an account of any Military engagements will be acceptable to you, I propose giving you a detail of thi-«, as I have it from several who were in the Battle. "Capt. Jones had given orders to his Sergeants to collect fines from sundry delinquents in his company. Among the rest they levied on two cows belonging to Anthony Taylor, Commander in Chief of the Tory Party. Tho Whigs hearing that he had hired and was collecting a num ber of persons to oppose the "Vendue, collected to about the number of thirty about 10 O'clock on Saturday Morning. When after selling from place to place without opposition (except at Edward Rockhills where 14 or 15 attempted to oppose, but finding they were too weak retreated to their main body at Taylors) a detatchment of eight was sent to de mand the cows, which they found, one locked up in his washouse, and the other in a pail'd garden, the Gate of whicii was lock'd. On demand ing the cattle they were answered by Taylor that they were there, & take them if they dare.— Ho had got a sheet fix'd to a long Pule, hoisted on the Top of bis House, his forces consisted of about 40 men & 10 or 12 Women, the Women had two Kettles of Boiling water & each one a pail or Piggin, the Men had each one Club, 9 loaded Guns and about four Waggon Loads of Stones & Brickbats. The detachment observing them so well prepaired blew a Horn for the remainder of their forces, when a most furious and bloody Battle ensued. The onset was begun hy General Taj lor who with a Club broke the Jaw bone of a Whig & lay him for dead. The Women play'd their part to a miracle, scalding several so that their cloaths were obliged to be cut off.— Stones, Brick bats, Axes, Hoes, Waggon Tires, hingeB, stalk Knives, Hot Water, &c &C. Flow to and frow for about half an Hour incessantly. The be haviour of the Generals Daughter in this engagement cannot be too much Admired, at Some times she was seen with a Club in one hand and a Urinary in the other, at other times beating upon a brass Kettle which she had for a drum, whilst a serjeant of the Whig party was sing ing the double Wag. "But the Tories' ammunition being nearly expended, and many of them much bruised, they were obliged to retreat into the bouse, from the first story they were obliged to retreat in a short time up to the sec ond, where the engagement continued until there were scarce a whole pane of glass in the windows, when the Whigs observing tiiat the noise of the engagement had frightened the cattle so that they had broke out of their confinements, they drove them off and left there adversaries to dress their wounded. Happily there was no lives lost, but where it will end God only knows, as the Tories and London traders are bent upon ruling the country, and the Whigs are determined to oppose it. "I am, D^. Coll. " Your aff. Servt, "Marmad1" Curtis. " Black Hobse, August 10, 1784. " Coll. Ishael Shreve, "Brunswick." CHAPTER VII. LIST OF SOLDIERS IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY, STATE TROOPS AND MILITIA, FROM BURLING TON COUNTY.* CONTINENTAL TROOPS. Shreve, Israel, lieut.-col. Second Battalion, First Establishment, Nov. 8, 1775; Second Battalion, Second Establishment, Nov. 28, 1776; Sec ond Regiment; discharged at the close of the war. Lawrie, James, capt. Second Battalion, First Establishment, Nov. 27, 1775; capt. Second Battalion, Second Establishment, Nov. 29, 177G; taken prisoner; died while prisoner of war. 1 Taken from the " Official Register of tho Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Revolutionary War," compiled under orders of His Excel lency Theodore F. Randolph, Governor, by Gen. William S. Stryker, adjutant-general of New Jersey, quarto, 878 pages, printed by authority of the Legislature. The data for this volume was obtained from the pension lists of the government, the minutes of the Congress of the United States, and of the Legislature and Council of Safety of New Jersey, the records of the War Department, original manuscripts, rolls of companies of Conti nental troops, diaries of officers, paymasters' memoranda, quartermas ters' reports, treasurers' receipts, " returns" to tho commander-in-chief, lists of soldiers pai J at sundry times iu Continental money, other litis of 32 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. Brown, John, private " Forman's Regiment," Continental Aimy; sergt. "Spencer's Regiment," Continental Army, July 1, 1777; lieut. Capt. Edgar's troop, " Sheldon's Regiment Light Dragoons," Continental Army. Reckless, Anthony, Kent, regiment " Sappers and Miners," Continental Army ; discharged at the close of the war. Shreve, John, ensign Capt. Brearley's company, Second Battalion. First Establishment, July 25, 1776; ensign Capt. Lawrie's company, Sec ond Battalion, Second Establishment, Nov. 29, 1776; ensign Capt. Hollinshead's company, Second Battalion, Second Establishment, Nov. 1,1777; ensign Second Regiment; lieut. Second Regiment, to date Feb. 3, 1779; iesigned.i Tallman, Peter, lieut. " Spencer's Regiment," Continental Army. Curtis, Marmaduke, 1st lieut. Capt. Rosecrantz's company, Third Bat talion, Second Establishment, Nov. 29, 1776; retired Sept. 26, 1780; also capt. militia. Harrison, Isaac, 1st lieut. Capt. Gifford's company; Third Battalion, Sec ond Establishment. McMichael, William, 1st lieut. Capt. Ross' company, Third Battalion, First Establishment, Feb. 7, 1776; deserted Aug. 14, 1776, from Fort Schuyler, New York ; killed by the Indians, September, 177G. Norcross, William, ensign Capt. Bloomfield'B company, Third Battalion, First Establishment; qr.mr. Capt. Bloomfield's company, Third Bat talion, First Establishment, Feb. 10, 1776 ; 2d lieut. Capt. Mott's com pany, Third Battalion, Second Establishment, Nov. 29, 177G; 1st lieut. Capt. Mott's company, Third Battalion, Second Establishment; re tired Sept. 26, 1780. NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Rockhill, William, private Capt. Holmes' companj', Fourth Battalion, Second Establishment; sergt. Capt. Holmes' company, Fourth Bat talion, Second Establishment; also private in militia. Willson, Jnhn, sergt. Capt. Brearley's company, Second Battalion, First Establishment. •Wright, George, sergt. "Lee's Legion," Continental Army. Wright, Juhn, private "Lee's Legion," Continental Army; corp. "Lee's Legion," Continental Army, Dec. 1, 1778; sergt. "Lee's Legion,'1 July 10, 1780. Deacon, Aaron, corp. Capt. Dayton's company, Third Regiment. Rockhill, William, private Capt. Holmes' company, Fouith Battalion, Second Establishment ; trans. May 22, 1778, to " Nicholas' Regiment, Invalid Corps," Continental Army ; corp. *' Nicholas' Regiment, In valid Corps," Continental Army, April 1, 1780; disch. June 11, 1783, disability. Privates. Allen, Richard, Third Battalion, Second Establishment, "Lee's Legion," Continental Army. Amey, David, First Regiment. Biddle, Jacob, First Regiment. Biddle, Moses, Capt. Forman's company, First Regiment. Brown, James, " Lee's Legion," Continental Army. Brown, John Matross, " Lamb's Artillery" (Second Regiment Artillery), Continental Army. Budd, Conklin, Third Battalion, First Establishment; Capt. Patterson's company, Third Battalion, Second Establishment. men who received notes for depreciation of said currency, various kinds of vouchers, etc. The conception of this work originated with Gen. Stryker in the course of the discharge of the duties of his office. Tho magnitude of tho labor and care required is apparent at a glance to those familiar with such researches, and that it should have been undertaken after the lapse of nearly a century, with all its names, its dates, and records, shows an unbounded zeal and energy found only in the lover of such work. It is a noble monument to those patriuts who achieved the liberties of tho people and the independence of tho country. . The general in a letter to Governor Randolph reporting the comple tion of his labors, and which forms an introductory to his work, says, " Not assertirjg that it is complete or without ah error, I do affirm that no record has been made hastily or without what seemed to me to bo well verified," i Lieut. John Shreve, son of Col. Isroel Shreve, was horn near George town, Burlington Co., April 8, 1702. He accompanied his father In the expedition to Canada in 1775, having entered the army when not four teen years of age. He was presented by tho ladles of Philadelphia with a pair of silver shoe-buckles, sash, and sword. Bunting, Ramoth, Capt. Phillips' company, Second Battalion, Second Es tablishment; also militia. Burns, Daniel, Capt. Anderson's company, Fourth Battalion, Second Es tablishment. Carman, Nathan, First Battalion, Second Establishment; First Regi ment. Carman, Thomas, First Regiment, Cook, Stephen, Capt. McMire's company, First Battalion, First Establish ment. Davis, John, First Regiment. Deacon, Aaron, First Battalion, Second Establishment, First Regiment. De Camp, Abraham, Capt. Shither's troop, Sheldon's Regiment, "Light Dragoons," Continental Army. Douglass, Moses, Capt. Morrison's company, First Battalion, Second Es tablishment ; died March 1, 1777. Earl, John, First Battalion, Second Establishment. Ford, Jonathan, First Regiment. French, Daniel, Capt. Anderson's company, Fourth Battalion. Gibbs, John, First Battalion, Second Establishment. Gibbs, William, Capt. Mead's companj, First Regiment. Haines, Daniel, Second Battalion, Second Establishment ; Capt. Hendry's company, Second Regiment. Haines, John, Capt. Mitchell's company, First Regiment. Haines, Joseph, First Battalion, Second Establishment ; Capt. Cox's com pany, Third Regiment ; First Regiment. Harrison, Isaac, First Battalion, Second Establishment. Hunt, Jacob, Capt. Ross1 company, Third Battalion, First Establishment. Lee, Timothy, First Regiment. Martin, David, Capt. Bloomfield'a company. Third Battalion, First Estab lishment; Capt. Gifford's company, Third Battalion, Second Estab lishment; Third Regiment. McDaniel, John, Third Battalion, First Establishment; Capt. Gifford's company, Third Battalion, Second Establishment. Middleton, Joseph, First Battalion, Second Establishment; Capt. Cox's company, Third Regiment; First Regiment. Nixon, Richard, dragoon, Continental Army. Narcross, Benjamin, Capt. Ross' company, Third Battalion, Second Estab lishment'; Capt. Cox's company, Third Regiment; First Regiment.' Oliver, David, First Battalion, Second Establishment. Opdyke, William (Continental Army). Pearson, William (Continental Army). Picrson, Thomas, First Regiment. Reed, Isaac, First Regiment. Sexton, Timothy (Continental Army). Southard, Abraham, Third Battalion, First Establishment ; Capt. Mott's company, Third Battalion, Second Establishment. Southwick, Samuel, " Lee's Legion," Continental Army. Southwick, William, " Lee's Legion," Continental Army. Stratton, Sherwood (Continental Army). Updyke, William, Third Battalion, First Establishment; Capt. Patter son's company, Third Battalion, Second Establishment. Warner, Charles, "Ilugen's Regiment" (Second Canadian), Continental Army. White, Joseph, First Rogiment. Wilson, Moses, First Regiment. Wood, Isaac, Capt. Forman's company, First Regiment. Wood. John, Capt. Flanagan's company, Third Battalion, Second Estab lishment. Wood, Joseph, "Sheldon's Rogiment, Light Dragoons," Continental Army. Woodward, A. (Continental Army). Wright, David", First Battalion, Second Establishment ; Capt. W. Piatt's company, First Regiment. These are all the soldiers among the Continental troops that we can identify with any certainty as be longing to Burlington County. The names of many other Continentals will be found among the State troops and militia. STATE TROOPS AND MILITIA. Borden, Joseph, col. First Regiment ; resigned Sept. 28, 1776. Read, Charles, col. Second Regiment; col. battalion "detached militia," July Is, 1776 ; col. battalion State troops, Nov. 27,1776. Reed, Bowes, l!eut.-col. Col. Newcomb's battalion, June 14,1776; col. First Regiment, Sept. 28, 1776; resigned March 31, 1778. LIST OF SOLDIERS IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY. 33 Reynolds, Thomas, lieut.-col. Second Regiment; col. Second Regiment, June 6, 1777 ; prisoner of war and paroled; resigned Dec. 18, 1782. Shreve, William, 1st maj. First Regiment, Sept. 28, 1776; lieut-col. First Regiment, March 15, 1777; col. First Regiment, April 18, 1778. Lieut en ant-Colonels. Haight, Joseph, 1st maj. 'Second Regiment; lieut.-col. Second Regiment, June 6, 1777; dismissed Dec. 25, 1779. Hoagland, Oakey, capt. First Regiment; 2d maj. First Regiment, Feb. 1,1777; Ut maj. First Regiment, March 15,1777; lieut.-col/ First Regiment, April 18, 1778; lieut.-col. State troops. Lewis, William, lieut.-col. First Regiment, Sept. 28, 1776; resigned. Ross, John, lieut.-col. Second Regiment, Dec. 18, 1872; also maj. Conti nental Army. Majors. Budd, Joseph, 2d maj. Second Regiment, June 6, 1777 ; resigned Nov. 30, 1781. Fenimore, Thomas, 1st maj. Second Regiment, June 6, 1777 ; resigned May 28, 1779. Newbold, Barzillai. Perkins, Jacob, 2d maj. First Regiment, April 18,1778; maj. Taylor's Regiment State troopB, Oct. 9, 1779. Sterling, James, 2d maj. First Regiment, Sept. 28, 1776. Tan Emburgh, John, 2d maj. Second Regimeut, Middlesex,' Nov. 28, 1776; 1st maj. Second Regiment, June 6, 1777; taken prisoner at Tom's River, N. J., May 14, 1780; escaped. Adjutant. Douglass, Alexander, private, adjt.; quartermaster. Davis, Josiah. Black, John. Quartermaster. Paymaster. Captains. Anderson, David, capt. Second Regiment; capt. State troops^ Anderson, George. Anderson, James. Biddle, Aaron, militia. Borden,1 Joseph, Jr., capt. troop light-horse, Oct. 6, 1777. Brown, Joseph, capt. First Regiment. Browning, Jacob. Carlisle, Langston, capt. First Regiment. Clevenger, Zachariah, capt. First Regiment. Clunn, John, capt. ; also wagon-maBter. Cooper, Jacob, capt. ; Capt. HayeB* Battalion State troops. Cowperthwaite, Joseph, capt. First Regiment, Monmouth ; capt. .Bur lington. Curtis, Marmaduke, capt. ; also 1st lieut. Continental Army; also issu ing forage-master. Dobbins, Seth, capt. Second Regiment. Fennimore, Samuel, capt. First Regiment; capt. troop light-horse. Gilbert, . Green, . Leak, John. Myers, John, capt. Second Regimeut. Oliphant, James, capt. Second Regiment; resigned April 9,1777; disa bility. Pancoast, Joseph, capt. First Regiment, July 3, 1776. Quigley, Joseph, capt. First Regiment. Quigley, Robert, lieut. FirBt Regiment ; capt. First Regiment. Quigley, Thomas, capt. First Regiment. Read, . Shepherd, Job, capt. Read's Battalion, " detached militia," July 18, 1776. Shepherd, Joseph, capt. First Regiment. Shreve, Benjamin, lieut. Capt. Richard Shreve's troop Hght-horse, Aug. 7, 1782; capt. Capt. Richard Shreve's .troop light-horse. Shreve, Richard, capt. troop light-horse, Aug. 7, 1782. Stewart, John. Thomas, Edward, lieut. First Regiment; capt. First Regiment; capt. troop light dragoons. Vandyke, Joseph, capt. First Regiment. Weaver, Joseph, capt. Second Regiment, April 15, 1777. Wilkinson, John, adjt. First Regiment; capt. First Regiment. Wood, John, "Gloucester," Burlington. Woolston, Joseph, capt. Second Regiment. Lieutenants. Ashton, James, militia. Brown, Benjamin, lieut. company artillery. Gaskill, Samuel. Hair, George. Hammill, John. Hendrickson, David, lieut. First Regiment. Matthews, John, lieut., Burlington; Lieut. Harrison's company, Huu- terdon. Montgomery, Alexander, Heut. Capt. Borden's troop light-horse, Oct. 6, 1777. Morris, George. First Lieutenants. Delatush, Henry, Capt. Pancoast's company, First Regiment, July 3, 1776. Dobbins, William, Capt. Weaver's company, Second Regiment, April 5, 1776. Second Lieutenast. Howell, Henry, Capt. Weaver's company, Second Regiment, April 15, 1777. Ensigns. Parker, Abraham, Capt, Weaver's company, April 15, 1777. Weyman, Abel, ens,, Burlington ; ens. " Heard's Brigade," June 14, 1776 ; also capt. Continental Army. Cornets. Brown, John, Jr., cornet Capt. Richard Shreve's troop light-horse, Aug. 7, 1782. Cook, , Capt. Shreve's troop Hght-horBe. Lawrence, Jacob, cornet Capt. Borden's troop light-horse- Oct. 6, 1777. Quartermaster's Sergeant. Douglass, John, sergeant; quartermaster's sergeant Capt. Cooper's com-, pany, State troops. Sergeant. Turner, William, private Capt. Clevenger's company, First Regiment; sergeant Capt. Clevenger's company, First Regiment; sergeant State troops; also private Continental Army. i Died of wound received ai the battle of Germantown, Philadelphia. Adams, Asa. Adams, Jeremiah. Adams, Joseph. Allen, Edward. Allen, John. Allen, Joseph. Allen, Peter. Privates. Anderson, Eli. Anderson, Enoch. Anderson, Samuel. Applegate, Andrew. Applegate, William. Arey, Abner. Atkinson, John. Atkinson, William, also Continental Army. Atley, John. Bailey, Samuel, First Regiment; alBO State troops; also Continental Army. Barnes, John, also State troops. Barter, Robert. Batling, James, also Continental Army. Bell, James, also State troops. Bennett, William. Blair, Robert. Blauey, Robert, also Continental Army. Bodine, John. Bound, Philip. Boger, Samuel. Bowing, Edward. Bonia, William. Bowman, Coleman, First Regiment; also State troops; also Continental Army. Browman, Joseph. Brown, Henry, also Continental Army, Brown, John. Brown, William, also State troops. Brown, Zebulon, also Continental Army. Bryant, John. Budd, William. Bunting, Abel, also Continental Army. Bush, John, also State troops. Buskhart, John. Carroll, Jeremiah, First Regiment; also State troops; also Continental Army. Carson, Robert. Casey, Adam, also State troopfl. u HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. Cavaleer, David. Chambers, Zebulon. Caveleer, John. Childs, John. Clark, Michael, also Continental Army. Clutch, John. Coleman, William. Collins, John, also Continental Army. Cook, Ezra. Cook, Thomas. Cook, Joel. Cook, William. Cook, William, Jr., Capt. Thomas' troop light dragoons; killed by refugees near Cedar Creek bridge, Dec. 27,1782; resided at CookTs Mills, now Cookstowu, Burlington County. Cooper, Jacob. Caiey, Peter, Second Regt.; also State troops; also Continental Army. Cowgill, John, also State troops. Cox, Jonathan. Cox, Joseph. Craft, Robert, also State troops. Crammer, David. Crammer, Seymour. Crammer, Isaac. Crealy, Hugh, also Continental Army. Cumberford, James. Curtis, Thomaa. Cummings, Richard. Daston, James, also Continental Army. Davis, Andrew. Dayton, Ive-. Deacon, George, Second Regiment; also State troops1. De Con, John. Doranr Stacy De Hart, Henry. Drake, Nicholas- Eberhart, Adolph, also Continental Army. EdwardB, Jesse, also corp. Continental Army. Elli*, Thomas. Evans, Benjamin- . EYeringham, William, also Continental Army. Evett, William. Farmer, George, also Continental Army. Fenimore, James. Ford, Stephen. Fenton, Samuel. Ford, William. Flock, John. Fort, John. Foster, John, also Continental Army. Foster, Jonathan, also Continental, Army. Foster, Samuel, First Regiment; also State troops; also Continental Army. Fox, Patrick, also Continental Army. Fox, Daniel, First Regiment ; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Frederick, John. Gale, Abel. Gaines, Elisha. Gale,. Joseph. Gallaher, John, also Continental Army. Gamble, Samuel. Gaskill, Caleb. Garon, Uriah. Gaskill, William, also Continental Army. Gibbs, Martin. Gilbert, Thomas. Gibbs, Thomas. Grant, John, also Continental Army. Grant, Thomas, also State troops. Grant, William. Greeves, Robert. Guy, John, Second Regiment; also State troops. Hailey, William, also State troops. Haines, Aaron L, Haines, Thomas, also Continental Army. Hannah, Robert, Second Regiment; a so State troops. Harder, William, also State troops. Hays, John. Hays, William. Head, Francis. Heisling, William, also Continental Army. Henry, John, also Continental Army. Hewlings, Joseph. Bines, Dennis, also Continentol Army. Hudson, William. Humphries, Joseph, also Continental Army. Huston, Robert. Hutchinson, Thomas. Hutchinson, John. Jobs, William, also State troops. Johnson, John, also sergeant Continental Army. Johnson, Thomas, also Continental Army. Johnston, Jonathan. Johnston, William. Johnston, Joseph. Jones, Richard, First Regiment; wounded In both legs, near Borden town, May 8, 1777. Keen, Edward, First Regiment; also State troops; also Continental Army. Kelly, David. Land, John. Kirley, Jacob. Lanning, James. Lamb, Jacob. Lawyer, James, First Regiment; also State troops; also Continental Army. Longstreet, John. Lovelace, Lott, also Continental Army. Loveland, Charles. Matthews, Ely. Loveland, Samuel. . Maftison, Aaron, First Regiment; also State troops; alBO Continental Army. McCann, John, First Regiment; also State troops; also Continental Army. McCormick, Dennis, also Continental Army. McDaniel, Cornelius, Second Regiment ; also State troops. Merritt, Abram. Merritt, Caleb. Merritt, Levi, also State troops; also Continen.ta.1 Army. Middleton, Joel. Middleton, John. Middleton, Thomas, Second Regiment; also State troops. Miles, George, also Continental Army. Miller, George. Mott, John. Morgan, Cornelius. Murdock, James. Murdry, James, Second Regiment; also. State troops. Nelson, Alexander. Newell, Theodore. Newton, Silas, also Continental Army. Norcross, John. Nugent, Richard, also Continental Army. O'Flaherty, John, First Regiment; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Page, Thomas. Pearson, Joseph. Parker, Joseph. Phagous, James. Patrick, John. Phares, Robert. Patterson, Jonathan. Phares, Robert. Pearson, John. Porter, Joseph. Potter, Thqnias, also Continental Army. Price, Edward, also Continental Army. Price, Ralph, Burlington. Pry mon, Samuel. Psandler, Joshua, also Continental Army. Quigley, David, also Continental Army. Quigley, John. Quigley, William. Quigley, Moses. Raberger, John, also Continental Army. Randolph, Daniel. Raverty, John, also Continental Army. RecklesB, Robert, mortally wounded at Cedar Creek bridge, Dec. 27, 1782; of Recklesstown, Burlington Co. Reed, Peter. Reeves, John, also Continental officer. Richardson, Jacob. Richardson, John. Roads, William. Richardson, William. Rossell, Andrew. Salter, John, Sr., Capt. Shreve's troop light-horse; wounded at Cedar Creek bridge Dec. 27, 1782. Salter, John, Jr. Sawlex, Caleb, also State troops. Schooley, Asa. Schooley, John, 1st Regt. ; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Seeley, John, 2d Regt.; also State troops; also Continental Army. Showers, Joseph, also Continental Army. Shreve, Caleb.1 Shreve, John. Shroud, Stephen. Shreve, Joshua. Simmons, Stephen. Shreve, William. Skinner, Richard. Smick, John, also Continental Army. Smith, Benjamin, also State troops. Smith, Charles. Smith, John, also Continental Army. Smith, Samuel. Smith, Thomas. Smith, William. St. Clair, George, 1st Regt.; also State troops; also Continental Army, Steward, John. Stoddard, William. Sutton, Joseph. Sutton, Robert,* capt. Carlisle's company, 1st Regt.; killed May 8, 1779. 1 Shot a British officer at the skirmish at Crosswicks, 2 At Bordentown. WAR FOR THE UNION. 35 Sweeney, Timothy, 1st Regt. ; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Taylor, Jacob. Taylor, John. Taylor, John A., also Continental Army. Taylor, Thomas. Tharp, Oliver. Thomas, John, also corp. Continental Army. Thomas, Martin. Thomas, Thomas. Thompson, Amos, 1st Regt. ; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Thompson, Hambleton. Tice, William. Tilton, Abram. Trout, Jacob, 1st Regt.; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Trout, William. Tustln, Jonathan, 1st Regt.; also State troops ; also Continental Army. Tyler, James. Van Stiver, Daniel. Van Stiver, Abram. Van Sciver, John. Van Stiver, Barnabas. Van Sciver, Walter. VoorheeBe, Henry, also Continental Army. Watkins, Thomas, also Continental Army. Watson, Johu. Watson, William. Weatherby, William. Weblinger, Jacob, also Continental Army. Woeden, James. Wilgus, William. Weeks, Richard. Williams, John, also Continental Army. Wilson, John, also Continental Army. Wooley, Samuel. Wright, Edward. Wright, James, also Continental Army. AV right, Thomas, also Continental Army. Teates, Robert, Burlington. Quartermasters. Borden, Joseph. Hoagland, Oaky. Burden, Joseph, Jr. Oliver, John. Miscellaneous. Fenimore, Benjamin, commissary of issue. Lowrey, Stephen, commissary of issue. Gamble, James, assistant commissary of issue. Curtis, Marmaduke, issuing forage master. The War of 1812-14.— The, successes of this war were mainly achieved by the navy on the ocean and the lakes. On land but two triumphs occurred of any considerable importance, — Plattsburgh and New Or leans. Our nation was weak, our resources were limited. England, powerful and insolent, had never fully recognized our independence. Every feeling of honor and manhood demanded our resentment of continued insults and wrongs, and although we had many humiliations inflicted upon us, not the least of which was the capture of our capital by the British and the burning of our national records, no more gallant spirits ever breathed than the heroes of our victories, and no more heroic acts were ever per formed on water or land than occurred during that war. During the war the militia were not without ser vice in the field, while in the volunteers and in the navy the county was honorably represented. The drawing from the State whatever records it possessed to supply in part the place of those destroyed by the British at Washington has rendered an accurate ac count of the movements of the militia impossible to obtain. Maj. Bead's battalion was stationed at Billingsport, on the Delaware, and was in service from September 19th to Dec. 22, 1814. It appears to have had two majors, but was called after Bead. The field and staff were Maj. Samuel J. Bead, Maj. John Larzelere, Lieut, and Adjutant William Goldy, Lieut, and Quartermaster William Hancock, Surgeon's Mate Charles F. Lott. The company oflicers were : Capt. Samuel Jones, Lieut. William Goldy, Ensign Joseph Foster. Capt. Joseph Townsend,1 Lieut. John Miles, En sign Benjamin Yard, Orderly Sergt. Langhorn Thorn. Capt. Joseph Hartshorne, Lieut. William Gamble, Ensign Stephen Cramer. Capt. John Selah, Lieut. Isaac Jones, Ensign John P. Garwood. Capt. Isaac Kelly, Lieut. Jonathan Schooley, En sign William S. Carter. We were unable to obtain a copy of the muster- rolls of this battalion, as the War Department, for obvious reasons, has requested the adjutant-general State of New Jersey not to furnish complete rolls to any one while applications for pension for that ser vice are pending before the United States Pension Office. This bar will probably not be removed for several years. War with Mexico. — During the war with Mexico a New Jersey battalion entered the service of the United States, in which there were a number of vol unteers from Burlington County, but there was no company raised in the county. This battalion, com manded by Col. Woodruff, performed good service, and participated with honor in Scott's victories from Vera Cruz to the capture of the capital of our sister republic. CHAPTEE VIII. WAR FOR THE UNION. In the war for the Union, 1861-65, the people of Burlington County responded to the call of their country with patriotism and ardor. Upon the fall of Sumter they realized that war was upon them, and the republic endangered, and with one spirit they prepared for the struggle. In New Jersey there was no regiment raised ex clusively in any one county,2 but there were regiments 1 This company was from Bordentown. Lieut. Miles was stlhse- quently elected major of the battalion. 2 William S. Stryker, adjutant-general of New Jersey, in a recent let ter to the author, 6ays, "It is impossible to give you a list of the regi ments and companies in th^ civil war raised exclusively in Burlington County. I could name certain companies of the nine months' regi ments (Twenty-first to Thirty-first) raised principally iu that county, but if you were to take their names and records as they stand in my book,* you are just as likely to insert men of Essex or Bergen. I have Been that thing tried in other county histories, and to me it is a burlesque. If yon take up any company of the First or Second Brigade (First to Eleventh Regiment), although the company may have been organized in a certain county, it started out with recruits from other counties, and before the three years' service was over more than one-half came from * Record of Officers and Men of New Jersey in the Civil War, 18GI to 1805. Official. William 8. Strykor, Adjutant-General. Two vols. Quaito, pp. 1034. Trenton, N. J., Johu P. Murphy. 36 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. that contained a large number of Burlington County men, and of these we shall give a brief sketch, as also of some of the officers from the county. We do not claim that the list of officers is perfect, but as nearly so as diligent search and inquiry could make it. The First Regiment of Infantry contained not more than a dozen men from Burlington County. Its colonel, William B. Montgomery, and quartermaster, Samuel Bead, were of the county. In the Second Regiment of Infantry there were few if any men of this county, and Assistant Surgeon Eugen Schumo was the only officer from Burlington County we know of. The Third Infantry contained many officers and men from the county. It was organized under the call of May 4, 1861, was fully equipped and officered by the 18th, and mustered into the United States service for three years at Camp Olden, Trenton, by Capt. Torbert, U.S.A., June 4th, — exactly one month from the date of the call. It numbered one thousand and fifty-one officers and men, was commanded by Col. George W. Taylor, and with the First, Second, and subsequently Fourth Begiments constituted the First Brigade New Jersey Volunteers, which was first at tached to Gen. Runyon's division of militia. This brigade was afterwards Kearney's First Brigade, Franklin's division ; afterwards the First Brigade, First Division, First Army Corps ; then First Brigade, First Division, Sixth Army Corps, and at the close of the war was assigned to the " Provisional Corps," and always served with the Army of the Potomac. The Third, with the First and Second, were uni formed, clothed, equipped, and furnished with camp and garrison equipage by the State, and were supplied with arms by the general government. The brigade left Trenton on the 28th of June, and reported to Gen. Scott, at Washington, on the following day. Preparation at this time was being made for the advance of our army to Manassas Junction, and the Third entered almost immediately upon the active duties of the field. It formed part of the reserve at the battle of Bull Bun, and aided materially in ar resting the retreat of our forces on that disastrous day. Immediately after it went into camp near Alex andria, where it lay until March 7, 1862, when with the brigade it moved under Kearney to Burk's Station, on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, where Kear ney received information from some negroes that the enemy was leaving Manassas. 'Apprising Franklin, but without awaiting orders, he pushed on with his troops, and on the morning of the 10th entered the works at Manassas Junction, eight companies of the Third being the first to take possession and plant the regimental flag. On the 7th of April they advanced to Bristoe Station, thence to Catlett's Station, to attract the attention of the enemy while the army embarked other sections of tho State. What are you then to do? To be really accurate you must examine eighty thousand credits, and you know whut a task that will bo." . . . for the Peninsula. On the 11th it returned to Alex andria, and on the 17th sailed for York River. Land ing at West Point, May 6, 1862, the next day the rebels were defeated. On the 15th it joined McClel- lan's army near White House, whence it advanced to the Chickahominy. The fighting about Richmond had commenced, and on the 26th of June the Seven Days' battle opened. The next day the battle of Gaines' Mill was fought. Col. Taylor having been promoted brigadier-general of volunteers May 9th, and being in command of the First Brigade, the command of the Third devolved upon Lieut.-Col. Henry W. Brown, who led it into the woods, where it maintained its position until the close of the action, many of the men having fired their last cartridge. The loss of the Third was thirty-four killed, one hundred and thirty- six wounded, and forty-five missing. That night our forces crossed the Chickahominy, and McClellan in stead of resolutely marching upon Richmond, com menced his "flank movement" for the James Biver, the Third pausing to share in the battle of Malvern Hill, where the enemy were utterly defeated and de moralized. The grand Army of the Potomac, led by a general deficient in moral courage, as resolute and brave as any army that ever trod this planet, victo rious but baulked, its dead abandoned; stores burned, camp equipage destroyed, and wounded left to die, sullen and exasperated, found refuge at Harrison's Landing. The army having been withdrawn from the Landing, the brigade debarked at Alexandria August 24th, and on the 27th moved by rail to beyond Bull Run bridge, where a severe engagement took place, and Gen. Taylor was killed. Returning to Alexan dria, the brigade again advanced, Col. Torbert in com mand, towards Bull Run (second) battle-field, where Pope had fought on the 28th, 29th, and 30th. The Third participated in the conflict at Chantilly, where the gallant Kearney fell. Passing into Maryland, it routed Cobb's brigade at Crampton's Pass, and par ticipated in the battle of Antietam. ' The Third sub sequently distinguished itself at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Salem Heights, Gettysburg, Fair field; Williamsport, Rappahannock Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North and South Anna River, Hanover Court-House, Tolopotomy Creek, Cold Harbor, and before Petersburg. Gen. Hunter having left the Shenandoah Valley open, Lee pushed a column into Maryland that threatened Washington and Baltimore. Early in July, 1864, the Third, with the Sixth Corps, to which its brigade was attached, by water proceeded to Washington. In this campaign it took part in the battles of Snicker's Gap, Strasburg, Winchester, Charlestown, Opequan, Fisher's Hill, Newmarket, Mount Jackson, Cedar Creek, and Middletown. On the 1st of December, 1865, it rejoined the Army of the Potomac, and settled down in front of Peters burg. But there was not much rest under Grant, and the Third valiantly fought in the battles of Hatcher's WAR FOR THE UNION. 37 Run, Fort Steedman, capture of Petersburg, Sailors' Creek, Farmville, and Appomattox.1 On June 3, 1864, the three years' term of service having expired, what men who did not re-enlist re turned home, reaching Trenton on the 7th, where they were mustered out June 23d. The total strength of the Third was 1275, of whom 10 officers and 203 men were killed or died ; 7 officers •and 376 men were discharged on account of disa bility ; 3 men were not accounted for; and 46 officers and 38 men were promoted. The following officers of this regiment belonged to Burlington County : Maj. William E. Bryan, capt. Co. H. Capt. Franklin L. Knight, 2d lieut.; 1st lieut.; capt. Co. B ; subsequently lieut.-col. Twenty-fourth Regiment. Capt. Joseph F. Rowand, Co. C; resigned Jan. 20, 1862. Capt. Ridgway S. Poinsett, 1st lieut. Co. A ; capt. Co. H. First Lieut. Griffith W. Carr, 2d lieut. Co. I ; 1st lieut. Co. B ; discharged, July 27, 1863, on account of wounds received in action; commissioned capt. Co. K, Twenty -third Begiment ; not mustered. First Lieut. E. Burd Grubb, 2d lieut. Co. C ; 1st lieut. Co. D ; maj. Twenty-third Begiment, Nov. 24, 1862; subsequently col. Twenty-third and col. Thirty- seventh Regiments ; and brvt. brig.-gen. U. S. V. First Lieut. Thomas K. Ekings, 2d lieut. Co. A; 1st lieut. Co. H ; killed Nov. 25, 1864, while attempt ing to escape from the rebel prison at Columbus, S. C. First Lieut. William W. Miller, sergt.-maj. ; 2d lieut. ; 1st lieut. Co. I. The Fourth Regiment Infantry had quite a num ber of officers and men from Burlington County in it. It was organized under the second call of the Presi dent, dated July 24, 1861, was equipped and officered by the 19th of August, on which day it was mustered into the United States service at Camp Olden, Tren ton, by Capts. Torbert and McKibben, U.S.A. It numbered nine hundred and nine officers and men, and was commanded by Col. James H. Simpson. It left Trenton August 20th, and arrived in Washington the next day. It was assigned to the First Brigade, Gen. Kearney. The Fourth marched with, and par ticipated in, the battles of the Third, and their his tory is almost identical up to the battle of Gaines' Mill. In this battle Porter and McCall, whose troops numbered but twenty-seven thousand men, were in death's grip with the main rebel army under Lee, while McClellan, on the Richmond side of the Chick ahominy, was deceived by the vigorous fusilade of Magruder's small force. The belt of timber in which the battle was fought was about a mile in length and 1 The history of the regiments is taken mostly from " New Jersey and the Eebellion," by John Y. Foster, and Adjt.-Gen. Stryker's " Itocord of the Civil War." two hundred yards wide, with open ground in front and rear. The First Brigade was sent in, the Third and Fourth regiments forming the first line. The enemy rushed in line after line of troops, who, deliv ering their fire, lay down, that those behind them could have range, the sound of musketry resembling one long loud explosion of artillery, — so strikingly unusual that it attracted the attention of many of the combatants. When the Fourth entered the wood it was immediately involved in fighting of the most desperate character. By its side stood the Eleventh Pennsylvania Reserve. After incessant firing of three hours, with their muskets heated and ammu nition nearly gone, these noble regiments found that the right and left flanks of our army had been driven off the field and that they were entirely surrounded. A small remnant of them were the last Union troops to leave the field, but over five hundred of the Fourth, with its dead and wounded, fell into the hands of the enemy. This was a hard but a glorious blow for the Fourth. At Bull Bun (second) it could parade but seventy-five muskets. The prisoners were taken to Richmond and placed in Libby and Belle Island loathsome prisons, were ex changed, and returned to the regiment at Harrison's Landing, Va., in the latter part of July, 1862. The Fourth continued with the brigade in all its battles, and to write its history would be but a repetition of that of the Third Regiment, In August, 1862, Col. Simpson, a major of topographical engineers, was re called to the regular army, and was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. William B. Hatch, a gallant officer, who was killed at the battle of Fredericksburg. The total strength of the regiment was 2036, of whom 257 were killed or died in the service, 319 were dis charged on account of disability, 109 were not ac counted for, and 47 enlisted men were promoted. The officers from Burlington County were: Adjt. Leander Brewin, corp. Co. I; com.-sergt. ; 1st lieut. Co. A ; adjutant. Capt. Josiah Shaw, sergt. Co. H ; 2d lieut. ; 1st lieut. ; capt. Co. A. Capt. John M. Crammer, corp.; sergt.; re-enl.; 1st lieut. Co. A ; capt. Co. A. Capt. Barzilla Bidgeway, 1st lieut. Co. D; capt. Co. D ; lieut.-col. Capt. Howard King, 2d lieut. Co. I ; 1st lieut. Co. H ; capt. Co. C. Capt. Caleb M. Wright, com.-sergt. ; 2d lieut. Co. G ; capt. Co. C ; must, out Sept. 3, 1864. Capt. John L. Letchworth, corp. ; sergt. Co. I. ; re- enl. ; 1st lieut. Capt. Charles Hall, Co. E; disch. Sept. 9, 1862, disability. Capt. William Nippins, Co. I ; res. Jan. 4, 1863 ; capt. Co. D, 34th Inf. N. J. Vols.; died at Mount Holly, Nov. 25, 1865. Capt. John L. Ridgway, 1st lieut. ; capt. ; died at Mount Holly, Nov. 7, 1864. 33 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. 1st Lieut. George 0. Brooks, 1st sergt. Co. E ; 2d lieut. ; 1st lieut. Co. C. 1st Lieut. Alonzo D. Nichols, corp. ; re-enl. ; sergt. Co. G ; 1st lieut. Co. B. 2d Lieut. James H. Berwin, 1st sergt. ; re-enl. ; Co. I ; 2d lieut. Co. B. 2d Lieut. Benjamin F. Stidfole, sergt.-maj. ; 2d lieut. Co. D. 2d Lieut. Samuel E. Taylor, 1st sergt. Co. G ; 2d lieut. Co. E. 2d Lieut. Samuel D. Cross, corp. ; sergt. ; Co. I ; 2d lieut. Co. K ; died May 14, 1864, of wounds received in action at Spottsylvania Court-House, Va., May 12, 1864. 2d Lieut. Clayton S. Hollingshead ; re-enl. ; sergt. ; 1st sergt. Co. E ; 2d lieut. Co. K. In the Fifth Regiment Infantry there was a sprink ling of Burlington County men, who were mostly in Company I. The regiment was raised under the second call of the President, July 24, 1861 ; was organized, equipped, and officered August 22d, at which time it was mustered into the service for three years at Camp Olden, by Capt. Torbert, U.S.A. It numbered eight hundred and sixty-one officers and men, and was com manded by Col. Samuel H. Starr, captain Second United States Cavalry, who was of the county. It left Trenton August 29th, and upon arrivalat Wash ington went into camp at Meridian Hill, D. O, and there remained until the early part of December, 1861, at which time, in connection with the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Begiments, it was ordered to report, under command of Col. Starr, the senior of ficer, to Gen. Joseph Hooker, U.S.V., near Budd's Ferry, Md., where they were brigaded and known as the Third Brigade, Hooker's division ; afterwards to the Third Brigade, Second Division, Third Corps ; then to the First Brigade, Fourth Division, Second Corps ; then to the Third Brigade, Third Division, Second Corps. It, however, was generally known as the Second Brigade New Jersey Volunteers. In April the Fifth moved to the Peninsula, the brigade under the command' of Brig.-Gen. F. E. Patterson. It participated in the following battles on the Penin sula, viz. : Siege of Yorktown, Williamsport, Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, Savage Station, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. At Fair Oaks Col. Starr was wounded. May 7, 1862, Lieut.-Col. Mott was promoted colonel of the Sixth Regiment. Upon the withdrawal of our army from Harrison's Landing, the Fifth marched down the Peninsula to Yorktown, and embarked for Alexandria, from whence it proceeded by rail to War- renton Junction, July 25th, and joined the army un der Gen. Pope. During this campaign it fought with determined bravery in the battles of Bristoe Station, Bull Run (second), and Chantilly. Going into camp at Alexandria, the brigade remained undisturbed until November 1st. Lee having been driven out of Mary land, on that day it proceeded to Bristoe Station, where it arrived on the 4th. In a few days it moved to Manassas Junction, marching in a snow-storm, and suffering severely. Soon after it marched to Freder icksburg under Burnside, and Gen. Patterson, the brigade commander, a brave and esteemed officer, while laboring under a sudden fit of insanity fell by his own hands. He was succeeded by Brig.-Gen. Mott. Under Hooker it fought at Chancellorsville, where it particularly distinguished itself. On Oct. 13, 1862, Col. Starr, a gallant officer, was recalled to the regular army, and Lieut.-Col. William J. Sew- ell1 was promoted colonel on the 21st of that month. The invasion of Pennsylvania by the enemy followed soon after Chancellorsville, and at Gettysburg on the 2d and 3d of July, 1863, the Fifth passed through the storm of battle with undaunted bravery. Follow ing Lee, under Meade, it fought at Wapping Heights, McLean's Ford, Mine Run, and under Grant at. ' the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, Tolopotomy Creek, Cold Harbor, before Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Mine Explosion, Fort Sedgwick, Pop lar Church, Boydtown Plank-Road, and Fort Mor ton. In August, 1862, Company A was disbanded, and the officers and men were assigned by transfer to different companies in the regiment, and a new Com pany A was raised and sent to the regiment about Oct. 1, 1862. In June, 1863, a number of the men re-en listed in the field for three years. Those who did not re-enlist upon the expiration of their term of service were sent to Trenton, and were mustered out Sept. 7, 1864. During the months of August and September, 1864, a large number of substitutes were forwarded to and joined the regiment. These men, with those who had re-enlisted and with those whose term of service had not expired, were assigned to what was known as Companies A, B, C, and D, Fifth Battalion, and con tinued their organization until Nov. 6, 1864, at whicii time they were transferred to and consolidated with the Seventh Regiment. The total strength of the regiment was 1772, of which 214 were killed or died, 396 were discharged for disability, 77 were not accounted for, and 40 enlisted men were promoted. The following officers were from Burlington County : Col. Samued H. Starr, capt. 2d U. S. Cav. ; recalled to regular army Oct. 13, 1862. Lieut.-Col. Gershom Mott, pro. col. 6th Regt. N. J. Vols. May 7, 1862; to brig.-gen. U. S. V. Sept.. 7, 1862; brpvet maj.-gen. Aug. 1, 1864; maj.-gen. May 26, 1865 ; resigned Feb. 20, 1866. Commands, 3d Brigade (2d N. J. Brigade), 2d Division, 3d Corps; 2d Division, 3d Corps, Army of the Potomac. Surg. James C. Fisher, pro. surg. U. S. Vols. April 4, 1862 ; appointed surg. 2d Brigade N. J. Vols., April 21, 1862. Chaplain Thomas Sovereign. Capt. Guy Bryan, capt. Co. I ; trans, to Co. K. 1 Now a Senator of the United States from New Jereoy. cn^^tS CjH^ttr- WAR FOR THE UNION. 39 Capt. Thomas W. Eayre, 1st lieut. Aug. 28, 1861 ; capt. Co. I. Second Lieut. Guy Bryan, Jr., 1st sergt Co. I ; 2d lieut. Co. D ; resigned May 13, 1863, to accept com mission as adjt. 18th Regt. Penn. Cav. Second Lieut. Joseph E. Simmons, sergt. Co. I ; 2d lieut. Co. E. In the Sixth Regiment of Infantry, Company F was mostly from Burlington County, as was also the band. At the commencement of the war each regi ment had a full brass band attached to it, but on account of the great expense they were discharged by general order of the War Department in July, 1862. Brigade bauds were substituted. In battle all musicians were employed as stretcher-bearers. The Sixth being brigaded with the Fifth, the histories of the two regiments are almost identical. Col. James T. Hatfield, its commander, resigned on account of disability, April 27, 1862, and was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. Mott, of the Fifth, who was promoted colonel. Mott, who was appointed a brigadier-gen eral, was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. George C. Burling, Sept. 7, 1862. At Williamsport, where the regiment was in the thickest of the fight, Lieut.-Col. John P. Van Leer, its commander, was killed while cheering on the men. The casualties on that day were : killed, one lieutenant, thirty-seven non-commissioned offi cers and privates ; wounded, four captains, three lieu tenants, seventy-one non-commissioned officers and privates ; missing, twenty-six non-commissioned offi cers and privates. At Bristoe Station, Aug. 27, 1862, it suffered severely, its colonel (Mott) being wounded. In this action and at Bull Run (second) and Chantilly the loss of the regiment in killed and wounded was one hundred and four men. At Chan cellorsville, Col. Burling was wounded and the regi ment suffered severely. Asst. Adjt.-Gen. Thomas W. Eayre, while acting in the most gallant manner, was also wounded. At Gettysburg the regiment was com manded by Lieut.-Col. Gilkyson, and the brigade by Col. Burling, Gen. Mott not having recovered from his wound. That winter the Sixth went into winter- quarters at Brandy Station. While they lay here Col. Burling was obliged to resign his commission on account of failing health. He entered the service as captain of a three months' company, and upon the expiration of its term joined the Sixth as captain, serving in that capacity until March, 1862, when he was promoted major. About June 1st he was made lieutenant-colonel, and subse quently colonel of the regiment. He was wounded three times ; was warmly esteemed by officers and men, and was the recipient, after leaving the service, of a handsome testimonial of their regards. On May 12, 1864, near Spottsylvania Court- House, Lieut, S. T. Note, with a squad of men of the Sixth, captured and manned a steel gun, which they used effectually. Many other gallant deeds were performed by officers and men during the three years' service, of which no mention is made. Participating in all the battles of its sister regiments, the Sixth left a bright record behind of which the men can be justly proud. Those of the regiment who did not re-enlist returned to Trenton, and Sept. 7, 1864, were mustered out of service by Capt. Long, U.S.A. During the months'of August and September of that year a large number of substitutes were forwarded to the regiment. These men, with those who had re-enlisted and those whose term of service had not expired, were assigned to what was known as Companies A, B, and C, Sixth Battalion, and continued their organization until October, 1864, at which time they were transferred to and consolidated with the Eighth Regiment, at which time the Sixth as an organization ceased to exist. The total strength of the regiment was fourteen hundred and eighty-five, of which one hundred and eighty were killed or died, three hundred and sixty- four were discharged for disability, one hundred and fifty-seven were not accounted for, and twenty-seven enlisted men were promoted. The following officers were from BurlingtonCounty : Col. Gershom Mott. Col. George C. Burling, capt. Co. F ; maj. ; lieut.- col. ; col. Capt, Joseph Hayes, 2d lieut. ; 1st lieut. ; capt. Co. F. 1st Lieut. Joseph W. Pippett, 2d lieut. Co. B ; 1st lieut. Co. A. 2d Lieut. Jesse W. Coggswell, 1st sergt. ; 2d lieut. Co. F ; capt 34th Regt N. J. Vols. Maj.-Gen. Gebshom Mott. — Among the prom inent military men of New Jersey none presents a more conspicuous figure than Maj.-Gen. Gershom Mott. Descended from one of the old families of Holland that settled in New York State at an early day, his branch removed to Bergen, East Jersey, about the close of the seventeenth century. In the Cross wicks records it is stated that William Mott in 1706 contracted to furnish forty thousand bricks to build the Friends' meeting-house at that place. Gershom Mott, his great-grandfather, was a member of the Pro vincial Assembly in 1707, 1708, 1710, and 1713. Capt. John Mott, his grandfather, entered the Continental army as first lieutenant Third Battalion, Jersey Line, Feb. 9, 1776, served against the Indians in Northern New York under Gen. Sullivan, and was promoted to captain November 29th of the same year. He subsequently participated in the battles of Brandy- wine, Germantown, Monmouth, etc., and in the ex pedition from Wyoming up the Susquehanna against the Seneca Indians, under Gen. Sullivan. He also served as a guide to Gen. Washington at the battle of Trenton. His home residence was on a part of the present tract of the New Jersey State Lunatic Asy lum, and his general familiarity with the locality made his services in this regard of great value. Capt. Mott passed the memorable winter of 1776- 77 with the suffering army at Valley Forge. His wife 40 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. was Eleanor Johnson. His son, Gershom Mott, father of Gen. Mott, was a merchant at Lamberton (now the Sixth Ward of Trenton) for many years. He was an active, energetic, and useful citizen, one of the controlling members of the First Baptist Church of Trenton, collector of the port of Lamberton for a long time, and on Oct: 31, 1833, was appointed a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Burlington County. He died in 1848, aged sixty-four years. He married Phebe, daughter of John Scudder, of Ewing township, Mercer County, N. J., who also performed active service in the Revolutionary war. Mrs. Scud der was Miss Mary Keen, daughter of Jacob Keen, of Trenton, a gallant soldier in the Revolutionary war, and was among the thirteen maidens who strewed flowers at the reception of Gen. Washington at Tren ton, April 21, 1789. Maj.-Gen. Gershom Mott was born at Lamberton, N. J., on April 7, 1822. He received a substantial English education at the Trenton Academy, and at the age of fourteen went to New York City, where he became a clerk in a dry-goods store. Owing to the failure of the firm with which he was connected, he returned to his native town in 1846. Soon after the Mexican war broke out, and President Polk having called for fifty thousand men, and for the raising of ten regiments to be attached to the eight regular existing regiments throughout the war, Mr. Mott was appointed second lieutenant of the Tenth United States Infantry, under Capt. Samuel Dickinson, of Trenton. Having accepted the appointment Lieut. Mott repaired to the Rio Grande with his regiment, and remained in the active service of the government during the war, under the immediate command of Gen. Zachary Taylor. His conduct during the strug gle was marked by a careful and painstaking atten tion to military duty and discipline, and during this early military experience he acquired many of those traits of character that have marked him since as a successful, efficient, and popular commander. After the close of the war Lieut. Mott returned to the duties of a civilian, and accepted and filled in a competent manner the office of collector of the port of Lamberton, succeeding his father who had but re cently died. In 1850, having been appointed a clerk in the office of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company at Bordentown, he removed to that place, and has since made it his residence. In 1855 he was appointed teller in the Bordentown Bank," and re tained that position until 1861, when, inspired by pa triotic motives, and feeling a warm interest in the cause of national unity and in the supremacy of con stitutional principles, he offered his services to the government, and was appointed by Governor Olden lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Regiment of Infantry, New Jersey Volunteers, on Aug. 24, 1861. Col. Starr, of the Fifth Regiment, being ranking officer of the Second Jersey Brigade, to which the regiment was attached, the command of the regiment devolved upon Lieut.-Col. Mott, who, from his train ing and services in Mexico, was well fitted to bring the regiment up to the highest standard of military efficiency. Three months'' active drilling at Meridian Hill, near Washington, rendered the regiment fit for the field, and marching with their brigade to Budd's Ferry, Md., they joined the division of Gen. Hooker, and participated in the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac. At Williamsburgh, which commanded all the road leading up the Peninsula, on May 5, 1862, the enemy made a desperate stand, and here the Fifth New Jersey achieved its first victory, after being ex posed to a stubborn fire for more than nine hours. For the gallant manner in which Col, Mott held the regi ment to its work, he was on May 7, 1862, promoted to the colonelcy of the Sixth New Jersey Volunteers. On June 1st he. led his new regiment at Fair Oaks, and his conduct elicited mention in the official. re port of Gen. Hooker, of his "distinguished services in the field," and from Col. Starr, commanding the brigade, praise for his " intrepidity and coolness whilst under fire." Throughout the whole campaign his record is dis tinguished and honorable. In the movements pre liminary to the second battle of Bull Run, he acted with distinction at the affairs of Bristoe Station on August 27th, near Centreville on the 28th, and on the afternoon of the 29th, at Bull Run, he was severely wounded in the arm while endeavoring to drive the enemy from behind a railroad embankment. Compelled to relinquish his command, while absent from the field his superior officers unanimously recom mended him for promotion, and on Sept. 7, 1862, the rank of brigadier-general was conferred upon him by President Lincoln. On his return to duty, Dec. 4, 1862, he was assigned by Gen. Burnside to the command of Gen. Hooker (then commanding the centre grand division of the Army of the Potomac), who had made a special re quest for his services. He was placed by Gen. Hooker in command of the Second Brigade, New Jersey Vol unteers (then composing the Third Brigade, Second Division, Third Army Corps), encamped near Fal mouth, Va. On May 1, 1863, Gen. Hooker having succeeded to the command of the Army of the Poto mac, Gen. Mott crossed the Rappahannock with his brigade. Arriving at the field of , Chancellorsville at two o'clock on the morning of the 3d, at half-past four he formed his line of battle, and was soon hotly engaged with the enemy. History has recorded how bravely the brigade held their position in the face of the desperate and determined assaults of the enemy. Early in the day Gen. Mott had a narrow escape, a rifle-ball passing between his bridle-arm and body, and at a later period of the engagement his left hand was struck and shattered, i Notwithstanding the severity of the wound he remained for a considerable time upon the field, and refused to go to the rear until compelled by loss of blood. His wound, though not WAR FOR THE, UNION. 41 dangerous, was an ugly one, and it was not until the end of August that the surgeons would permit him to rejoin his brigade. Having recovered from his wound, Gen. Mott re joined his brigade on the 29th of August, at Bealton, and on October 15th successfully repulsed a large force of the enemy at McLean's Ford, on Bull Run, having entire command at that spirited engagement. At. the grand advance in the spring of 1864, Gen. Grant, on May 3, 1864, conferred the command of the Fourth Division, Second Army Corps, upon Gen. Mott, and on May 13th following, owing to the losses in action and the expiration of the term of service of many regiments of that division, it had become so reduced in numbers that ,an order was issued con solidating it into a brigade and attaching it to Birney's Third Division. On July 25, 1864, Gen. Mott was given the command of this division, and held it until the troops were mustered out at the close of the war. To follow our subject through all the marches, struggles, hardships, and victories that , he experi enced amid the changes of his active military career is beyond the scope of this paper. He was ever fear less in the performance of duty, active, efficient, vigi lant, and especially noted for, his strict regard for military rules and the maintenance of discipline. During the contests in front of Spottsylvania, May 19, 1864, he was wounded for the third time, and on September 10th of that year was deservedly breveted a major-general, to rank from Aug. 1, 1864. Just at the close of the war, in a skirmish at Amelia Springs, he was severely wounded in the right leg and forced to relinquish his command. Three days later, April 9, 1865, Gen. Lee surrendered his army, and the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Virginia passed into history. At the disbandment of the army Gen. Mott was placed in temporary command of one of the di visions of the Provisional Corps, the whole being un der the command of Gen. Wright. In August, 1865, he was detailed to serve on the Wirz commission, and on November 22d on the commission to investigate the difficulties between the State of Massachusetts and the Austrian government. While engaged in this work he received his last promotion, Dec. 1, 1865, to date from May 26, 1865, to the rank of a full major-general of volunteers, being the first New Jer sey officer to receive the brevet major-generalship, and, with a single exception, the only one who at tained the full rank. Gen. Mott resigned his com mission and retired to private life on Feb. 20, 1866. : Upon his return to Bordentown he accepted the position of paymaster of the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company. In 1867 he was tendered the ap pointment of lieutenant-colonel of the Thirty-third United States Infantry, but disliking military service in time of peace, declined the position. , On March 1, 1872, when the Camden and Amboy Railroad Com pany was leased by the Pennsylvania Railroad, Gen. Mott's services as paymaster ceased. On Sept. 1, 1875, he was appointed by Governor Bedle to the position of treasurer of New Jersey, to succeed Sooy, and dis charged the duties of the office with .fidelity and suc cess. On Feb. 15, 1876, he was succeeded by a Re publican appointee, and on March 28, 1876, was appointed to the position of keeper of the New Jer sey State prison, holding that place until March 28, 1881, when he declined a reappointment. On March 21, 1882, he was appointed by Governor Ludlow a member of the Riparian Commission of New Jersey, vice Judge Francis S. Lathrop, deceased. Besides these civil positions Gen. Mott was appointed by Gov ernor Parker, in February, 1873, major-general com manding the National Guard of New Jersey, and holds that office at the present writing (1882). At his home residence, where his character as a soldier and a man is best known, Gen. Mott is held in high esteem, and his services have received fre quent recognition and indorsement. Upon starting for the war his Bordentown friends presented him with a handsome horse and equipments, and in 1862 he was made the recipient, by the same parties, of a silver pitcher and two goblets bearing the inscription, " Honor to the Brave. Presented to Brigadier-Gen eral Gershom Mott, U. S. Volunteers, by his friends in Bordentown, N. J., For his soldierly qualities, his gallantry and bravery, displayed at Yorktown, Wil liamsburg, Fair Oaks, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Bris- tow, Bull Run & Manassas." Gen. Mott takes great interest in the affairs of his town, and is identified with several local enterprises and institutions. From 1872 until 1876 he was a member of the foundry firm of Thompson & Mott, at White Hill. He is president of the Merchants' Transportation Company of Trenton, a director of the Bordentown Banking Company, secretary, treas urer, and director of the Cream Ridge Marl Company, of Cream Ridge, N. J., and a director of the West Jersey and Atlantic Railroad Company. On July 4, 1867, he was honored by the election as an honorary member of the New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati. He alsp belongs to a large number of military organ izations. He married, Aug. 8, 1849, Elizabeth, daugh ter of John E. Smith, Esq., of Trenton. In the Seventh Regiment Infantry Surgeon Alvin Satterthwait was the only officer we know of who belonged to Burlington County. He was promoted, July 19, 1862, surgeon Twelfth Begiment New Jersey Volunteers. In the Ninth Regiment Infantry, part of Com pany C and a number of scattering men were from Burlington Cpunty. It was raised under an author ization from the War Department to recruit a regi ment of riflemen of twelve companies. The first company was mustered in at Camp Olden, September 13th, and the last Oct. 15, 1861. On December 4th it left Trenton and proceeded to Washington, where it was assigned to the First Brigade, Gen. Jesse L. Beno, of Burnside's expedition. Jan. 4, 1862, it 42 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. moved to Annapolis, Md., from whence, on the 9th, it embarked for the coast of North Carolina. Arriv ing off Hatteras Inlet, a violent storm arose. On the 15th, the sea having somewhat calmed, Col. Joseph W. Allen, its commander, Lieut.-Col. Heckman, Sur geon Weller, Adjt. Zabriskie, and Qr.-mr. Keys pro ceeded in a boat to the shore to report to Gen. Burnside. The boat was well manned, and was in charge of the captain of the ship "Ann E.Thompson.'' Having concluded their interview with Gen. Burnside, the party proceeded to return, but when they reached the breakers outside "the inlet, a heavy sea burst over the bow and unshipped the oars. Before the oars could be righted a wave struck the boat from beneath, hurl ing it some distance in the air, and precipitating its occupants into the sea. With great difficulty the boat was reached by several of the party, and efforts made to right it; but this was soon found to be impossible, owing to heavy swells, which caused it to roll over and over, and defy any attempt to render it manage able. Lieut.-Col. Heckman and Adjutant Zabriskie, being expert swimmers, finding that Col. Allen and Surgeon Weller were in greater danger than others, made desperate attempts to save their lives, but all were unsuccessful, these officers, bravely struggling to the last, going down into the watery depths. The cap sized boat drifted seaward, but the lieutenant-colonel and adjutant finally succeeded in raising an oar with a shirt on it, which signal being shortly afterwards dis covered, the steamer " Patuxent" hastened to give as sistance. So overcome were the survivors that upon reaching the decks of the steamer some of them sank into insensibility. The bodies of- Col. Allen and Dr. Weller and the second mate were recovered during the day and buried on Hatteras Banks, where the wild winds of the ocean chanted their solemn requiems. The next day the brigantine " Dragon," with five companies of the Ninth, attempted to enter the inlet but struck upon the bar, and was in danger of being lost. The steamer " Patuxent," attracted by the fire of the rifles, came to their assistance and towed them safely into the harbor. On the 21st the seven other com panies entered the inlet on the "Ann E. Thompson." On the 6th of February the fleet steamed up Pamlico Sound, the gunboats under Goldsborough leading the van. The vessels were gayly decked in bunting, and the spectacle was most imposing. At sunset the fleet anchored within twelve miles of Roanoke Island, and at nine o'clock the next morning the gunboats opened on the picket-boats of the enemy. The combat with the enemy's fleet and landbatteries lasted until 3 p.m., when the boats were lowered and the troops pushed ashore. Meeting little opposition the men toiled through a swamp, skirmished with the rebels upon reaching solid ground, and bivouacked in a corn-field during a heavy storm. The next day the brilliant battle of Roanoke Island was fought, and the key to all the inland waters of the State captured. Lieut.-Col. Heckman was promoted colonel ; Maj. Wilson, lieu tenant-colonel ; and Adjutant Zabriskie, major. Dur ing the service of the Ninth in North Carolina it par ticipated in the battles of Newberne, Fort Macon, Young's Cross-Roads, Rowell's Mills, Deep Creek, Southwest Creek, Kinston, Whitehall, Goldsborough, Comfort Bridge, and Winton. At Newberne the Ninth acted with great gallantry in the charge that took the works. In December, Col. Heckman received his commission as brigadier-general, and was assigned to the command of the First Brigade, Second Divis ion, Eighteenth Army Corps, consisting of the Ninth New Jersey, Third, Eighth, and Twenty-third Massa chusetts Regiments. At the same time Dr. A. W. Woodhull was made brigade surgeon, and Lieut.-Col. Zabriskie was promoted colonel. On the 24th a beauti ful stand of colors, costing seven hundred dollars, the gift of the Legislature of New Jersey, was presented to the regiment, accompanied by most flattering reso lutions passed by the Legislature. In January a combined naval and land attack upon Charleston, S. C, being contemplated, on the 29th of that month, the troops being embarked, the fleet of one hundred vessels steamed out of Beaufort Harbor and down the coast, entering Port Royal Harbor on the 31st. The project being abandoned, the Second Brigade was sent back to Beaufort, N. O, and the First disembarked at Hilton Head. Information being received that Gen. Foster was besieged at Little Washington, N. C, at the earnest solicitations of Gen. Heckman and other officers, Gen. Hunter ordered the First Brigade to proceed by sea to his relief. October 18th, the brigade sailed from North Carolina, and landing at Newport News, Va., re mained in camp there during the remainder of the year. In January, 1864, two-thirds of the Ninth re enlist ing for another three years, the regiment was entitled to a veteran furlough, and on the 4th of February they reached Jersey City, where they were formally received by the city authorities. After parading the principal streets, they were entertained at Taylor's Hotel, and late that day. proceeded to Trenton, where their arms were turned in, and the boys scattered to their homes. On the 15th of March the gallant Ninth, strength ened by a number of recruits, once more turned its face towards the field. On the 17th it reached Ports mouth, Va., and joined the array under Gen. Butler; and May 5th it disembarked at Bermuda Hundred. At this time the Army of the Potomac was just emerging from the Wilderness and heading towards Richmond. We shall not follow the Ninth in its many battles around Petersburg. On Sept. 17, 1864, it proceeded to Bermuda Hundred, and embarking on transports sailed for North Carolina, reaching More- head City on the 21st. It remained in this State until the close of the war. In October, 1864 one hundred and eighty men of the Ninth, whose term of service had expired, left for Trenton, where they WAR FOR THE UNION. 43 were mustered out. In June, 1865, two hundred and sixteen men left for Trenton, and on the 12th of July the regiment, as an organization, was mustered out at Greensborough, N. C, and the next day proceeded by rail to Danville, Va. Upon reaching City Point it embarked for Baltimore, and reached Trenton at half-past six o'clock on the morning of the 18th of July. On the 28th the final discharge-papers were issued, and on the following day, after nearly four years of service, the regiment ceased to exist. It is remarkable that of the officers returning with the regiment, all, except the colonel and lieutenant- colonel, originally joined the regiment as privates. The total strength of the regiment was 2701 officers and men, of whom 254 were killed or died in the service, 352 were discharged on account of disability, 36 were never accounted for, and 17 enlisted men were promoted. The battles the regiment participated in, besides those already mentioned, were Deep Creek, Va., Cherry Grove, Port Walthall, Procter's, Swift Creek, Drury's Bluff, Cold Harbor, Free Bridge, before Petersburg, Va., Gardner's Bridge, Foster's Bridge, Butler's Bridge, Southwest Creek, Wise's Fork, and Goldsboro', N. C. The officers from Burlington County were: Col. Joseph W. Allen,1 drowned at Hatteras Inlet, N. O, Jan. 15, 1862. Capt. Charles B. Hopkinton,1 Co. C. Second Lieut. Joel W. Clift, Co. C. Qr.mr. Samuel Keys. In the Tenth Regiment Infantry, Company C and a number of scattering men were from Burlington County. Being raised by authority from the War Department, without the consent of the Governor of New Jersey, its earlier experience was not satisfac tory to officers or men. It was received by William Bryan, who was its first colonel, at Beverly, and pro ceeded to Washington, Dec. 26, 1861. Owing to its defective organization and the absence of all proper discipline it soon fell into disrepute, and for a time was of little service. In January, 1862, the War De partment transferred the regiment to the State author ities. It was then thoroughly reorganized and desig nated the Tenth Regiment, it being before known as the " Olden Legion." Governor Olden requested Col. William R. Murphy, of Bordentown, to accept the. command of it, which he consented to do on con dition that the quartermaster of the State should be directed to equip and supply the regiment like the others, and that he, the colonel, should be permitted to select its officers. Col. Murphy was at once mus tered in at Washington, and assumed command. At this time the regiment was in an almost hopeless con dition. Among other defects one of the companies was enlisted and equipped as cavalry, and most of its men were in arrest for refusing to do infantry duty. 1 See history of Bordentown. This company was mustered out and authority given to recruit a company of infantry. A considerable num ber of men were discharged on account of physical dis-' ability, and the field and company officers were com missioned and mustered into service. The morale of the regiment was much improved, and early in the summer of 1862 it was ordered into Washington and placed upon provost duty. In the early part of 1863 barracks were erected for it. Col. Murphy, who had. hoped for more active service for his command, be lieving there was little prospect of its being ordered into the field, resigned his commission March 12th, and was succeeded by Col. H. O. Ryerson, formerly of the Second Regiment. April 12, 1863, the Tenth was sent to Suffolk, Va., where it was attached to Corcoran 's brigade, and saw some service against Longstreet, who had threatened that section. In July it was sent to perform provost duty at Philadelphia, and in September it was sent to Pottsville, Pa., where there were indications of riots among the miners, and thence was ordered to the fords of the Potomac near Shepherdstown, where it: remained about a month. In November, riots having broken out in other parts of the mining regions of Pennsylvania, it was ordered to Mauch Chunk, where it remained until April, 1864, when it proceeded to: Brandy Station, Va., and was attached to the First Brigade New Jersey Volunteers in time to participate in the grand movement against Richmond under- Gen. Grant The record of the Tenth from this time forward was almost identical with that of the First Brigade, which is elsewhere given. It shared in the battles, the glories, and the hardships of that memorable cam paign, and with the brigade was transferred to the Shenandoah Valley, where under Sheridan it took part in his glorious victories. During the winter of 1864-65 it rejoined the army before Petersburg, and being largely recruited it rendered efficient service, and when the rebel flag went down at Appomattox, it turned its face northward, and in June, 1865, it was mustered out at Hall's Hill, Va., and soon after pro ceeded to Trenton. The regiment participated in the following battles: Carrsville, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Spottsylvania Court-House, North and South Anna River, Hanover Court-House, Tolopotomy Creek, Cold Harbor, be fore Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Snicker's Gap, Strasburg, Winchester, Charlestown, Opequan, Fisher's Hill, New Market, Mount Jackson, Cedar Creek, and Middletown, Hatcher's Run, Fort Stead- man, capture of Petersburg, Sailor's Creek, Farm- ville, and Lee's surrender. Its total strength was 2584 officers and men, of whom 274 were killed or died, 293 were discharged on account of disability, 138 were not accounted for, and 48 enlisted men were promoted. The following officers of the Tenth were from Bur lington County: 44 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. , Col. William Bryan, Col. William R. Murphy. Lieut.-Col. John D. Johnson, captain Co. C ; dis charged March 11, 1865 ; paroled prisoner ; lieutenant- colonel March 31, 1865. Maj. Henry A. Perrine, captain Co. K ; discharged March 29, 1865 ; commissioned colonel June 30, 1865 ; not mustered. Quartermaster Samuel S. Smith, discharged Sept. 20, 1864; recommissioned Jan. 24, 1865 ; captain Co. K, May 21, 1865 ; nof! mustered. Surgeon John W. Bryan, discharged April 14, 1862. Assistant Surgeon Jesse J. Thomas, died at Me ridian Hill, Washington, May 4, 1862, of wounds re ceived accidentally. Assistant Surgeon Samuel Stille, resigned Sept 10, 1862. Capt. John E. Pepper, first sergt., second lieut, first lieut., captain Co. C. First Lieut. Albert M. Buck, Co. E. First Lieut. Robert Love, secojid lieut. Co. F; first lieut. Co. H; discharged Dec. 8, 1864; commis sioned captain Co. A Oct. 5, 1864; not mustered. First Lieut. Silas M. Wampole, Co. K ; discharged Jan. 18, 1865; paroled prisoner. Second Lieut. Joseph D. Smith, sergt., first sergt., second lieut. Co. H. Second Lieut. Filbert Shell enberger, sergt., first sergt. ; re-enlisted ; second lieut. Co, K ; discharged Aug. 18, 1864. Second Lieut. Joseph R. Horner, Co. C ; promoted first lieut. Co. F ; also captain Co. E, Thirty-fourth Regiment. In the Twelfth Regiment Infantry, Company C was of Burlington County. The regiment was raised under the second call of the President for 300,000 men, Robert C. Johnson, of Salem, a cadet of West Point, and formerly major of the Fourth Regiment of three months' men, being commissioned as colonel July 9, 1862. It was ready for the -field by the 4th day of September, at which time it was mustered into the. United States service for three years at Camp Stockton, near Woodbury, N. J., by Capt. William B. Royall, U.S.A. It left the State September 7th, nine hundred and ninety-two strong. En route for Washington, by reason of the threatened invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania, upon its arrival at Bal timore it was sent to Ellicott's Mills, Md., where it re mained for three months. December 10th it proceeded to Washington, and in a few days marched to Liverpool Point, Md., and crossed the Potomac to Acquia Creek, Va. From thence it soon moved to Falmouth and went into winter-quarters. At this time the Twelfth was attached to the Third Division of the Second Corps, and April 28, 1863, under Hooker, it broke camp, marched to United States Ford, and two days afterwards crossed the Rappahannock. It fought in the unfortunate and hard battle of Chancellorsville, where Col. Willets, who had succeeded Col. Johnson, was seriously wounded, and one hundred and seventy- nine officers and men were reported killed, wounded, or missing. Returning to its old camp, on June 14th, under Maj. Hill, it marched by way of Acquia Creek, Fair fax Station, and Edwards Ferry to Gettysburg's glo rious field. Marching parallel with Lee, but to the east of the mountains, still under Gen. Meade, it crossed the Potomac at Berlin, reached Warrenton, and August 1st went on guard duty on and near the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. September 12th the regiment, following Pleasonton's cavalry, crossed the Rapidan, and subsequently marched to Centre- ville, being engaged in several actions in the inean time. About this time Maj. Hill was discharged on account of physical disability, and the regiment was commanded by Lieut.-Col. Davis. On the 7th of November the army again moved, crossing the Rap pahannock. The Twelfth accompanied it through the " Mine Run campaign," which, though accompa nied by some fighting, amounted to no good. Enter ing into winter-quarters December 27th, they moved tp Stone Mountain to support the cavalry picket line. They lay here until Feb. 16, 1864, when they partici pated in an advance made for the purpose of divert ing the attention of the enemy from the operations of Kilpatrick's cavalry, who started on an expedition towards Richmond. The Twelfth waded the Rapi dan under a heavy fire of artillery, skirmished with the enemy, and during the night recrossed. They re mained in camp until Grant's grand advance through the Wilderness. In all those hard-fought battles down to the banks of the James, around Petersburg, and until Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court-House, the Twelfth faithfully performed its duty and shared in the hardships and perils. Every heart felt that the rebel flag must go down, and that the holy cause of union and liberty for which they were battling must soon triumph. As conquerors they marched back to Washington, where, at Bailey's Cross-Roads, in June and July, they were mustered out of service and returned to the State. The total strength of the regiment was 1899 officers and men, of whom 261 were killed or died in the service, 171 were discharged on account of disability, 29 were not accounted for, and 38 enlisted men were promoted. The regiment took part in the battles of Chancel lorsville, Gettysburg, Falling Waters, Auburn Mills, Bristoe Station, Blackburn's Ford, Robinson's Tav ern, Mine Run, Morton's Ford, Wilderness, Spottsyl vania, Spottsylvania Court-House, North and South Anna River, Tolopotomy, Cold Harbor, before Peters burg, Deep Bottom, Mine Explosion, north bank of James River, Ream's Station, Fort Sedgwick, Hatch er's Run, Boydton Plank-Road, Hatcher's Run, Dab- ney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, Boydton Plank-Road, cap ture of Petersburg, Sailor's Creek, High Bridge, Farmville, and Lee's surrender. The following officers were from Burlington County : .aiyfJl,.AA*JUtcWe WAR FOR THE UNION. 45 Capt. Joel W. Clift, Co. B; discharged Nov. 2, 1863, on account of disability. Capt. John W. Mitchell ; sergeant ; first sergeant Co. B ; first lieutenant ; captain Co. D. First Lieut. Ellwood Griscom; sergeant Co. F; second lieutenant Co. A ; first lieutenant Co. E. Second Lieut. Samuel Mattson ; private; cor poral ; sergeant ; first sergeant ; second lieutenant Co. B. Second Lieut. Henry P. Reed ; first sergeant Co. B ; second lieutenant ; promoted captain Co. F, Thirty- fourth Regiment. In the Fourteenth Regiment Infantry the only officers from Burlington County were : First Lieut. William Leatherbury ; sergeant; first sergeant Co. B; sergeant-major; first lieutenant Co. H ; transferred to Co. E. Second Lieut. Tenadore Woodward ; discharged on account of disability, Aug. 4, 1864; commissioned first lieutenant March 4, 1864, Co. B; not mus tered. In the Twenty-third Regiment Infantry, Compa nies A and B and quite a number of men in other com panies were from Burlington County. On the 4th of August, 1862, a draft of three hundred thousand militia was ordered by the President to serve for nine months. The quota of the State was ten thousand four hundred and seventy-eight men. The draft was to commence September 3d, and continued from day to day until completed. The adjutant-general of the State announced the quota required from each county, city, and township. A general desire being mani fested by the people of the State to fill the quota by voluntary enlistment, it was announced that volun teers in lieu of drafted men would be received up to September 1st The result of this policy, and of the general disposition to escape the stigma of a draft, was gratifying in the extreme. Everywhere through out the State the utmost enthusiasm and energy were exhibited, not only by those liable to the conscription, but by citizens of all ages and classes. For several days previous to that fixed for the draft men poured into camp by thousands, and by the evening of Sep tember 2d the five camps contained ten thousand eight hundred volunteers. The Twenty-third was mustered in at Beverly, Sep tember 13th ; Company A, from the city of Burling ton, being the first to reach the rendezvous, August 25th; Company B, of Bordentown, mustering the same evening. The regiment was commanded by Col. John S. Cox, of Ellisdale, Monmouth County, and its total strength was nine hundred and ninety- six officers and men. Leaving Beverly September 26th, it proceeded to Washington, and after going into camp for a few days, it moved to Frederick City, Md. Here it remained until October 8th, when it started for Bakersville to join the First New Jersey Brigade. On the 30th it marched with the brigade towards Crampton's Pass, and on the 3d of Novem ber crossed the Potomac, and moved to New Balti more, where it remained for some time. Col. Cox having resigned, he was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. H. O. Ryerson, of the Second. About this time Maj. Alfred Thompson, of Bordentown, also resigned on account of failing health, and was succeeded by E. Burd Grubb, a lieutenant of the Third Regiment. Gen. Burnside having superseded Gen. McClellan in command of the army, the brigade broke camp on the 16th and moved towards Falmouth via Catlett's Sta tion and Stafford Court-House. On the morning of the 12th of December, 1862, the regiment crossed the Rappahannock below Fredericksburg. Sleeping be low the bluff, the next morning it took its position in line of battle, and suffered severely on that badly- managed field, Maj. Grubb particularly distinguish ing himself for his cool gallantry. On the 15th the regiment recrossed the river, and on the 20th reached White Oak Church and went into winter-quarters. Participating in Burnside's famous " mud march," during which it lost a numberof men and suffered great hardships, it returned to its old camp, and remained inactive until spring. Hooker assuming command of the army on the 29th of April, 1863, it again crossed the Rappahannock three miles below Fredericksburg. Skirmishing, marching through the old city, it ad vanced to Salem Church, where it met the enemy in force, and had the honor of forming part of the rear guard in retiring from the field of Chancellorsville. It recrossed the river at Banks' Ford, May 5th. To divert the attention of the enemy, Hooker again recrossed the river with a portion of the army. It was early in June, when the men were in daily expec tation of orders to return home to be mustered out, that orders came for " three days' cooked rations." The men well knew the meaning of this, and it was an unexpected disappointment to them, but they fol lowed Col. Grubb across the river in -good spirits. While throwing up breastworks in front of Fred ericksburg, after a few days' duty, orders came to re turn to Beverly, where they soon arrived, and the men separated to await the completion of their muster-out papers. At this time, late in June, the country was startled by the news of Lee's advance into Pennsylvania and the supposed danger of Harrisburg. Governor Par ker issued a stirring proclamation to the regiments not yet disbanded, and to the people, to hasten to the aid of the sister State. When this appeal was issued less than half of the men of the Twenty-third were in camp, but Col. Grubb promptly ordered the "assem bly," and not a man hesitated to volunteer. Trans portation was at once telegraphed for, and in the dusk of the evening the regiment landed in Philadelphia, and preceded by a band, marched through the crowded streets, greeted at every step by cheers. On the fol lowing morning, in coal-cars, they were carried to Harrisburg, where they were at once set to throwing up breastworks to prevent the passage of the river, 46 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. which at that time was very shallow. In a few days, however, Governor Curtin feeling the capital safe, the regiment returned to Beverly, where it remained until June 27th, when it was finally dissolved. The Twenty-third participated in the following battles: Fredericksburg, Fredericksburg (second), Salem Church. Its total strength was 1035 officers and men, of which 84 were killed or died in the service, 80 were discharged on account of disability, and 15 enlisted men were promoted. The following officers were from Burlington County : Col. John S. Cox, res. Nov. 10, 1862. Col. E. Burd Grubb, 2d lieut. Co. C; 1st lieut. Co. . D, 3d Regt, ; maj. and lieut.-col. ; also col. 37th Regt. ; brev. brig.-gen. U. S. Vols. Lieut-Col. George C. Brown, res. Dec. 25, 1862. Lieut.-Col. Francis W. Milnor, capt. Co. A ; maj. and lieut.-col. Maj. Alfred Thompson, res. Nov. 13, 1862. Maj. William J. Parmenter, capt. Co. K ; maj. Adjt. William G. Winans, res. Nov. 22, 1862. Adjt. Jacob Perkins, 1st lieut. Co. G; res. Jan. 14, 1863; adjt. Adjt. Samuel W. Downs, 2d lieut. Co. K; 1st lieut. Co. G; adjutant. Qr.mr. Abel H. Nichols, 2d lieut. Co. G ; also qr.mr. 34th Regt. Surg. William Cooke, res. Feb. 13, 1863. Capt. Francis H. Higgins, Co. B; res. Feb. 14, 1863. Capt. Elwood H. Kirkbride, 2d lieut. Co. F ; 1st lieut. Co. D ; capt. Co. B. Capt. Samuel Carr, Co. C; res. April 13, 1863. Capt. George W. Severs, 2d lieut. ; 1st lieut. ; capt. Co. C. Capt. Reading Newbold, Co. D. Capt. Augustus W. Grobler, Co. E ; res. Feb. 23, 1863, disability ; also 2d lieut. Co. C, and 1st lieut. Go. H, 34th Regt. Capt. Samuel B. Smith, Co. F. Capt. Joseph R. Rigdway, Co. G ; killed in action at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Capt. Henry C. Risdon, 1st lieut. Co. C; capt. Co. G. Capt. Henry A. McCabe, Co. H ; res. Dec. 31, 1862. Capt. David S. Root, 1st lieut. ; capt Co. H ; res. Feb. 16, 1863. Capt. Forrester L. Taylor, 1st lieut. Co. D ; capt. Co. H. Capt. John P. Burnett, Co. I. 1st Lieut. Charles Sibley, Co. A ; killed in action at Salem Heights, Va., May 3, 1863. t 1st Lieut. Samuel E. Bannin, Co. B. 1st Lieut. Samuel Browne, Jr., sergt.-maj. ; 2d lieut. Co. C. 1st Lieut. David R. Newbold, Co. D ; died of typhoid fever, at Washington, D. C, Dec. 22, 1862. 1st Lieut. Edward L. Dobbins, sergt.; qr.mr.-sergt. ; 2d lieut. Co. I; 1st lieut. Co. D. 1st Lieut. Isaac Shinn, Co. E ; res. Feb. 7, 1863. 1st Lieut. Samuel L. Wright, 1st sergt. Co. C ; 2d lieut. Co. H ; 1st lieut. Co. E. 1st Lieut. James S. Budd, Co. F ; killed in action at Salem Heights, Va., May 3, 1863. 1st Lieut. Edward Riggs, 2d lieut. Co. A ; 1st lieut. Co. G. 1st Lieut. John F. McKee, sergt.-maj. ; 2d lieut. Co. C ; 1st lieut. Co. G. 1st Lieut. Robert M. Ekings, Co. I ; also lieut.-col. 34th Regt. 2d Lieut. Lewis Ayers, res. Feb. 22, 1863. 2d Lieut. George W. Arbuckle, 1st sergt. Co. K ; 2d lieut. Co. B. 2d Lieut. William Holman, private Co. I; 2d lieut. Co. C. 2d Lieut. Charles H. Mclntyre, Co. D ; res. Jan. 6, 1863. 2d Lieut. Alfred C. Seeds, Co. E; res. April 7, 1863. 2d Lieut. Nicholl F. Smith, sergt. Co. B ; 2d lieut. Co. E. 2d Lieut. James O. Garman, 1st sergt. ; 2d lieut. Co. F. 2d Lieut. William C. Stokes, 1st sergt; 2d lieut. Co. G. 2d Lieut. William Frayer, Co. I; res.. Jan. 4, 1863. 2d Lieut. Benjamin R. Haines, sergt. Co. E; 2d lieut. Co. I. In the Twenty-fourth Regiment Infantry, the only officers from Burlington County that we know of were: Chaplain William C. Stockton. 1st Lieut. James S. Woodward, 2d lieut. Co. I. In the Thirty-fourth Regiment Infantry there were a number of Burlington County men, mostly in Com panies A, C, and D. The regiment was raised during the summer and autumn of 1863, principally from the counties of Mercer, Salem, Burlington, and Camden, and plentiful additions from 'the neighboring cities of New York and Philadelphia of men attracted by the large bounties then being paid. The headquarters of the regiment was first at Beverly, and afterwards at Camp Parker, Trenton. Authority was given to in dividuals to raise companies, and as soon as the com panies were completed they reported to camp and were mustered in for three years. Company A was mus tered in September 3d, and Company K and the field and staff officers October 9th. The regiment was com manded by Col. William H. Lawrence, captain Four teenth Regiment United States Infantry. It left Trenton Nov. 16, 1863, passed through Philadelphia and Pittsburgh to Jeffersonville, Ind., where it took steam transports down the Ohio to Paducah. During the trip it lost about seventy men by desertion. They enlisted for the bounty, and having obtained it left at the first opportunity. All the regiments raised WAR FOR THE UNION. 47 towards the close of the war were infested with "bounty-jumpers," who when captured were duly shot. The day after arriving at Paducah, the regi ment was conveyed three hundred miles up the Ten nessee River to Eastport, Miss., but a change in the plans of the general commanding caused the Thirty- fourth to return down the river to Columbus, Ky., and from thence to Union City, Tenn. December 22d, with an army under Gen. A. J. Smith, the regiment marched to Huntingdon, Tenn., in search of the rebel general Forrest, who kept out of their way, whereupon they retraced their steps, sleeping at one time upon the snow without blankets or tents, and with the thermometer, it is said, regis tering ten degrees below zero. Jan. 21, 1864, the regiment returned to Columbus, where it was left as a permanent garrison. Col. Law rence was placed in command of the post, and Maj. G. W. Abeel in command of the regiment. Ken tucky at this time was much infested by rebel guerril las, and a company of the Thirty-fourth was mounted, under command of Lieut. Julian Wright, who suc ceeded in breaking up and capturing various bands of the " wild cavalry." , On the morning of the 13th of April, a part of For rest's force, under Gen. Buford, appeared in front of Columbus, and after a brisk skirmish summoned Col. Lawrence to surrender the garrison. To this the gal lant colonel replied, " That being placed there by his government with adequate force to hold his post and repel all enemies from it, surrender was out of the question." After a desultory skirmish for some hours Buford withdrew, foiled in his purpose. In May an engagement took place at Hickman, Ky., between a detachment of the Thirty-fourth and some rebel cavalry, in which a number of the enemy were killed. In July the regiment was again en gaged, and routed the enemy near Clinton, Ky. In December, 1864, they proceeded to Nashville, but ar riving too late to participate in the battle it returned to Paducah. On Jan. 11, 1865, it left for Eastport, Miss., with the Eleventh Corps. From there, Feb ruary 7th, they proceeded to New Orleans. The cap ture of Mobile having been determined upon, the Thirty-fourth left New Orleans with the expedition for Dauphin's Island. On the 8th and 9th of April it took part in the assault and capture of Spanish Fort, Forts Huger, Tracy, and Blakeley. Col. Lawrence led the regiment gallantly, and both officers and men conducted themselves with distinguished courage. After the capture of Mobile the regiment moved to Montgomery, Ala., where it remained for .several months on provost duty. During the fall and winter detached companies were stationed at points on the Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad. Col. Law rence resigned in October, and was succeeded by Lieut-Col. Moore, both being breveted brigadier- generals. The regiment was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., April 30, 1866. It then returned to New Jer sey, arriving at Trenton in due time, and was soon after disbanded, being the last regiment from the State to quit the service of the government upon the conclusion of the war. The total strength of the regiment was two thou sand two hundred and ninety-three officers and men, of whom one hundred and fifty-five were killed or died in the service, seventy-nine were discharged on account of disability, forty-four were not accounted for, and twenty-five enlisted men were promoted. It participated in the battles of Columbus, Hick man, Clinton, Mayfield, and Paris, Landing, Ky., Nashville, Tenn., Fort Huger, Spanish Fort, and Fort Blakeley, Mobile, Ala. The following officers were from Burlington County : Lieut.-Col. Robert M. Ekings, capt. Co. C; maj. and lieut.-col. Capt. Martin L. Haines, 1st lieut. and capt. Co. C. Capt. Thomas Taylor, 1st lieut. Co. D ; capt. Co. I. Second Lieut. Richard J. Moore, Co. A ; res. June 21, 1864. Second Lieut. Walter L. Woodward, 1st sergt. ; 2d lieut. Co. D. ; disch. July 13, 1865; disability. Second Lieut. John B. Wright, first sergeant Com pany E, Tenth Regiment; second lieutenant Com pany K. Second Lieut. John Connor, sergeant and first ser geant Company C; sergeant-major; second lieu tenant Company C. In the Thirty-fifth Regiment Infantry, the only officer we know of was Second Lieut. Edward Ken nedy, sergeant and first sergeant Company A; second lieutenant Company F. In the Thirty-seventh Regiment Infantry, there were quite a number of men from Burlington County in Companies H and I. The regiment was organized in pursuance of a call by the President for the im mediate raising by voluntary enlistment from the mi litia of the State of troops to serve one hundred days unless sooner discharged, and as was fully set forth in the proclamation of Governor Parker, dated May 16, 1864. Under authority, the raising of two regi ments was immediately commenced. The headquar ters of the Thirty-seventh was established at Camp Delaware, near Trenton. As no bounty was to be given, nor even their services to be credited upon any draft, and as local bounties were offered by different cities, recruiting became languid, and it was soon ap parent that neither of the two regiments would be enabled to fill its ranks. Therefore, June 23d, the Thirty-eighth Regiment was consolidated with the Thirty-seventh, which was commanded by Col. E. Burd Grubb, 'a gallant and dashing soldier. It left the State June 28, 1864, and at Baltimore embarked on transports and proceeded to City Point, Va., and reported for duty to Gen. Grant. As might have been expected of a regiment raised under such circum stances, the personnel was not altogether encouraging. 48 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTYv NEW JERSEY. The medical examination was by no means search ing, and as a result there were men in it who would not have been accepted in other regiments. There were also scores of young boys from fifteen years of age upwards. The regiment encamped near Point of Rocks, July 1st, and furnished fatigue parties for un loading vessels, working on f6rtifications,etc.' It then moved to Redoubt Converse, on Spring Hill, near Ap pomattox River. Here detachments were sent to un load vessels, to corps headquarters, to guard commis sary and stores, to do picket duty, and to garrison the fort. While in this fort died Lieut.-Col. Barlow and Adjutant Parker Grubb. On the 28th of August the regiment marched to the extreme front, relieving veteran troops in the trenches and fortifications before Petersburg. The regiment remained here until its term of service had nearly expired. Before returning home a number of the men re-enlisted for a period of one year, and were assigned to Battery E, First Regiment New Jersey Artillery. On the 26th of September it left the front and returned home, receiving a gratifying compli ment from Maj.-Gen. Birney, commanding the Tenth Army Corps. The regiment was engaged in no bat tles, yet it had five men killed and twenty-nine wounded. Its total strength was seven hundred and eighty^one officers and men, of whom nineteen were killed or died, three were discharged on account of disability, three were not accounted for, and four enlisted men were promoted. The officers from Burlington County were : Col. E. Burd Grubb. Adjutant Parker Grubb. Quartermaster J. Warner Kinsey ; also quarter master 40th Regt. 1st Lieut. Jonathan W. Maguire, Co. H; also 1st lieut. Co. B, 40th Regt. 1st Lieut. Henry C. Woodward, Co. I; also 1st lieut. Co. C, 40th Regt. 2d Lieut. Michael H. Johnson, Co. I. 2d Lieut, William H. Stiles, Co. H ; also 1st lieut. Co. I, 40th Regt. The Fortieth Regiment Infantry had scattered through it a number of Burlington County men. It was recruited under the call of July, 1864, for 500,000 men. Its headquarters was established at draft ren dezvous (Camp Perrine), Trenton, and the term of en listment was for one, two, or three years. Company A was mustered in Oct. 24, 1864, and left the State the same day. Company K was mustered in March 10, 1865, and left the State on the 12th: Each company, on its arrival In the field, was attached to the Fourth Regiment, and so remained until six companies had reported for duty, when the regiment was organized, its strength being 1021 officers and men, commanded by Col. Gilkyson, who was mustered in March 19, 1865. It was assigned to the Sixth Army Corps. It participated in the battles of Hatcher's Run, Fort Steedman, capture of " Petersburg, Sailor's Creek, Farmville, and Lee's surrender (Appomattox). In the last fight before Richmond it displayed conspicu ous gallantry, and though its record is brief, it is bright.' The total strength of the regiment was 1409 officers and men, of whom 19 were killed or died in the ser vice, 20 were discharged on account of disability, 33 were not accounted for, and 19 enlisted men were pro moted. The following officers were from Burlington County : Capt. John W. Goodenough, Co. K; brevet major,' April 2, 1865. 1st Lieut, Joseph F. Mount, 2d lieut. Co. C ; 1st lieut. Co. A. 1st Lieut.1 Henry C. Woodward, Co. C. 1st Lieut Samuel Phillips, 2d" lieut. Co. D. 2d Lieut James Phillips, Co. E; brevet 1st lieut. April 2, 1865. 2d Lieut George A. Beldin. In the First Cavalry ,: the Sixteenth Regiment of the line, New Jersey Volunteers, Company C was raised in Burlington County, and F in Burlington and Ocean Counties. There was also scattered through the regiment quite a number of men from the county. On Aug. 4, 1861, authority was given by the War Department to the Hon. William Halsted to raise a regiment of cavalry, the time for doing so being lim ited to ten days, but afterwards extended to ten days more. The headquarters was established at Trenton. On the 24th the first four companies, under Maj. M. H. Beaumont, arrived at Washington, and one week later six other companies were brought in by Hal sted. The camp was established at Meridian Hill. Col. Halsted, for many years a prominent member of the bar of New Jersey and at one time a member of Congress, was in his seventieth year. Although a gentleman of ability, he appears not to have possessed the qualities requisite to enforce obedience from and bring into subordination a large body of men fresh from the pursuits of civil life. The camp, therefore, from the first was a scene of tumult and disorder. There was ho authoritative announcement of duties, no promptly enforced penalty for disobedience. Drills were scarcely thought of, officers had little idea of their duties, and not a proper appreciation of their position. There were two lieutenant-colonels con tending for the position to which both had been ap pointed, and the officers were divided into cliques. The regiment moved' from camp to camp; and at length crossing into Virginia was attached to Palmer's brigade of cavalry. Here the difficulty as to the lieutenant-colonelcy was settled, and Joseph Karge was confirmed in that position. Col. Halsted. tak ing sick-leave, Lieut.-Col. Karge undertook to right matters. Having formerly been an officer in the Prussian army, and trained to regard a despotic dis cipline as the only principle of military authority, he WAR FOR THE UNION. 49 found many difficulties to encounter. The men who had not yet learned to obey, and had been accustomed to an almost impunity of insubordination, could not understand his unreasoning severity, and the whole camp became a scene of discontent that threatened to break out into riot and mutiny. To add to the trou ble, in October the last raised company came into camp without uniforms, blankets, or tents, and the horses of the whole command were supplied with an insufficiency of forage. This ended in the removal of Quartermaster Benjamin B. Halsted, who had been irregularly mustered in. Hearing this the colonel, feeling that he should have been consulted before such a change had been effected, hurried back to camp, and signalized his resumption of command by an unseemly altercation with the lieutenant-colonel. Confusion now was worse confounded. The colonel took the part of the men in their complaints against the lieutenant-colonel, and the reforms in drill, disci pline, and camp routine at once fell into abeyance. While this miserable state of affairs was existing the colonel became involved in difficulty with the War Department, which resulted in his arrest. The lieu tenant-colonel sent the most inefficient and probably Obnoxious officers before the Examining Board in Washington. " The army swore in Flanders," but there was a decided improvement in the discipline. Col. Halsted returned to the command in five weeks, the lieutenant-colonel and major were soon in arrest, and the colonel's time was occupied in extricating the officers who had been sent before the Board of Ex amination. At last, Feb. 19, 1862, the regiment was transferred to the care of the State. It was then thoroughly reorganized. Col. Halsted was mustered ' out, and Percy Wyndham, an Englishman by descent, colonel in the Sardinian army, a soldier of Gari baldi, was appointed colonel by the Governor of New Jersey. "Halsted's Horse" became the First New Jersey Cavalry, and from that day commenced its bright and glorious career. During the winter the regiment was employed on picket duty. In April, 1862, it was ordered to Fred ericksburg to join McDowell. On the 20th it scouted to King George Court-House. Company G, the next day, brought in some two hundred slaves and a num ber of horses, and Capt. Broderick surprised a courier post, killing several and capturing five horse*. It re turned to Falmouth on the 28th, where it was trans ferred to Gen. Bayard's brigade of cavalry. It re mained here until late in May, when it was ordered to the Shenandoah Valley to oppose the advance of " Stonewall" Jackson. It reached Strasburg June 1st, and captured one hundred and fifty rebel stragglers. Pushing on to Woodstock, a brisk skirmish ensued. About noon of the 6th our army arrived upon the hills of Harrisonburg, and a sharp combat ensued, the First acting splendidly, and the gallant colonel was left wounded upon the field. Gen. Ashby was killed by Fred Holmes, of the Pennsylvania "Bucktails," who 4 were the only troops who came to the assistance of the First, but our boys were driven from the field. The battle of Cross Keys was fought on the 8th, where Jackson was able to check Fremont, and keep open his line of retreat. A few days afterwards the First Cavalry returned to Gen. McDowell, and about the 20th of June reached Manassas Junction. From thence it marched to Madi son Court-House, and then, under Gen. Hatch, to Gor- donsville and Charlottesville, from which, unsuccess ful, it returned to Culpeper Court-House. Passing by the three skirmishes at Bartlett's Ford, we come to Cedar Mountain. Gen. Banks fought this battle under the impression 'his force was over one-third larger than it really was. Gen. Pope arriving upon the field, drew in Banks' too extended lines, and Jackson was repulsed. During the battle Gen. Pope actually had the audacity to send one of his aides, Capt. Asch, First Cavalry, to order a rebel battery that was annoy ing him much to cease firing. The captain hinted that it was a rebel battery, to which the general replied, " Nonsense !" The captain rode boldly up and ex claimed, " The general directs that you cease firing." " Does the general order that ?" asked the surprised artillery officer. " Yes," said Asch-; "he sent me with peremptory orders." And while the wondering rebel obeyed, Asch galloped off, delighted to escape without detection. When the First was about to charge, two men of Company A, being wounded, drew their horses out of the ranks, and saluting tlieir officer with their swords, said," We are hit, sir." It was a splendid act, and showed their soldierly qualities. On the 20th the First skirmished with Stuart's cav alry at Brandy Station, driving them back with loss. A hard fight took place at Rappahannock Station, where the cavalry covered the withdrawal of Pope's army. It was a gallant fight ; Lieut.-Cols. Karge and Hick were wounded, and Bobbins and Stuart were captured, and forty men killed or unhorsed. Jackson soon after made his famous march in the rear of Pope at Bull Run (second), and the First, with the brigade, was sent to hold Thoroughfare Gap, to prevent the enemy under Lee from falling on the left flank and rear of our army, capturing one hundred and fifty prisoners and blocking the gap by felling trees. Ricketts came with four brigades, made a gal lant fight, but, through ignorance of the position of the rest of our army, retired towards Manassas Junc tion and Bristoe Station. In the disastrous battle of Bull Bun, in which Pope's left flank was completely turned, the First Cavalry took little part, skirmishing afterwards on our right flank, and going into camp at Bailey's Cross- Roads. During the Maryland campaign the First scoured Northern Virginia from the mountains eastward, Wyndham on one occasion dashing through Thor oughfare Gap and harassing Lee's communications, and Karge riding into Warrenton, and capturing six teen hundred prisoners and a large amount of stores. 50 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. Lee was retreating down the valley, and Stuart's cavalry attempted to destroy the bridges and railroads east of the mountain to make safe that retreat. Bay ard's brigade started from Chantilly, scouting through Aldie and Middleburg up to Upperville, to preserve those structures. Considerable fighting ensued dur ing these operations, Wyndham, Karge, and Capt. Kester distinguishing themselves by their activity and bravery, and Stuart was foiled in his attempt. The regiment was on the field of Fredericksburg, but not actively engaged. Here Bayard was killed. The First was attached to Gregg's division, and April 30, 1863, started across the Rappahannock on " Stoneman's raid." They penetrated as far as the James River, destroyiug bridges, boats, store-houses, and railroads, and capturing a vast amount of prop erty which they safely returned with. The battle of Chancellorsville was lost, and Lee promptly put his army in motion for his expedi tion to Pennsylvania. Hooker massed our cavalry under Pleasonton near Catlett's Station. The First Cavalry with its division crossed the Rappahannock at Kelley 's Ford, and soon encountered the enemy at Brandy Station. Here a desperate hand-to-hand bat tle was fought, and the field was the scene of innu merable small encounters, in which heroic courage was shown by the combatants on both sides. To record the acts of daring and recklessness, in which the only feeling that animated the men was victory at any sacrifice, would be to give an account of each indi vidual officer and man. All were heroes on that day. Wyndham, who commanded a brigade, was badly wounded. Lieut.-Col. Broderick, the senior officer of the First, and the steadfast Maj. Shelmire were left dead upon the field, Shelmire stretched across the body of his foe.1 Of the two hundred and eighty officers and men, six officers and over fifty men were killed. On the 2d of July, 1863, the First Cavalry debouched upon the field of Gettysburg and, dismounted, went in on the right of our line. Mounted and dismounted, it gloriously performed its duty in that great battle. At White Sulphur Springs, when Meade discovered the attempt of Lee to cut his communications with Washington, the regiment was severely engaged, the gallant Capt. Lucas, of Company F, being shot in the brain. Crossing the Rapidan with Meade in his Mine Run advance, Nov. 27, 1863, the division surprised the rebel pickets at Ely's Ford, and bivouacked in the Wilderness. Moving to Hope Church, the First Cav alry engaged the enemy, advancing dismounted with successive rushes under a terrific fire that caused them heavy loss. Gray, of Company C, had his hand shattered, and Hobensack, of Company F, was struck 1 Maj. Shelmire, with his Company A, was from Montgomery County, Pa. A plain Pennsylvania farmer, the steadiness and integrity of his character, his sterling worth and Christian life, won for bin) the confi dence of his comrades. by a piece of shell that for some minutes crazed him. The Fifth Corps coming up and deploying, the cav alry gave place and retired. On the 1st of December our army recrossed the Rapidan and the Rappahan nock, and soon after went into winter-quarters near Warrenton, where they remained doing picket duty until the opening of spring, when Grant prepared to strike his ponderous blows against the Rebellion. At two o'clock on the morning of the 4th of May, 1864, the First Jersey, leading the column of Gregg's division, crossed the Rapidan at Ely's Ford. Cap turing rebel pickets, it advanced-beyond Chancellors ville, and the next day moved to Todd's Tavern. Here about noon a brisk engagement opened, and with varied results ended in the First Jersey driving the rebels across the Po, which river they made their line of defense. The loss of the regiment in this brilliant affair was six men killed and two officers and forty-one men wounded. Col. Kester's conduct throughout the action was conspicuous for bravery and dash. On the 7th it was again in action, the combined cavalry at last sweeping the rebels out of a line of breastworks. This was the last fight of Union cavalry in the Wilderness. On the 9th of May the whole cavalry corps under Sheridan moved south towards Richmond, the First Jersey having the rear of the column. Lee, not un derstanding the strength of our force, detached a couple of brigades to cut off the retreat, and a larger body to gain its front. But little fighting conse quently ensued, and our whole force crossed the North Anna. Thence the Second Division moved to the South Anna, which it crossed unmolested, and pushed to Ashland Station and Court-House, where the store house was burnt and the railroad destroyed for miles. Some sharp fighting took place, but when our cavalry had finished their work they started upon their re turn, rejoining the army on the 25th. On the 26th of May the First Jersey moved down the Pamunkey on a reconnoissance, and crossing at Hanover Town with the First and Second Divisions and a part of the Sixth Corps, advanced upon Lee's right. On the 28th, Gregg took up a position near Hawes' Shop to cover the crossing and movements of our infantry. Here the First Jersey became fiercely engaged with the enemy, and Lieuts. Shaw, of Com pany F, and Wynkoop, of Company A, were severely wounded. The total loss of the nine companies en gaged was eleven officers and fifty-three men killed and wounded. The effort of Lee, however, to check the advance of Grant was frustrated. The flank movement proved an entire success, and Meade moved upon Shady Grove Church. June 7th, the First Jersey, with its division, left Newcastle, on the Pamunkey, and pushed rapidly towards Trevillian Station, nine miles from Gordons- ville, where, on the evening of the 10th, the rebels were attacked and driven out with serious loss. Ac complishing its object in the destruction of the rail- WAR FOR THE UNION. il road and other property, the cavalry withdrew to the White House. Crossing the James with the Army of the Potomac, the First Jersey rested for two days near Fort Pow hatan, whence, June 29th, it moved southward to the relief of Wilson, and then towards City Point. On the evening of July 26th, with the First and Second Cavalry Divisions and the Second Corps, it secretly and rapidly crossed the James at Deep Bottom, sur prised the command of Gen. Pickett, and on the 28th made a flank movement around the enemy's left towards Charles City Cross-Roads and Malvern Hill. Falling back to Strawberry Plains, after various man oeuvres, it pushed on to Lee's Mills, where the rebels had established themselves, whom they rapidly drove from their position. On August 12th the First Jersey was again in motion, and the next day participated in the rout of the rebel cavalry under Gen. Chambliss near Charles City Cross-Roads. On the 19th the cavalry recrossed the river and marched to join Warren, who had seized the Weldon Railroad. On the 21st it was hotly engaged repelling an attack upon Warren's left, meeting with some loss. With this engagement terminated the three years' term of the First Jersey. On Sept. 1, 1864, the men whose term of service had expired embarked at City Point, and reaching Trenton were mustered out on the 16th. The regiment though as an organization still remained in the field, enough of its original members having re-enlisted and many recruits having been received. Its commander, Col. John W. Kester, a brave and good officer, retired from the service, and was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. Janeway. September 29th the First Jersey moved from Prince George Court-House to the Jerusalem plank-road, and the next morning to the extreme left of the army, held by Warren's corps. Soon after it advanced to the junction of the Ream's Station and Dinwiddie Court-House roads, and while holding this position a battalion charged into Ream's Station, driving the enemy from the works and three miles beyond. Sev eral brisk,skirmishes occurred during the day. During the intense darkness of the night of the 30th, while seeking to communicate with Parks' Corps (Ninth), it fell in with an invisible foe. " Who goes there ?" rang out sharply on the air. " Butler's South Caro lina Brigade!" was the startling reply. "Who are you?" "First New Jersey Cavalry: charge!" and with a yell the boys dashed through the darkness upon them. A great clattering of hoofs was heard, and as it rapidly receded in the distance the First Jersey was left victors of the bloodless field with one prisoner, Capt, Butler, a brother of the rebel general. During a drizzling rain, while on the Vaughn's road, disposition was made for battle, the First Jer sey being held in reserve. On came with fury Dan-. ovin's and Mahone's brigades, dismounted, driving in our cavalry, also dismounted. The dense woods in front swarmed with rebels, who rushed forth on the double-quick. But the Jersey boys received them at twenty paces with a withering fire that for a moment cooled their ardor, yet thrice did they return to the charge, until the fearful havoc caused them to retire. Then a counter-charge was made, the enemy's works taken, and they driven far beyond. Foster says, pages 471, 472, " While these events were occurring, our left flank was picketed by Lieut. Hughes with Com pany C, whicii during the last assault of the enemy in front had become hotly engaged. Hughes, how ever, soon found that he was surrounded ; but not by any means dismayed, he at once ordered a charge, and succeeded in cutting his way out and rejoining his regiment in time to give notice of the flank attack. While surrounded, Sergt. Watts, of Company C, see ing a group of men dressed apparently like our own, rode up to one, who proved to be Gen. Young, and with some excitement asked, ' How in thunder are we going to get out of here?' The general, who had mistaken the charge of Hughes for the advance of a mounted brigade, and had delayed his own at tack upon our flank long enough to enable Beaumont to regain his works, seemed to be quite as much puz zled as Watts; at any rate he altogether failed to improve his opportunity to capture the surrounded troopers. Indeed, Private Miles Downey, in the movement through the rebel lines, seized upon Capt. Jones, one of the aides of Gen. Young, and brought him in a prisoner without receiving a scratch." Maj. Beaumont, in his official report, says, " Great credit is due to Lieut. Hughes and Company C, as their gallant onslaught upon Gen. Young's rear doubtlessly saved us the day. We ascertained after the fight, from the enemy's pickets, that Gen. Young when Company C charged, sent word to Gen. Hamp ton that he had been surrounded and would probably be captured. To Capts. Hart, Hobensack, and Hick, commanding battalions, I cannot give too much praise. I owe the coolness and firmness of my men to their gallant example." "Serjeant" James T. "Clancy, Company C, killed Gen. Danovin within ten yards of our lines, as he led his brigade in the first assault, and no doubt his death assisted in a great measure to demoralize the enemy." The First Jersey was engaged in the expedition to Stony Creek Station, where a large amount of stores were destroyed, and some prisoners, guns, and wagons captured. Soon after it moved with its division, the Fifth Corps, and part of the Second Corps to destroy the Weldon Railroad, upon which it was known the enemy were receiving large supplies that were wag oned to Petersburg. Some two miles beyond Sussex Court-House the extreme advance, commanded by Capt. Hughes, of Company C, met with some resist • ance, but drove the enemy until ordered to halt for the night at Jarrett's. Near Hicksford the enemy was posted in some force, with a battery in position and strong works on both sides of the Meherrin River. 52 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. A heavy fire being opened, Col. Janeway obtained permission to dismount his command, and forming a heavy skirmish line charged with a cheer and drove the enemy in disorder out of the works. Soon after the work of destroying the railroad and other prop erty was commenced, and few " raids" of the war in flicted greater damage on the enemy than this. The casualties in the regiment were comparatively small, and only one officer was killed, Lieut. Joseph R. Reed,1 whose loss was universally regretted. On the morning of March 29th the First Jersey broke camp near Petersburg, and marched forth to strike the last glorious blow at the Rebellion. That night they occupied Dinwiddie Court-House. Per forming minor service on the 31st, Maj. Robbins threw up a breastwork of rails at the ford on Chamberlain's Creek, where the rebels in heavy force attacked him and were handsomely repulsed, with Gen. Ransom among their killed. Finding the battalion could not be driven from its position, which was an exceedingly strong one, by a direct attack, a brigade was sent to the right, another to the left, and with a third in front a combined attack was made, and thus with both flanks enveloped Robbins was forced to fall back. The whole line of cavalry was forced back and Maj. Hart killed. Early the next morning the enemy were driven back. Lee had now evacuated his lines and was pushing to the westward. On the night of the 2d of April the First Jersey with its brigade moved from Dinwiddie Court-House, crossed the Southside Railroad, "and encamped on Wilson's plantation on the Namogord road, and the next morning, the 4th, moved on a road running parallel to the one Lee was retreating on and bivouacked near Jettersville. Moving the next morning on Amelia Court-House, where Lee and his army had gathered, a wagon-train was captured, its guard of a brigade of cavalry and a regiment of infantry being scattered in flight. In the charge the First Jersey captured five battle-flags. Fighting and skirmishing, being themselves once routed, the gallant Janeway was at last ordered to support a charge. The charge failed. Janeway at the head of his regiment then charged to save the routed troopers, and fell pierced by a bullet through the head. They bivouacked at Jettersville that night, and moved out at ten o'clock the next morning. Gens. Merritt and Custer were heavily engaged at Sailor's Creek when they came up. Through mistake the First charged, and were repulsed. Later the grandest cavalry charge of the war was made, andEwell, with nearly all his corps, was captured. In this charge Capt. Hughes, of Company C, was wounded. On the 7th the Second Brigade was entrapped into a charge and routed. The First Jersey moved to the left of the road, and when the retreating troopers had passed charged the enemy and stopped the rout. In 'Of Ellisdale. this Lieut. Lawrence Fay, of Company F, was wounded. On the morning of the 9th the boys' hearts were gladdened by the intelligence that the enemy was headed off. If the roads could only be held un til the infantry came up, Lee and his army would be captured. A part of the division of cavalry was en gaged with the enemy, when orders came for the First Jersey to find and engage the enemy's flank. Much manoeuvring followed, and Capt. Beekman, with the First Battalion, skirmished and made the last charge of the First Jersey, driving the enemy in confusion from their position. Hardly had the charge ended when orders were received for hostilities to cease. The last flag of truce was sent out through their brigade lines, and Lieut. Darnstaedt, of Company I, received a painful wound after the flag had passed. It is claimed that he was the last officer wounded in the combined armies operating against Lee's forces. The regiment soon after marched to Washington, and May 26, 1865, Company F was mustered out. On May 31st most of the regiment was mustered out at Cloud's Mills, Va., and the balance at Vienna, Va., July 24th. In due time it proceeded to Trenton, where it was finally dissolved. The total strength of the regiment was 3317, of whom 16 officers and 282 men were killed or died in the service, 22 officers and 298 men were discharged on account of disability, 238 men were not accounted for, and 76 enlisted men were promoted. The regiment took part in the following engage ments : Pohick Church, Va., Dec. 29, 1861 ; Pohick Creek, Jan. 15, 1862; Seddons' Farm, May 1, 1862; Gray's Farm, May 9, 1862; Rappahannock Station, May, 1862 ; Strasburg, June 1, 1862 ; Woodstock, June 2, 1862 ; Harrisonburg, June 6, 1862 ; Cross Keys, June 8,1862; Madison Court-House, July 27, 1862; Barnett's Ford, July 29, 1862 ; Barnett's Ford, Aug. 4, 1862; Bar nett's Ford, Aug. 7, 1862 ; Cedar Mountain, Aug. 9, 1862 ; Rappahannock Station, Aug. 18, 1862 ; Brandy Station, Aug. 20, 1862 ; Rappahannock Station, Aug. 20 and 21, 1862; Warrenton, Aug. 23, 1862; Water loo Ford, Aug. 24, 1862; Snicker's Gap, Aug. 28, 1862; Bull Run, Aug. 29 and 30, 1862; Chantilly, Sept. 1, 1862; Warrenton, Sept. 24, 1862; Aldie, Oct. 31, 1862; Port Conoway, Nov. 19, 1862; Fredericks burg, Dec. 11-13, 1862; Rappahannock Station, April 7, 1863 ; Stoneman's raid, April 30, 1863 ; Rap pahannock Station and Kelly's Ford, May 19, 1863 ; Brandy Station, June 9, 1863; Aldie, June 17, 1863; Middleburg, June 19, 1863; Upper ville, June 21, 1863; near Aldie, June 22,1863; Westminster, Md., June 30, 1863 ; Gettysburg, Pa., July 2 and 3, 1863 ; Emmittsburg, Md., July 4 and 6, 1863 ; Tettersburg, Pa., July 7, 1863 ; Cavetown, Md., July 8, 1863 ; Harper's Ferry, Va., July 14, 1863 ; Shepherdstownj Md., July 16, 1863; Berryville, Va., July 31, 1863; Salem, Aug. 15, 1863; White Plains, Aug. 16, 1863; Sulphur Springs and Brandy Station, Oct. 12^ 1863 ; Bristoe Station, Oct. 14, 1863 ; near Warrenton, Nov! 0L1> ROADS AND COURSES OF TRAVEL. 53 12, 1863; Mountain Run, Nov. 27, 1863; Mine Run, Nov. 27, 1863 ; Parker's Store, Nov. 29, 1863 ; Custer's raid, Feb. 18, 1864 ; Ravenna River. Feb. 21, 1864 ; Ely's Ford, May 3, 1864 ; Todd's Tavern, May 5 and 7, 1864; Sheridan's raid, May 9, 1864; Beaver Dam Sta tion, May 10, 1864; Yellow Tavern and Ashland Sta tion, May 11, 1864; fortifications of Richmond, May 12,1864; Church of the Messiah, May 21, 1864; North Anna River, May 24, 1864 ; Hawes' Shop, May 28, 1864; Emmons' Church, May 29, 1864; Cold Harbor, June 1, 1864; Gaines' Mills, June 2, 1864; Chickahominy River, June 2, 1864; Bottom's Bridge, June 4 and 5, 1864; Pamunkey River, June 8, 1864; Trevillian Station, June 12 and 14, 1864 ; White House, June 20 and 21, 1864; St. Mary's Church, June 24, 1864; near Petersburg, June 29 to July 12, 1864; raid through the Shenandoah, July, 1864; Deep Bottom, July 28, 1864; Malvern Hill, July 28 to 30, 1864; Deep Bottom, Aug. 14, 1864 ; Charles City Cross-Roads, Aug. 16 and 17, 1864; Ream's Station, Aug. 26, 1864; Malvern Hill, Sept. 5, 1864 ; Charles City, Sept 11, 1864 ; Jerusalem Plank-Road, Sept. 17, 1864 ; Ream's Station, Sept. 29 and 30, 1864; Vaughn's Road, Oct. 1, 1864; Boydton Plank-Road, Oct. 6, 1864; Stony Creek, Nov. 27, 1864 ; Bellefield Station, Dec. 9 and 10, 1864; Dinwiddie Court-House, Feb. 6, 1865; Hatcher's Run, Feb. 6 and 7, 1865 ; before Peters burg, March 20, 1865 ; Dinwiddie Court-House, March 30, 1865 ; Five Forks and Chamberlain's Creek, March 31, 1865; Amelia Springs and Jettersville, April 5, 1865; Sailor's Creek, April 6, 1865; Farmville, April 6 and 7, 1865 ; Appomattox Court-House (Lee's sur render), April 9, 1865. The officers of the regiment from Burlington County were : ' First Lieut. Richard Hamilton, sergeant Company C; first lieutenant Company B; discharged April 25, 1865. First Lieut. Cortland Inglin, corporal Company F ; sergeant-major ; second lieutenant Company F ; first lieutenant Company G. First Lieut. Edward Gaskill, private Company E ; quartermaster's sergeant ; first sergeant Company E ; second lieutenant Company G ; first lieutenant Com pany E. First Lieut. John D. Williams, corporal ; sergeant; re-enlisted Company A ; second lieutenant Company B ; first lieutenant Company H. Second Lieut. Aaron S. Robbins, Company F ; re signed April 17, 1862. Second Lieut. Joseph R. Reed, commissary-sergeant ; re-enlisted ; first sergeant Company E ; second lieu tenant Company G; not mustered. Died Dec. 10, 1864, of wounds received in action at Bellefield Sta tion, Va. In the Second Cavalry, the Thirty-second Regiment of the line, there were a few men in Company E from Burlington County. The regiment was commanded by Col. Joseph Karge, formerly of the First Cavalry; left Trenton eight hundred and ninety strong, Oct. 5J 1863, and proceeded to Washington. In camp near the Long Bridge it received its horses and sabres. It served until the close of the war in the Southwest. From the first to the last the regiment exhibited a cottrage and discipline which justly ranked it among the best of our cavalry, and its record, covering a field of pe culiar hardship and hard fighting, will shine with lustre and glory in the annals of the brave long after the men who fought in its ranks have gone down to tlieir last sleep. The total strength of the regiment was two thousand nine hundred, officers and men, of whom two hundred and thirty-four were killed or died in the service, ninety-three were discharged on account of disa bility, one hundred and fifty-three were not acT counted for, and thirty-two enlisted men were pro moted. The only officers in it from Burlington County were Capt. Frank T. Adams, second lieutenant Company M ; first lieutenant Company K; captain Company I ; not mustered. Second Lieut. Lemuel Fisher, Company E. In the Third Cavalry, the Thirty-sixth Regiment of the line, there were but few men from Burlington County. It was mustered into service as the " First United States Hussars," a name, however, which was not long retained. In the field it soon obtained the sobriquet of " The Butterfly," from the yellow lining of the men's blue coats. It was commanded by Col. A. J. Morrison ; left Trenton twelve hundred strong, March 29, 1864, and marched through Phila delphia and Wilmington to Perryville, Md., thence entering Virginia, where it participated in the glor rious battles of Grant, and was mustered out at the close of the war. The total strength of the regiment was 2234 officers and men, of whom 145 were killed or died in the ser-. vice, 83 were discharged on account of disability, 187 were not accounted for, and 24 enlisted men were promoted. The only officer of the regiment from Burlington County was : Maj. T. Malcolm Murphy, sergeant-major Second Cavalry; captain to fill original vacancy; commis; sioned major, but not mustered, CHAPTER IX. OLD ROADS AND COURSES OP TRAVEL IN EARLY- TIMES— STEAMBOATS ON THE DELAWARE— COLO NIAL POST-OFFICES OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. New Jersey, lying between the great sea-ports of New York and Philadelphia, naturally became the great highway of communication, not only between these early villages, but between the New England 54 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW* JERSEY. and Southern colonies. Prior to the coming of the English, the Dutch communicated between their set tlements at New Amsterdam and those on the Dela ware by an Indian trail. A portion of this " old Indian path" can even now be traced with great accuracy, and vestiges of the inhabitants of the forest, their corn-mills, in bowlders, are still found upon it. The late Hon. George Sykes, in a communication to the author, says, — " The old Indian path from Burlington to Shrewsbury left the Old York road on the farm now owned (1865) by William H. Black, ou the north side of Black's Creek, a little easterly from Mansfield Square, and running easterly along the northerly side of the creek, by the house now occupied by W. H. Black, that on the farm late belonging to Chatlotte Taylor, and the house now occupied by William Augustus Newbold (near the crossing of the Old York road and the Bordentown and Reckless town pike), followed the old lane or drift-way leading easterly from tho last-named house till it came to Recklesstown ; then a little southerly of tho present road and to the southward of the old house, lately pulled down, on the farm late belonging to William Pypphir, deceased (Pep pier), and running easterly, near the present road to the south of Wil liam W.Bullock's bouse (near the junction of the Recklesstown and •Ameytown road), continued an easterly course a few rods to the north of the mansion justbuiltby the first Anthony Woodward, near the house on the farm late of John W. Cox, now of Woodward ; thence easterly through the Ridgway farm, now Edward Howard's, and the farm now cccupied by Joseph Gardiner Abbott to Crosswicks Croek ; thence east erly^) rough the homestead farm of the late James S. Lawrence, deceased, to the dwelling-house opposite to the road to Fillmore; thence along the present old road from Judge Lawrence's to the blacksmith's shop, easterly from the Screaming Hill meeting-house, and so on, crossing Thomas DeBow's saw-mill pond, to Freehold, and thence to Colt's Neck, Shrewsbury, and Middletown. This road, then onlyabridle-path, prob ably was the cause of Anthony Woodward's selecting this situation to Iniild upon it, being the only road or path through or indeed anywhere near his premises." Much of New Jersey at this time was an unexplored wilderness, or had only been traversed by the hunter of the wild game that abounded, or the seekers after desirable tracts of land. A single road, or more prob ably a bridle-path, afforded the only means of com munication between the New York Bay and the Dela ware River. In 1677, William Edmundson, traveling southward from New York, says that in going from Middleton to the Delaware (although with an Indian guide), he was unable for a whole day to discover the proper course, and was obliged to go back until his guide could strike the Raritan. They then followed its margin until they came to a " small landing from New York," — probably. Inman's Ferry, now New Brunswick, — and thence wended their way along a small path to Delaware Falls. He says, " We saw no tame animals in all the way." ' This road was the only one opened by the Dutch. It was connected with New York by water from Eliza- bethtown Point, and ran near to where New Bruns wick now stands. From thence it ran in almost a straight line to the Delaware above where Trenton now stands. This was called "the upper road." Another, which branched off five or six miles from the Raritan, and arrived at the Delaware by a more circuitous route at the present Burlington, was called " the lower road."2 1 Watson's Annals. 2 Collections of N. J. Hist. Soc, page 161. As early as 1676 some general regulations were adopted for the opening of roads. These roads were only bridle-paths, and continued so for many years, and as late as 1716, when an act of Assembly was passed " for the further establishment of Fees and Ferriages." Provision was only made in* the rates allowed for "horse and man" and "single person." In 1695 the inn-keepers of some of the towns in East Jersey were taxed jointly to the sum of ten pounds for five years, to prevent the road from "falling into decay." In 1684, Deputy Governor Gawen Laurie, at the request of the proprietaries of East and West Jersey, opened another road, leading from Burlington to Perthtown (Perth Amboy), and also established a ferry from Amboy to New York. The old road, however, appears to have been preferred by travelers, as in 1698 Governor Basse was directed to bring the matter before the Assembly, with the view of having an act passed that would cause the public road to pass through the port-town of Perth Amboy to Bur lington. Nothing, however, was done in'the matter, as Basse was soon superseded by the reappointment of Col. Andrew Hamilton. " In April, 1707, the Assembly, enumerating their grievances to Lord Cornbury, complained that pat ents had been granted to individuals to transport goods on the road from Burlington to Amboy for a certain number of years, to the exclusion of others, which was deemed not only contrary to the statute respecting monopolies, but also 'destructive to that freedom which trade and commerce ought to have.' The Governor, in his reply, gives us an insight into the facilities afforded by this wagon. After stating the difficulties which had previously attended the carriage of goods upon the road, he says, ' At pres ent everybody is sure, once a fortnight, to have an opportunity of sending any quantity of goods, great or small, at reasonable rates, without being in danger of imposition, and the settling of this wagon is so far from being a grievance or a monopoly, that by this means, and no other, a trade has been carried on between Philadelphia, Burlington, Amboy, and New York which was never known before, and in all probability never would have been.' As none of the grievances suffered under Lord Cornbury's adminis tration were removed until his recall in 1710, it is probable this wagon continued to perform its journey ' once a fortnight' till then, if no longer. Soon after, however, the road seems to have been more open to competition." The following advertisement, copied from the Mercury, Bradford's Philadelphia paper, of March, 1732-33, is probably the first inserted in regard to passenger and merchandise transportation on this route : " This is to give notice unto Gentlemen Merchants Tradesmen Trav ellers and others that Solomon Smith and James Moore of Burlington kecpeth two Stage Waggons intending to go from Burlington to Amboy and from Amboy to Burliugtoh again Ouqe every Week orofft'or if thai OLD ROADS AND COURSES OF TRAVEL. 55 Business Presents. They have also a Very good Store House very Com- modius for the Storing of any sort of Merchants Goods freo from any Charge were Good care will be taken of all sorts of Goods." " About this time also a line ran by the way of New Brunswick, and in 1734 the first line via Borden town waa.established, running from South River, the proprietor of which would be at New York ' once a week, if wind and weather permit, and come to the Old-slip.' " In October, 1750, a new line was established, the owner of which resided at Perth Amboy. He in formed all gentlemen and ladies ' who have occasion to transport themselves, goods, wares, or merchandise from New York to Philadelphia,' that he had a ' stage-boat' well fitted for the purpose, which, wind and weather permitting (that never-forgotten pro viso), would leave New York every Wednesday for the ferry at Amboy on Thursday, where, on Friday, a stage-wagon would be ready to proceed immediately to Bordentown, where they would take another stage- boat to Philadelphia, nothing being said (very wisely) of the time when they might expect to arrive there. He states, however, that the passages are made in forty-eight hours less than by any other line. This was probably the case, for the route was so well patronized that in 1752 they carried passengers twice a week instead of once, endeavoring ' to use people in the best manner,' keeping them, be it observed, from five to seven days on the way." 1 The success of this line seems to have led to an op position. In the Pennsylvania Gazette (in the Phila delphia Library) of April 4, 1751, appears a long ad vertisement over the names of Joseph Borden, Joseph Richardson, and Daniel " Obryant," in which they "give notice to all persons that shall have occasion to transport themselves, goods, wares, or merchandise from Philadelphia to New York, or from the latter place to the former, that" Joseph Borden has a " stage-boat well fitted up, and if wind and weather permit will attend at the crooked-billet wharf in Philadelphia" (end of the first alley above Chestnut Street. Watson's Annals, vol. i. p. 464) "every Tues day," and proceed "to Bordentown on Wednesday," and on Thursday morning a " stage waggon with a good arning, kept by Joseph Richardson," will proceed " to John Clucks, opposite the city of Perth Amboy, who keeps a house of good entertainment, and on Friday morning a stage-boat well fitted and kept by Daniel 0 bryant" will proceed " to New York and give her attendance at the White Hall slip near the half moon tavern." It is also stated " if people be ready at the stage days and places tis believed they . may pass the quickest (,) 30 or 40 hours, the cheapest and fastest way that has yet been made use of." A lengthy "N.B." is added, stating that any passengers 1 Barber's Hist. Col. of New Jersey, pp. 42-43. This was probably inserted in a New York City paper, as diligent search in tho papers in the Philadelphia Library failed to discover the original advertise ment. or goods coming to Bordentown on a Sunday or Monday, " whose waggon hire shall amount to Six teen shillings or upwards, shall upon first notice have a waggon and transportation to" John Clucks. In the Philadelphia Mercury, under date of Nov. 11, 1756, Joseph Borden advertises his stage-boat to be at the same wharf in Philadelphia every Mon day and Tuesday, and his " shallop" to be at the same place every Friday and Saturday, to proceed to Bor dentown, and thence by " stage waggons" to Amboy. The following, part of the above advertisement, shows there was considerable rivalry between the opposition lines : *' As to the owners of the Burlington stage boasting of their advantages being superior to mine, I shall not take the trouble to make reply too, because the publick by this time is the best judges of our stages and their advantages, only shall just note the last clause of their advertisement, that is, they say we are one tide more upon the water than they are, which, in fact, is saying we are always two tides upon our passage. Well done, brother adventurers, that is a large one. All gentlemen and ladies that please to favour me with their business, may depend upon the utmost care and dispatch of their humble servant, " Joseph Boeden." This route was from White Hall Slip in New York and through the Narrows to a tavern at Amboy. The boats were large, well fitted, and comfortable, as the outside passage was often rough. " From 1765 to 1768 attempts were made by the Legislature to raise funds by lottery for shortening and improving the great thoroughfares, but without success. Governor Franklin, alluding to them in a speech to the Assembly in 1768, states, that ' even those which lie between the two principal trading cities in North America are seldom passable without danger or difficulty.' Such being the condition of the roads, it was a great improvement to have John Mer- serean's ' flying machine,' in 1772, leave Paulus Hook three times a week, with a reasonable expectation that passengers would arrive in Philadelphia in one day and a half. This time, however, was probably found too short, for two days were required by him in 1773-74." All the products of agriculture and of the mines, and nearly all the trade of the valley of the Delaware and its tributary streams, before the commencement of the present century, naturally came to Phila delphia. Durham boats, managed with poles, long and narrow, drawing not more than two feet of water, and carrying from five to six hundred bushels of wheat, came down, mostly during the spring and freshets, sometimes even from Navesink, on the New York State line. From Trenton and below sail-boats were used, and Philadelphia was the chief seaport of the continent. To draw the produce and trade of the Delaware River to the waters of East Jersey and NewYork turnpike roads were introduced, and since March, 1801, authority was given to build over sixty of these roads. Their construction was much aided by the capital of that city. The first turnpike in Burlington County was chartered Nov. 24, 1808. It ran from Burlington through Bordentown, to inter- 50 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. sect the Trenton and New Brunswick pike. The second one built in this county was chartered Feb. 16, 1816, and ran from Bordentown to South Amboy. A number of other turnpikes have been built in va rious part of the county, all of gravel, and the main highways are generally in good condition, and during the summer and fall may be traveled with pleasure. Steamboats on the Delaware. — The waters of the Delaware were first ruffled by a steamboat in 1788. John Fitch, a watch- and clock-maker, was the pro jector. Besides the disadvantage of being poor was his great want of education, and a multitude of diffi culties which he did not foresee occurred to render abortive every effort of his persevering mind to con struct a steamboat. He applied to Congress for assist ance, without success. He then offered his invention to the Spanish government for the navigation of the Mississippi, but they declined it. He at last formed a company, and by the aid of its funds built his first rude steamboat. Instead of wheels he used long pad dles, working in frames at the side. Two long chains of the same construction as in watches extended from stem to stern, working the paddles. The crude ideas which he entertained, and the want of experience with the very ordinary mechanic of those early days, subjected poor but persevering Fitch to difficulties of the most discouraging and humiliating character. But at last his steamboat, undoubtedly the first ever built in America, in July of that year made a suc cessful trip from Philadelphia to Burlington, but as she was rounding to at the wharf her boiler burst.1 She was, however, floated down to the city, where after great difficulty a new boiler was procured, and in October following she again steamed to Burling ton. Watson's " Annals," vol. ii. p. 446, says, "The boat not only went to Burlington, but to Trenton, re turning the same day, and moving at the rate of eight miles an hour. In the summer of 1790 she again made several successful trips up the river for the last time. The continued breaking of some part of the machinery at last forced Fitch to abandon the great invention upon which the public looked so coldly." Poor Fitch lived many years too soon to be successful, but to him belonged the honor of building the first American steamboat. Before Fitch's death he con ceived the idea of the paddlerwheel and of the screw. Of Fitch, Adjt.-Gen. Stryker, in "Trenton One Hun dred Years Ago," on page 7, says, " Under the same roof was the shop of John Fitch, then a gunsmith and maker of buttons for the American army. He was at one time apprenticed to 'James Wilson, the silversmith,' and afterwards Wilson worked for Fitch when he had a large order for repairing arms, and employed, it is said, sixty men in business. Fitch's shop was burned by the British. He went to Penn sylvania, and afterwards became the successful steam boat inventor." 1 Watson's Annals of Philadelphia, vol. ii. p. 44&. In John WoodV journal we find entered : "A steamboat with side paddle-wheels, built at Bordentown by Samuel Morey and Burgess Allison, navigated to Philadelphia and back." The Rev. Lansing Burrows, A.M., in his " History of the Bor dentown Baptist Church," in speaking of Mr. Alli son, on page 2, says, "He certainly contributed much to the invention of the steamboat, though his name in that connection is now eclipsed by those of his intimate friends, Fitch and Fulton." Oliver Evans, a blacksmith of Philadelphia, in 1804 built a large scow, with a steam-engine and ma chinery for cleansing docks for the Board of Health of that city. He mounted it on wheels, and by steam propelled it through the streets of the city to the Schuylkill. Launching it into the river, with a pad dle-wheel in the stern, he steamed around to the Delaware front of the city.3 In 1808, John Stevens built the " Phoenix" at Ho- boken, N. J., and Robert L. Stevens brought her around by sea to Philadelphia.4 In Mr. Wood's journal we find a clipping from a newspaper, the name and date of which unfortunately was not noted. We copy from it as follows : " In the year 1812" (18095) "a large steamboat, named the ' Phoenix,' commanded by Captain Degraw, was placed on the river for the purpose of carrying the New York passengers. She ran from Philadelphia to Borden town, and the passage thence occupied three hours when running with the tide, and five hours against it. The boat had no wheel-house, and presented a very singular appearance. Sometimes when in motion the water would be thrown as high as her smoke-stack. She was sent around from Hoboken by the elder Johu Stevens, and Robert L. Stevens was her temporary engineer. She belonged to what was then called the ' Swiftsure Line,' and attracted much interest. Her hour of departure was announced by the blowing of a large tin horn, and hundreds of persons would crowd the wharves to see her embark on her voyage. Pas sengers on this boat were landed in New York some time during the following night if no accident oc curred." After the " Phoenix" the next steamboat that ran up the river was named the " Philadelphia." It was put on by the Union Line, and was commanded by Capt. Jenkins. She ran from Philadelphia to Bristol, and afterwards established a wharf three miles above, called "Van Hart's." Passengers hence took stages for New Brunswick, and to New York in the "William Gibbons." For some unaccountable reason this boat always went by the name of " Old Sal," probably from a grotesque-looking female figure head on the bow. The next steamboat was the " Pennsylvania," and 2 See history of Bordentown. 8 Watson's Annals, vol. ii. p. 455. * John Wood's, Sr., journal. 6 Watson's Annals, vol. ii. p. 449. w 3fc4I-^L3P copied by Jasper Dankers, 1679. Probably from one made by an English surveyor during the year preceding. From "Journal of a Voyage, &e,, by Jasper Dan kers and Peter Sluyter, in 1679-80." Copied by ilte Hon. Edwin Salter, Washington, D. C. of the Delaware River from Burlington to Trenton. expressly for this work. THE COLONIAL POST-OFFICES OF BURLINGTON COUNTY. 57 carried passengers for the "Citizens' Line." The engine of this boat was subsequently placed in the " Old Lehigh." Passengers by this line landed at Bordentown, and thence took coaches to Washington, N. J., whence they were conveyed to New York on the steamer " iEtna," Capt. Robinson. The " iEtna" exploded her boiler in New York harbor in May, 1824, having on board the Philadelphia passengers, and several lives were lost. Her place was supplied by one named " New York." The Union Line then built the "New Philadel phia," to compete with the " New York," of the Citi zens' Line, and then the " Trenton" came out to run against the " Pennsylvania," of the Citizens' Line. This line then built a new boat and named it the "Philadelphia," to beat the "Trenton." There was a wonderful competition among these lines for several years, when Capt. Whilldin and Cornelius Vanderbilt started an opposition to them all. This was called the Dispatch Line, and the fare at one time was re duced to one dollar. The boat on this end was named the " Emerald." The Dispatch Line was soon dis posed of, and the Union and Citizens' with some of the others afterwards became merged in the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company. The next boat was the " John Stevens," built at Hoboken in 1846, and destroyed by fire at White Hill on the night of the 16th of July, 1855. She was rebuilt at Bordentown, and launched at 5.25 a.m. on the 9th of August, 1865. The next boat on the river was, the "Richard Stockton," now running between South Amboy and New York. The following advertisement, copied from a Phila delphia paper, we. find in Mr. Wood's journal : " For Kew York at G o'clock A.M. Citizens'1 Line for New York. "April anth, 1829. "The new and splendid steamboat 'Philadelphia,' Capt. Z. W. Kellum, will leave Arch street wharf every day (Sunday excepted) at 6 o'clock A.M. for Burlington, Biistol, White Hill, and Bordentown. Passengers for New York lake Coach at Bordentown, 24 miles to Washington. There take superior steamboat ' Now York,' Capt. G. Jenkins, and arrive in New York by G o'clock the same afternoon. "Fare through $4.00. "Passengers take coach at Bristol. " N. B. For seats apply at steamboat office, No. 8 Arch street, corner of Front, or of the Captain on board of the Boat at Arch street Wharf, Philada." The following are the names of the steamboats that ran between Bordentown and Philadelphia and Tren ton and Philadelphia from 1810 to 1876 : The Phoenix, 1810. " New Jersey, 1812. " Eagle, 1813. " New Philadelphia, 1815. " -Etna, 1824. " Albemarl, 1824. " Trenton, 1825. " Burlington, 1826. " Pennsylvania, 1826. " Franklin, 1830. The Emerald, 1830. " Marco Botzario, 1830. " Swan, 1831. " Congress, 1832. " John Stevens, . " Edwin Forrest, 1845. " Richard Stockton, . " Hornet, . " Nelly White, 1876. " Pope Catlin, 1876. These are all the steamboats that have run up the Delaware to my recollection. John Wood, Sr. 1848. A steamboat exploded on the Delaware and Raritan Canal, about the first lock, near Bordentown. 1859. The steamboat " New Jersey" burnt. 1859, April 30. The steamboat " Bordentown" left the railroad wharf for New York. 1864, July 11th. The steamboat "John Potter" burnt. 1869. The old " Burlington" rebuilt, and on the 24th of March passed the shops on her first trip as a tow-boat. The Colonial Post. — About the year 1694, Col. John Hamilton, son of Governor Andrew Hamilton, devised a scheme by which the post-office was estab lished. He obtained a patent for it, and afterwards sold his right to the crown. The mails were carried on horseback, and it is probable some attempt was made at regularity, and although the speed was somewhat increased, but little regard was paid to it. In 1704, in the month of May, a New York paper says, " The last storm put our Pennsylvania post a week behind, and it is not yet com'd in." In 1720 the post set out from Philadelphia every Friday, left letters at Bur lington and Perth Amboy, and arrived at New York on Sunday night. In 1754, Benjamin Franklin was appointed superintendent of the colonial post-office. System and punctuality was introduced and the ser vice was much improved. In October of that year notice was given that until Christmas the post would leave the two cities three times a week at eight o'clock a.m., and arrive the next day about five o'clock p.m. After Christmas, " being frequently delayed in cross ing New York Bay," it would leave only twice a week. In 1764, "if weather permitted," the mails were to leave every alternate day, and go through in less than twenty-four hours. This was continued until the Revolution put a stop to their regular transmission. In 1791 there were only six post-offices in New Jer sey, viz. : Trenton, Princeton, New Brunswick, Bridge town (Rahway), Elizabethtown, and Newark. Post-Offices of Burlington County.1— The fol- 1 We are indebted to the Hon. Edwin Salter, of New Jersey, now resid ing in Washington, for notes on the post-offices, he having personally searched the records of the departmeut to obtain the information. His genealogical and historical articles, which have appeared in various newspapers of the State for a series of years paBt, have rendered his name familiar to most Jerseymen. 58 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. lowing is a complete list of all the post-offices that were ever established in the county : Arnrytovm.— Established April 24, 1827 ; discontinued Feb. 8, 1871. John Darby, the shoemaker and grave-digger of the village, was the postmaster during the forty-four years of its existence. Atsion.— Originally established in January, 1798. In 1815 it was discon tinued, and an office established "near by" at Sooy's Inn, possibly Nicholas Sooy's, at or not far from Green Bank. Atsion was re established June 13, 1832. The name was changed June 4, 1SG6, to Frnitland, and, with better taste, back again to Atsion Aug. 21, 1871. Bass River.— Established May 8, 1840. Nov. 6, 1841, the name was changed to Bass River Hotel, and Aug. G, 1850, it was changed to New Gretna. Beverly.— Established Jan. 4,1849,and Charles C. McElroy was appointed postmaster. Birmingham.— Established Feb. 11, 18G8. Bordentown.— Established Jan. 1, 1801, with William Norcross as post master. Bridgebormigh.— Established Feb. 8, 1849. B-own's Mills.— Established Aug. 28, 1850. Byron Woodward was its first postmaster. Budd Town.— Established June 1, 1808. Burling'on.— Established April 1, 1798, ThomaB Douglass, postmaster ; July 1, 1798, Thompson Neal ; in 1805, Stephen C. Ustick ; and in 1818, George Allen were appointed postmasters. Bustleton.— Established April 11, 1882. Chetwood. — Established Jan. 29, 1803 ; discontinued June 4, 1806 ; named after Mr. Frank Chetwood, of Elizabeth, a prominent man in build ing the Now Jersey Southern Railroad. Cinnaviinson.— Established April 22, 1836, Abm. Lippincott, postmaster. Samuel Allison gave the meaning of this word to be " tangled roots." One or two other definitions have been given. Mr.Salter, however, established the fact some years ago, in an article in the Mount Holly Mirror, that the first two syllables give the Indian name for stone. Co/umous.— Eslablished Dec. 14, 1827, with John W. Wright as post master. Cookstown — Established Jan. 24, 1851. Crosswicks.— Established March 25, 1823. Nathan Satterthwaite was the first postmaster. Deldnco — Established Oct. 5, 1857; discontinued Ang. 29, 18G0 ; re-estab lished Dec. 14, 1801. Edgewaler Park.— Established Sept. 28, 1881. Evesham.— Established April 1,1808, with Henry Bennett as postmaster; name changed toMarlton, 1S45. FrUmvship.— Established Jan. 13, 1849. Fieldsborongh— Established Feb. 3, 1880. Florence.— Established April 6, 1854. Georgetown.— Established July 12, 1847. Many years ago a man settled here, and after expending more money than he was worth in build ing a fino brick house was forced to mortgage the property. The village in consequence was called " Foolstown." When the post- office was established the name of Georgetown was selected in com pliment to the Hon. George Sykes. Green Bank.— Established May 8, 1810; discontinued; reestablished Nov. 22, 1802. The name of this post-office was formerly " Sooy's Inn." Hainesport.— Established Feb. 2, 1853; discontinued in 1856; re-estab lished March 20, 1862 ; discontinued Nov. 8, 1871, and re-CBtablished Dec. 28, 1876. Hanover Mills— Established April 20, 1871 ; discontinued Oct. 23, 1874. Harrisvill'.— Established March 24, 1856. Richard C. Harris was the first postmaster. The name of this village formerly was McCartyB- ville. McCarty, a once noted merchant of Philadelphia, owned the mills situated there. The name of the place changed with the names of the proprietors. Hartford— Established Jan. 24, 1868. Indian Mills.— Established Aug. 2, 18G1 ; discontinued March 11,1862; re-eBtablished Sept. 7, 1877. Jacksonville.— Established June 12, 1829. Jacobstown — Established May 11, 1849. Jobstown.— Established March 15, 1817. John Horner was the first postmaster. Juliustown.— Established March 9, 1812; John Fennimore, first post master. Kinkora — Established Feb. 10, 1873. Lebanon Glass-Works.— Established Nov. 19, 1862; discontinued Feb. 22, 1867. Lewislown.— Established Feb. 29, 1872. Long Beach.— Established June 28, 18G1 ; discontinued April 20, 1863; re-established July G, 1874. Lower Bank.— Established Sept. 19, 1854. Lumberton. — Established Aug. 3, 1848. Marlton.— Established Aug. 6, 1845 ; Samuel Swain, postmaster. See Evesham. Nasonville.— Established Jan. 24, 1808. Medford.— Established May 2, 1820; Shinn Oliphant the first post master. Moorestown— Eslablished July 1, 1802 ; Isaac Wilkins, first postmaster. Mount Holly.— Established Jan. 1, 1801; Stephen C. Ustick the first post master. Mount Laurel. — Established Jan. 13, 1849. New Gretna, formerly Bass River.— Established Aug. G, 1850. .Not Lisbon.— Established Feb. 1, 1834, with Eayre Oliphant as postmas ter; discontinued April 8, 1S36; re-established Dec. 20, 1851. New Mills, now Pemberton.— Established Jan. 1, 1801, with William Kempton as postmaster; name changed in 1827. Palmyra. — Established Aug. 4, 1851. Parry.— Established Aug. 12, 1880. Pemberton, formerly New Mills; name changed March 10, 1827. Pointville— Established Dec. 3, 1857. Progress. — Established Dec. 22, 1854; name cluing id to Riverside in 1867. Rancocas.— Established May 1,1838. A post-office called Ancocas was established Jan. 21, 183G, and discontinued June 23, 1836. Recklesstown.— Established Feb. 20, 1830, with James Wonderly as post master. Red Lion. — Established Sept. 7, 1877. Riverside, formerly Progress. — Established Nov. 15, 1SG7. Shamovg.— Established Oct. 16, 184'J; discontinued Jan. 22,1856; re-es tablished Feb. 16, 1863. Sykemille, formerly Plattsburgh — Established Dec. 3, 1857; discontinued Oct. 26, 1874; re-established Dec. 1, 1874. Named after the Hou. George Sykes, lately deceased. Smithville.— Established Dec. 7, 18G0. Named after the Hon. H. Smith. Tabernacle.— Established Sept. 7, 1877. Tuckerton. — Established Jan. 1, 1798, with Reuben Tucker as postmaster. Vincenlown— Established April 20, 1824; Mahlon Sleeper, postmaster. Wading Bluer.— Established Feb. 8, 18.38. Woodmansie. — Established May 23, 1867 ; discontinued and re established in 1872. Wrigliistown. — Established Feb. 3, 1824, Sanvuel Brown being the first postmaster. Contrary to the general supposition, Tuckerton was the first post-office established in Burlington County. Atsion was established at the same time. It was on the route from Philadelphia to Tuckerton, and was then a place of much business. The office at both these towns owe their origin to the energy and enter prise of Judge Ebenezer Tucker,1 from whom Tucker ton was named. CHAPTER X. CANALS AND RAILROADS. " In Beecher's Magazine for January, 1872, Judge Lucius Q. C. Elmer published an article entitled ' General Bernard and Joseph Bonaparte.' In De cember, 1823, an act was passed by the Legislature of 1 The judge was born in 1758, was a soldier of the Revolutionary war, and participated in the battle of Long Island. He held numerous im portant positions, was a member of the Congress of the United States from 1825 to 1829, and died Sept. 5, 1845. CANALS AND RAILROADS. 59 New Jersey appointing Lucius Q. C. Elmer, Peter Kean, and George Holcombe commissioners for the purpose of ascertaining the practicability and ex pediency of a canal to unite the tide-waters of the Delaware and Raritan Rivers. There was at that time a board of engineers, organized by virtue of a special act of Congress as aboard of internal improve ments. This board came into New Jersey, and in conjunction with the State board made a hasty ex amination of the route previously surveyed, in 1816, by a State commission under John Randel, Jr., Esq. The final result of this examination was that the plan of making the canal a State or national work was abandoned, and in 1830 the Delaware and Rar itan Canal Company was incorporated, who, mainly through the energy of Commodore Stockton, con structed the existing work. The board of United States engineers consisted of Gen. Simon Bernard,1 specially appointed at its head, Lieut.-Col. Joseph G. Totlen, of the Engineer Corps, and John L. Sullivan, of Boston, a civil engineer."2 The Camden and Amboy Railroad and Trans portation Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature dated Feb. 4, 1830. The capital stock was one million of dollars, with the privilege of increasing it to five hundred thousand dollars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. The road was to run from Camden on the Delaware to some point on the Raritan Bay, the bed to be not more than one hundred feet wide, with as many sets of tracks as necessary; reserving to the State the right to subscribe one-fourth or less of the capital stock by the 1st of the ensuing January, which right was not exercised; limiting the charges to not more than eight cents per ton per mile for transportation of freight, and ten cents per mile for carrying each passenger ; that the company should pay a transit duty to the State often cents for each passenger, and fifteen cents for each ton of merchandise in lieu of all other taxes. Suitable steam or other vessels were required to be provided at either terminus of the road to make con nection with the cities of Philadelphia and New York. 1 Gen. Bernard was a distinguished engineer in the army of Napoleon, having the brevet rank of lieutenant-general as one of his aides, in which capacity be acted at the battle of "Waterloo. Upon the downfall of the emperor lie came to the United States, about the year 1816. He was tho first and until the late war the only foreign officer admitted to the mil itary Ben-ice of the United States after the Revolutionary war. During the twelve or fifteen years that he remained at the head of our corps of engineers he planned a system of fortifications for the general defense of the coast. Soon after Louis Philippe become king he returned to France, was appointed an aide to tho lung, and in 1830 was placed in the cabinet as Secretaryof War. He died in 1839, and his death was, by general order of our War Department, announced to the army and people in terms of highest commendation and respect. Among the altacMs to the board was Capt. Poussin, also from France, then holding the rank of captain United StnteB topographical engineers. He returned to France with Bernard, and upon the overthrow of Louis Philippe, in 1848, was Bent by the provisional government as minister to tho United States. Having the misfortune to displease Mr. Clayton, our Secretary of State, he was dismissed or withdrawn. Bonaparte's Park and the Muratfl, E. M. Woodward, pp. 74-76. The road was to be commenced within two and com pleted within nine years. The State reserved the right to purchase the road at and after the expira tion of thirty years, at a valuation to be made accord ing to law. It was also stipulated that if the Legis lature shall authorize the construction of any other railroad for the transportation of passengers across the State from New York to Philadelphia, which road shall be constructed and used, and which shall com mence and terminate within three miles of the terminals of the road authorized by this act, then the transit du ties shall cease, and such other railroad shall be liable to a tax not less than the amount payable to the State by this company. By an act passed Feb. 4, 1831, it was further stipu lated that the company should transfer to the State one thousand shares of the capital stock, the install ments on which shall be paid by the company, the State to appoint one director; but providing that when any other railroad between New York and Philadelphia shall be constructed and used, then the dividends shall be no longer payable to the State, and the said stock shall be retransferred to the company. In consideration of which it was stipulated that it should not be lawful to construct any other railroad across the State within three miles of the road of the company until after the time limited for the comple tion of said railroad, nine years from Feb. 4, 1830. The Camden and Amboy Railroad and the Dela ware and Raritan Canal Companies (both companies incorporated the same day and with provisions very similar) were consolidated by an act passed Feb. 15, 1831, for the purpose of completing the road and canal, subject to the provisions, reservations, and con ditions of their respective charters, the directors ap pointed under which were empowered to manage the affairs of the company in joint meeting; and the companies were jointly liable for contracts made by either, and were prohibited from charging more than three dollars for passengers from and to Philadelphia and New York. This act provided further that the railroad and canal should be completed within the specified time, and if one of the works be completed at the specified time without the other, the work com pleted shall be forfeited to the State. By an act of March 2, 1832, one thousand shares of the joint capital stock were transferred to the State, and the companies contract that if within one year from the time that the railroad from Borden town to Amboy is completed the transit duty re served by the acts incorporating such companies and the dividends on the stock so transferred shall not amount to thirty thousand dollars, the companies shall pay the deficiency to the State, and so annually during the charter ; and the State may appoint one director to represent the stock. The joint companies also covenant to construct a lateral railroad from Spottswood to New Brunswick as soon as any railroad shall be built from Brunswick to the Hudson River, 60 HISTORY OP BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. and not to charge more than two dollars and fifty cents fare between New Brunswick and Philadelphia. The condition of these grants, however, is that it shall not be lawful at any time during the railroad charter to construct any other railroad in the State which shall be intended or used to compete in busi ness with the Camden and Amboy Railroad between New York and Philadelphia without the consent of the companies. So doubtful were the early legislators of New Jersey as to the feasibility of railroads and canals that the following proviso was thoughtfully inserted in both charters : "That in case the said company, after the same is completed, shall abandon the said road, or cease to use and keep in repairs at any time for three successive years, that then this charter shall be annulled, and the title to the lands over which the said road shall pass shall be revested in the persons from whom the lands were taken, their heirs and as signs ; Provided always, If the State shall take pos session of said road, that road, and the title to the lands shall be vested in the State so long as they shall maintain the same." "Gordon's Gazetteer of New Jersey," published in January, 1834, on page 20, says, "The united com panies have completed one track of railroad from a point below Bordentown" (White Hill), " on the Dela ware River, to South Amboy, passing through, or rather over Hights Town and by Spottswood, a dis tance of thirty-five miles, at no expense, it is said, of more than eighteen thousand dollars the mile. Upon this road passengers and merchandise have been car ried since February, 1833. It is constructed in a very substantial manner of cast-iron rails, supported upon blocks of stone or wooden sleepers, placed three feet distant from each other in the line. Until Sep tember, 1833, the carriages were commonly drawn by horses. At that time steam locomotives were applied to one of the three daily lines which traverse it. "The remainder of the road from Bordentown to Oamden is in progress, and is being constructed of wood faced with iron bars, it being supposed that it will not be employed more than two or three months in the year, and will therefore not require the strength of the portion between Bordentown and New York." The engine referred to was the "John Bull," which was at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876. The following is a copy of the card attached to her: " THE LOCOMOTIVE JOHN BULL, built by Messrs. George and Robert Stephenson, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, Mir Camden & Amboy Railroad and Transpor tation Company, in the year 1831. Arrived at Philadelphia, Penn'a, August, 1831, Transferred to Bordentown, N. J., Sept. 4th, 1831, ORIGINAL DIMENSIONS. Cj linders 9 inches diameter, 20 inches stroke. One pair driving wheels, 4 feet G inches dinm- eter. One pair wheels 4 feet 6 inches diameter, not connected. Hubs of wheels of cast iron. Spokes and rim of wheels of wood. Tires of wrought iron. Weight about 10 tonB." On arrival at Bordentown it was transferred from the sloop on which it had been brought from Phila delphia, by means of wagons, to the only piece of permanent track of the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company then completed, about three-quarters of a mile in length, and about one mile distant from Bor dentown. The machinery was there put together, and a tender constructed from a whiskey hogshead placed on a small four-wheeled platform-car, whicii had been used by the contractor in the construction of the road. The connection between the pump of the locomotive and the tank was made by means of a leather hose fitted up by a shoemaker in Bordentown. The locomotive was first put in steam September 15th, and several trial trips were made, before the first public trial on the 12th day of November, 1831, Isaac Dripps acting as engineer, Benjamin Higgins as fire man, and R. L. Stevens as general instructor and con ductor. The members of the New Jersey Legislature and a number of other prominent persons were among the guests present. The "John Bull" remained at Bordentown until the year 1833, when the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company began running their cars by steam-power, the road having been previously operated with horses. It was then placed on the road, doing the regular routine service, and continued in successful operation until 1866. By an act approved March 27, 1873, the lease and contract dated June 30, 1871, " between the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company, the Camden and Amboy Railroad and Transportation Company, and the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company, now merged into and known as ' The United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company,' which companies, to gether with the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad Company, are the lessors, and the Pennsylvania Rail road Company, which is lessee, be and the same is validated, ratified, and confirmed ; Provided," etc. The Burlington and Mount Holly Railroad and Transportation Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature dated Feb. 11, 1848. The capital stock was one hundred thousand dollars, with liberty to increase it to one hundred and fifty thou sand dollars, divided into shares of twenty-five dol lars each. The road was to run from the city of Burlington to the town of Mount Holly, the bed to be not more than seventy-five feet wide, and its con struction to commence within two years, and to be completed and in use within five years from the 4th CANALS AND RAILROADS. 61 day of July next ensuing. The charge for trans portation of passengers was limited to not more than five cents per mile each, and for merchandise not more than ten cents per mile per ton if carried in the " carriages" of said company. The road was declared a public highway, and free for the passage of any railroad-carriage thereon with passengers or prop erty upon the payment of a 'toll of three cents per mile for each passenger, and three cents per ton per mile for all property, and three cents per mile for each empty carriage. The State reserved the right to purchase said road after the expiration of thirty-five years, upon the appraised value, the said valuation not to exceed the first cost of said road, with the ap pendages thereof. As soon as completed the company was required to file in the office of the Secretary of State a statement of the cost of the road, and when the net proceeds amounted to six per centum per annum upon its costs, to pay to the State a tax of one-half of one per centum on the cost of said road annually. Sec. 18 provided that no part of the capital stock or money shall be used for banking. The Burlington County Railroad Company.— By a supplementary act dated March 20, 1857, the name of the Burlington and Mount Holly Railroad and Transportation Company was changed to the above title, and the company was authorized to con struct an extension of their road from Mount Holly to Pemberton, in said county, and to New Egypt, in Ocean County. The capital stock was increased to one hundred thousand dollars. The Mount Holly and Camden Railroad Com pany was incorporated by an act dated March 4, 1836, but became void on expiration of time limited for completion of road. Another charter was granted by the Legislature, approved Feb. 11, 1848. The capital stock was one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, di vided into shares of fifty dollars each. The road was to run from Mount Holly, and " to pass on a line, as direct as the nature of the country will admit, through or near the village of Moorestown, to some point on the Delaware River within the limits of Camden," the bed not to be mOre than sixty-six feet wide, with as many sets of tracks or rails as they may deem necessary, and to be completed in five years from the 4th of July next ensuing. The charge for transpor tation of passengers was limited to not more than five cents per mile for each, and to ten cents per ton per mile for every species of property. The road was de clared a public highway, and free for the passage of any railroad-carriage thereon with passengers or property upon the payment of a toll of three cents per mile for each passenger, and three cents per ton per mile for all property, and three cents per mile for each empty carriage. The State imposed the same tax on this road as was exacted of the former roads chartered. The Camden, Moorestown, Hainesport and Mount Holly Horse-Car Railroad Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature dated March 15, 1859. The capital stock was one hundred thousand dollars, with privilege to increase the same to three hundred thousand dollars, divided into shares of twenty-five dollars each. The road to run from some point easterly of Eighth Street in Cam den, through the villages of Moorestown and Haines port, to Mount Holly, and road-bed not to be more than fifty feet wide. The road was to be completed in five years from the 4th day of July next ensuing. Although this road was styled a " Horse-Car" rail road, the company was empowered by its charter to purchase all the necessary engines, cars, etc., and was built and run as a steam road. The State im posed the same tax on this road as was exacted of the other roads. The Camden and Burlington County Railroad Company. — By an act passed Feb. 6, 1866, the Burlington County and the Camden, Moorestown, Hainesport and Mount Holly Horse-Car Railroad Companies were authorized to consolidate under the above name. The capital stock was three hundred thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing the same to five hundred thousand dollars, divided into shares of twenty-five dollars each. The consolidated company was authorized to connect with the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company before reaching Cam den, and to run their cars, and trains upon the same upon such terms as may be agreed upon by the two companies. Full right and authority was given to use steam upon the road. The State reserved to itself the usual tax. The Vincentown Branch of the Burlington County Railroad was incorporated by an act dated March 15, 1861. The capital stock was fifty thousand dollars, to be divided into shares of twenty-five dol lars each. The road was to run from a point in the Burlington County Railroad at or near Charles Ewen's house to Vincentown, with the privilege of building branches to any of the marl beds in the vicinity, said branches not to exceed two miles in length, the road not to exceed sixty-six feet in width, and the branches not to exceed fifty feet. The road was to be commenced within five years, and com pleted within ten years from the 4th of July next ensuing. It was empowered to demand for the trans portation of passengers and merchandise not more than five cents per mile for each passenger, and ten cents per ton per mile for each ton of heavy mer chandise, etc., but for dry-goods, packages, and ex press freight the said company was allowed to charge such reasonable rates as they shall deem proper. By a supplementary act approved March 6, 1863, this road was authorized to consolidate with the Bur lington County Railroad Company, under the name and title of the last-named road. The State reserved to itself the usual tax when the net proceeds shall amount to seven per cent, (the then legal interest of 62 HISTORY OP BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. the State) per annum on its cost of construction. It was also provided that the Governor, the attorney- general, the chancellor, the justices of the Supreme Court, and the judges of the Court of Errors, and superintendent of public schools of the State, while traveling for the purpose of discharging the duties of their office, and members and officers of both houses of the Legislature during their sessions shall ride free on said road. The Pemberton and Hightstown Railroad Com pany was incorporated by an act of the Legislature dated March 24, 1864. The capital stock was five hundred thousand dollars, with liberty to increase it to one million dollars,1 divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The road was to run from the borough of Pemberton, Burlington Co., to Hightstown, in Mercer County, connecting at Pemberton with the terminus of the Burlington County Railroad, and at Hightstown with the Camden and Amboy Railroad, passing en route the villages of Wrightstown, Cooks- town, New Egypt, Hornerstown, Fillmore, Imlaystown. The road-bed was not to exceed one hundred feet in width, and its construction to commence within three years, and to be completed within six years from the 4th day of July next ensuing; the charge for each pas senger not to exceed four cents per mile, for freight not to exceed eight cents per ton per mile. The State reserved to itself the usual tax, as soon as the road or any part thereof shall be in operation, on the cap ital stock of said road, without the usual proviso in regard to the net proceeds amounting to six per centum per annum upon its cost of construction. The same State officers as were named in the charter of the Vincentown road were allowed to ride free on this road. The Mount Holly, Lumberton and Medford Railroad Company was incorporated by an act dated April 2, 1866. The capital stock was one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, with liberty to increase the same to two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, divided into shares of fifty dollars each. The road was to run from Mount Holly to the village of Med ford, passing through Lumberton, and not to exceed in width one hundred feet. Its construction was to commence within five years, and to be completed within ten years from the 4th day of July next en suing. The charge for transportation was limited to not more than four cents per mile for passengers, or more than ten cents per ton per mile for any de scription of property. The usual tax on the cost, equipment, and appendages of said road was pro vided for, as also the right of the State, after the ex piration of thirty-five years from completion, to take possession of the road upon appraisement, etc. The Columbus, Kinkora and Springfield Rail road Company was incorporated by an. act of the 1 The large amount of the capital Block for so short a road was caused by the depreciation of the legal tender notes, a natural result of tho Rebellion. Legislature dated April 2, 1866. The capital stock was fifty thousand dollars, with liberty to increase it to one hundred thousand dollars, divided into shares of twenty-five dollars each. The road was to be laid " on the old bed of the ' Delaware and Atlantic Rail road Company,' in the county of Burlington, begin ning at low-water mark in the river Delaware at the mouth of Craft's Creek or its vicinity ; thence run ning on the old bed or course of the said Delaware and Atlantic Railroad Company to the village of Columbus, with the privilege of extending the same to the intersection of the public road leading from said village of Columbus to Vincentown. The road-bed was to be not more than sixty-six feet wide, and the construction to be commenced within three years and completed in six years from the 4th of July next ensuing. The charge for transportation of pas sengers was limited to not more than five cents per mile each, and for every species of property to not more than eight cents per ton per mile. The usual tax was imposed, and riding free of certain State officers provided for. The Long Branch and Seashore Railroad Com pany was incorporated by an act of the Legislature approved March 20, 1863. The capital stock was three hundred thousand dollars, with liberty to in crease it to eight hundred thousand dollars, divided into shares of one hundred dollars each. The road was to run from " a point on Sandy Hook, in the county of Monmouth, at or near the Horse-shoe run ning through Long Branch ; thence through or near Squan village to a point on Tom's River, at or near Tom's River village, in the county of Ocean ; thence to Tuckerton, in the county of Burlington. The land taken for said road not to exceed one hundred "feet in width, and its construction to commence within three years, and to be completed within seven years from the 4th day of July next ensuing. The charge for transportation of passengers was limited to not more than three cents per mile each, and for all de scription of property not more than six cents per mile per ton. By a supplementary act, dated Feb. 16, 1870, said road and the "New Jersey Southern Railroad Com pany" were authorized, by and with the consent of two-thirds of the stockholders of said companies, to consolidate. The said railroads to be united by a branch or branches of either road at or near the village of Long Branch. This road ran to Pember ton, and in 1878 the mortgage was foreclosed, and Isaac S. Buckelew, Esq., the present superintendent of the Amboy Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, was appointed receiver. He sold it in May, 1879, after which it was reorganized as the Pemberton and Seashore Road, and leased to the United Railroads of New Jersey. The usual tax, " when the net proceeds shall amount to seven per centum per annum on its cost," was provided for, the State reserving the right to take possession of the THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND DISTINGUISHED MEN. 63 road after thirty-five years upon the payment of the appraised value of the same, and certain State officers to be allowed to ride free. The Pemberton and Hightstown road was leased to " the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Com pany" at an annual rental of six per centum upon the capital stock and seven per centum upon the com pany's bonds, payable semi-annually. The Columbus, Kinkora and Springfield road was leased to the same company at a rental of thirty per cent, of the gross receipts. The Camden and Burlington County, the Mount Holly, Lumberton and Medford, the Vincentown Branch of the Burlington County Railroads were all leased to the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company at an annual rental of six per cent. The United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Com pany was leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Com pany at an annual rental of ten per centum upon the capital stock and interest on its bonds free of all taxes. All the above enumerated roads are operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, as lessees of the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company. The Pemberton and Seashore Railroad is operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, at an an nual rental of net receipts in excess of operating ex penses. From the thirty-third annual report of the Penn sylvania Railroad Company, for the year 1880, we learn that the loss to that company in operating the following roads for the year 1879 was as follows : New York Division (Trenton and New York) and the Am boy Division (Camden and Amboy) £743,749.14 Pemberton and Hightstown 44,156.48 Vincentown Branch 2,390,'JO Columbus, Kinkora and Springfield 3,520 25 ¦ Mount Holly, Liiniborton and Medfuru 1:1.992.23 , Delaware and Raritan Canals ^90,237.99 $1,098,055.99 The Pemberton and Seashore Road was run without loss. The Camden nod Burlington County and the Burlington and Monut Holly Roads were run at a profit of. $1,125.47 Leaving a net Iosb of Sl,096,930!52 Yet such is the enormous transportation on the numerous roads operated by the Pennsylvania Com pany in the West, brought to them by the advantage of this terminus on New York' Bay, that this loss is more than counterbalanced. CHAPTER XL THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND DISTINGUISHED MEN. Dr. Daniel Coxe. — Dr. Daniel Coxe, of London, the great proprietor of West Jersey, and Governor of that province from 1687 to 1690, resided at Burlington, where he built a dwelling-house and a pottery, prob ably the first in the State. In 1691 he sold to the " West New Jersey Society," of London, with certain reservations of surveys in old Salem County, his twenty-two whole shares of propriety in West Jersey, and two hundred thousand acres contiguous to West Jersey, two shares of propriety in East Jersey, three whole shares in Merrimac, New England, ten thou sand acres in Pennsylvania, town lots at Perth Amboy, Gloucester, and Egg Harbor, and his dwelling-house and pottery-house, with all the tools, in Burlington.1 Isaac Collins and the New Jersey Gazette. — To counteract in some measure the influence of Rivington's Gazette, the organ of the British party in New York, which was very bitter in its denunciations of Governor Livingston, of New Jersey, a paper was commenced in December, 1780. printed by Isaac Col lins, sometimes at Trenton and sometimes at Burling ton, called the New Jersey Gazette. This paper was continued mostly through the war, and was essentially aided by the Governor, who contributed many articles which attracted much attention, and were of important service to the cause. Some of them were afterwards reprinted by Carey in his American Museum. Collins was a man of great prominence in the colony. He was appointed colonial printer in 1770. Elias Boudinot.— Elias Boudinot, of Huguenot descent, was born in Philadelphia, May 2, 1740. He studied law and became eminent in that profession. At an early period of the Revolution he was ap pointed commissary-general of prisoners. He was a distinguished member of Congress during and after the Revolutionary war, and in 1782 was made presi dent of that body. After the adoption of the Con stitution he was elected a member of Congress from Pennsylvania, where he continued from 1789 to 1795. He then succeeded the celebrated David Rittenhouse as director of the United States Mint, which office he held but a few years, resigning and removing to Burlington. He was possessed of an ample fortune, made munificent donations to various charitable and theological institutions. He was well known to the religious community as the first president of the American Bible Society, which he made a particular object of his' bounty. He published several books, and was devoted to* natural history. The following is the inscription on his monument iu St. Mary's yard: " Here lies the remains of the Honorable Elias Boudinot, LL.D. Born on the 2d day of May, a.d. 1740. He died on tho 24lh day of Oct., a.d. 1821. His life was an exhibition of fervent piety, of useful talent, and of extensive benevolence. His death was the triumph of Christian faith, tho consummation of hope, the dawn and the pledge of endless felicity. "'To those who knew him not, no words can paint; And those who know him, know all words are faint.' " ( Mark the perfect man and behold the upright, for the eud of that man is peace.' " William Bradford. — " Here lies the remains of William Bradford, attorney-general of the United 1 First Settlers in Newton Township, N. J. Judge John Clement, of Haddoufielil, p. 174. Sinnickson Chew, Camden, 1877. 64 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. States under the Presidency of Washington, and pre viously attorney-general of Pennsylvania and a judge of the Supreme Court of the State. In private life he had acquired the esteem of all his fellow-citizens. In professional attainments he was learned as a lawyer, and eloquent as an advocate. In the execution of his public offices he was vigilant, dignified, and impartial. Yet in the bloom of life, in the maturity of every faculty that could invigorate or embellish the human mind, in the prosecution of the most important ser vices that a citizen could render to his country, in the perfect enjoyment of the highest honors that public confidence could bestow upon an individual, blessed in all the pleasures which a virtuous reflection could furnish from the past, and animated by all the incite ments which an honorable ambition could depict in the future, he ceased to be mortal. A fever, produced by a fatal assiduity in performing his official trust at a crisis interesting to the nation, suddenly terminated his public career, extinguished the splendor of his private prosperity, and on the 23d day of August, 1795, in the fortieth year of his age, consigned him to the grave, — lamented, honored, and beloved. His widow erected this monument to his memory." Charles Lanman, in his " Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States," p. 45, says William Bradford was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1755 ; graduated at Princeton with a high reputation for talents. He was engaged in the study of law at the outbreak of the Revolution, but he en tered the army as major of brigade to Gen. Rober- deau ; he next commanded a company of regular troops under Col. Hampton ; he was then appointed deputy muster-master-general, with the rank of lieu tenant-colonel, which office he held for two years, when he recommenced the study of law. In 1793 he published an "Inquiry how far the Punishment of Death is Necessary in Pennsylvania," and in the earlier periods of his life some of his poetical pro ductions were published in the Philadelphia Maga zine. Mr. Bradford married the only daughter and child of Elias Boudinot. Alexander Hamilton had been a friend of the family of Mr. Boudinot in his boyhood, and the colleague of Mr. Bradford in the cabinet. The friendship between the widows of these two re markable men continued to the end of their lives. William Franklin, Governor of New Jersey at the commencement of the Revolution, resided at Burlington, occupying during a considerable part of his time a house situated on the beautiful banks of the river, where he remained until 1774, when he removed to Perth Amboy. He was an illegitimate son of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, and was born about 1730. Upon the marriage of his father he was taken to his family, and brought up as if he had been born in wedlock. He was carefully educated, and at an early age was ap pointed clerk of the House of Assembly of Pennsyl vania. In 1756 he accompanied his father to Lon don, became the parent of an illegitimate son, named William Temple Franklin, married Miss Elizabeth Downes, and was, through the influence of Lord Bute, appointed Governor of New Jersey. He re mained loyal to his king during the Revolution ; was arrested by order of the Provincial Congress in 1776, exchanged in two years and five months, lost his wife, was president of the Board of Associated Royalists, returned to England in 1782, married an Irish lady, and died in 1813, aged about eighty-three. His father and his son espoused the cause of independence. He quarreled with his father, as did his son with him. Governor Joseph Bloomfield. — Joseph' Bloom- field, a captain in the Revolutionary army, a brigadier- general in the war of 1812-14, and Governor of New Jersey from 1801 to 1812, married Miss Mary Mcll vaine, a daughter of Dr. William Mcllvaine, of Bur lington. He settled in that town, and made it his home when not absent on public service. He was mayor of the city several years, and lived in the style of a gentleman of fortune. In 1783 he was ap pointed register of the Court of Admiralty, established by the State. In 1793 he was chosen one of the trus tees of Princeton College, holding that office and ex officio president of the board as Governor until his decease. As general of militia he led a brigade to near Pittsburgh to quell the Whiskey Insurrection in 1794. He was an active member and president of the " New Jersey Society for the Abolition of Slavery." During the war with Great Britain he was with his brigade on the border of Canada, but, like many other officers of that army, he did not gather many military laurels. The war was a series of blunders, was poorly waged, and conducted in the beginning by old men who in their youth had been gallant soldiers. Yet it ended happily in a glo rious victory that gained for us the respect of Europe. He was withdrawn, assigned to the command of a military district, with his headquarters at Philadel phia. In 1818' he had the misfortune to lose his wife. In a few years he married again a lady who survived him. He was several times a Presidential Elector; was a member of the Congress of the United States from 1817 to 1821. He died Oct. 3, 1825, the inscrip tion on his tomb recording simply the truths that he was " a soldier of the Revolution ; late Governor of New Jersey ; a general in the army of the United States; he closed a life of probity, benevolence, and public service in the seventieth year of his age." James Kinsey. — James Kinsey was elected by joint meeting chief justice in November, 1789, re elected in 1796, and held the office nearly fourteen years. He was the son of John Kinsey, who came from England to New Jersey in 1716. He was a member of Assembly from Middlesex, and Speaker of the House several years. He removed to Philadelphia, was a member and for many years Speaker of the Assembly of Pennsylvania. He was a Quaker, an eminent lawyer, and for the last seven years of his 'r* h <./;->,, /n,-i, ¦'¦¦'" I Y/4.U THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND DISTINGUISHED MEN. 6j life chief justice of that State. He died in May, 1750, at Burlington, of an apoplectic fit. James Kinsey, who was a lawyer, married and set tled in Burlington. In 1772 he was elected a member of Assembly from the city of Burlington, at that time entitled to two representatives. He took a prominent part in the business of the Legislature, and was the leader of the opposition to Governor Franklin. He was appointed one of the delegates to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia in September, 1774, but in November of the following year he resigned. In 1777 the Legislature passed an act requiring counselors or attorneys to renounce allegiance to the king of Great Britain, and to " bear true faith and allegiance to the government established in this State," which oaths he declined to take, and was obliged to relin quish his practice as a lawyer. It is probable his being a member of the Society of Friends had some thing to do with his scruples about the oath. Not withstanding this he retained Governor Livingston's friendship. Judge Elmer says of him, " He was well versed in the doctrines of the law, and of unspotted integrity, but he was not a man of high intellect." He died at Burlington in 1803, at about the age of seventy years. William Griffith. — William Griffith, the son of Dr. John Griffith, of Somerset County, was a judge of one of the Circuit Courts. of the United States. He was born in 1766, studied law under Elisha Boudinot, a brother of Elias Boudinot. He resided and married at Burlington, when he went there the county town, and for many years previous the capital of West Jer sey. It remained a favorite residence of lawyers in good practice during the first quarter of the present century. In 1820 he was a prominent member of the House of Assembly, and took an active part in the re vision of the laws of the State, made in that year. He was an active promoter of the abolition of slavery, and a member of the society, which received its main support from the Friends of Burlington County. He acquired a large practice and a deservedly high repu tation as an advocate. He was one of the few lawyers of the State who wrote and published for the benefit of the profession. In 1796 he published a treatise on the jurisdiction and proceedings of justices of the peace. It was a valuable book, and passed through three or four editions. In 1799 he published a series of essays over the signature of " Eumenes," exposing the defects of the State Constitution hastily adopted in 1776, and urged the election of a convention to re vise it. About 1820 he prepared a work entitled the "Annual Register of the United States," which con tained a very reliable account of the officers, laws, and regulations of each of the then twenty-four States. Four volumes were published. He also commenced a work called "Historical Notes of the American Colonies and Revolution, from 1754 to 1775." It was never finished, but partly printed, and some copies were sold after his decease. In 1826 he was appointed 5 clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States, but died at the residence of his son-in-law, Mr. Richard S. Coxe, in Washington City, on the 7th of June of that year, at the age of sixty years. Of Mr. Griffith, Henry Armitt Brown has said, " He was a most accomplished lawyer, and stood at the head of the bar. He was one of John Adams' ' midnight judges.' " George Wood. — " George Wood," says Judge Elmer, in his "Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar" (Collections of New Jersey Historical Society, vol. vii.), "was probably the ablest man New Jersey has produced. He was born in Burlington County, grad uated at Princeton, studied law with Richard Stock ton, and was admitted to the bar in 1812." After a few years' practice in New Brunswick he removed to New York, where he took rank among the leaders, and was equal, if not superior, to the best of them. He was engaged in the most important causes, not only in New York, but in other States. He died in 1860. Christopher Billop. — The eldest son of Chief Justice Thomas Farmer, of New Jersey, married the daughter of Capt. Christopher Billop, of the British navy (who was probably a son of Christopher Billop, the commander of the British forces at New Castle; Del., during Maj. John Fenwick's time), who had succeeded in obtaining a patent for a large tract on Staten Island. Young Farmer, upon his wife's in heriting this estate, adopted her father's name, and as Christopher Billop became a very noted character during the Revolution. He commanded a corps of New York loyalists, and upon one occasion was taken prisoner by the Whigs, and confined in jail at Bur lington. Elias Boudinot, then commissary of pris oners, was constrained to treat him with great severity, in retaliation for the cruel treatment of two Whig officers who had fallen into the hands of the royal troops. Irons were put on his hands and feet; he was chained to the floor of a close room, and fed on bread and water. After the war the Billop estate was confiscated, and he went to the province of New Brunswick, where he became a prominent man, and died in 1827.1 Garret Dorset Wall was born in the township of Middletown, in the county of Monmouth, March 10, 1783. He was of English descent. The first of the family who came from England was Walter Wall, who, after living a short time in Massachusetts and on Long Island, settled in Monmouth County in the year 1657. The father of Gen. Wall was James Wall, the fourth in descent from Walter Wall. He was an officer of the Monmouth militia during the Revolu tionary war. At the battle of Monmouth he acted as one of Gen. Washington's guides, and in that en gagement received the sword of a British officer whom 1 Sabine's American Loyalis's, p. 160. 66 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. he captured with his own hand. James Wall died in 1792, leaving a widow and six children. Garret, then ten years of age, was sent to reside with his uncle, Dr. John G. Wall, of Woodbridge, Middlesex County. Upon the death of his uncle, in 1798, he re moved to Trenton and entered the law-office of Gen. Jonathan Rhea, who was then clerk of the Supreme Court. He was admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1804, licensed as counselor in 1807, and called to be a sergeant-at-law in 1820. Upon his admission to the bar Gen. Wall com menced the practice of law in Trenton, and continued to reside there until the year 1828, when he removed to Burlington. Gen. Wall early took a high rank at the New Jer sey bar, having been for years in the clerk's office of the Supreme Court, and a thorough student as well ; he became so familiar with the practice of the courts and with the sources from which it was derived, that upon all matters of practice he was ever considered an authority. In the year 1812 he was elected clerk of the Supreme Court, and held that position until the year 1817. During the war of 1812 he commanded the Phoenix Company of uniformed militia, which had been formed during the Revolution, and in which he for several years was an officer ; he was stationed at Sandy Hook in the force detailed for the protection of New York. In the years 1822 and 1827 he represented Hunter don County in the General Assembly. In politics Gen. Wall had originally been a Federalist, but in 1824, with many other leading members of that party, he supported Gen. Jackson for the Presidency, and it was mainly through his efforts that the vote of New Jersey was given to Jackson in that year. In the year 1829, the Jackson men having control of both houses of the Legislature, Gen. Wall was elected by joint meeting Governor and chancellor. This honor able position he felt constrained to decline. In his let ter of declination he said, "I have not come to this conclusion without weighing the full force of my duties as a public man, and yielding to them a delib erate consideration. But my obligations to my family, and the necessity of devoting a greater portion of my time to my private affairs than a diligent and faith ful discharge of the high and honorable office of Gov ernor would admit, demand of me this determination and compel me to throw myself upon the favorable interpretation of my fellow-citizens of the motives of my conduct." He accepted the office of district attorney of the United States, to whicii he was appointed by Gen. Jackson.. While holding this office he conducted the well-remembered prosecution against the Barne- gat wreckers, and effectually broke up the infamous system of land piracy, whicii had been a great re proach to the inhabitants of the sea-coast of New Jersey. In 1835 the term of Theodore Frelinghuysen in the Senate of the United States expired, and Gen. Wall was elected by the Democrats as his successor. He was an active and influential member of the United States Senate, and an ardent supporter of the admin istrations of Jackson and Van Buren. A number of the speeches delivered by him during his term have been published, and are among the ablest to which that period of high excitement and keen controversy gave birth, among them his speeches upon the Inde pendent Treasury bill, in 1838, on the Bankrupt bill, in 1840, and on the right of Petition and Abolition, in 1836. He was for three years chairman of the Ju diciary Committee, for two years of the Library Com mittee, and one year of the Militia Committee. Upon the expiration of his term in the Senate, the Whig party being in the majority in New Jersey, he was succeeded by Jacob W. Metteo, when he returned again to the active practice of his profession. In 1843 his health was greatly impaired by a stroke of paralysis; yet, as has been said of him, "it was in deed a striking proof of the indomitable energy of his character that upon his partial recovery he engaged in some important trials, and conducted them with almost his wonted skill and ability." In 1848 he accepted the position of judge of the Court of Errors and Appeals, tendered him by Gov ernor Haines, and held this office at the time of his death, in November, 1850. Gen. Wall left two children,— Col. James W. Wall, of Burlington, and Matilda M., the wife qf Governor Peter D. Vroom. James W. Wall, a son of Garret D. Wall, was born at Trenton in 1820. He graduated at Princeton Col lege in 1839 ; studied law, and commenced practice in his native city. His first public position was that of commissioner of bankruptcy. In 1847 he removed to Burlington, and three years afterwards was elected mayor of that city. He devoted much attention to literary pursuits, and in 1854 visited Europe, and upon his return published a volume entitled " Foreign Etchings, or Visits to the Old World's Pleasant Places." In 1863 he was elected a senator in Con gress for the unexpired term of John W. Thompson, deceased, but which seat was for a short time occu pied by Richard S. Field. During the Rebellion he was imprisoned for a short time in Fort Lafayette. He died June 9, 1872. William Rossell, born in 1761, was a lawyer, and many years judge of the United States District Court for New Jersey. He was also judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. Died at Mount Holly, June 20, 1840. Ebenezer Tucker, born in Burlington County in 1758, was a soldier of the Revolutionary war, and served at the battle of Long Island. He filled many offices of distinction and trust, among them those of collector and postmaster of New Jersey. Was a member of Congress from New Jersey from 1825 to 1829. He was also judge of the Court of Common THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND DISTINGUISHED MEN. 67 Pleas, justice of the Court of Quarter Sessions, and judge of the Orphans' Court. He died at Tuckerton, N. J., Sept. 5, 1845. Judge Joshua Maddox Wallace, of Burlington, son of John Wallace, of Scotland, who emigrated to Rhode Island in 1742, was born in Philadelphia, in 1752. He graduated at the College of Philadelphia in 1767, and then entered the counting-house of Archibald McCall, of that city. In 1773 he married Tace, the daughter of Col. William Bradford, and in 1784 removed from his estate of Ellerslie, upon the Raritan, to Burlington. The same year he was ap pointed by the Council and General Assembly judge of the pleas of Burlington County, and it is said of him, " He was very highly useful in administering justice, maintaining the police, relieving the distresses, and improving the morals of the common people." He was instrumental in establishing an academy of learning, and in bringing good teachers to the place. He was a trustee for more than twenty years of Prince ton College, president of the trustees of the Burlington Academy, and president of the society in New Jersey for the suppression of vice and immorality. With his friend and near kinsman, the venerable Elias Boudinot, he took an early and active part in the formation of the American Bible Society, and was president of the convention which formed it. He was a member of the convention which, in 1787, ratified, in behalf of New Jersey, the Constitution of these United States. He represented the county of Bur lington in the Assembly of the State, and died in May, 1819. Abraham Brown was born at Recklesstown, Bur lington Co., about the year 1780. He was educated at Burgess Allison's classical school at Bordentown. He studied law, and upon being admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1802 removed to Mount Holly, where he resided until his death. Soon after his re moval there he wa& appointed surrogate of the county, which office he held by reappointment for a period of seventeen years. He was made counselor during the September term, 1811. He was a profound lawyer and a wise counselor, a man of integrity of character, and exercised a wide-spread influence in the county. Charles Kinsey, a son of Chief Justice Kinsey, was born in Burlington. He studied law with Judge William Griffith, of that town, and after being ad mitted to the bar, 1804, opened his office there and continued to practice until he was appointed surro gate of the county in 1833, which office he held for five years. After his term had expired he returned to his native town, where he continued the practice of his profession until his death. He was a well-read lawyer, a conscientious man, and was noted for the purity of his life. Hon. John C. Ten Eyck was born in Freehold, Monmouth Co., N. J., in March, 1814. Receiving a private, classical education, he entered the office of the Hon. Joseph F. Randolph as a student of law, and was admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1835, and as counselor in 1838. He settled at first at Bur lington, going into partnership with the Hon. Garret D. Wall, then a senator of the United States from New Jersey. In 1839 he was appointed prosecutor of the pleas for Burlington County, and held that office for ten years. When the convention called to revise the Constitution of New Jersey met in 1844 he took his seat as a delegate, and although one of the youngest members made his influence felt in the de liberations of that body. He was elected to the United States Senate for the term commencing in 1859. In 1873 he was appointed a member of the commission to revise the Constitution of the State, of which commission he was chosen chairman. When appointed prosecutor of the pleas he removed to Mount Holly, where he has since resided. Garret S. Cannon, son of the Rev. James Spen cer and Catharine (Brevoort) Cannon, was born in Somerset County, N.'J. His father, a distinguished minister, was for years Professor of Theology in the Dutch Reformed Theological Seminary of New Bruns wick, and held for a long period the chair of meta physics in Rutgers College. Union College conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He died in 1852, having filled the professorship of theology in the seminary for thirty years. Mr. Cannon, after leaving Rutgers College Gram mar School, entered Rutgers College, from which he graduated, after a four years' course, in 1833. Upon leaving college he entered the office of B. R. Brown, Esq., at Mount Holly, and having completed his study of law was, in 1836, licensed as an attorney, and three years after as counselor. Locating at Bordentown, he has continued the practice of his profession there ever since. He was appointed prosecuting attorney of Burlington County by Governor Daniel Haines in 1850, reappointed to the same office by Governor R.- M. Price, and received a second reappointment at the' hands of Governor Joel Parker in 1865. President- Pierce honored him with the appointment of United States district attorney for the State in 1853, and President Buchanan reappointed him to the same office in 1857. In 1845 he was elected by the Demo crats to the Lower House of the State, Legislature. He is president of the Gas Company of Bordentown, and president of the Water- Works Company, and has been a director, as well as the attorney of the Borden town Banking Company ever since its organization. He is an energetic, public-spirited man, and dis charged the duties of all the offices he held in a fearless manner. He married, first, Hannah Kinsey, daughter of Charles Kinsey, of Burlington; second, Sarah, daughter of William Biddle, Esq., of Borden town. Hon. John L. N. Stratton, son of Dr. John L. Stratton, a distinguished practitioner of Burlington County, was born in 1817, near Mount Holly. His early-education was mainly obtained at the schools in 68 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. Mount Holly, he afterwards attending college at Mendham, Morris Co., and graduating from Princeton in 1836. In the same year lie entered the office of B. R. Brown, Esq., as a student of law, and in 1839 was licensed as attorney, and in 1842 as counselor. In 1858 he was elected to Congress from the Second District on the Republican ticket. In 1860 his constituency returned him a second time to the National House. Upon his retirement from Congress he resumed his practice of the law. In 1875 he was chosen president of the Farmers' National Bank of Mount Holly. In 1842 he married Caroline Newbold, a descendant of an old and influential family of Burlington County. Franklin Woolman, surveyor-general of West Jersey, was born in Burlington in 1814, in which city he has always resided. He is descended from a family which were among the oldest settlers, the progenitor of the family in this country, John Woolman, who arrived at Burlington in 1681, locating a tract of land extending from Burlington to the Rancocas, a dis tance of five miles, and comprising about eight thou sand acres. Burr Woolman, who held the office of surveyor-general of West Jersey for thirty years, was the father of Franklin, and upon his death Franklin succeeded him to that office, which he has held ever since. He received a solid education, and studied with a view of inheriting his father's business, con veyancing and surveying, into which in due time he was admitted. He has made an especial study of titles and matters connected with real estate in Bur lington County, and has gained the reputation of being most thoroughly informed upon the subject. He is vice-president of Burlington Savings Institution, and is a director of the Burlington National Bank, and of the Burlington Library. He is a man of public spirit, and is deeply interested in all movements that tend to the advancement of the social and moral con dition of the community. He married, in 1848, Jane, daughter of John Conrad, mayor of the old district of Northern Liberties, Philadelphia, and sister of Judge Conrad, mayor of Philadelphia. H6n. George M. Wright, of Bordentown, was the son of William L. and Lucy (Minor) Wright, of Rhode Island, and of English descent. His father was for many years a sea-captain, but the latter por tion of his life was spent on a farm in Otsego County, N. Y., which he owned and cultivated, and which is now in the possession of George. George received a good solid education in Rhode Island and at a select school at Hartwick, and at twenty-one years of age went to New York to make his way in the world. Being a close observer and giving all his attention to whatever he undertook, he was successful in his vari ous enterprises. In 1851 he was the agent for George W. Aspinwall's line of steamers, which position he held until the death of that gentleman in 1853. In 1851 he removed to New Brunswick, where he resided for three years, when he made Bordentown his perma nent home. He was mayor of Bordentown from 1858 to 1860. From 1864 to 1867 he was State senator from Burlington County. He was for many years connected with the Pennsylvania Steam Towing and Transporta tion Company, and for twelve years filled the post of inspector and collector for the Delaware and Raritan Canal at Bordentown. He is a director of the Bor dentown Banking Company, and of the Steam Tow ing Company. He was elected by joint ballot of the Legislature State treasurer in February, 1875, and at each succeeding expiration of his term has been re elected to the same position. He is a man of indus trious habits, sterling honesty, and unimpeachable character. In 1848 he married Jane M. Bradley, of Richmond County, N. Y. Hon. John Howard Ptjgh, son of Elijah and Let- tice (Barnard) Pugh, was born in Chester County, Pa., in 1827. The founder of the family in this country, Daniel Pugh, immigrated from Wales to Pennsylva nia in the early part of the eighteenth century. Having received a thorough academic education, he was for some three years associated with Professor Wickersham as assistant in conducting the academy at Marietta. Relinquishing his position in the acad emy he began the study of medicine, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1852. He commenced practice at Bristol, Bucks Co., Pa., but after traveling a year in the regions of Lake Supei i sr, he settled in the spring of 1854 in Burlington, where he has since resided. During the war for the Union he was a zealous supporter of the Federal govern ment, laboring with voice and pen to secure its tri umphs, and giving a practical proof of his loyalty by attending without compensation at the United States General Hospital at Beverly. Dr. Pugh, though coming into Burlington an entire stranger, by his skill, strong traits of personal character, and prepos sessing manners, soon won for himself a high position in his profession and the social circle ; and such was the confidence of his fellow-citizens in him, that in 1876 he received the nomination of the Republicans of the Second Congressional District for Congress, to which he was elected by a handsome majority. Having served with credit to himself and satisfaction to his constituency, he was unanimously renominated for a second term in 1878. At this time the " Green- . backers" held the balance of power in very many districts, and in the Second District, having nomi nated the doctor's opponent, they carried the field. He has been for thirteen years president of the Me chanics' National Bank of Burlington. Frederick Voorhees, son of Peter and Jane (Schenck) Voorhees, was born in Somerset County, N. J. Receiving an excellent education, he entered Princeton College in 1853, from which he graduated in 1856. He studied law with his brother, Peter L. Voorhees, at Camden, and in 1859 was licensed an attorney-at-law. In the fall of that year he removed to Mount.Holly, and took charge of the law practice of the Hon. John C. Ten Eyck, who had been elected {£j/-~CUaJ THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND DISTINGUISHED MEN. 69 United States senator. In 1865 he opened an office of his own, and now enjoys an extensive and valuable practice. Charles Elvin Hendrickson, son of Jacob and Mary M. Hendrickson, was born in New Egypt, Ocean Co., in 1843. Attending the academy of George D. Horner, A.M., in his native town, he graduated from Princeton College at the age of twenty, took charge of an academy at Pemberton, and one year after began the study of law in the office of the Hon. Abraham Browning, at Camden. Finishing Jiis legal studies under Garret S. Cannon, Esq., of Bordentown, he was admitted to the bar in 1866. Soon afterwards he settled at Mount Holly, and in 1870 was appointed by Governor Randolph prosecutor of pleas, and in 1875 reappointed by Gov ernor Bedle. In 1868 he was elected to the Assem bly, and in 1869 was admitted as counselor-at-law. He is a prominent member of the Methodist Episco pal Church, a Christian alike in practice and profes sion. He was elected a lay delegate to the General Conference that met at Baltimore in May, 1876, the bishops of which Conference appointed him one of the committee of fifteen to revise the hymn-book of the church. He is president of the board of trustees of Pennington Seminary. Judge Clayton A. Black, son of Hon. John Black, was born at Columbus, Sept. 27, 1839. Ten years afterwards his father removed to a farm on the outskirts of the village, which for many years had been in the family, and in 1861 gave up the manage ment of it to Clayton, who still resides upon it. In 1864, Clayton A., with Peter E. Harvey, obtained a charter to construct a railroad on what was known as the old bed of the Delaware and the Atlantic Rail road (now the Kinkora and Jobstown road), and upon its completion in 1872 he was elected one of the directors, and upon the death of his father, who was president of the road, he was elected vice-president of it. The judge is now a director of the Mercer County Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of the Mount Holly National Bank, and the Bordentown Turnpike Com pany. He has been repeatedly pressed by his friends to contest for political honors, but being deeply inter ested in farming was unwilling to accept office until Governor McClellan appointed him judge of the court of Common Pleas in 1878. He is very popular among his host of friends, and as his taste naturally leads him to enjoy the " sports of the field," there are a number of laws upon the statute books for the protection of game that were drawn by him. Gen. John Stockton Irick, son of William and Margaret (Stockton). Irick, was born on the old home stead in South Hampton township in 1811. His edu cation was completed at the academical institute of John Gummerie at Burlington, and at the age of twenty had commenced farming on his own account. In 1847 he was elected by the Whigs a member of the State Assembly, and was re-elected to that position for two succeeding years. He never again permitted his name to be put in nomination for a public office. Turning his attention to business enterprises, he was mainly the creator of the Vincentown National Bank, of which he was elected president in 1864 ; he was one of the chief movers for the building of the Cam den and Burlington County Railroad, and the Vincen town Branch of this line was almost wholly his work. The St. Mary's River Timber Company and the Vincentown Marl Company were likewise mainly created by his effort. He is a director of the Morris Canal Company. During the late war he served on the staff of Governor Olden, being master of military transportation. He married, in 1832, Emeline S. Bishop, of Burlington County. Hon: Samuel A. Dobbins, son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Scroggy) Dobbins, was born in South Hampton township in 1814. He received a good education, and in 1836 married Damaris Harker, and commenced farming. In 1854 he was elected by the Whigs sheriff of Burlington County, and annually thereafter until the usual three years had elapsed. In 1858 he was elected by the Republicans to the Assembly, and re-elected three times successively. In 1872 he was elected to represent the Second District in Congress, and was re-elected in 1874. For nearly twenty years he has been a trustee of the Pennington Seminary, and for ten years president of the board. He was one of the corporators, and since its organi zation a member of the board of directors of the Union National Bank, of Mount Holly. Hon. Henry J. Irick, son of Gen. J. S. Irick, was born in 1833. He was educated at the Treemount Seminary, Morristown, and at the Freehold Institute. After leaving the institute he engaged in agricultural pursuits until 1863, having married in 1862, Harriet R. Clement, of Camden. In 1862, 1863, and 1864 he was elected to the Assembly, and in 1870, 1871, and 1872 he was elected State senator. He is director, secretary, and treasurer of the Vincentown Railroad Company, and secretary and treasurer of the Vincen town Marl Company. Ewan Merritt, son of Charles and Keziah Mer ritt, was born in Springfield township, Burlington County, March 24, 1823. His education was obtained by hard study and indefatigable exertions, and chiefly at academies in Burlington County, though for two years he attended Madison University, Hamilton, N. Y., but did not complete the. course and graduate. His future career proved this education to have been solid and lasting. Afterward the College of New Jersey conferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of Arts. He studied law with Hon. Joshua S. Thompson, at Swedesboro', and subsequently with Hon. John L. N. Stratton, at Mount Holly, and was admitted to the bar as an attorney in October, 1850, and as a coun selor in June, 1854. In June, 1853, he married Catharine C, daughter ro HISTORY OP BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. of John Kempton, by whom he had three children, all now deceased. His widow still survives him. Mr. Merritt was a fine-looking man of large phy sique, and inclined to corpulency ; he was possessed of great bodily strength, without which he could not so signally have triumphed at the bar. With his physical strength was united great mental power, or, as another has said of him, extraordinary mental en dowments, and he had not long been engaged in the practice of his profession before his ability was recog nized by all. He had remarkable powers of memory, was a man of good judgment and of undoubted in tegrity in all business relations, a jurist of great legal attainments, an able advocate, a genial friend. Somewhat early in life Mr. Merritt became afflicted with gout, the attacks of which grew more frequent and violent as the years passed, until he finally suc cumbed to its ravages, and departed this life Oct. 6, 1874, at the age of fifty-one years, lamented by the whole community. At a meeting of the bench and bar of the county, held shortly after his decease, for the purpose of giving expression to the loss they had sustained, Judge Carr made the following remarks : " I knew Ewan Merritt intimately almost from the time he en tered the office of Mr. Stratton as a law student until his death, and in all my intercourse with him I found him a strictly honorable and upright man. He was in every sense of the word a good and useful citizen. Especially was he conspicuous for usefulness in local affairs. Whenever matters were at issue touching the public weal he was always prompt and energetic in defense of what he conceived to be for the true in terest of the people, giving bold expression to those views which the occasion seemed to demand without regard to his own personal popularity or private ad vantage. In this respect particularly will his loss be severely felt by his fellow-citizens. He was also courageous in exposing individual selfishness when arrayed in opposition to the general welfare, and in rebuking injustice to the weak and unprotected, the widow and the orphan. " At such times he would use no mild and delicate language in denouncing the offender. I have seen men shrink away from him abashed under the effect of his withering invective. Mr. Merritt was not only a truly upright and conscientious man, but he was in every sense of the term an honest lawyer. His counsel could always be relied on, and he ever avoided in volving his clients in needless and endless litigation." The speaker then related an incident coming under his own notice in Mr. Merritt's office, to illustrate his frank and honest dealing as a lawyer and the integ rity of the man. " In his practice before this court, I speak not only for myself, but, I thirik, for my asso ciates on the bench, in saying that when a question of law was raised and Mr. Merritt presented his views the court were as much influenced to decide in his ¦favor by their knowledge of his character as by the characteristic ability with which his ideas were en forced. They believed that he would not, for the sake of success, misinterpret the law or misstate the facts. He was one of the most faithful men to his clients that I ever knew. Even pain and sickness of the most serious character would not prevent him from following up his case and sitting upon the bench. I have frequently seen him, racked with bodily torture, working with all his zeal and energy to secure justice to those who had engaged him to defend their cause. " His character as a man was beyond reproach. He was devoted to duty. He was a generous, warm hearted friend. All who knew him honored and respected him. When I look at that familiar chair and see that he is no longer in his accustomed place, I know that the community and this court have met with a great loss ; that one has been taken away who will always be missed; that a strong mind has gone, a noble man fallen. When I looked upon him clothed in the habiliments of the tomb, I was forcibly struck with the firmness of his countenance in death, indica tive of his strength of character in life. As I saw his remains deposited in their last resting-place, in the beautiful St. Andrew's ground, I wondered could this be the last of such a man, and looking up to the bright blue sky, 'immortality was brought to light,' and I knew that though this was ' the last of earth,' his great soul still lives, lives where good deeds and pure lives are rewarded forever. We cannot all of us make the mark that Ewan Merritt has made, we can not leave behind us the record that he has left, but we have his life and example before us, and if we do our duty fully, faithfully, as'l feel that he has done, we may hope, when our last hour comes and we are called to follow him, that our lives have not been spent in vain and that the world may say it is well that we have lived." A motion was subsequently made to spread upon the minutes of the Circuit Court the resolutions adopted at the meeting referred to, and Judge Wood- hull, in granting the motion, said he wished to be understood as doing so not as a mere matter of form. Mr. Merritt was a gentleman of great ability and in tegrity ; in short, he was no common man. He never took pride in misleading the court, but was always careful to express to them any doubt he might him self entertain with regard to a legal principle, though he thereby detracted from the strength of his own case. This was one of his most striking character istics. His death was a great loss to the bar and to the court; and his own intercourse with the deceased having been of a very pleasant character he felt that his death involved a personal bereavement. HON. Mahlon Hutchinson was born in the city of Philadelphia, on the 10th day of May, 1823. His father was Randel Hutchinson, Jr., and his mother Miss Mary Keeler, both natives of Pennsylvania. On the paternal side he is of Welsh origin, and on the maternal of German descent. O-t^c ^t-P^ THE LEGAL PROFESSION AND DISTINGUISHED MEN. 71 Mahlon Hutchinson received a thorough academic education at the select classical school of Rev. Dr. Hamill, at Lawrenceville, N. J., and having been fitted for college at that institution entered the sopho more class of the College of New Jersey, at Prince ton, in 1840. In 1841, having determined to adopt the law as a profession, he entered the office of Hon. Henry W. Green, since chancellor of the State, as a student, and remained with him until he had com pleted the prescribed course of reading. He was licensed as an attorney-at-law and solicitor in chan cery in 1845, aud as a counselor-at-law in 1854. After his admission to the bar Mr. Hutchinson located in the practice of his profession at Bordentown, where he is still actively engaged in the performance of the duties of an extensive and valuable practice. As a lawyer he is painstaking and careful in the investiga tion and treatment of his causes, faithful to the inter ests of his clients, and noted for his exactitude and attention to details. Order, method, and system seem to be the prevailing characteristics of his mind, and in handling a large number of estates in the capacity of executor, administrator, or guardian he has mani fested singular care and exactness, and proven him self a safe and reliable financial manager. Mr. Hutchinson was formerly a member of the Old- Line Whig party, and has latterly acted with its lineal successor, the Republican party. While taking a deep interest in national. State, and local politics, he has never been an aspirant after political position, and has accepted but few of the emoluments of public office. In 1853 he was elected on the Whig ticket a member of the Lower House of the State Legislature, representing the First District of Burlington County, that being the first year the district system was adopted in that county. He performed the part of a faithful and earnest coadjutor in the important work of leg islation for two years, serving efficiently on such com mittees as the Judiciary, the Educational, and on the •Insane Asylum, and in 1855 declined a renomination and retired to private life. In 1860 he was appointed by Governor Olden prosecutor of the pleas for Bur lington County, and filled that office in a capable manner for five years. Mr. Hutchinson has always taken a deep interest in local affairs, and been a cheerful and liberal con tributor to the various worthy objects of his day. He has served as a member of the public school board for a number of years, and as president of the board of trustees of the Bordentown Female College for a long time. He has been a member of the board of directors of the Bordentown Banking Company for nearly a quarter of a century, and is also a director of the First National Bank of Trenton, and of the West Jersey and Atlantic Railway Company. He has been interested in railroad construction in New Jersey for the past twenty-five years, and was one of the most active promoters of the Pemberton and Hights town line. In church affiliations he is of the Presby terian persuasion, and elder in the First Presbyterian Church of Bordentown, and a modest and unostenta tious supporter of various evangelical and Christian institutions. He was married on Feb. 23, 1848, to Miss Amy N., daughter of Caleb Shreeve, of Burling ton County, and has one son, John P. Hutchinson, a member of the bar, residing at Georgetown, N. J., where he is also in agricultural pursuits. CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY. William Trent, Nov. 23,1723. Charles Read, Feb. 20, 1764. Richard Stockton (declined), Aug. 31,1776. James Kinsey, Nov. 20, 1789. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. Daniel Coxe, Nov. 5, 1706. Francis Hopkinson (declined), Sept. 4, 1776. William Rossell, Nov. 1, 1804. Daniel Coxe, Aug. 1, 1734. Charles Read, March 28, 1749. Richard Stockton, Feb. 28, 1774. ATTORNEY-GENERALS. Alexander Griffith, 1714. Joseph Bloomfield, June 13, 1783. CLERKS OF THE SUPREME COURT. Bowes Read, Sept. 6, 177«. Garret D. Wall, Nov. 5, 1812, Zachariah Bossel, Nov. 6, 1817, 1842. JUDGES OF THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS. Among the judges of this court from 1776 to the present time we find the names of the following : Joseph Borden, appointed Sept. 11, 177G; reappointed Sept. 28, 1781. Peter Tallman, appointed Oct. 31, 1778; reappointed Aug. 31, 1789. Isaac Cowgill, appointed Oct. 31, 1787 ; reappointed Oct. 29, 1792, and Oct. 3, 1797. Thomas Fennimore, appointed Nov. 27. 1789; reappointed 1801. Daniel Newbold, appointed March 3, 1797. Newberry Bunting, appointed Nov. 12, 1801. Caleb Shreve, appointed Nov. 23, 1801. Thomas Adams, appointed Nov. 23, 1801; reappointed Nov. 25, 1806, Nov. 2, 1811, Oct 28, 181fi, Oct. 25, 1821, etc. David Wright, appointed Nov. 3, 1803. Isaac Carlisle, appointed Nov. 3, 1803; reappointed Nov. 25, 1806. Thomas Fennimore, Jr., appointed Nov. 3, 1803; reappointed Nov. 22, 1808, Nov. 3, 1813. Daniel Ivins, appointed Nov. 4, 1803 ; reappointed Nov. 22, 1808, Feb. 19, 1813. William Wood, appointed Nov. 22, 1808; reappointed Feb. 19,1813, Oct. 13, 1818. William Gaskill, appointed Feb. 19, 1813. Alexander Shreve, appointed Feb. 19, 1813. Anthony F. Taylor, appointed Nov. 3, 1803. Jvbn Warren, appointed Nov. 3,1813; reappointed Oct. 28, 1825. Phineas S. Bunting, appointed Jan. 24, 1833; reappointed Nov. 9, 1843. Gershom Mott, appointed Oct. 31, 1833. Samuel S. Bunting, appointed Feb. 28, 1838. Isaac Hilliard, appointed Jan. 25, 1839. John W. Fennimore, appointed Oct. 27, 1843; reappointed Feb. 19, 1857, March 5, 1862. Samuel Black, appointed April 1, 1843. Oliver II. P. Emley, appointed March 2, 1847. Thomas Milner, appointed Feb. 28, 1849. Edward Taylor, appointed March 6, 1850. David Steward, appointed Feb. 4, 1853. Thomas Bennett, appointed March 11, 1863. Ceorge Black, appointed March 11, 1868. Clayton Lippincott, appointed March 25, 1869. Joseph L. Morton, appointed Feb. 20, 1872. Joseph Carr, Jr., appointed Feb. 13, 1873. William Parry, appointed Feb. 25, 1874. Clayton A. Black, appointed March 21, 1878. William Parry, appointed Feb. 6, 1879. HISTORY OP BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. SERGEANTS. Joseph Bloomfield, November Term, 1792. Joseph Mcllvaine, November Term, 1808. Garret D. Wall, November Term, 1820. George Wood, May Term, 1828. COUNSELORS. James Kinsey, May Term, 1794. James Kinsey, May Term, 1794. Garret D. Wall, September Term, 1S07. Abraham Brown, September Term, 1811. George Wood, November Term, 1815. John C. Ten Eyck, May Term, 1838. Garret S. Cannon, Septembor Term, 1839. John L. N. Stratton, November Term, 1844. Charles P. Stratton, November Term, 1854. Mahlon Hutchinson, February Term, 1854. Frederick Voorhees, June Term, 1862. Henry Moffet, November Term, 1867. Charles E. Hendrickson, November Term, 1869. James N. Stratton, June Term, 1871. Charles Ewan Merritt, November Term, 1874. Alfred Flanders, February Torm, 1875. Walter A. Barrows, February Term, 1877. Joseph H. Ga-kill, February Term, 1877. Martin L. Haines, November Term, 1877. Franklin B. Levis, February Term, 1881. John C. Ten Eyck, June Term, 1881. ATTORNEYS. Abraham Brown, May Term, 1S02. Garret D. Wall, May Term, 1804. Charles Kinsey, November Term, 1804. George Wood, November Term, 1812. Bowes Reed Brown, November Term, 1827. William N. Wood, November Term, 1828. Edward Wood, November Term, 1829. John R. Slack, September Term, 1830. John C. Ten Eyck, May Term, 1835. Craig Moflett, May Term, 1836. Garret S. Cannon, September Term, 1836. John L. N. Stratton, September Term, 1839. Philip F. Slack, May Term, 1841. James W. Wall, September Term, 1841. Mahlon Hutchinson, Jr., May Term, 1845. Edgar N. Back, January Term, 1847. Charles Ewan Merritt, October Term, 1850. Franklin B. Levis, June Term, 1856. Alden C. Scovel, November Term, 1856. Philip S. Scovel, February Term, 1857. Frederick Voorhees, Jnne Term, 1859. W. Budd Deacon, June Term, 1 859. Caleb D. Shreve, November Term, 1861. Walter S. Oliphant, June Term, 1862. Anthony Woodward, June Term, 1862. Benjamin D. Shreve, November Term, 18C2. Henry Moffet, November Term, 1864. Charles E. Hendrickson, November Term, 1866. Edward D. Deacon, February Term, 1867. George T. Werts, November Term, 1867. James Newbold Stratton, Jnne Term, 1868. Michael T. Newbold, June Term, 1868. John P. Hutchinson, June Torm, 1872. J. Turner Blakeley, June Torm, 1874. John P. Lockwood, November Term, 1875. Mark R. Sooy, February Torm, 1877. Allen H. Gangewer, February Term, 1879. William P. McMichael, Jr., June Term, 1879. Jerome B. Grigg, June Term, 1880. James P. Logan, June Term, 1880. Charles 0. Black, June Term, 1881. Howard Flanders, June Term, 1881. Risdon B. Hankiuson, June Term, 1881. Howard C. Levis, June Term, 1881. Benjamin F. II. Shreve, Jnne Term, 1881. Jacob C. Hendrickson, November Term, 1881. Robert S. Gaskill, February Torm, 1882. Samuel W. Belden, Juno Term, 1882. CHAPTER XII. MEDICAL PROFESSION. The Quakers, who were the early settlers of West Jersey, brought in their company physicians of edu cation, who came with their associates to settle the new lands and improve their fortunes. To the latter purpose they gave themselves assiduously. At this period there were many doctors who took part in public affairs and in land speculations. As with the clergy, who supplemented their revenues by practicing medicine, so the doctors gave attention, as opportu nities offered, to merchandise, farming, and other remunerative pursuits. In the most sparsely settled regions the sick were largely cared for by women. Kalm, in his travels, published in 1748, says, " An old Swede remembered that his mother cured many people of dropsy by a decoction of the root of sassafras in water, but she used at the same time to cup the patient on the feet." Even as late as 1796, Winterbottom, in his " History of America," says, " It is remarkable that in Cape May County no regular physician has ever found support. Medicine has been administered by women, except in extraordinary cases." Smith, in his " History of New Jersey," p. 326, says, " Few physicians among us are eminent for their skill. Quacks abound like the locusts in Egypt, and too many have recommended themselves to a full practice and profitable subsist ence. This is the less to be wondered at, as the pro fession is under no kind of regulation. Any man at his pleasure sets up for physician, apothecary, or chirurgeon." The early occupants of the provinces,1 when corre sponding with their friends in " Old England," uni formly expressed their delight with the climate of the country and its salubrity. Notwithstanding their confidence in the healthfulness of their new home, they were not unmindful that sickness and plague might visit them in judgment. Towards the close of the year 1680 the people were greatly alarmed by the appearance of a " Dreadfull Coinett Starr, which was visible in broad daylight, with a very fiery Tail or Streamer." It was accepted universally as an omen of " Dreadfull Punishments." Kalm, in his travels, published in 1748, says of Rac coon (a settlement of Swedes in Gloucester County), that the disease called by the English, fever and ague, was more common than any other. It prevailed the last of August and continued till spring. It raged over a great part of the country during some years, and in others " scarcely a single person was taken ill." Its cause was deemed by the physicians to be obscure. By some it was charged to "the peculiar 1 This and tho following article are extracted mostly from " History of Medicine in New Jersey, and of its Medical Men, from the Settlement of the Province to a.d. 1800." By Stephen Wickes, A.M., M.D., New ark, N. J. Martin R. Dennis & Co, 1879. MEDICAL PROFESSION. 73 qualities of the air." Others, and the most of them, asserted that it was generated by putrid and standing water, as they observed that those residing " near morasses and swamps, or where stagnant and stink ing water is met with," were affected every year. It was most prevalent when the heat of the sun caused evaporation and filled " the air with noxious vapors," Diet was also charged with causing the disease, in the use of fruits, melons, etc. ; teas, rum, and other ardent spirits, and " largely the loss of odoriferous plants, with which the woods were filled at the arrival of the Europeans, but which the cattle have extir pated. These occasioned a pleasant scent to rise in the woods every morning and evening. It is not un reasonable to think that this corrected the noxious effluvia from putrefying substances." "Brimstone and vinegar every night upon going to bed and in the morning before getting up, and three or four times in the interval, drinking some warm liquid to wash it down," was a remedy much in use. The foregoing observations are recorded by Peter Kalm, a professor in the University of Arbo, in Swedish Finland, who was sent by his government to this and other countries to make scientific and general observations in 1747-49. He further records that pleurisy in Raccoon " is a disease which the people are subject to." In 1728 it swept away many at Penn's Neck. Almost all the Swedes there died of it, though they were not numerous. "It rested, as it were," till 1748, and then " made dreadful havoc, and every week six or ten of the old people died." It was so violent that those attacked seldom lived more than two or three days ; very few recovered. The physicians did not know '' what to make of it," nor how to treat it. As to its cause, an old English surgeon, who lived then in Raccoon, gave the follow ing reason: "The inhabitants drink great quantities of punch and other strong liquors in summer when it is very hot ; by that means the veins in the diaphragm contract and the blood grows thick. . . . When the people during the changeable weather are in the open air they commonly get the disease." One of the earliest pestilential diseases iu America of which we have any record was the smallpox, which wasted the Indians just before the landing of the Pil grims at Plymouth. Some years after, in 1633, it was again fatal among the Indians. Upon the permanent settlement of West Jersey, in 1677, endeavors were made to excite the hostility of the natives against the English by insinuations that the latter sold them the smallpox in their match-coats. The distemper was among them, and in a company who came together to consult about it and its origin one of their chiefs said, — "In my grandfather's time the smallpox came, and now in my time the smallpox has come." Then stretching forth his hands towards the skies, said, " It came from thence." To this the rest assented 1 1 Smith's nistory of New Jersey. The Europeans were, nevertheless, the instrumental cause of the spread of smallpox and the venereal dis eases among the native inhabitants of America.2 The winter of 1641 was very severe, and was fol lowed by a very sickly summer. The mortality on the Delaware River among the settlers in West Jer sey, who had recently emigrated from the New Haven colony, was so great that it broke up the settlement.3 A catarrh appeared in 1647 over the whole country, and in 1767 diseases among horses in New England and New Jersey.4 In 1735, in the month of May, during a wet, cold season, began D in New Hampshire a disease among children called the "throat distemper," of a most malignant kind, and by far the most fatal at that period known in this country. It became epidemic. Of the first forty cases none recovered. The disease was infectious, but its spread was independent of that element. It extended its ravages through Connec ticut, and reached New York and New Jersey. In Zenger's Weekly, New York, Feb. 9, 1735-36, is the following notice : " Throat Distemper. — We are in formed that at Crosswicks [all the country for many miles around at that time was called by that name], in West Jersey, divers persons have died lately with a distemper in the throat, and that that Distemper prevails there. We are therefore desired to publish the following remedy," etc. In 1798 the yellow fever, which had appeared in Philadelphia and New York in 1699, 1741, and 1762, again visited those cities and other places in mortal form and in extensive ravages, which continued dur ing a succession of years. It prevailed to some ex tent on the shores of the Delaware in New Jersey, where it seemed to find its origin.6 Dr. Lummis, of Woodbury, N. J., in a letter to a physician of Phila delphia, Dec. 4, 1798, thus writes : "... I visited several persons affected with the bilious yellow fever who had no possible opportunity of deriving their disease from any foreign source. ... I have no hesitation in believing tlieir disease to have been the offspring of local causes. The majority of these cases have occurred in families liviug on farms situated on the Jersey shore of the Delaware. "The peculiar disposition of these exhalations to produce disease and death was around early in the season, by the mortality whicii prevailed among the fowls and cats in this neighborhood. I am not alone iu hav ing seen cases of yellow fever which cannot be traced to con tagion, simi lar facts having been witnessed this season by other physicians in various parts of New Jersey." 7 Medical writers in New Jersey began their literary efforts in the modest form of communications to the journals of their day and by pamphlets containing their observations upon particular forms of diseases. The Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, a practitioner of the 3 Webster. 4 Ibid. 2 Rush's Inquiries. 5 Webster on Pestilence. 6 Rush. 7 Account of the Malignitnt Fever lately prevalent in the City of New York, by James Hardie, A.M. New York, 1799. 74 HISTOEY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. healing art in Elizabethtown, N. J.,1 was the first to notice in printed form the character of the " Throat Distemper." This notice is found in Zenger's Weekly Journal, New York, Feb. 16, 1735-36. He wrote his observations on the same disease in a letter to a " Friend in Boston" in 1738-39. It was published in pamphlet in 1740. Dr. Wickes in his valuable book says, " No reader of the paper will doubt that the dis ease which he describes was the diphtheria of our own day." Dr. Thomas Cadwalader, who resided near Trenton in 1740, wrote an essay on the "Iliac Passion," and in 1745 on the West India "Dry Gripes." Princeton College, founded in 1746, graduated num bers of American youth who became distinguished as statesmen and learned in law, theology, and a limited few in medicine. A positive advance in medicine in New Jersey may be dated from the French and In dian war, 1758-66. The colonial physicians, who were commissioned as surgeons and surgeon's mates, being brought into association with the British officers, were led to know their inferiority, and were stimulated to improve their opportunities of practice and of inter course with their more cultivated compeers. The stimulus to medical progress incident to the conquest of Canada was speedily followed in New Jersey by a measure still more potent in its influence, the organization in 1766 of a medical society for the province. This was the first society of the kind in the colonies (though not the first association of Ameri can physicians for mutual improvement), and the basis upon which it was founded is honorable to the scientific, aims and high-toned ethical sentiments of its founders. District Medical Society. — Joseph Parrish,M.D., of Philadelphia, in his " Historical Address," deliv ered at the " Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the District Medical Society for the County of Burling ton, June 17, 1879," which, with the " Address of Welcome," delivered by Dr. R. H. Page, of Colum bus, was subsequently published in pamphlet with a handsome engraving of the venerable Charles Ellis, M.D., states,— "Tho lnw regulating the practice of * physic and surgery1 in New Jersey at tho commencement of this century required that a license should bo obtained from the State Medical Society, whether the appli cants had diplomas from medical schools or not, and imposed a penalty of twenty-five dollars for every prescription given by n non-licentiate; and unless such license was properly recorded, either in the office of the county clerk or of the chief justice of the State, no fees could bo le gally demanded for professional Bervicos. "The year previous to the organization of the society (1828) an in cident occurred which demonstrated the efficiency of this law, and led to tho union of tho few physicians then in the county for their own protection. The scene was laid in the little town of Columbus, at that time known as Black Horse. The parties immediately concerned wore Dr. Asahel Page and Prince Murat, a relative"' (nephew) "of Joseph Bonaparte, then residing as ex-king of Spain at his beautiful seat in * A leading member of tho Synod of New York, he " gave being and shape to the deliberations that resulted in the creation of the College of New Jersey1' (Princeton). Ho was chosen its first president; died Oct. 7, 1747. Bordentown. Tho prince and the doctor were both fond of horses, and each kept several trained for the course. They wcro to have a race through the street of Culumbus, which had been well advertised. Tho prize was to be one of the racers. The prince and the doctor appeared in due time, and the race was accomplished in the presence of a goodly crowd. The prince came off the winner, and demanded his prize. Tho doctor said there had been foul play and refused to surrender his steed. The prince was angrj', and declared in a menacing manner that he would not pay the doctor's bill for professional services. Suit was brought by the doctor to recover the amount of his bill. Tho Hon. Gar rett D. Wall, late of this city, was one of the counselors. The case was tried, and the doctor non-suited, the evidence in the trial showing that, though he had passed an examination and had received a license, he had neglected to comply with the provision of the law which required the filing of his certificate in the office of the Chief Justice of the State. Hence the loss of his case. " The story of this race and trial created considerable excitement, and the discovery waB made that there were but few authorized medical licentiates in the county. Drs. Nathan W. Cole, of this city, and John L. Stratton, of Mount Holly, were two of the number. There were, how ever, three younger men,frcBh from the halls of the University of Penn sylvania, with their diplomas, who took advantage of the occasion and proceeded immediately to Freehold for the purpose of an examination before the censors, which, having passed, certificates were furnished and legally registered; so there was added to the list of regular licentiates the names of Charles Ellis, of Burlington, Benjamin H. Stratton, of Mount Holly, and John C. Davis, of Pemberton. These, with their seniors already named, constituted the legal number for a district medi cal society, and on the 30th of April, 1829, they met at tho house of Grif fith Owen, in Mount Holly, to consider the situation. "At this meeting they agreed to ask the State Society for authority to organize according to the provisions of the law. On the 12th of the following month authority was formally granted, and in one week after, being the 19th of May, these five gentlemen again met and took the preliminary steps that were necessary to effect their organization. They agreed upon their officers, and appointed Drs. B. H. Stratton, Ellis, and Davis to 'draft rules and regulations for their government,' and to report on the third Tuesday of June, just fifty years ago this day. " At that time they met at the house of Stacy B. Campion, in Mount Holly, adopted their constitution, appended their signatures, and each paid two dollars into the treasury ; the officers being Dr. Cole, president; Dr. Ellis, secretary; and Dr. John L. Stratton, treasurer; the latter being authorized to procure suitable books for the society. " Th£ business done at tho meetings during the first ten years, as far as the minutes show, was chiefly to perfect tho organization and increase the number of members. The society was never without funds to pay the expenses of delegates to the State Medical Society, who were ap pointed every year, and who never failed to go and report. There was also money enough to pay for dinner and horse-feed on the days of meet ings. Sometimes the bills did not exceed the sum of two or three dol lars, and at tho November meeting, 1832, in a paroxysm of generosity, it was resolved that at each stated meeting ' the tavern-keeper shall be ensured a minimum consideration of five dollars, and that this amount the funds of the society shall be responsible.' "AU through the first decade it is evident that in whatever other respect the members may have differed, they were a positive unit in one thing, — they meant to secure the co-operation of each other in counter acting if not in suppressing charlatanism. An article of the constitu tion, the urgent call upou brother practitioners, and the publication of the law on the subject furnish abundant ovidonce of this. " Quackery, as understood by this society, means all boastful preten sions tu knowledge or skill that is not possessed, all undignified means of attracting public attention or securing business; iu fact, every de parture from the line of professional probity." In matters that concern the public weal, such as temperate living, sanitary reform, the care of the poor and the insane, the society has always taken an active part. As early as 1831, Dr. William S. Coxe, of Burling ton, introduced the following resolution : " Resolved, That we are convinced that the use of distilled liquors as a drink is always unnecessary to persons in good health, and injurious generally in proportion to the amount consumed ; that they increase the liability to disease, and render them less amenable to medical treatment ; MEDICAL PROFESSION. 75 that they are much less frequently indispensable in the practice of med icine than has heretofore been supposed ; and when the necessity occui-s, it has, in a majority of cases, originated in a pre-existing habit of using them. " Resolved, That we deem it our duty to discountenance, by precept and example, the consumption of ardent spirits by men in health, and to abstain from their exhibition as medicine when less dangerous stim ulants can be conveniently substituted and may be expected to prove equally efficacious." This resolution was considered so important, in volving such a wide scope of domestic and social habits as well as of professional practice, that it was laid over for six months. When the society met again, however, Dr. Cole offered the following resolu tion, which was adopted : "Resolved, That the propositions submitted by Dr. Coxe at the la6t meeting of this society for the consideration of its members be adopted, and that we individually pledge ourselves to use all proper influence in the support and practice of temperate habits." The society thus committed itself over fifty years ago on the great question which to-day, more perhaps than any other, occupies the public mind. It gave utterance to no uncertain or indifferent statement, but defined with distinct minuteness its position. In 1848 the New Jersey Medical Reporter was organ ized and conducted by one of the members, as the first effort at medical journalism in the State. It soon came into favorable notice, its subscription list in creased rapidly, and, on the recommendation of the society, the State Medical Society adopted it as the medium for publishing its transactions, and as an in dorsement of its authority furnished the imprint of its seal for the title-page. " To preserve the names and to commemorate the deeds of all worthy physicians in the county of Burlington, New Jersey, since its first set tlement, in the year one thousand six hundred and seventy-seven (1G77), and to continue a perpetual memorial of all who may hereafter connect themselves with our Society, I have prepared this book and dedicated it to the District Medical Society of the county as a token of fraternal regard. "Joseph Pabrish, " Historian. " Burlington, N. J., January , 1880. " For the facts connected with physicians previous to the year 1800, I am chiefly indebted to the valuable work of Dr. Wickes, entitled ' His tory of Medicine and Medical Men in New Jersey.' " 1677. Daniel Wills, a practitioner in chemis try, with a variety of medical books and surgical in struments, came to America in the ship " Kent," landing at Chygoes Island, on the Delaware River, in 1677, where now stands the city of Burlington. He was>one of the commissioners sent over by the Eng lish proprietors with authority to purchase and settle lands. Under this grant they purchased and laid out the city of Burlington. Of his birthplace there is no record, but that he was a man of considerable attainments and of great industry and energy there is abundant evidence. He had business in Barbadoes, and during a visit there he died on March 26, 1689, and was buried in the burying-ground of the Society of Friends, of which he was an accredited member. There is no record of his age. His descendants, some of whom are living at and near Rancocas, in this county, have in their possession a number of articles which were used by him in the practice of his profession. 1677. John Gosling probably came to America prior to this date, as he is one of the signers of " The Concessions and Agreements of the Proprietors, Free holders, and Inhabitants of the Province of West Jersey, in America," dated March 3, 1676; but as Burlington was not laid out till 1677, he could not have resided there before the latter date. As a citi zen of Burlington, he is described as a " merchant and physician." His birthplace is not known. He mar ried Mary Budd, in 1685, and left one child, a boy, named John. Dr. Gosling also had business in Barbadoes, exe cuted his will in 1685, and left for the island, where he died, being buried in the Friends' burying-place. The name was originally Jocelyn, an Anglo-Nor man Christian name. 1683. Robert Diensdale came to America with William Penn in 1683. He located a large tract of land near Mount Holly, where he built a com modious brick house and resided. Married, the sec ond time, Sarah, daughter of Francis Collins. In 1688 he returned to England, and died there in 1718. He was once imprisoned in England for practicing medicine without a bishop's license. He was also the proprietor of some popular nostrums, and wrote a book with the following title : " Robert Dirnsdale's Advice: How to use his medicine (in the several dis tempers within mentioned), as also where they are to be had, with their prices, which he chiefly designed for his old friends and acquaintances, who earnestly desired it of him before he left England, and to them they are chiefly commended. London : Printed and Sold by John Bringhurst, at the sign of the Book and Three Black birds, in Leaden Hall, Mutton Market. 4to. 1684." 1699. Fbancois Gandonett, born in France in 1664 ; lived in Bristol, Pa., and in Burlington, N. J., and practiced his profession. Died June 8, 1725 ; buried in the graveyard of St. James' Church, Bristol, of which church he was a warden. 1700. Samuel Mabmion, born in England, 1650, came to America in 1700 ; lived first at New Castle, Del., then in Philadelphia, and afterwards in Bur lington, his daughter having married Col. Peter Bard of the latter place. Died March 20, 1734, aged eighty years. His remains and those of his wife and son-in- law lie in the churchyard of St. Mary's, Burlington. 1724. John Rodman, born in Barbadoes, May 14, 1679 ; twice married, — first wife, Margaret Ross ; second, Mary, daughter of William Willett, of Flush ing, L. I. ; lived for a time in Philadelphia, and also in Boston, and about 1724 settled in Burlington and practiced medicine. An active and useful member of the Society of Friends ; a member of the board of aldermen of the city, and in 1738 was a member of His Majesty's Council for the province of New Jer sey, which office he held until his death, July 13; 76 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. 1756. He was a practitioner in Burlington thirty-two years. 1738. Joseph Brown, inn-keeper and doctor of Bordentown ; birthplace unknown. In the old town ship book of Chesterfield there occurs the following item : " At a township-meeting in 1738, 4 shillings to Mr. Brown for ye cure of a poor woman ; £1 Is. 8d. to Joseph Brown for ye trouble he had with a man who dyed at his house." 1745. Dr. Baker. Probably the first physician in Tuckerton. There is, however, no record of his birth or death. Of his marriage to the sister of Hon. Ebenezer Tucker, M.C, for whom the town is named, there is, however, evidence, but dates are wanting. 1745. Thomas Shaw was a practicing physician in Burlington in 1745 ; for how long before is not known. He was a vestryman of St. Mary's Church at that time, and died in 1750. 1752. Alexander Ross, born in Scotland, 1713, graduated at the University of Edinburgh, and soon after emigrated to America. Settled in Bristol, Pa., and became a student of medicine under Dr. De Normandie, of that town. First practiced in Bur lington, and moved to Mount Holly in 1752. He had an extensive practice, and rode a black mare, with saddle-bags stuffed with medicines. He was surgeon in the war of the Revolution. He died May 10, 1780, aged sixty-seven years. His widow mar ried Zachariah Rossel, of Mount Holly. 1755. Alexander Moore, practiced in Borden town ; born 1712 ; died and was buried in Borden town in 1781, having been engaged in practice during his residence there, and being sixty-nine years old. The following extract from the Chesterfield township records shows that he was recognized as a worthy physician: "At a town-meeting held this 13th day of October, 1755, at the house of Godfrey Beck, con cerning one Mathias Ostendine, and by majority of voats it was a Greed that the overseer of ye poor should Imploy Doctor Moor to Cure him the Best manner he could, and to pay him out of The money that is to be Raised for the yous of ye Poor." 1761. Stacy Budd, son of Thomas, born in 1740, studied medicine under Dr. Alexander Ross, of Bur lington, and his step-father, Dr. Thomas Say, of Phila delphia. In 1762 he married Sarah, daughter of J. Munro, an extensive land-owner of Mount Holly. Practiced one year in Moorestown, but returned again to his former home, and remained there till his death, Feb. 13, 1804. Being a Friend, he was buried in the graveyard of the society in Mount Holly. He had ten children, one of whom, Sarah, married Gen. Sam uel Read, father of our late fellow-member, Dr. Zach ariah Read. Dr. Budd was highly esteemed as a physician, and was especially kind to the poor. His rides towards the sea-coast extended as far as forty miles. 1765. Ralph Assheton, eldest son of Ralph As sheton, Esq., and Susanna Rodman, his wife. The doctor was probably born in Philadelphia, and was between twenty-eight and twenty-nine years of age when he practiced in Burlington County. The family was among the most prominent and influential of the colonial aristocracy of Pennsylvania. They were re lated to William Penn, in whose letters reference is sometimes made to " Cousin Assheton." The doctor died 4th of January, 1774, and was probably buried in a family vault of Christ Church burying-ground, Philadelphia. His house in this county was thus ad vertised for sale in the Pennsylvania Gazette of Sept. 26, 1765 : " To be sold at public vendue, on Thursday, the 24th of October next, between the hours of three and five in the afternoon, on the premises, a house and lot of ground Bituated in Kingsbury, Nottingham Town ship, Burlington County, on the public road between Trenton Bridge and the Ferry, containing iu breadth 60 feet and in depth 181 feet; the House almost new. and neatly finished; the Lot inclosed with a good board fence; there is a good garden and well in the yard, and, on the lot adjoining a good new stable and coach house,belonging to the house. The purchaser may have a lease of the lot on which the stable stands, pay, viz. : Thirty Shillings per annum. Half the purchase money to be paid immediately, six months credit will be given for the remainder. Any person inclining to purchase before the day of sale, may know the terms by applying to Dr. Ralph Assheton on the premises "N. B. — As the Doctor proposes returning to Philadelphia in a few weeks, he desires those indebted to make immediate payments, and those who have any demands to bring iu their accounts for settlement." 1766. John Ross, son of Alexander, was born at Mount Holly, March 2, 1752, and was probably pre pared for the practice of medicine by his father. The war of the Revolution commencing, Dr. Ross at once entered the service as captain in the Third New Jer sey Regiment, his commission bearing date Feb. 9, 1776. In 1779 he was commissioned major of the Second Regiment, and was afterwards promoted to brigade major and inspector of the Jersey Brigade. He was wounded, but continued in the service till the close of the war. He was also appointed lieutenant- colonel of militia, Second Regiment, Dec. 18, 1782. During the administration of Washington, in 1792, he received the appointment of inspector of the revenue for Burlington County, N. J. He was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati from its organization. 1771. Jonathan Smith came to America with four brothers and one sister from Yorkshire, England. Settled in Burlington, and engaged in the practice of medicine. The. date of his settlement is not known, but that he died in 1772 is evident from the following notice in the Pennsylvania Packet and General Adver tiser in March of that year : " Last Wednesday, departed this life, after a tedious illness, at Burlington, Dr. Jonathan Smith, a gentle man descended from one of the most respectable families in this province, and much esteemed for his singular benevolence and humanity." 1771. Jonathan Odell, son of Jonathan and Temperance Odell, of Connecticut Farms, was born in Newark, N. J., Sept. 25, 1737; graduated at Princeton College, 1754; educated for a physician, and after wards served as surgeon in the British army. While MEDICAL PROFESSION. 77 stationed in the West Indies he left the army and studied for the ministry in England, and was ordained as a priest in 1767. Stationed as rector of St. Mary's Church, in Burlington, 1771, and May 6, 1772, married Ann De Cou, of Burlington. He resided there nine years, and his salary as a minister being insufficient for his support, he added to the duties of the pastorate those of a practicing physician. He was elected a member of the State Medical Society in 1774, and also a member of the American Philosophical Society. Being a Tory, he escaped from Burlington when the colonial troops occupied it, and sought refuge in New York, then held by the British. While in Burlington, in 1776, he was ordered to confine himself on parole to the east side of the Delaware, within a circuit of eight miles of the court-house of Burlington. At the close of the war he settled in the province of New Brunswick, where he occupied influential civil posi tions, and afterwards moved to New York. He died at Frederickton, New Brunswick, Nov. 25, 1818, aged eighty-one years. He wrote political poetry with ease, and some of1 his effusions were published. 1772. Daniel Budd, son of David, was educated at Princeton, but did not take the honors of the col lege. He studied medicine in Philadelphia, and it is believed graduated at the University of Edinburgh. Returning to this country, practiced medicine in Pemberton and Mount Holly, and became a member of- the State Society in 1772. He afterwards removed to the State of New York. During the Revolution he joined the Continental army as surgeon. He was at the crossing of the Delaware and at Valley Forge. Was for some time a prisoner in the camp of the British and Indians. The doctor was exceedingly popular as a physician, and the life of convivial society. He died of disease of the liver at Schoharie, in New York, and the monumental inscription in the Lutheran churchyard of that town is as follows : " In Memory of Doct. Daniel Budd, who died March 15th Anno Domini 1815, aged 64 years. " His languishing head is at rest Its aching and thinking is o'er His still immovable breast Is heaved with affliction no more. " Know though, oh stranger to the fame Of this much-loved, much-honored name For none who knew him, need be told A wanner heart death ne'er made cold. " In memory of Rebecca Lawyer, wife of Doct. Daniel Budd, who departed this life January 9th, 1824, aged 71 years." 1777. Daniel Bancroft was born in Westfield, Mass., Nov. 2, 1746 ; appeared before the Council of Safety in New Jersey, April 22, 1777, took the re quired oath, and was dismissed. He had been con fined as a suspected spy. He remained for a time in Burlington. In 1782 he settled in Wilmipgton, Del., where he was engaged with his brother in commercial pursuits. He died of apoplexy while at a dinner party at the residence of John Vaughn, Esq., of Phil adelphia, in 1796. 1783. John Baptiste Carone Brognard was born about 1761 in France. At the age of eighteen he entered the French military service as a volunteer, and was appointed a sergeant in a corps of grenadiers. During the Revolutionary war »he came to America with his corps. Previous to entering the service in his native land he had studied medicine, and was near the time of his graduation, and medical men be ing in demand he was detailed to surgeon's duty in the medical staff of the Duke de Laugan, in which ser vice he continued until the end of the war. Determining to settle in America, he procured a " Military Discharge" by the payment of three hun dred pounds, and immediately devoted himself to the pursuit of his profession in civil life. He first settled in Burlington, where he married Sarah Smith, but soon after removed to Columbus, in the same county, where he became distinguished as a physician and surgeon, acquiring a large and profitable practice, and possessing a very large share of the confidence of the people. He died April 17, 1823, aged about sixty-two years, and his remains were buried in the Friends' burial- place at Mansfield. 1784. Daniel De Benneville descended from George de Benneville, a French nobleman of Nor mandy, France. His father, George, was left au or-. phan in early life, and was committed to the care of Queen Annie, who had charge of the first eleven years of his boyhood. In 1745 he came to America, residing at Olney, Bucks Co., Pa., where was a colony of Huguenots. Dr. Daniel, his son, was born at Olney, Nov. 12, 1753. After receiving an education under the care of his father, he began the study of medicine, but the date of his entering upon its practice is not known. He joined the army as a junior surgeon of the flying 'hospital, and on July 3, 1781, as surgeon. of the Thirteenth Regiment of Infantry, Continental army. He was remarkable for his skill as a surgeon, and distinguished for his warm-hearted sympathy for the sick and wounded. In personal appearance he resembled Andrew Jackson, whose friend he was. After the war he married Elizabeth Coats, and settled in Moorestown, Burlington County. His marriage union was unhappy, and he failed to secure the respect of the community. At the age of seventy-five, he died at his brother's house, and was buried in the family graveyard. 1786. Samuel Treat was born Jan. 13, 1739, and married Agnes Hollingshead, Oct. 13, 1774. He " served as an apprentice to Dr. John Redman, of Philadelphia, for nearly four years, during which time he was constantly employed in the practice of physic and surgery," for which he received a cer tificate, the original of which is still preserved by his descendants, bearing date Sept. 12, 1765. Prac ticed in Burlington from 1786 to 1795; built the house now occupied by the family of the late Wil liam R. Allen ; removed to Oxford, N. Y., to spend 78 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. the remnant of his days with a married daughter, and died April 9, 1814. Medical certificate to Mr. Samuel Treat, 1765 : " Philadelphia. " This is to certify to all w.hom it may concern that Mr. S;iml. Treat hath served as an apprentice to me for nearly four years, during which time he was constantly employed in the practice of Physic and Surgery, under my care, not only in my private business, but in the Pennsylvania Hospital, in which character he always behaved with great Fidelity and Industry. In testimony of which I have hereunto set my hand this first day of September, One thousand Seven hundred and Sixty-five. " John Redman." " We, whose names are underwritten, do cprtify that Mr. Samuel Treat hath diligently attended the practice of Physic and Surgery in the Pennsylvania Hospital for several years. "Thomas Cadwaladek. "Phineas Bond. "Tho Bond. " Wm.^Shippen. "0. Evans." • " This is to Cei tify that Samuel Treat hath attended a course of Ana tomical Lectures with the greatest diligence and assiduity. " Wm. Shippen, Jr." 1786. John H. Stokes was born at Moorestown, Burlington County, in 1764 ; preliminary education good; commenced medical studies with Dr. Thomas Park, of Philadelphia, and attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania ; licensed to practice in New Jersey in 1786 ; settled in his native town, and con tinued his professional pursuits in the same place during the remainder of his life. He was a thorough physician for the time in which he lived, a courteous, Christian gentleman, and for thirty years held the con fidence and affection of the community. He died at the age of fifty-two, October, 1817. He early adopted Jenner's discovery of vaccination, and to prove to the incredulous his faith in its prophylactic power, after obtaining vaccine pustule on the person of his own infant daughter, he exposed her to the smallpox by placing her in bed with a patient infected with the disease. 1786. Edward Taylor, born in Upper Freehold, Monmouth County, May 27, 1762, graduated at Prince ton in 1783 ; studied medicine with Dr. James Newell, of Monmouth, and finishedhisstudiesatthe University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1786. He commenced the practice at Pemberton ; joined the State Medical Society in 1787. He was a man of culture and refine ment, quick perception and sound judgment. He did not remain long at Pemberton, preferring his native home, where he remained a useful and honor able Christian gentleman till the close of his life, on the 2d of May, 1835. A. W. Taylor, M.D., the son of Rev. Rufus Taylor and Esther W. Taylor, was born in Shrewsbury, Mon mouth Co., N. J., on March 31, 1845, this place being on the stage-route from New York to Long Branch via steamers from New York to Red Bank, this being at that time the only public way of reach ing Long -Branch, which is now the objective-point of several railway and steamboat lines. About 1852 he moved to Manchester, Mass., a little village on Cape Ann, then small and unimportant, the inhabitants being engaged in cod-fishing on the banks of Newfoundland in the summer, and in the winter going to school or making shoes and furniture. This place is now quite a summer resort, and is down in the guide-books as Manchester-by-the-Sea. In 1858 he moved to Hightstown, N. J., and was there prepared for Princeton College by the late Charles A. Walters, entering that institution in the second session of the freshman year, in the spring of 1863, graduating in the summer of, and in the class of, 1866. His college course was not marked by any special incidents more than usually happen to col- legiates. After graduating at Princeton, he taught a public school in Harmony District, Monmouth County, and afterwards a select school in Oxford, Chester Co., Pa., and many of his former pupils now fill positions of honor and trust in public life. The Oxford school was given up to return to Princeton and enter as a medical student the office of James H. Wickoff, M.D., the leading physician of the place, by whom he was prepared for further medical study in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, then located where the new post-office building now stands, at Ninth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. He was selected by a majority of his classmates as president of. the class, and in this capacity had much to do with class politics (the only time he ever entered the political -arena, and then without his knowledge or consent). As president he had the perfect confi dence of hia class, and smoothed the various differ- MEDICAL PROFESSION. 79 ences between class parties, and was selected as pre sentation orator to deliver on commencement-day at the Academy of Music to the trustees of the univer sity a portrait in oil by Waugh of Prof. H. H. Smith, and which now hangs in the University Museum, by the side of those of the many eminent men who had filled the professor's chair. After graduating, in a few weeks' time he located in Beverly, Burlington Co., N. J., in the spring of 1871, and soon acquired a good practice, and there he remains. By the death and removal of others he is now the oldest resident M.D. in the place, and may honestly claim that title so honored by the public, " The old doctor." His practice is good and paying, and having gained forty pounds in flesh since coming to Beverly, he feels that he can recommend the town for its healthfulness. He has been president of the Burlington County Medical Society, is now its secretary, and also the secretary of the Beverly board of trade, the medical member of the board of health, senior warden of the Masonic lodge, and has also a well-established and widely-known drug-store, and is medical examiner for several life insurance companies. Iu 1873 he married Emma L., daughter of Theodore C. Herbert, United States navy. They have been blessed with four children (all boys), two of whom live, and two have passed over to the better land. 1787. David Greenman was licensed to practice medicine in New Jersey in 1787, and was admitted to membership in the State Society the same year. All that is known of him is that he died of yellow fever in Burlington ; and as the first epidemic of the fever occurred in 1793, the presumption is that the doctor was young when he died and left no family or pro fessional record. 1787. Lewis Morgan was born about the year 1757, but where is not known. He was admitted to practice in 1787, and that year joined the State Med ical Society. He first settled in Somerset County and then in Burlington, where it is supposed he remained until about the year 1803, when he moved to Rail way and remained until his death, on Jan. 12, 1821, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. The following anecdote is told of him : " For a short time there was a Dr. Rodgers in the town, who was a competitor in practice, whom Dr. Morgan very much disliked. During a freshet in the Delaware, Dr. Rodgers attempted to cross the bridge at the creek, which was overflowed with water. Not being aware that the centre of the bridge was gone, horse, sulky, rider and all went in together. The horse was used to swimming, and the doctor held his place in the sulky, heading his horse down stream. The whole town gathered on the bank to see the doc tor drown. Among the spectators was Dr. Morgan, who, seeing the situation, ordered his horse and sulky nd followed the river road to see the result. About a mile below, Dr. Rodgers brought his horse to the bank, and came out sitting in his sulky all right. His horse was very much exhausted and he was very wet. Dr. Morgan, pitying his condition, invited him to sit on the foot-rest of his sulky, that he might take him home quickly, as his horse was fresh. Rodgers re plied, 'No, sir; I had a hard ride, but I'll go back the way I came before I'll sit at your feet.' " 1787. John A. De Normandie was born at Bris tol, Pa., July, 1713. By a long line of ancestors he belonged to the "high nobility of France." He re moved to Burlington about 1787. He wrote a history of his travels and a history of the origin and progress of the political dissensions of Geneva, from whence his ancestors had emigrated to America. He was a man of learning and science, was a member of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia in 1768. He wrote two papers, which were published in the transactions of the society, entitled "An Analysis of the Chalybeate Water of Bristol, Pa." Before the Burlington Society for the Promotion of Agriculture and Domestic Manufactures, of which he was president, he read a paper entitled " Hints for Ascertaining the Properties of Plaster of Paris." He read an address before the American Museum of 1792 (title not known), and was a prominent member of the New Jersey Medical Society, to which he was elected in 1790. The family of Bords, of Burlington, with which he was intimately related, having removed to Hyde Park, N. Y., Dr. De Normandie retired from active life, and died in the hospitable home of the Bords at the age of ninety, after ten years of imbecility. 1787. Benjamin Say Budd, son of Stacy Budd, of Mount Holly, was born Jan. 26, 1769. Studied medicine»with his uncle, Dr. 'Benjamin Say, of Phila delphia. Entered into partnership with his father at Mount Holly, and enjoyed a large and excellent practice, and was very popular. His manners were gentle and attractive, and his personal appearance striking. His hair was worn long behind and held up by a comb. He was genial and fond of a joke. Died Nov. 9, 1833. 1787. William McIlvaine was born in Phila delphia, July 18, 1750. At sixteen years of age he was sent to Scotland to perfect his education, and re ceived his medical degree at the University of Edin burgh. Returning to America, settled in Bristol, Pa., about 1773. After some years he removed to Phila delphia, where he practiced medicine until 1793, and on the appearance of the yellow fever in that year he sent his family to Burlington for refuge, while he, true to his calling, remained at his post of duty. He contracted the fever in Philadelphia, was nursed by a faithful black servant, and recovered without his family knowing of his illness. He then joined them in Burlington, and became a practitioner there for the remainder of his life. In 1794 he was elected a trustee of Burlington 80 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY/NEW JERSEY. Academy. During the war of the Revolution he was surgeon in Col. Read's regiment. His portrait was taken at Burlington in 1798, and is said to be an ad mirable likeness, and is preserved with others in the library of the New England Historico-Genealogical Society in Boston. He died at Burlington, Sept. 16, 1806. 1795. Edward Shippen was born Dec. 11, 1758, in Philadelphia. Studied medicine with Dr. Bond, and afterwards completed his studies in London and Paris. In 1795 he removed to Burlington and entered into partnership with Dr. Mcllvaine, his brother-in- law. He was a large man, with a hearty manner, fond of horses and agriculture, and had an excellent practice. A picture of him, taken in London as a student, represented him as a handsome youth with powdered hair, lilac-colored coat, and gold-laced waistcoat. He died suddenly Oct. 22, 1809. 1796. John Blackwood was born July 28, 1772, at Blackwoodtown, Gloucester Co., N. J. Commenced practice in Haddonfield, his father giving a horse and sulky and bidding him seek his fortune. He was successful, and left quite a fortune for the time in which he lived. He removed to Mount Holly in 1796, and lived there the remainder of his life. In addition to his professional duties, he served as post master of Mount Holly, and was also judge of the Court of Common Pleas and of the Orphans' Court at Mount Holly. He was buried in the Friends' burying-ground adjoining his residence. 1797. Ephraim Standish Sawyee was born in Massachusetts in 1774. Educated at Harvard ; mar ried in 1 797. Settled first at Absecom, Atlantic Co., but soon removed to Tuckerton, Burlington Co., where he spent the remainder of his life. Practiced about thirty years, and died in the fifty-fifth year of his age, Oct. 11, 1829. Buried at Tuckerton. His widow lived until 1857, and departed this life in her eightieth year. 1806. Samuel Tucker, son of the Hon. Ebenezer Tucker, M.C, of Tuckerton, was born at Tuckerton, Burlington County. There are no records of his birth, studies, or death. He was reputed to have been an imposing, handsome man of popular man ners, who did a good practice in Burlington, and was cotemporary with Dr. Cole. The name of Samuel Tucker, of New Jersey, is found in the catalogue of the alumni of the Medical Department of the Uni versity of Pennsylvania as having graduated in 1806, and for this reason I have placed that date with the name. The title of his thesis is " Medical Effect of Bodily Labor in Chronic Diseases." 1814. Francis Brognard, son of Dr. John Brog- nard, of Columbus, was an intelligent physician, and author of some published medical essays. He did not attend to much practice, and became insane early in life. He died young. 1829. Nathan W. Cole's name stands first on the roll of members of the County Medical Society, and was one of the original charter members. He came to Burlington as a young man, and was employed as a teacher in the academy, which stood on the site now occupied by St. Mary's Church. He studied medicine, probably without a private preceptor, and attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, but did not graduate there. At that period it was re quired of every one desiring to practice medicine in New Jersey to obtain a license from the State Medi cal Society, for which a fee was required, and hence many did not obtain a degree from the university on account of the additional expense. Dr. Cole, having been for some years recognized as a respectable prac titioner of Burlington, was granted a complimentary degree by the faculty of the university in the year 1829. He remained in Burlington, and did a large practice during the remainder of his life. It is probable that he commenced practice somewhere about 1803. At the May meeting of the society in 1832 he delivered the first address that was formally presented at any of its meetings, the subject being " The Importance of Medical Science." He was ap pointed delegate to attend the American Medical As sociation in 1846, having also served for several years as censor for this district. 1800. John Leake Stratton, the second of the charter members, was an exemplary and useful mem ber of the society, and a prominent and influential practitioner of the county. He was born in Deer- field, Cumberland Co., N. J., Feb. 23, 1777. His father was a farmer of moderate means, and could do no more for his four sons than give them such an education as the country at that time afforded. John L. managed to obtain a fair English education, and also some knowledge of Latin. He commenced study ing medicine on the 12th of May, 1797, under the preceptorship of his cousin, Dr. James Stratton, of Swedesboro', Gloucester Co., N. J. He attended the required courses of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, and on the 17th of March, 1800, was licensed to practice in the State, and on the 17th of the following month settled in Mount Holly, where Dr. Stacy Budd and his son, Benjamin Say Budd, were both engaged in practice. On May 5, 1803, he married Ann, daughter of Dr. James Stratton, and had two children, Benjamin Harris and James, the latter of whom died at an early age. His wife died in 1810. In 1816 he married Ann, daughter of Dan iel Newbold, the issue of which marriage was James N. L., now the senior member of the Burlington County bar, and an able lawyer. Having become discouraged in Mount Holly, he moved to Burlington on the 27th of November, 1806, and formed a partnership with Dr. A. W. Cole, but returned to Mount Holly again on the 27th of Au gust, 1807, where he continued to practice until his death, Aug. 18, 1845. By a note in his journal it appears that he drove to New Brunswick in June, 1808, to attend a meeting of the State Medical So- vj:/c.x ,«.,i, Siv Turk MEDICAL PROFESSION. 81 ciety, at which there were present twenty-five mem bers. He was elected treasurer of the County Society at its first meeting in 1829, and was re-elected each year until failing health induced him to withdraw from active service. The last meeting of which there is a record of his re-election was in May, 1840. He was one of the censors appointed by the State Society for this district in 1830. 1827. Benjamin Harris Stratton, son of John L. by his second marriage, was born in Mount Holly, N. J., Feb. 6, 1804. He was prepared for college, and entered at Princeton as a student, graduating from there (the College of New Jersey) in 1823. He studied medicine with' his father, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1827. The subject of his thesis was one of which he frequently spoke at the meetings of the society, viz. : " Puerperal Convul sions," and in the management of which he was re puted to be very successful. He practiced in part nership with his father during the life of the latter. He was one of a committee to draft the first constitu tion of the County Society in 1829, being one of the charter members, and was also one of the board of censors for this district, with his father. The minutes do not inform us when the elder Dr. Stratton retired from the treasurership, or when the son was first elected treasurer, as there seems to have been an intermission of several years, during which no records were preserved. At the annual meeting in 1848, Dr. B. H. Stratton was elected treasurer, though it is probable that he was elected at an earlier date. He served as treasurer until July 14, 1874, when the following preamble and resolution were unanimously passed : " Wltereae, Our venerable and respected member, Dr. B. H. Stratton, who participated in the formation of this society in 1829, and who has served as its treasurer thirty-oue years, feels sorely the annoyance of his official duties; therefore " Resolved, That he be hereby elected an honorary member of this society, aud that the office of treasurer be thereby declared vacant." Up to this date the two Strattons were the only treasurers of the society. There does not appear to be any evidence of Dr. Stratton writing or publishing essays, but that he was a careful clinical observer, a safe and successful prac titioner, and an enthusiastic devotee of his profession there can be no doubt. His professional brethren and the people among whom he labored unite in bear ing this testimony. He was married in May, 1830, at Georgetown, D. C, to Emeline, daughter of Sam uel and Lydia N. Whitall. He left two daughters — Anna, wife of Charics A. Kingsbury, a dentist of Philadelphia, and Mary Virginia Mano. His widow still survives and resides at Mount Holly. 1828. Charles Ellis was born in Burlington on the 27th of September, 1801. His father was Charles Ellis, a prominent and successful merchant of Bur lington, who was highly esteemed for his integrity and high business qualities. The son, Dr. Charles, was 6 educated at the Burlington Academy, and commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. A. W. Cole in 1825. He attended three courses of medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, taking his degree in the year 1828. Thesubjectof his thesis was "Bubono cele," for the concise and comprehensivestyle of whicii he was complimented by Professor Gibson, who occu pied the surgical chair. Dr. Ellis was first married, March 16, 1830, to Elizabeth Lloyd, who died Feb. 9, 1868. He was married a second time, July 14, 1869, to Elizabeth Biles, of Burlington, and both he and his estimable wife are living at this date, 1879. Dr. Ellis was one of the five charter members, and was the first secretary of the society, which office he held for ten consecutive years. He also belonged to the first board of censors for this district, and was fre quently appointed as delegate to the State Society. He retired from active practice about the year 1845, and, enjoying a competency, has since that period not been so frequent in attending the meet ings of the society, in which he has for many years held an honorary membership, and has always been esteemed for his modest dignity of deportment to wards his medical brethren. At the semi-centennial anniversary of the society, held in Burlington, June 17, 1879, he was chosen to preside at the public meet ing, which he did with acceptance to the society, and to the assembly of citizens who favored the society with their presence on the occasion. At that time the society presented him with a handsomely en grossed and framed certificate in commemoration of his services to the society, and as a token of their esteem and regard. As an evidence of his appreci ation of this sincere expression of respect from the society, he immediately caused the certificate to be placed in a conspicuous position in his own parlor. As a further evidence of regard by his professional associates, his picture was handsomely phototyped, and placed as a frontispiece in the published " His torical Address" which was delivered at the semi centennial celebration, copies of which were distrib uted not only to the members of the society and - invited guests but to numerous citizens. 1826. John Cox Davis was the son of Dr. Davis, of Cranberry, of this State. But little is known of the family beyond the following facts: The elder Dr. Davis had a handsome estate in Cranberry, where he lived and practiced medicine. He was married clandestinely to Miss Coxe, of Bur lington township. The issue from this marriage were several children, all of whom, except John, moved to the State of New York, near Cooperstown, where was located a portion of the estate. Dr. John settled in Pemberton soon after his grad uation, in 1826. He was a private student of Dr. Joseph Parrish, of Philadelphia, and was regarded as an acute observer and good student. He wrote a thesis on " Ophthalmia." He was never married. His 82 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. habits were free and convivial, and though be suc ceeded in obtaining a fair share of practice, his mode of life was not calculated to insure the permanent confidence of the eoirjmunity, and bis career was closed very early in his professional life. William Smith Coxe, eldest son of William Coxe and Rachel (Smith), born at Burlington, April 16, 1790. Educated at Princeton College, studied medicine in Philadelphia under Dr. Philip Syng Physick, and graduated M.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in the year 1811. Whether he settled in Burlington immediately is not known, but he was elected a member of the County Society in 1830. On the day of his election he offered a resolution requiring a circular letter to be addressed to every physician in the county, inform ing of the provisions of the law regulating the prac tice of physic and surgery in the State, and urging compliance therewith. It was adopted. In 1831 he offered the following resolutions, which at a subse quent meeting were adopted : " Resolved, That we are convinced that the use of distilled liquors as a drink is always unnecessary to persons in good health, and injurious generally in proporlinn to the amount consumed; that they iifcrease the liability to d'seaseB, and render them less amenable to medical treat ment ; that they are much less frequently indispensable in the practice of medicine than has heretofore been supposed, and when the necessity occurs it has, in the majority of rases, originated in a pre-existing habit of using them, "Resolved, That we deem it our duty to discountenance, by precept and example, the consumption of ardent spiiits by men in health, and to abstain from their exhibition as medicine when less dangerous stim ulants can be conveniently substituted, and may be expected to prove equally efficacious." He was active in measures to perfect the organiza tion of the society, and served on a committee to revise the Constitution in 1832. He was one of the delegates in the same year to the State Society, and served as the first vice-president of the society (county). His name does not appear on the minutes after 1832. Before removing to Burlington, after his graduation, he practiced for a few years in Philadelphia. He returned to Philadelphia in 1832, and died there in 1837. Rockefeller Daekin came from Ohio about the year 1825. Before leaving home it is said that he read medicine for one year in the office of a private preceptor. Of his 'parentage and birth nothing is known by the historian. He entered Philadelphia from the West with a drove of cattle, assisting in driving them all the way from Ohio. It is believed that he selected that method of reaching Philadelphia for economical reasons, as there is no evidence that he was engaged in the business of cattle-raising at home, or that he had any pecuniary interest in the drove. He was a singular genius. Soon after reaching Phila delphia he presented himself as a medical student to Dr. Joseph Parrish, of that city, telling his story of travel as a drover, much to the entertainment of his selected preceptor. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1827, the subject of his thesis being "Vitality," a subject with which he was supposed to be practically and personally familiar, as he was evidently a man of unusual bodily vigor and activity. He settled in Columbus, in this county, and commenced practice immediately after his graduation. He joined the County Society in 1830, and continued a member during his residence at Columbus. He was a dele gate to the State Society in 1832, but does not seem to have been a very active member. He read a paper on one occasion, the singular title of which must even at that day have awakened the curiosity of his asso ciates, to wit : "Onthe application of similar medi cines to similar tissues, be they located externally or internally." When and where he died is not known. Joseph H. Stokes was born June, 1808, at Morris- towh, N. J. His father, Dr. John Stokes, died in 1817, but under the excellent care of a judicious mother he early developed strong traits of character. He received his preliminary education at Samuel Gummere's school in Burlington, which at that time was a noted seat of learning. After finishing his course, he spent two years in Marshall's drug-store in Philadelphia before entering the office of Dr. J. J. Spencer as( a medical student. He afterwards en tered the University of Pennsylvania, and in due time graduated. He commenced practice among his father's old constituency, beginning a career of suc cessful labor which was kept up unremittingly for thirty-five years, doing in that time an immense amount of practice, and at the same time exhibiting good business qualifications, which enabled him to acquire a handsome fortune. He was for many years a director of the State Bank of Camden. In February, 1872, he died at the age of sixty-three years. Charles Feancis Lott was born at Princeton, N. J., in 1781. He was educated in New Brunswick, and studied medicine with Dr. Moses Scott. He at tended medical lectures in Philadelphia two or three winters, and obtained his diploma as a physician and surgeon in 1803, and settled at New Mills (now Pem berton) about 1806 or 1807, and pursued the practice -of medicine in Burlington County for more than thirty years. He served as assistant surgeon, with rank of captain, in Maj. Reed's regiment of New Jer sey militia during the war of 1812, and was honor ably discharged. He married Edith Newbold Lamb, daughter of Jacob Lamb, of Burlington County, in 1809. Eight children were born to them, six sons and two daughters. His practice was quite exten sive, and embraced the different furnaces in Speed well, Hanover, and Batsto, also the county almshouse for many years. In 1835 he removed to Trenton, Mercer County, where he remained two years. In 1837 he emigrated with his family to the West, set tling in the city of St. Louis, Mo., where he prac ticed for several years. He then returned East and lived for a time in Philadelphia, where he married MEDICAL PROFESSION. 83 the second time, a widow, Mrs. Bula, in 1848. Soon after his marriage he removed to Bethlehem, Pa., where a daughter, Annie, was born. Removing thence he went to Quakertown, Bucks Co., Pa., where he purchased property and made a permanent home. He was a temperate man in every respect, and en joyed excellent health until a year before his death. He died of paralysis, July 8, 1866, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, and was buried in the Moravian Cem etery at Bethlehem, Pa. Andrews Eckard Budd was born at Wood bury, N. J., July 18, 1816. His father and mother were natives of Prussia, and came to America when quite young and settled in New Jersey. He attended the High School at Woodbury, and was instructed in Latin by Rev. Mr. Blythe, then pastor of the Presby terian Church of that place. At the age of eighteen he commenced teaching school at his native place, prosecuting studies in higher English, Mathematics, and Latin. At the age of twenty-one he placed himself under the in structions of Dr. Egbert, of Manayunk, Pa., as pre ceptor in the study of medicine, and after attending two full courses of lectures at the University of Penn sylvania, he graduated in the spring of 1842, the title of his thesis being " Prolapsus Uteri." On the 23d of April, 1842, he began the practice of medicine in Vincentown, Burlington Co., and remained there about two years and eight months. From thence he removed to Medford (same county), and followed his profession eighteen years. In 1863 he removed to Mount Holly, the county-seat. Dec. 22, 1858, he married Harriet Louisa Payson, daughter of Asa Payson, of Woodstock, Conn., and had two children. J. W. C. Evans was born in Philadelphia in 1809, .where he resided and was educated during the early part of his life. He read medicine with Professor John Eberle, of Jefferson Medical College, and at tended lectures and graduated at that institution March 29, 1829. Some time after he located at Pem berton, N. J., where he practiced his profession. In 1839 he married Martha D. Gibbs, daughter of Joseph Gibbs, who resided near Pemberton. Dr. Evans served in the House of Assembly four terms (from 1845 to 1848) ; was elected Speaker in 1847. On Thursday, March 20, 1845, he made one of the most able speeches ever delivered in the House on the Lunatic Asylum bill. He occupied an important position in the Treasury Department at Washing ton, which he held for about eight years before his death, which occurred June 5, 1860, and was buried in the Friends' burial-ground at the Mount Holly Meeting-House, near Pemberton, otherwise called " Lower Springfield Meeting-House." Dr. Alexander Elwell, son of Charles and Phoebe Bishop Elwell, was born at Pittsgrove, Salem Co., N. J., Aug. 22, 1824. He was educated at the " Bridgeton High School" at Bridgeton, N. J., and at Pennington Seminary, Pennington, N. J. He began the study of medicine Dec. 19, 1843, with Thomas R. Clement, M.D., as preceptor. Matricu lated at the University of Pennsylvania the following October, and received the degree of Doctor of Medi cine April 7, 1847, the subject of his thesis "Mental Precocity." In 1847 he located at Vincentown, this county, where he continues to practice. He married Lydia B. Rogers, of Mount Holly, Feb. 12, 1851. Published in New Jersey Medical Reporter, vol. vi. p. 169, a case of "Occlusion of the Vagina;" also "What is It?" in Country Practitioner, vol. i. p. 169. He has had among other notable cases one of " ovarian dropsy," from which he drew at twenty-six tappings (covering a period of six years) one hogshead, one barrel, six teen gallons, and three quarts (actual measurement) of a viscid fluid. He also had a case of " cancer of stomach and pylorus," both of which were published in the New Jersey Medical Reporter. He has operated five times for "strangulated hernia." Removed from the bladder of a man at post-mortem a stone re sembling in all particulars a peach-blow potato, even in color, indentations, etc., weighing one-half pound minus half-drachm. It is now (1882) in possession of Dr. Thomas Morton, of Philadelphia. Dr. Richard H. Page, son of Thomas and Eliza beth Page, was born Sept. 28, 1828, at Cross-Roads, Burlington Co., N. J. Was educated at Pennington Seminary, Pennington, N. J., and studied medicine under Dr. A. E. Budd, of Mount Holly, and Dr. Samuel G. Morton, of Philadelphia; graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1850, subject of thesis "Menstruation." A few months after graduation he located at Columbus, this county, where he has since resided following the practice of his profession. On the 6th of March, 1856, he married Elizabeth F., only daughter of Moses AVills, of Columbus. They have had four children, — one son and three daughters. In 1851 he became a member of the Burlington County Medical Society, and served as delegate to the State Medical Society and the North American Medical Association. He has during his career per formed the usual operations incident to a country practice, one of them amputation, and several of them operations for strangulated hernia, William L. Martin was born at West Marl borough, Chester Co., Pa. His parents, Thomas and Esther L. Martin, were natives of Chester County, whose ancestors were members of the Society of Friends, and emigrated to this country from the Brit ish Isles during the period of our colonial history. William L. attended school near his father's house until his fourteenth year, when he was sent to Union- ville Academy, Chester County. Leaving this insti tution he returned home, and disliking a farmer's life, he engaged in teaching school. This occupation not proving congenial, he placed himself under the instruction of Dr. Andrew Murphey, who practiced some ten miles distant, agreeing to pay, in addition 81 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. to his board, fifty dollars annually for the use of the office. He was afforded unusual facilities for study ing at the bedside of the sick, having the attendance upon the poor of the neighborhood assigned him by the doctor. No drug-store being near at hand, Dr. Murphey compounded and dispensed his own medi cines, and young Martin had the additional advan tage of assisting at this work. The following fall he matriculated at Jefferson Medical College,' and at tended three courses of lectures. In the spring of 1852, after having studied nearly four years, he grad uated. After receiving his diploma he rode through Penn sylvania, Delaware, and Maryland seeking a place to locate. April 26, 1852, he came to Rancocas, Burling ton County, where he has since remained and practiced medicine. Soon after his arrival he obtained a cer tificate from the State Medical Society, and in 1853 joined the Burlington County Medical Society. In 1862 he married Lucy, daughter of Ezra and Phebe Haines, of Rancocas. Tracy E. Waller was born Aug. 28, 1816, at Windsor, his father being an officer in the English army, and connected with a family of great antiquity and distinction in England ; his mother was the daughter of Col. John Franklin, a noted historian of Wyoming, Pa., and she a heroine described in Charles Miner's famous book. After practicing some years in Philadelphia, he moved to Florence, this county, in 1856, and re mained there until 1861-62. In 1865 he removed back to Philadelphia, and remained there four years. In 1866 or 1867 the faculty of "Jefferson" had nearly completed arrangements for his occupancy of a chair iu that college, which he frustrated by some act of his own. Later he returned to Florence, and remained there until 1872, when he again removed to Philadelphia and practiced one year. He then located at Colum bus, practicing at Columbus, Beverly, and Burlington. He resided at Columbus for several years. During the war he served as a surgeon United States Volun teers, unattached, in the West and Southwest. He enjoyed a high reputation for his skill and success in the treatment of cases in this State, but it was in Philadelphia that he effected some remarkable cures and acquired higher rank than in Burlington County. As a medical writer, he was a man of considerable note among his fellow-men, some of his articles and treatises being well received in England. He had fine poetical talents, and many of his efforts in this line as well as miscellaneous prose compositions se cured recognition on account of J.heir literary excel lence. He died at Linwood, Pa., Nov. 20, 1872. Theophilus Townsend Price was born May 21, 1828, on the family estate at Town Bank, on the shore of Delaware Bay, in Cape May County. He was the seventh son of John and Kezia Price, and the great grandchild of William Price, who was captain in the service of the colonies during the Revolutionary war. Theophilus received his early education at the com mon school ; later he attended the Cold Spring Acad emy, since discontinued. He began the study of medicine in 1850 with Dr. V. M. D. Marcy, of Cold Spring, which he pursued three years, graduating after attending two full courses of lectures in the Pennsylvania Medical College; thesis, "Animal Heat." In April, 1853, he located at Tuckerton, Burlington County, and commenced the practice of medicine. In November, 1854, he married Eliza Pharo, youngest daughter of Timothy Pharo, of Tuckerton. In July, 1863, he offered his services to the government as volunteer surgeon, and was as signed to duty at Chestnut Hill Hospital. In 1868 he was elected to the New Jersey Legislature. In 1870 he was instrumental with others in building the Tuckerton Railroad, and has held the position of di rector and secretary of the company since, and for several years was local treasurer. He was also one of the directors of the Medford Bank for many years. In 1867 he was baptized at Tuckerton, and became a member of the Baptist Church at Cape Island, N. J. In 1877 he wrote a history of the New Jersey coast, which was published during the same year. July, 1879, he received from Sherman the appointment of surgeon of the marine hospital service at Tuckerton, which position he still holds. He is also a member of the Historical Society of New Jersey. Eugene Schumo, son of Thomas and Rebecca Powell Schumo, was born in Woodbury, N. J., and graduated at the Pennsylvania Medical College in 1859. Subject of thesis, "Alcohol." His medical preceptor was Professor D. Gilbert. He commenced practice in Philadelphia, where he remained for about six months; removed thence to Mount Holly, N. J. ; was commissioned assistant surgeon Second Regiment New Jersey Volunteers, and served as such ; removed to Newton, N. J., and from thence to Layton, N. J., where he still resides, following his practice. Lewis P. Jemison, A.M., was born near Princeton, N. J., June 10, 1832. His father, Isaiah Jemison, a farmer, and his mother, Elizabeth (Major) Jemison, were both natives of New Jersey. His early education was received at the select school of George W. Schank in Princeton. Entered College of New Jersey at Princeton in 1849, and graduated in 1853. After leaving college he became principal of the public school in Princeton one year. The two follow ing years had charge of the classical department of the Haverstraw Mountain Institute at Haverstraw, Rockland Co., N. Y. Afterward studied medicine in the office of Prof. J. Stillwell Schank, LL.D., now Professor of Chemistry in the College of New Jersey at Princeton. Attended the regular courses of lec tures in the University of Pennsylvania, and received his diploma in 1858; subject of thesis, "Irritable Uterus." He then located at Hightstown, N. J., re maining there for two years. In 1860 removed to MEDICAL PROFESSION. Bordentown, N. J., where he has since resided and followed the practice of his profession. He has been a member of the Burlington Medical Society since 1864, and was its president during 1870. Is United States examining surgeon for applicants for pensions. He has been twice married. His first wife was Martha D. Allison, of New York, whom he married in 1859; she died April 4, 1860. In January, 1863, he married Rebecca S. Wrag, of Philadelphia, Pa. Stanley G. Clark was born near the city of Kingston, in the province of Ontario. His father was William H. Clark, a general merchant, holding one or two local offices under the Canadian government, such as colonel of militia, postmaster, issuer of mar riage licenses, coroner, etc. Stanley G. was educated at Newburgh Academy, in said province, and at the age of twenty-two, on his return to Canada after a year's residence in San Francisco, Cal., commenced the study of medicine under Dr. John Grant, at present (1880) surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital, Vir ginia City, Nev. After due course of study he grad uated at the University of the City of New York in 1868; subject of thesis, "Medical Diagnosis." During the late Rebellion, while still a student, he was afforded special opportunity for study, dissection, etc., while in charge of one of the wards of Quarter master's Hospital at Washington, D. C, going thence to North Carolina, where he acted for a few months as clerk in Quartermaster's Department. Shortly after obtaining his diploma he married a Miss French, of Burlington County, and located at Tuckerton, where he remained for about three years, and again went to California, and practiced medicine for one year at San Pablo, twelve miles from San Francisco, where he remained for a short time. Hav ing left his wife East, he returned to Tuckerton, N. J., and again resumed his practice, and is now one of the prominent physicians of the southern part of the county. Chaeles Adams Baeker, only son of Charles M. and Lydia A. Barker, was born Nov. 5, 1847, at Phila delphia, Pa. His early education was received in the public and private schools of Philadelphia. After two years of private study and apprenticeship in a retail drug-store, matriculated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, under the preceptorship of Henry Geiger, M.D. He graduated in March, 1867 ; subject of thesis, " Emetics." After graduating he practiced for a time at South Camden, N. J. ; removed from there to Philadelphia. In 1872 he moved to Florence, Burlington Co., N. J., and succeeded Dr. Tracy E. Waller. Early in 1876 he removed to Burlington, N. J., and succeeded Dr. D. B. Vanslyke. After five months' sojourn in Burlington, again moved to Philadelphia. Late in 1876 he returned to Florence. In August, 1879, removed to Woodland, St. Joseph Co., Ind. Josiah Reeve, son of Josiah R. and Maria S. Reeve, was born at Locust Shade, near Medford, N. J., Nov. 28, 1842 ; was educated at Westtown Boarding-School and at Samuel J. Gummere's school, in Burlington, N. J. ; commenced the study of medicine at the age of eighteen, under his uncle, Dr. Henry P. Ely, a skillful physician of Medford, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in March, 1863, at the age of twenty years and four months; subject of thesis, " Typhoid Pneumonia ;" was elected the following month one of the resident physicians to the Philadel phia Hospital for one year. After leaving the hospital he immediately commenced the practice of medicine with his uncle, Dr. Ely, in Medford, where he has since remained, continuing in partnership with Dr. Ely until the death of the latter, Jan. 9, 1873. In 1870 he married Jennetta E., daughter of John R. Johnson, of Germantown. Daniel G. Van Mater, son of Gilbert H. and Sarah H. Van Mater, was born at Holmdel, Mon mouth Co., N. J., June 27, 1852 ; was educated at Glenwood Institute, Mattawan, Monmouth Co., N. J.; and Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. His medical preceptor was J. G. Shackleton. He graduated at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York City, in 1875, — subject, "Gangrene," — and set tled at Columbus, Burlington Co., N. J. William C. Paery was born at Warminster, Bucks Co., Pa., May 17, 1849. He received a common-school education in the neighborhood, and attended Friends' Central School, at Fifteenth and Race Streets, Phila delphia, and attended lectures at Jefferson Medical College, and graduated in March, 1872, and com menced the practice of medicine at Eddington, Bucks Co., Pa., where he remained three years; removed thence to Mount Holly, this county, where he still resides, following his profession. William H. Shepp, son of David and Catherine; Shepp, natives of Pennsylvania. William was born in Philadelphia, Aug. 20, 1850; was educated in the public and private schools of that city. In 1871 he removed to Bordentown, N. J. In the spring of 1871 he commenced the study of medicine under the. directions of Dr. H. H. Longstreet, of Bordentown,: and in the fall of the same year entered the Univer-, sity of Pennsylvania, graduating from that institution March, 1878; subject of thesis, "The Therapeutic value of Eucalyptus Globulus." Immediately after graduating became associated with his preceptor, Dr. Longstreet, in practice at Bordentown, N. J. Francis Ashhurst, fifth son of Lewis R. and Mary Ashhurst, born in Philadelphia, Jan. 5, 1844. He studied medicine with Dr. Joseph Carson, and grad uated at the University of Pennsylvania in March, 1867; subject of thesis, "Rubeola." In December, 1867, was elected one of the resident physicians to the Episcopal Hospital at Philadelphia. In December, 1869, he married Sarah D., daughter of William N. Lacey, and great-granddaughter of Gen. John Lacey, of Burlington County. He removed to 86 HISTORY OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. Mount Holly, May, 1874, and began the practice of medicine ; was for three years previous demonstrator of anatomy in Philadelphia School of Anatomy and physician to the Lincoln Institution of that city. The following sketch is abstracted from " The Bio graphical Encyclopaedia of New Jersey of the Nine teenth Century," 1877: Joseph Parrish, M.D., of Burlington, son of the noted Dr. Joseph Parrish, of Philadelphia, was born in that city in 1818. After receiving a liberal educa tion he studied medicine at the University of Penn sylvania, and graduated in 1844. He married Lydia Gaskill, the daughter of a leading citizen of Burling ton, and began practice in that city. -Soon after he started The New Jersey Medical Reporter, and so ably did he conduct it that the journal attracted the atten tion of the profession throughout the country, and the New Jersey Medical Society recognized it as their or gan. The Reporter is still in existence, being pub lished from Philadelphia. In 1853, Dr. Parrish was waited upon by a committee of the faculty of the Philadelphia College of Medicine, and invited to ac cept the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. At first hesitating, he accepted the call and removed to that city the following year. Under the heavy claims of his professorship and a large pri vate practice his health gave way. Resigning the chair, he spent the winter in Alabama, and then sailed for Europe. He passed some time in -Rome, and paid frequent visits to the hospitals and asylums, in the management of one of which he observed a painful carelessness and inhumanity. Expostulating with the authorities of the insane department of one of these for the harshness and severity of their dis cipline, he was referred to the prefect of charities, and by him to the pope himself. The doctor drew up an urgent appeal to His Holiness, which elicited from the pope a reply to the effect that he " was graciously indebted to the young American for his kindly and judicious interest." Soon after a com mission was appointed to examine the hospitals, and as a consequence the glaring abuses of power upon the helpless inmates of the asylums appealed against by Dr. Parrish were entirely corrected. Upon his return to Philadelphia he was induced to take charge of an institution for the training of idiots, lately organized by Bishop Potter, and located in a rented property at Germantown. Under his able ad ministration its value was speedily recognized by both the people and the Legislature, and large private con tributions and liberal appropriations followed. The Legislatures of New Jersey and Delaware and the City Councils of Philadelphia, under his influence, voted grants in consideration of the reception and treatment of a given number of children from their respective localities. The institution having been removed to Media. and firmly established, Dr. Parrish felt his services to be demanded by his country, and in 1863 resigned his charge. He at once entered the Sanitary Commission, and was appointed an inspector of camps and hos pitals around Washington ; was subsequently dele gated to visit the principal towns of Pennsylvania, hold public meetings, and organize aid societies, and so successful was he that he was requested by the board to visit the loyal Governors and Legislatures, and endeavor to unify and concentrate the work q{ this valuable auxiliary to the government. Subse quently, under authority of President Lincoln, he made a tour of the numerous Union camps and hos pitals of the South and West, and distributed with great discretion the supplies of the people through the authority of the government. For months he was at White House and City Point, distributing whole cargoes of clothing, ice, and hospital stores. After the close of the war, being strongly interested in the condition of the newly-emancipated slaves, he, ac companied by his wife, made a tour of inspection of schools throughout the Southern States in connection with the Freedman's Commission. Returning to Philadelphia he turned his attention to a subject which for many years had occupied his mind, the nature and cure of inebriety. He organized the Penn sylvania Sanitarium for the Cure of Inebriates, loca ting it at Media, and becoming the president of the board. In 1870 he called a convention of physicians interested in similar institutions to be held in New York, and the American Association for the Cure of Inebriates was then formed. He is at present presi dent of the association. In 1872 he and Dr. Dodge were appointed to appear before a committee of the House of Commons of England and give their experience in the treatment of inebriety. A full stenographic report of their testimony was taken and published by the British government, and the committee made a unanimous report adopting the recommendations of the delegates. Soon after his return from Eng land he was appointed to negotiate a treaty with the warlike Indians north of Texas, but declined the commission. At the request of the trustees of Mary land Inebriate Asylum at Baltimore, he devoted a part of his time to the management of that institution. During all these years of active work he has not been unmindful of the promulgation of his theory in a wider sphere. By able contributions to the public press and to the medical literature of the country he has attracted large attention to the scientific treat ment of idiocy and inebriety, and has secured for himself the position of an authority on these subjects. In October, 1875, he returned to Burlington, intend ing to devote himself to medical literature, but he rapidly fell into an extensive practice which he could not well avoid. Zachaeiah Read, M.D.— The Read family are of Scotch and Welsh extraction, the progenitor in this country having been Joseph Read, who landed in Philadelphia about 1732, where he studied, was made sergeant-at-law, and having located in Burlington, r ' Vv ' ¥r- _ :¦ . 'OS*: 11 ZACHAEIAH EEAD. /Zd^^^^^, ':". -V "*!l :¦..¦